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  license: mit
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  license: mit
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+
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+
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+ <h1 align="center">FlagEmbedding</h1>
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+
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+
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+ <h4 align="center">
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+ <p>
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+ <a href=#model-list>Model List</a> |
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+ <a href=#usage>Usage</a> |
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+ <a href="#evaluation">Evaluation</a> |
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+ <a href="#train">Train</a> |
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+ <a href="#contact">Contact</a> |
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+ <a href="#license">License</a>
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+ <p>
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+ </h4>
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+
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+ More details please refer to our Github: [FlagEmbedding](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding).
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+
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+
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+
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+ [English](README.md) | [中文](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/README_zh.md)
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+
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+ FlagEmbedding can map any text to a low-dimensional dense vector which can be used for tasks like retrieval, classification, clustering, or semantic search.
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+ And it also can be used in vector databases for LLMs.
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+
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+ ************* 🌟**Updates**🌟 *************
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+ - 09/12/2023: New Release:
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+ - **New reranker model**: release a cross-encoder model bge-reranker-base, which is more powerful than embedding model. We recommend to use/fine-tune it to re-rank top-k documents returned by embedding models.
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+ - **update embedding model**: release bge-*-v1.5 embedding model to alleviate the issue of the similarity distribution, and enhance its retrieval ability without instruction.
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+ - 09/07/2023: Update [fine-tune code](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/FlagEmbedding/baai_general_embedding/README.md): Add script to mine hard negatives and support adding instruction during fine-tuning.
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+ - 08/09/2023: BGE Models are integrated into **Langchain**, you can use it like [this](#using-langchain); C-MTEB **leaderboard** is [available](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mteb/leaderboard).
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+ - 08/05/2023: Release base-scale and small-scale models, **best performance among the models of the same size 🤗**
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+ - 08/02/2023: Release `bge-large-*`(short for BAAI General Embedding) Models, **rank 1st on MTEB and C-MTEB benchmark!** :tada: :tada:
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+ - 08/01/2023: We release the [Chinese Massive Text Embedding Benchmark](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB) (**C-MTEB**), consisting of 31 test dataset.
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+
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+
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+ ## Model List
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+
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+ `bge` is short for `BAAI general embedding`.
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+
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+ | Model | Language | | Description | query instruction for retrieval\* |
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+ |:-------------------------------|:--------:| :--------:| :--------:|:--------:|
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+ | [BAAI/bge-reranker-large](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-large) | Chinese and English | [Inference](#usage-for-reranker) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/reranker) | a cross-encoder model which is more accurate but less efficient \** | |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-reranker-base](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-base) | Chinese and English | [Inference](#usage-for-reranker) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/reranker) | a cross-encoder model which is more accurate but less efficient \** | |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-large-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | :trophy: rank **1st** in [MTEB](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mteb/leaderboard) leaderboard | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-base-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | a base-scale model but with similar ability to `bge-large-en` | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-small-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) |a small-scale model but with competitive performance | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-large-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | :trophy: rank **1st** in [C-MTEB](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/C_MTEB) benchmark | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-base-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | a base-scale model but with similar ability to `bge-large-zh` | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:` |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-small-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | a small-scale model but with competitive performance | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:` |
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+
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+
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+ \*: If you need to search the relevant passages to a query, we suggest to add the instruction to the query; in other cases, no instruction is needed, just use the original query directly. In all cases, **no instruction** needs to be added to passages.
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+
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+ \**: To balance the accuracy and time cost, cross-encoder is widely used to re-rank top-k documents retrieved by other simple models.
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+ For examples, use bge embedding model to retrieve top 100 relevant documents, and then use bge reranker to re-rank the top 100 document to get the final top-3 results.
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+
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+
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+ ## Frequently asked questions
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+
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+ <details>
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+ <summary>1. How to fine-tune bge embedding model?</summary>
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+
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+ <!-- ### How to fine-tune bge embedding model? -->
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+ Following this [example](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) to prepare data and fine-tune your model.
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+ Some suggestions:
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+ - Mine hard negatives following this [example](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune#data-format), which can improve the retrieval performance.
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+ - If you pre-train bge on your data, the pre-trained model cannot be directly used to calculate similarity, and it must be fine-tuned with contrastive learning before computing similarity.
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+ - If the accuracy of the fine-tuned model is still not high, it is recommended to use/fine-tune the cross-encoder model (bge-reranker) to re-rank top-k results. Hard negatives also are needed to fine-tune reranker.
