", "cop": 1, "opa": "Remnant skin appendages", "opb": "Underlying connective tissue", "opc": "Minimal Prema and erythema", "opd": "Granulation tissue", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "ce3aa6ef-5eb5-4a94-93a3-8e2f5ec7875e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Roots involved in Erb's palsy are", "exp": "Erb's point is formed by the roots of C5 and C6, anterior and posterior divisions of upper trunk, suprascapular nerve and nerve to subclavius muscle. So the nerve root involved in Erb's palsy is C5 and C6.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior primary rami of C6- C7", "opb": "Anterior primary rani of C5-C6", "opc": "Posterior primary rami of C8-T1", "opd": "Posterior primary rami of C7-C8", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "e37aaab2-3cec-4824-b0fd-f53de98c4748", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of Epithelium associated with the Vermilion Zone of the Lips is", "exp": "The External Aspect and Vermilion Zone of the Lips are covered by thin skin, which contains a Stratified Squamous Keratinized epithelium.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stratified Squamous Non keratinized.", "opb": "PseudoStratified Ciliated Columnar", "opc": "Stratified Squamous Keratinized", "opd": "Stratified Cuboidal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Systemic histology", "id": "01a361ba-2f83-4bd1-80db-909032cfeaeb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epithelium covering the Bowman's capsule", "exp": "Simple squamous epithelium's typical locations\n\nVascular system (endothelium) \nBody cavities (mesothelium)\nBowman’s capsule (kidney)\nRespiratory spaces in lung", "cop": 1, "opa": "Simple squamous epithelium", "opb": "Simple cuboidal epithelium", "opc": "Simple columnar epithelium", "opd": "Stratified squamous epithelium", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc50b4ad-b8a4-4732-a0c4-bd02223bd93c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most essential medicines are formulated as", "exp": "Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. Criteria for selection of essential medicines Essential medicines are selected with due regard to disease prevalence and public health relevance, evidence of clinical efficacy and safety, and comparative costs and cost-effectiveness. Refer 7/e p24", "cop": 2, "opa": "No compound", "opb": "Single compound", "opc": "Multiple compound", "opd": "Fixed dose combination", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "55378779-7c60-44a5-b00e-ded9707471e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dementia in ICD 10 is classified under", "exp": "ICD CHAPTERS ICD is a text book for classification of psychiatric disorders. The below table comprises chapter numbers dealing with various psychiatric disorders. Ref.Kaplon and Sadock, synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "F00", "opb": "F10", "opc": "F20", "opd": "F30", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "aa0a4737-eed2-4bcd-ac64-ccae94781100", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shock lung is characterized by", "exp": "ref Robbins 7/r p715,9/e p134 Harrison 17/e p1680_1681 The cellular and tissue effects of shock are essentially those of hypoxic injury (Chapter 1) and are caused by a combina- tion of hypoperfusion and microvascular thrombosis. Although any organ can be affected, brain, hea, kidneys, adrenals, and gastrointestinal tract are most commonly involved. Fibrin thrombi can form in any tissue but typically are most readily visualized in kidney glomeruli. Adrenal cor- tical cell lipid depletion is akin to that seen in all forms of stress and reflects increased utilization of stored lipids for steroid synthesis. While the lungs are resistant to hypoxic injury in hypovolemic shock occurring after hemorrhage, sepsis or trauma can precipitate diffuse alveolar damage (Chapter 12), leading to so-called shock lung.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alveolar proteinosis", "opb": "Bronchiolitis obliterans", "opc": "Diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage", "opd": "Diffuse alveolar damage", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "3b45f0a8-8f4f-4173-9587-f2fb92bd6471", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most sensitive investigation of pancreatic carcinoma is", "exp": "Investigation of choice for carcinoma pancreas is MDCT Currently CT is probably the single most versatile and cost effective tool for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer Ref: CSDT 11th edition Pgno :645", "cop": 4, "opa": "Angiography", "opb": "ERCP", "opc": "Ultrasound", "opd": "CT scan", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8aab632f-c0ea-45e0-af5a-120abcfee8e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adhesion of platelet to collagen is due to", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p117 Von Willebrand Factor's primary function is binding to other proteins, in paicular factor VIII, and it is impoant in platelet adhesion to wound sites. It is not an enzyme and, thus, has no catalytic activity. VWF binds to a number of cells and molecules. The most impoant ones are: Factor VIII is bound to VWF while inactive in circulation; factor VIII degrades rapidly when not bound to VWF. Factor VIII is released from VWF by the action of thrombin. In the absence of VWF, factor VIII has a half-life of 1-2 hours; when carried by intact VWF, factor VIII has a half-life of 8-12 hours. VWF binds to collagen, e.g., when collagen is exposed beneath endothelial cells due to damage occurring to the blood vessel. Endothelium also releases VWF which forms additional links between the platelets' glycoprotein Ib/IX/V and the collagen fibrils", "cop": 3, "opa": "Factor 9", "opb": "Fibrinogen", "opc": "Von willebrand factor", "opd": "Fibrionectin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "8d84b07f-63da-472e-a6d6-3aa342aecd44", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle not supplied by median nerve REPEATED", "exp": "Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis and first lumbrical is supplied by the recurrent branch of median nerve in palm.Extensor pollicis brevis is supplied by the deep division of radial nerve in the forearm.B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 182", "cop": 1, "opa": "Opponens pollicis", "opb": "Abductor pollicis brevis", "opc": "Extensor pollicis brevis", "opd": "First lumbrical", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "138478ef-51c8-487b-ac52-6f8e45cf9e2c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gluteus maximus is supplied by", "exp": "INFERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE:- Root value:L5,S1,S2Course: Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic notch below pyriformis muscle.Branches: Gluteus maximus.It is the sole supply to the large antigravity, postural muscle with red fibers, responsible for extending hip joint. SUPERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE Root value: L4,L5,S1Course: enters the gluteal region through greater sciatic notch above pyriformis muscle. Runs between gluteus medius and gluteus minimus to end in tensor fascia lata. Branches :-it supplies 1. Gluteus medius 2. Gluteus minimus3. Tensor fascia lata SCIATIC NERVE:-Root value: L4,L5,S1,S2,S3 ventral rami Thickest nerve in the body.Terminal branch of lumbosacral plexus.Tibial pa and common peroneal pa. Tibial pa:ventral division of ventral rami of L4,L5,S1,S2,S3.Common peroneal pa: dorsal division of ventral rami of L4, L5, S1, S2. Course: arises in pelvis.Leaves pelvis by passing through greater sciatic foramen below pyriformis to enter gluteal region.In gluteal region, it lies deep to gluteus maximus and crosses superior and inferior gamellus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris to reach thigh.During its sho course it lies between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter.Gives no branches in gluteal region. Branches:--Muscular1. From tibial pa: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris, ischial pa of Adductor Magnus.2. From common peroneal :Sho head of biceps femoris. Aicular: hip joint Terminal:tibial and common peroneal. {Reference: BDC 6E pg no.173}", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior gluteal nerve", "opb": "Inferior gluteal nerve", "opc": "Nerve to quadratus femoris", "opd": "Sciatic nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "0550bd81-4b20-43eb-b17d-8bfae6955f0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common site of fracture in tibia is", "exp": "The tibia is commonly fractured at the junction of upper two-thirds and lower one-third of the shaft as the shaft is most slender here. Such fractures may unite slowly, or may not unite at all as the blood supply to this pa of the bone is poor. This may also be caused by tearing of the nutrient aery.Ref: Chaurasia; Volume 2; 6th edition; Page no: 25", "cop": 2, "opa": "Upper one-third", "opb": "Junction of upper two-thirds and lower one-third", "opc": "Lower one-third", "opd": "Middle one-third", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "6ae3569c-ddb1-4b9e-8a38-071964a1382a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "charecterstic feuture of anorexia nervosa is", "exp": "Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a eating disorder where the patient has decreased weight and altered body image and persistent desire to maintain thinness * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Intense fear of becoming fat * Restriction of food intake * Restricting type * Binge eating and purging type * Amenorrhea is not needed for diagnosis, previously amenorrhea is considered as a diagnostic criteria for diagnosis, in recent DSM 5 amenorrhea is considered for a diagnosis * Association= * OCD and depression * Decreased interest in sex * Complication * 7-14% moality * ECG changes * Hypokalemic alkalosis because of induced vomiting * Gastric dilation * Drugs * Cypro hepatidine * SSRI * Management * Admit in severe cases * Prevent vomiting by making restroom inaccessible for 2 hours after food intake * Avoid laxatives * Small frequent meals * Avoid refeeding syndrome Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 509", "cop": 1, "opa": "redtricting food", "opb": "dyslipedima", "opc": "overweght", "opd": "hypeension", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Sleep disorders and eating disorders", "id": "f086b917-0634-42fc-b854-d644496d1a0a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mode of injury of a cotton fracture is", "exp": "Cotton fracture is due to abduction and external rotational injury. It is also known as TRIMALLEOLAR FRACTURE. There is fracture of the medial,lateral and posterior malleolus. It more often requires open reduction and internal fixation.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Adduction and external rotation", "opb": "Abduction and internal rotation", "opc": "Abduction and external rotation", "opd": "Adduction and internal rotation", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thigh, Knee,Leg,Foot & Ankle injuries", "id": "fa6ff221-0bb8-490c-8d73-ac4a06c03dd9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "any behaviou that is followed by reward is increased, this is", "exp": "Behavioral therapy is learning given by BF Skinner , according to him all behaviors are learned phenomenon and thus can be unlearned Positive reinforcement a type of reinforcement when a behavior is rewarded there is more chance that the behavior is repeated Negative reinforcement is that when a behavior is done and an aversive response is removed, the behavior is repeated. When I go and meet my girlfriend, she checks my messages and picks up fight (aversive response) suddenly I delete all messages one day and that day there was no fight (no aversive response) then that behavior is repeated (delete all messages before meeting my girlfriend) Extinction is the type of reinforcement where a behavior is done and a rewarding response is removed the chance is that behavior will not be repeated A child likes to play with children( reward) but when the child fights with other children( undesirable behavior) the child will be removed from playing( removing a reward) , then the child stops fighting with other children( reduction of undesirable behaviour) Ref. kaplon and sadock synopsis, 11 th edition, pg no. 845", "cop": 2, "opa": "punishment", "opb": "positive reinforcrmrnt", "opc": "omission", "opd": "negative reinforcement", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "a4246723-9bb1-46fc-8e6f-0b9cc2b56cc9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An anterolaternal corodotomy relieving pain in right leg is effective because it interrupts the", "exp": "C i.e. Left lateral spinothalmic tract The anterior/ ventral - spinothalmic tract carries crude touch and pressueQ from opposite half of body; whereas lateralspinothalmic tract carries pain and temperature from the opposite half of body. Therefore any lesion in lateral spinothalmic tract will result in loss of pain and temperature sensation contralaterally below the level of lesion; and lesion of anterior spinothalmic tract will 1/ t loss of crude touch & pressure sensation contralaterally.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Left dorsal column", "opb": "Left ventral spinothalmic tract", "opc": "Left lateral spinothalmic tract", "opd": "Right lateral spinothalmic tract", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "048b366b-609e-4fe1-841e-7fbacdaf286a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tone of the anal sphincter in maintained by", "exp": "The anal sphincters and puborectalis are the primary muscles responsible for continence. There are two sphincters: the internal anal sphincter, and the external anal sphincter. The internal sphincter is responsible for 85% of the resting muscle tone and is involuntary. ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg413-416", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nervi erigentes", "opb": "Inferior hypogastric plexus", "opc": "Inferior rectal nerve", "opd": "Pelvic splanchnic nerves", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "50627552-1a6d-4791-87dd-11d154b6f1b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Superficial incision on posterior triangle of neck leads to", "exp": "Ans is 'a' i.e. difficulty in shrugging of shoulder Nerves in the posterior triangle of neck (only motor nerves)Spinal accessory nerveTwo small branches to levator scapulae(C3,4)Nerve to RhomboideNerve to serratus anteriorNerve to subclaviusSuprascapular nerveWhen a superficial incision is made in the post triangle, the nerve most likely to be injured is spinal accessory nerve, because it runs through a tunnel in the fascia forming the roof of triangle.Rest all nerves are either deep or have a very small course in the lower part of the triangleSpinal accessory nerve supplies 2 muscles -Trapezius andsternocleidomastoidAction of Trapezius* :Elevation of scapulaRetraction of scapulaRotation of scapulaAction of sternocleidomastoid* :Turns the face to opposite side *Tilts the head towards the same shoulder.When SCM of both sides contracts draws the head forwards.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Difficulty in shrugging of shoulder", "opb": "Difficulty in start of abduction", "opc": "Difficulty in rotation of face towards the same side", "opd": "Difficulty in flexion", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Triangles of Neck", "id": "3b0eea6f-ffe9-4bb1-94b4-9412aba07a8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tropical spastic paraparesis is caused by", "exp": "Oncogenic RNA Viruses The study of oncogenic retroviruses in animals has pro- vided spectacular insights into the genetic basis of cancer. However, only one retrovirus, the human T cell lympho- tropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), has been demonstrated to cause cancer in humans. HTLV-1 is associated with a form of T cell leukemia/lymphoma that is endemic in ceain pas of Japan and the Caribbean basin but is found sporadically elsewhere, including the United States. Similar to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HTLV-1 has tropism for CD4+ T cells, and this subset of T cells is the major target for neoplastic transformation. Human infec- tion requires transmission of infected T cells through sexual intercourse, blood products, or breastfeeding. Leukemia develops only in about 3% to 5% of infected persons after a long latent period of 20 to 50 years. There is little doubt that HTLV-1 infection of T lympho- cytes is necessary for leukemogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms of transformation are not clear. The HTLV-1 genome does not contain a viral oncogene, and in contrast with ceain animal retroviruses, no consistent integration site next to a cellular oncogene has been discovered. Indeed, the long latency period between initial infection and devel- opment of disease suggests a multistep process, during which many oncogenic mutations are accumulated. The genome of HTLV-1 contains, in addition to the usual retroviral genes, a unique region called pX. This region contains several genes, including one called TAX. The TAX protein has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for cellular transformation. By interacting with several transcription factors, such as NF-kB, the TAX protein can transactivate the expression of genes that encode cytokines, cytokine receptors, and costimulatory molecules. This inappropriate gene expression leads to autocrine signaling loops and increased activation of promitogenic signaling cascades. Fuhermore, TAX can drive progression through the cell cycle by directly binding to and activating cyclins. In addition, TAX can repress the function of several tumor suppressor genes that control the cell cycle, including CDKN2A/p16 and TP53. From these and other observa- tions, the following scenario is emerging (Fig. 5-31): The TAX gene turns on several cytokine genes and their recep- tors (e.g., the interleukins IL-2 and IL-2R and IL-15 and IL-15R), setting up an autocrine system that drives T cell proliferation. Of these cytokines, IL-15 seems to be more impoant, but much remains to be defined. Additionally, a parallel paracrine pathway is activated by increased pro- duction of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates neighboring macrophages to produce other T cell mitogens. Initially, the T cell prolifera- tion is polyclonal, because the virus infects many cells, but because of TAX-based inactivation of tumor suppressor genes such as TP53, the proliferating T cells are at increased risk for secondary transforming events (mutations), which lead ultimately to the outgrowth of a monoclonal neoplas- tic T cell population.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Human T cell lymphotropic virus", "opb": "Hepatitis B virus", "opc": "Human immunodeficiency virus", "opd": "Epstein Barr virus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "b60ffa4d-7542-4a08-acd5-0e850971df52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common Facial vein is formed by the union of", "exp": "The scalp on each side of the midline is drained by five veins. The veins of the scalp accompany the arteries and have similar names. These are as follows:\n\nSupratrochlear and supraorbital veins: They join each other at the medial angle of the eye to form the angular vein, which continues downwards as the facial vein behind the facial artery.\nSuperficial temporal vein: It descends in front of tragus to enter the parotid gland where it joins the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein, which terminates by dividing into anterior and posterior divisions. The anterior division unites with the facial vein to form common facial vein, which drains into the internal jugular vein.\nPosterior auricular vein: It descends behind the auricle and unites with the posterior division of the retromandibular vein to form the external jugular vein, which drains into the subclavian vein.\nOccipital vein: It terminates in the suboccipital venous plexus.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anterior facial and posterior facial veins", "opb": "Anterior facial and posterior auricular veins", "opc": "Anterior facial and maxillary veins", "opd": "Anterior facial and anterior branch of the posterior facial vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "c12899ab-803e-43df-97e7-90da885a75ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Toughest layer in esophagus is", "exp": "The wall of oesophagus has the usual four layers viz., mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and an external adventitia. The oesophagus does not have a serous covering except over a sho length near its lower end. The Mucosa - The mucous membrane of the oesophagus shows several longitudinal folds that disappear when the tube is distended. The mucosa is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, which is normally not keratinised. Occasional melanocytes and endocrine cells are present. A columnar epithelium, similar to that lining the cardiac end of the stomach, may extend for some distance into the abdominal pa of the oesophagus. Finger-like processes (or papillae) of the connective tissue of the lamina propria project into the epithelial layer (just like dermal papillae). This helps to prevent separation of epithelium from underlying connective tissue. At the upper and lower ends of the oesophagus some tubuloalveolar mucous glands are present in the lamina propria. The muscularis mucosae is absent or poorly developed in the upper pa of the oesophagus. It is distinct in the lower pa of the oesophagus, and is thickest near the eosophagogastric junction. It consists chiefly of longitudinal muscular fibres, but a few circular fibres are also present. The Submucosa - The only special feature of the submucosa is the presence of compound tubuloalveolar mucous glands. Small aggregations of lymphoid tissue may be present in the submucosa, specially near the lower end. Some plasma cells and macrophages are also present. The Muscularis Externa- The muscle layer consists of the usual circular and longitudinal layers. However, it is unusual in that the muscle fibres are paly striated and paly smooth. In the upper one-third (or so) of the oesophagus the muscle fibres are entirely of the striated variety, while in the lower onethird all the fibres are of the smooth variety. Both types of fibres are present in the middle onethird of the oesophagus. The Adventitia - The muscle layer of the oesophagus is surrounded by dense fibrous tissue that forms an adventitial coat for the oesophagus. The lowest pa of the oesophagus is intra-abdominal and has a covering of peritoneum. REF : Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Histology, seventh edition, pg.no., 264,265.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mucosa", "opb": "Submucosa", "opc": "Muscularis", "opd": "Adventitia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "311129b2-7073-46e1-81f7-3aaf37a5501b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most impoant mediator of chemotaxis is", "exp": "ref Robbins 7/e p56 ,9/e p77 C5a is a strong chemoattractant and is involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes, in activation of phagocytic cells and release of granule-based enzymes and generation of oxidants, all of which may contribute to innate immune functions or tissue ...", "cop": 2, "opa": "C3b", "opb": "C5a", "opc": "C5_7", "opd": "C2", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "6be807d5-bb1e-4518-9291-cd515598a1d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ideal bone for bone graft is", "exp": "The fibula is an ideal spare bone for a bone graft.Ref: Chaurasia; Volume 2; 6th edition; Page no: 29", "cop": 2, "opa": "Femur", "opb": "Fibula", "opc": "Radius", "opd": "Ulna", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "0a1feadc-1308-43c6-80e7-05afcf27defb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of bone malignancy", "exp": "Metastatic bone disease is the most commonest malignancy of bones and is much more than primary bone tumors Metastatic Bone Diseases(MBD) Cancer that begins in an organ, such as the lungs. breast, or prostate, and then spreads to bone is called metastatic bone disease (MBD). More than 1.2 million new cancer cases are diagnosed each year. Approximately 50% of these tumours can spread (metastasize) to the skeleton. With improved medical treatment of many cancers --especially breast. lung, and prostate -- patients are living longer. However, the primary cancers in more of these patients are spreading to bone. The tumours that result are called bone metastases. Organs involved in MBD * The most common cancers that arise from organs and spread to bone include: * Breast * Lung * Thyroid * Kidney * Prostate Pathophysiology of MBD : MBD causes pain in the area of spread. damages and weakens bone, and puts the patient at a greater risk for broken bones. It can make it hard to paicipate in daily activities. The biggest concern for patients with MBD is the general loss in quality of life. How much of an effect MBD has on a patient will vary and is associated with how much the cancer has spread. which bones are affected, and how severe the bone damage is. There are a range of treatment options, however. that can help patients manage pain and maintain their independence and activity levels. After the lung and the liver, the skeleton is the most common site of spread of cancers that begin in organs. Metastases to the lung and liver are often not detected until late in the course of disease because patients experience no symptoms. In contrast. bone metastases are generally painful when they occur. Cancer most commonly spreads to these sites in the skeleton: Spine Pelvis Ribs Skull Upper arm Symptoms Pain. The most common symptom of MBD is pain. Patients may have pain in the spine, pelvis, or extremities because the bone has been weakened by the tumour. Fractures. Weakened bones break more easily. A fracture from a minor injury is another possible sign of MBD. Anaemia. The most common sites of spread -- spine, pelvis, ribs, skull, upper arm, and long bones of the leg --correspond to areas of bone marrow that produce high levels of red blood cells, the cells responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues in the body. Anaemia (decreased red blood cell production) is a common blood abnormality in patients with MBD. A cancer patient who experiences any pain, especially in the back, legs, and arms, should notify his or her doctor immediately. Pain that occurs without activity (i.e., walking or lifting an object) is paicularly concerning. Refer Apleys 9th/e p 216", "cop": 1, "opa": "Secondaries", "opb": "Osteosarcoma", "opc": "Ewings sarcoma", "opd": "Osteoclastoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "0cb57f43-c937-4572-a4ac-3f0479175ae5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating) is due to lesion of", "exp": "Auriculotemporal nerve carries parasympathetic secreto-motor fibres to parotid gland. After parotidectomy, sometimes there may be regeneration of secretomotor fibres in Auriculotemporal N This regeneration is misdirected into sweat glands. Thus, whenever the patient thinks of food/smells /chews food there would be stimulation of sweat glands & hyperaemia resulting in redness & sweating in front of ear on cheek. This clinical entity is called 'FREY SYNDROME'/AURICULOTEMPORAL SYNDROME/GUSTATORY SWEATING. Image showing Starch-iodine test:", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "opb": "Chorda tympani nerve", "opc": "Trigeminal nerve", "opd": "Auriculo-temporal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Neck Triangles and parotid gland", "id": "485f90c8-104c-4347-8013-05b63ad7b306", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve supply of tip of nose", "exp": "Nerve supply General sensory nerves derived from the branches of trigeminal nerve are distributed to whole of the lateral wall: Anterosuperior quadrant is supplied by the anterior ethmoidal nerve branch of ophthalmic nerve. Anteroinferior quadrant is suplied by the anterior superior alveolar nerve branch of infraorbital continuation of maxillary nerve. Posterosuperior quadrant is supplied by the lateral posterior superior nasal branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion. Posteroinferior quadrant is supplied by the anterior palatine branch from the pterygopalatine ganglion REF.BDC VOL.3,FIFTH EDITION", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ext nasal branch of ophthalmic division of", "opb": "Inferior orbital nerve", "opc": "Buccal br of mandibular nerve", "opd": "Orbital of maxillary n", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "0a977f95-6357-4e8b-9f6f-3001e5b705d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Dacryocystitis\" is interruption in drainage of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Submandibular gland", "opb": "Parotid gland", "opc": "Lacrimal gland", "opd": "Sublingual