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README.md
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---
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language: en
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tags:
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- exbert
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license: mit
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---
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# GPT-2
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Test the whole generation capabilities here: https://transformer.huggingface.co/doc/gpt2-large
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Pretrained model on English language using a causal language modeling (CLM) objective. It was introduced in
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[this paper](https://d4mucfpksywv.cloudfront.net/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf)
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and first released at [this page](https://openai.com/blog/better-language-models/).
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Disclaimer: The team releasing GPT-2 also wrote a
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[model card](https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/model_card.md) for their model. Content from this model card
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has been written by the Hugging Face team to complete the information they provided and give specific examples of bias.
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## Model description
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GPT-2 is a transformers model pretrained on a very large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This
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means it was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots
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of publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely,
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it was trained to guess the next word in sentences.
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More precisely, inputs are sequences of continuous text of a certain length and the targets are the same sequence,
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shifted one token (word or piece of word) to the right. The model uses internally a mask-mechanism to make sure the
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predictions for the token `i` only uses the inputs from `1` to `i` but not the future tokens.
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This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
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useful for downstream tasks. The model is best at what it was pretrained for however, which is generating texts from a
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prompt.
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This is the **smallest** version of GPT-2, with 124M parameters.
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**Related Models:** [GPT-Large](https://huggingface.co/gpt2-large), [GPT-Medium](https://huggingface.co/gpt2-medium) and [GPT-XL](https://huggingface.co/gpt2-xl)
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## Intended uses & limitations
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You can use the raw model for text generation or fine-tune it to a downstream task. See the
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[model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=gpt2) to look for fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
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### How to use
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You can use this model directly with a pipeline for text generation. Since the generation relies on some randomness, we
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set a seed for reproducibility:
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```python
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>>> from transformers import pipeline, set_seed
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>>> generator = pipeline('text-generation', model='gpt2')
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>>> set_seed(42)
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>>> generator("Hello, I'm a language model,", max_length=30, num_return_sequences=5)
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[{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, a language for thinking, a language for expressing thoughts."},
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{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, a compiler, a compiler library, I just want to know how I build this kind of stuff. I don"},
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{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, and also have more than a few of your own, but I understand that they're going to need some help"},
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{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, a system model. I want to know my language so that it might be more interesting, more user-friendly"},
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{'generated_text': 'Hello, I\'m a language model, not a language model"\n\nThe concept of "no-tricks" comes in handy later with new'}]
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```
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Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
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```python
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from transformers import GPT2Tokenizer, GPT2Model
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tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained('gpt2')
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model = GPT2Model.from_pretrained('gpt2')
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text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
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encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
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output = model(**encoded_input)
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```
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+
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and in TensorFlow:
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```python
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from transformers import GPT2Tokenizer, TFGPT2Model
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tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained('gpt2')
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model = TFGPT2Model.from_pretrained('gpt2')
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text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
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encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
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output = model(encoded_input)
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```
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### Limitations and bias
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+
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The training data used for this model has not been released as a dataset one can browse. We know it contains a lot of
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unfiltered content from the internet, which is far from neutral. As the openAI team themselves point out in their
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[model card](https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/model_card.md#out-of-scope-use-cases):
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> Because large-scale language models like GPT-2 do not distinguish fact from fiction, we don’t support use-cases
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> that require the generated text to be true.
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>
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> Additionally, language models like GPT-2 reflect the biases inherent to the systems they were trained on, so we do
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> not recommend that they be deployed into systems that interact with humans > unless the deployers first carry out a
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> study of biases relevant to the intended use-case. We found no statistically significant difference in gender, race,
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> and religious bias probes between 774M and 1.5B, implying all versions of GPT-2 should be approached with similar
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> levels of caution around use cases that are sensitive to biases around human attributes.
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Here's an example of how the model can have biased predictions:
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+
|
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```python
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>>> from transformers import pipeline, set_seed
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>>> generator = pipeline('text-generation', model='gpt2')
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>>> set_seed(42)
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+
>>> generator("The White man worked as a", max_length=10, num_return_sequences=5)
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+
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[{'generated_text': 'The White man worked as a mannequin for'},
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{'generated_text': 'The White man worked as a maniser of the'},
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{'generated_text': 'The White man worked as a bus conductor by day'},
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+
{'generated_text': 'The White man worked as a plumber at the'},
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{'generated_text': 'The White man worked as a journalist. He had'}]
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+
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>>> set_seed(42)
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>>> generator("The Black man worked as a", max_length=10, num_return_sequences=5)
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+
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[{'generated_text': 'The Black man worked as a man at a restaurant'},
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+
{'generated_text': 'The Black man worked as a car salesman in a'},
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+
{'generated_text': 'The Black man worked as a police sergeant at the'},
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{'generated_text': 'The Black man worked as a man-eating monster'},
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{'generated_text': 'The Black man worked as a slave, and was'}]
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```
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This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
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+
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## Training data
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+
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The OpenAI team wanted to train this model on a corpus as large as possible. To build it, they scraped all the web
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pages from outbound links on Reddit which received at least 3 karma. Note that all Wikipedia pages were removed from
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this dataset, so the model was not trained on any part of Wikipedia. The resulting dataset (called WebText) weights
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40GB of texts but has not been publicly released. You can find a list of the top 1,000 domains present in WebText
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[here](https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/domains.txt).