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+
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+
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+ </details>
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+
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+ <details>
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+ <summary>2. The similarity score between two dissimilar sentences is higher than 0.5</summary>
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+
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+ <!-- ### The similarity score between two dissimilar sentences is higher than 0.5 -->
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+ **Suggest to use bge v1.5, which alleviates the issue of the similarity distribution.**
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+
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+ Since we finetune the models by contrastive learning with a temperature of 0.01,
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+ the similarity distribution of the current BGE model is about in the interval \[0.6, 1\].
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+ So a similarity score greater than 0.5 does not indicate that the two sentences are similar.
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+
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+ For downstream tasks, such as passage retrieval or semantic similarity,
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+ **what matters is the relative order of the scores, not the absolute value.**
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+ If you need to filter similar sentences based on a similarity threshold,
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+ please select an appropriate similarity threshold based on the similarity distribution on your data (such as 0.8, 0.85, or even 0.9).
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+
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+ </details>
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+
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+ <details>
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+ <summary>3. When does the query instruction need to be used</summary>
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+
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+ <!-- ### When does the query instruction need to be used -->
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+
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+ For a retrieval task that uses short queries to find long related documents,
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+ it is recommended to add instructions for these short queries.
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+ **The best method to decide whether to add instructions for queries is choosing the setting that achieves better performance on your task.**
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+ In all cases, the documents/passages do not need to add the instruction.
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+
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+ </details>
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+
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+
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+ ## Usage
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+
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+ ### Usage for Embedding Model
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+
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+ Here are some examples for using `bge` models with
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+ [FlagEmbedding](#using-flagembedding), [Sentence-Transformers](#using-sentence-transformers), [Langchain](#using-langchain), or [Huggingface Transformers](#using-huggingface-transformers).
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+
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+ #### Using FlagEmbedding
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+ ```
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+ pip install -U FlagEmbedding
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+ ```
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+ If it doesn't work for you, you can see [FlagEmbedding](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/FlagEmbedding/baai_general_embedding/README.md) for more methods to install FlagEmbedding.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ from FlagEmbedding import FlagModel
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+ sentences_1 = ["样例数据-1", "样例数据-2"]
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+ sentences_2 = ["样例数据-3", "样例数据-4"]
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+ model = FlagModel('BAAI/bge-large-zh', query_instruction_for_retrieval="为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:")
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+ embeddings_1 = model.encode(sentences_1)
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+ embeddings_2 = model.encode(sentences_2)
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+ similarity = embeddings_1 @ embeddings_2.T
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+ print(similarity)
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+
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+ # for s2p(short query to long passage) retrieval task, suggest to use encode_queries() which will automatically add the instruction to each query
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+ # corpus in retrieval task can still use encode() or encode_corpus(), since they don't need instruction
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+ queries = ['query_1', 'query_2']
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+ passages = ["样例文档-1", "样例文档-2"]
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+ q_embeddings = model.encode_queries(queries)
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+ p_embeddings = model.encode(passages)
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+ scores = q_embeddings @ p_embeddings.T
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+ ```
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+ For the value of the argument `query_instruction_for_retrieval`, see [Model List](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master#model-list).
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+
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+ By default, FlagModel will use all available GPUs when encoding. Please set `os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"]` to select specific GPUs.
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+ You also can set `os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"]=""` to make all GPUs unavailable.
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+
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+
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+ #### Using Sentence-Transformers
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+
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+ You can also use the `bge` models with [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net):
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+
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+ ```
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+ pip install -U sentence-transformers
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+ ```
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+ ```python
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+ from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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+ sentences_1 = ["样例数据-1", "样例数据-2"]
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+ sentences_2 = ["样例数据-3", "样例数据-4"]
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+ model = SentenceTransformer('BAAI/bge-large-zh')
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+ embeddings_1 = model.encode(sentences_1, normalize_embeddings=True)
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+ embeddings_2 = model.encode(sentences_2, normalize_embeddings=True)
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+ similarity = embeddings_1 @ embeddings_2.T
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+ print(similarity)
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+ ```
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+ For s2p(short query to long passage) retrieval task,
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+ each short query should start with an instruction (instructions see [Model List](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master#model-list)).
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+ But the instruction is not needed for passages.
