fix compatibility issue for transformers 4.46+

README.md

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ library_name: transformers
 base_model:
   - OpenGVLab/InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5
   - NousResearch/Hermes-2-Theta-Llama-3-70B
+new_version: OpenGVLab/InternVL2_5-78B
 base_model_relation: merge
 language:
   - multilingual
@@ -19,13 +20,13 @@ tags:
 
 # InternVL2-Llama3-76B
 
-[\[📂 GitHub\]](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL)  [\[🆕 Blog\]](https://internvl.github.io/blog/)  [\[📜 InternVL 1.0 Paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.14238)  [\[📜 InternVL 1.5 Report\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16821)
+[\[📂 GitHub\]](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL)  [\[🆕 Blog\]](https://internvl.github.io/blog/)  [\[📜 InternVL 1.0\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.14238)  [\[📜 InternVL 1.5\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16821) [\[📜 Mini-InternVL\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.16261)
 
 [\[🗨️ Chat Demo\]](https://internvl.opengvlab.com/)  [\[🤗 HF Demo\]](https://huggingface.co/spaces/OpenGVLab/InternVL)  [\[🚀 Quick Start\]](#quick-start)  [\[📖 中文解读\]](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/706547971)  [\[📖 Documents\]](https://internvl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
 
-[切换至中文版](#简介)
-
-![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/64119264f0f81eb569e0d569/_mLpMwsav5eMeNcZdrIQl.png)
+<div align="center">
+  <img width="500" alt="image" src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/64006c09330a45b03605bba3/zJsd2hqd3EevgXo6fNgC-.png">
+</div>
 
 ## Introduction
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ InternVL 2.0 is a multimodal large language model series, featuring models of va
 |      MME<sub>sum</sub>       |     2328.7      |      1920.0      |    2315.0     |        2414.7        |
 |         RealWorldQA          |      75.4       |       60.1       |     71.8      |         72.2         |
 |     AI2D<sub>test</sub>      |      94.2       |       94.7       |     87.1      |         87.6         |
-|      MMMU<sub>val</sub>      |   69.1 / 69.2   |   68.3 / 65.9    |  53.9 / 55.2  |     55.2 / 58.2      |
+|      MMMU<sub>val</sub>      |      69.1       |       68.3       |     55.2      |         58.2         |
 |  MMBench-EN<sub>test</sub>   |      83.4       |       79.7       |     86.8      |         86.5         |
 |  MMBench-CN<sub>test</sub>   |      82.1       |       80.7       |     86.5      |         86.3         |
 |    CCBench<sub>dev</sub>     |      71.2       |       54.1       |     80.6      |         81.0         |
@@ -78,9 +79,7 @@ InternVL 2.0 is a multimodal large language model series, featuring models of va
 
 - For more details and evaluation reproduction, please refer to our [Evaluation Guide](https://internvl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/internvl2.0/evaluation.html).
 
-- We simultaneously use [InternVL](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL) and [VLMEvalKit](https://github.com/open-compass/VLMEvalKit) repositories for model evaluation. Specifically, the results reported for DocVQA, ChartQA, InfoVQA, TextVQA, MME, AI2D, MMBench, CCBench, MMVet, and SEED-Image were tested using the InternVL repository. OCRBench, RealWorldQA, HallBench, and MathVista were evaluated using the VLMEvalKit.
-
-- For MMMU, we report both the original scores (left side: evaluated using the InternVL codebase for InternVL series models, and sourced from technical reports or webpages for other models) and the VLMEvalKit scores (right side: collected from the OpenCompass leaderboard).
+- We simultaneously use [InternVL](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL) and [VLMEvalKit](https://github.com/open-compass/VLMEvalKit) repositories for model evaluation. Specifically, the results reported for DocVQA, ChartQA, InfoVQA, TextVQA, MME, AI2D, MMBench, CCBench, MMVet (GPT-4-0613), and SEED-Image were tested using the InternVL repository. MMMU, OCRBench, RealWorldQA, HallBench, MMVet (GPT-4-Turbo), and MathVista were evaluated using the VLMEvalKit.
 
 - Please note that evaluating the same model using different testing toolkits like [InternVL](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL) and [VLMEvalKit](https://github.com/open-compass/VLMEvalKit) can result in slight differences, which is normal. Updates to code versions and variations in environment and hardware can also cause minor discrepancies in results.
 
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ We provide an example code to run InternVL2-Llama3-76B using `transformers`.
 
 We also welcome you to experience the InternVL2 series models in our [online demo](https://internvl.opengvlab.com/).
 
