Upload student_model1.ipynb

student_model1.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "id": "94fb3237",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import pandas as pd"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "id": "5f713cf6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "std_data=pd.read_csv(\"StudentsPerformance.csv\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "id": "a76812e9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>gender</th>\n",
+       "      <th>race/ethnicity</th>\n",
+       "      <th>parental level of education</th>\n",
+       "      <th>lunch</th>\n",
+       "      <th>test preparation course</th>\n",
+       "      <th>math score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>reading score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>writing score</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>female</td>\n",
+       "      <td>group B</td>\n",
+       "      <td>bachelor's degree</td>\n",
+       "      <td>standard</td>\n",
+       "      <td>none</td>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "      <td>74</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>female</td>\n",
+       "      <td>group C</td>\n",
+       "      <td>some college</td>\n",
+       "      <td>standard</td>\n",
+       "      <td>completed</td>\n",
+       "      <td>69</td>\n",
+       "      <td>90</td>\n",
+       "      <td>88</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>female</td>\n",
+       "      <td>group B</td>\n",
+       "      <td>master's degree</td>\n",
+       "      <td>standard</td>\n",
+       "      <td>none</td>\n",
+       "      <td>90</td>\n",
+       "      <td>95</td>\n",
+       "      <td>93</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>male</td>\n",
+       "      <td>group A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>associate's degree</td>\n",
+       "      <td>free/reduced</td>\n",
+       "      <td>none</td>\n",
+       "      <td>47</td>\n",
+       "      <td>57</td>\n",
+       "      <td>44</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>male</td>\n",
+       "      <td>group C</td>\n",
+       "      <td>some college</td>\n",
+       "      <td>standard</td>\n",
+       "      <td>none</td>\n",
+       "      <td>76</td>\n",
+       "      <td>78</td>\n",
+       "      <td>75</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   gender race/ethnicity parental level of education         lunch  \\\n",
+       "0  female        group B           bachelor's degree      standard   \n",
+       "1  female        group C                some college      standard   \n",
+       "2  female        group B             master's degree      standard   \n",
+       "3    male        group A          associate's degree  free/reduced   \n",
+       "4    male        group C                some college      standard   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "  test preparation course  math score  reading score  writing score  \n",
+       "0                    none          72             72             74  \n",
+       "1               completed          69             90             88  \n",
+       "2                    none          90             95             93  \n",
+       "3                    none          47             57             44  \n",
+       "4                    none          76             78             75  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "std_data.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "id": "88fdf384",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "std_features=['math score','reading_score','writing score']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "id": "5a98b351",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "X=std_data[std_features]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "id": "68cb5c93",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>math score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>reading_score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>writing score</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "      <td>74</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>69</td>\n",
+       "      <td>90</td>\n",
+       "      <td>88</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>90</td>\n",
+       "      <td>95</td>\n",
+       "      <td>93</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>47</td>\n",
+       "      <td>57</td>\n",
+       "      <td>44</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>76</td>\n",
+       "      <td>78</td>\n",
+       "      <td>75</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>...</th>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>995</th>\n",
+       "      <td>88</td>\n",
+       "      <td>99</td>\n",
+       "      <td>95</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>996</th>\n",
+       "      <td>62</td>\n",
+       "      <td>55</td>\n",
+       "      <td>55</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>997</th>\n",
+       "      <td>59</td>\n",
+       "      <td>71</td>\n",
+       "      <td>65</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>998</th>\n",
+       "      <td>68</td>\n",
+       "      <td>78</td>\n",
+       "      <td>77</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>999</th>\n",
+       "      <td>77</td>\n",
+       "      <td>86</td>\n",