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+ ```python
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+ from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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+ queries = ['query_1', 'query_2']
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+ passages = ["样例文档-1", "样例文档-2"]
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+ instruction = "为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:"
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+
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+ model = SentenceTransformer('BAAI/bge-large-zh')
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+ q_embeddings = model.encode([instruction+q for q in queries], normalize_embeddings=True)
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+ p_embeddings = model.encode(passages, normalize_embeddings=True)
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+ scores = q_embeddings @ p_embeddings.T
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+ ```
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+
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+ #### Using Langchain
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+
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+ You can use `bge` in langchain like this:
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+ ```python
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+ from langchain.embeddings import HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings
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+ model_name = "BAAI/bge-small-en"
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+ model_kwargs = {'device': 'cuda'}
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+ encode_kwargs = {'normalize_embeddings': True} # set True to compute cosine similarity
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+ model = HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings(
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+ model_name=model_name,
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+ model_kwargs=model_kwargs,
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+ encode_kwargs=encode_kwargs,
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+ query_instruction="为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:"
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+ )
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+ model.query_instruction = "为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章:"
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+ ```
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+
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+
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+ #### Using HuggingFace Transformers
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+
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+ With the transformers package, you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you select the last hidden state of the first token (i.e., [CLS]) as the sentence embedding.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
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+ import torch
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+ # Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
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+ sentences = ["样例数据-1", "样例数据-2"]
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+
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+ # Load model from HuggingFace Hub
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+ tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-large-zh')
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+ model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-large-zh')
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+ model.eval()
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+
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+ # Tokenize sentences
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+ encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')
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+ # for s2p(short query to long passage) retrieval task, add an instruction to query (not add instruction for passages)
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+ # encoded_input = tokenizer([instruction + q for q in queries], padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')
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+
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+ # Compute token embeddings
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+ with torch.no_grad():
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+ model_output = model(**encoded_input)
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+ # Perform pooling. In this case, cls pooling.
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+ sentence_embeddings = model_output[0][:, 0]
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+ # normalize embeddings
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+ sentence_embeddings = torch.nn.functional.normalize(sentence_embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
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+ print("Sentence embeddings:", sentence_embeddings)
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Usage for Reranker
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+
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+ You can get a relevance score by inputting query and passage to the reranker.
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+ The reranker is optimized based cross-entropy loss, so the relevance score is not bounded to a specific range.
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+
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+
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+ #### Using FlagEmbedding
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+ ```
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+ pip install -U FlagEmbedding
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+ ```
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+
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+ Get relevance score:
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+ ```python
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+ from FlagEmbedding import FlagReranker
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+ reranker = FlagReranker('BAAI/bge-reranker-base', use_fp16=True) #use fp16 can speed up computing
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+
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+ score = reranker.compute_score(['query', 'passage'])
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+ print(score)
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+
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+ scores = reranker.compute_score([['what is panda?', 'hi'], ['what is panda?', 'The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), sometimes called a panda bear or simply panda, is a bear species endemic to China.']])
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+ print(scores)
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+ ```
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+
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+
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+ #### Using Huggingface transformers
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+
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+ ```python
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+ import torch
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+ from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer, BatchEncoding, PreTrainedTokenizerFast
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+
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+ tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-reranker-base')
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+ model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-reranker-base')
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+ model.eval()
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+
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+ pairs = [['what is panda?', 'hi'], ['what is panda?', 'The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), sometimes called a panda bear or simply panda, is a bear species endemic to China.']]
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+ with torch.no_grad():
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+ inputs = tokenizer(pairs, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt', max_length=512)
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+ scores = model(**inputs, return_dict=True).logits.view(-1, ).float()
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+ print(scores)
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Evaluation
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+
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+ `baai-general-embedding` models achieve **state-of-the-art performance on both MTEB and C-MTEB leaderboard!**
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+ For more details and evaluation tools see our [scripts](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB/README.md).
