Now we have four-month-old babies who are not diabetic, where they used to be," he added. Dr. Ehud Ur, a professor of medicine at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and chair of the scientific and clinical division of the Canadian Diabetes Association, noted that the research is in the early stages. He shares the skepticism of other experts about the possibility of curing diabetes, and notes that these results are not relevant to people who already have type 1 diabetes. On Monday, Sara Danius, permanent secretary of the Nobel Prize Committee for Literature at the Swedish Academy, publicly announced in Sweden on Sveriges Radio that the committee had given up trying to contact Bob Dylan after failing to get in touch with him following his winning of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016. Danius said: "Right now we're not doing anything. I've called and emailed his most trusted collaborator and got nice replies. For now, that's enough." Previously, Ring's CEO Jamie Siminoff said the company was founded after he couldn't hear his doorbell from his garage workshop. He said he invented a Wi-Fi bell. Siminoff said sales took off after he appeared on the show Shark Tank in 2013, where he was rejected by the show's investors. By late 2017, Siminoff was appearing on the QVC shopping channel. Ring is also currently being sued by competing security company ADT Corporation. While an experimental vaccine may reduce the deaths from Ebola, there is currently no proven treatment for the infection. An antibody cocktail called ZMapp showed early promise but formal studies indicated it was less effective at preventing death than desired. In the experimental PALM trial, ZMapp was used as the control, and the other three treatments were compared to it. USA Gymnastics is supporting the letter from the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee and recognizes the absolute necessity for the Olympic family to provide a safe environment for all athletes. We agree with the statement from the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee that athletes and clubs are best served by continuing to pursue meaningful reforms in the organization rather than pulling out of the process. USA Gymnastics is fully supportive of an independent investigation that will seek to understand the full scope of Larry Nassar's abuse, how it went undetected for so long, and what reforms are needed to keep it from happening again. USA Gymnastics and the USOC have the same goal: making gymnastics, and all sports, as safe as possible so athletes can pursue their dreams in a positive, empowering environment. In the 1960s, Brzezinski worked as an advisor to John F. Kennedy, and later to Lyndon B. Johnson. During the 1976 presidential election, he advised Carter on foreign policy, and served as National Security Advisor from 1977 to 1981, succeeding Henry Kissinger. As U.S. National Security Adviser, he helped Carter deal with international diplomacy, including the 1978 Camp David Accords, normalization of relations with China in the late 1970s, the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The film, starring Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone, received nominations in all the major categories. Gosling and Stone received nominations for Best Actor and Best Actress, respectively. Other nominations include best picture, director, cinematography, costume design, film editing, original score, production design, sound editing and sound mixing. Two of the songs from the film, "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" and "City of Stars," are nominated for best original song, and Lionsgate has more nominations than any other studio with 26. U.S. President Donald Trump said late Sunday, in a statement released by the White House, that U.S. troops would withdraw from Syria. The advert came after Trump spoke by phone with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Turkey would also be responsible for watching over captured ISIS fighters, which European nations have refused to repatriate, it said. This not only confirms that at least some dinosaurs had feathers, a theory already widely accepted, but also offers details that normal fossils can't provide, such as color and three-dimensional structure. Scientists say the animal's pelage was brownish cast on top with a pale or carotenoid-based ground colour. The find also gives insight into the evolution of feathers in birds. Because the dinosaur's feathers did not have a well-developed shaft, or rachis, but did have barbs and barbules like other feathers, researchers have assumed that the rachis was a later development in the evolution of feathers. The structure of the feathers suggests that they were not used for flight, but for temperature regulation or display. Researchers have suggested that even though the specimen is the tail of a young dinosaur, the feathers are consistent with those of an adult and not a juvenile. The researchers suggest that even though it's the tail of a young dinosaur, the specimen reveals an adult plumage, not juvenile feathers. A car bomb exploded at a police headquarters in Gaziantep, Turkey, yesterday morning, killing at least two policemen and injuring more than twenty. The governor's office said nineteen of the injured were police officers. Police said they suspected a member of the ISIS militant group was responsible for the attack. They have discovered that the Sun has the same basic principles as other stars: all stars have activity dependent on their brightness, rotation, and so on. The brightness and rotation are used together to calculate the Rossby number of a star, which is related to the flow of plasma. The smaller the number of Rossby, the less active the star will be in terms of magnetic field inversions. During his travels, Iwasaki found himself in hot water several times. He has been robbed by pirates, bitten by a rabid dog in Tibet, narrowly avoided a forced marriage in Nepal, and arrested in India. 802.11n works in both 2.4 and 5 GHz. This guarantees backward compatibility with 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g, as long as the base station has dual radios. 802.11n is significantly faster than its predecessors, with a theoretical maximum of 600Mbit/s. A married man with two grown-up sons, Duvall made no great impression on Millar, who told his story. Asked what he thought of Mike's testimony, Miller replied, "I was preparing to testify, so I didn't really listen to what Mike had to say." We will do our utmost to lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by a notable margin by 2020 compared with the 2005 level, Hu said. He did not put a figure on the proposed cuts, saying they would be made in line with China's economic capacity. Hu called on developing countries to "avoid the old path of polluting first and cleaning up after." He added that "however, we would not expect them to take on additional responsibilities beyond the development, maturity and capacity in which they currently find themselves." The Iraq Study Group's report will be released today at noon GMT. He warns that no one can guarantee that any action in Iraq now will stop the sectarian war, rising violence or a chaotic slide. The report begins with a call for an open debate and a search for consensus within the United States on Middle East policy. The report is highly critical of nearly all aspects of the current executive policy toward Iraq, and urges an immediate change in strategy. The first of the 78 recommendations is that the new diplomatic initiative be considered by the end of this year to secure Iraq's borders from hostile interventions and re-establish diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. Argentina's current Senator and First Lady, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, announced her presidential candidacy last night in La Plata, a city 50 km (31 miles) from Buenos Aires. Ms. Kirchner announced her intention to run for the presidency at the Teatro Colón, the same venue where she launched her Senate campaign in 2005 as a member of the Buenos Aires provincial delegation. The debate was touched off by the controversy over disaster relief and reconstruction spending in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, which some conservative fiscal hawks jokingly labeled the "New Orleans Deal." Liberal criticism of the reconstruction effort has focused on the awarding of reconstruction contracts to people who are suspected of having inside knowledge gleaned from Washington. More than four million people went to Rome to attend the funeral. So many people had turned out that not everyone could fit into St. Peter's Square for the funeral. Large television screens were set up around Rome so that people could watch the ceremony. Similar rallies were organized in many other Italian cities, as well as in other parts of the world, especially in Poland. Historians have criticized the FBI's past policy of focusing resources on "easy" cases, especially car thefts, in order to boost the agency's success rate. Congress began funding the Obscene Profits Investigation in 2005, and specified that the FBI should dedicate 10 agents to investigating adult pornography. Robin Uthappa led the way with the bat, scoring 70 runs off 41 balls with 11 fours and 2 sixes. Middle-order batsmen Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid played well and put up a 100-run partnership. However, after losing the captaincy, India could manage to score only 36 runs and lost 7 wickets and were all out. U.S. President George W. Bush arrived in Singapore on November 16, beginning a weeklong Asian tour. He was welcomed by Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister Wong Kan Seng, and discussed trade and terrorism with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Following a week of losses in the midterm elections, Bush addressed the audience about expanding trade in Asia. Prime Minister Stephen Harper has agreed to send the government's "Clean Air Act" to a committee for review by all parties before second reading, after a 25-minute meeting with NDP leader Jack Layton at the PMO on Tuesday. Meeting the prime minister, Mr Layton called for major changes to the Tories' environmental legislation and called for a "complete and fundamental re-draft" of the party's environmental policy. The federal government's move to take over the funding of the Mersey Hospital in Devonport, Tasmania, has been criticised by the state government and some federal MPs as a cynical pre-election stunt ahead of the November federal election. However, Prime Minister John Howard said the act was only to protect the hospital's facilities from being downgraded by the Tasmanian government, which had offered a further A$45 million. Tsunami readings from tide gauges indicate a tsunami has occurred, and some tsunami activity has been reported from Pago Pago and Niue. No major damage or injuries have been reported in Tonga, but a power outage has temporarily prevented the Tongan authorities from receiving the tsunami warning issued by PTWC. Fourteen schools in Hawaii that are either on the shoreline or near it were closed for the entire day Wednesday, even though tsunami warnings had been lifted. U.S. President George W. Bush celebrated the announcement. Bush spokesman Gordon Johndroe called the North Korean pledge a "big step toward achieving the goal of the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula." The tenth named storm of the Atlantic hurricane season, Tropical Storm Jerry, has formed today in the Atlantic Ocean. The National Hurricane Center says Jerry's remnants are no longer a threat to land. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimated that up to 12 inches of additional rainfall could cause levees to break that had already been damaged by previous rainfall. The Ninth Ward, which was inundated by as much as 20 feet of water during Hurricane Katrina, is under several feet of water after the levee next to it broke. Water has overtopped the dyke by about 100 metres. Commons administrator Adam Cuerden expressed his frustration at the deletions when he spoke to Wikinews last month. Basically, [Wales] lied from the start. First he said it was all legal. Then he said he was listening, until he deleted the artwork. Community ennui has led to the present-day efforts to create a policy governing sexual content on the site, which is home to millions of user-uploaded media files licensed under creative commons. Most of the work has been theoretical, but the program has been designed to simulate observations of the Sagittarius Galaxy. The effect that the team would have been looking for would have been caused by the gravity of the dark matter in the galaxy pulling on the dark matter in the Milky Way. As the moon's gravity pulls on the Earth, causing tides, the Milky Way's gravity pulls on our galaxy, the Sagittarius Galaxy. Scientists have been able to conclude that dark matter affects other dark matter in the same way as it affects normal matter. This theory suggests that most of the dark matter surrounding a galaxy is located in a halo around the galaxy, in the form of many tiny particles. Some television reports showed white smoke billowing from the plant. Local officials have warned area residents surrounding the plant to stay indoors, shut their air conditioners and not to drink tap water. Japan's nuclear agency says radioactive cesium and iodine have been found at the plant. Authorities speculate that this may indicate that the uranium fuel rods in the reactor may have been damaged and could be leaking. Dr. Tony Moll discovered Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, or XDR-TB, in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. In an interview, he said the new variant was "very concerning and alarming because of the high lethality." Some patients may have picked up the bacteria at the hospital, Dr. Moll said, and at least two were hospital staff members. One infected person can infect 10 to 15 close contacts over the course of a year. However, the percentage of XDR-TB in the group of people with tuberculosis remains low; 6,000 people out of 330,000 infected at any given time in South Africa. The two satellites - weighing more than 450 kg and travelling at about 25,000 km an hour - crashed into Earth at an altitude of about 800 km. Scientists say the explosion from the collision was immense. The strength of the impact and the effect it will have on Earth has yet to be determined. U.S. Strategic Command, which oversees the U.S. military's nuclear arsenal, is tracking the debris. The results of the track analysis will be posted on a public-access website. A Pennsylvania pediatrician who worked at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh will be charged with aggravated murder after his mother was found dead in the trunk of his car on Wednesday, Ohio authorities said. Dr. Malar Balasubramanian, 29, was found unconscious on the side of the road in Blue Ash, Ohio, a suburb about 15 miles north of Cincinnati, wearing a T-shirt and underwear and apparently under the influence of drugs. He led officers to his black Oldsmobile Intrigue, which was parked about 500 feet away. They found the body of 53-year-old Saroja Balasubramanian covered in blood-stained blankets. Police said the man's body had been in the water for approximately a day. The first cases of the illness this season were reported in late July. Pigs are carriers of the disease, which is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. The outbreak has prompted the Indian government to take steps including deploying pig hunters in the worst-hit areas, distributing thousands of mosquito nets and spraying pesticides. The government has also pledged millions of doses of the vaccine for encephalitis to health agencies to help them prepare for the coming year. Delivery of vaccines to the historically most-affected areas has been delayed this year due to funding shortfalls and low priority compared to other diseases. In 1956, S?ania moved to Sweden, and three years later he began