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---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:21988
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: Lajavaness/bilingual-embedding-large
widget:
- source_sentence: BEAS INTESTINES 2901 718935 wwwIsrael under heavy attack from Gaza
There were more than 600 rockets launched against Israel. There are some civilians
wounded and dead
sentences:
- Photo shows cloud of smoke after attack in Israel
- Claudia López with a book thanking the FARC
- Wife of Chinese official shot in US
- source_sentence: 'People''s Network people.cn People''s Daily: Scientifically grasp
the law of population development Balanced Population Development in the New Era
- January 2022 From the 1st, the one-child policy will be completely abolished.
Newlyweds must have at least two children Wang Peian April 1, 2021 06:18 Source:
People''s Daily Online, People''s Daily Executive summary: ■After the founding
of New China, the implementation of family planning was based on the basic national
conditions of my country''s large population and relatively insufficient resources
A major strategic decision, which makes the population''s pressure on resources
and the environment get a preliminary understanding: it creates a longer demographic
dividend period, It has effectively promoted economic development, social progress
and the improvement of people''s living standards, and the country''s capacity
for sustainable development has been greatly enhanced. ■Since the beginning of
the new century, my country''s population situation has undergone major changes.
Strive to achieve the level of active fertility, vigorously improve the quality
and skills of workers, and implement the comprehensive two-child policy, which
is the key to population development. Three issues that must be addressed in the
field. ■ Attention should be paid to the research on population development strategies,
comprehensively and profoundly understand and grasp the laws of population, and
promote the coordination between population and economy and society. development,
and promote the long-term balanced development of the population. choice of history
my country has been a country with the largest population in the world since ancient
times. In traditional society, if there is an entrance, there will be a license
and tax, and the country will be strengthened. If there is a population, there
will be soldiers. The rulers of successive dynasties have vigorously encouraged
population reproduction. Once the society is stable and production develops, the
total population will decrease. The threshold will increase greatly; when the
dynasty is changed, the army will be in chaos, famine and flag epidemics will
be intertwined, and the population will be sharp or small. Look, before the 17th
century, my country''s population grew slowly in a cyclical ups and downs. The
introduction of high-yielding food crops such as corn, sweet potato and potato
in the late Ming Dynasty, especially the century-long Kanggan in the early Qing
Dynasty. The prosperous age made my country''s population grow rapidly, breaking
through the 200 million, 300 million mark successively, and the 400 million mark
in the Daoguang years, which led to Legal Migrant Workers People''s Network people.cn
People''s Daily: Scientifically grasp the law of population development Balanced
Population Development in the New Era - January 2022 From the 1st, the one-child
policy will be completely abolished. Newlyweds must have at least two children
Wang Peian April 1, 2021 06:18 Source: People''s Daily Online, People''s Daily
Executive summary: ■After the founding of New China, the implementation of family
planning was based on the basic national conditions of my country''s large population
and relatively insufficient resources A major strategic decision, which makes
the population''s pressure on resources and the environment get a preliminary
understanding: it creates a longer demographic dividend period, It has effectively
promoted economic development, social progress and the improvement of people''s
living standards, and the country''s capacity for sustainable development has
been greatly enhanced. ■Since the beginning of the new century, my country''s
population situation has undergone major changes. Strive to achieve the level
of active fertility, vigorously improve the quality and skills of workers, and
implement the comprehensive two-child policy, which is the key to population development.
Three issues that must be addressed in the field. ■ Attention should be paid to
the research on population development strategies, comprehensively and profoundly
understand and grasp the laws of population, and promote the coordination between
population and economy and society. development, and promote the long-term balanced
development of the population. choice of history my country has been a country
with the largest population in the world since ancient times. In traditional society,
if there is an entrance, there will be a license and tax, and the country will
be strengthened. If there is a population, there will be soldiers. The rulers
of successive dynasties have vigorously encouraged population reproduction. Once
the society is stable and production develops, the total population will decrease.
The threshold will increase greatly; when the dynasty is changed, the army will
be in chaos, famine and flag epidemics will be intertwined, and the population
will be sharp or small. Look, before the 17th century, my country''s population
grew slowly in a cyclical ups and downs. The introduction of high-yielding food
crops such as corn, sweet potato and potato in the late Ming Dynasty, especially
the century-long Kanggan in the early Qing Dynasty. The prosperous age made my
country''s population grow rapidly, breaking through the 200 million, 300 million
mark successively, and the 400 million mark in the Daoguang years, which led to Legal
Migrant WorkersA warning to those prosperous forces who often talk about human
rights: China has human rights, and we have approved that Chinese people must
get married, and they must have two children after they get married!'
sentences:
- Hamad bin Jassim told the BBC In a new interview, we paid the defected Syrian
officer $30,000 and the regular soldier $15,000.
- State-run newspaper announces Chinese couples ‘must have two children’ starting
January 2022
- This is the draw for judges for the case of former Ecuadorian President Rafael
Correa
- source_sentence: Part 1 Resignation sir jokowi JOKOWI REGISTERED COMPASS DKI DPRD
HOLDS Plenary MEETING CARIS JAKARTA KOMPASTV Tik TokIs it true that the President
of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, has resigned from his position?