gland", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "48e060b7-2a21-4fba-85c9-b23af6474744", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Formal thought disorder that is classical in mania is", "exp": "In flight of ideas, the individual stas at a point, shifts the topic , subsequent thoughts will have some association but they will not reach goal. This is classical of MANIA In loosening of association, patient comes with random thoughts that is not connected to each other and the goal is not reached. This is classical of schizophrenia they will introduce new words that are not present in one's dictionary , seen in SCHIZOPHRENIA In circumstantial speech individual stas about a topic, adds minute irrelevant details , beats around the bush and finally reaches the goal. This is seen in ORGANIC BRAIN CONDITIONS Ref. Kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg No.194", "cop": 1, "opa": "flight of ideas", "opb": "loosening of assosiation", "opc": "neologism", "opd": "circumstantiality", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "9b728749-350a-4a7e-a16d-de55fc99872f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anterior spinal artery is a branch of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Internal carotid artery", "opb": "Basilar artery", "opc": "Vertebral artery", "opd": "Labyrinthine artery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0bdddf8-c648-4d17-9972-ea2902839814", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Posterior communicating aery is branch of", "exp": "Posterior communicating aery arises close to the termination of internal carotid aery. Other branches of cerebral pa internal carotid aery are: Ophthalmic aery Anterior cerebral aery Middle cerebral aery Anterior choroidal aery Posterior cerebral aery is a branch of basilar aery. (Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy 2nd edition, pg- 176)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Internal carotid aery", "opb": "External carotid aery", "opc": "Middle cerebral aery", "opd": "Posterior cerebral aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "352d68f4-3e3b-43de-a122-77c83c603712", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a derivative of", "exp": "Sacrococcygeal teratoma: - Sometimes remnants of the primitive streak persist in the sacrococcygeal region. Then cluster of pluripotent cells proliferate & form tumor, known as sacrococcygeal teratomas Which commonly contain tissues derived from all three germ layers. Occurrence 1: 37,000 Most common tumor in a new born. Teratomas may also arise from abberent migration of primordial germ cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Primitive streak", "opb": "Hypoblast", "opc": "Ectoderm", "opd": "Cranial neuropore", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Development period- week 1,2,3,4", "id": "6b62891f-eaf3-4933-b9e2-ed2d32f00107", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liver is divided into", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "8 Couinaud segments", "opb": "7 Couinaud segments", "opc": "9 Couinaud segments", "opd": "10 Couinaud segments", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "20c49653-2a4a-4fa4-899b-bb8c2ac09edf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coracoid process is an example for", "exp": "-This kind of epiphysis is a pa of the bone which exist as a separate bone in lower animals;but in humans it has fused with the main bone-Coracoid bone is a separate bone in aies", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pressure epiphysis", "opb": "Traction epiphysis", "opc": "Atavistic epiphysis", "opd": "Aberrant epiphysis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d32e7099-d4a8-4ebd-b584-d2048c542ca8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Middle superior alveolar nerve is a branch of", "exp": "C i.e. Anterior nasal division of maxillary nerve", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve", "opb": "Palatine division of maxillary nerve", "opc": "Anterior nasal division of maxillary nerve", "opd": "Interior alveolar nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d15a4529-1173-4632-9cc2-ba1c59ce0926", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initial investigation for obstructive jaundice is", "exp": "Obstructive jaundiceObstructive jaundice is a paicular type of jaundice and occurs when the essential flow of bile to the intestine is blocked and remains in the bloodstream.Causes of Obstructive jaundice Due to blocked bile ducts caused by gallstones, or tumors of the bile duct.Swelling of lymph glands, scar tissue (from previous infections or surgery), or a cyst, possibly of the pancreas.Clinical featuresDiagnosisTreatmentSymptoms of obstructive jaundice include yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes; paler stools and darker urine; and intense itching. Other symptoms vary, depending on the underlying cause of the obstruction although you may also feel tired.Blood tests to examine the level of bilirubinUltrasound of the liver and bile ducts to find out the exact cause of the obstruction CT scans are also used to help examine what is causing the blockageSurgical resection ERCP or a procedure is known as Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) with percutaneous biliary drainage(Refer: Sabiston's Textbook of Surgery, 19th edition, pg no: 1535-1544)", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "ERCP", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "499c0f00-9d08-4185-9e73-1bea938670df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A widely used the drug that suppresses cellular immunity,inhibits prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis and increases the catabolism of IgG antibody is", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p828,838 Glucocoicoids are powerful immunosuppresants. These inhibit both cellular and humoral immunity by: Decreasing the recruitment of immune cells Catabolism of immunoglobulins. Inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A, resulting in decreased production of PGs,LTs and TXs", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cyclophosphamide", "opb": "Predisone", "opc": "Cyclosporine", "opd": "Infliximab", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "3f0cba17-53f5-4e38-af31-3730f421129a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The narrowest pa of the ureter is at the", "exp": "Ureterovesical junction is the anatomical position where the ureters join the urinary bladder. This is the narrowest of the ureter. Ureters are surrounded by the valves called as ureterovesical valve which will prevent the vesicoureteral reflux. Ref - urologyhealth.org", "cop": 4, "opa": "Uretero - pelvic junction", "opb": "Illiac vessel crossing", "opc": "Pelvic uterer", "opd": "Uretero - vesical junction", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "9cdea0f6-88b2-4545-b7ce-db9199c1d5a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sensory supply for skin over angle of jaw is", "exp": "Cervial plexus supplies Skin over the angle of the jaw and over the parotid gland. Lower margin of the lower jaw", "cop": 3, "opa": "Opthalmic nerve", "opb": "Mandibular nerve", "opc": "Cervical plexus", "opd": "Maxillary nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "3810ff6e-9750-4596-b3e2-27815b024b43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas", "exp": "Pancreas divisum is the most common clinically significant congenital pancreatic anomaly, with an incidence 3% to 10% in autopsy series.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pancreatic divisum", "opb": "Pancreatic cysts", "opc": "Ectopic pancreas", "opd": "Inversion of pancreatic ducts", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "93028c12-c6b0-4b2f-b81e-6f59bfe8de8a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ligamentum teres develops from", "exp": "Umbilical vein \"In anatomy, the round ligament of liver (AKA: ligamentum teres - or more specifically ligamentum teres hepatis as the human body has three round ligaments in total) is a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver. The round ligamentrepresents the remnant of the fetal left umbilical vein\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Umbilical aery", "opb": "Umbilical vein", "opc": "Ductus venosus", "opd": "Poal radicles", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "94326a65-d3e6-400a-8214-2afc769bdca7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Factor present in final common terminal complement pathway", "exp": "Ref Harrison 17/e p2030 _2032 C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convease into C5a and C5b fragments. C5b is impoant in late events of the complement cascade, an orderly series of reactions which coordinates several basic defense mechanisms, including formation of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC), one of the most basic weapons of the innate immune system, formed as an automatic response to intrusions from foreign paicles and microbial invaders. It essentially pokes microscopic pinholes in these foreign objects, causing loss of water and sometimes death. C5a, the other cleavage product of C5, acts as a highly inflammatory peptide, encouraging complement activation, formation of the MAC, attraction of innate immune cells, and histamine release involved in allergic responses", "cop": 3, "opa": "C4", "opb": "C3", "opc": "C5", "opd": "Protein B", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "dae1fd4c-a33e-4ba3-8924-b229ee3a135d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Apical lung tumor causes", "exp": "Apical lung cancer/ Pancoast tumor causes - 2deg neuron injury (Preganglionic sympathetic fibres) I/L horner syndrome (Cervical sympathetic chain and ganglion involved) Loss of sweating on same side of face 1deg sympathetic neuron injury occurs in Wallenberg syndrome 2deg sympathetic neuron (preganglionic fibers) injury occurs in Apical lung cancer 3deg sympathetic neuron (postganglionic fibers) injury occurs in Internal carotid aery disection", "cop": 4, "opa": "C/L horner syndrome", "opb": "Post ganglionic fibres involved", "opc": "1deg neuron injury", "opd": "Loss of sweating on same side of face", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Neuroanatomy 3", "id": "4e243378-60a0-4085-94d9-e1a7b4b97259", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epidural space lies between", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pia and arachnoid", "opb": "Dura and arachnoid", "opc": "Dura and veebral column", "opd": "d) Pia mater and grey mater", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2cfa365f-d369-4488-aa0e-531043910aa5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Biceps Femoris, a hamstring muscle causes", "exp": "Hamstring Muscles( Biceps femoris long head, semitendinous, semimembranous, and adductor magnus) causes flexion at knee joint and Extension at Hip Joint. Hip flexion and knee Extension by quadriceps femoris muscle Hip and knee Flexion by saorious", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hip flexion and knee Extension", "opb": "Hip and knee Flexion", "opc": "Hip and knee Extension", "opd": "Hip extension and Knee Flexion", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Muscles of Lower Limb", "id": "3b25bcb7-4465-4541-b291-968c27ed8a81", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Punishment for adultery is", "exp": "Man who commits the offence of adultery shall be punished with imprisonment up to 5 years or with fine or both. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 308", "cop": 2, "opa": "2years", "opb": "5 years", "opc": "7 years", "opd": "10years", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Sexual offences and infanticide", "id": "8c8425c8-d70f-4cfb-98db-80a6e01826c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "AScoffs nodules are seen in", "exp": "Refer Harrison 17/2095 Robbins 9/e p558 Aschoff bodies are nodulesfound in the heas of individuals with rheumatic fever. They result from inflammation in the hea muscle and are characteristic of rheumatic hea disease The cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever are in the form of focal inflammatoryinvolvement of the interstitial tissue in all 3 layers of the hea, a pathological change named pancarditis. The pathognomonicfeature of pancarditis in the case of rheumatic hea disease is the presence of Aschoff nodules or Aschoff bodies", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sub acute bacterial endocarditis", "opb": "Libman sacks endocarditis", "opc": "Rheumatic carditis", "opd": "Non bacterial thrombotuc endocarditis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "38ef4d15-5723-4675-a91a-bee016bdd1eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The infratentorial dura is supplied by branches of the", "exp": "The tentorium cerebelli is a tent-shaped fold of dura mater, forming the roof of the posterior cranial fossa.It separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and broadly divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial compaments. The infratentorial compament, in other words, is the posterior cranial fossa containing the hindbrain and the lower pa of the midbrain. The posterior cranial fossa is supplied chiefly by recurrent branches from first, second and third cervical spinal nerves and paly by meningeal branches of the ninth and tenth cranial nerves. Ref: BD Chaurasia; Volume 3; 6th edition; Page no: 92", "cop": 1, "opa": "Upper cervical spinal nerves and the vagus nerve", "opb": "Accessory and upper cervical nerve", "opc": "Only upper cervical nerves", "opd": "Only vagus nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "22fb5177-95b8-4a83-a4d9-9a0482f9e3cc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The minor surfactant in lung is", "exp": "Phosphotidyl choline is major surfactant Sphyngomyelin is minor surfactant", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stearic acid", "opb": "Palmatic acid", "opc": "Phosphotidyl choline", "opd": "Sphyngomyelin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7c4b8911-c870-4d63-9e08-da758d5e126d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle involved in the rotation and protrusion of the mandible", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Masseter", "opb": "Medial pterygoid", "opc": "Temporalis", "opd": "Digastric", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "a643f131-65d3-4213-9063-0693bdb22fdd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "C cells are present in", "exp": "Cells of the ultimobranchial body give rise to the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland. These cells secrete calcitonin, a hormone involved in regulation of the calcium level in the blood.Reference: Krishna Garg Histology; 5th edition; Page no: 230; 232", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thyroid gland", "opb": "Parathyroid gland", "opc": "Pituitary gland", "opd": "Thymus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "baf6b4c2-4eb3-4867-99dc-56ca352ad6cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NOT a content of Rectus sheath among the following is", "exp": "Thorcoabdominal nerves (T7 - T11) and Subcostal nerve ( T12) are the nerves of Rectus sheath. T6 is not the content of Rectus sheath", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pyramidalis", "opb": "Superior epigastric artery", "opc": "T12", "opd": "T6", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "f0c6b2a7-3f1f-41ef-8d5c-9ffe67f76416", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not under flexor retinaculum", "exp": "Structures deep to flexor retinaculum1) Lateral compament : Flexor carpi radialis tendon with its synol sheath lodged in the groove on the palmar surface of trapezium.2 Medial compament : (carpal tunnel proper).Structures superficially to flexor retinaculum 1) Palmaris longus tendon continuous with apex of palmar aponeurosis.2) Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve.3) Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve.4) Ulnar nerve.5) Ulnar vessels protected superficially by volar carpal ligament (superficial pa of the flexor retinaculum).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Median nerve", "opb": "Ulnar nerve", "opc": "FDS", "opd": "FPL", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "502d8d4b-bf45-4b13-9836-058caeff3e6f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In agranuloma , epthiloid cells and giant cells are derived from", "exp": "ref Robbins 9/e p97 All granulomas, regardless of cause, may contain additional cells and matrix. These include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, multinucleated giant cells, fibroblasts and collagen (fibrosis). The additional cells are sometimes a clue to the cause of thegranuloma. Macrophage and monocytes are also present", "cop": 2, "opa": "T lymphocytes", "opb": "Monocytes marcophages", "opc": "B lymphocytes", "opd": "Mast cells", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "0f782df9-505f-41ca-b784-6b1407614eef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total bones in the skull are", "exp": "The skull consists of the 22 bonesCalvaria or brain case Facial skeleton Unpaired1.Frontal2.Occipital3.Sphenoid4.EthmoidUnpaired1.Mandible2.VomerPaired1.Parietal2.TemporalPaired1.Maxilla 2.Zygomatic 3.Nasal 4.Lacrimal 5.Palatine 6.Inferior nasal conchaReference: Chaurasia; 6th edition; Chapter 1; Osteology of head and neck", "cop": 2, "opa": "18", "opb": "22", "opc": "28", "opd": "32", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e9e65f90-949e-4b16-aa85-2876be9004dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paradoxical splitting of second hea sound Heard in", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1447 Reversed or paradoxical splitting refers to a pathologic delay in aoic valve closure, such as that which occurs in patients with left bundle branch block, right ventricular pac- ing, severe AS, HOCM, and acute myocardial ischemia. With reversed or paradoxical splitting, the individual components of S2 are audible at end expiration, and their interval narrows with inspiration, the oppo- site of what would be expected under normal physiologic conditions.", "cop": 4, "opa": "RBBB", "opb": "ASD", "opc": "VSD", "opd": "LBBB", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7c831812-8b4e-46af-a796-62c9bbb513a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Jansen disease is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Defect of PTH receptor", "opb": "Defect of GH receptor", "opc": "Defect of ADH receptor", "opd": "Defect of Thyroid receptor", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8dbbd6b7-1470-4b39-9d38-72d893202ee1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by", "exp": "Ref: Kaplan and Sadock&;s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th edition, pg no: 995Features of the Neuroleptic malignant syndrome:Increased body temperature >38degC (>100.4degF), orConfused or altered consciousnessDiaphoresis \"sweat shock\"Rigid musclesAutonomic imbalanceLabile hypeension Metabolic acidosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bradycardia", "opb": "Labile hypeension", "opc": "Hypotonia", "opd": "Hypothermia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9626c8c3-0599-467f-a27c-f1e9ce793efb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cilioretinal A is a branch of", "exp": "The posterior ciliary aery (PCA) circulation is the main source of blood supply to the optic nerve head (ONH), and it also supplies the choroid up to the equator, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the outer 130 mm of retina (and, when a cilioretinal aery is present, the entire thickness of the retina in that region), and the medial and lateral segments of the ciliary body and iris. That makes the PCA circulation the most impoant pa of the ocular and ONH circulation. Therefore, disturbances in the PCA circulation can result in a variety of ocular and ONH vascular disorders, causing varying degrees of visual loss. I have investigated various aspects of the PCA circulation in health and disease by anatomic, experimental, and clinical studies since 1955. The objective of this lecture is essentially to summarize the main findings of those studies. It is beyond its scope to review the extensive literature on the subject that has accumulated over recent years. ![](\")
Ref - BD chaurasia 6e vol3 pg 212", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anterior ciliary aery", "opb": "Long posterior ciliary aery", "opc": "Cerebral retinal Aery", "opd": "Choroidal aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "b27d17d0-aa85-4baf-8bd4-65dc9270a86e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Axillary nerve supplies", "exp": "Posterior division of axillary nerve supplies the posterior pa of deltoid muscle and teres minor. Teres minor is one of the muscle in rotator cuff muscles. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no : 180", "cop": 2, "opa": "Supraspinatus", "opb": "Teres minor", "opc": "Teres major", "opd": "Infraspinatus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "a8789c13-4c7f-4657-be6e-30faa4b96d33", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hirsprung disease is due to", "exp": "C i.e. Failure of migration of neural crest cells from cranial to caudal direction", "cop": 3, "opa": "Loss of anterior longitudinal cells", "opb": "Loss of ganglionic cell in paraveebral sympathetic chain", "opc": "Failure of migration of neural crest.cell from cranial tocaudal direction", "opd": "Idiosyncratic", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "c6300c87-c907-4a76-8c83-b4cccb71ed21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ergot alkaloid commonly used to prevent postpaum haemorrhage is", "exp": "Methylergometrine (methergin) is administered during delivery of anterior to prevent postpaum hemorrhage Ref-KDT 6/e p322", "cop": 1, "opa": "methyp ergometrine", "opb": "ergotamine", "opc": "dihydroergotamine", "opd": "dihydroergotoxine", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "3a887063-50ed-40a3-a377-71d74f54a584", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metrinidazole is least likely to be effective in the treatment of", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p686 Metranidazole is not effective against pneumocyst infection. The DOC for this condition is cotrimoxazole", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hepatic amoebiasis", "opb": "Infection caused by bacteroides fragilis", "opc": "Pseudomembranous colitis", "opd": "Pneumocystosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "bfd34a13-911f-43c3-a863-a40c44ad4857", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Centrum of veebra is formed from", "exp": "In the veebrate spinal column, each veebra is an irregular bone with... The upper and lower surfaces of the centrum are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the interveebral discs.BD CHAURASIA S HUMAN ANATOMY Vol1", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pre axial mesoderm", "opb": "Notochord", "opc": "Paraxial mesoderm", "opd": "Somatic mesoderm", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "394730a6-6ecc-4e70-a5b0-19a267c8d7cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "High calcium intake can lead to", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no Milk alkali syndrome is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbabke antacids such as milk or calcium carbonate .This is associated with the development of metastatic Calcification", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osteoporosis", "opb": "Osteopotrosis", "opc": "Milk alkali syndrome", "opd": "Renal failure", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "1f8d01ad-bfc0-40f5-856b-91a4bdcf719e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major flexor of hip joint", "exp": "The hip flexors Vesi are (in descending order of impoance to the action of flexing the hip joint): Collectively known as the iliopsoas or inner hip muscles: Psoas major Iliacus muscle Anterior compament of thigh Rectus femoris (pa of the quadriceps muscle group) Saorius One of the gluteal muscles: Tensor fasciae latae Medial compament of thigh Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor The psoas major is a long fusiform muscle located on the side of the lumbar region of the veebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. Ref - BDC 6th edition vol2 ; pg 139", "cop": 1, "opa": "Psoas major", "opb": "Gluteus maximus", "opc": "Tensor fasciae latae", "opd": "Hamstring", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "3fb7fe3b-5161-4517-8974-a351c9f6879a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In child's criteria paial encephalopathy, bilirubin 2.5mg/dl, albumin 3gm/dl, prothrombin time 5min and controlled ascites indicates", "exp": "Refer previous question child-Turcotte point score table Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1436", "cop": 2, "opa": "Grade A", "opb": "Grade B", "opc": "Grade C", "opd": "More information needed", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "ce1329da-d35e-4c2f-85ec-bf26432f925d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intraocular muscle supplied by Edinger Westphal nucleus is", "exp": "All pas of the muscle are supplied by parasympathetic nerves. The pathway involves the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, oculomotor nerve, and the ciliary ganglion. The nerve to inferior oblique gives a branch for the ciliary ganglion. This branch brings the fibres of Edinger-Westphal nucleus (GVE) to the ganglion for relay. The postganglionic fibres end up in supplying the ciliaris for enhancing the anterior curvature of the lens and the sphincter pupillae for narrowing the size of the pupil. Both these are intraocular muscles required for accommodation. Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 4th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior oblique", "opb": "Ciliary muscle", "opc": "Lateral rectus", "opd": "Medial rectus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "e921c35f-c15f-4f14-8b4f-193a8514cd51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If circumflex aery gives the posterior interventricular branch, this circulation is described as aEUR'", "exp": "Left dominance Dominance of the coronary aerial system depends on which aery gives rise to the posterior interventricular branch (posterior descending aery). This branch supplies adjacent areas of both ventricles and posterior third of the IV septum.Right dominance: In this more conzmon type the posterior interventricular aery is a brute of . coronary aery. Seen in 67 to 90% of the population (67% according to Moore's 5/e and 90% according to Snell's 6/e and BDC 4/e, and some middle values on internet)Left dominance: The circumflex aery, the continuation of left coronary provides the post. IV branch (Seen in 10 to 15%)Codominance/balanced: Branches of both right and left coronary aery run in or near the sulcus.Note that the term 'Right dominance' is misleading, since the left aery almost always supplies a greater volume of tissue.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right dominance", "opb": "Left dominance", "opc": "Codominance", "opd": "Undetermined", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e9b5e3f-9ab5-4316-b9c2-641146a6254a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A \"Potential Anastomosis\" seen in", "exp": "Aerial anastomosis is the communication between the aeries, or branches of aeries. It may be actual or potential. Actual Aerial Anastomosis: In actual aerial anastomosis the aeries meet end to end. For example, palmar arches, plantar arch, circle of Willis, intestinal arcades, labial branches of facial aeries. Potential Aerial Anastomosis: In potential aerial anastomosis the communication takes place between the terminal aerioles. Such communications can dilate only gradually for collateral circulation. Therefore on sudden occlusion of a main aery, the anastomosis may fail to compensate the loss. The examples are seen in the coronary aeries and the coical branches of cerebral aeries. Ref - Medscape.com", "cop": 3, "opa": "Labial branch of facial aery", "opb": "Intercostal aery", "opc": "Coronary aery", "opd": "Aerial arcades of mesentery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "29c000e9-8b6e-4dd4-96d1-fa6256a566c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Choledochal cyst in intrahepatic biliary tree", "exp": "Todani Modification of Alonso-Lej classification Type I - Dilation of extrahepatic biliary tree Type Ia- cystic dilation Type Ib - focal segmental dilation Type Ic- fusiform dilation Type II - Diveicular dilation of extrahepatic biliary tree Type III - Cystic dilation of intra duodenal poion of common bile ducts (choledochocele) Type IVA- Dilation of the extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary tree Type IVB- Dilation of multiple secretion of extrahepatic bile ducts Type V - Dilation confined to intrahepatic bile ducts (caroli's disease) Type VI - Cystic dilation of cystic duct (not included in Todani's modification) Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1510-1511", "cop": 3, "opa": "I", "opb": "II", "opc": "IVa", "opd": "IVb", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e2ffc187-b0d1-432c-abe5-2e6bf87c51b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Contraindication of TIPSS is", "exp": "Contraindications of TIPSS Absolute Right sided hea failure Polycystic liver disease Pulmonary hypeension Hepatopulmonary syndrome Relative Poal vein thrombosis Hypervascular liver tumors Encephalopathy Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1439", "cop": 1, "opa": "HPS", "opb": "HRS", "opc": "VOD", "opd": "BCS", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b0c751c6-e318-48df-b683-5ae5f3218b43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscles of the anterior compament of the leg are innervated primarily by", "exp": "In the leg, the deep peroneal nerve supplies muscular branches to the Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus, Fibularis (Peroneus) teius, and Extensor hallucis longus, and an aicular branch to the ankle-joint.