working for the Swedish Post Office as a stamp engraver. He produced more than 1,000 prints for Sweden and 28 other countries. His work is of such high quality and attention to detail that he is a "name collector" among philatelists, and some specialise in collecting only his issues. His 1,000th release was the wonderful "Great Deeds by Swedish Kings" by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl in 2000, which is in the Guinness Book of World Records. He has also been involved in designing banknotes for many countries, including some recent examples, such as the new $5 and $100 Canadian banknotes, which feature portraits of former prime ministers. Gibson was taken to a local hospital where he later died. The lorry driver, 64, was unhurt in the collision. The car itself was removed from the scene of the accident at about 12:00 BST on the same day. A man who works in a nearby garage said: "There were kids waiting to cross the road and they were all screaming and crying." Everyone was running from the scene of the accident. Other goals on the Bali agenda include saving what remains of the world's forests and helping developing nations grow in a way that is less damaging to the environment. The U.N. is also hoping to set up a fund to help countries hit by global warming cope with its impacts. The money could be used to test flood-proof housing, improve water management and diversify crops. Ms. Fluke wrote that efforts by some to discourage women from speaking about women's health issues had been unsuccessful. He came to this conclusion after receiving many positive comments and encouragement from both men and women who said that birth control should be considered a medical necessity. About forty inmates remained in the yard, refusing to return to their cells after the melee ended and the injured were taken to a hospital. Negotiators have been working to resolve the standoff, but the demands of the other inmates are not known. At about 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. MDT on Tuesday, inmates started a fire in the courtyard. Soon after, officers in riot gear entered the courtyard and fired tear gas at the inmates. Firefighters eventually got the blaze under control at 11:35 p.m. After the dam was built in 1963, the annual flooding that once spread sediment throughout the river was reduced. This sediment was necessary to create sandbanks and beaches, which provided habitats for wildlife. As a result, two fish species have become extinct and another two are critically endangered, including the pearl fish. Although the water level will rise only by a few feet after the flood, officials expect it will be high enough to restore some of the eroded sand bars downstream. No tsunami warning has been issued and according to the Jakarta-based geophysics agency, there will be no tsunami as the quake's magnitude was below 6.5. With no tsunami threat, residents were evacuated from their homes and businesses. Although Winfrey wept as she took her leave, she assured fans that she would be back. This is not a farewell. This is the end of a chapter and the beginning of another. Final results from Namibia's presidential and parliamentary elections show incumbent Hifikepunye Pohamba narrowly re-elected as president. The ruling South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) also won a majority in parliamentary elections. Coalition and Afghan forces were reported to be heading to the scene, and coalition aircraft were said to be providing assistance. The accident occurred in mountainous terrain and is believed to have been caused by enemy fire. The search for the crash site is being hampered by bad weather and rugged terrain. The nongovernmental organization Mangola, Doctors Without Borders, and the World Health Organization say it is the worst outbreak the country has seen. Doctors Without Borders (MSF) spokesman Richard Veerman said: "Angola is facing its worst outbreak ever and the situation is very bad." The games started at 10:00 am under partly cloudy skies with some early morning rain, but it was a beautiful day for 7s rugby. Tournament favourites South Africa got off to a flying start, crushing fifth-ranked Zambia 26-0. They looked a bit rusty early in the match against their southern neighbours, South Africa, but went from strength to strength as the match progressed. Their well-disciplined defense, ball control, and excellent teamwork made them stand out, and it was obvious that this was the team to beat. According to the City of Amsterdam and the Anne Frank Museum, a fungus has infected the tree, which poses a public health risk due to the imminent danger of collapse. It was scheduled to be argued on Tuesday, but was saved by a last-minute ruling by the court of appeals. All of the cave entrances, collectively known as the "Seven Sisters", are at least 100 to 250 metres (328 to 820 feet) wide. Infrared imagery shows daily and nightly temperature variations that are characteristic of caves. They are cooler than the surrounding surface during the day, and warmer at night. Its thermal behavior is not stable like the large caves on Earth, which often have a fairly constant temperature, but it is consistent with the hypothesis that they are deep holes in the ground, said Glen Cushing of the U.S. Geological Survey's astrogeology team and Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona. Traditionally, voting in France has not involved much technology: Voters go into a booth and fill out a ballot with the candidate of their choice on it. After verifying the voter's identity, the voter places the ballot in the ballot box and signs the ballot paper. French electoral law provides for strict rules. Since 1988, ballot boxes have been transparent so that voters and observers can see that there are no ballots in the box at the start of voting, and that no additional ballots are added to the box that are not those of verified and authorized voters. Candidates are allowed to send representatives to observe all aspects of the process. By the evening, poll watchers are on hand to monitor the counting of ballots, under the watchful eye of observers from both parties. The ASUS Eee PC, launched earlier this year around the world for its savings and functionality, has become a hot topic at the 2007 Taiwan Tech Month. However, the market for mobile PCs would change and evolve dramatically after ASUS won the 2007 Taiwan Sustainability Award sponsored by the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China. The broadcaster's website describes the show as "an old-school radio play with a new and bizarre twist!" When it launched, the show was only available on Toginet Radio, an online talk radio network. By the end of 2015, Toginet established AstroNet as a sister station. The original show featured a cast of amateur voice actors from eastern Texas. Scattered looting continued through the night, according to reports, with police nowhere to be seen on the streets of Bishkek. An observer described Bishkek as being in a state of "anarchy" as gangs roamed the streets and looted shops selling consumer goods. Many Bishkek residents blame the southern protesters for the anarchy. South Africa has beaten the All Blacks (New Zealand) in a Tri Nations rugby union match at the Royal Bafokeng Stadium in Rustenburg, South Africa. The final score was a close 21-20 win for the All Blacks, extending their winning run to 15 matches. For the Springboks, it ended a five-game losing streak. It was the All Blacks' last game, having won the trophy two weeks earlier. The final match in this series will be at Ellis Park in Johannesburg next week, when the Springboks face Australia. A moderate earthquake hit western Montana at 10:08 p.m. Monday. The U.S. Geological Survey and its National Earthquake Center did not immediately report any damage. The epicenter of the quake was about 12 miles north northeast of Dillon and 40 miles south of Butte. Bird flu, the H5N1 strain of which is lethal to humans, has been confirmed in a wild duck that was found dead in a wetland near Lyon, eastern France, on Monday. France is the seventh European Union country to be hit by the virus, following Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Italy. Cases of suspected H5N1 in Croatia and Denmark have not yet been confirmed. Chambers has accused God of "promoting death, destruction, and intimidation of millions and millions of people around the world." An agnostic, Chambers argues that his suit is "frivolous" and that "you can be sued for anything nowadays." The storyline of the French opera by Camille Saint-Saens is of a performer "whose life is dictated by a love of drugs and Japan." Accordingly, pot is smoked on stage by the performers, and the audience is invited to join them. Former U.S. Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, Texas Gov. Rick Perry and U.S. Rep. Michele Bachmann round out the top four, five and six. Speaking after the results were announced, Gingrich praised Santorum but was critical of Romney, whose campaign in Iowa had run negative ads against Gingrich. Perry said he would head back to Texas to "think about the results from tonight and see if there is a path forward for me in this race," but later said he would stay in the race and compete in the South Carolina primary on Jan. 21. Bachmann, who won the Ames Straw Poll in August, has decided to end her campaign. The photographer was taken to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, where he later died. He was said to be in his twenties, and in a statement, Bieber said: "While I was not present or directly involved in the accident, my heart goes out to the family of the victim." Entertainment news website TMZ understands the photographer stopped his car on the opposite side of Sepulveda Boulevard and tried to take photos of the traffic stop before crossing the street and continuing on, forcing the California Highway Patrol officer directing traffic to stop him twice and tell him to turn around. The driver of the car that struck the photographer is unlikely to face criminal charges, police said. With only eighteen medals available per day, a number of countries were left without a podium finish. Among them are the Netherlands with Anna Jochemsen finishing ninth in the women's super-G yesterday, and Finland with Katja Saarinen finishing 10th in the same event. Australian Mitchell Gourley finished 11th in the men's Super-G. Czech Republic's Oldrich Jelinek finished seventh in the men's Super-G. Mexican Arly Velasquez finished fifth in the men's super-G. New Zealander Adam Hall was ninth in the men's super-G. Polish visually impaired skier Maciel Krezel and his guide Anna Ogarzynska finished thirteenth in the super-giant. South Korean Jong Seork Park finished twenty-fourth in the super-giant. Blaming for the outbreak that started near a U.N. peacekeeping camp is the U.N. peacekeeping troops who came to Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. According to the suit, the UN's denial of responsibility was inadequate, allowing bacteria to enter the Artibonite River, one of Haiti's largest. Haiti had not had a case of the disease since the 19th century, until now. The Haitian Institute of Justice and Democracy referred to independent studies that suggested that the United Nations peacekeeping force from Nepal may have introduced the disease to Haiti. UN malaria expert Danielle Lantagne said the outbreak was probably caused by peacekeepers. Hamilton confirmed that Howard University Hospital had said the patient's condition was stable. The patient had been in Nigeria, where several cases of Ebola virus have been reported. The hospital followed its infection-control protocol, including isolating the patient, to prevent the possible infection of others. Before The Simpsons, Simon had worked as a writer on a number of other shows. He worked on shows including Taxi, Cheers, and The Tracy Ullman Show in the 1980s. In 1989, he helped create The Simpsons with Brooks and Groening, and he was responsible for hiring the show's original writing staff. Although he left the show in 1993, he still held the title of executive producer and received tens of millions of dollars per year in residuals. Earlier, the Chinese news agency Xinhua reported the abduction of the plane. Subsequent reports said the plane had received a bomb threat and had landed in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Earlier reports said the plane had been heading back to Afghanistan after being denied an emergency landing in Ürümqi. Air accidents are common in Iran, which is home to an ageing civil and military fleet. International sanctions have made it impossible to buy a new plane. Earlier in the week, a police helicopter crashed, killing three people and injuring three others. Iran suffered its worst air disaster in years last month when a plane headed to Armenia crashed, killing all 168 on board. Also this month, another plane crashed into a wall at Mashhad airport, killing seventeen people. Aerosmith has canceled the remainder of their "Global Warming" tour. The rock band was due to be on a US and Canadian tour until 16 September. The tour was canceled after frontman Steven Tyler fell off the stage during a performance on August 5. Murray dropped the first set in a tie-break after both players held their serves throughout. Del Potro had the upper hand in the second set, but once again he found himself trailing 6-6 in the tie-break. Potro received treatment for his shoulder during the match, but later returned to play. The show started at 8:30 p.m. local time (15:00 UTC). Prominent singers from across the country offered devotional songs, called Bhajans, at the feet of Shri Shyam. Singer Sanju Sharma started the evening, followed by Jai Shankar Choudhary. He also performed bhajan chhappan bhog, which was accompanied by singer Raju Khandelwal. Later, Lakkha Singh took the lead in singing the bhajans. A total of 108 dishes of Chhappan Bhog (56 different food items like sweets, fruits, dry fruits, dishes, etc. are offered to the deity in Hinduism) were served to Baba Shyam. Lakkha Singh also presented the "bhajan" of "chhappan bhog". He was accompanied by singer Raju Khandelwal. At the main presentation of the Tokyo Game Show on Thursday, Nintendo president Satoru Iwata unveiled the design for the Nintendo Revolution, the company's new console. Similar to a TV remote control, the controller uses two sensors placed near the user's TV to triangulate its position in 3D. This will allow players to control actions and motions in the games by moving the device in the air. Giancarlo Fisichella lost control of his car and crashed out of the race not long after the start. His team-mate Fernando Alonso led most of the race but came into the pits at the end of the safety car period with a loose right front wheel. Michael Schumacher finished the race a few laps after Alonso due to problems with the suspension in several collisions during the race. She's got a lot of moxie and she's got a good strong voice," he said, according to a transcript of the briefing. I got goosebumps every time I rehearsed it. Within three minutes of launch, a camera on board showed dozens of pieces of insulating foam separating from the fuel tank. However, they are believed to have caused no damage to the rocket. NASA's shuttle program manager, N. Wayne Hale Jr., said the foam came off "at a time of our choosing." Five minutes into the show it started to sprinkle a bit and within a minute the winds had reached 70 km/h... then the rain came down in sheets, stinging your skin like needles, and then the sky split open and people were screaming and running for their lives. I lost my sister and her friend, and on the way there were two guys in wheelchairs, and people were pushing them around," said Armand Versace. NHK also reported that the Kashiwazaki Kariwa nuclear power plant in Niigata prefecture was operating normally. Hokkaido Electric Power Co. said the quake did not affect its operations and that it had shut down the No. 1 and No. 2 reactors at its Shika nuclear plant. A total of nearly 9,400 homes in the area are without water, and about 100 are without electricity, officials said. Road closures, power outages and the closure of Noto airport in Ishikawa prefecture were reported. A bomb exploded outside the Governor's Office. Three more bombs exploded near government buildings in a two-hour period. Some reports put the official death toll at eight, and officials confirmed at least 30 people were injured, but the final death toll is still unknown. Cyanoacrylate and melamine were found in urine samples from dead pets fed contaminated pet food. According to the university researchers, the two compounds react to each other to form crystals that can block renal function. Researchers observed the formation of crystals in cat urine when they added melamine and cyanuric acid. The composition of these crystals was similar to those found in the urine of pet animals affected by the disease, when compared by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). While you may not be aware of it, most goods from Central America are sent to the United States duty-free. However, 80 percent of our goods are taxed at Central American rates. We are penalized. This did not seem right; it was probably not fair. I'm only telling people: Treat others the way you want to be treated. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has signed a law that will ban the sale or rental of violent video games to minors. The proposed legislation would require violent games sold in California to carry an "18" sticker, and violations of the law would be punishable by a $1,000 fine. Attorney General Kier Starmer QC made the announcement this morning that both Huhne and Pryce would be prosecuted today. Huhne has resigned and will be replaced in the cabinet by MP Ed Davey. MP Norman Lamb is expected to take over the business ministry from Davey. Huhne and Pryce are due to appear at Westminster Magistrates' Court on February 16. The victims have been identified as 25-year-old Nicholas Alden and 21-year-old Zachary Cuddeback, the driver. Edgar Veguilla suffered a broken arm and jaw, while Kristoffer Schneider required facial reconstructive surgery. Uka's weapon misfired as he tried to shoot the fifth man in the group, Schneider said, leaving him blind in one eye, part of his skull missing, and a titanium plate in his face. Schneider was appearing via video conference from a U.S. Air Force base in his home country. In addition to the race on Wednesday, Carpanedo competed in two individual events at the Championships. The first event was the 5000 meters, in which he received a "Did Not Finish" in the first round. Thirty-six of the remaining 116 competitors also did not finish. She also competed in the giant slalom, finishing 10th among the women's field, with a combined time of 4:41.30, 2:11.60 behind the fastest woman, Claudia Loesch of Austria, and 1:09.02 behind the ninth-place finisher, Gyöngyi Dani of Hungary. Four of the women's downhill racers did not finish the race, and 45 of the 117 giant slalom skiers did not qualify for the race. The stolen laptop and mobile phone were recovered by the Madhya Pradesh Police. Deputy Inspector General of Police D K Arya said, "We have arrested five persons who raped the Swiss woman and recovered her mobile phone and laptop." The accused have been identified as Baba Kanjar, Bhutha Kanjar, Rampro Kanjar, Gaza Kanjar and Vishnu Kanjar. Superintendent of Police Chandra Shekhar Solanki said the accused had appeared in court with his face covered. Three people were inside the home at the time of the crash, but no injuries were reported. The driver, however, suffered a serious head injury. The road was closed for a short time while emergency services freed the driver of the red Audi TT. He was initially taken to the James Paget Hospital in Great Yarmouth. He was taken to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. Since then, Adekoya has appeared at the Sheriff Court in Edinburgh, charged with the murder of her son. He is currently in custody awaiting trial, but any visual evidence would be inadmissible since his image has already been widely disseminated. This is standard practice elsewhere in the UK but Scottish justice works in a different way and the courts have taken the view that the publication of photographs is potentially prejudicial. Prof Pamela Ferguson, of the University of Dundee, said: "Journalists would be treading a fine line in publishing photographs, names and addresses of those suspected." The Crown Office, which is responsible for prosecutions, has told reporters that no further comment will be made by them at least until sentencing. The document, according to the leak, will be about the border dispute, which the Palestinians want as per the pre-1967 Six-Day War borders. Other issues reported to be discussed include the future of Jerusalem, which is holy to both sides, and a dispute over the Jordan Valley. Israel would require a continuous military presence in the valley for ten years once a deal is signed, while the AP would only agree to a five-year arrangement. The supplementary pest control hunters would be closely supervised by park rangers as the trial was monitored and its effectiveness assessed. In partnership with the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and the NSW Field Archery Association Inc., qualified volunteers have been recruited through the NSW Field Archery Association Volunteer Program. Mick O'Flynn, interim park director for the Conservancy and NPWS, said the four hunters selected for the first operation had received appropriate training and safety briefings. Yesterday, Martelly swore in a new nine-member Provisional Electoral Council (CEP). It is Martelly's fifth provisional electoral council in four years. Last month, a presidential commission recommended the dissolution of the previous Provisional Election Commission, as part of a package aimed at paving the way to new elections. The commission was established in response to widespread protests against the government that began in October. Protests, sometimes violent, have followed from a lack of elections, some of which were scheduled for 2011. There have been nearly 60 reports of malfunctioning and overheating iPods, causing six fires and minor burns to four people. Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) said it had been notified of 27 device-related accidents. Last week, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) said Apple had reported 34 more cases of overheating, which the company called "non-serious." In response, the ministry called Apple's delay in releasing the report "freakishly unfortunate." The quake hit Mariana at 7:19 a.m. local time (9:19 p.m. GMT Friday). The Northern Mariana Islands Office of Emergency Management said there were no reports of damage in the nation. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center also reported no tsunami threat. A former Filipino police officer has held tourists from Hong Kong hostage in Manila, the Philippines, after hijacking their bus. Rolando Mendoza fired his M16 rifle at the tourists. Many hostages have been freed, and at least six have been killed. Six hostages, including children and elderly persons, as well as Filipino photojournalists have been released recently. The photographers then took the place of an elderly woman, who needed to go to the toilet. Mendoza was shot dead. Liggins followed his father's footsteps and pursued a career in medicine. He trained as an obstetrician and began work in the Auckland National Women's Hospital in 1959. While working in the hospital, Liggins started researching preterm births in his spare time. His research showed that if a hormone was given to a pregnant woman, it would hasten the fetal lung maturation in the baby. On Wednesday, government investigators recovered two "black box" flight recorders, Xinhua reported. Other fighters have paid tribute to Luna. Tommy Dreamer said, "Luna was the first Queen of Extreme. She was my first manager. Luna died the night of two full moons. Pretty unique, just like her, a strong woman." Dustin "Goldust" Runnels said, "Luna was as quirky as I am, maybe even more so, and I loved her and I'll miss her and I hope she's in a better place." Of the 1400 people surveyed ahead of the 2010 federal election, the number of people against Australia becoming a republic increased by eight per cent since 2008. During the 2010 federal election campaign, acting prime minister Julia Gillard said she believed Australia should become a republic at the conclusion of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. Thirty-four per cent of respondents wanted Queen Elizabeth II to be the last monarch of Australia. At the extremes of the survey, 29 per cent of respondents thought Australia should become a republic as soon as possible, while 31 per cent said Australia should never become a republic. The Olympic gold medallist was due to compete in the 100m and 200m freestyle and the 4x100m relay at the Commonwealth Games but has been hampered by injury. He was unable to take the necessary medication to relieve his pain because it is banned at the Games. Curtis Cooper, a mathematics and computer science professor at the University of Central Missouri, discovered the largest known prime number on January 25. Many people verified the discovery using different hardware and software in early February, and it was announced on Tuesday. Comets could have brought water to Earth, along with organic material that gave rise to proteins and supported life. Scientists hope to understand how planets form, in particular how the Earth formed out of colliding comets long ago. Cuomo, 53, began his term in January and signed a law last month legalizing same-sex marriage. He called the rumors "political gossip and mudslinging." He is expected to run for president in 2016. The NextGen is a system, according to the FAA, which will allow planes to take shorter routes and save millions of gallons of fuel annually, and reduce carbon emissions. It uses satellite-based technology rather than the old ground-based radar, which means air traffic controllers can pinpoint a plane's location more precisely and send more accurate information to the pilot. There is no additional transport and the surface trains do not stop at Wembley; there are no on-site car parks or drop-off/pick-up points either. A lack of transport links has raised the possibility of the match being played behind closed doors to away fans. A study published in the journal Science on Thursday described the formation of a new bird species on the Galapagos islands of Ecuador. Researchers at Princeton University in the United States and the University of Uppsala in Sweden have reported that the new species evolved in only two generations, even though it was thought to take much longer because of a cross between a Darwin's finch, Geospiza fortis (endemic), and a Galapagos finch with a beak, Geospiza conirostris (introduced). Gold can be worked in all kinds of ways. It can be hammered into the smallest shapes. It can be drawn into fine wire and woven. It can be hammered or rolled into sheets. It can be very thin and laid over other metals. It can be made so thin that it is used as a decoration for handmade books called "illuminated manuscripts". This is called the pH of a substance. You can make a pH indicator out of red cabbage. The juice from a lime becomes acidic or alkaline depending on what is mixed with it. pH is a measure of the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a substance. Hydrogen ions are protons that have had their electrons removed (because hydrogen atoms consist of a proton and an electron). Mix the two dry ingredients and then, using your clean hands, form a ball. The moisture in your hands reacts with the outer layers, giving you a weird sensation and acting as a sort of barrier. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had a bathroom in most houses, connected to a sophisticated sanitation system. Evidence of sewers has been found in the Minoan palaces of Crete and Santorini in Greece. Public baths were also a feature of ancient Egypt, Persia, and China. In ancient Rome, baths were sometimes part of public bathing establishments which were open to men and women promiscuously. When you call someone who is thousands of miles away, you are using a satellite. The satellite in space receives the call, and then reflects it back to Earth, almost instantly. The satellite was sent into space by a rocket. Scientists use telescopes in space because the atmosphere of Earth blocks some of the light, and makes it hard to see. It takes a giant rocket over 100 feet tall to put a satellite or telescope into space. The wheel has changed the world in so many ways. The invention of the wheel made transport so much faster and easier. It was brought to us by the train, the car, and many other means of transportation. These include medium-sized cats that eat medium-sized prey, from rabbits to antelopes and deer. Smaller cats, including some feral cats, also hunt small prey, such as insects, rodents, lizards, and birds. The secret to its success has been the concept of the niche, a specialist job that is unique to each cat and which prevents them from competing with each other. Lions are the most social of all cats and live in large groups called prides. Prides are made up of one to three adult male lions and as many as thirty females and cubs. Females are usually closely related, being either sisters or mothers and daughters. Lion prides behave much like wolf packs or hyena clans, which have a similar behavior to lions (though not to other large cats) and are also deadly to their prey. The tiger, a fully capable athlete, can climb (though not well), swim, jump great distances, and sprint up to five times faster than an Olympic sprinter. The tiger is a member of the same genus (Panthera) as the lion, leopard and jaguar. These four big cats are the only ones that roar. A tiger's roar is not like a lion's roar, but more like a sentence of rage. Ocelots prefer to eat small animals. If they can, they will hunt monkeys, snakes, rodents, and birds. Nearly all of the animals they hunt are much smaller than the ocelot. Scientists believe that cougars track their prey, using their sense of smell, by following the scent trails on the ground. They are very good at seeing in the dark using their night vision, and are very quiet in their movements. The ocelots hunt their prey by stalking and ambushing them, and then pouncing on their victims. When a small group of living things (a population) separates from the main group and original home (perhaps by crossing a mountain range or a river, or by migrating to a new island and not being able to get back), they are likely to find themselves in a different environment from what they had before. This new environment will have different resources and competitors, so the new population will need different characteristics, or adaptations, to become a strong competitor. The original population has not changed one iota, they still need those same adaptations. Over time, as the new population begins to adapt to their new environment, they become less and less like the original population. Eventually, after thousands or even millions of years, the two populations became so different that they could no longer be considered the same species. This process is called speciation, which means the formation of new species. Speciation is an unavoidable consequence of evolution and a very important part of it. Plants make the oxygen we breathe and take in the carbon dioxide we breathe out (exhale). Plants make their food from the Sun using photosynthesis. They also give shade. We build our houses from plants, we make our clothes from plants, most of the food we eat is from plants. Without plants most animals would not survive. The Mosasaurus was the apex predator of its time, so it had no natural predators, except for other Mosasaurs. Its long jaws contained more than seventy teeth, some of which were serrated like knives, and a second set of jaws was located in the roof of its