+       "      <td>86</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "<p>1000 rows × 3 columns</p>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "     math score  reading_score  writing score\n",
+       "0            72             72             74\n",
+       "1            69             90             88\n",
+       "2            90             95             93\n",
+       "3            47             57             44\n",
+       "4            76             78             75\n",
+       "..          ...            ...            ...\n",
+       "995          88             99             95\n",
+       "996          62             55             55\n",
+       "997          59             71             65\n",
+       "998          68             78             77\n",
+       "999          77             86             86\n",
+       "\n",
+       "[1000 rows x 3 columns]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "X"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "id": "962e6183",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "std_data.rename(columns = {'reading score':'reading_score'}, inplace = True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "id": "5da7ae54",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>math score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>reading_score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>writing score</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>count</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1000.00000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1000.000000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1000.000000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
+       "      <td>66.08900</td>\n",
+       "      <td>69.169000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>68.054000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>std</th>\n",
+       "      <td>15.16308</td>\n",
+       "      <td>14.600192</td>\n",
+       "      <td>15.195657</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>min</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0.00000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>17.000000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>10.000000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
+       "      <td>57.00000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>59.000000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>57.750000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
+       "      <td>66.00000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70.000000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>69.000000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
+       "      <td>77.00000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>79.000000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>79.000000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>max</th>\n",
+       "      <td>100.00000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>100.000000</td>\n",
+       "      <td>100.000000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "       math score  reading_score  writing score\n",
+       "count  1000.00000    1000.000000    1000.000000\n",
+       "mean     66.08900      69.169000      68.054000\n",
+       "std      15.16308      14.600192      15.195657\n",
+       "min       0.00000      17.000000      10.000000\n",
+       "25%      57.00000      59.000000      57.750000\n",
+       "50%      66.00000      70.000000      69.000000\n",
+       "75%      77.00000      79.000000      79.000000\n",
+       "max     100.00000     100.000000     100.000000"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 27,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "X.describe()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "id": "7f074fee",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "y=std_data.reading_score"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "id": "cc65b7cb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "id": "80b78ccb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "std_model=DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "id": "b7a5fe43",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=1)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "std_model"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "id": "10e72f85",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=1)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "std_model.fit(X,y)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "id": "33d20c6d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "     math score  reading_score  writing score\n",
+      "0            72             72             74\n",
+      "1            69             90             88\n",
+      "2            90             95             93\n",
+      "3            47             57             44\n",
+      "4            76             78             75\n",
+      "..          ...            ...            ...\n",
+      "995          88             99             95\n",
+      "996          62             55             55\n",
+      "997          59             71             65\n",
+      "998          68             78             77\n",
+      "999          77             86             86\n",
+      "\n",