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deep peroneal nerve", "opb": "Superficial peroneal nerve", "opc": "Sural nerve", "opd": "Saphenous", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "595b47d2-c1bb-4323-9179-979787a3a4ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Foramen scarpa is another name of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mental foramen.", "opb": "Incisive foramen", "opc": "Infra orbital foramen.", "opd": "Supraorbital foramen.", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "917afbe2-1dbf-40b3-bf1a-dbac3e0f4fdf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ANCA is most specific and sensitive marker for", "exp": "Robbins 9/e p 910-911 merulonephritis and cases of crescentic glomerulone- phritis that occur as a component of systemic vasculitis, and the similar pathologic features in either setting, have led to the idea that these disorders are pathogeneti- cally related. According to this concept, all cases of crescentic glomerulonephritis of the pauci-immune type are manifestations of small-vessel vasculitis or polyangiitis, which is limited to glomerular and perhaps peritubular capillaries in cases of idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis. Since these entities are viewed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Idiopathic cresteric glomerlunephritis", "opb": "Post streptococcal Glomerulonephritis", "opc": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Focal segmental Glomerulunephritis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "f2137ab5-4a03-45d0-9f3f-cef130aaa2c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Treatment of choice for cyanide poisoning is", "exp": "Refer kDT 6/e p527 Administer a cyanide antidote if the diagnosis of cyanide toxicity is strongly suspected, without waiting for laboratory confirmation. Available antidotes are hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) and sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite (Nithiodote). Both are given intravenously. Patients who present with more than minimal symptoms that resolve without treatment should be admitted for observation and suppoive care. In patients with acute poisoning from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas or soluble salts, the principal acute care concerns are hemodynamic instability and cerebral edema. The continuous cardiac monitoring, respiratory and cardiovascular suppo, and frequent neurologic evaluation these patients require is generally best provided in an intensive care unit.", "cop": 4, "opa": "NaHCo3", "opb": "KMnO4", "opc": "Nacl", "opd": "Sodium nitrate followed by thiosulphate", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "cc344fb9-0565-4a04-af37-571d8fd0ddec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Middle cerebellar peduncle transmits fibres of", "exp": "A. i.e. Pontocerebellar pathway", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ponto cerebellar pathway", "opb": "Tectospinal pathway", "opc": "Spinocerebellar pathway", "opd": "Olivo cerebellar pathway", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "e31d24f7-a3dd-4dc2-a296-db8ecd38256c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kayser Fleischer ring is seen in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 850 Toxic injury to the brain primarily affects the basal ganglia, paicularly the putamen, which shows atrophy and even cavita- tion. Nearly all patients with neurologic involvement develop eye lesions called Kayser-Fleischer rings, green to brown depos- its of copper in Descemet membrane in the limbus of the cornea.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Wilson's disease", "opb": "Alpha 1antitrypsin deficiency", "opc": "Hemochromatosis", "opd": "Primary biliary cirrhosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "933371ce-8ca3-4464-aa42-648a104a9a40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest lymphoid organ is", "exp": "(B) Spleen [BDC II4-279# Largest lymphatic organ in the human body is the spleen.> Primary function of the spleen is to purify the blood and store blood cells.> It helps the immune system identify and combat foreign antibodies.> Spleen consists of white pulp and red pulp.> White pulp generates blood cells and synthesizes antibodies, and the red pulp removes old blood cells and filters the blood.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Thymus", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "e91e7fd1-be6f-4a7d-b9b8-378944a3e01d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Balthazar scoring system is used for", "exp": "Computed Tomography severity index(CTSI) for acute pancreatitis CTSI= Balthazar grade score + necrosis score Highest attainable score =10 CTSI score 0-3: Moality 3%,Morbidity 8% 4-6: Moality 6%, Morbidity 35% 7-10: Moality 17%, Morbidity 92% Refer CTSI table Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1527", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute pancreatitis", "opb": "Acute appendicitis", "opc": "Acute cholecystitis", "opd": "Cholangitis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "d70147a3-9095-4d15-83de-5d6a74f300b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Failure of descent of thyroid analage can be seen in the tongue", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "In anterior 2/3 of dorsal aspect", "opb": "In posterior 1/3 of dorsal aspect", "opc": "Near the base of tongue close to foramen caecum", "opd": "In anterior 2/3 of inferior surface", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "10a11d66-f8c4-45aa-8b9a-ee0650101a8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Safety muscle of tongue is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyoglossus", "opb": "Genioglossus", "opc": "Palatoglossus", "opd": "Styloglossus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "58769b68-42c5-4c1f-90a8-772411ea8c38", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deep injury of neck always involves", "exp": "Investing layer lies deep to the platysma and surrounds the neck like a collar. The surgeon has to stitch platysma muscle separately so that skin does not adhere to deeper neck muscles otherwise the skin will get an ugly scar. Ref BDC volume 3;sixth edition pg 81", "cop": 1, "opa": "Platysma", "opb": "Trapezius", "opc": "Sternocleidomastoid", "opd": "Longus colli", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "b6f0b264-14fe-4360-8e5f-7ee786a3b7c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hanging cast is used in", "exp": "Refer Maheshwari 6th/e 94 Most of the closed fractures can be treated by hanging cast from shoulder to wrist with the elbow flexed to 90 degree Other methods of conservative Treatment areU-slab,chest arm bandage and functional castbrace", "cop": 4, "opa": "Femur", "opb": "Radius", "opc": "Tibia", "opd": "Humerus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "33734b3f-2817-4407-8888-8014d50e97c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Auxillary ohotopic liver transplant is indicated for", "exp": "Indication of Auxillary Paial Ohotopic Liver Transplantation (APOLT) Reversible fulminant hepatic failure Small for size grafts Non- Cirrhotic metabolic liver disease ABO incompatibility AOPLT In fulminant hepatic failure, APOLT provides temporary suppo until the native liver recovers and then immunosuppression can be withdrawn APOLT can compensate for enzyme deficiency in non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease Transplants of ABO incompatible grafts are often unavoidable due to limited number of potential donor candidates. A high incidence of early graft failure with a high rate of biliary and vascular complication in ABO incompatible liver transplantation is repoed. The remnant liver could sustain a patients life if the anticipated graft failure occurred in an ABO incompatible case In small for graft size, the remnant liver is expected to suppo the function of implanted graft during the early post op period. The graft liver expands its function in propoion to volume growth. After the graft liver has grown sufficiently, it can be expected to meet the hepatic functional demands of the reciepient Ref: Blumga 5th edition Pg no : 1689-1693", "cop": 1, "opa": "Metabolic liver disease", "opb": "As a standby procedure until finding a suitable donor", "opc": "Drug induced hepatic failure", "opd": "Acute fulminant liver failure for any cause", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "3354a8f5-cdc4-4928-a647-ed49fc098543", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Biceps brachii does not arise from", "exp": "BICEPS BRACHII:-Origin: Two heads-Long head-supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and glenoid labrum.Sho head-coracoid process of scapula.Inseion:-posterior rough pa of radial tuberosity Nerve supply:-musculocutaneous nerve.Action: supination of forearm when elbow is flexed.Flexion of forearm when elbow is extended.Biceps reflex:-Tapping tendon of biceps brachii by reflex hammer with forearm pronated and paially extended at elbow. Normal reflex confirms the integrity of musculocutaneous nerve and C5 and C6 spinal segments.{Reference: Vishram Singh, pg no.105}", "cop": 4, "opa": "Supraglenoid tubercle", "opb": "Glenoid labrum", "opc": "Coracoid process", "opd": "Front of humerus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "53175c78-4c50-4fdd-81d3-58b54da6e591", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The layer responsible for strength of an intestinal anastomosis is", "exp": "Mechanical propeiesThe mechanical propeies of the intact intestine in axial and transversal directions were different. The mechanical strength of the intact intestinal wall was conditioned by the submucosa and muscularis, while the serosa and mucosa showed no significant strength. Comparison of axial specimens&; mechanical propeies of the intact intestinal wall and intestinal wall with all layers sutured through determined that only the submucosa supplies mechanical strength to the anastomosis.Other layers contribute no significant force to anastomotic strength. The strength applied to the thread during knot tying does not change the paicipation of the intestinal layers in supplying suture-holding capacity for 8 and 12 mm stitch depth. (Refer:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mucosa", "opb": "Submucosa", "opc": "Muscularis propria", "opd": "Serosa", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7f8124d9-a169-4cec-9201-be0c1cc4f49f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Testis lies in deep inguinal ring upto", "exp": "Descent of testis The testes develop in relation to the developing mesonephros, at the level of segments T10 to T12. Subsequently, they descend to reach the scrotum. Each testis begins to descend during the second month of intrauterine life. It reaches the iliac fossa by the 3rd month Rests at the deep inguinal ring from the 4th to the 6th month, Traverses the inguinal canal during the 7th month, Reaches the superficial inguinal ring by the 8th month and the bottom of the scrotum by the 9th month. An extension of peritoneal cavity called the processus vaginalis precedes the descent of testis into the scrotum, into which the testis invaginates. The processus vaginalis closes above the testis. Descent does not occur after one year of age. Ref - BDC 6th edition vol2 pg 227", "cop": 3, "opa": "4th month", "opb": "5th month", "opc": "7th month", "opd": "9th month", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "9854babf-873c-42f1-b39b-0639afdcae21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cranial nerve palsy in basilar skull\nfracture", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Optic nerve", "opb": "Olfactory nerve", "opc": "Facial nerve", "opd": "Auditory nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9d5fd73-8752-4ba7-9c95-34ab3c13f8f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemorrhagic infraction is seen in", "exp": "Ref Harrison 18/e p162,9/e p123 A hemorrhagic infarct (HI) can be defined as an ischemic infarct in which an area of bleeding exists within necrosing cerebral tissue. This definition includes smallhemorrhages confined to minor ischemic areas in grey matter as well as much larger lesions involving coical and deep hemispheric regions. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is the presence of thrombosis in the dural vein, which occurs when a blood clot forms in the brain's venous sinus that prevents blood from draining out of the brain . Patients with venous sinus thrombosis have a variety of symptoms . Venous hemorrhagic infarction (VHI) is presented as a severe form of clinical symptom and a poor prognostic factor of CVST .", "cop": 1, "opa": "Venous thrombosis", "opb": "Thrombosis", "opc": "Septicaemia", "opd": "Embolism", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "0ee097f0-5ab7-4dd5-ba4b-c08732c7424b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Griesofulvin is not useful in one of the following", "exp": "Refer CMDT 2010/110 *griesofulvin is used for dermatophytoses including Tinea capitis, Tinea cruris, Tinea pedis, Tinea ungunum and Tinea corporis *Tinea versicolor is caused by yeast Malassezia furfur .it is treated by selenium sulfide AMD ketaconazole shampoo", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tinea capitis", "opb": "Tinea Cruris", "opc": "Tinea versicolor", "opd": "Tinea pedis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "fc3110ba-dbf1-4a4b-beaa-9abad5cb3a03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Elimination of alcohol follows", "exp": "Elimination of alcohol from blood is always linear with time, i.e., zero order kinetics. Ref-KDT 6/e p38", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zero order kinetics", "opb": "First order kinetics", "opc": "Second order kinetics", "opd": "Third Order kinetics", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "993bb4a6-a4ec-4ae4-afab-837941523abd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "a patient was brought to psychiatry casuality with contraction of the neck , the patient told that it was painul. this symptom staed after the injection given at the psychiatry hospital for his psychosis. the type of side effect caused by the drug is", "exp": "Acute dystonia * <48 hours of staing antipsychotics * M.C in======Younger black males * If a patient develops dystonia he is more prone for eps Patient considers this as an Allergic reaction , thereby may stop drugs Layryngeal dystonia is a Psychiatric emergency, should be treated with IV lorazepam TREATMENT * Diphenhydramine * Benztropine mesylate * Prophylactic anticholinergics helps Ref. Kaplonand sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, page no. 925", "cop": 1, "opa": "dystonia", "opb": "neuroleptic malignant syndrome", "opc": "akathisa", "opd": "tardive dyskinesia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry", "id": "8602413e-fc50-497e-81dd-796bfd7972dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In ductus venous, the fetal blood from the placenta reaches to the liver through", "exp": "when there is an increase in placental circulation, to facilitate the rapid transpo of blood through the liver ,a large passage is formed between left umbilical vein and right hepato cardiac channel.This passage is called ductus venosus REFERENCE: TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL EMBRYOLOGY... VISHRAM SINGH SECOND EDITION....PAGE NO:241", "cop": 4, "opa": "Poal vein", "opb": "Right umbilical vein", "opc": "Inferior vena cava", "opd": "Left umbilical vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "9a0193f1-1fb8-403c-bdd7-5cd57577f00b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "charecterstic of anorexia nervosa is", "exp": "Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a eating disorder where the patient has decreased weight and altered body image and persistent desire to maintain thinness * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Intense fear of becoming fat * Restriction of food intake * Restricting type * Binge eating and purging type * Amenorrhea is not needed for diagnosis, previously amenorrhea is considered as a diagnostic criteria for diagnosis, in recent DSM 5 amenorrhea is considered for a diagnosis * Association= * OCD and depression * Decreased interest in sex * Complication * 7-14% moality * ECG changes * Hypokalemic alkalosis because of induced vomiting * Gastric dilation * Drugs * Cypro hepatidine * SSRI * Management * Admit in severe cases * Prevent vomiting by making restroom inaccessible for 2 hours after food intake * Avoid laxatives * Small frequent meals * Avoid refeeding syndrome Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 509", "cop": 2, "opa": "overweight", "opb": "intense fear of becoming fat", "opc": "binge eating", "opd": "metabolic syndrome", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Sleep disorders and eating disorders", "id": "f88d328c-51b9-4639-b97e-7702f78f37b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Three point bony relationship Of the elbow is disturbed", "exp": "Fracture lateral condyle of the humerus Three point bony relation ship of elbow Fracture of medial or lateral and condyke/epicondyle/intercanglylar area Fracture of olecranon Elbow dislocation Refer Kenneth A Evil 4th p 609", "cop": 2, "opa": "Supracondylar fracture of humerus", "opb": "Fracture lateral Condyleof humerus", "opc": "Monteggia fracture dislocation", "opd": "Fracture of proximal radius", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "f2240f31-cf5f-4920-bcca-1fe0ed75f56b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common benign tumor of liver is", "exp": "Most common benign tumor of the liver Mainly seen in women of 45 years Small capillary hemangiomas(no clinical significance), larger cavernous hemangioma Usually single and <5 cm in diameter, occur equally in right and left liver Giant hemangioma: lesion>5cm Pathology Microscopically: Endothelium-lines, blood filled spaces that are seperated by thin, fibrous septa Enlargement of hemangiomas are by ectasia rather than neoplasia Clinical features Most commonly asymptomatic and incidentally found on imaging studies Large compressive masses may cause vague upper abdominal symptoms Kasabach-Merritt syndrome; syndrome of thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulapathy Rarely seen LFT's and tumor markers are normal Diagnosis Diagnosis is made radiologically CT and MRI are diagnostic if a typical peripheral nodular enhancement pattern is seen Percutaneous biopsy is potentially dangerous and inaccurate not recommended Treatment Observation for asymptomatic cases Enucleation with inflow control is TOC for symptomatic cases Ref : Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1456-1457", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemangioma", "opb": "Hepatic adenoma", "opc": "Hepatoma", "opd": "Hamaoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "2e572684-6f03-4cd6-9586-f6095af8f3b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum unsaturated fatty acids are seen in", "exp": "FatsPUFASafflower oil75Sunflower seed oil65Soya bean oil62Margarine 50Groundnut oil31Palm oil10Butter 3Coconut oil2(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24thedition, pg no: 649)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mustard oil", "opb": "Groundnut oil", "opc": "Safflower oil", "opd": "Coconut oil", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e32006ed-15b7-47f2-b7b5-5d6a00bd9d41", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Regarding sexual differentiation of the fetus", "exp": "OptionB: SRY Gene located on Y chromosome encodes Testis Determining Factor which leads to the development of male genital organs Option C&D: Development of external genitalia is similar in males and females till the 6th week of IUL(Indifferent stage)....later develops in the direction of hormones. REFERENCE: TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL EMBRYOLOGY... VISHRAM SINGH SECOND EDITION..PAGE NO:277", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gonadal development begins at 5th week of intrauterine life", "opb": "Y chromosome determines the differentiation of ovaries", "opc": "Female external genitalia development is completed by 10 weeks", "opd": "Male sexual differentiation occurs earlier than females", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e1176adb-60a7-47ed-b1c4-5214d1f25cef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amyloid is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p256 Amyloidosis is a condition associated with a number of inherited and inflammatory disorders in which extracel- lular deposits of fibrillar proteins are responsible for tissue damage and functional compromise. These abnormal fibrils are produced by the aggregation of misfolded pro- teins (which are soluble in their normal folded configura- tion) or protein fragments. The fibrillar deposits bind a wide variety of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, and plasma proteins, notably serum amyloid P component (SAP). The presence of abundant charged sugar groups in these adsorbed proteins gives the deposits staining charac- teristics that were thought to resemble starch (amylose). Therefore, the deposits were called \"amyloid,\" a name that is firmly entrenched despite the realization that the depos- its are unrelated to starch.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mucopolysaccharide", "opb": "Lipoprotein", "opc": "Glycoproteins", "opd": "Intermediate filament", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "0d12039c-9637-4108-9e9f-0978d63fc44d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a branch of posterior cord of Brachial plexus", "exp": "Long thoracic nerve arises from the nerve root of C5-C7 and it supplies serratus anterior muscle. The axillary nerve supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles. The thoracodorsal nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle. The radial nerve supplies 3 heads of triceps brachii and 12 muscles on the back of the forearm. Mnemonic Posterior cord - ULTRA U- upper subscapular nerve L-lower subscapular nerve T-thoracodorsal R-radial nerve A-axillary nerve B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 58 Fig: 4.14,page no:55 BD chaurasia 6th edition.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Axillary nerve", "opb": "Thoracodorsal nerve", "opc": "Radial nerve", "opd": "Ulnar nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "7cb66b48-e4a6-4b99-bc0c-bd344af53583", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of ectopic pancreatic tissue", "exp": "Accessory pancreatic tissue found in stomach duodenum or mechel's diverticulam.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Jejunam", "opc": "Appendix", "opd": "Hilum of spleen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "173b8033-4e23-4972-8212-bf411fa3efa6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anterior neuropore closes at", "exp": "Clinical neuroanatomy; Vishram Singh; Pg no:7 Anterior/cranial neuropore closes at 24th day of intrauterine life if dont close Anencephaly", "cop": 2, "opa": "16 days", "opb": "24 days", "opc": "28 days", "opd": "8 days", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "c2728986-6a48-4202-8470-163d35be4ce8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Poosystemic shunt is not sent in", "exp": "At the liver, hepatic sinusoids& superior epigastric veins are forming poocaval anastomosis, at rectum superior rectal&middle, inferior rectal vein forms, at oesophagus between left gastric and azygos vein. Ref: Gray's 39e/p1026", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liverpool", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Anorectum", "opd": "Gastrointestinal Esophageal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "d32ba19b-6cf3-4bff-b2a2-6824813748fe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ferruginous bodies are seen in", "exp": "Inorganic paicles may become coated with iron protein complexes and ate called Ferruginous bodies A ferruginous body is a histopathologic finding in interstitial lung disease suggestive of significant asbestos exposure (asbestosis). Asbestos exposure is associated with occupations such as shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing, and constructio Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 3, "opa": "Silicosis", "opb": "Byssinosis", "opc": "Asbestosis", "opd": "Bagassosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "a4599e3b-9746-4b5e-a4b2-3cfb05433323", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neutrophil secretes", "exp": "ref Robbins 7/e p73 Cathepsin G also secreted by neutrophil", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superoxide dismutase", "opb": "Myeloperoxidase", "opc": "Lysosomal enzyme", "opd": "Catalase", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "0ba335b4-c9d8-47c1-9ebe-c746989cb966", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Laryngeal prominence is formed by", "exp": "Thyroid cailage is V-shaped in cross-section.It consists of right and left laminae. each lamina is roughly quadrilateral.The laminae are placed obliquely relative to the midline,their posterior borders are far apa but the anterior borders approach each other at an angle that is about 90 degree in the male and about 120 degree in the female. The lower pas of the anterior borders of the right and left laminae fuse and form a median projection called the laryngeal prominence.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cricoid cailage", "opb": "Hyoid bone", "opc": "Anterior margin of thyroid", "opd": "Angle of the thyroid cailage", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "01180949-e950-41a9-af0b-46647e262e81", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The nerve that emerges from the two superficial heads of lateral pterygoid muscle is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Buccal nerve", "opb": "Massetric nerve", "opc": "Nerve to pterygoid muscle", "opd": "Inferior alveolar nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "e9de453c-f159-4579-a58f-f2a84ca694df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anterior 2/3 of tongue develops from", "exp": "The anterior two-thirds: From two lingual swellings which arise from the first branchial arch. Therefore, it is supplied by lingual nerve of first arch and chorda tympani of second arch The posterior one-third: From cranial large pa of the hypobranchial eminence, that is from the third arch. Therefore, it is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve The posterior-most pa from the fouh arch. This is supplied by the vagus nerve Ref BDC volume 3,sixth edition pg 270", "cop": 1, "opa": "1st branchial arch", "opb": "2nd branchial arch", "opc": "3rd branchial arch", "opd": "4th branchial arch", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "9bf044ee-c684-40de-a4cf-812cfc8cac74", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Length of male urethra is", "exp": "Length of male urethra is 20 cm long and female urethra is 4 cm long. Male urethra contains 3 pas- Prostatic urethra- 4 cm Membranous urethra-0.5-0.6 cm Spongy urethra -15 to 20 cm", "cop": 3, "opa": "10 cm", "opb": "15 cm", "opc": "20 cm", "opd": "30 cm", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pelvis and Perineum 3", "id": "e510993f-b188-4e25-b35b-63b35431e960", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sacrotuberous ligament is pierced by", "exp": "Ans: A Perforating cutaneous nerveSacrotuberous ligament (STL) -Stabiliser of sacro-iliac joint.Connects bony pelvis to veebral column.Structure piercing STL - Perforating cutaneous nerve.Perforating cutaneous nerve:Cutaneous nerve that arises from the 52 and 53 nerve roots of the sacral plexus.Supplies lower medial pa of buttock.