-> Please use transformers==4.37.2 to ensure the model works normally.
+> Please use transformers>=4.37.2 to ensure the model works normally.
 
 ### Model Loading
 
@@ -462,7 +461,7 @@ response, history = model.chat(tokenizer, pixel_values, question, generation_con
 print(f'User: {question}\nAssistant: {response}')
 ```
 
-#### Streaming output
+#### Streaming Output
 
 Besides this method, you can also use the following code to get streamed output.
 
@@ -502,7 +501,7 @@ Many repositories now support fine-tuning of the InternVL series models, includi
 LMDeploy is a toolkit for compressing, deploying, and serving LLM, developed by the MMRazor and MMDeploy teams.
 
 ```sh
-pip install lmdeploy==0.5.3
+pip install lmdeploy>=0.5.3
 ```
 
 LMDeploy abstracts the complex inference process of multi-modal Vision-Language Models (VLM) into an easy-to-use pipeline, similar to the Large Language Model (LLM) inference pipeline.
@@ -560,196 +559,12 @@ This project is released under the MIT license, while Llama3 is licensed under t
 If you find this project useful in your research, please consider citing:
 
 ```BibTeX
-@article{chen2023internvl,
-  title={InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Tasks},
-  author={Chen, Zhe and Wu, Jiannan and Wang, Wenhai and Su, Weijie and Chen, Guo and Xing, Sen and Zhong, Muyan and Zhang, Qinglong and Zhu, Xizhou and Lu, Lewei and Li, Bin and Luo, Ping and Lu, Tong and Qiao, Yu and Dai, Jifeng},
-  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.14238},
-  year={2023}
-}
-@article{chen2024far,
-  title={How Far Are We to GPT-4V? Closing the Gap to Commercial Multimodal Models with Open-Source Suites},
-  author={Chen, Zhe and Wang, Weiyun and Tian, Hao and Ye, Shenglong and Gao, Zhangwei and Cui, Erfei and Tong, Wenwen and Hu, Kongzhi and Luo, Jiapeng and Ma, Zheng and others},
-  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.16821},
+@article{gao2024mini,
+  title={Mini-internvl: A flexible-transfer pocket multimodal model with 5\% parameters and 90\% performance},
+  author={Gao, Zhangwei and Chen, Zhe and Cui, Erfei and Ren, Yiming and Wang, Weiyun and Zhu, Jinguo and Tian, Hao and Ye, Shenglong and He, Junjun and Zhu, Xizhou and others},
+  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.16261},
   year={2024}
 }
-```
-
-## 简介
-
-我们很高兴宣布 InternVL 2.0 的发布，这是 InternVL 系列多模态大语言模型的最新版本。InternVL 2.0 提供了多种**指令微调**的模型，参数从 10 亿到 1080 亿不等。此仓库包含经过指令微调的 InternVL2-Llama3-76B 模型。
-
-与最先进的开源多模态大语言模型相比，InternVL 2.0 超越了大多数开源模型。它在各种能力上表现出与闭源商业模型相媲美的竞争力，包括文档和图表理解、信息图表问答、场景文本理解和 OCR 任务、科学和数学问题解决，以及文化理解和综合多模态能力。
-
-InternVL 2.0 使用 8k 上下文窗口进行训练，训练数据包含长文本、多图和视频数据，与 InternVL 1.5 相比，其处理这些类型输入的能力显著提高。更多详细信息，请参阅我们的博客和 GitHub。
-
-|       模型名称       |                                      视觉部分                                       |                                           语言部分                                           |                             HF 链接                              |                                MS 链接                                 |
-| :------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-|     InternVL2-1B     |    [InternViT-300M-448px](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-300M-448px)    |            [Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct)            |     [🤗 link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-1B)     |     [🤖 link](https://modelscope.cn/models/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-1B)     |
-|     InternVL2-2B     |    [InternViT-300M-448px](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-300M-448px)    |          [internlm2-chat-1_8b](https://huggingface.co/internlm/internlm2-chat-1_8b)          |     [🤗 link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-2B)     |     [🤖 link](https://modelscope.cn/models/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-2B)     |
-|     InternVL2-4B     |    [InternViT-300M-448px](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-300M-448px)    |    [Phi-3-mini-128k-instruct](https://huggingface.co/microsoft/Phi-3-mini-128k-instruct)     |     [🤗 link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-4B)     |     [🤖 link](https://modelscope.cn/models/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-4B)     |