+      "[1000 rows x 3 columns]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(X)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "id": "e9f47dd4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[72. 90. 95. 57. 78.]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(std_model.predict(X.head()))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "id": "297049c0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 39,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#model validating:\n",
+    "from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error\n",
+    "\n",
+    "reading_score = std_model.predict(X)\n",
+    "mean_absolute_error(y,reading_score )"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "id": "ba83aa92",
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "array([ 72.,  90.,  95.,  57.,  78.,  83.,  95.,  43.,  64.,  60.,  54.,\n",
+       "        52.,  81.,  72.,  53.,  75.,  89.,  32.,  42.,  58.,  69.,  75.,\n",
+       "        54.,  73.,  71.,  74.,  54.,  69.,  70.,  70.,  74.,  65.,  72.,\n",
+       "        42.,  87.,  81.,  81.,  64.,  90.,  56.,  61.,  73.,  58.,  65.,\n",
+       "        56.,  54.,  65.,  71.,  74.,  84.,  55.,  69.,  44.,  78.,  84.,\n",
+       "        41.,  85.,  55.,  59.,  17.,  74.,  39.,  61.,  80.,  58.,  64.,\n",
+       "        37.,  72.,  58.,  64.,  63.,  55.,  51.,  57.,  49.,  41.,  26.,\n",
+       "        78.,  74.,  68.,  49.,  45.,  47.,  64.,  39.,  80.,  83.,  71.,\n",
+       "        70.,  86.,  72.,  34.,  79.,  45.,  86.,  81.,  66.,  72.,  67.,\n",
+       "        67.,  67.,  74.,  91.,  44.,  86.,  67., 100.,  63.,  76.,  64.,\n",
+       "        89.,  55.,  53.,  58., 100.,  77.,  85.,  82.,  63.,  69.,  92.,\n",
+       "        89.,  93.,  57.,  80.,  95.,  68.,  77.,  82.,  49.,  84.,  37.,\n",
+       "        74.,  81.,  79.,  55.,  54.,  55.,  66.,  61.,  72.,  62.,  55.,\n",
+       "        43.,  73.,  39.,  84.,  68.,  75., 100.,  67.,  67.,  70.,  49.,\n",
+       "        67.,  89.,  74.,  60.,  86.,  62.,  78.,  88.,  53.,  53.,  92.,\n",
+       "       100.,  51.,  76.,  83.,  75.,  73.,  88.,  86.,  67.,  51.,  91.,\n",
+       "        54.,  77.,  70., 100.,  68.,  64.,  50.,  69.,  52.,  67.,  76.,\n",
+       "        66.,  52.,  88.,  65.,  83.,  64.,  62.,  84.,  55.,  69.,  56.,\n",
+       "        53.,  79.,  84.,  81.,  77.,  69.,  41.,  71.,  62.,  80.,  81.,\n",
+       "        61.,  79.,  28.,  62.,  51.,  91.,  83.,  86.,  42.,  77.,  56.,\n",
+       "        68.,  85.,  65.,  80.,  66.,  56.,  72.,  50.,  72.,  95.,  64.,\n",
+       "        43.,  86.,  87.,  82.,  75.,  66.,  60.,  52.,  80.,  68.,  83.,\n",
+       "        52.,  51.,  74.,  76.,  76.,  70.,  64.,  60.,  49.,  83.,  70.,\n",
+       "        80.,  52.,  73.,  73.,  77.,  75.,  81.,  79.,  79.,  50.,  93.,\n",
+       "        73.,  42.,  75.,  72.,  92.,  76.,  63.,  49.,  53.,  70.,  85.,\n",
+       "        78.,  92.,  63.,  86.,  56.,  52.,  48.,  79.,  78.,  46.,  82.,\n",
+       "        82.,  89.,  75.,  76.,  70.,  73.,  60.,  73.,  77.,  62.,  41.,\n",
+       "        74.,  46.,  87.,  78.,  54.,  84.,  76.,  75.,  67.,  87.,  52.,\n",
+       "        71.,  57.,  76.,  60.,  61.,  67.,  64.,  66.,  82.,  72.,  71.,\n",
+       "        65.,  79.,  86.,  81.,  53.,  46.,  90.,  61.,  23.,  75.,  55.,\n",
+       "        60.,  37.,  56.,  78.,  93.,  68.,  70.,  51.,  38.,  55.,  61.,\n",
+       "        73.,  76.,  72.,  73.,  80.,  61.,  94.,  74.,  74.,  65.,  57.,\n",
+       "        78.,  58.,  71.,  72.,  61.,  66.,  62.,  90.,  62.,  84.,  58.,\n",
+       "        34.,  60.,  58.,  58.,  66.,  64.,  84.,  77.,  73.,  74.,  97.,\n",
+       "        70.,  43.,  90.,  95.,  83.,  64.,  86., 100.,  81.,  49.,  43.,\n",
+       "        76.,  73.,  78.,  64.,  70.,  67.,  68.,  67.,  54.,  74.,  45.,\n",
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+       "        81.,  81.,  73.,  83.,  82.,  74.,  66.,  81.,  46.,  73.,  85.,\n",
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+       "        67.,  90.,  76.,  62.,  68.,  64.,  71.,  71.,  59.,  68.,  52.,\n",
+       "        52.,  74.,  47.,  75.,  53.,  82.,  85.,  64.,  83.,  88.,  64.,\n",
+       "        64.,  48.,  78.,  69.,  71.,  79.,  87.,  61.,  89.,  59.,  82.,\n",
+       "        70.,  59.,  78.,  92.,  71.,  50.,  49.,  61.,  97.,  87.,  89.,\n",
+       "        74.,  78.,  78.,  49.,  86.,  58.,  59.,  52.,  60.,  61.,  53.,\n",
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+       "        92.,  69.,  82.,  77.,  95.,  63.,  83., 100.,  67.,  67.,  72.,\n",
+       "        76.,  90.,  48.,  62.,  45.,  39.,  72.,  67.,  70.,  66.,  75.,\n",
+       "        74.,  90.,  80.,  51.,  43., 100.,  71.,  48.,  68.,  75.,  96.,\n",
+       "        62.,  66.,  81.,  55.,  51.,  91.,  56.,  61.,  97.,  79.,  73.,\n",
+       "        75.,  77.,  76.,  73.,  63.,  64.,  66.,  57.,  62.,  68.,  76.,\n",
+       "       100.,  79.,  24.,  54.,  77.,  82.,  60.,  29.,  78.,  57.,  89.,\n",
+       "        72.,  84.,  58.,  64.,  63.,  60.,  59.,  90.,  77.,  93.,  68.,\n",
+       "        45.,  78.,  81.,  73.,  61.,  63.,  51.,  96.,  58.,  97.,  70.,\n",
+       "        48.,  57.,  51.,  64.,  60.,  74.,  88.,  84.,  74.,  80.,  92.,\n",
+       "        76.,  74.,  52.,  88.,  81.,  79.,  65.,  81.,  70.,  62.,  53.,\n",
+       "        79.,  56.,  80.,  86.,  70.,  79.,  67.,  67.,  66.,  60.,  87.,\n",
+       "        77.,  66.,  71.,  69.,  63.,  60.,  73.,  85.,  74.,  72.,  76.,\n",
+       "        57.,  78.,  84.,  77.,  64.,  78.,  82.,  75.,  61.,  72.,  68.,\n",
+       "        55.,  40.,  66.,  99.,  75.,  78.,  58.,  90.,  53.,  76.,  74.,\n",