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Perforating cutaneous nerve", "opb": "Posterior femoral cutaneous", "opc": "Superior gluteal nerve", "opd": "Sciatic nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "e942c96f-33ee-4b46-9413-c9a7b58b04ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deformity with decreased carrying angle is", "exp": "Refer Apleys 9th e p 372 Cubitus varus develops which is reduced carrying angle and Cubitus valgus is increased carrying angle", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cubitus varus", "opb": "Mannus varus", "opc": "Cubitus valgus", "opd": "Mannus valgus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "8a9f1643-e566-4d39-9d2d-626821888c52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fibrous pericardium in supplied by", "exp": "Fibrous pericardium in supplied by phrenic Nerve. Visceral pericardium does not have somatic sensation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pericardiophrenic Nerve", "opb": "Phrenic Nerve", "opc": "T2 to T6 intercostal nerves", "opd": "Vagus nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "7ac725b5-a59d-48cc-ac6a-242ec2ce1826", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ramu, 40 year old male, chronic alcoholic, diagnosed as cirrhosis, presents with a lump in the right lobe of liver. Serum AFP level is normal. Most probable diagnosis is", "exp": "This is a typical presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma (age, cirrhosis, presence of lump, all perfectly match.) The only problem is that AFP is not elevated. This should not prevent us from making a diagnosis of HCC as Schwaz writes-\"It must be kept in mind that only 60 to 75% of HCCs produce AFP; therefore, a normal serum AFP level does not rule out HCC.\" Hepatocellular adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia (I' could not find any term as Fibrohyperplasia) are seen in women of reproductive age gp. They are associated with OCPs. Ref : Schwaz 9/e, p 1110", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibrohyperplasia", "opb": "Hepatocellular carcinoma", "opc": "Secondaries", "opd": "Hepatocellular adenoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "3a26480a-e6a5-4f5a-9911-e33cb9e428fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Left ovarian vein drains into", "exp": "Ovarian veins crosses the ureter anteromedially halfway between bifurcation of the IVC and the point in which it joins the anterolateral inferior vena cava (IVC). The left ovarian vein ascends similarly into the abdomen but drains into the left renal vein. ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg384", "cop": 1, "opa": "Left renal vein", "opb": "Internal iliac vein", "opc": "Inferior vena cava", "opd": "Azygos vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "abd96b36-d43e-45f3-8367-7625a3e5d777", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The role of bradykinin in process of inflammation is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p65- 66 ; 9/e p89 Bradykinin is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator and mild diuretic, which may cause a lowering of the blood pressure. It also causes contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle in the bronchus and gut, increases vascular permeability and is also involved in the mechanism of pain.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vasoconstriction", "opb": "Bronchiodilatation", "opc": "Pain", "opd": "Increase in vascular permeability", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "3faf163d-f453-41c0-822e-2ade3a48cb4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The marked area develops from(in green colour)", "exp": "The marked area is floor of fossa ovalis that developes from septum primum", "cop": 1, "opa": "Septum Primum", "opb": "Septum secundum", "opc": "Ostium primum", "opd": "Ostium secundum", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2018", "id": "0c88435b-3b57-41fe-98b4-4066a3ee5c6c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sexual intercourse with another man's wife with her consent and without the consent of that man is", "exp": "Adultery Sexual intercourse with another man's wife with her consent and without the consent of that man is adultery. Man who commits the offence of adultery shall be punished with imprisonment up to 5 years or with fine or both. In such cases, the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 308", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sodomy", "opb": "Adultery", "opc": "Bestiality", "opd": "Tribadism", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Sexual offences and infanticide", "id": "91cea68d-dab9-4c16-9b41-5e98be145c50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stapes footplate covers", "exp": "B. i.e. Oval window", "cop": 2, "opa": "Round window", "opb": "Oval window", "opc": "Inferior sinus tympani", "opd": "Pyramid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "59ac6f0c-1ab9-4a49-86e4-c2baaa43be8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitum's sign is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "AR", "opb": "MS", "opc": "AS", "opd": "TR", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0fc5a53f-3cec-42d4-b55a-c2f55b6b2f21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Procalcitonin is used as marker of", "exp": "ref Harrison 18/e p3419 Procalcitonin is an acute phase reactant which is now useful for being a marker of sepsis Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker that exhibits greater specificity than other proinflammatory markers (eg, cytokines) in identifying patients with sepsis and can beused in the diagnosis of bacterial infections", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cardiac dysfunction in acute coronary syndrome", "opb": "Menstrual perodicity", "opc": "Pituitary function", "opd": "Sepsis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "775c3602-1ecb-4cb6-9c6c-940558a97fef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following cells are responsible for acid secretion in kidney", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "I cells", "opb": "P cells", "opc": "Mesangial cells", "opd": "Pericytes", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6f0a1139-9834-47b9-bc01-616af4c7f7b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Length of female urethra", "exp": "The female urethra, about 4 cm in length, is fused with the anterior wall of the vagina. It ends between the clitoris and the vagina. The male urethra, about 20 cm in length, comprises three pas: prostatic, membranous, and spongy Ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg379", "cop": 2, "opa": "2cm", "opb": "4cm", "opc": "6cm", "opd": "8cm", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "c0a0b020-8533-4cce-82fb-3397b4264adc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common presentation of cardiac Lupus is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myocarditis", "opb": "Pericarditis", "opc": "Aoic regurgitation", "opd": "Libman sacks endocarditis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b83b623d-cee1-4d88-83cc-bbabb2fd478f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "cleft palate is the side effect of", "exp": "- SIDE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG - APLASTIC ANEMIA - AGRANULOCYTOSIS - Hyponatremia - Steven Johnson's syndrome - Liver enzyme elevation - It has teratogenic potential - CLEFT PALATE, FINGER NAIL HYPOLASIA, - SPINA BIFIDA Ref, kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition,pg no.935", "cop": 1, "opa": "carbamezepine", "opb": "clozapine", "opc": "risperidone", "opd": "olanzapine", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry", "id": "1c5d91d8-3a19-4ce8-b54e-03b163bf8867", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cephalic vein drains into", "exp": "CEPHALIC VEIN:-&;begins as continuation of lateral end of dorsal venous arch. Crosses roof of anatomical snuff box. Ascends On radial border of forearm, continues in front of elbow,along biceps. Pierces deep fascia at lower border of pectoralis major. Runs in cleft between deltoid and pectoralis major. Pierces clavipectoral fascia. Drains into axillary vein.&; Cephalic vein is accompanied by lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. {Reference: vishram singh, pg no.98}", "cop": 3, "opa": "Brachial vein", "opb": "Subclan vein", "opc": "Axillary vein", "opd": "Inferior vena cava", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "e22b46e0-7b70-4bb9-a939-e91981200376", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The arrow indicating the anatomical identification of structure", "exp": "(C) 3rd ventricle", "cop": 3, "opa": "First ventricle", "opb": "2nd ventricle", "opc": "3rd ventricle", "opd": "4th ventricle", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "04ffc86e-e161-4668-8d21-a3c503333802", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best investigation to differentiate scar from recurrence after mastectomy done for carcinoma breast", "exp": "PET Scan Investigation of choice for recurrences in scarred breast. UUseful in multifocal disease and in helping detect axillary involvement Ref:Sabiston 20th edition pgno : 826-828", "cop": 3, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "CT", "opc": "PET Scan", "opd": "Mammography", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "ab5b6ed7-a717-4328-8946-fe57fbc37fb4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The last organ to putrefy after death is", "exp": "As general rule organs show putrefactive changes in the following order 1) Larynx and trachea2) Stomach, intestines, and spleen3) Liver, lungs4) Brain5) Hea6) Kidney, bladder, uterus, prostate7) Skin, muscle, tendon8) Bones", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hea", "opb": "Prostate", "opc": "Stomach", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5549fabd-d15a-4694-81da-79587e639fe0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "mood stabilizer used in the tretament of rapid cycling", "exp": "Lamotrigine is a mood stabilizer which works best in BIPOLAR DEPRESSION Lithium is a mood stabilizer which works best in BIPOLAR MANIA valproate is a mood stabilizer which works best in RAPID CYCLING ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 thedition, pg no.935", "cop": 1, "opa": "vaproate", "opb": "lithium", "opc": "carbamezepine", "opd": "lamotrigine", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry", "id": "84b19255-3121-471c-ad86-c9ae99b02bf1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Irresistible desire to buy something is", "exp": "Oniomania Irresistible desire to buy things (shopping addiction) Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 360", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mutilomania", "opb": "Dipsomania", "opc": "Oniomania", "opd": "Trichotilomania", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Special topics", "id": "bc1791ba-85f2-48c7-a5b4-97bd371698bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is caused due to group of closely related abnormalities in", "exp": "Ref Harrison 17/e p387; Robbins 7/e p287; 9/e 314 Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is the classical human recessive disorder caused by defective nucleotide excision repair of DNA damage, including pyrimidine dimers induced by UV radiation. Symptoms may include a severe sunburnafter only a few minutes in the sun, freckling in sun exposed areas, dry skin and changes in skin pigmentation. Nervous system problems, such as hearing loss, poor coordination, loss of intellectual function and seizures, may also occur.Complications include a high risk of skin cancer, with about half having skin cancer by age 10 without preventive effos, and cataracts. There may be a higher risk of other cancers such as brain cancers.[", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mismatch repair", "opb": "Base excision repair", "opc": "Nucleotide excision repair", "opd": "SOS repair", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "858c9b85-1685-4b29-82d1-dae5c91ef938", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CYP 3A4 enzyme are affected by", "exp": "CYP3A4 cary out biotransformation of large numberof drugs. The inhibition of this isoenayme by erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole etc is responsible for impoant drug interactions with terfenadine, astemizole and cisapride. Rifamps barbiturates and other anticonvulsants are impoant inducers. Ref-KDT 7/e p24", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fexofenadine", "opb": "Phenytoin", "opc": "Carbamazepine", "opd": "Pencillin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "9739e5db-d056-4758-bfe3-5d467a8f94a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chassaignac's tubercle lies at level of", "exp": "The anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical veebra is the largest of all such processes and is called the carotid tubercle (of Chassaignac). The common carotid aery can be best pressed against I this tubercle, deep to the anterior border of the I sternocleidomastoid muscle. Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 6th edition pg 300", "cop": 1, "opa": "Erb's point", "opb": "Stellate ganglion", "opc": "Atlas", "opd": "Odontoid process", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "6caef923-0bd7-4248-b990-79cc2679b61f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The function of 8th cranial N. is related to", "exp": "Balance The 8th cranial N. or vestibulo cochlear N. has two divisions:Cochlear division -4 concerned with hearingVestibular division concerned with equilibrium & balance", "cop": 4, "opa": "Smell", "opb": "Taste", "opc": "Touch", "opd": "Balance", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "93b0af0a-07db-49f4-9517-903bba8b8499", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Generalized necrotizing lymphadenopathy is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kimura disease", "opb": "Kikuchi disease", "opc": "Non hodgkins lymphoma", "opd": "Castle mans disease", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "73ae5773-0592-412a-acea-522bd7be340b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure NOT passing through esophageal opening", "exp": "At T8 - IVC hiatus in central tendon through which IVC and few branches of Rt. phrenic nerve passes At T10 - Oesophageal opening is present through which passes: Esophagus Esophageal branch of left gastric aery Anterior and posterior vagal trunk At T12 - Aoic hiatus posterior to diaphragm formed by median arcuate ligament through which passes: Aoa Thoracic duct Azygous vein", "cop": 2, "opa": "Esophagus", "opb": "Phrenic nerve", "opc": "Vagus nerve", "opd": "Gastric aery branches", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Umblicial cord and diaphragm", "id": "cf225b0b-9e41-4f41-9e6a-55d6bd10e2a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcium channel blocker with maximum efficiency on conduction on hea is", "exp": "Refer katzung 11e p181 Verapamil, is a medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure, angina, and supraventricular tachycardia. It may also be used for the prevention of migraines and cluster headaches. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phenylamine", "opb": "Nifedipine", "opc": "Verapamil", "opd": "Diltiazem", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "dc3149fc-f806-4acc-8019-0c616f01069d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caseous necrosis in granuloma are not found in", "exp": "ref Robbins 7/e p73,9/e p98 It is also seen in wegener's granulomatosis. Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass. CausesEdit Frequently, caseous necrosis is encountered in the foci of tuberculosis infections. It can also be caused by syphilis and ceain fungi. A similar appearance can be associated with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and coccidioidomycosis. AppearanceEdit In caseous necrosis no histological architecture is preserved. On microscopic examination with H&E staining, it is characterized by acellular pink areas of necrosis surrounded by a granulomatousinflammatory process. When the hilar lymph node for instance is infected with tuberculosis and leads to caseous necrosis, its gross appearance can be a cheesy tan to white, which is why this type of necrosis is often depicted as a combination of both coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. However, in the lung, extensive caseous necrosis with confluent cheesy tan granulomas is typical. The tissue destruction is so extensive that there are areas of cavitation (also known as cystic spaces). See Ghon's complex", "cop": 2, "opa": "TB", "opb": "Leprosy", "opc": "Histoplasmosis", "opd": "CMV", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "35b5eeb5-19fe-4ef7-9478-9d9242c25ff1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Isthmus of thyroid gland lies against following tracheal rings", "exp": "The thyroid gland lies against veebrae C5, C6, C7 and T1 embracing the upper pa of the trachea Each lobe extends from the middle of thyroid cailage to the fouh to fifth tracheal ring The isthmus extends from the second to fouh tracheal ring. Ref BDC volume 3,Sixth edition pg 141", "cop": 1, "opa": "4-Feb", "opb": "3-Feb", "opc": "5-Feb", "opd": "3-Jan", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "a9333f47-50ba-4f94-bc11-69f49f80d269", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inferior meatus drains", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Nasolacrimal duct", "opb": "Frontal sinus", "opc": "Posterior ethmoidal sinus", "opd": "Maxillary sinus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b11edb28-d8a6-4691-adb3-4264b13bed0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Temporalis muscle is inserted into", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Condylar process", "opb": "Coronoid process", "opc": "Lingula", "opd": "Ramus of mandible nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b72dee94-3423-4367-8309-16f22ae68d2d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cranial nerve involved in sarcoidosis is", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "2nd", "opb": "3rd", "opc": "5th", "opd": "7th", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1c132e39-993d-445c-8585-b498660ded63", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mapleson's classification of an anaesthetic breathing system", "exp": "The Mapleson D may be described as a co-axial modification of the basic T-piece system, developed to facilitate scavenging of waste anaesthetic gases. Function: The Bain circuit is a modification of the Mapleson D system. It is a co-axial system in which the fresh gas flows through a narrow inner tube within the outer corrugated tubing. Essentially, the Bain circuit functions in the same way as the T-piece, Except that the tube supplying fresh gas to the patient is located inside the reservoir tube. Inspiration - The patient inspires fresh gas from the outer reservoir tube. Expiration - The patient expires into the reservoir tube. Although fresh gas is still flowing into the system at this time, it is wasted, as it is contaminated by expired gas. Expiratory pause - Fresh gas from the inner tube washes the expired gas out of the reservoir tube, filling it with fresh gas for the next inspiration. Spontaneous ventilation Normocarbia requires a fresh gas flow of 200-300 ml/kg. Controlled ventilation A fresh gas flow of only 70 ml/kg is required to produce normocarbia. Bain and Spoerel have recommended the following: 2 L/min fresh gas flow in patients <10 kg 3.5 L/min fresh gas flow in patients 10-50 kg 70 ml/kg fresh gas flow in patients >60 kg The recommended tidal volume is 10 ml/kg and respiratory rate is 12-16 breaths/minute", "cop": 2, "opa": "Describes four systems A, B, C, D", "opb": "Classifies the Bain system as Mapleson", "opc": "Describes the T-piece as M", "opd": "Describes the T-piece system as requiring a fresh gas flow rate of 1.5 - 2 times the minute volume.", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5269a34a-aeed-4d61-a6e2-2a1e4961ea07", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If circumflex artery gives the posterior interventricular branch, this circulation is described", "exp": "In about 10% of hearts, the right coronary is rather small and is not able to give the posterior interventricular branch.\nIn these cases the circumflex artery, the continuation of left provides the posterior interventricular branch and called left dominant.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right dominance", "opb": "Left dominance", "opc": "Codominance", "opd": "Undetermined", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "ba0e24e6-3b49-4933-8dbe-4ea3ff29686a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The axis of abduction and adduction of digits passes through the centre of", "exp": "The third metacarpal is the longest and the axis of abduction and adduction passes through its centre.Ref: Chaurasia; Volume 2; 6th edition; Page no: 31", "cop": 2, "opa": "2nd metacarpal", "opb": "3rd metacarpal", "opc": "4th metacarpal", "opd": "5th metacarpal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "4cb87390-5312-44e9-ac38-5c4244eeb5cc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rupture of Berry aneurysm causes", "exp": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage Rupture of sacular Berry aneurysm which is usually located in one of the vessels in the Circle of Willis. Berry aneurysm occurs due to congenital defect or degenerative change in the muscle layer and internal elastic lamina. Only the initimal layer and adventitia of the aery form the dome of the aneurysm. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 174", "cop": 3, "opa": "Extradural hemorrhage", "opb": "Subdural hemorrhage", "opc": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage", "opd": "Intracerebral hemorrhage", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Special topics", "id": "0d8bd893-f6a2-4b51-9374-4b267eb52406", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 40 year old male underwent coronary aery bypass grafting. During the procedure the surgeon applied clamp to the vessel lying anterior to thhe transverse pericardial sinus. The vessel is", "exp": "The aoa lies anterior to the transverse pericardial sinus. The reflections of the serous pericardium are arranged as two tubes- one enclosing the aoa and the pulmonary trunk and the other enclosing the vena cavae and the four pulmonary veins. The zone of reflection surrounding the vein is j-shaped and the cul-de-sac formed within the j is the oblique pericardial sinus. This lies posterior to the left atrium. The transverse sinus is a passage between the two 'tubes'. The aoa and the pulmonary trunk lie anterior and the superior vena cava and the atria lie posterior to it. Ref: Gray's Anatomy 41st edition Pgno: 995", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aoa", "opb": "Pulmonary aery", "opc": "Inferior vena cava", "opd": "Superior vena cava", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "d251b6d9-475f-4406-83f6-97b9a6e0507f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The receptor of joint capsule and ligaments is", "exp": "Receptors can be classified into rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors and slowly adapting (tonic) receptors.Rapidly adapting receptorsSlowly adapting receptorsCutaneous mechanoreceptors such as:Meissner corpuscles (respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations)Pacinian corpuscles (respond to deep pressure and fast vibration)Cutaneous mechanoreceptors such as:Merkel cells (respond to sustained pressure and touch)Ruffini endings (respond to sustained pressure)ProprioceptorsNociceptors (free nerve endings - respond to thermal, chemical and thermal noxious stimuli)(Refer: Ganong&;s Review of Medical physiology 24th edition, pg no: 158)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Slow adapting", "opb": "Fast adapting", "opc": "Different to slow and fast adapting", "opd": "Non adapting", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "24860cfd-9774-4c65-87df-a903007e4c99", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eye of the hand is", "exp": "The median nerve controls coarse movements of the hand, as it supplies most of the long muscles of the front of the forearm. It is, therefore, called the labourer&;s nerve. It is also called \"eye of the hand\" as it is sensory to most of the hand.Reference: Vishram Singh Anatomy; 2nd edition; Page no: 177", "cop": 1, "opa": "Median Nerve", "opb": "Ulnar Nerve", "opc": "Radial Nerve", "opd": "Posterior Interosseous Nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "85026aba-da80-43ca-b605-63c768287594", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osteoclast are stimulated by", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 1207-1208 Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) is a local factor, expressed by perichondrial stromal cells and early proliferating chondrocytes, that activates the PTH receptor and maintains proliferation of chondrocytes.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thyroxine", "opb": "PTH", "opc": "Calcitonin", "opd": "Estrogen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal system", "id": "6d9b1da1-3ccc-4e83-93d2-25ea20ee86a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A Toxic doses, zero order kinetics is seen in", "exp": "Phenytoin follows nonlinear (or zero-order) kinetics at therapeutic concentrations, because the rate of metabolism is close to the maximum capacity of the enzymes involved Ref-KDT 6/e p31", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pencillin", "opb": "Phenytoin", "opc": "Valproate", "opd": "Carbamazepine", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "33411849-200f-4a5c-85a6-3d69fd9a312a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Water hammer pulse is seen", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1535 A rapidly rising \"water-hammer\" pulse, which col- lapses suddenly as aerial pressure falls rapidly during late systole and diastole (Corrigan's pulse), and capillary pulsations, an alternate flushing and paling of the skin at the root of the nail while pressure is applied to the tip of the nail (Quincke's pulse), are characterist", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aoic stenosis", "opb": "Aoic regurgitation", "opc": "Aoic stenosis and aoic regurgitation", "opd": "Mitral regurgitation", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5ba1254f-af27-48e1-9b26-58af5f3b2d54", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Medial aspect of great toe supplied by", "exp": "DEEP PERONEAL:- Muscular branches to muscles of anterior compament of leg: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus teius.Extensor digitorum brevis Cutaneous: dorsal digital nerves for adjacent sides of big toe and second toe. Aicular branches:Ankle joint, tarsal joints, tarsometatarsal joints and metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe. COMMON PERONEAL:-Branch of sciatic nerve Root value:L4,L5,S1,S2 Branches:Muscular branch: sho head of biceps Cutaneous:lateral cutaneous nerve of calf.Aicular: superior lateral,inferior lateral and recurrent genicular .Terminal branches: superficial and deep peroneal. SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL:-Muscular branches: peroneus longus and brevis Cutaneous branches:Digital branches to medial side of big toe, adjacent sides of 2nd and 3rd, 3rd and 4th, and 4th and 5th toes. {Reference:BDC 6E page no.173,174}", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superficial peroneal nerve", "opb": "Deep peroneal nerve", "opc": "Common perioneal palsy", "opd": "Sural nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "b5a57cac-f14b-42a3-912e-e22ffe635d88", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 30 year old primipara in labor with transverse lie treatment of choice is", "exp": "Patients in labor with transverse lie can be managed by external cephalic version followed by surgical rupture of membrane But it is impoant to note that the patient is primigravuda with age 30years i.e, elderly primi so ECV is contraindicated This patient requires emergency cesaream section", "cop": 2, "opa": "Internal cephalic version", "opb": "Emergency cesarean section", "opc": "Wait and watch", "opd": "External cephalic version", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abnormal labor", "id": "f6dc814c-4c1e-445a-a238-6eff973434ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Crooke's hyaline body is present in", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p 1149", "cop": 2, "opa": "Yellow fever", "opb": "Basophil cells of pituitary gland in Cushing syndrome", "opc": "Parkinsonism", "opd": "Huntington 's disease", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e0d688cf-0ae8-487e-aebf-09d51b0f52aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neurovascular bundle in axilla is surrounded by sheath derived from", "exp": "The neurovascular bundle in axilla is covered by axillary sheath which is derived from preveebral fascia. Reference : BD chaurasia, 7th edition, page no 50-Fig.4.5 & page no 60-Facts to remember", "cop": 1, "opa": "Preveebral fascia", "opb": "Pretracheal fascia", "opc": "Clavipectoral fascia", "opd": "Axillary sheath", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "17b3f3f0-3f07-4c93-9724-7fc56016d36b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adductors of vocal cord", "exp": "movements and muscle 1. elevation of larynx: thyrohyoid, mylohyoid 2. depression of larynx: sternothyroid, sternohyoid 3.opening inlet of larynx: thyroepiglottic 4. closing inlet of larynx: aryepiglottic 5.abductor of vocal cords: posterior cricoarytenoid only 6. adductor of vocal cords: lateral cricoarytenoid transverse and oblique arytenoids Ref BDC volume 3; sixth edition pg 258", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior cricoarytenoids", "opb": "lateral cricoarytenoids", "opc": "Transverse arytenoids", "opd": "V occalis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "acd20371-3377-4384-828e-3dea874fc862", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of Ewings sarcoma", "exp": "Most common site of Ewings sarcoma is diaphysis of femur followed by diaphysis of tibia Refer : Textbook of skeletal oncology p 315", "cop": 4, "opa": "Upper end of tibia", "opb": "Shaft of tibia", "opc": "Lower end of femur", "opd": "Shaft of femur", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b2ad36f4-84af-47d8-a2e8-c746fc25b994", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mikulicz cell and Russell bodies are seen in", "exp": "Granulomatous disease of the nose BacterialFungalUnspecified causeRhinoscleroma Syphilis TuberculosisLupusLeprosy RhinosporidiosisAspergillosis Mucormycosis CandidiasisHistoplasmosis Blastomycosis Wegner's granulomatosisNon healing midline granuloma Sarcoidosis Churg Strauss syndrome RhinoscleromaAgent - Klebsiella rhinoscleromatisSite - nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi Atrophic stageFoul smelling purulent nasal dischargeGranulomatous stage Subdermal infiltration of lower pa of external nose & upper lip - woody feelRubbery nodules - Tapir nose Cicatricial stage Stenosis of nares Distoion of upper lip Adhesions of nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx Subglottic stenosisNose deformity - Hebra nose Soft palate deformity - Gothic arch deformity Diagnosis Biopsy - infiltration of submucosa with plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, Mikulicz cells ( large foam cells with central nucleus & vacuolated cytoplasm containing causative bacilli ) & Russell bodies(homogenous eosinophilic inclusion bodies found in plasma cells)The culture of the organism Treatment - Streptomycin (1g/day) & tetracycline (2g/day) for 4 - 6 weeks (Refer: PL Dhingra, Textbook of Ear, Nose, Throat, 6thedition, pg no: 156)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rhinoscleroma", "opb": "Rhinophyma", "opc": "Rhinosporidiosis", "opd": "Plasma cell disorder", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "054b188b-2b25-4ed8-89e5-fca2330f396c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ascending pharyngeal artery is a branch of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Middle branch of ECA.", "opb": "Medial branch of ECA.", "opc": "Terminal branch of ECA.", "opd": "Anterior branch of ECA.", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "32c0ab5e-1d61-45eb-9735-ab83bf99a96e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The embryonic vascular layer of the eye is derived from", "exp": "(Mesoderm) (8-9-Khurana 4th) (5-Parson 20th)Structures derived from the Embryonic layers1. Surface ectoderm2. Neural ectoderm(a) The crystalline lens(b) Epithelium of the cornea(c) Epithelium of the conjunctiva(d) Lacrimal glands(e) Epithelium of eyelids and its derivatives, viz.: cilia, tarsal glands, and conjunctival glands.