-|     InternVL2-8B     |    [InternViT-300M-448px](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-300M-448px)    |          [internlm2_5-7b-chat](https://huggingface.co/internlm/internlm2_5-7b-chat)          |     [🤗 link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-8B)     |     [🤖 link](https://modelscope.cn/models/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-8B)     |
-|    InternVL2-26B     | [InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5) |           [internlm2-chat-20b](https://huggingface.co/internlm/internlm2-chat-20b)           |    [🤗 link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-26B)     |    [🤖 link](https://modelscope.cn/models/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-26B)     |
-|    InternVL2-40B     | [InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5) |       [Nous-Hermes-2-Yi-34B](https://huggingface.co/NousResearch/Nous-Hermes-2-Yi-34B)       |    [🤗 link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-40B)     |    [🤖 link](https://modelscope.cn/models/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-40B)     |
-| InternVL2-Llama3-76B | [InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5) | [Hermes-2-Theta-Llama-3-70B](https://huggingface.co/NousResearch/Hermes-2-Theta-Llama-3-70B) | [🤗 link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-Llama3-76B) | [🤖 link](https://modelscope.cn/models/OpenGVLab/InternVL2-Llama3-76B) |
-
-## 模型细节
-
-InternVL 2.0 是一个多模态大语言模型系列，包含各种规模的模型。对于每个规模的模型，我们都会发布针对多模态任务优化的指令微调模型。InternVL2-Llama3-76B 包含 [InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternViT-6B-448px-V1-5)、一个 MLP 投影器和 [Hermes-2-Theta-Llama-3-70B](https://huggingface.co/NousResearch/Hermes-2-Theta-Llama-3-70B)。
-
-## 性能测试
-
-### 图像相关评测
-
-|          评测数据集          | GPT-4o-20240513 | Claude3.5-Sonnet | InternVL2-40B | InternVL2-Llama3-76B |
-| :--------------------------: | :-------------: | :--------------: | :-----------: | :------------------: |
-|           模型大小           |        -        |        -         |      40B      |         76B          |
-|                              |                 |                  |               |                      |
-|    DocVQA<sub>test</sub>     |      92.8       |       95.2       |     93.9      |         94.1         |
-|    ChartQA<sub>test</sub>    |      85.7       |       90.8       |     86.2      |         88.4         |
-|    InfoVQA<sub>test</sub>    |        -        |        -         |     78.7      |         82.0         |
-|    TextVQA<sub>val</sub>     |        -        |        -         |     83.0      |         84.4         |
-|           OCRBench           |       736       |       788        |      837      |         839          |
-|      MME<sub>sum</sub>       |     2328.7      |      1920.0      |    2315.0     |        2414.7        |
-|         RealWorldQA          |      75.4       |       60.1       |     71.8      |         72.2         |
-|     AI2D<sub>test</sub>      |      94.2       |       94.7       |     87.1      |         87.6         |
-|      MMMU<sub>val</sub>      |   69.1 / 69.2   |   68.3 / 65.9    |  53.9 / 55.2  |     55.2 / 58.2      |
-|  MMBench-EN<sub>test</sub>   |      83.4       |       79.7       |     86.8      |         86.5         |
-|  MMBench-CN<sub>test</sub>   |      82.1       |       80.7       |     86.5      |         86.3         |
-|    CCBench<sub>dev</sub>     |      71.2       |       54.1       |     80.6      |         81.0         |
-|  MMVet<sub>GPT-4-0613</sub>  |        -        |        -         |     68.5      |         69.8         |
-| MMVet<sub>GPT-4-Turbo</sub>  |      69.1       |       66.0       |     65.5      |         65.7         |
-|          SEED-Image          |      77.1       |        -         |     78.2      |         78.2         |
-|   HallBench<sub>avg</sub>    |      55.0       |       49.9       |     56.9      |         55.2         |
-| MathVista<sub>testmini</sub> |      63.8       |       67.7       |     63.7      |         65.5         |
-|  OpenCompass<sub>avg</sub>   |      69.9       |       67.9       |     69.7      |         71.0         |
-
-- 关于更多的细节以及评测复现，请看我们的[评测指南](https://internvl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/internvl2.0/evaluation.html)。
