---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- cybersecurity
- cyber
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
license: mit
base_model:
- google/canine-c
metrics:
- recall
- accuracy
- precision
- f1
datasets:
- Anvilogic/Embedder-Typosquat-Training-Dataset
---

# SentenceTransformer

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model fine tuned for typosquat detection.  Given a domain and a typosquat of that domain,
the embedding vectors produced by this model for both domains should be extremely similar by standard similarity metrics (e.g. cosine similarity).
The model will enable you to search your own custom lists of domains to detect phishing or spearphishing on your organization's specific websites
by searching for potential typosquat targets given a suspicious domain.  These targets can be then fed to our detection models, also included in this
collection.

Two interesting observations while training this model:
* Off the shelf embedding models like MPNet will artificially inflate similarity between similar or related concepts in domains.  For example `android.com` and `google.com` are connected since Google owns Android, but the domains are dissimilar in the context of typosquatting.
* For typosquatting detection, character-level tokenization **significantly outperforms** classical tokenization methods.

## Model Details

### Model Description

- **Developed by:** Anvilogic
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 2048 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Finetuned from model:** [CANINE-c](https://huggingface.co/google/canine-c)
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Multilingual
- **License:** MIT

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 2048, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: CanineModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Anvilogic/Embedder-typosquat-detect-Canine")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'google.com',
    "anvilogic.com",
    'youtube.com',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
### Downstream Usage
This embedding model serves as a preliminary filter to identify potential typosquatted domains.

- **Generate Embeddings** : Represent legitimate domains as dense vectors.
- **Similarity Scoring** : Calculate cosine similarity to find close matches to a target domain.
- **Cross-Encoder Confirmation** : Pass similar pairs to a cross-encoder for final validation.
This layered approach efficiently narrows down and confirms typosquatting candidates for cybersecurity tasks.

## Training Details

### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.14
- Sentence Transformers: 3.2.1
- Transformers: 4.46.2
- PyTorch: 2.2.2
- Tokenizers: 0.20.3

### Training Data

The model was fine-tuned using [Anvilogic/Embedder-Typosquat-Training-Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anvilogic/Embedder-Typosquat-Training-Dataset), which contains pairs of domain names and their similarity labels.
The dataset was filtered and converted to the parquet format for efficient processing.

### Training Procedure
The model was optimized using [MNRLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativessymmetricrankingloss)



#### Training Hyperparameters
- **Model Architecture**: Embedder fine-tuned from [CANINE-c](https://huggingface.co/google/canine-c)
- **Batch Size**: 64
- **Epochs**: 3
- **Learning Rate**: 5 e-5
- **Warmup Steps**: 100
- **Weight Decay**: 0.01

## Evaluation

In the final evaluation after training, the model achieved the following metrics on the test set:

[**Information Retrieval Evaluator**](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#informationretrievalevaluator)
```json
info_retr_eval_dot_accuracy@1 : 0.9938,
info_retr_eval_dot_accuracy@3 : 0.9991,
info_retr_eval_dot_accuracy@5 : 0.9999,
info_retr_eval_dot_accuracy@10 : 1.0,
info_retr_eval_dot_precision@1 : 0.9938,
info_retr_eval_dot_precision@3 : 0.333,
info_retr_eval_dot_precision@5 : 0.2,
info_retr_eval_dot_precision@10 : 0.1,
info_retr_eval_dot_recall@1 : 0.9938,
info_retr_eval_dot_recall@3 : 0.9991,
info_retr_eval_dot_recall@5 : 0.9999,
info_retr_eval_dot_recall@10 : 1.0,
info_retr_eval_dot_ndcg@10 : 0.9974,
info_retr_eval_dot_mrr@10 : 0.9965,
info_retr_eval_dot_map@100 : 0.9965
```
[**Paraphrase Mining Evaluator**](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#paraphraseminingevaluator)
```json
para_mine_eval_average_precision : 0.9307,
para_mine_eval_f1 : 0.9113,
para_mine_eval_precision : 0.9197,
para_mine_eval_recall : 0.9031,
para_mine_eval_threshold : 0.6409
```