(f) Epithelium lining the lacrimal apparatus (Lacrimal glands, Tarsal glands)(a) Retina with its pigment epithelium(b) Epithelial layers of ciliary body(c) Epithelial layers of iris(d) * Sphincter and dilator papillae muscles(e) Optic nerve (neuroglia and nervous elements only)(f) Melanocytes - Retinal pigment epithelium(g) Secondary vitreous(h) Ciliary zonules3. Associated paraxial mesoderm(a) ** Blood vessels of choroid, iris, ciliary vessels, central retinal artery, other vessels (Vascular endothelium of eye and orbit)(b) Primary vitreous(c) Substantia propria, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium of cornea(d) The sclera(e) Stroma of iris(f) Ciliary muscle(g) Sheaths of optic nerve(h) Extraocular muscle(i) Fat, ligaments and other connective tissue structures of the orbit(j) Upper and medial walls of the orbit(k) Connective tissue of the upper eyelid4. Visceral mesoderm of maxillary process below the eye(a) Lower and lateral walls of orbit(b) Connective tissue of the lower eyelid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neural crest", "opb": "Mesoderm", "opc": "Ectoderm", "opd": "Surface ectoderm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy", "id": "9f8d8531-cb22-47ea-87c4-f97def5bb075", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If the seventh nerve is damaged on the right side of the face", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "the muscles of mastication would be denervated", "opb": "the\tmuscles\tof\tfacial\texpression\twould\tbe denervated", "opc": "taste from the right anterior two thirds of the tongue would not be affected", "opd": "sympathetic\tfibre\tto\tsalivary\tgland\twould\tbe interrupted", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "4cd83c5b-3240-40fe-8055-23dd1d46f6e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glands of Van Ebner are present in", "exp": "The minor salivary glands are numerous and are widely distributed in the mucosa of oral cavity. Some of the minor salivary glands are the Von Ebner's gland in tongue, buccal glands in cheeks and labial glands in lips. REF : Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Histology, Seventh edition, pg.no., 251.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cervix", "opb": "Penile uretha", "opc": "Tongue", "opd": "Vagina", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "66c64f3b-5522-4646-b243-c2b472642941", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest stone in case of UTI", "exp": "Phosphate or struvite stones are infection stones associated with urea-splitting organisms i.e. Proteus, Pseudomonas, Providencia, Klebsiella, Staphylococci and Mycoplasma. The high ammonium concentration desired from urea-splitting organisms results in an alkaline urinary pH, required for the precipitation of phosphate crystals. Ref : Bailey & Love 25/e p1296", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phosphate", "opb": "Urate", "opc": "Cysteine", "opd": "Calcium oxalate", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Urology", "id": "9705a10d-a159-4160-8cb8-84a1aed061a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The largest organ of the body is", "exp": "The liver is the largest gland in the body and has a wide variety of functions (265-Snell 7th )\nThe liver is the largest gland in the body. (283-BDC-2)\nFemer is the longest and the strongest bone of the body (16-B DC-2)\nSkin is the largest organ of the body (278-K- Sembulingam physiology)\nSkin is considered as the largest sense organ in the body it has many nerve endings, which are specialized to form cutaneous receptors (281-K. Sembulingam physiology 3rd )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "skin", "opc": "Gluteus maximus", "opd": "Femur", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "311ea464-f79d-4208-a70c-d5fd4c9f423d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient presented with pain in right testis Examination reveals bay of worms suggestive of varicocele. Right testicular vein drains into", "exp": "Right testicular vein drains into IVC\nLeft testicular vein drains into left renal vein", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hemiazygous vein", "opb": "IVC", "opc": "Inferior mesentric vein", "opd": "Renal vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "42c6388c-9b27-4132-a5cb-8ba26c5f075a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Line from midinguinal point to adductor tubercle represent", "exp": "Femoral aery surface marking:- Upper two third of the line joining midinguinal point and adductor tubercle. Mid inguinal point: a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis. Adductor tubercle: lies at lower end of the cord like tendon of adductor magnus. The tendon can be felt in a groove just behind the prominence of vastus medialis when the thigh is semiflexed, abducted and laterally rotated. Upper 1/3 rd of line-upper half of line lying in femoral triangle. Middle 1/3 rd- lower half of aery lying in adductor canal. Lower 1/3 rd- descending genicular and saphenous branches of the aery. {Reference: BDC 6E pg no. 165}", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inferior epigastric aery", "opb": "Femoral aery", "opc": "Superior epigastric aery", "opd": "Saphenous vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "449ecc11-8b3c-4ead-b645-44770e9eff3d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maintenance of high urinary pH is impoant during methotrexate treatment because", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p823 Methotrexate is a weak acid and basic reabsorbed in acids urinary PH. Higher plasma concentration may result in toxicity. Therefore to decrease the reabsorptiion through renal tubes urinary pH must be maintained", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bladder irritation is reduced", "opb": "It decreases renal tubular secretion of methotrexate", "opc": "Leucovorin toxicity is increased in a dehydrated patient", "opd": "Methotrexate is a weak acid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "f0efb26c-cd6d-4290-ac29-29b5db4f43f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stomach contents will have smell of bitter almond in", "exp": "Postmoem appearance Froth may be present at the mouth and nostrils. Postmoem staining and blood will have bright red color. In a case of suspected cyanide poisoning, cranial cavity has to be opened first because the odour of hydrocyanic acid is well evident in the brain. All the internal organs will be congested. Lungs will be congested and edematous. There may be corrosion of the mucosa of the mouth esophagus and stomach. Stomach will be intensely congested and the contents may have the smell of bitter almond. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 473", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sulphuric acid poisoning", "opb": "OP poisoning", "opc": "Cyanide poisoning", "opd": "Arsenic poisoning", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Poisoning", "id": "6b766d50-c68b-4c2e-88a7-3669a2bfab74", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eversion is", "exp": "- Eversion - Movement of sole of the foot outward. Foot eversion occurs at subtalar joint by Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis and Peroneus Teius. - Inversion: Movement of the sole of the foot inward so that the soles face toward each other. Done by Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior.Additional information:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sole of the foot upward", "opb": "Sole of the foot outward", "opc": "Sole of the foot inward", "opd": "Sole of the foot downward", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Muscles of Lower Limb", "id": "2f38bdd0-4aa8-4723-bea7-6686f7923bf4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dorello's canal transmits in tip of temporal bone", "exp": "Dorello canal is an opening to cavernous sinus that transmit abducent nerve underneath the superior petrosal sinus.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Middle maningeal aery", "opb": "Mandibular nerve", "opc": "Superior alveolar branch of maxillary", "opd": "Abducent nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "cd75589d-2227-4658-bb29-c901855043cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In after coming head the following bone is perforated during craniotomy", "exp": "Craniotomy is perforating the fetal skull and evacuating the contents and then delivering the fetal pas. In after coming head in breech occipital bone is the perforation site", "cop": 1, "opa": "Occiput", "opb": "Parietal", "opc": "Palate", "opd": "Frontal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abnormal labor", "id": "8f39bd9b-d5a2-4703-9ee7-2013b32d5e16", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fleischer's ring is seen in;", "exp": "KERATOCONUS Non -Inflammatory central corneal thinning Young male with constantly changing power of glasses with myopia & high cylinder SIGNS IN KERATOCONUS Munson sign. Scissor reflex on retinoscopy (Earliest Clinical Sign) Enlarged corneal nerves-lower lid indentation on downgaze. Oil droplet reflex. Rizutti's sign Acute Hydrops - aqueous accumulated in stroma Fleischer ring-Paial or complete iron deposition ring in deep epithelium encircling the base of the cone. Characteristic in eyes with keratoconus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Keratoconus", "opb": "Keratomalacia", "opc": "Keratoglobus", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "f3de22eb-c077-462d-b59f-d5a96b27a708", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Abducent nucleus\" is present in", "exp": "The abducent nucleus (CN VI) is located in the dorsomedial tegmentum of the pons. fig:-crossection atthe level of lower pons", "cop": 4, "opa": "Midbrain, at level of inferior colliculus", "opb": "Medial medulla", "opc": "Lateral medulla", "opd": "Tegmentum of pons", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brainstem, cerebellum and ventricles", "id": "84514097-25d0-4bec-8c64-fc3575e853b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The doctrine of RESRES IPSA LOQUITUR means", "exp": "The doctrine of RES IPSA LOQUITUR It means that\" The thing speaks for itself\" and the patient need not prove negligence when this doctrine is applied. The burden of proving the innocence lies upon the doctor. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 379", "cop": 1, "opa": "The facts speaks for itself", "opb": "Let the master answer", "opc": "The things have been decided", "opd": "Avoidable consequences", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "29ce1d5c-9e3e-4f46-b551-259b66d4f987", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The superior oblique muscle is supplied by", "exp": "Superior oblique muscle is supplied by fouh cranial nerve i.e,trochlear nerve. It supplies only the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball. Superior oblique muscle helps in depression,abduction and intoion. Note: When trochlear nerve is damaged, diplopia occur looking downwards; vision is single so long as the eye look above the horizontal plane. Ref:BDC 6th edition of no.208", "cop": 2, "opa": "3rd cranial nerve", "opb": "4th cranial nerve", "opc": "5th cranial nerve", "opd": "6th cranial nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "793e5ce7-b494-4e2a-ba24-389336b11943", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In couinaud's classification, segment IV of liver is", "exp": "Segments nomenclature I Caudate lobe (sometimes subdivided into left and right pas called segment IX) II Left lateral superior segment III left lateral Inferior segment IV left medial segment or Quadrate lobe V Right anterior Inferior segment VI Right posterior Inferior segment VII Right posterior superior segment VIII Right anterior superior segment", "cop": 2, "opa": "Caudate lobe", "opb": "Quadrate lobe", "opc": "Right lobe", "opd": "Left lobe", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "449c4943-1a86-4465-a3d2-cd798bb00de7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Genu of internal capsule carries", "exp": "The genu of internal capsule contains coiconuclear and coicospinal fibres for head and neck. It also contains, fibres of superior thalamic radiations and frontopontine fibres. (Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of neuroanatomy second edition pg-166, also refer table 14.1)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Optic radiation", "opb": "Coicospinal tract", "opc": "Coicorubral tract", "opd": "Coiconuclear tract", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "0048d669-4d36-42da-b739-c50ecadac713", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stain not used for lipids", "exp": "Ref Bancrofts 's histopathology 5/e p204 Congo red is used for staining amyloid and not lipids", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oil red O", "opb": "Congo red", "opc": "Sudan 3", "opd": "Sudan black", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "29f2496a-7001-4d30-ae12-7040ebc7bc52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Melanocytes are developed from the following", "exp": "Derivatives of neural crest: Mnemonic:SOME GAP S-Schwann cells -Skeleton of face O-odontoblasts M-Meninges(pia and arachnoid) E-Endocardial cushion G-Ganglia(autonomic and dorsal root ganglia) A-Adrenal medulla -Aoicopulmonary septum P-Pigmant cells(melanocytes) -Pharyngeal arches(nerves and cailage) -parafollicular c cells of thyroid", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ectoderm", "opb": "Mesoderm", "opc": "Endoderm", "opd": "Neural crest", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "fef84207-3a49-4daa-96e0-25fe053bfa5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal reticulocyte count at bih is", "exp": "Reticulocytes are 2 to 6 % of rbc count in the circulation at bihthey decreade to less than 1% during week after bih at which level they remain throughout life", "cop": 2, "opa": "1-2%", "opb": "2-6%", "opc": "6-10%", "opd": "30-40%", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "fe259918-4557-41ad-a041-a5b1e2b62b42", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The reduction of a physiological hernia occurs at", "exp": "Physiological hernia appears by 6 wks and gets reduced by 10 wks . Ref - pubmed.com", "cop": 4, "opa": "6th week", "opb": "7th week", "opc": "9th week", "opd": "10th week", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "679548be-4654-4886-8cae-be8f7832b390", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In patient with chronic pancreatitis limited to tail and body with MPD diameter 4mm, ideal treatment would be", "exp": "Surgical procedures in chronic pancreatitis Ideal procedure : DPPHR (Beger's) In presence of poal vein thrombosis : Frey's Small duct disease : V-shaped excision Disease recurrence in body and tail (after DPPHR, Whipple's or Longmire-Transverso procedure) : V-shaped drainage Disease limited to tail : Spleen - preserving distal pancreatectomy Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1534", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stenting", "opb": "Puestow's operation", "opc": "Frey's operation", "opd": "Distal pancreatectomy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ed3c1344-acd6-479e-94fb-0a51b6411a0e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Edema in nephrotic syndrome occurs due to", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p922;9/e p115", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+ and water restrictions", "opb": "Increased venous pressure", "opc": "Decreased serum albumin", "opd": "Decreased fibrinogen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "1c4e97b1-4f07-4637-8e05-3c8861fa93fe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Worm like filling defect is seen In", "exp": "On USG Thickened sinus, interrupted mucosal folds (earliest sign) Toous radiolucencies of variable size The \"worm-eaten\" smooth lobulated filling defects Ref: Wolfgang Radiology 2nd edition Pg no : 509", "cop": 2, "opa": "Erosive gastritis", "opb": "Esophageal varices", "opc": "CA esophagus", "opd": "Schatzki's ring", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "570599ff-a0e4-488e-8b43-2cb1ecb4559c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sistrunk's operation is used ina) Parotid tumourb) Thyroglossal fistulac) Thyroglossal cystd) Branchial fistula", "exp": "Thyroglossal Cyst Cystic swelling developed in the remnant of the thyroglossal duct or tract Present in any pa of the thyroglossal tract (extends from foramen caecum to isthmus of thyroid) Common sites Subhyoid (MC) Floor of mouth Region of thyroid cailage Suprahyoid Beneath the foramen caecum Clinical features It is a midline swelling, except in the region of thyroid cailage, where thyroglossal tract is pushed to one side, usually to the left Though its a congenital swelling MC age of presentation is between 15 and 30 years Cyst can be moved sideways but not veically Peculiar characteristics which helps in distinguishing thyroglossal cyst from other neck swelling Moves up with protrusion of tongue as the thyroglossal tract is attached to the tongue Moves with deglutition so do all thyroid swellings, subhyoid bursitis Cyst is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and squamous epithelium with hetero topic thyroid tissue present in 20% of cases Complications Recurrent infections Formation of thyroglossal fistula Carcinomatous change (papillary carcinoma) Treatment Sistrunk operation : En-bloc cystectomy and excision of central hyoid bone to minimize recurrence Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1861", "cop": 2, "opa": "c", "opb": "bc", "opc": "abd", "opd": "cd", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "8c91ab4c-1d7c-44c8-a77a-6d12aefacba3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle of mastication are derivative of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "1st pharyngeal arch", "opb": "2nd pharyngeal arch", "opc": "3rd pharyngeal arch", "opd": "4th pharyngeal arch", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "306050ad-7c2f-4737-a58b-e04b4dac873d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drugs used for rare diseases are known as", "exp": "An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent developed to treat medical conditions which, because they are so rare, would not be profitable to produce without government assistance. The conditions are referred to asorphan diseases Refer 6/e p6", "cop": 1, "opa": "Orphan drugs", "opb": "Rare drugs", "opc": "Radioactive isotopes", "opd": "Alkylating agents", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "88aae635-e4d9-4c21-ac52-91cb5b704bd3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitral cells are seen in", "exp": "Mitral cells are neurons that are pa of the olfactory system. They are located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. They receive information from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, forming synapses in glomeruli. Axons of the mitral cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform coex, entorhinal coex, and amygdala. Mitral cells receive excitatory input from olfactory sensory neurons and external tufted cells on their primary dendrites, whereas inhibitory input arises either from granule cells onto their lateral dendrites and soma or from periglomerular cells onto their dendritic tuft. Mitral cells together with tufted cells from an obligatory relay for all olfactory information entering from the olfactory nerve.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Olfactory bulb", "opb": "Basal ganglia", "opc": "Hippocampus", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Neuroanatomy 1", "id": "1ef6dfbe-6186-43d5-b3da-eb97ac8a5775", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Unpaired muscle of perineal body among the following is", "exp": "The two Unpaired muscles of perineal body are\n\nLongitudinal muscle of anal canal\nExternal and sphincter", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bulbospongiosus", "opb": "Longitudinal muscle of anal canal", "opc": "Deep transverse perineal muscle", "opd": "Levator Ani", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "4019ce1c-5c35-474f-8625-f90fdc51688c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Collecting pa of kidney of derived from", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Metanephros", "opb": "Mesonephros", "opc": "Ureteric bud", "opd": "Wolffian duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6b553d2d-be27-44a6-94f3-8d771f085006", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deep venous system of brain consist of", "exp": "It is single median vein formed by union of 2 internal cerebral vein. along with inferior petrosal sinus terminate in straight sinus. Its tributaries are basal vein, veins from pineal body, colliculus, cerebellum& occipital lobes. Ref: Gray's 40e/p256", "cop": 3, "opa": "Superior sagittal sinus with straight sinus", "opb": "Inf. Sagittal sinus with straight sinus", "opc": "Internal cerebral veins", "opd": "Basilar vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "f35a21f2-6dba-4c4b-a53f-ae9bbe1811d3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common cause of acute osteomyelitis is DLETE", "exp": "Hematogenous osteomyelitis is the commonest form of osteomyelitis and most common source if bone and joint infection is Hematogenous Refer Maheshwari 6th/e 168", "cop": 4, "opa": "Trauma", "opb": "Surgery", "opc": "Fungal infection", "opd": "Hematogenous spread", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d5883708-1fe7-4098-b776-b64f2ba3dc63", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common nodule found in the liver is", "exp": "Hemangioma Most common benign tumor of the liver Mainly seen in women of 45 years Small capillary hemangiomas(no clinical significance), larger cavernous hemangioma Usually single and <5 cm in diameter, occur equally in right and left liver Giant hemangioma: lesion>5cm Ref:Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1456-1457", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hepatoma", "opb": "Haraoma", "opc": "Hemangioma", "opd": "Cholangiodenoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "722e9f73-024d-4670-8a9e-0d0d3481c90e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a muscle of the tongue", "exp": "Intrinsic muscles of the tongue: \n\nMuscles found entirely within the tongue\nLongitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles\nFunction - change the shape of the tongue.\n\nExtrinsic muscles of the tongue:\n\nGenioglossus, Styloglossus, and hyoglossus, Palatoglosus.\nAll insert into the tongue, originate from surrounding structures", "cop": 2, "opa": "Genioglossus", "opb": "Sternohyoid", "opc": "Hyoglossus", "opd": "Styloglossus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "4db9be47-a34c-42e7-8b3b-80459494c8a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Perscualr lymphocytes and microglial nodules are seen in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no Pg 1278 HIV encephalitis is best characterized by microscopically as a chronic inflammatory reaction with widely distributed infiltrates of microglial nodules", "cop": 4, "opa": "Multiple sclerosis", "opb": "CMV meningitis", "opc": "Bacterial meningitis", "opd": "HIV encephalitis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9fc61a86-c863-4c1f-9487-0f94da656069", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drug of choice for pneumocystis carinii is", "exp": "The treatment of choice for PCP is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), given either IV or PO for 14-21 days .TMP-SMX, which interferes with the organism's folate metabolism, is at least as effective as alternative agents and is better tolerated. Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 1019 Davidson edition23rd pg 587", "cop": 2, "opa": "Doxycycline", "opb": "Cotrimoxazole", "opc": "Tetracycline", "opd": "Dapsone", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "241321e8-8b27-48b6-b698-a31de0e5e943", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hutchinsons secondaries In skull are due to tumors in", "exp": "Adrenal neuroblastomas are malig8nant neoplasms arising from sympathetic neuroblsts in Medulla of adrenal gland Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body.Neuroblastoma most commonly arises in and around the adrenalglands, which have similar origins to nerve cells and sit atop the kidneys.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Breast", "opc": "Adrenal", "opd": "Liver", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "9409edf0-7977-4824-ad70-2172bef513f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Formation of primary ovary in female foetus takes place by", "exp": "C i.e. 10 weeks", "cop": 3, "opa": "6th week", "opb": "8th week", "opc": "10th week", "opd": "12th week", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "793539d2-5e54-40ad-9804-5b494078afd6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle not inseed on the greater tuberosity is", "exp": "The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscles comprise the rotator cuff muscle group. The main role of these muscles is stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa. Tendons of teres minor, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus inse on the greater tuberosity of the humerus, and subscapularis tendon inses on lesser humeral tuberosity. Actions of these muscles are internal rotation (subscapularis), external rotation (teres minor and infraspinatus) and early abduction from 0@ to 30@ (supraspinatus). The subacromial bursa lies between supraspinatus tendon and the acromion.