-
-- 我们同时使用 InternVL 和 VLMEvalKit 仓库进行模型评估。具体来说，DocVQA、ChartQA、InfoVQA、TextVQA、MME、AI2D、MMBench、CCBench、MMVet 和 SEED-Image 的结果是使用 InternVL 仓库测试的。OCRBench、RealWorldQA、HallBench 和 MathVista 是使用 VLMEvalKit 进行评估的。
-
-- 对于MMMU，我们报告了原始分数（左侧：InternVL系列模型使用InternVL代码库评测，其他模型的分数来自其技术报告或网页）和VLMEvalKit分数（右侧：从OpenCompass排行榜收集）。
-
-- 请注意，使用不同的测试工具包（如 InternVL 和 VLMEvalKit）评估同一模型可能会导致细微差异，这是正常的。代码版本的更新、环境和硬件的变化也可能导致结果的微小差异。
-
-### 视频相关评测
-
-|         评测数据集          | GPT-4o | GPT-4V | Gemini-Pro-1.5 | InternVL2-40B | InternVL2-Llama3-76B |
-| :-------------------------: | :----: | :----: | :------------: | :-----------: | :------------------: |
-|          模型大小           |   -    |   -    |       -        |      40B      |         76B          |
-|                             |        |        |                |               |                      |
-|           MVBench           |   -    |   -    |       -        |     72.5      |         69.6         |
-| MMBench-Video<sub>8f</sub>  |  1.62  |  1.53  |      1.30      |     1.32      |         1.37         |
-| MMBench-Video<sub>16f</sub> |  1.86  |  1.68  |      1.60      |     1.45      |         1.52         |
-|    Video-MME<br>w/o subs    |  71.9  |  59.9  |      75.0      |     61.2      |         61.2         |
-|     Video-MME<br>w subs     |  77.2  |  63.3  |      81.3      |     62.4      |         62.8         |
-
-- 我们通过从每个视频中提取 16 帧来评估我们的模型在 MVBench 和 Video-MME 上的性能，每个视频帧被调整为 448x448 的图像。
-
-### 定位相关评测
-
-|              模型              | avg. | RefCOCO<br>(val) | RefCOCO<br>(testA) | RefCOCO<br>(testB) | RefCOCO+<br>(val) | RefCOCO+<br>(testA) | RefCOCO+<br>(testB) | RefCOCO‑g<br>(val) | RefCOCO‑g<br>(test) |
-| :----------------------------: | :--: | :--------------: | :----------------: | :----------------: | :---------------: | :-----------------: | :-----------------: | :----------------: | :-----------------: |
-| UNINEXT-H<br>(Specialist SOTA) | 88.9 |       92.6       |        94.3        |        91.5        |       85.2        |        89.6         |        79.8         |        88.7        |        89.4         |
-|                                |      |                  |                    |                    |                   |                     |                     |                    |                     |
-| Mini-InternVL-<br>Chat-2B-V1-5 | 75.8 |       80.7       |        86.7        |        72.9        |       72.5        |        82.3         |        60.8         |        75.6        |        74.9         |
-| Mini-InternVL-<br>Chat-4B-V1-5 | 84.4 |       88.0       |        91.4        |        83.5        |       81.5        |        87.4         |        73.8         |        84.7        |        84.6         |
-|       InternVL‑Chat‑V1‑5       | 88.8 |       91.4       |        93.7        |        87.1        |       87.0        |        92.3         |        80.9         |        88.5        |        89.3         |
-|                                |      |                  |                    |                    |                   |                     |                     |                    |                     |
-|          InternVL2‑1B          | 79.9 |       83.6       |        88.7        |        79.8        |       76.0        |        83.6         |        67.7         |        80.2        |        79.9         |
-|          InternVL2‑2B          | 77.7 |       82.3       |        88.2        |        75.9        |       73.5        |        82.8         |        63.3         |        77.6        |        78.3         |
-|          InternVL2‑4B          | 84.4 |       88.5       |        91.2        |        83.9        |       81.2        |        87.2         |        73.8         |        84.6        |        84.6         |
-|          InternVL2‑8B          | 82.9 |       87.1       |        91.1        |        80.7        |       79.8        |        87.9         |        71.4         |        82.7        |        82.7         |
-|         InternVL2‑26B          | 88.5 |       91.2       |        93.3        |        87.4        |       86.8        |        91.0         |        81.2         |        88.5        |        88.6         |