mouth, so that there was no escape for anything that got in its way. We don't know for sure, but it may have had a bifurcated tongue. Its diet included turtles, long-necked fish, other mosasaurs, and possibly even cannibalism. It also attacked anything that came into the water, even a giant like a Tyrannosaurus rex. Although most of their food would be familiar to us, the Romans had some odd or exotic items at their feasts, such as flamingos, peacocks, locusts, and a rodent called a lemmings. Another difference was that while the poor and women ate while seated on a stool, the wealthy men preferred to sit on the floor and eat a meal while reclining. Traditional Roman dishes could not have included foods from America or Asia, which did not reach Europe until later centuries. For example, they did not have maize, tomatoes, potatoes, or chocolate, and no ancient Roman ever tasted a hot dog. The Babylonians built a temple for each of their gods that was considered the house of the deity. People made sacrifices to the gods, and priests tried to please the gods with rituals and festivals. Each temple had an open courtyard and then a closed sanctuary that could be entered only by the priests. Sometimes special pyramids were built as part of a temple complex, these were called ziggurats. The top of the tower was a special sanctuary for the gods. In the hot climate of the Middle East, housing was not as important. Most of a Jewish family's life was spent outdoors. Women cooked in the courtyard; shops were simple open stalls facing the street. Stone was used to build houses. There were no great forests in Canaan, so timber was very costly. Greenland was sparsely populated. According to Norse sagas, Erik the Red sailed west from Iceland, fleeing a murder charge, and discovered Greenland. However, at the time of its discovery, there were already Native American tribes living there. Although they were all "Scandinavian" countries, there were great differences between the peoples, kings, customs, and history of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. If you've seen the movie National Treasure, you may envision a map on the back of the Declaration of Independence. This, however, is not the case. Although there is something written on the document, it is not a treasure map. The words "Original Declaration of Independence, Dated July 4, 1776" were written on the back of the Declaration of Independence. Although no one knows for sure who wrote it, it is known from early descriptions that the large parchment (about 29.75 by 24.5 inches) was rolled up for storage. Thus, it seems the notation was simply added as a label. D-Day and the battles that followed it freed northern France, but southern France was still under German occupation. It was under French "Vichy" rule. These were the French who signed a peace treaty with the Germans in 1940 and collaborated with the invaders rather than fighting them. On August 15, 1940, the Allies invaded southern France, code named "Operation Dragoon". American and Free French forces had liberated southern France and were advancing into Germany within two months. A civilization is a unique culture shared by a large group of people who live and work together, a society. The word civilization is derived from the Latin word civilis, meaning civil, related to the Latin civis, meaning citizen, and civitas, meaning city or city-state, and this defines some of the dimensions of society. States predate nations. A civilized culture requires the transmission of knowledge across many generations, a persistent cultural legacy, and widespread dissemination. Minority cultures often leave no discernible historical record, and are not recognized as civilizations in their own right. During the Revolutionary War, the original Thirteen Colonies formed a weak central government—consisting of a single body, the Congress—under the Articles of Confederation. The Congress had no power to tax, and as there was neither a national executive nor judiciary, the business of government was carried on by the states, and they were far from being always co-operative. It also did not have the authority to invalidate tax laws and tariffs between states. Articles required the unanimous approval of all the states before they could be amended, and states often took the central government so lightly that their representatives were often absent. The Italian national football team, with the German national football team, is the second most successful team in the world, and they were the winners of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The most popular sports are football, basketball, volleyball, water polo, fencing, rugby, cycling, ice hockey, roller hockey, and Formula 1 car racing. The most popular sports in the northern regions are winter sports, and Italians participate in international competitions and Olympic events. Japan has 6,852 islands (Honshu is the largest), and is the world's seventh-largest island country. Because of the group of islands that make up Japan, it is often geographically referred to as an "archipelago" The beginnings of Taiwan date back to the 15th century, when European sailors, passing by the island, called it Ilha Formosa, or Beautiful Island. In 1624, the Dutch East India Company established a base in the southeastern part of Taiwan, and began to transform indigenous grain-growing practices and introduced Chinese contract laborers to work on paddy and sugar cane plantations. In 1683, the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) took control of the west and north coastal regions of Taiwan, and declared Taiwan a province of the Qing Empire in 1885. In 1895, after its defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), the Qing government signed the Shimonoseki Treaty, ceding the sovereignty of Taiwan to Japan, which governed the island until 1945. Machu Picchu has three main buildings, the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Sun and the House of the Three Windows. Most of the buildings on the outside of the complex have been restored to show visitors how they looked originally. In 1976, thirty percent of Machu Picchu was restored, and restoration continues to this day. For example, 35 mm film was standard film stock in the era of analogue film, and is still the standard film format. It still happens today, more importantly, it is inherited in the aspect ratios of digital camera sensors. 35 mm film is actually a bit of a misnomer, being 36 by 24 mm. This format's aspect ratio is said to be 3:2, obtained by dividing 12 by 4. Many common formats (e.g. APS family of formats) are the same or very close to this aspect ratio. The rule of thirds, which has been overused and often ridiculed, is a simple guideline that creates tension while maintaining order in a picture. He says the most effective place for the main subject is at the intersection of the vertical and horizontal thirds (see example). During this period of European history, the Roman Catholic Church, which had become rich and powerful, was challenged. For more than a thousand years, Christianity has united European states despite their differences in language and customs. His ubiquitous power touched kings and peasants alike. One of the most important Christian principles is that wealth is to be used to relieve suffering and poverty, and the church's money exists for that purpose. The head of the Roman Catholic Church had been in Rome for more than a thousand years, and the concentration of wealth and power in the city led many to question whether this dogma was being upheld. Within days of the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval blockade of Germany. The strategy succeeded in cutting off vital supplies to both military and civilians, though it violated international law, which is generally accepted by most international agreements of the past two centuries. Britain has laid mines in international waters to prevent any ships - including neutral ones - from entering entire ocean segments. Because of the limited response to this approach, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. During the 1920s, the attitude of most citizens and nations was one of pacifism and isolationism. After seeing the atrocities of World War I, many nations wanted to avoid a similar situation in the future. In 1884, Tesla moved to the United States to accept a job with the Edison Electric Light Company of New York. He came to the United States with $4 and a book of poetry and a letter of recommendation from his former employer, Charles Batchelor, to Thomas Edison. The ancient Chinese had a unique way of distinguishing different historical periods: each age of China or each ruling dynasty was given a different name. There were also periods between dynasties when the empire was divided up into several warring states. The most well-known of these periods was the Three Kingdoms era, which lasted for 60 years between the Han and Jin dynasties. These were times of fierce warfare between many of the noble families that were vying for the throne. The Three Kingdoms era was one of the bloodiest periods of Chinese history, with thousands of people dying in battles to occupy the seat of the emperor in Xi'an. There are many social and political effects of the metric system, including a change from absolute monarchy to republicanism, nationalism and the belief that the country belongs to the people, not just one ruler. Similarly, after the Revolution, occupations were opened to all men who were willing to pursue them, and the most ambitious and successful men took advantage of this. This also applied to the military, which no longer relied on a class-based structure, but instead relied on relevance. The French Revolution also inspired many other peasants in other countries to start their own revolutions. Muhammad was deeply interested in matters beyond this worldly life. He used to frequent a cave called Hira in the Mountain of Light (Noor) for meditation. The very cave in which Muhammad is said to have meditated gives a pretty clear indication of the spiritual inclinations of Muhammad. Perched atop one of the mountains north of Mecca, the cave is completely isolated from the rest of the world. In fact, even if you know it exists, it's hard to find. The isolation is absolute once you're inside the cave. There is nothing to see except a serene and beautiful sky above, and the many surrounding hills. Most of what is of interest in this part of the world is inaccessible from inside the cave. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the World that remains standing. The Great Pyramid was built by the Egyptians in the 3rd century BCE as a monumental tomb for the dead Pharaoh. The Giza Plateau, also known as the "Necropolis of Giza", is the site of several pyramids (including the Great Pyramid, which is the largest), some tombs, the Great Sphinx, and some temples. The Great Pyramid was built for King Khufu, and many of the smaller pyramids, tombs, and temples were built for the king's wives and family members. The "V" for "Victory" sign resembles a "V" for "Victory" and the "N" for "Nazi" looks like an upside-down "V" or a square with the bottom missing. When it's up, you should start from the top and pull the bow toward the sky, and when it's down you should start from the heel (where the hand holds the bow) and pull the bow toward the ground. By plucking the strings from left to right, a softer sound is produced, while plucking from right to left produces a louder, more assertive sound. Please feel free to add your own notes, but keep in mind that the rhythm marks are there for a musical reason and should not be ignored. King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette, their two young children (eleven-year-old Marie-Thérèse and four-year-old Louis-Charles) and King Louis's sister, Madame Elisabeth, were forced to return to Paris from Versailles by an angry mob of Parisian market women on October 6, 1789. They returned to Paris in a carriage, surrounded by a hostile crowd shouting abuse at the King and Queen. The crowd pressed the king and queen to open the carriage's windows all the way up. At one point, a member of the crowd held up the severed head of a Royal Guard, killed at Versailles, for the Queen's horrified viewing. The American imperialist war expenses in the Philippines were funded by the Filipino people themselves. They were made to pay taxes to the American colonial regime in order to shoulder most of the expenses and interest payments on the government of the Philippines' loans in Wall Street banks. Of course, the huge profits derived from the extended exploitation of Filipinos would be the basic gains of US imperialism. To understand the Templars, you need to understand the context that led to the creation of the order. The period in which these events took place is commonly referred to as the High Middle Ages, the period between the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (1000–1300 CE). The Middle Ages were preceded by the High Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around 1500. Technological determinism is a concept that encompasses a range of ideas from the technological push or imperative to a strict sense that human destiny is determined by an invisible logic that is associated with the laws of science and its expression in technology. Most technological determinist views share two general ideas: that the development of technology in itself is largely independent of cultural or political influences, and that technology has "effects" on society that are inherent rather than socially constructed. For example, you could argue that the invention of the car necessitated the development of roads. However, a network of roads across the country for a few cars is not economically viable so new ways of producing are being developed to reduce the cost of having a car. The rise of the automobile also led to an increase in road accidents, which gave rise to the invention of new techniques in medical aid for the injured. Romanticism had an important component of cultural determinism, espoused by writers such as Goethe, Fichte, and Schlegel. In the context of Romanticism, geography formed people, and over time customs and cultures emerged that were better than arbitrary laws imposed from outside, because they were in harmony with the locality and the society. As Paris is known as the modern fashion capital, Constantinople (Istanbul) was the fashion capital of feudal Europe. Its reputation as a centre of luxury began about 400 A.D. and lasted to about 1100 A.D. Its status was reduced in the 12th century, when the Crusaders returned from the Crusades with goods such as silk and spices, which were more valuable than anything the Byzantine markets could offer. This was also the time when the title of the fashion capital moved from Constantinople to Paris. The Gothic style was at its most popular from the 10th to 11th centuries, and in the 14th century. Initially, clothing was greatly influenced by Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slowness of communication channels, styles may take between 25 and 30 years to reach the West. By the later Middle Ages, Western Europe had begun to develop its own style. One of the most important developments of this period was the invention of buttons for clothing, as a result of the Crusades. Subsistence farming is farming for the purpose of providing only enough food to sustain the farmer and his family. Subsistence farming is a simple, often organic, system using native seed from the region, combined with crop rotation or other relatively simple techniques to achieve a high yield. Historically, most farmers were subsistence farmers, and still are in many developing countries. Subcultures are groups of like-minded individuals who feel alienated from society's standards, and it allows them to gain a sense of identity. Subcultures can be distinguished by age, ethnicity, class, location, or gender. The qualities that make a subculture different can be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographic, or some