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Teres minor", "opb": "Supraspinatus", "opc": "Infraspinatus", "opd": "Subscapularis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "8d8202d8-57f8-4c7e-bd9e-6d3926cbbd23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In stable angina", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1593 Necrotic myocardial fibres release a variety of enzymes into blood stream. In stable angina necrosis of the cell does not occur so there is no elevation of serum enzymes.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CK- MB is elevated", "opb": "Troponin 1 is elevated", "opc": "Myoglobin is elevated", "opd": "The level of cardiac markers remain un changed", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7f502498-282d-4167-8f9a-f2523880d1d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gartner's duct is remnant of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Miillerian duct", "opb": "Wolffian duct", "opc": "Cloacal duct", "opd": "Epoo phoron", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "ef68a6c9-37bd-43eb-bf6a-1da5250fffce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Meckel&;s diveiculum is a remnant of", "exp": "A Meckel's Diveiculum is a vestigial remnant of omphalomesenteric or vitellointestinal duct. As a congenital anomaly, it is a true diveiculum that includes all three coat of small intestine. ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg 265", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stenson's duct", "opb": "Wolffian duct", "opc": "Mullerian duct", "opd": "Vitellointestinal duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "28259789-388a-4bdf-bbe5-8b11fb66bb23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronic osteomyelitis is diagnosed mainly by", "exp": "* SEQUESTRUM -- is a piece of dead bone , surrounded by infected granulation tissue trying to \"eat\" the sequestrum away. It appears pale having smooth inner surface and a rough outer. * When SEQUESTRUM IS COMPLETE, it lies in the free cavity and is LESS attacked by granulation tissue and is absorbed more slowly. * Meanwhile , the surrounding living bone attempts to wall off the infection by forming a thick , dense wall , the INVOLUCRUM. * (INVOLUCRUM is the dense sclerotic bone overlying the sequestrum). * An involucrum usually has multiple openings, the cloacae , through which exudate , bone debris , and sequestra find exit and pass through sinus tracts to the surface. * CONSTANT DESTRUCTION of neighboring soft tissue leads to THIN skin which is easily traumatised , skin epithelium grows inwards to line the sinus tract. * In chronic osteomyelitis of long standing , multiple cavities and sequestra exist throughout the bone * The shaft becomes thickened , irregular and deformed. ref : maheswari 9th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sequestrum", "opb": "Bone fracture", "opc": "Deformity", "opd": "Brodie's abscess", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Skeletal infections", "id": "f477051e-a17a-4ca6-8d14-c768dad1699d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vaginal epithelium develops from", "exp": "Vagina develops from merodum of parameronephric duct endodum of urogenital ridge.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Meroderm of urogenital sinus", "opb": "Meroderm of genital ridge", "opc": "Endoderm of urogenital ridge", "opd": "Endoderm of genital ridge", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "4364ee93-68bb-4c31-b211-f60edb36dd11", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dose response curves of salbutamol for bronchodilation and tachycardia are widely separated on dose axis. This information suggested that sulbutamol is", "exp": "Ref-Katzung 10/e p28,29 Wide Separation of two curves on DRC suggest that the dose required to produce one action is much higher than the other.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Highly potent cardiac stimulant", "opb": "Highly efficacious bronchodilator", "opc": "Highly toxic drug", "opd": "Highly selective drug", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "666ef1b9-7df2-4d06-ab87-60ef947f3910", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sister marry Joseph nodules are found in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no Pg 8th/786 In medicine, the Sister Mary Joseph nodule or more commonly node, also called Sister Mary Joseph sign, refers to a palpable nodule bulging into the umbilicus as a result of metastasis of a malignant cancer in the pelvis or abdomen", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gastric carcinoma", "opb": "Pancreatic carcinoma", "opc": "Lung carcinoma", "opd": "Ovary carcinoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "639a4a5c-377c-4dad-8544-25e0957ab76e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Action of 20mcg/kg/min dopamine is", "exp": "Less than 2mcg/kg/min: Renal VD 2-10mcg/kg/min: B1 stimulation More than 10: alpha stimulation -VC", "cop": 2, "opa": "Renal vasodilatation", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Increased blood pressure", "opd": "Increased myocardiac contractility", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "94d670b9-1b9b-4307-a8cc-580d475adc0c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The direction of the flow of venous blood in conditions of valve incompetence affecting perforating veins of lower limb is", "exp": "PERFORATING VEINS:- Connect superficial with the deep veins. Small saphenous vein -1 perforator. Great saphenous vein perforators:- 3 medial perforators-just above ankle.1 perforator just below knee 1 in the region of adductor canal. These contain valves to prevent backflow of venous blood .i.e prevent flow from deep to superficial. Incompetence of these valves makes vein dilated and touous leading to varicose veins. If the valves in the perforating veins or at the termination of superficial veins become incompetent, the defective veins become \"high-pressure leaks\" through which high pressure of deep veins produced by muscular contractions is transmitted to superficial veins. This results in dilatation of superficial veins and to gradual degeneration of their walls producing varicose veins and varicose ulcers {Reference: BDC 9 E}", "cop": 4, "opa": "Along gravity", "opb": "Superficial to deep", "opc": "Along osmotic gradient", "opd": "Deep to superficial", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "311cb417-a8f5-40d9-818b-46803a5fd9e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Absolute lymphocytosis is seen in", "exp": "ref to P.JMehta 14/e p374 CLL and brucellosis is also the answer Leukocytosis is white cells (the leukocyte count) above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following ceain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia", "cop": 2, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "TB", "opc": "CLL", "opd": "Brucellosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "323e05b8-80d7-40e9-88e2-555819baeb8a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "3rd Ventricle develops from", "exp": "Inderbir Singh&;sHuman embryologyTenth editionPg 335The cavity of diencephalon forms the third ventricle", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diencephalon", "opb": "Telencephalon", "opc": "Mesencephalon", "opd": "Prosencephalon", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "6e847e0c-bd12-48ad-9e61-2dcdbfe1db47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major Disadvantage of peripheral line is", "exp": "Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pg no :287", "cop": 4, "opa": "Catheter related sepsis", "opb": "Damage to adjacent aery", "opc": "Refeeding syndrome", "opd": "Thrombophlebitis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "fdcc3d9b-5a62-4bb6-86aa-053d4fa7dcbe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secondary amyloidosis is associated with", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p252-253,9/e p257 The AA (amyloid-associated) fibril is a unique nonim- munoglobulin protein derived from a larger (12-kDa)serum precursor called SAA (serum amyloid-associated) protein that is synthesized in the liver. SAA is synthesized by liver cells under the influence of cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1 that are produced during inflammation; thus, long-standing inflammation leads to elevated SAA levels, and ultimately the AA form of amyloid deposits. However, increased production of SAA by itself is not sufficient for the deposition of amyloid. Elevation of serum SAA levels is common to inflammatory states but in most instances does not lead to amyloidosis. There are two possible explanations for this. According to one view, SAA nor- mally is degraded to soluble end products by the action of monocyte-derived enzymes. Conceivably, people who develop amyloidosis have an enzyme defect that results in incomplete breakdown of SAA, thus generating insoluble AA molecules. Alternatively, a genetically determined structural abnormality in the SAA molecule itself renders it resistant to degradation by macrophages", "cop": 3, "opa": "A beta", "opb": "AL", "opc": "AA", "opd": "APrP", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "98c44966-1d3f-49b9-8e0e-4a7cf9240c84", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glossopharyngeal nerve supply", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Stylopharyngeus muscle", "opb": "Palatopharyngeus", "opc": "Salpingopharyngeus", "opd": "Constrictors of pharynx", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "5cf1137a-4adc-4ed2-85fe-d924eeef4ed5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common complication of common bile duct exploration", "exp": "Most common complication of CBD exploration is retained stone Clearance of all common bile duct stones is achieved in 75-95% of patients with laparoscopic CBD exploration The rate of retained CBD stone is <5% Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1496", "cop": 1, "opa": "Retained stone", "opb": "Pancreatitis", "opc": "Stricture of CBD", "opd": "T-tube displacement", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "074e4e84-1d24-4840-ab96-867240b8e0cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erb's point is", "exp": "B. i.e. Anterior primary rami of C5- C6", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior primary rami of C6-C7", "opb": "Anterior primary rami of C5-C6", "opc": "Posterior primary rami of Cs-T1", "opd": "Posterior primary rami of C2-C8", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "34fa3220-e988-48b1-9bb1-9f8964a59d16", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If the origin of the masseter muscle is more medial on the zygomatic arch (ramus perpendicular), the space in the distobuccal area is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreases", "opb": "Remains the same", "opc": "Increases then decreases", "opd": "Increases", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d0b6a7d9-3c3a-4b7c-a6de-fdbf8fb14cdf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broca’s area is located at", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Superior frontal gyrus", "opb": "Inferior temporal gyrus", "opc": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "opd": "Superior temporal gyrus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d833c046-7a7c-4858-b8d8-ce548f3171a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The structure that passes between middle cerebellar peduncle and pons is", "exp": "Trigeminal nerve exits the brain by a large sensory root and a smaller motor root coming out of the pons at its junction with the middle cerebellar peduncle.(Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy second edition pg-81, fig 8.9)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trigeminal nerve", "opb": "Vagus nerve", "opc": "Olfactory nerve", "opd": "Optic nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "98c6fdb0-306a-4975-a5a6-43f9f6f9c163", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of primodial follicles in ovary at bih are", "exp": "At bih the number of login is(primordial follicles) in an ovary is about one millionSo for two ovaries, it is about 2 millionInderbir Singh&;s Human Histology Seventh edition Pg 346", "cop": 1, "opa": "2 million", "opb": "6 million", "opc": "5 million", "opd": "10 million", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5f8fcf17-fe32-4af2-86d8-5868a8012753", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coical representation of body in cerebrum is", "exp": "B i.e. Veical", "cop": 2, "opa": "Horizontal", "opb": "Veical", "opc": "Tandem", "opd": "Oblique", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1fa8d42-0b6d-4186-a6a2-b99bc1db895c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "maternal disomy of chromosomes 15 is seen in", "exp": "Prader Willi syndrome could be present because of the following ; Deletion of paternal chromosome 15 .Or Uniparentral disomy of maternal chromosome 15 refer robbins 8/172", "cop": 1, "opa": "A. Prader Willi syndrome", "opb": "B. Klinefelter syndrome", "opc": "C. Angelman syndrome", "opd": "D. Turner's syndrome", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "53f5f95c-65fb-4a0d-bc33-ee8a09d758b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Action of inferior oblique", "exp": "The actions of inferior oblique are: At veical axis-elevates At horizontal axis-abducts At anteroposterior axis-extorsion Notes; The inferior oblique arises from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal groove. This muscle is situated near the anterior margin of the orbit. Ref BDC volume3.sixth edition pg 211", "cop": 3, "opa": "Adduction", "opb": "Depression", "opc": "Extorsion", "opd": "Intorsion", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "b0289d17-991e-4119-9c8c-cb04f9ed418a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure passing through esophageal opening of diaphragm", "exp": "Oesophageal opening transmits gastric or vagus nerves. B D CHAURASIA&;S HUMAN ANATOMY LOWER LIMB ABDOMEN AND PELVIS VOLUME-2,SIXTH EDITION Page no-333", "cop": 3, "opa": "Right phrenic nerve", "opb": "Azygous vein", "opc": "Gastric nerves", "opd": "Thoracic duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "4c9e233f-b55f-48e2-92ca-6df1efa250f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vestibular ocular reflex", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Neo Cerebellum", "opb": "Occipital Lobe", "opc": "Paleocerebellum", "opd": "Flocculonodular Lobe", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "f7ecdfee-f52d-4485-b1d5-01bbadeb16b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most impoant for diapedisis", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p50;9/e p77 Leukocytes normally flow rapidly in the blood, and in inflamma- tion, they have to be stopped and brought to the offending agent or the site of tissue damage, which are typically outside the vessels. The sequence of events in the recruitment of leuko- cytes from the vascular lumen to the extravascular space consists of (1) margination and rolling along the vessel wall; (2) firm adhesion to the endothelium; (3) transmigra- tion between endothelial cells; and (4) migration in inter- stitial tissues toward a chemotactic stimulus (Fig. 2-5). Rolling, adhesion, and transmigration are mediated by the interactions of adhesion molecules on leukocytes and endothelial surfaces (see later on). Chemical mediators-- chemoattractants and ceain cytokines--affect these pro- cesses by modulating the surface expression and binding affinity of the adhesion molecules and by stimulating direc- tional movement of the leukocytes. Margination and Rolling. As blood flows from capillaries into postcapillary venules, circulating cells are swept by laminar flow against the vessel wall. Because the smaller red cells tend to move faster than the larger white cells, leukocytes are pushed out of the central axial column and thus have a better oppounity to interact with lining endothelial cells, especially as stasis sets in. This process of leukocyte accumulation at the periphery of vessels is called margination. If the endothelial cells are activated by cytokines and other mediators produced locally, they express adhesion molecules to which the leukocytes attach loosely. These cells bind and detach and thus begin to tumble on the endothelial surface, a process called rolling. Adhesion. The rolling leukocytes are able to sense changes in the endothelium that initiate the next step in the reaction of leukocytes, which is firm adhesion to endothelial sur- faces. This adhesion is mediated by integrins expressed on leukocyte cell surfaces interacting with their ligands on endothelial cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "PECAM", "opb": "Selectins", "opc": "Integrins", "opd": "Mucin like glycoprotein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e972f5c9-cb3a-4de1-8fbe-4c4776f15f88", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The initiating mechanism in endotoxic shock is", "exp": "ref Robbins 9/e p131-132 The principal mechanism for septic shock includes: Peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood Endothelial activation/injury Leukocyte induced injury Disseminated intravascular coagulation Activation of cytokine cascades", "cop": 2, "opa": "Peripheral vasodilation", "opb": "Endothelial injury", "opc": "Increased vascular permeability", "opd": "Reduced cardiac output", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "ffeb8935-4bdb-42c1-b109-e8c241dbdc10", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thyroid gland develops from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Thyroglossal duct", "opb": "Rathke's pouch", "opc": "Notochordal process", "opd": "Embryonal disc", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "f5cd6ac5-3968-4781-be6a-2c26b340e50f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iliofemoral ligament arises from", "exp": "SSIliofemoral Ligament is also called Ligament of Bigelow.SSStrongest ligament in the body.SSInveed Y shaped, strengthens the anterior pa of capsule of HIP JOINTThe upper half of the anterior inferior iliac spine gives origin to the straight head of the rectus femoris. The rough lower pa of this spine gives attachment to the iliofemoral ligamentReference: Chaurasia; 6th edition; Chapter 2; Bones of the lower limb", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ischial tuberosity", "opb": "Anterior superior iliac spine", "opc": "Anterior inferior iliac spine", "opd": "Iliopubic rami", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "6b6bdd5f-5492-442e-9632-c5d8a1409de3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 45 year old lady is having persistent reflux symptoms. Most accurate investigation in establishing the diagnosis before surgical treatment is", "exp": "GERDGERD is often associated with hiatus hernia type IClinical featuresInvestigationsClassical traid: retrosternal burning pain, epigastric pain, and regurgitation.HeaburnsRegurgitationAbdominal painCoughDysphagia for solidsBelchingBloatingManometry for measuring LES tone24 hrs pH monitoringEsophagogram TreatmentLifestyle modifications: cessation of smoking, decreased caffeine intake and avoidance of large meal at nightMedical management: double dose of PPI'SSurgical therapy: laparoscopic Nissen's fundoplication, modern fundoplication, 3600 floppy fundoplication (Refer: Sabiston's Textbook of Surgery, 19th edition, pg no: 1081)", "cop": 4, "opa": "An UGI series", "opb": "Endoscopy", "opc": "Esophageal manometry", "opd": "24 hours pH monitoring", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1332ada1-35f2-4605-9613-489d21690563", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nutrient aery arises to fibula from", "exp": "Nutrient aery to fibula:- The peroneal aery gives off nutrient aery to fibula.Enters the bone on its posterior surface.Nutrient foramen directed downwards. {Reference: BDC 6E}", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peroneal aery", "opb": "Anterior tibial aery", "opc": "Posterior tibial aery", "opd": "Popliteal aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "e50a2405-b97d-4553-84d0-c3f964e96f64", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "3. Drug used in the Pseudomonas treatment", "exp": "Psedomonas is inherently resistant to most of the antibiotics. Cephalosporins such as ceftazidime ,cefoperazone, ceftolozane and cefepime are used to treat it", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cefixime", "opb": "Ceftazidime", "opc": "Ampicillin", "opd": "Cotrimoxazole", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f89fdba6-62bb-46fd-bda5-af610b529256", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common tumor of infancy is", "exp": "Refer robbins 8/e p584 A rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor of striated muscle. Rhabdomyomas may be either \"cardiac\" or \"extra cardiac\" (occurring outside the hea). Extracardiac forms of rhabdomyoma are sub classified into three distinct types: adult type, fetal type, and genital type. Cardiac rhabdomyomas are the most common primary tumor of the hea in infants and children. It has an association with tuberous sclerosis. In those with tuberous sclerosis, the tumor may regress and disappear completely, or remain consistent in size. It is most commonly associated with the tongue, and hea, but can also occur in other locations, such as the vagina. Malignant skeletal muscle tumors are referred to as rhabdomyosarcoma. Only rare cases of possible malignant change have been repoed in fetal rhabdomyoma. The differential diagnosis in the tongue includes ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lymphangioma", "opb": "Rhabdomyoma", "opc": "Hemangioma", "opd": "Lipoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "2bfb92b7-fc20-430d-a84c-cf3e03aa9b41", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epithelium lining of lingual surface of epiglottis is", "exp": "Stratified squamous epithelium is present in pharynx, lingual surface of epiglottis which is non keratinised in nature whereas in laryngeal surface of epiglottis it is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Simple Columnar", "opb": "Pseudostratified ciliated columnar", "opc": "Simple Cuboidal", "opd": "Stratified squamous epithelium", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Epithelial tissue", "id": "4673ea7f-a76d-4d92-8d3c-1b8a4bc6a4d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cox pathway is not inhibited by", "exp": "Aspirin inhibits Cox irreversibly by acetylating one of its serine residues;return of Cox activity depends are depends on synthesis of freshers I enzymes. other NSAIDs like indomethacin, diclofenac, etc are competative and Irreversible inhibitors of Cox, return of activity depends upon the dissociation from enzyme which in turn is governed by pharmacokinetic characteristics of its compound coicosteroids like betamethasone act by inhibiting phospholipase A2.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspirin", "opb": "Indomethacin", "opc": "Betamethasone", "opd": "Diclofenac", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7fb7bf64-10a3-4b27-8792-2c4330b370d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Facial artery is a branch of", "exp": "The facial artery is the chief artery of the face. It is a branch of the external carotid artery .", "cop": 1, "opa": "External carotid artery", "opb": "Internal carotid artery", "opc": "Transverse facial artery", "opd": "Buccal artery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c91cc30-aec4-4e5e-845e-d50bff6230c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pyramidalis is supplied by", "exp": "The pyramidalis is a small and triangular muscle, anterior to the rectus abdominis, and contained in the rectus sheath. The muscle is innervated by the ventral poion of T12. Anterior division of the twelfth thoracic nerve (subcostal nerve) communicates with the iliohypogastric nerve of the lumbar plexus and gives a branch to the Pyramidalis. Ref - semantischolar.org", "cop": 1, "opa": "Subcostal nerve", "opb": "Ilioinguinal nerve", "opc": "Iliohypogastric nerve", "opd": "Genitofemoral nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "3476eb4f-9159-443e-a186-468a303e9bc9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The remnant of an omphalomesenteric duct is", "exp": "The omphalomesenteric duct is an embryonic structure which connects the yolk sac to the midgut, it gets obliterated between the 5thand 9th week of gestation, failure of which result in remnants like Meckel's diveiculum or cyst or fistula The median umbilical ligament is a remnant of the urachus The medial umbilical ligaments are a remnant of the umbilical aeries Ref: Gray's 39e/p-1289", "cop": 2, "opa": "Median umbilical ligament", "opb": "Meckel's diveiculum", "opc": "Median umbilical fold", "opd": "Omphalocele", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "bd75b124-32fe-44b7-8bb9-8447ffeba0ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thyroid Ca causes laryngeal paralysis due to", "exp": "The nerves found in close relationship to the thyroid gland and therefore likely to be involved in the malignant spread and thyroid surgery are recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve. Ref : Schwaz Surgery 9/e p1346", "cop": 1, "opa": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy", "opb": "Vagus nerve palsy", "opc": "Glossopharyngeal nerve palsy", "opd": "Hypoglossal nerve palsy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "65f581f9-72de-417c-919f-a400a96a8ffe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Extension of knee joint is caused by", "exp": "C. i.e. Quadriceps femoris", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gracilis", "opb": "Popliteus", "opc": "Quadriceps femoris", "opd": "Semitendinosus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "55eda9a9-48cf-42af-a6ce-61d65dcaa0f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most dependent pa of abdomen in standing position is", "exp": "The recto-uterine pouch (cul-de-sac or pouch of Douglas) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus. It is the most inferior aspect of the peritoneal cavity and therefore the first location where free fluid accumulates . ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg244", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vesicouterine pouch", "opb": "Pouch of douglas", "opc": "Morrison pouch", "opd": "Left paracolic gutter", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "3160f04e-7284-41bc-a561-dd467e9a23c7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reduced liver transplants", "exp": "Reduced size liver transplant Liver can be reduced to a functional unit of appropriate size for the recepient It can overcome the donor - recepient size discrepancy, but it does not increase the absolute number of grafts Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 637-638", "cop": 4, "opa": "Given to two recepients after dividing into two pas", "opb": "Left lateral lobe divided and given to child", "opc": "Left lateral segment divided from segment 2 and gives to child", "opd": "Pa of liver segment transplanted into recepient depending upon requirement", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "bb7052f8-235b-4de7-b8a1-41cc23233e0c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The simple columnar and stratified columnar epithelia lining the lower pa of the anal canal is derived from", "exp": "The anal canal is formed from two components--the hindgut and proctodeum. The epithelium lining the lower anal canal is derived from ectoderm lining the proctodeum. above the pectinate line develop from:-endodermal cloacae beiow the pectinate line delelop from :-ectodermal proctodeum", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mesoderm", "opb": "Endoderm", "opc": "Ectoderm", "opd": "Neuroectoderm", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Embryology and abdominal wall layer", "id": "bb0c9fd8-0e1b-4ccf-8187-5e64e391117e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Radial bursa is the synol sheath covering the tendon of", "exp": "The radial Bursa is a collection of synol fluid around the Tendon of the Flexor Pollicis Longus muscle, the primary flexor of the thumb ulnar bursa is a synol sheath in the carpal tunnel of the human hand. It contains tendons of the flexor digitorum an and the flexor digitorum profundus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "opb": "Flexor digitorum profundus", "opc": "Flexor Pollicis Longus", "opd": "Flexor carpi radialis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "f6e1ae37-b35f-4123-9c81-1aca891d8eda", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Excessive bleeding during hemothorax is caused by", "exp": "Massive Hemothorax: Collection of more than 1500 ml of blood in the pleural cavity is called massive hemothorax. Massive hemothorax is usually the result of major pulmonary vascular injuries or major aerial wounds, while minor lung injuries cause small hemothorax. Also know Most common cause of hemothorax is due to injuries of Internal mammary Aery. Ref : Sabiston 18/e p498", "cop": 4, "opa": "Venacava", "opb": "Hea", "opc": "Internal mammary aery", "opd": "Major aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Cardio thoracic surgery ", "id": "23a935b3-8da4-4cd2-b019-35ff085d898c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The components of Levator ani are", "exp": "Pubococoygeus & lliococcygeus together is known as Levator ani", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pubococoygeus, Ischiococcygeus", "opb": "Pubococoygeus, lliococcygeus", "opc": "Pubococoygeus, Iliococcygeus & Ischiococcygeus", "opd": "Ischiococcygeus, lliococcygeus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a3f15ed-a752-48c4-8ec5-a37b380f24a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sacral ala is related to", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Iliolumbar aery,Ala of sacrum is a large triangular surface either side of sacral base, continuous with iliac fossa (akin to adapted and joined transverse and costal processes elsewhere spine)The smooth medial pa of the ala of sacrum is associated with the subsequent 4 structures from medial to lateral side: 1. Sympathetic chain. 