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+
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+ - **MTEB**:
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+
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+ | Model Name | Dimension | Sequence Length | Average (56) | Retrieval (15) |Clustering (11) | Pair Classification (3) | Reranking (4) | STS (10) | Summarization (1) | Classification (12) |
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+ |:----:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
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+ | [BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5) | 1024 | 512 | **64.23** | **54.29** | 46.08 | 87.12 | 60.03 | 83.11 | 31.61 | 75.97 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5) | 768 | 512 | 63.55 | 53.25 | 45.77 | 86.55 | 58.86 | 82.4 | 31.07 | 75.53 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5) | 384 | 512 | 62.17 |51.68 | 43.82 | 84.92 | 58.36 | 81.59 | 30.12 | 74.14 |
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+ | [bge-large-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en) | 1024 | 512 | 63.98 | 53.9 | 46.98 | 85.8 | 59.48 | 81.56 | 32.06 | 76.21 |
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+ | [bge-base-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en) | 768 | 512 | 63.36 | 53.0 | 46.32 | 85.86 | 58.7 | 81.84 | 29.27 | 75.27 |
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+ | [gte-large](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-large) | 1024 | 512 | 63.13 | 52.22 | 46.84 | 85.00 | 59.13 | 83.35 | 31.66 | 73.33 |
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+ | [gte-base](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-base) | 768 | 512 | 62.39 | 51.14 | 46.2 | 84.57 | 58.61 | 82.3 | 31.17 | 73.01 |
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+ | [e5-large-v2](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/e5-large-v2) | 1024| 512 | 62.25 | 50.56 | 44.49 | 86.03 | 56.61 | 82.05 | 30.19 | 75.24 |
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+ | [bge-small-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en) | 384 | 512 | 62.11 | 51.82 | 44.31 | 83.78 | 57.97 | 80.72 | 30.53 | 74.37 |
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+ | [instructor-xl](https://huggingface.co/hkunlp/instructor-xl) | 768 | 512 | 61.79 | 49.26 | 44.74 | 86.62 | 57.29 | 83.06 | 32.32 | 61.79 |
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+ | [e5-base-v2](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/e5-base-v2) | 768 | 512 | 61.5 | 50.29 | 43.80 | 85.73 | 55.91 | 81.05 | 30.28 | 73.84 |
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+ | [gte-small](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-small) | 384 | 512 | 61.36 | 49.46 | 44.89 | 83.54 | 57.7 | 82.07 | 30.42 | 72.31 |
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+ | [text-embedding-ada-002](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/embeddings) | 1536 | 8192 | 60.99 | 49.25 | 45.9 | 84.89 | 56.32 | 80.97 | 30.8 | 70.93 |
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+ | [e5-small-v2](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/e5-base-v2) | 384 | 512 | 59.93 | 49.04 | 39.92 | 84.67 | 54.32 | 80.39 | 31.16 | 72.94 |
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+ | [sentence-t5-xxl](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/sentence-t5-xxl) | 768 | 512 | 59.51 | 42.24 | 43.72 | 85.06 | 56.42 | 82.63 | 30.08 | 73.42 |
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+ | [all-mpnet-base-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2) | 768 | 514 | 57.78 | 43.81 | 43.69 | 83.04 | 59.36 | 80.28 | 27.49 | 65.07 |
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+ | [sgpt-bloom-7b1-msmarco](https://huggingface.co/bigscience/sgpt-bloom-7b1-msmarco) | 4096 | 2048 | 57.59 | 48.22 | 38.93 | 81.9 | 55.65 | 77.74 | 33.6 | 66.19 |
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+
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+
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+
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+ - **C-MTEB**:
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+ We create the benchmark C-MTEB for Chinese text embedding which consists of 31 datasets from 6 tasks.
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+ Please refer to [C_MTEB](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB/README.md) for a detailed introduction.
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+
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+ | Model | Embedding dimension | Avg | Retrieval | STS | PairClassification | Classification | Reranking | Clustering |
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+ |:-------------------------------|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|
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+ | [**BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5**](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5) | 1024 | **64.53** | 70.46 | 56.25 | 81.6 | 69.13 | 65.84 | 48.99 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5) | 768 | 63.13 | 69.49 | 53.72 | 79.75 | 68.07 | 65.39 | 47.53 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5) | 512 | 57.82 | 61.77 | 49.11 | 70.41 | 63.96 | 60.92 | 44.18 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-large-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh) | 1024 | 64.20 | 71.53 | 54.98 | 78.94 | 68.32 | 65.11 | 48.39 |
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+ | [bge-large-zh-noinstruct](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh-noinstruct) | 1024 | 63.53 | 70.55 | 53 | 76.77 | 68.58 | 64.91 | 50.01 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-base-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh) | 768 | 62.96 | 69.53 | 54.12 | 77.5 | 67.07 | 64.91 | 47.63 |
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+ | [multilingual-e5-large](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-large) | 1024 | 58.79 | 63.66 | 48.44 | 69.89 | 67.34 | 56.00 | 48.23 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-small-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh) | 512 | 58.27 | 63.07 | 49.45 | 70.35 | 63.64 | 61.48 | 45.09 |
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+ | [m3e-base](https://huggingface.co/moka-ai/m3e-base) | 768 | 57.10 | 56.91 | 50.47 | 63.99 | 67.52 | 59.34 | 47.68 |
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+ | [m3e-large](https://huggingface.co/moka-ai/m3e-large) | 1024 | 57.05 | 54.75 | 50.42 | 64.3 | 68.2 | 59.66 | 48.88 |
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+ | [multilingual-e5-base](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-base) | 768 | 55.48 | 61.63 | 46.49 | 67.07 | 65.35 | 54.35 | 40.68 |
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+ | [multilingual-e5-small](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-small) | 384 | 55.38 | 59.95 | 45.27 | 66.45 | 65.85 | 53.86 | 45.26 |
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+ | [text-embedding-ada-002(OpenAI)](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/embeddings/what-are-embeddings) | 1536 | 53.02 | 52.0 | 43.35 | 69.56 | 64.31 | 54.28 | 45.68 |
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+ | [luotuo](https://huggingface.co/silk-road/luotuo-bert-medium) | 1024 | 49.37 | 44.4 | 42.78 | 66.62 | 61 | 49.25 | 44.39 |
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+ | [text2vec-base](https://huggingface.co/shibing624/text2vec-base-chinese) | 768 | 47.63 | 38.79 | 43.41 | 67.41 | 62.19 | 49.45 | 37.66 |
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+ | [text2vec-large](https://huggingface.co/GanymedeNil/text2vec-large-chinese) | 1024 | 47.36 | 41.94 | 44.97 | 70.86 | 60.66 | 49.16 | 30.02 |
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+
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+
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+ - **Reranking**:
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+ See [C_MTEB](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB/) for evaluation script.