-|         InternVL2‑40B          | 90.3 |       93.0       |        94.7        |        89.2        |       88.5        |        92.8         |        83.6         |        90.3        |        90.6         |
-|    InternVL2-<br>Llama3‑76B    | 90.0 |       92.2       |        94.8        |        88.4        |       88.8        |        93.1         |        82.8         |        89.5        |        90.3         |
-
-- 我们使用以下 Prompt 来评测 InternVL 的 Grounding 能力: `Please provide the bounding box coordinates of the region this sentence describes: <ref>{}</ref>`
-
-限制：尽管在训练过程中我们非常注重模型的安全性，尽力促使模型输出符合伦理和法律要求的文本，但受限于模型大小以及概率生成范式，模型可能会产生各种不符合预期的输出，例如回复内容包含偏见、歧视等有害内容，请勿传播这些内容。由于传播不良信息导致的任何后果，本项目不承担责任。
-
-### 邀请评测 InternVL
-
-我们欢迎各位 MLLM benchmark 的开发者对我们的 InternVL1.5 以及 InternVL2 系列模型进行评测。如果需要在此处添加评测结果，请与我联系（[wztxy89@163.com](mailto:wztxy89@163.com)）。
-
-## 快速启动
-
-我们提供了一个示例代码，用于使用 `transformers` 运行 InternVL2-Llama3-76B。
-
-我们也欢迎你在我们的[在线demo](https://internvl.opengvlab.com/)中体验InternVL2的系列模型。
-
-> 请使用 transformers==4.37.2 以确保模型正常运行。
-
-示例代码请[点击这里](#quick-start)。
-
-## 微调
-
-许多仓库现在都支持 InternVL 系列模型的微调，包括 [InternVL](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL)、[SWIFT](https://github.com/modelscope/ms-swift)、[XTurner](https://github.com/InternLM/xtuner) 等。请参阅它们的文档以获取更���微调细节。
-
-## 部署
-
-### LMDeploy
-
-LMDeploy 是由 MMRazor 和 MMDeploy 团队开发的用于压缩、部署和服务大语言模型（LLM）的工具包。
-
-```sh
-pip install lmdeploy==0.5.3
-```
-
-LMDeploy 将多模态视觉-语言模型（VLM）的复杂推理过程抽象为一个易于使用的管道，类似于大语言模型（LLM）的推理管道。
-
-#### API部署
-
-LMDeploy 的 `api_server` 使模型能够通过一个命令轻松打包成服务。提供的 RESTful API 与 OpenAI 的接口兼容。以下是服务启动的示例：
-
-> **⚠️ 注意**: 请务必安装Flash Attention; 否则，使用`——tp`将存在异常。
-
-```shell
-CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 lmdeploy serve api_server OpenGVLab/InternVL2-Llama3-76B --backend turbomind --server-port 23333 --tp 4
-```
-
-为了使用OpenAI风格的API接口，您需要安装OpenAI:
-
-```shell
-pip install openai
-```
-
-然后，使用下面的代码进行API调用:
-
-```python
-from openai import OpenAI
-
-client = OpenAI(api_key='YOUR_API_KEY', base_url='http://0.0.0.0:23333/v1')
-model_name = client.models.list().data[0].id
-response = client.chat.completions.create(
-    model=model_name,
-    messages=[{
-        'role':
-        'user',
-        'content': [{
-            'type': 'text',
-            'text': 'describe this image',
-        }, {
-            'type': 'image_url',
-            'image_url': {
-                'url':
-                'https://modelscope.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/resource/tiger.jpeg',
-            },
-        }],
-    }],
-    temperature=0.8,
-    top_p=0.8)
-print(response)
-```
-
-## 开源许可证
-
-该项目采用 MIT 许可证发布，而 LLama3 则采用 Llama 3 Community License 许可证。
-
-## 引用
-
-如果您发现此项目对您的研究有用，可以考虑引用我们的论文：
-
-```BibTeX
 @article{chen2023internvl,
   title={InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Tasks},
   author={Chen, Zhe and Wu, Jiannan and Wang, Wenhai and Su, Weijie and Chen, Guo and Xing, Sen and Zhong, Muyan and Zhang, Qinglong and Zhu, Xizhou and Lu, Lewei and Li, Bin and Luo, Ping and Lu, Tong and Qiao, Yu and Dai, Jifeng},

config.json

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     "architectures": [
       "LlamaForCausalLM"
     ],
+    "_attn_implementation": "flash_attention_2",
     "attention_bias": false,
     "attention_dropout": 0.0,
     "bad_words_ids": null,

configuration_internvl_chat.py

@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ class InternVLChatConfig(PretrainedConfig):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         if vision_config is None:
-            vision_config = {}
+            vision_config = {'architectures': ['InternVisionModel']}
             logger.info('vision_config is None. Initializing the InternVisionConfig with default values.')
 
         if llm_config is None:
-            llm_config = {}
+            llm_config = {'architectures': ['LlamaForCausalLM']}
             logger.info('llm_config is None. Initializing the LlamaConfig config with default values (`LlamaConfig`).')
 
         self.vision_config = InternVisionConfig(**vision_config)

modeling_intern_vit.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2024 OpenGVLab
 # Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details]
 # --------------------------------------------------------
+
 from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import torch