2. Lumbosacral trunk. 3. Iliolumbar aery. 4. Obturator nerve.The ventral ramus of L5 nerve is really tight that it grooves the ala.The rough lateral pa of the ala provides origin to iliacus muscle anteriorly and connection to the lumbosacral ligament posteriorly.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ureter", "opb": "Parasympathetic ganglion", "opc": "Umbilical aery", "opd": "Iliolumbar aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "90970ecc-69aa-445e-a590-79f6e7fa06b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Primary and secondary palates are divided by", "exp": "D. i.e. Incisive foramenThe incisive foramen is dividing landmark between the primary & secondary palateQ; and anterior & posterior cleft deformities", "cop": 4, "opa": "Greater palatine foramen", "opb": "Canine teeth", "opc": "Alveolar arch", "opd": "Incisive foramen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "966dd816-88a5-41eb-945f-2dc2e2b55a20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary palate is formed from the", "exp": "The primary palate develops from the intermaxillary segment that is formed by the fusion of two medial nasal prominences. The two medial nasal prominences fuse to form the intermaxillary segment, which has the following components: Labial component that forms the philtrum of the upper lip Upper jaw component that forms the medial pa of the maxillary bone with the four upper incisor teeth Palatal component that forms the triangular area in the front called as the primary palate. Ref: Inderbir Singh Human Embryology 11e pg 160.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Medial nasal prominences", "opb": "Lateral nasal prominences", "opc": "Maxillary prominences", "opd": "Mandibular prominences", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "990d5004-00ee-4da3-9010-2dce40358964", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dura Mater derives its name from", "exp": "(D) Tough mother # Dura mater, or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.> It is derived from Mesoderm.> Other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater.> Dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid.> Name \"dura mater\" is derived from the Latin \"hard mother\" or \"tough mother\", and is also referred to by the term \"pachy-meninx\".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leather like appearance", "opb": "Double layered mother", "opc": "Tender mother", "opd": "Tough mother", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "7283e258-e90f-4b23-ba21-245c31f0b4d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Child's criteria is used in Cirrhosis", "exp": "Variables of CTP score Serum albumin Serum bilirubin Prothrombin time Ascites Encephalopathy Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1436", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pancreatitis", "opb": "Cirrhosis", "opc": "Multiple myeloma", "opd": "AIDS", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "3b444ed8-9ded-498f-8578-63e032a75d45", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Efferent cremastric reflex is carried by", "exp": "Ans. (b) Genito-femoral nerveRef: Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith, Moore, 5thEd,/223# CREMASTERIC REFLEXEfferent: genital branch of genitofemoral nerveAfferent: Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve* Contraction of the cremaster muscle is elicited by lightly stroking the skin on the medial aspect of the superior part of the thigh with an applicator stick or tongue depressor.* The ilioinguinal nerve supplies this area of skin.The rapid elevation of the testis on the same side is the cremasteric reflex. This reflex is extremely active in children* A hyperactive cremasteric reflex may simulate undescended testes.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Illio inguinal nerve", "opb": "Genito-femoral nerve", "opc": "Iliohypogastric nerve", "opd": "Pudendal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Nerves of Lower Extremity", "id": "46f82405-0a3e-4ae8-a640-bebe08f331b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Unilateral supranuclear lesion of facial nerve involves", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Whole of face", "opb": "Only ipsilateral upper part of the face", "opc": "Only contra lateral lower part of the face", "opd": "Whole of lower face", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "40330351-90f6-48ef-90f9-c196d403b967", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fastest acting receptor/transduction mechanism is", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p40 Drugs acting and ionotropic receptor are fast acting where as those acting through nuclear receptors are slowest in action", "cop": 3, "opa": "Adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP pathway", "opb": "Phospholipase C-IP3:DAG pathway", "opc": "Intrinsic ion channel operation", "opd": "Nuclear receptor", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "f9761f0f-021c-4957-bcb3-78a142129d47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hoffbauer's cells are present in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Pituitary gland", "opb": "Parathyroid", "opc": "Placenta", "opd": "Pineal gland", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "643a6440-e1e2-4c25-8725-f7ef36e63bdb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diagnostic procedure for postmenopausal bleeding", "exp": "Gold standard is hysteroscopic directed endometrial sampling. Next, best is endometrial aspiration as it gives a global endometrial sample by viue of suction. D and C and EB should never be done to diagnose the cause of postmenopausal bleeding. The most common cause overall is senile endometritis and the most common malignant cause is endometrial cancer", "cop": 2, "opa": "Endometrial aspiration", "opb": "Hysteroscopic guided biopsy", "opc": "Dilatation and curettage", "opd": "Ultrasound", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "667203da-b8b4-4abb-9572-7c47b1b26e3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a premalignant condition", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p169 Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Usually, males are more severely affected by this disorder than females. Affected individuals usually have delayed development of speech and language by age 2. Most males with fragile X syndrome have mild to moderate intellectual disability, while about one-third of affected females are intellectually disabled. Children with fragile X syndrome may also have anxiety and hyperactive behavior such as fidgeting or impulsive actions. They may have attention deficit disorder (ADD), which includes an impaired ability to maintain attention and difficulty focusing on specific tasks. About one-third of individuals with fragile X syndrome have features of fragile X syndrome. Most males and about half of females with fragile X syndrome have characteristic physical features that become more apparent with age. These features include a long and narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead, unusually flexible fingers, flat feet, and in males, enlarged testicles (macroorchidism) after pubey. Fragile X syndrome is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of a gene in each cell causes the disorder. In most cases, males experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females. In women, the FMR1 gene premutation on the X chromosome can expand to more than 200 CGG repeats in cells that develop into eggs. This means that women with the premutation have an increased risk of having a child with fragile X syndrome. By contrast, the premutation in men does not expand to more than 200 repeats as it is passed to the next generation. Men pass the premutation only to their daughters. Their sons receive a Y chromosome, which does not include the FMR1 gene.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fragile X syndrome", "opb": "Down's syndrome", "opc": "Blount's syndrome", "opd": "Fanconi's syndrome", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "63fd0e82-fc1b-4661-bc68-df4114fed81a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following type of epithelium is present in", "exp": "The above picture represents non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.Numerous cell layers, the most superficial of which are squamous, characterize stratified squamous epithelium. The function of this type of tissue is protection.Examples of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include corneal epithelium, lining mucosa of the oral cavity, oesophagus, anal canal, ectocervix, vagina, foreskin, and the internal poion of the lips. Moist areas don&;t need protection from desiccation and are therefore nonkeratinized.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Oesophagus", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Alveolus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "e8b3c4fb-32e7-48d9-9d1c-11c8c29fea8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best prognosis in CA GB is seen in", "exp": "Histological types in gallbladder Carcinoma Diffuse infiltrative :MC type Nodular or mass forming Papillary : Exhibits polypoid or cauliflower appearance and have best prognosis Adenocarcinoma : MC histological subtype of CA GB Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1512-1514", "cop": 1, "opa": "Papillary", "opb": "Adenocarcinoma", "opc": "Squamous", "opd": "Melanoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e96fe0ba-1b84-4d97-93e3-73def80a6f04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anchovy sauce pus is a feature of", "exp": "Amoebic liver abscess Entamoeba histolytica is endemic in many pas of the world. It exists in vegetative form outside the body and is spread by the faecal-oral route. The most common presentation is with dysentery, but it may also present with an amoebic abscess, the common sites being paracaecal and in the liver. The amoebic cyst is ingested and develops into the trophozoite form in the colon, and then passes through the bowel wall and to the liver the poal blood. Diagnosis is by isolation of the parasite from the liver lesion or the stool and confirming its nature by microscopy. Often patients with clinical signs of an amoebic abscess will be treated empirically with metronidazole (400- 800mg t.d.s. for 7-10 days) and investigated fuher only if they do not respond. Resolution of the abscess can be monitired using ultrasound. Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pg no : 1169", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amoebic liver abscess", "opb": "Lung abscess", "opc": "Splenic abscess", "opd": "Pancreatic abscess", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "faa3cb71-b79e-4b1d-a2d1-b868b33f806c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone is a type of", "exp": "D. i.e. Synchondrosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Plane Synol joint", "opb": "Fibrous joint", "opc": "Symphysis", "opd": "Synchondrosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb9d0a2f-28b5-4024-ba41-245a3371d797", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deep flexors of forearm are supplied by", "exp": "Deep flexors of forearm are Flexor digitorum profundus, Flexor pollicis longus, and Pronator quadratus. Flexor digitorum medial half is supplied by Ulnar nerve and lateral half is supplied by the anterior interosseous nerve. Flexor pollicis longus and pronator quadratus are supplied by anterior interosseous nerve. REF:B D Chaurasia edition 7th page no:110.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Median nerve", "opb": "Ulnar nerve", "opc": "Radial nerve", "opd": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "a8eb9afd-0ba8-4a07-9156-205ffba6808a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cytokines", "exp": "Ref ananthanarayana 7/e p143; Harrison 16/e p 1915; Robbins 7/e p202 Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5-20 kDa) that are impoant in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides, and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrine signaling, paracrine signaling and endocrine s as immunomodulating agents The four-a-helix bundle family: member cytokines have three-dimensional structures with four bundles of a-helices. This family, in turn, is divided into three sub-families: the IL-2 subfamily the interferon (IFN) subfamily the IL-10 subfamily.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Includes interleukins", "opb": "Produced only insepsis", "opc": "Are polypeptide s", "opd": "Have highly specific action", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "09157e84-f78b-4f83-9b51-51f1be4e094d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Main Aerial supply of the tonsil is from", "exp": "Facial aery supplies face, tonsil Ref: Gray's 40e/p-262", "cop": 1, "opa": "Facial aery", "opb": "Ascending pharyngeal aery", "opc": "Palatine aery", "opd": "Maxillary aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "459a26c5-26f5-476c-90d4-14f585f83c57", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Light microscopic characteristic features of apoptosis is", "exp": "Ref, Robbins 8/ep41-15,26-27,9/ep53", "cop": 4, "opa": "Intact cell membrane", "opb": "Eosinophilic cytoplasm", "opc": "Nuclear moulding", "opd": "Condensation of the nucleus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "dbcf6367-b512-4df2-a95e-424b522bc4b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum risk of pancreatitis is present with", "exp": "All NIs can cause pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy Maximum risk of pancreatitis is associated with dilation didanosine and maximum incidence of peripheral neuropathy is seen with stavudine Lamivudine is safest NI as has minimum risk of pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy Refer Katzung 11/e p858", "cop": 1, "opa": "Didanosine", "opb": "Lamivudine", "opc": "Zidovudine", "opd": "Abacavir", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "8ee119e1-9b21-49fc-9422-34e84d0f0c12", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The lymphatics from the median part of the forehead drains to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Submandibular nodes", "opb": "Submental nodes", "opc": "Preauricular parotid nodes", "opd": "Upper deep cervical nodes", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "8510723f-feef-470a-baf2-b86b8826bc7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a tributary of Azygos Vein among the following is", "exp": "1. Formative tributaries of Azygos Vein are Lumbar Ascending vein, Subcostal Vein and lumbar azygos vein.\n2. Right Bronchial Vein is the last tributary of Azygos Vein", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lumbar Ascending vein", "opb": "Subcostal Vein", "opc": "Intercostolumbar azygos vein", "opd": "Right Bronchial Vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "39e77ab9-f92e-4fb9-a0f2-e79b8c9922c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of joint present between Epiphysis & Diaphysis is", "exp": "PRIMARY CAILAGINOUS JOINT (SYNCHONDROSIS): THESE BONE ARE UNITED BY A PLATE OF HYALINE CAILAGE SO THE JOINT IS IMMOVABLE AND STRONG Description Ref BD CHAURASIA S Handbook of General Anatomy Fouh edition Pg no 63", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fibrous joint", "opb": "Synol joint", "opc": "Synchondrosis", "opd": "Syndesmosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "a764af9b-31ec-4764-91e0-4e9100624a6f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common second malignancy in patients with femoral retinoblastoma is", "exp": "Patients with family retinoblastoma are at greatly increased risk of developing Osteosarcoma and and some other soft tissue sarcoma.. Alteration in RB pathway, involving INK proteins, cyclin D dependent kinases, and RB family proteins which are present in normal cells lead on to tumor suppressor gene. And associated somatic tissue mutation cause increased risk of other tumors. Refer robbins 9/e 299", "cop": 3, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Medullary carcinomas", "opc": "Osteosarcoma", "opd": "Malignant melanoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "002ce5ee-3cba-485c-bf86-2edcc70afc0f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Accessory renal aeries are A/E", "exp": "D i.e. Very rare occurancePresence of accessory (supernumerary) renal aeries is the most common renal vascular anomalyQ. It is two times more common than supernumerary renal veins.", "cop": 4, "opa": "End aeries", "opb": "Vascular anomaly", "opc": "2-4 in number", "opd": "Very rare occurance", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb861a75-811c-4b02-8939-33b9d61857c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tibial and common peroneal nerve supplies the muscle (FMGE Dec 2018)", "exp": "Biceps femoris - hybrid muscle - have two nerves supply - Present in posterior compament (lateral) of thigh It has two heads Long head: 1. Originates from inferomedial pa of upper area of ischial tuberosity. 2. Innervated by sciatic nerve - common fibular division. Sho head: 1. Arise from lateral lip of Linea aspera on shaft of femur. 2. innervated by sciatic nerve - common fibular division. It flexes & laterally rotates leg at knee joint; Extends & laterally rotates thigh at hip joint Long head is a pa of hamstrings while sho head is not - gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus - belong to medial compament of thigh Muscle Origin Inseion Innervation Function * Gracilis A line on external surface of body of pubis, the inferior pubic ramus & ramus of ischium Medial surface of proximal shaft of tibia. Obturator nerve (L2, L3) Adducts thigh at hip joint & flexes leg at knee joint. * Adductor longus External surface of body of pubis (triangular depression inferior to pubic crest & lateral to pubic symphysis) Linea aspera on middle 1/3rd of shaft of femur Obturator nerve (anterior division L2, L3, L4) Adducts & medially rotates thigh at hip joint * Adductor magnus Ischiopubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Adductor pa - Posterior surface of proximal femur, Linea aspera, medial supracondylar line Hamstring pa - Adductor tubercle, medial supracondylar line Obturator N (L2, L3, L4) Sciatic N (tibial division) (L2, L3, L4) Adducts & medially rotates thigh at hip joint Extends thigh at hip joint.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gracilis", "opb": "Biceps femoris", "opc": "Adductor longus", "opd": "Adductor magnus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "FMGE 2018", "id": "a2342190-0573-46b2-9a9a-1035d1070e8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "35 year old female diagnosed to have hyper thyroid disorder. Her thyroid follicle lined by", "exp": "Normal thyroid follicle - simple cuboidal Hyper thyroid follicle - simple columnar Hypo thyroid follicle - simple cuboidal", "cop": 1, "opa": "Simple columnar", "opb": "Simple squamous", "opc": "Simple cuboidal", "opd": "Ciliated columnar", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Epithelial tissue", "id": "ce4ede3c-e2ef-4eb3-9d30-f4e14e239d29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In case of parathyroid adenoma T/t is", "exp": "Ref: Harrison's 19th edition Pgno :2473-2475 Parathyroid adenoma causes primary Hyperparathyroidism A single parathyroid adenoma (85%) Resection Two adenomas(5%) Resection Hyperplasia of all four glands (10-15%) Resection of 3 1/2 glands Resection of all four glands with auto transplantation of a parathyroid gland in the forearm (brachioradialis) or SCM muscle", "cop": 2, "opa": "Calcitonin and steroid", "opb": "Removal of adenoma", "opc": "Total parathyroidectomy and implantation in arm", "opd": "Total parathyroidectomy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "55a8ce9d-91ae-4ccf-b04e-32745efb3265", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Posterior belly of digastric is attached to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Styloid", "opb": "Hyoid", "opc": "Mastoid notch", "opd": "Thyroid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b828a70c-dd36-4e4c-b294-51c32c209dc8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Safe and effective method of sterilization of surgical eye instruments is", "exp": "Autoclaving is the safest methods of sterilization Ref khurana 6/e", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acetone", "opb": "Formalin", "opc": "Autoclaving", "opd": "Boiling", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "53835c87-44a6-4637-a491-cee6e4ffeb84", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Severity of mitral stenosis is assessed by", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1540 In general, the duration of this murmur correlates with the severity of the stenosis in patients with preserved CO. In patients with sinus rhythm, the murmur often reappears or becomes louder during atrial systole (presystolic accentuation).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Loud opening snap", "opb": "Length of murmur", "opc": "Loud S1", "opd": "Splitting S2", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5aa1151b-c421-4fe1-8ac0-3a5ee4f254b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epithelium in vocal card is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Pseudo stratified columnar", "opb": "Stratified squamous", "opc": "Simple columnar", "opd": "Cuboidal epithelium", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "aabfe503-9a60-442b-880f-f89ecf496633", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lacrimal gland is a derivative of", "exp": "(A) EctodermDERIVATIVES OF EMBRYONIC TISSUESNeuroectodermCranial Neural Crest CellsSurface EctodermMesoderm* Neurosensory retina* Retinal pigment epithelium* Pigmented ciliary epithelium* Nonpigmented ciliary epithelium* Pigmented iris epithelium* Sphincter & dilator muscles of iris* Optic nerve, axons & glia* Vitreous* Corneal Stroma & endothelium* Sclera* Trabecular meshwork* Sheaths & tendons of extraocular muscles* Connective tissues of iris* Ciliary muscles* Choroidal stroma* Melanocytes (uveal & epithelial)* Meningeal sheaths of the optic nerve* Schwann cells of ciliary nerves* Ciliary ganglion* Most orbital bones, cartilage & connective tissue of the orbit* Muscular layer & connective tissue sheaths of all ocular & orbital vessels* Epithelium, glands, cilia of skin of lids & caruncle* Conjunctival epithelium* Lens* Lacrimal gland & drainage system* Vitreous* Fibers of extraocular: muscles endothelial lining of all orbital & ocular blood vessels; temporal portion of sclera, vitreous", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ectoderm", "opb": "Mesoderm", "opc": "Endoderm", "opd": "Neural crest cells", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "e84619c8-b2d1-4e93-a244-51bef5d0ab80", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Therapeutic drug monitoring is required for", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p434,435 Indications for therapeutic drug monitoring include: There is an experimentally determined relationship between plasma drug concentration and the pharmacological effect. Knowledge of the drug level influences management. There is a narrow therapeutic window. There are potential patient compliance problems. The drug dose cannot be optimised by clinical observation alone. Examples of drugs analysed by therapeutic drug monitoring: Aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin) Antiepileptics (such as carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproic acid) Mood stabilisers, especially lithium citrate Antipsychotics (such as pimozide and clozapine) Biologic monoclonal antibody drugs (such as adalimumab, ceolizumab pegol and infliximab) Therapeutic drug monitoring can also detect poisoning with above drugs, should the suspicion arise.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Prodrugs", "opb": "Levodopa", "opc": "Lithum carbonate", "opd": "MAO inhibitor", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "5c7786bd-6496-484f-9fe0-84de3a1cc599", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brown atrophy is due to", "exp": "Ref, Robbins 8/e p10,532,7/e10,9/ep64", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fatty necrosis", "opb": "Lipofuscin", "opc": "Haemosiderin", "opd": "Ceruloplasmin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "be3299ed-a149-4abd-8fa4-d24e720e9be6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sho head of the biceps muscle is attached to", "exp": "Sho head of the biceps brachii arises from the lateral pa of the tip of coracoid process and gets attached to the posterior rough pa of radial tuberosity . B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no : 91", "cop": 3, "opa": "Supraglenoid tubercle", "opb": "Acromion process", "opc": "Coracoid process", "opd": "Bicipital groove", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "a3b57db0-bd0e-49bb-8f9e-b39174351928", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypercalcemia is seen in", "exp": "Paraneoplastic syndromes of HCC Hypercholesterolemia Hypoglycemia Erythrocytosis Hypercalcemia Ref:Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1458-1463", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pancreatic cancer", "opb": "HCC", "opc": "CA stomach", "opd": "CA GB", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "0826ab76-5737-4034-9c4e-802f6aa50c56", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sarcoidosis doesn't involve", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p693 Sarcoidosis almost always involves the lungs, but it can also affect the skin, eyes, nose, muscles, hea,liver, spleen, bowel, kidney, testes, nerves, lymph nodes, joints, and brain. Granulomas in the lungs can cause narrowing of the airways and inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue Only 5-15p% cases have involvement of sarcoidosis in brain called as neurosarcoidosis, it's very rare", "cop": 1, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Hea", "opc": "Lung", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "29ea0a11-5bb1-42d5-a5fd-80208d1625fe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac septum develops by", "exp": "Cardiac septum developed by 5-8 weeks . Ref - sciencedirect.com", "cop": 1, "opa": "5-8 weeks", "opb": "9-12 weeks", "opc": "12-16 weeks", "opd": "16-18 weeks", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "0222fb4d-4334-41ba-a522-39245af7bb80", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Genomic imprinting is seen in", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p172 Angelman syndrome, as might be expected, also can result from uniparental disomy of parental chromosome 15. The Angelman syndrome gene (imprinted on the paternal chro- mosome) is now known to encode a ligase that has a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway (Chapter 1). This gene, called, somewhat laboriously, UBE3A, is expressed primarily from the maternal allele in specific regions of the normal brain. In Angelman syndrome, UBE3A is not expressed in these areas of the brain--hence the neurologic manifestations. Prader-Willi syndrome, unlike Angelman syndrome, probably is caused by the loss of function of several genes located on chromosome 15 between q11 and q13. These genes are still being fully characterized.