+       "        77.,  63.,  89.,  82.,  72.,  78.,  66.,  81.,  67.,  84.,  64.,\n",
+       "        63.,  72.,  34.,  59.,  87.,  61.,  84.,  85., 100.,  81.,  70.,\n",
+       "        94.,  78.,  96.,  76.,  73.,  72.,  59.,  90.,  48.,  43.,  74.,\n",
+       "        75.,  51.,  92.,  39.,  77.,  46.,  89.,  47.,  58.,  57.,  79.,\n",
+       "        66.,  71.,  60.,  73.,  57.,  84.,  73.,  55.,  79.,  75.,  64.,\n",
+       "        60.,  84.,  69.,  72.,  77.,  90.,  55.,  95.,  58.,  68.,  59.,\n",
+       "        77.,  72.,  58.,  81.,  62.,  63.,  72.,  75.,  62.,  71.,  60.,\n",
+       "        48.,  73.,  67.,  78.,  65.,  58.,  72.,  44.,  79.,  85.,  56.,\n",
+       "        90.,  85.,  59.,  81.,  51.,  79.,  38.,  65.,  65.,  62.,  66.,\n",
+       "        74.,  84.,  52.,  68.,  70.,  84.,  60.,  55.,  73.,  80.,  94.,\n",
+       "        85.,  76.,  81.,  74.,  45.,  75.,  54.,  31.,  47.,  64.,  84.,\n",
+       "        80.,  86.,  59.,  70.,  72.,  91.,  90.,  90.,  52.,  87.,  58.,\n",
+       "        67.,  68.,  69.,  86.,  54.,  60.,  86.,  60.,  82.,  50.,  64.,\n",
+       "        64.,  82.,  57.,  77.,  52.,  58.,  44.,  77.,  65.,  85.,  85.,\n",
+       "        54.,  72.,  75.,  67.,  68.,  85.,  67.,  64.,  97.,  68.,  79.,\n",
+       "        49.,  73.,  62.,  86.,  42.,  71.,  93.,  82.,  53.,  42.,  74.,\n",
+       "        51.,  58.,  72.,  84.,  90.,  62.,  64.,  82.,  61.,  72.,  76.,\n",
+       "        64.,  70.,  73.,  46.,  51.,  76., 100.,  72.,  65.,  51.,  85.,\n",
+       "        92.,  67.,  74.,  62.,  34.,  29.,  78.,  54.,  78.,  84.,  78.,\n",
+       "        48., 100.,  84.,  77.,  48.,  84.,  75.,  64.,  42.,  84.,  61.,\n",
+       "        62.,  61.,  70., 100.,  61.,  77.,  96.,  70.,  53.,  66.,  65.,\n",
+       "        70.,  64.,  56.,  61.,  43.,  56.,  74.,  57.,  71.,  75.,  87.,\n",
+       "        63.,  57.,  58.,  81.,  68.,  66.,  91.,  66.,  62.,  68.,  61.,\n",
+       "        82.,  58.,  50.,  75.,  73.,  77.,  74.,  52.,  69.,  57.,  87.,\n",
+       "       100.,  63.,  81.,  58.,  54., 100.,  76.,  57.,  70.,  68.,  63.,\n",
+       "        76.,  84., 100.,  72.,  50.,  65.,  63.,  82.,  62.,  65.,  41.,\n",
+       "        95.,  24.,  78.,  85.,  87.,  75.,  51.,  59.,  75.,  45.,  86.,\n",
+       "        81.,  82.,  76.,  72.,  63.,  99.,  55.,  71.,  78.,  86.])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "reading_score"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "id": "240817a8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0.04\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# split data into training and validation data, for both features and target\n",
+    "# The split is based on a random number generator. Supplying a numeric value to\n",
+    "# the random_state argument guarantees we get the same split every time we\n",
+    "# run this script.\n",
+    "train_X, val_X, train_y, val_y = train_test_split(X, y, random_state = 0)\n",
+    "# Define model\n",
+    "std_model = DecisionTreeRegressor()\n",
+    "# Fit model\n",
+    "std_model.fit(train_X, train_y)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# get predicted prices on validation data\n",
+    "read_score_predict = std_model.predict(val_X)\n",
+    "print(mean_absolute_error(val_y, read_score_predict))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "3dcd5b64",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "48b7e2de",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "id": "0b193859",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>math score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>reading_score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>writing score</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>253</th>\n",
+       "      <td>80</td>\n",
+       "      <td>80</td>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>667</th>\n",
+       "      <td>77</td>\n",
+       "      <td>85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>87</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>85</th>\n",
+       "      <td>73</td>\n",
+       "      <td>80</td>\n",
+       "      <td>82</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>969</th>\n",
+       "      <td>75</td>\n",
+       "      <td>84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>80</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>75</th>\n",
+       "      <td>44</td>\n",
+       "      <td>41</td>\n",
+       "      <td>38</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>...</th>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>835</th>\n",
+       "      <td>60</td>\n",
+       "      <td>64</td>\n",
+       "      <td>74</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>192</th>\n",
+       "      <td>62</td>\n",
+       "      <td>64</td>\n",
+       "      <td>66</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>629</th>\n",
+       "      <td>44</td>\n",
+       "      <td>51</td>\n",
+       "      <td>55</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>559</th>\n",
+       "      <td>73</td>\n",
+       "      <td>66</td>\n",
+       "      <td>62</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>684</th>\n",
+       "      <td>62</td>\n",
+       "      <td>66</td>\n",
+       "      <td>68</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "<p>750 rows × 3 columns</p>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "     math score  reading_score  writing score\n",