combination of those factors. Members of a subculture can often be distinguished from members of other subcultures by their distinctive and symbolic use of style, including fashions, manners, and slang. One of the most common methods used to illustrate the importance of socialization is to look at the few unfortunate cases of children who were not socialized by adults when they were growing up, due to neglect, misfortune, or intentional abuse. These children are referred to as "feral" or "wild" children. Some feral children have been completely isolated from humans (often their parents); in some cases, this abandonment of the child was due to the parents' rejection of the child because of severe intellectual or physical disability. Wild children may have been abused or traumatized before being abandoned or running away. Others are said to have been raised by animals, or to have lived in the wilderness alone. A feral child, reared only by non-human animals, exhibits behavior (within certain physical limits) similar to that of the animal that reared it, such as fear or indifference to humans. While project-based learning is meant to make learning easier and more interesting, the curriculum went beyond. The theory of scaffolding is not a learning method, but a support for individuals who are exposed to a new learning experience, such as learning to use a new computer program or starting a project. Bastions can be either real or virtual: a teacher is a type of bastion, but so is the little Microsoft Office assistant. Virtual rides are embedded in the software and designed to question, demonstrate, and explain procedures that might have been too complex for the student to work out alone. Children are given up for various reasons ranging from abandonment to abuse and extortion. No child should be raised in an environment where they are not nourished, loved, and educated, yet some are. We believe that the foster care system is a safe place for these children. Our immigration system must provide safe homes, loving caregivers, stable employment, and reliable health care. It is assumed that foster care provides everything that was not provided in the home from which the child came. The Internet combines elements of mass communication with those of interpersonal communication. The distinctive features of the Internet leads to additional dimensions in terms of uses and gratifications. For example, "learning" and "socialization" are important reasons for using the Internet (James et al., 1995). Personal involvement and "in-process" relationships were also identified as new motivators by Eighmey and McCord (1998) when they studied reactions to web sites. The use of video recording has led to important discoveries in the field of reading micro-expressions, which are facial movements that last for a few milliseconds. In particular, it is said that you can tell if someone is lying by reading their micro expressions. Oliver Sacks, in his article The King's Speech, showed how people who are unable to understand speech because of brain damage are able to accurately judge the sincerity of others. He even suggests that these human-reading skills may be shared by other animals, such as pet dogs. In the 20th century, research showed that there were two sets of mutations: those that were hidden and those that were exposed. The mutation adds new genetic variation, and selection removes it from the pool of variation that is expressed. Segregation and recombination combine the variation from the two parental genomes in each generation. In the savanna, it is hard for a primate with a human-like digestive system to get all the amino acids it needs from available vegetation. Furthermore, failure to achieve this has serious consequences: stunted growth, malnutrition and ultimately death. The easiest to obtain plant-based foods would have been proteins in the form of leaves and legumes, but these would have been difficult to digest for a primate like ourselves without cooking. On the other hand, foods of animal origin (ants, termites, eggs) are easily digested and provide a large amount of proteins containing all essential amino acids. However, it would not have been surprising if our ancient ancestors had solved their "protein problem" in much the same way that savanna chimpanzees do today. Interrupted sleep is when you wake up during normal sleep periods and then go back to sleep within an hour (10 - 60 minutes). This is best done with a quiet alarm clock that will wake you up but not fully awaken you. If you are one of those people who wake up and hit the snooze button, try putting the alarm across the room so you have to get up to turn it off. Other options that are based on circadian rhythms include drinking lots of liquids (preferably water or tea, a well-known diuretic) before bed, so that you are forced to wake up to urinate. The amount of inner peace that a person has is inversely proportional to the amount of tension in their body and mind. The lower the tension, the more positive the vital force. Every person has the potential to find peace and fulfillment. Everyone can achieve enlightenment. The only thing that stands in their way is their own tension and negativity. Tibetan Buddhism originated from the teachings of the Buddha, but it spread through the Mahayana and Indian yogic methods. In essence, Tibetan Buddhism is quite simple. It is composed of Kundalini yoga, meditation, and the path of universal love. Kundalini yoga involves activating kundalini energy (illustrated energy) through yoga poses, breathing exercises, mantras, and visualization. The center of Tibetan meditation is deity yoga. Through visualization of various deities, energy channels are cleansed, chakras are activated, and enlightened consciousness is created. Germany was a common enemy in World War II, which made cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States easier. With the armistice came the clash of systems, processes, and cultures, and both countries became enemies. Two years after the end of the war, former allies had become enemies and the Cold War began. It went on for the next forty years, and was fought with real armies on real battlefields in Africa, Asia, Afghanistan, Cuba, and many other places. By September 17, 1939, the Polish defenses had been breached, and the only hope was to retreat and regroup in Romania. However, these plans became obsolete by nightfall, when more than 800,000 Soviet Red Army troops poured across the Belarusian and Ukrainian frontier, after having invaded eastern Poland in violation of the Riga Peace Treaty, the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, and other international, bilateral, or multilateral agreements. Using ships to transport goods is by far the most efficient way of moving large amounts of people and goods across the oceans. Traditionally the job of the Navy has been to make sure that your country has the ability to move people and things while denying your enemy that same ability. One of the most important recent examples of this was during World War II, when the United States tried to send men and supplies across the Atlantic Ocean to help Britain. Meanwhile, the German Navy, mostly using submarines, tried to stop the traffic. If the Allies had failed, Germany would have been able to conquer all of Europe, just as they did with the rest of Europe. Domestication of sheep is believed to have taken place about 10,000 years ago in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Ancient cultures and tribes began to domesticate them for milk, wool, meat, and leather. Domestic goats were usually kept in herds that grazed on hills or other rough terrain, often under the care of shepherds, either children or adolescents. These methods of herding are still used today. Carriages were built in England as early as the 16th century. Although the rails consisted only of parallel wooden planks, the carriages drawn by horses were able to reach higher speeds, and to haul heavier loads in the most difficult sections. Trusses were introduced early on to hold the tracks in place, but it was quickly found that the tracks would be more efficient if they were covered in a metal plate. This became standard practice, but the wooden wheels on the wagons were being worn out by the iron. Eventually wooden wheels were replaced by iron wheels. The first all-iron wheels were introduced in 1767. The first known transportation was walking upright, about two million years ago the first homo erectus (upright man) appeared. Their ancestors, the australopiths, did not usually walk upright. Evidence of bipedalism has been found in the fossils of Australopithecus dating back 4.2 to 3.9 million years ago, although Sahelanthropus may have walked upright on two legs as early as 7 million years ago. We can start to live more sustainably, join the environmental movement, and even become an activist to help reduce some of the potential suffering in the future. This is usually only a symptomatic treatment in most cases. However, if we don't want just a temporary solution, we need to find the root of the problem and deal with it. It can't be denied that the world has changed dramatically as a result of humanity's scientific and technological advances, and that problems have increased due to overpopulation and the lavish lifestyle of humans. After the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress on July 4, 1776, a fair copy was prepared, signed by President of Congress John Hancock, and by Secretary Charles Thompson, and sent to the printer, John Dunlap, who was located a few blocks away. During the night 150-200 copies were made, which today are known as "Dunlap broadsides". The first public reading of the document was given by John Nixon on the grounds of Independence Hall on July 8. A copy was sent to George Washington on July 6 and read to his troops in New York on July 9. A copy also arrived in London by August 10. Dunlap's 25 remaining broadsides are the earliest surviving copies of this document. The original manuscript copy is no longer extant. Many paleontologists today believe that a group of dinosaurs survived and gave rise to modern birds. A lot of people don't think of them as dinosaurs because they have feathers and can fly. However, many of the birds' features bear a striking resemblance to those of a dinosaur. They have claws and sharp teeth, lay eggs, and walk on their hind legs just like a Tyrannosaurus rex. Almost all of the computers we use today, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones, represent information in the form of binary numbers. A binary number can have only one of two possible values, 0 or 1, and these numbers are called binary digits or bits in computer jargon. Internal poisoning may not be obvious immediately. Symptoms, such as vomiting are common and thus not diagnostic. The most common sign of an internal poisoning is the presence of an open medicine or household chemicals that are toxic. Get specific instructions on first aid for the specific poison from the label. Entomologists formally use the term insect for this group of insects. This word is derived from the ancient relationship with lice, which are highly adapted parasites of humans. Both the male and female lice are obligate parasites, meaning that they must have a host in order to survive. In the United States, it is estimated that there are 400,000 people living with multiple sclerosis (MS), making it the most common neurological disease in young adults and middle-aged individuals. MS is a disease that affects the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Research suggests that women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with multiple sclerosis as men. A couple may decide that having a baby is not in their best interests or the higher interests of their child. These couples can choose to make an adoption plan for their newborn baby. In an adoption, biological parents give up their parental rights, allowing another couple to adopt the child. Science is primarily concerned with understanding the nature of the world through the scientific method. In fact, the scientific method guides most scientific research. However, experimentation is not the only approach, and a single experiment is a test of one or more hypotheses; questions and observations can also guide scientific research. Naturalists and philosophers focused on classic Latin texts, especially the Bible. Aristotle's views on all aspects of science, including psychology, were accepted. As the Greeks' knowledge receded, the East became disconnected from its Greek philosophical and scientific roots. Many rhythms in physiology and behavior are critically dependent on endogenous cycles and their production by biological clocks. Periodic rhythms, which are not simply responses to periodic stimuli, have been observed in most living things, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Biological clocks are self-sustaining oscillators that keep time even in the absence of environmental cues. Hershey and Chase's experiment was one of the first indications that DNA was a genetic material. Hershey and Chase used bacteriophages, or viruses, to introduce their own DNA into a bacterium. They performed two experiments in which the virus's DNA was labelled with radioactive phosphorus, and the virus's protein was labelled with radioactive sulphur. Mutations can have a number of different effects depending on the type of mutation, the importance of the piece of genetic material affected, and whether the affected cells are germ or somatic. Only mutations in cells of the germ line can be passed on to offspring, while mutations in any other cell can cause cell death or cancer. Nature tourism involves people travelling to natural areas, to experience and enjoy the natural environment, including flora and fauna. Examples of on-site activities include hunting, fishing, birdwatching, nature photography, and visiting parks to learn about the ecosystem. A great example is to visit, take photos, and learn about the orangutans of Borneo. Every morning, people drive from small rural towns to go to work, and pass other people on their way to work at the job they just left. This dynamic vehicle is connected to everyone in some way, and is supporting a car-based transportation system. Science today shows that this unique carbon economy has disrupted one of the stable states of the biosphere that has nurtured human evolution for the past two million years. Everyone participates in society, and everyone uses the transportation system. Almost everyone complains about the transportation system. In developed countries, you seldom hear complaints about the quality of the water or bridges collapsing. Why do transport systems generate so many complaints, and fail so often? Are transport engineers incompetent, or is there something more fundamental going on? Traffic Flow is the study of how individual drivers and vehicles move between two points, and the interactions between them. Unfortunately, studying traffic flow is hard because it is impossible to know with 100% certainty what the driver will do. Fortunately, drivers usually behave in a range that is fairly constant, so traffic flow is reasonably predictable and can be approximated mathematically. Traffic flow is best represented by relations between its three main characteristics: (1) volume, (2) density, and (3) speed. These relationships help in the planning, design, and operation of roadway facilities. Insects were the first animals to conquer the air. Their ability to fly made it easier for them to escape predators and to find food and mates. Most insects can fold their wings back over their bodies. This gives them a lot of small places to hide from predators. Today, the only insects that cannot fold their wings are the dragonflies and damselflies. About a thousand years ago, a man named Aristarchus said that the solar system went around the Sun. Some people believed what he said was true, but most people believed the opposite, that the Solar System was moving around the Earth, including the Sun (and all