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---
language:
- en
- id
- ta
- th
- vi
license: llama3
---
# Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2

SEA-LION is a collection of Large Language Models (LLMs) which has been pretrained and instruct-tuned for the Southeast Asia (SEA) region.
This is the card for the Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2 base model which has undergone continued pre-training from the [Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct) model.

SEA-LION stands for <i>Southeast Asian Languages In One Network</i>.


## Model Details

### Model Description

The continued pre-training data for Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2 base model encompasses approximately 48B tokens.

- **Developed by:** Products Pillar, AI Singapore
- **Funded by:** Singapore NRF
- **Model type:** Decoder
- **Languages:** English, Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, Tamil
- **License:** [Llama3 Community License](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B/blob/main/LICENSE)

For tokenization, the model employs the default tokenizer used in Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct.

### Benchmark Performance
We evaluated Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2 base model on general language capabilities.

#### General Language Capabilities
For the evaluation of general language capabilities in SEA languages, we employed the [BHASA evaluation benchmark](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06085v2) across a variety of tasks.
These tasks include Question Answering (QA), Sentiment Analysis (Sentiment), Toxicity Detection (Toxicity), Translation in both directions (Eng>Lang & Lang>Eng), Abstractive Summarization (Summ), Causal Reasoning (Causal) and Natural Language Inference (NLI).

The evaluation was done **five-shot** with native prompts and only a sample of 100-1000 instances for each dataset was used as per the setting described in the paper.

**BHASA** 

To be released soon

We also evaluated the model on English capabilities using tasks from the Open LLM Leaderboard.

**English**

| Model                                    | ARC   | BBH   | HellaSwag | MMLU  | GSM8k | Average |
| ---------------------------------------- |:-----:|:-----:|:---------:|:-----:|:-----:|:-------:|
| Qwen/Qwen2-7B                            | 61.86 | 53.10 | 80.63     | 70.45 | 78.09 | 68.83   |
| google/gemma-2-9b                        | 68.00 | 53.53 | 82.73     | 70.26 | 63.53 | 67.61   |
| aisingapore/llama3-8b-cpt-sealionv2-base | 58.87 | 47.70 | 81.14     | 63.11 | 50.49 | 60.26   |
| meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B               | 57.85 | 46.09 | 81.89     | 65.10 | 45.34 | 59.25   |
| mistralai/Mistral-7B-v0.3                | 59.56 | 44.89 | 82.97     | 62.36 | 33.36 | 56.63   |
| Sail/Sailor-7B                           | 50.34 | 35.65 | 76.11     | 52.80 | 33.81 | 49.74   |


## Training Details

### Data

Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2 base model was continued pre-trained on 48B tokens of the following data:

| Data Source               | Unique Tokens (B) | Multiplier | Total Tokens (B) | Percentage (%) |
|---------------------------|:-----------------:|:----------:|:----------------:|:--------------:|
| Dolma RefinedWeb - English|        7.650      |          1 |       7.650      |     15.90      |
| Dolma C4 - English        |        1.160      |          1 |           1      |      9.21      |
| Dolma Reddit - English    |        1.339      |          1 |        14.7      |      2.42      |
| Dolma Semantic Scholar    |        0.959      |          1 |         2.9      |      2.79      |
| Dolma arXiv               |        0.469      |          1 |         5.3      |      1.99      |
| Dolma StarCoder           |        4.422      |          1 |         4.9      |      0.98      |
| SEA-LION Pile - Indonesian|          3.4      |          1 |         6.8      |     14.17      |
| Wiki* - Indonesian        |          0.3      |          4 |         1.2      |      2.50      |
| SEA-LION Pile - Tamil     |          5.6      |          1 |         5.6      |     11.67      |
| Wiki* + News - Tamil      |          0.6      |          4 |         2.4      |      5.00      |
| SEA-LION Pile - Thai      |         2.28      |          1 |        2.28      |      4.75      |
| WangChanBERTa - Thai      |            5      |          1 |           5      |     10.42      |
| Wiki* - Thai              |         0.18      |          4 |        0.72      |      1.50      |
| SEA-LION Pile - Vietnamese|         6.76      |          1 |        6.76      |     14.08      |
| Wiki* - Vietnamese        |         0.31      |          4 |        1.24      |      2.58      |

Note: 
- All token counts are counted using Llama3 tokenizer
- wiki* sources includes Wikipedia, Wiki Books, Wiki Source and Wiki Voyage
- Tamil news is sourced with permission from [Seithi](https://seithi.mediacorp.sg/)

### Infrastructure

Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2 was trained using [MosaicML Composer](https://github.com/mosaicml/composer)
on the following hardware:

| Training Details     | Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2 |
|----------------------|:--------------------:|
| AWS EC2 p5d.24xlarge |          8 instances |
| Nvidia H100 80GB GPU |          64          |
| Training Duration    |          2 days      |


### Configuration

| HyperParameter    | Llama3 8B SEA-LIONv2 |
|-------------------|:--------------------:|
| Precision         | bfloat16             |
| Optimizer         | decoupled_adamw      |
| Scheduler         | weight_stable_decay  |
| Learning Rate     | 1.0e-5               |
| Global Batch Size | 512                  |
| Micro Batch Size  | 2                    |


## The Team

Brandon Ong<br>
Bryan Siow<br>
Esther Choa<br>
Huang Yuli<br>
Lee Chwan Ren<br>
Leong Wai Yi<br>
Leong Wei Qi<br>
Li Yier<br>
Liu Bing Jie Darius<br>
Lovenia Holy<br>
Montalan Jann Railey<br>
Ng Boon Cheong Raymond<br>
Ngui Jian Gang<br>
Nguyen Thanh Ngan<br>
Nicholas Cheng<br>
Ong Tat-Wee David<br>
Ong Zhi Hao<br>
Rengarajan Hamsawardhini<br>
Susanto Yosephine<br>
Tai Ngee Chia<br>
Tan Choon Meng<br>
Teo Eng Sipp Leslie<br>
Teo Wei Yi<br>
Tjhi William<br>
Walter Teng<br>
Wayne Lau<br>
Yeo Yeow Tong<br>
Yong Xianbin<br>


## Acknowledgements

AI Singapore is a national programme supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore and hosted by the National University of Singapore.
Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views of National Research Foundation, Singapore.


## Contact

For more info, please contact us using this [SEA-LION Inquiry Form](https://forms.gle/sLCUVb95wmGf43hi6)

[Link to SEA-LION's GitHub repository](https://github.com/aisingapore/sealion)


## Disclaimer

This the repository for the base model.
The model has _not_ been aligned for safety.
Developers and users should perform their own safety fine-tuning and related security measures.
In no event shall the authors be held liable for any claim, damages, or other liability
arising from the use of the released weights and codes.


## References

```bibtex
@misc{lowphansirikul2021wangchanberta,
    title={WangchanBERTa: Pretraining transformer-based Thai Language Models},
    author={Lalita Lowphansirikul and Charin Polpanumas and Nawat Jantrakulchai and Sarana Nutanong},
    year={2021},
    eprint={2101.09635},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```