+       "253          80             80             72\n",
+       "667          77             85             87\n",
+       "85           73             80             82\n",
+       "969          75             84             80\n",
+       "75           44             41             38\n",
+       "..          ...            ...            ...\n",
+       "835          60             64             74\n",
+       "192          62             64             66\n",
+       "629          44             51             55\n",
+       "559          73             66             62\n",
+       "684          62             66             68\n",
+       "\n",
+       "[750 rows x 3 columns]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 42,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "train_X"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "id": "4358a31f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(750,)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 44,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "train_y.shape"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "id": "67406471",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "253    80\n",
+       "667    85\n",
+       "85     80\n",
+       "969    84\n",
+       "75     41\n",
+       "       ..\n",
+       "835    64\n",
+       "192    64\n",
+       "629    51\n",
+       "559    66\n",
+       "684    66\n",
+       "Name: reading_score, Length: 750, dtype: int64"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 45,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "train_y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "id": "26bb9459",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>math score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>reading_score</th>\n",
+       "      <th>writing score</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>993</th>\n",
+       "      <td>62</td>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "      <td>74</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>859</th>\n",
+       "      <td>87</td>\n",
+       "      <td>73</td>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>298</th>\n",
+       "      <td>40</td>\n",
+       "      <td>46</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>553</th>\n",
+       "      <td>77</td>\n",
+       "      <td>62</td>\n",
+       "      <td>64</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>672</th>\n",
+       "      <td>69</td>\n",
+       "      <td>78</td>\n",
+       "      <td>76</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>...</th>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "      <td>...</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>462</th>\n",
+       "      <td>71</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "      <td>76</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>356</th>\n",
+       "      <td>63</td>\n",
+       "      <td>61</td>\n",
+       "      <td>61</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>90</td>\n",
+       "      <td>95</td>\n",
+       "      <td>93</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>478</th>\n",
+       "      <td>55</td>\n",
+       "      <td>64</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>695</th>\n",
+       "      <td>79</td>\n",
+       "      <td>89</td>\n",
+       "      <td>86</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "<p>250 rows × 3 columns</p>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "     math score  reading_score  writing score\n",
+       "993          62             72             74\n",
+       "859          87             73             72\n",
+       "298          40             46             50\n",
+       "553          77             62             64\n",
+       "672          69             78             76\n",
+       "..          ...            ...            ...\n",
+       "462          71             70             76\n",
+       "356          63             61             61\n",
+       "2            90             95             93\n",
+       "478          55             64             70\n",
+       "695          79             89             86\n",
+       "\n",
+       "[250 rows x 3 columns]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "val_X"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "id": "6262a739",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "993    72\n",
+       "859    73\n",
+       "298    46\n",
+       "553    62\n",
+       "672    78\n",
+       "       ..\n",
+       "462    70\n",
+       "356    61\n",
+       "2      95\n",
+       "478    64\n",
+       "695    89\n",
+       "Name: reading_score, Length: 250, dtype: int64"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 48,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "val_y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "id": "8328fdc3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(250,)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 49,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "val_y.shape"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "id": "c6663f05",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(250, 3)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "val_X.shape"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "b52c954d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.9.12"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}