the other stars). This makes sense, doesn't it, because we don't feel the Earth moving, do we? The Amazon River is the second longest river on Earth and contains by volume eight times more water than the world's second largest river. The Amazon is also the widest river on Earth, sometimes reaching up to six miles in width. Twenty percent of the world's fresh water that flows into the oceans comes from the Amazon. The main branch of the Amazon River is 6,387 kilometres (3,967 mi) long and has more than a million square kilometres (400,000 square miles) of drainage basin. Although stone construction of pyramids continued until the end of the Old Kingdom, the size and technical excellence of the Giza pyramids were never surpassed. The ancient Egyptians of the New Kingdom were fascinated by the monuments of their predecessors from more than a thousand years earlier. The population of the Vatican City is 800 people, and it is the smallest independent nation in the world, and the country with the lowest population. Vatican City has Italian as its official language and uses it in its legislation and official communications. Italian is also the daily language of most people living in the state, and Latin is often used in religious ceremonies. All citizens of Vatican City are Roman Catholics. Basic chemicals such as gold, silver, and copper have been known to man since antiquity, as they occur in nature and were easily extracted using primitive tools. Aristotle, a philosopher, proposed that everything is made of a combination of one or more of four elements - earth, water, air, and fire. It resembled the four states of matter (in the same order): solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, though according to his theory, they would change to become new stuff. Alloys are primarily a mixture of two or more metals. Don't forget that the periodic table contains many elements. Elements such as calcium and potassium are metals. Of course there are other metals such as silver and gold. Alloys can also contain small amounts of non-metals, such as carbon. Everything in the universe is made of something, and everything is made of small particles called atoms. Atoms are so unimaginably small that a billion of them could fit inside the period at the end of this sentence. For that reason, the pencil became a good friend of many people when it was invented. Unfortunately, with the introduction of new ways to write, the pencil has been relegated to a lesser status and use. Today, messages are sent from a computer screen, and never through a typewriter. You can only wonder what the keyboard will look like when something new comes along. The nuclear fission reactor works on the principle that it takes energy to force a nucleus with many protons and neutrons together. It's like pushing a heavy car uphill. Breaking the nucleus apart will release some of that energy. Some atoms have unstable nuclei, which means that they are likely to break apart when hit by a low-energy collision. The moon's surface is covered with rocks and dust. The outer layer of the moon is called the crust. The rind is 70 km (43 mi) thick at its base and 100 km (62 mi) thick at its outer edge. It is thinner under the lunar maria and thicker under the mountainous regions. There might be more lunar maria on the side we see, because the crust is thinner there and it was easier for the lava to come out. Content theories focus on finding out what people like or are interested in. These theories suggest that people have certain needs and/or desires that are internalized as they mature into adulthood. These theories look at what makes people want to do the things they do, and what in their environment makes them do or not do certain things. Two famous theories of motivation are Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory. In general, there are two approaches as managers start leading their former peers. One extreme is to try to be the "boys club" boss. These managers have a hard time making unpopular decisions, enforcing discipline, conducting performance evaluations, assigning responsibilities, and holding people accountable for their actions. On the other hand, he becomes an individual no one recognizes, someone who feels he has to change everything that has been done by the team and make it his own. Ultimately, the leader is responsible for the overall success and failure of the team. This behavior often leads to personality clashes between leaders and the rest of the team. Virtual teams are subject to the same standards of excellence as regular ones, but with some slight differences. Members of a virtual group can often function as a point of contact for their physical group. They are often more independent than regular tour groups, whose itineraries are based on local time. The presence of a "visible team" (Larson and LaFasto, 1989, p.109) is also a unique characteristic of a virtual team. The "invisible team" is the administrative team to which every member belongs. The invisible team sets standards for every member. Why would a company want to go through the trouble of establishing a learning organization? A goal of learning organization concepts is innovation. Creativity and ingenuity can flourish when all available resources are efficiently utilized by the functional departments of an organization. Thus, a company's joint efforts to overcome adversity can lead to an innovative approach to addressing the customer's needs. For an organization to be innovative, leadership must create a culture of innovation, shared knowledge, and organizational learning. Angel (2006) describes the approach as a methodology that helps organizations achieve a higher level of performance. Neurobiological evidence has provided physical support for a theoretical approach to cognitive science research, thus narrowing the scope of inquiry and making it more precise. The link between brain disorders and behaviour is being explored by scientists. It is well known that the various types of damage, trauma, injury, and brain tumors affect behavior, and impair certain mental functions. The rise of new technologies has allowed us to see and investigate brain structures and processes never seen before. This gives us an abundance of information and material to build simulation models that help us understand the processes of the mind. Although AI has strong science fiction connotations, it is a very important branch of computer science that studies the behavior, learning, and adaptation of intelligent machines. Artificial intelligence research is concerned with the creation of intelligent machines that can automatically perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence. Examples include control, planning and programming, ability to respond to client questions and diagnoses, and recognition of speech, face, and voice. These things have become separate fields of study that are focused on solving problems in the real world. Artificial intelligence is now widely used in fields including economics, medicine, engineering, and the military, and has been incorporated into numerous consumer and entertainment software applications. Thematic field trips are an important part of any class. So often, a teacher would love to take their students someplace where a bus tour was not an option. Technology offers a solution in the form of virtual field trips. Students can visit a museum, go to an aquarium, or admire the beauty of art, all from the comfort of their classroom. A virtual journey can also be a great way to reflect on a journey and to share your experiences with prospective students. For example, every year, students at North Carolina's Bennet School create a website about their trip to the state capital, and each year the website is updated, but the old versions are kept online as a record. Blogging can also help students become better writers. Although students may start out with poor grammar and spelling, writing for an audience can help improve students' writing. Because students are often the most critical readers, the blogger begins to work on improving his or her writing to avoid criticism. Also, blogs "force students to become savvy about the world around them." The need to engage the audience has made students become interested and curious (Toto, 2004). Blogging is a tool that encourages collaboration and engages students in learning beyond the traditional school day. Proper use of blogs "can help students become more analytical and critical; they can define their stance in the context of what others have written, and also promote their own views on specific topics by actively responding to online materials" (Oravec, 2002). Ottawa is Canada's bilingual capital, and has a number of art galleries and museums that showcase Canada's past and present. To the south are the Falls of Niagara, while to the north lies the unspoiled natural beauty of Muskoka and beyond. All of these things, among others, is what makes Ontario stand out as the quintessential Canadian city to a foreigner. Northern territories are sparsely populated, and some areas are virtually uninhabited. A population comparison that is often eye-opening: there are more African Americans living in the U.S. than there are Canadian citizens. East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern portion of the African continent, comprising the countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Somalia. Madagascar is by far the largest, and is a continent in its own right when it comes to wildlife. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or French overseas territories, and are known for their luxury beach resorts. The Arabs also brought Islam to the region, and introduced it to the Comoros and Mayotte. European exploration and colonialism began in the 15th century with the discovery of the sea route to India by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. It is bordered to the north by the Sahel, to the south and west by the Atlantic Ocean. Women: It would be advisable for any female traveller to claim to be married, regardless of their actual marital status. Also, it would be useful to have a wedding ring (one that doesn't look too cheap). Women should be aware that cultural differences may cause what is perceived as harassment, and that this is often followed by being chased, grabbed, etc. Stand up to men, and don't be afraid to defend your position (with or without cultural differences, it's not good!). The modern city of Casablanca was founded by Berber fishermen in the 10th century A.D., and later used by Phoenicians, Romans, and Moroccans as a strategic port, called Anfa. The Portuguese destroyed and rebuilt it as the White House, only to abandon it after the 1755 earthquake. 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In and around the old medina there are plenty of shops selling traditional Moroccan items, such as tagines, pottery, leatherware, narghiles, and a wide range of tourist souvenirs, but all at tourist prices. Goma is a city in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, near Rwanda. Goma was destroyed in 2002 by lava from nearby Nyiragongo volcano, which buried most of the city's roads, especially in the centre. While Goma is relatively safe, visitors would be advised to check the status of ongoing fighting in the North Kivu province before traveling outside the city. The city is also a base for climbing Nyiragongo and some of the more affordable mountain gorilla trekking in Africa. Taxis (motorcycle taxis) are available in Goma, and a normal (local) fare for a short trip is around 500 Congolese francs. Together with its relative inaccessibility, "Timbuktu" has come to represent a metaphor for exotic, distant lands. Today, Tombouctou is a poor city, though its reputation makes it a tourist attraction, and it has an airport. In 1990, it was placed on the World Heritage in Danger list due to the threat of desertification. It was one of the main stops on Henry Louis Gates's PBS special The African Americans. The city is different from other African countries in that it has a more Arab than African feel to it. The Kruger National Park is located in the north-east of South Africa, and is bounded by Mozambique to the east, Zimbabwe to the north and the Crocodile River to the south. The park covers 19,500 km2 (7,500 sq mi) and contains 14 different ecosystems, each with its own unique wildlife. It is one of South Africa's most important tourist attractions, and is regarded as the flagship of the South African National Parks (SANParks). As with all South African national parks, an entrance and conservation fee is payable for each day of your stay. A South African National Parks Wildcard can also be a worthwhile investment, as it provides access to either a selection of South African National Parks, or all of them. Hong Kong Island is the island upon which the Hong Kong SAR is located, and from which it derives its name. It is where you will find most of the tourist attractions. The collection of buildings that make up the skyline of Hong Kong is reminiscent of a shiny bar graph, which becomes apparent when the waters of Victoria Harbour come into view. For the best views of Hong Kong, head across the harbour to Kowloon. Most of Hong Kong's urban development has taken place on reclaimed land along the north coast. This is where the British Colonists settled, so it is a good place to start if you are interested in evidence of early British colonialism. The Sundarbans is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world, covering 80 km (50 mi) along the coast of Bangladesh and India. UNESCO has designated the Sundarbans as a World Heritage Site. Part of the forest, within India, is protected as the Sundarbans National Park. The forests are not just mangrove swamps, but contain some of the last remnants of the once powerful jungles that covered the Gangetic Plain. The Sundarbans covers an area of 3,850 km2, of which more than a third is water, swamp and mudflats. Since 1966, the Sundarbans have been a wildlife sanctuary, and an estimated 400 Royal Bengal tigers and 30,000 spotted deer live there. Buses depart from the inter-city bus station (on the opposite side of the river) throughout the day, but most, especially those to the east and to Jakar/Bumthang, leave between 06:30 and 07:30. Because buses between districts are often full, it is best to book tickets several days in advance. Most districts are served by small Japanese buses, which are comfortable and sturdy. Taxis are a quick and comfortable way to get around, especially to nearby destinations such as Paro (Nu 150) and Panakha (Nu 200). The Oyapock River Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Oyapock River to connect the Brazilian town of Oiapoque with French Guiana's Saint-Georges. The two towers are 83 metres high, 378 metres long and have two lanes, each 3.5 metres wide. The space below the bridge is 15 metres high. Although the bridge was completed in August 2011, it was not opened to traffic until March 2017. The bridge is expected to be fully functional by September 2017, when Brazilian customs is expected to be in place. The Guarani were the most important indigenous group in present-day eastern Paraguay, living as semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers and practicing subsistence agriculture. Other indigenous groups, such as the Guaycurú and Payaguá, also lived in the Chaco region and survived by hunting, gathering, and fishing. Present-day Paraguay, formerly called the "Giant Province of the Indies", was created in the 16th century out of a meeting between Spanish conquerors and local indigenous groups. The Spanish began a three-century period of colonization. Since the founding of Asunción in 1537, Paraguay has maintained a large part of its indigenous character and identity. Argentina is famous for having one of the best polo players, and teams, in the world. The sport's most important annual tournament takes place every December at the Las Cañadas Polo Club. There are also smaller tournaments and matches throughout the year. For news on tournaments or where to buy tickets for polo matches, visit the Argentine Polo Association. The official currency of the Falkland Islands is the Falkland Island pound (FKP), which has a fixed rate of 1:1 with the British pound (GBP). Money can be exchanged at the sole bank on the islands, which is located in Stanley, in front of the FIC West store. British money is usually accepted everywhere, and in Stanley, major credit cards and US dollars are also accepted. Credit cards are likely to be accepted only at the outlying islands, though you can pay in U.S. or British money; check with the operator in advance as to what form of payment is accepted. It is next to impossible to change money in the Falklands outside of Port Stanley, so be sure to bring enough with you when you arrive. Because Montevideo is in the Southern Hemisphere, it is summer there when it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and vice versa. Montevideo is subtropical, with average summer temperatures in the high twenties. Winter can be deceptively cold, with temperatures rarely below freezing, but wind and humidity combine to make it feel colder than the numbers on the thermometer would suggest. There is no such thing as a "rainy" or "dry" season - the amount of rainfall is more or less the same throughout the year. While many of the animals in the park are accustomed to seeing people, they are still wildlife, and should not be fed or bothered. According to park officials, you should be at least 100 yards/meters away from bears and wolves, and 25 yards/meters away from all other wildlife! As docile as they appear, bison, wolves, bears, and most other large animals can attack. Every year, dozens of visitors are injured because they got too close. These animals are large, wild, and potentially dangerous, so give them their space. Also, be aware that the smell of food or cooking can attract bears and other wildlife, so store and prepare food appropriately and keep your campsite clean. Apia is the capital of Samoa. The city is located on the island of Upolu and has an estimated population of nearly 40,000. Agia was founded in the 1850s, and has been the official capital of Samoa since 1959. In 1889, seven ships from Germany, the United States, and Britain staged a famous mutiny at the port. All ships except a British cruiser were sunk, and nearly 200 American and German lives were lost. Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III, the paramount chief, was killed in a peaceful protest in the city during the struggle for independence led by the Mau movement. Beaches are abundant as Auckland is flanked by two harbours. The most popular ones are located in three areas. The beaches on the North Shore (part of the North Shore District) face the Pacific Ocean and extend from Long Bay in the north to Devonport in the south. Most are sandy beaches suitable for swimming, and most are shaded by pohutukawa trees. Tamaki Drive beaches are on the west side of Waitemata Harbour, in the expensive suburbs of Mission Bay and St Heliers in central Auckland. These are often family-friendly beaches with a good range of shops right on the beach. Swimming is safe. The local beer of choice is "Number One"; it is not a sophisticated beer, but it is pleasant and refreshing. "Manta" is another local beer. Many French wines are available, but wines from New Zealand and Australia are best avoided. Tap water is safe to drink, but if you're squeamish, bottled water is widely available. For an Aussie, the concept of drip coffee is foreign. A short black is an espresso, a cappuccino is a full-cream coffee, and tea is served without milk. Belgian chocolate is top-notch. Fruit juices are expensive but of high quality. Trips to the reef are common year-round, and injuries from diving are rare. However, still follow the advice of the authorities, heed all signs and heed all safety warnings. Cubozoans can be found near beaches and river mouths from October to April in the north at 1770. They can occasionally be found outside of these months. Sharks do exist, but they rarely attack humans. Most sharks are scared of humans and will swim away. Sea crocodiles do not live in the ocean but are mostly found in the rivers north of Rockhampton. Booking in advance gives a traveller the comfort of knowing they have a place to stay when they arrive at their destination. Travel agents often have agreements with specific hotels, but you can book other types of lodging, such as hostels, through a travel agent. Travel agents often offer packages which include breakfast, transport to/from the airport, and sometimes even flights and hotels. Also, it can keep your place in line if you need time to think about an offer, or to gather other documents for a destination that requires them (e.g. a visa). Any request or suggestion should be directed to the travel agency, not the hotel. For some festivals, the vast majority of attendees choose to camp on site, and for many attendees this is an essential part of the experience. If you want to be close to the action then you'll need to arrive early to secure a spot to pitch your tent near the music. Also remember that while the main stages may be quiet for the day, there will still be sections of the festival going on long into the night. Some festivals have family-friendly camping areas. If you cross the northern Baltic Sea in winter, check the location of the cabin, because breaking ice produces a terrible noise in the most affected areas. St. Petersburg stays are possible when you book a cruise in St. Petersburg. Passenger cruises waive the visa requirements (check conditions). Casinos usually try to maximize the amount of time and money that their guests spend in the casino. They do this by not having any windows or clocks, and by making it difficult to find exits. They often have specialty food, beverages, and entertainment to lure people in and keep them from going elsewhere. Some casinos serve alcoholic drinks inside the building. However, intoxication impairs judgment, and all good "gamblers" know that it is important to stay sober. Those traveling in high latitudes or in mountainous terrain would do well to consider the possibility of snow, ice, or extremely low temperatures. Your car does not handle like it does on the pavement when driving on icy or snow-covered roads. In blizzard conditions, it can take only a few minutes to become disoriented and lost. Visibility can also be reduced by falling snow or blowing snow, and by condensation or frost on car windows. On the other hand, normal snow and ice conditions exist in many countries, and year-round road closures are uncommon. Perhaps safaris are the biggest tourist attraction in Africa, and for good reason. The word safari when used colloquially refers to a land trip to see the amazing wildlife of Africa, especially on the savannah. Some animals, such as elephants and giraffes, will come close to cars, and regular binoculars will give you a good view of them. Animals like lions, cheetahs, and leopards are sometimes shy, so you're likely to see them best with binoculars. A foot safari (also known as a rural trek, trekking safari or walking safari) involves hiking for a few hours or several days. The Paralympic Games will be held from 24 August to 5 September 2021. Some events will be held outside Japan. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to have hosted both the summer and winter Olympics, having hosted the games in 1964. If you've already booked your flights and accommodation for 2020 before the postponement was announced, you may be in for some trouble. Cancellation policies vary, but as of mid-March, most coronavirus-related cancellation policies were in effect through July 2020, when the Olympics were scheduled. Most tickets for the event are expected to cost between 2,500 and 130,000 yen, with an average price of around 7,000 yen. Ironing a wet garment can help it dry out. Many hotels will provide an iron and board on request, even if there is not one in the room. If there is no iron available, or if you don't like ironing, then you can try using a hair dryer (if available). Be careful not to over-stretch the fabric (it could shrink or even burn). There are several ways to purify water, and some are more effective against certain risks. In some areas it will take a minute or more to fill up; elsewhere it will take a few minutes. The effectiveness of filters varies from one brand to another, and if you are concerned, consider buying bottled water in sealed containers from a well-known brand. Travelers can encounter animals native to their home regions that they are unfamiliar with. Maggots can contaminate food, cause irritation or, in severe cases, allergic reactions, transmit poison, or transmit infections. Infectious diseases, or animals capable of injuring or killing humans by force, are not usually considered pests. Duty-free shops are stores where you can buy goods free of most taxes and duties. Travellers bound for heavily-taxed countries can often save a lot of money, especially on items such as alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. The stretch from Point Marion to Fairmont is the most challenging portion of the Buffalo-Pittsburgh Highway, which frequently passes through isolated wooded areas. If you are not accustomed to driving on rural roads, take it easy: steep hills, narrow roads, and sharp turns are common. The speed limits on this stretch are considerably lower than those on either the approach or the next section of road - a typical limit is 35-40 mph (56-64 km/h) - and strict adherence to the limits is more important here than elsewhere. Although this is odd, cell phone service is better here than it is through much of the Pennsylvania Wilds. German pastry is very good, and Bavarian pastry is abundant and varied, similar to that of neighboring Austria. Jam and jelly are common, with cooked apples in the jam and raspberries and strawberries in the jelly, year-round. Many German baked goods, especially cakes, contain nuts, raisins, and other dried fruit. Some well-known cakes are best accompanied by a cup of strong coffee. If you want small but flavorful pastries, try what is called Berliner, Pfannkuchen or Krapfen, depending on the region. A curry is a dish made from a combination of herbs, spices, and meat or vegetables. The juice can be either "dry" or "wet" depending on the amount of liquid. In the interior regions of northern India and Pakistan, yogurt is often used in curries; in southern India and other coastal regions of the subcontinent, coconut milk is a common ingredient. With 17,000 islands to choose from, Indonesian cuisine is a broad term for the many regional cuisines found throughout the country. However, without any modifiers, the word is used to refer to the traditional food of central and eastern Java. Today, Javanese cuisine can be found throughout the archipelago, and offers a wide variety of simple yet flavorful dishes that are popular with the Javanese. The Javanese have an affinity for cacao, durian, coconut sugar (especially Javanese coconut sugar), and various aromatic spices. The stirrups are supports for the feet of the genet, which hang down on either side of the saddle. They are more stable genetically, but they can give rise to safety issues as the genet's feet may get trapped. If a genet falls off a horse but has a leg caught in the stirrup, it could be dragged if the horse runs away. There are several safety precautions that can be taken to prevent this. To start with, most of the jockeys would be seen wearing boots with a heel and a single thin heel. In addition, some saddles, particularly English saddles, have safety bars which allow the leather on the flap to come down if a rider falls backwards onto the saddle. Cochamó Valley: Chile's premier rock climbing destination, also known as the Yosemite of South America, has many large granite walls and cliffs. There are stunning views from the peaks, and climbers from all over the world continue to push back the boundaries of what is possible on the endless array of walls. Alpine sports, which include skiing and snowboarding, are popular activities that involve sliding down a snow-covered hill on skis or a snowboard. Skiing is a popular activity for travel, with many enthusiasts, sometimes known as "ski bums", planning an entire trip around skiing at a specific place. The concept of skiing is very ancient - there are rock paintings of skiers dating from before 5000 BCE! Alpine skiing as a sport dates back to at least the 17th century, but it was not until a group of Norwegians formed the first ski club in Australia in 1861. Backcountry skiing: Also known as backcountry skiing, backcountry touring or ski touring. It is related to alpine skiing, but is generally played on rougher terrain and requires stiffer skis and boots. Imagine a ski route in a similar way to a hiking trail. In good condition, you can go farther on skis than you can on foot, though you won't approach the speed of cross-country skiing without a heavy pack on a flat trail. Europe is a small continent geographically, but consists of many independent countries. Normal travel between countries would require many visa applications and passport controls. However, the Schengen Area functions as a single country in this regard. While you're in this region, you can usually cross borders without having your passports stamped. Also, having a Schengen visa does not require separate visa applications for each Schengen country, saving time, money, and paperwork. There is no universal definition of what constitutes an antique for tax purposes. Some governments define antiques as items that are 100 years old or more. The age of majority has different meanings depending on where you are. In North America, for example, it is often 18, while in Europe it is often 21. Handmade items can be considered antiques, even though they are newer than similar items made in large numbers. Reindeer herding is an important means of subsistence for the Sami people, and the culture surrounding the trade is important to many who pursue other occupations. Traditionally, however, not all Sami people were reindeer herders, but relied on fishing, hunting, and similar activities, using reindeer mostly as draft animals. Today, many Sami work in modern professions. Tourism is an important source of income in Sápmi, the Sami homeland. Although widely used, especially by non-Roma, the word "gipsy" is considered pejorative because of its association with negative stereotypes, and because of inaccurate perceptions of the Romani people. If the country you are visiting is under a Travel Advisory, your travel insurance or trip cancellation coverage may be affected. Maybe you'll be interested in hearing the recommendations of foreign governments, but those recommendations are for their citizens. For example, an American in the Middle East might find him or herself in a different set of circumstances from either a European or an Arab. An embassy country brief is simply a concise overview of the political situation in a given country. The information presented here is typically brief, general, and oversimplified, compared to the more detailed information available from any other source. An extreme weather event is any dangerous weather which has the potential to cause significant disruption, damage, or loss of life. Extreme weather can happen anywhere in the world, and there are many different types of extreme weather events that can be influenced by geography, topography, and atmospheric conditions. High winds, hail, excessive rainfall, and uncontrolled fires are all signs and effects of adverse climate events such as storms, tornadoes, floods, and cyclones. Among the severe regional and seasonal weather phenomena are hailstorms, snowstorms, and sandstorms. Travellers are advised to keep a close eye on the weather in their area as it could disrupt their travel plans. Anyone planning to visit a country that is actually at war would be well advised to undergo professional training. A web search for "Hostile Environment Training" is likely to lead