sentences:
- BBC reports on release of 'Unabomber' Ted Kaczynski
- Thai children flash three fingered salute to Thai PM Prayut
- President Joko Widodo, alias Jokowi, resigns from his post
- source_sentence: The organization 'Vegan Society' calls for a ban on animal-shaped
children's cookies. They consider that these cookies "incite children to see animals
as something inferior and at our disposal." This is the , which is dangerous even
for anti-bullfighting. It's not that they don't want bullfighting. It is that
they want to impose even the shape of the cookies that your children eat. And
it's not the first time. Barnum cookies have already "freed" the animals in their
boxes to have a better brand image. They may seem like funny news. But they are
not. They hide a prohibitionist ideology full of censorship. 𝗘𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺𝗼 𝗲𝘀
𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗿𝗼 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗻𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗮𝗱
sentences:
- Vegan NGO Vegan Society wants to ban the sale of animal-shaped cookies in France
- Cans of food containing pork with a "halal" stamp
- Pfizer announces Covid-19 vaccine update with Microsoft chip for symptom reduction
- source_sentence: a . . . . . (177. FO Accident st THE LEADER IN ACCIDENT REPORTING
Reckless driving by a minor Kuliapitiya Kanadulla after a defender collided with
a motorcycle An accident occurred in front of Maha Vidyalaya today (01) afternoon
A young man on a motorcycle and about 4 years old A young child (father and son)
unfortunately Lost his life. Behaved provocatively with the accident Villagers
set fire to the defender car that caused the accident had May that innocent father
and little son rest in peace! 94 site
sentences:
- The image of a Syrian child who sleeps next to the graves of his parents
- Accident kills four-year-old in northwestern Sri Lanka
- Masks are ineffective because some packaging says they don't protect
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---
# SentenceTransformer based on Lajavaness/bilingual-embedding-large
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [Lajavaness/bilingual-embedding-large](https://huggingface.co/Lajavaness/bilingual-embedding-large). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [Lajavaness/bilingual-embedding-large](https://huggingface.co/Lajavaness/bilingual-embedding-large) <!-- at revision e83179d7a66e8aed1b3015e98bb5ae234ed89598 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BilingualModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'a . . . . . (177. FO Accident st THE LEADER IN ACCIDENT REPORTING Reckless driving by a minor Kuliapitiya Kanadulla after a defender collided with a motorcycle An accident occurred in front of Maha Vidyalaya today (01) afternoon A young man on a motorcycle and about 4 years old A young child (father and son) unfortunately Lost his life. Behaved provocatively with the accident Villagers set fire to the defender car that caused the accident had May that innocent father and little son rest in peace! 94 site',
'Accident kills four-year-old in northwestern Sri Lanka',
'The image of a Syrian child who sleeps next to the graves of his parents',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
<!--
### Direct Usage (Transformers)
<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
</details>
-->
<!--
### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
</details>
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### Out-of-Scope Use
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## Bias, Risks and Limitations
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## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 21,988 training samples
* Columns: <code>sentence_0</code> and <code>sentence_1</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details | <ul><li>min: 2 tokens</li><li>mean: 119.9 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 7 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.25 tokens</li><li>max: 128 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
| sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| <code>ANK DBS DBS IT department at ChangiThis is actually happening as confirmed by my brother who does contract work with DBS at Changi Business Park. Wonder if PAP knows this or turning a blind eye and pretending not to know.</code> | <code>Photo shows foreign staff of the IT department at DBS Bank in Singapore</code> |
| <code>29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th Urban Planning Foreign Languages Animal Science Law Economics Political Science Education Advertising Journalism Finance Hospitality Criminology Accounting Anthropology Psychology History Geography Information Technology Sociology Sports Science Social Sciences Real Estate Liberal Arts Communications and Mass Media Business Marketing Public Relations 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th Architecture Chemical Engineering Chemistry Electrical Engineering Physics Mechanical Engineering Civil Engineering Biochemistry Medicine Pharmacy Engineering Nursing Math Biology Philosophy Mathematics Statistics Music Microbiology Psychology Accounting Finance Environmental Science Creative Writing Hospitality International Relations Art History Ecology55 most difficult course...</code> | <code>Harvard list of its 50 most difficult courses</code> |
| <code>The 30,000 sheep donated by Mongolia to China entered through the Erenhot port, which is very spectacular. [Qiang] Yesterday there were people who were worried about how to transport so many sheep. It turned out that they came by themselves, and they didn't even need transport tools.</code> | <code>These videos show 30,000 sheep donated to China by Mongolia during the novel coronavirus epidemic</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"scale": 20.0,
"similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 2
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 2
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: no
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 2
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 2
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
</details>
### Training Logs
| Epoch | Step | Training Loss |
|:------:|:-----:|:-------------:|
| 0.0455 | 500 | 0.0505 |
| 0.0910 | 1000 | 0.0637 |
| 0.1364 | 1500 | 0.039 |
| 0.1819 | 2000 | 0.0269 |
| 0.2274 | 2500 | 0.0527 |
| 0.2729 | 3000 | 0.0576 |
| 0.3184 | 3500 | 0.0278 |
| 0.3638 | 4000 | 0.0471 |
| 0.4093 | 4500 | 0.0486 |
| 0.4548 | 5000 | 0.025 |
| 0.5003 | 5500 | 0.0324 |
| 0.5458 | 6000 | 0.0169 |
| 0.5912 | 6500 | 0.0218 |
| 0.6367 | 7000 | 0.0476 |
| 0.6822 | 7500 | 0.0124 |
| 0.7277 | 8000 | 0.0247 |
| 0.7731 | 8500 | 0.0231 |
| 0.8186 | 9000 | 0.01 |
| 0.8641 | 9500 | 0.0145 |
| 0.9096 | 10000 | 0.0267 |
| 0.9551 | 10500 | 0.0111 |
### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.11
- Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
- Transformers: 4.48.3
- PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124
- Accelerate: 1.3.0
- Datasets: 3.3.1
- Tokenizers: 0.21.0
## Citation
### BibTeX
#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```
#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
year={2017},
eprint={1705.00652},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
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