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+
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+ | Model | T2Reranking | T2RerankingZh2En\* | T2RerankingEn2Zh\* | MmarcoReranking | CMedQAv1 | CMedQAv2 | Avg |
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+ |:-------------------------------|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|
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+ | text2vec-base-multilingual | 64.66 | 62.94 | 62.51 | 14.37 | 48.46 | 48.6 | 50.26 |
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+ | multilingual-e5-small | 65.62 | 60.94 | 56.41 | 29.91 | 67.26 | 66.54 | 57.78 |
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+ | multilingual-e5-large | 64.55 | 61.61 | 54.28 | 28.6 | 67.42 | 67.92 | 57.4 |
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+ | multilingual-e5-base | 64.21 | 62.13 | 54.68 | 29.5 | 66.23 | 66.98 | 57.29 |
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+ | m3e-base | 66.03 | 62.74 | 56.07 | 17.51 | 77.05 | 76.76 | 59.36 |
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+ | m3e-large | 66.13 | 62.72 | 56.1 | 16.46 | 77.76 | 78.27 | 59.57 |
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+ | bge-base-zh-v1.5 | 66.49 | 63.25 | 57.02 | 29.74 | 80.47 | 84.88 | 63.64 |
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+ | bge-large-zh-v1.5 | 65.74 | 63.39 | 57.03 | 28.74 | 83.45 | 85.44 | 63.97 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-reranker-base](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-base) | 67.28 | 63.95 | 60.45 | 35.46 | 81.26 | 84.1 | 65.42 |
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+ | [BAAI/bge-reranker-large](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-large) | 67.6 | 64.03 | 61.44 | 37.16 | 82.15 | 84.18 | 66.09 |
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+
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+ \* : T2RerankingZh2En and T2RerankingEn2Zh are cross-language retrieval task
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+
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+ ## Train
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+
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+ ### BAAI Embedding
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+
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+ We pre-train the models using retromae and train them on large-scale pairs data using contrastive learning.
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+ **You can fine-tune the embedding model on your data following our [examples](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune).**
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+ We also provide a [pre-train example](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/pretrain).
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+ Note that the goal of pre-training is to reconstruct the text, and the pre-trained model cannot be used for similarity calculation directly, it needs to be fine-tuned.
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+ More training details for bge see [baai_general_embedding](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/FlagEmbedding/baai_general_embedding/README.md).
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+
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+
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+
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+ ### BGE Reranker
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+
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+ Cross-encoder will perform full-attention over the input pair,
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+ which is more accurate than embedding model (i.e., bi-encoder) but more time-consuming than embedding model.
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+ Therefore, it can be used to re-rank the top-k documents returned by embedding model.
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+ We train the cross-encoder on a multilingual pair data,
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+ The data format is the same as embedding model, so you can fine-tune it easily following our example.
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+ More details pelease refer to [./FlagEmbedding/reranker/README.md](./FlagEmbedding/reranker/README.md)
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+
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+
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+ ## Contact
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+ If you have any question or suggestion related to this project, feel free to open an issue or pull request.
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+ You also can email Shitao Xiao(stxiao@baai.ac.cn) and Zheng Liu(liuzheng@baai.ac.cn).
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+
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+
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+ ## License
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+ FlagEmbedding is licensed under the [MIT License](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/LICENSE). The released models can be used for commercial purposes free of charge.
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+
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+
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+