to the website of a local company. A normal course would cover all of the problems listed above in more detail, and would usually include some practical experience. A normal course is 2 to 5 days long, and includes role-playing, first aid, and sometimes weapons training. Books and magazines about surviving in the wilderness are plentiful, but few deal with survival in a war zone. Travellers heading overseas to undergo gender reassignment surgery should ensure they have valid travel documents for the return journey. Governments' willingness to issue gender-neutral (X) passports, or to amend existing documents to show the name and sex of their choice, varies. The willingness of foreign governments to honor these documents can vary widely. Airport security checkpoints have become much more intrusive in the post-9/11 era. Transsexuals awaiting surgery should not be subjected to body scans with their privacy and dignity compromised. Rip currents are the flow of water returning to the ocean after hitting the shore, often at a jetty or similar. Because of the topology of the seafloor, the return flow concentrates in a few deep basins and can create a strong flow toward the deep sea. Most deaths occur from exhaustion while trying to swim back upstream, which is often impossible. Once you are out of the current, swimming back is no more difficult than usual. Try to get to a place where you won't be caught again, or if you have the skills and it's been reported, perhaps wait for help. The rebound effect comes earlier than the cultural effect (with a less pronounced mooning phase), lasts longer, and is more severe. Individuals who are comfortable adapting to a new culture may have a particularly difficult time readjusting to their home culture. When you come back to your home country after living abroad, you are already accustomed to a new culture and have lost some of your native culture's habits. When you went away, people were probably patient and understanding - after all, people travelling in a foreign country need time to adjust. Sometimes we don't realize that patience and understanding are also needed when travelers return home. The Sound and Light Show at the Pyramid is one of the most interesting things to do with kids in the area. You can see the pyramids in the dark and in silence before the show starts. You usually hear the sounds of the tourists and the traders. The story of light and sound is a tale. The Sphinx is set up as the backdrop and the narrator of a long story. The scenes from the history are shown on the pyramids, which light up at the same time. The South Shetland Islands, discovered in 1819, are claimed by several countries and have seventeen active bases in 2020. The archipelago is located 120 km (75 miles) north of the peninsula. The largest island is King George Island with the settlement Villa Las Estrellas. These include the islands of Livingstone and Deception, where an active volcano's flooded caldera forms a spectacular natural harbour. Ellsworth Land is the southernmost part of the Peninsula, bounded by the Sea of Bellingshausen. Here the mountains of the peninsula meet and form a plateau, only to re-emerge as the 360 km (225 mile) long Ellsworth Range, part of which is covered by the Minnesota Glacier. The northern part, or Sentinel Range, includes the highest mountains in Antarctica, Vinson Massif, at 4,892 m (16,050 ft). In remote locations without cellphone coverage, satellite phone calls may be your only option. A satellite phone is not a replacement for a cell phone, because you have to be outdoors with a clear view of the sky to make a call. The service is often used in ships, including recreational boats, and in expeditions that require remote data and voice. Your local phone provider should be able to provide more details on how to connect to this service. Travelling and learning is an increasingly popular option for people taking a gap year. This is particularly popular among students who have not completed their studies, allowing them a gap year either before or after university, without jeopardising their education. Taking a year out to study abroad can also increase your chances of getting a place at university when you return to your home country. There will usually be registration fees for these educational programs. Finland is a major waterskiing destination. "The land of a thousand lakes" has thousands of islands in its lakes and coastal archipelagos. You don't need a yacht in the islands and lakes. While any yacht can ply the coastal archipelagoes and largest lakes, smaller boats or even a canoe will give you a different experience. Water sports are a national pastime in Finland, with a boat for every seven or eight people. This is comparable to Norway, Sweden and New Zealand, but it is also a special case (for example, in the Netherlands the number is one in forty). Most of the various Baltic Sea cruise ships make a lengthy stop in St. Petersburg, Russia. This means that you could easily spend a couple of days exploring the historic center of the city and then return to the ship for the night. As of 2009, you do not need an independent visa if arriving by cruise ship and departing by cruise ship. Some cruise lines offer Berlin, Germany as a shore excursion. As you can see on the map above, Berlin is a long ways off the sea, and a visit to the city is not included in the cost of the cruise. Flying can be terrifying for people of all ages and backgrounds, but especially those who have never flown before or have had a traumatic experience. This is not a cause for shame: it is no different from the fears and anxieties that many people feel about other things. For some, knowledge of how an aircraft works, and what occurs during a flight, can help overcome a fear that is based on the unknown, or a lack of control. Message delivery companies charge a premium for speed. Often, time is of the essence for business or legal documents, shipments, or replacement parts for an urgent repair. In some routes, the major airlines have their own jets, but other routes and smaller airlines do not. If you ship by air, some routes can take days to unload and clear customs. The only way to ship it faster was to ship it as luggage, but airline regulations would not allow you to ship luggage without a passenger to carry it, and that's where you come in. The obvious way to fly first class or business class is to pay a lot of money for that privilege (or, even better, to get your company to pay for it for you). However, this is not cheap: you can expect to pay anything from twice to four times the price of an economy ticket for a business class seat, and up to eleven times as much for a first class seat! In general, it doesn't make sense to try to redeem miles for business or first class on direct flights from A to B. Airlines know there is a group of passengers who are willing to pay a premium to arrive at their destination quickly and comfortably, and so they charge accordingly. The capital of Moldova is Chisinau. The official language is Romanian, but Russian is widely spoken. Moldova is a multi-ethnic republic that has suffered from ethnic conflict. In 1994, the conflict gave rise to the Transnistrian Republic, a breakaway state in eastern Moldova which has its own government and currency but is not recognised by any UN member state. Economic links have been re-established between the two parts of Moldova despite the failure of political negotiations. The main religion in Moldova is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. İzmir is Turkey's third-largest city with an estimated population of 3.7 million, the country's second-largest port after Istanbul, and a major transportation hub. The former city of Esmirna is now a modern, developed, and crowded commercial center, surrounded by a huge bay and mountains. Its broad avenues, glass-fronted buildings, and modern shopping malls are punctuated by traditional red-tiled roofs, the 18th-century market, and old mosques and churches, but the city has a Mediterranean rather than a Turkish feel. From the village of Haldarsvík, you are able to see the island of Eysturoy across the water, and there is also a very unusual octagonal church. There are some interesting marble doves as funerary sculpture on some tombs in the churchyard. A half-hour, half-day visit to this interesting town is worthwhile. To the north and easily accessible by car is the charming and fascinating Romantic town of Sintra, which became known to foreigners after a brilliant description of its beauties was recorded by Lord Byron. Scotturb 403 buses go to Sintra regularly, stopping at Cabo da Roca. Also in the north, the Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima is a major pilgrimage site for the famous Our Lady of Fatima apparitions. Please remember, above all, that you are visiting a graveyard and a place of great significance to a large part of the world's population. There are still many men and women, Jews and non-Jews, who survived their time here, and many more who lost loved ones or worked to the point of death. Please, if you would, pay this place the dignity, solemnity, and respect it is due. There is nothing funny about the Holocaust or the Nazis. They did not damage the site by painting or carving graffiti on the structures. The official languages of Barcelona are Catalan and Spanish. About half of the population prefers to speak Catalan, a large majority understands it and almost everyone is able to speak Spanish. However, most signs are only in Catalan because Catalan is the official primary language. However, Spanish is also widely spoken in public transport and other facilities. Regular announcements on the metro are in Catalan only, but unscheduled announcements are made in several languages including Spanish, English, French, Arabic and Japanese. Parisians have a reputation for being egocentric, rude, and arrogant. While this is usually only a vague stereotype, the best way to get around Paris is to be as polite as possible, and to act like a "well-bred" person (well-mannered). This will make your trip much more pleasant. Parisians will seem very rude at first, but they will warm up to you quickly if you are polite. The Plitvice Lakes National Park is very wooded, with beeches, pines and yews, and has a mix of alpine and Mediterranean vegetation. It is home to a great variety of vegetation, thanks to its range of microclimates, diverse soils, and varying altitudes. The area is also home to an astounding array of animal and bird life. It is home to unique fauna, including the European brown bear, wolf, eagle, owl, lynx, wild cat and feral pig, as well as many more common species. Women should have their knees and shoulders covered when visiting the monasteries. Most of the monasteries will provide a blanket for a woman who is not prepared, but if you have your own, especially a brightly coloured one, you will get a smile from the monk or nun on duty. Men should also have trousers that come up over their knees. This item can also be rented at the door, but it is clothing that is not washed after every use, so you may feel uncomfortable wearing these petticoats. The size is unique! Mallorquin cuisine, like those of other similar Mediterranean areas, is based on bread, vegetables, and pork (above all, pork), and uses olive oil everywhere. A simple and popular meal, especially in the summer, is Pa amb oli: Bread with olive oil, tomatoes, and any condiments available such as cheese, tuna, etc. All nouns, including Sie for you, are capitalized at the beginning of a sentence. This is a good way of distinguishing some verbs of objects. It can be said that it is easy to read, but a bit difficult to write, because you have to figure out whether a verb or an adjective is used as a noun. Italian:The pronunciation is relatively easy because most words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled. The letters c and g are especially tricky because their pronunciation depends on the vowels following them. Also, make sure to pronounce the r and rr sounds differently: caro means dear, while carro means cart. Persian has a relatively simple and regular grammar. Therefore, understanding these basic concepts of grammar about the Persian language will help you learn the Persian language well and understand sentences better. Of course, if you know a Romance language, it will be an easy task to learn Portuguese. Nevertheless, those who are able to speak a little Spanish may at first think that Portuguese is so similar to Spanish that there is no need to study it separately. Most premodern observatories are now obsolete, and are either museums or sites for education. Because light pollution was not a problem as it is today, they are usually found in or near cities or campuses, and are easily accessible. Most modern astronomical observatories are large instruments in remote locations with good atmospheric conditions. The viewing of cherry blossoms, known as hanami, has been a part of Japanese culture since the 8th century. The concept originated in China, where the cherry blossom was the most highly regarded flower. Traditionally in Japan, the first cherry blossom viewing parties were held by the emperor for himself and other members of the imperial court. Plants look best in their natural habitat, so resist the temptation to take just one specimen. If you visit a formally arranged garden and take any souvenirs (e.g. pebbles from a zen garden), you will be unceremoniously ejected. Singapore is usually a very safe and easy place to navigate, and you can pretty much buy anything once you arrive. However, while standing on the "tropical high" just a few degrees north of the equator, you can expect both heat and direct sunlight year-round. Some buses also go north to Hebron, a traditional burial place of the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and their wives. Make sure the bus you want to take goes to Hebron and not just the nearby Jewish settlement of Kiryat Arba. Inland waterways can be a great theme for a holiday. For example, visiting the castles of the Loire Valley, Rhine Valley or a cruise along the interesting cities of the Danube or a voyage along the Erie Canal. They also offer routes for popular sightseeing and cycling tours. Nativity is one of the most important Christian festivals and celebrates the birth of Jesus. Non-Christians in Christian and non-Christian countries around the world have embraced many of the traditions surrounding the holiday. Traditionally, Easter Eve is spent outdoors under the stars, watching the sun rise. Of course, there are Christian theological explanations for this tradition, but it is possible that it is a pre-Christian fertility and spring rite. Traditional churches often have an Easter Vigil service on Saturday night of Easter weekend, and the service is usually started at midnight to celebrate the resurrection of Christ. All the animals who originally came to the island did so either by swimming, flying, or sailing. The distance from the mainland meant that mammals never made it to the Galapagos, so the Galapagos Giant Tortoise became the first herbivore of the Galapagos. Since the arrival of man in the Galapagos, many mammals have been introduced, such as goats, horses, cows, pigs, rats, cats and dogs. If you visit the Arctic or Antarctic in the winter, you will experience a polar night, when the sun never rises above the horizon. This gives you a great opportunity to see the Northern Lights, as the sky will be dark almost all day. As the areas are lightly populated, light pollution is not usually a problem and you can easily see the stars. Japanese business culture is more hierarchical and formal than what Westerners are accustomed to seeing. Business suits are standard business attire, and coworkers are usually referred to by their family name or job title. Peace at work is crucial, emphasizing the group effort over individual recognition. Employees often need the approval of their superiors for any decision they make, and are expected to comply with the instructions of their superiors without question.