|
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+
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## Training procedure
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+
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### Preprocessing
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+
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The texts are tokenized using a byte-level version of Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) (for unicode characters) and a
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vocabulary size of 50,257. The inputs are sequences of 1024 consecutive tokens.
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+
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The larger model was trained on 256 cloud TPU v3 cores. The training duration was not disclosed, nor were the exact
|
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details of training.
|
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+
|
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## Evaluation results
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+
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The model achieves the following results without any fine-tuning (zero-shot):
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| Dataset | LAMBADA | LAMBADA | CBT-CN | CBT-NE | WikiText2 | PTB | enwiki8 | text8 | WikiText103 | 1BW |
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|:--------:|:-------:|:-------:|:------:|:------:|:---------:|:------:|:-------:|:------:|:-----------:|:-----:|
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+
| (metric) | (PPL) | (ACC) | (ACC) | (ACC) | (PPL) | (PPL) | (BPB) | (BPC) | (PPL) | (PPL) |
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+
| | 35.13 | 45.99 | 87.65 | 83.4 | 29.41 | 65.85 | 1.16 | 1,17 | 37.50 | 75.20 |
|
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+
|
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+
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### BibTeX entry and citation info
|
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+
|
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+
```bibtex
|
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+
@article{radford2019language,
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+
title={Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners},
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+
author={Radford, Alec and Wu, Jeff and Child, Rewon and Luan, David and Amodei, Dario and Sutskever, Ilya},
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+
year={2019}
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+
}
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+
```
|
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+
|
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+
<a href="https://huggingface.co/exbert/?model=gpt2">
|
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+
<img width="300px" src="https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/exbert/button.png">
|
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+
</a>
|
config.json
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{
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"activation_function": "gelu_new",
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"architectures": [
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"GPT2LMHeadModel"
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],
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"attn_pdrop": 0.1,
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"bos_token_id": 50256,
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"embd_pdrop": 0.1,
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"eos_token_id": 50256,
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"initializer_range": 0.02,
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"layer_norm_epsilon": 1e-05,
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"model_type": "gpt2",
|
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"n_ctx": 1024,
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"n_embd": 768,
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"n_head": 12,
|
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"n_layer": 12,
|
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"n_positions": 1024,
|
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"resid_pdrop": 0.1,
|
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"summary_activation": null,
|
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"summary_first_dropout": 0.1,
|
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"summary_proj_to_labels": true,
|
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"summary_type": "cls_index",
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"summary_use_proj": true,
|
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+
"task_specific_params": {
|
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+
"text-generation": {
|
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+
"do_sample": true,
|
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"max_length": 50
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}
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},
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+
"vocab_size": 50257,
|
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+
"quantization_config": {
|
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+
"quant_method": "exl2",
|
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+
"version": "0.1.5",
|
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+
"bits": 2.25,
|
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+
"head_bits": 6,
|
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+
"calibration": {
|
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+
"rows": 100,
|
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+
"length": 1024,
|
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+
"dataset": "(default)"
|
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+
}
|
41 |
+
}
|
42 |
+
}
|
flax_model.msgpack
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
2 |
+
oid sha256:192e8257ae9e8f796f764630f4a488a6a16d1461762d62b49ef7405df951a283
|
3 |
+
size 497764120
|
generation_config.json
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
{
|
2 |
+
"bos_token_id": 50256,
|
3 |
+
"eos_token_id": 50256,
|
4 |
+
"transformers_version": "4.26.0.dev0",
|
5 |
+
"_from_model_config": true
|
6 |
+
}
|
merges.txt
ADDED
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|
|
output.safetensors
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
2 |
+
oid sha256:92bd5466a953381010725cf11566be92de3a33d82f1d2c13dd91c316afa9542f
|
3 |
+
size 134096516
|
rust_model.ot
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
2 |
+
oid sha256:adf0adedbf4016b249550f866c66a3b3a3d09c8b3b3a1f6e5e9a265d94e0270e
|
3 |
+
size 702517648
|
tf_model.h5
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
2 |
+
oid sha256:d08c1307f7dfae6f878e0a2ca5715d587d2640530db8ef96fc0c1fc474dd9fee
|
3 |
+
size 497933648
|
tokenizer.json
ADDED
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|
|
tokenizer_config.json
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
{"model_max_length": 1024}
|
vocab.json
ADDED
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|
|