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Klinefelter syndrome", "opb": "Down's syndrome", "opc": "Angelman syndrome", "opd": "Hydatidi form mole", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "05616bfd-586a-40a6-a9e7-0267e9f0a270", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inferior oblique muscle of eye is supplied by", "exp": "Ref BDC volume 3,6th edition pg 208NERVE SUPPLY:The superior oblique is supplied by trochlear nerveThe lateral rectus is supplied by abducent nerveThe superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique is supplied by occulomotor nerve", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oculomotor nerve", "opb": "Abducent nerve", "opc": "Trochlear nerve", "opd": "Facial nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "e46ab140-479f-4e41-ba6c-592ce28215b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "drugs used for anorexia nervosa", "exp": "Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a eating disorder where the patient has decreased weight and altered body image and persistent desire to maintain thinness * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Intense fear of becoming fat * Restriction of food intake * Restricting type * Binge eating and purging type * Amenorrhea is not needed for diagnosis, previously amenorrhea is considered as a diagnostic criteria for diagnosis, in recent DSM 5 amenorrhea is considered for a diagnosis * Association= * OCD and depression * Decreased interest in sex * Complication * 7-14% moality * ECG changes * Hypokalemic alkalosis because of induced vomiting * Gastric dilation * Drugs * Cypro hepatidine * SSRI * Management * Admit in severe cases * Prevent vomiting by making restroom inaccessible for 2 hours after food intake * Avoid laxatives * Small frequent meals * Avoid refeeding syndrome Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 509", "cop": 1, "opa": "cyprohepatidine", "opb": "haloperidol", "opc": "chlorpromazine", "opd": "pimozide", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Sleep disorders and eating disorders", "id": "10221ca8-4ed0-44bf-9147-1fcc8853bd26", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve supply of Pinna is A/E", "exp": "The upper two-thirds of lateral surface is supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve and the lower one-third by the great auricular nerve . The upper two-thirds of medial surface is supplied by the lesser occipital nerve Notes: The auricular muscles are supplied through branches of facial nerve The root is supplied by auricular branch of vagus nerve Ref.BDC volume 3,sixth edition pg 273", "cop": 4, "opa": "Great auricular nerve", "opb": "Auriculotemporal nerve", "opc": "Lesser occipital nerver", "opd": "Greater superficial petrosal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "21172eb0-7344-48f3-84e0-9a7978e0d984", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Middle cardiac vein is accompanied by", "exp": "The middle cardiac vein commences at the apex of the hea; ascends in the posterior longitudinal sulcus along with posterior interventricular aery, and ends in the coronary sinus.Ref: V.S Volume 1; 2nd edition; Page: 276", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior interventricular aery", "opb": "Left circumflex aery", "opc": "Posterior Interventricular aery", "opd": "Diagonal aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "39c06e7a-1af3-4da9-869b-b99678fa4a43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Superior colliculus is concerned with", "exp": "The Superior colliculus is a flattened mass formed of seven concentric alternating laminae of white matter and grey matter.The efferent fibres form Superior colliculus forms tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts, which are probably responsible for the reflex movements of eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli.Unilateral lesion of Superior colliculus results in relative neglect of visual stimuli and inability to track moving objects in the contralateral field of vision, although the eye movements are normal.(Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy second edition pg 85)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Olfaction", "opb": "Hearing", "opc": "Vision", "opd": "Pain sensation", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "34246e80-8766-4e17-948e-0317fecf5ef4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most commonly fractured carpal bone", "exp": "• The scaphoid is a BOAT SHAPED carpal bone and has a tubercle in its lateral side.\n• Scaphoid bone is the most commonly fractured carpal bone.\n• Lunate (crescent shaped) is the 2nd most commonly fractured carpal bone.\n• Scaphoid fracture is usually caused by a fall on an outstretched hand with the weight landing on the palm.\n• Scaphoid bone forms the floor of the anatomical snuff box.\n• It articulates with the following bones: radius, lunate, capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hamate", "opb": "Lunate", "opc": "Scaphoid", "opd": "Capitates", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "484b738c-4b82-4119-989b-5b67c40988f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The efferent limb of the cremaster reflex is provided by", "exp": "- Cremastric reflex- \n\nAfferent- Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve\nEfferent- Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve", "cop": 2, "opa": "Femoral branch of the genitofemoral", "opb": "Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve", "opc": "Ilioinguinal nerve", "opd": "Pudendal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "266e44c6-8247-4f03-aac7-5883b32af997", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Superficial perineal space contains", "exp": "Contents: MuscleIschiocavernosus muscleBulbospongiosus muscleSuperficial transverse perineal muscleOtherCrura of penis (males) / crura of clitoris (females)Bulb of penis (males) / vestibular bulb (females)Greater vestibular gland (female)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sphincter urethrae muscle", "opb": "Ischiocavernosus muscle", "opc": "Deep transverse perinei muscle", "opd": "Bulbourethral gland", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "1d44f9b7-5130-4eee-802e-3a201352d1ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A child presents with hypochromic microcytic anemia, with normal levels of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin . The most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 637-638 The diagnosis of b-thalassemia major is readily made during child- hood on the basis of severe anemia accompanied by the characteris- tic signs of massive ineffective erythropoiesis: hepatosplenomegaly, profound microcytosis, a characteristic blood smear ), and elevated levels of HbF, HbA2 , or both.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Iron deficiency anemia", "opb": "Lead toxicity", "opc": "Thalassemia", "opd": "Anemia of chronic disease", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "8b53e4bd-f4fa-4100-8c4e-9c8734e9e857", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Area of mitral orifice in adults is", "exp": "The normal area of aoic valve is tz, 3 - 4 cm2 and mitral valve is 4 - 6 cm2Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "6-8 cm2", "opb": "0.5-2 cm2", "opc": "4-6 cm2", "opd": "1-4 cm2", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "55175e32-ad95-41e9-9d54-7f7ba3016cea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of cholesterol in plasmalemma is to", "exp": "The fluidity of the lipid bilayer is decreased in following three ways Lowering temperature Increasing saturation of fatty acyl tails in phospholipid membrane Increase membrane cholesterol content. Cholesterol interacts with the phospholipid membrane containing fatty acyl chains, compacting them, constraining the motion in bilayers, hence decreasing the fluidity. Ref: Lehninger 30e pg 395.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase the fluidity of lipid bilayer", "opb": "Decrease the fluidity of lipid bilayer", "opc": "Facilitate the diffusion of ions into the lipid bilayer", "opd": "Assist in the transpo of hormones across the lipid bilayer", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "f932be3f-8112-4e82-b763-e9403f88f30d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marked deformity is due to", "exp": "Given action - wrist drop Due to radial nerve injury PIN palsy causes - finger drop not wrist drop", "cop": 1, "opa": "Radial nerve", "opb": "Posterior interosseous nerve", "opc": "Ulnar nerve", "opd": "Median nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Nerve Lesions", "id": "bdc25c83-6844-484d-b4be-155a94617cfe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epithelium of comea is", "exp": "INDERBIR SINGH&;S TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN HISTOLOGY-PAGE NO:391 Corneal epithelium: the outermost layer is of non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. the cells in the deepest layer of the epithelium is columnar.in the middle layers they are polygonal and in the superficial layers they are flattened", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pseudostratified", "opb": "Transitional", "opc": "Statified squamous keratinized", "opd": "Statified squamous non keratinized", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "8a386922-53fb-4f34-9e0b-0b6cae283c65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 59 yr old man with severe myxomatous mitral regurgitation is asymptomatic,wi wia left ventricular ejection fraction of 45% and an endsystollic diameter index of 2.9cm/m2 . The most appropriate treatment is", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1545 Valve repair for ischemic MR is associated with lower periopera- tive moality rates but higher rates of recurrent MR over time. In patients with ischemic MR and significantly impaired LV systolic function (EF <30%), the risk of surgery is higher, recovery of LV per- formance is incomplete, and long-term survival is reduced.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mitral valve repair or replacement", "opb": "No treatment", "opc": "ACE inhibitor therapy", "opd": "Digoxin and diuretic therapy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "2a60aa57-2594-4fc1-85e3-10302e60b0f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Radiation dose in mammography", "exp": "Mammography Soft tissue radiographs are taken by placing the breast in direct contact with ultrasensitive film and exposing it to low-voltage, high-amperage x-rays. The dose of radiation is approximately 0.1 cGy and, therefore, mammography is a very safe investigation. The sensitivity of this investigation increases with age as the breast becomes less dense. In total, 5% of breast cancers are missed by population-based mammographic screening programmes; even in retrospect, such carcinomas are not apparent. Thus, a normal mammogram does not exclude the presence of carcinoma. Digital mammography is being introduced, which allows manipulation of the images and computer-aided diagnosis. Tomo-mammography is also being assessed as a more sensitive diagnostic modality. Ref:Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno :861", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.1 Gray/study", "opb": "0.01cGray/study", "opc": "0.1 cGray/study", "opd": "0.01 Gray/study", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "b846a213-1838-4447-bd37-66f1d024bee7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sensory nerve supply of the middle ear cavity is provided by", "exp": "Glossopharyngeal nerve -> Tympanic nerve/Tympanic plexus -> Middle ear\n Auditory tube\n Mastoid antrum", "cop": 2, "opa": "Facial", "opb": "Glossopharyngeal", "opc": "Trigeminal", "opd": "Vagus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "ad9d6b4f-4613-4e8f-8779-59a70a8aaca4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve likely to be injured in posterior dislocation of the Hip joint is", "exp": "Dislocation of the hip may be posterior (more common), anterior (less common), or central (rare). The sciatic nerve may be injured in posterior dislocations.Ref: BDC 6th edition (Abdomen and lower limb) pg: 154", "cop": 3, "opa": "Superior gluteal nerve", "opb": "Inferior gluteal nerve", "opc": "Sciatic", "opd": "Pudendal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "775baff9-096f-4d03-b283-87414aa47206", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Site of transplantation in Islet cell transplant for Diabetes mellitus is", "exp": "The islets are then purified from the dispersed tissue by density-gradient centrifugation and can be delivered into the recepient liver (the preferred site for transplantation) by injection into the poal vein Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno :1552", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Injected into the poal vein", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Pelvis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "91ec5518-373b-4a7e-9246-d7a72ba7640c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tensile strength of the wound stas and increases after", "exp": "Wounds do not begin to gain tensile strength from collagen until 5 - 7 days. Wound achieves around 20 % by 3 weeks, and around 60 % by four months. Scar tissue continues to remodel for at least 6 - 12 months after an injury.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Immediately after suturing", "opb": "3-4 days", "opc": "7-10 days", "opd": "1 month", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "44dd5d46-5799-4119-bb66-2179604c29f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bregma is the name given to the junction of the", "exp": "Bregma:\n\nBregma is the meeting point between coronal and sagittal sutures.\nSeen in norma verticalis view of skull.\nIn foetal skull, this is the site of a membranous gap, called anterior fontanelle. It ossifies at 18 months of age.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coronal and sagittal sutures", "opb": "Frontal bone with the nasal bone", "opc": "Lambdoid and sagittal sutures", "opd": "Parietal & Occipital bone", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "30c0cabf-6865-4aca-9a52-05a53307ef3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Main feature of chemotaxis is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p45 ..9/e p77 Chemotaxis. After extravasating from the blood, leuko- cytes move toward sites of infection or injury along a chem- ical gradient by a process called chemotaxis. Both exogenous and endogenous substances can be chemotactic for leuko- cytes, including the following: * Bacterial products, paicularly peptides with N-formyl- methionine termini * Cytokines, especially those of the chemokine family * Components of the complement system, paicularly C5 * Products of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, paicularly leukotriene B4 (LTB4) These mediators, which are described in more detail later, are produced in response to infections and tissue damage and during immunologic reactions. Leukocyte infiltration in all of these situations results from the actions of various combinations of mediators. Chemotactic molecules bind to specific cell surface receptors, which triggers the assembly of cytoskeletal con- tractile elements necessary for movement. Leukocytes move by extending pseudopods that anchor to the ECM and then pull the cell in the direction of the extension. The direction of such movement is specified by a higher density of chemokine receptors at the leading edge of the cell. Thus, leukocytes move to and are retained at the site where they are needed. The type of emigrating leukocyte varies with the age of the inflammatory response and with the type of stimulus. In most forms of acute inflammation, neutrophils predomi- nate in the inflammatory infiltrate during the first 6 to 24 hours and are replaced by monocytes in 24 to 48 hours (Fig. 2-6). Several factors account for this early abundance of neutro- phils: These cells are the most numerous leukocytes in the blood, they respond more rapidly to chemokines, and they may attach more firmly to the adhesion molecules that are rapidly induced on endothelial cells, such as P- and E-selectins. In addition, after entering tissues, neutrophils are sho-lived--they die by apoptosis and disappear within 24 to 48 hours--while monocytes survive longer. There are exceptions to this pattern of cellular infiltration,", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increase random movement of neutrophil", "opb": "Increase adhesive Ness to intima", "opc": "Increased phagocytosis", "opd": "Unidirectional locomotion of neutrophil", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5312769b-7e7d-4153-a5a6-2523792c7d94", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Extentsion of neck occurs at", "exp": "C1 and C2 form a unique set of aiculations that provide a great degree of mobility for the skull. C1 serves as a ring or washer that the skull rests upon and aiculates in a pivot joint with the dens or odontoid process of C2. Approximately 50% of flexion extension of the neck happens between the occiput and C1; 50% of the rotation of the neck happens between C1 and C2. Ref - medscape.com", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atlanto-occipital joint", "opb": "C4-C5 veebra", "opc": "Atlantoaxial joint", "opd": "C6-C7", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "59f70ca0-e649-4947-be4d-c14835c40102", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bochdalek hernia occurs in", "exp": "BOCHDALEK HERNIA: Usually left sided It is congenital diaphragmatic hernia Deficiency in left pleuroperitoneal cavity Left lung hypoplasia Right lung is also compressed Cyanosis at bih NEONATAL EMERGENCY MORGAGNI HERNIA Mostly on right side Antero-medial & Retrosternal Transverse colon herniates in front of hea Less common than Bochdalek hernia", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antero-lateral pa of diaphragm", "opb": "Postero-lateral pa of diaphragm", "opc": "Retro-sternal area", "opd": "posterior to diaphragm", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Umblicial cord and diaphragm", "id": "1d7fdde7-b1fb-4aeb-b694-492c19cf793d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Loss of lacrimation occurs due to injury of", "exp": "Parasympathetic secretomotor nerve fibres destined for the lacrimal gland arise from the lacrimal nucleus of the facial nerve. They travel via the great petrosal nerve to reach the lacrimal gland. Consequently injuries of the greater petrosal nerve can cause loss of lacrimation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nasocilliary nerve", "opb": "Greater petrosal nerve", "opc": "Anterior ethmoidal nerve", "opd": "Supraorbital nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e4d4a05-204f-43b7-a4be-392854f9a4ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "M2 choline receptor is located at", "exp": "M2 receptors are located at Hea, Nerves, Smooth musclesM1NervesM2Hea, Nerves, Smooth musclesM3Glands, smooth muscle, endotheliumM4CNSM5CNSNMSkeletal muscle, Neuromuscular junctionNNCNS, postganglionic cell body, dendritesKatzung 13e pg:105", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hea", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Skeletal muscle", "opd": "Glands", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "a5eb85f2-ada2-4442-8ecc-2d3b02991cfa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aortic hiatus contains", "exp": "Aortic hiatus contain azygous vein and thoracic duct", "cop": 3, "opa": "Left gastric vein and thoracic duct", "opb": "Thoracic duct and hemiazygos vein", "opc": "Azygos vein and thoracic duct", "opd": "Left vagus and thoracic duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e7a13fa-fe0f-4f34-8f8b-92baf790580b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ligament of Berry is formed by", "exp": "The posterior layer of the thyroid capsule is thick. On either side it forms a suspensory ligament for the thyroid gland known as ligament of Berry .The ligaments are attached chiefly to the cricoid cartilage, and may extend to the thyroid cartilage. They support the thyroid gland, and do not let it sink into the mediastinum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Investing layer of Deep Cervical fascia", "opb": "Pretracheal layer", "opc": "Prevertebral layer", "opd": "Pharyngobasilar fascia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "9d221759-4316-4fec-8d5e-240c96c6af0a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most dependent Bronchopulmonary segment in Erect position is", "exp": "Most dependent Bronchopulmonary segment in Erect position is Right posterior basal segment.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Left Superior segment", "opb": "Right Superior segment", "opc": "Right posterior basal segment", "opd": "Left posterior basal segment", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3c89e7f-f8cc-424f-95f7-0a1fa1228eef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Half life of factor 8", "exp": "Factor VIII is also called as anti hemophilic factor Its half life is 8-12 hrs Ref: Harrison's 19th edition Pgno :138", "cop": 2, "opa": "4 hrs", "opb": "8 hrs", "opc": "24 hrs", "opd": "30 hrs", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "92ecdf25-6ae8-495b-877b-3da11122ed8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marked dermatome is", "exp": "Dermatome supply of the marked area is S2", "cop": 4, "opa": "L4", "opb": "L5", "opc": "S1", "opd": "S2", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Nerve supply of Lower Limb", "id": "2f00464b-b29b-4ac2-9246-1b70377abb1a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An agent that activates natural killer cells and is useful in renal cell carcinoma is", "exp": "Ref-Katzung 10/e p816 Recombinant IL-2 is used for the treatment of maligant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aldesleukin", "opb": "Etanercept", "opc": "Leflunomide", "opd": "Thalidomide", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "5d77a71b-f3d4-4a53-a097-62ea260115e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tensor tympani is supplied by", "exp": "The tensor tympani lies in a bony canal that opens at its lateral end on the anterior wall of the middle ear, and its medial end on the base of skull. Nerve supply: MANDIBULAR NERVE The fibres pass through the nerve to the medial pterygoid, and through the otic ganglion, without any relay. Development: From the mesoderm of first branchial arch Action: Tensing the tympanic membrane Ref:BDC 6th edition pg 281 (vol 3)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Maxillary branch of 5th nerve", "opb": "Mandibular branch of 5th nerve", "opc": "Facial nerve", "opd": "Lingual nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "051fad12-3426-458c-a634-38ecfd7e7193", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Medial boundary of anatomical snuffbox is formed by", "exp": "ANATOMICAL SNUFF BOX:-Elongated triangular depression seen on the lateral side of the dorsum of hand when the thumb is hyperflexed. BOUNDARIES:1. Anterolaterally-tendon of abductor pollicis longus,tendon of extensor pollicis brevis.2. Posteromedially-tendon of extensor pollicis longus.3. Floor-scaphoid and trapezium.4. Roof-skin and superficial fascia.Contents:-1. Radial aery.Structures crossing the roof deep to skin:-1. Cephalic vein.2. Terminal branch of superficial radial nerve. Pulsations of radial aery felt here.Tenderness felt here indicates fracture of scaphoid bone.Cephaloc vein at this site can be used for giving iv fluids. {Reference: Vishram Singh , page no.171} Figure 9.33,page no:122 BD chaurasia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Extensor pollicis longus", "opb": "Extensorpollicis brevis", "opc": "Abductor pollicis longus", "opd": "Flexor carpi ulnaris", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "8910b07a-1055-4561-8a79-4cf9f20d7eb6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Suntentaculum tali is present on", "exp": "Sustentaculum tali is a bony projection present on Calcaneus, on medial surface.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Talus", "opb": "Navicular", "opc": "Calcaneus", "opd": "Cuneiform", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b7f551c0-01b8-4eb5-b380-5511895733e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is not a feature of malignant transformation by culturedc", "exp": "Ref biology of the cell p357-364 Both normal cells and cancer cells can be cultured in-vitro , however they behave quite differently normal cell: show replicative senescence .is cells pass through limited number of cell division before they decline in vigor and die it may caused by inability to synthesise telomerase", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased cell density", "opb": "Increased requirement for growth factors", "opc": "Alterations of cytoskeleton structure", "opd": "Loss of anchorage", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "56a3e242-b2f4-45e3-a6d6-3e9257f84387", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liver abscess ruptures most commonly in", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pleural cavity", "opb": "Peritoneal cavity", "opc": "Pericardial cavity", "opd": "Bronchus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e06b836d-135b-4462-a36a-7c169f831f7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Foot eversion is caused by", "exp": "Foot eversion occurs at subtalar joint by Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis and Peronius Teius. Inversion of foot done by Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Extensor digitorum", "opb": "Peroneus longus", "opc": "Tibialis anterior", "opd": "Tibialis posterior", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Muscles of Lower Limb", "id": "c7287f22-1329-4bf8-b6b2-ab2196d27d4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ceruminous glands present in the ear are", "exp": "Th e ceruminous glands secrete the wax of the ear. Th ey are modifi ed sweat glands lined by a columnar, cuboidal or squamous epithelium. REF : Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Histology,Seventh edition, pg.no.,412.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Modified eccrine glands", "opb": "Midified apocrine glands", "opc": "Mucous gland", "opd": "Modified holocrine glands", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "955ba9c5-e62c-4d52-98b5-c2e8cbd0fbcf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Origin of sho head of Biceps", "exp": "Biceps brachi have two heads sho head and long head The sho head of biceps arise along with coracobrachialis from the tip of the coracoid process, Long head of biceps arise from supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and from the glenoid labrum Mnemonic Biceps brachii origins: you walk shoer to a street corner.you ride longer on a superhighway. Sho head originates from coracoid process. Long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle. Reference: BD chaurasia vol 1, 7th edition page no 91 Figure:8.3,page no: 89 BD chaurasia , 6th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coracoid process", "opb": "Acromion process", "opc": "Supra glenoid tubercle", "opd": "Bicipital groove", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "4937df2c-4b3d-497b-9740-8e74b7034ae8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest mode of inheritance of congenital hea disease is", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1516 The most common bih defects are cardiovascular in origin. These malformations are due to complex multifactorial genetic and environ- mental causes. Recognized chromosomal aberrations and mutations of single genes account for <10% of all cardiac malformations. Congenital hea disease (CHD) complicates ~1% of all live bihs in the general population--about 40,000 bihs/year--but occurs more frequently in the offspring (about 4-10%, depending on maternal CHD type) of women with CHD. Owing to the remarkable surgical advances over the last 60 years, >90% of afflicted neonates and children now reach adulthood; women with CHD may now frequently successfully bear children after competent repairs.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Autosomal dominant", "opb": "Autosomal recessive", "opc": "Sexlinked dominant", "opd": "Multifactorial", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "9547e171-36ac-4f3b-b646-ac02f2b2a473", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following structure does not pass through flexor retinaculum", "exp": "FLEXOR RETINACULUM Carpel tunnel.Transverse carpal ligament. Strong fibrous band which bridges anterior concavity of carpus and conves it into osseofibrous tunnel called carpal tunnel for the passage of flexor tendons of the digits. Rectangular.Formed due to thickening of deep fascia in front of carpal bones. Attachments: medial-pisiform, hook of hamate.Lateral-tubercle of scaphoid and crest of trapezium. Structures passing superficial to flexor retinaculum:-(medial to lateral)1. Ulnar nerve 2. Ulnar aery 3. Posterior cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve.4. Tendon of palmaris longus.5. Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve.6. Superficial palmar branch of radial aery. Structures passing deep to flexor retinaculum:-1. Tendon of FDS2. Tendon of FDP 3. Tendon of FPL.4. median nerve. Ulnar bursa-tendons of FDS&FDP.Radial bursa- tendon of flexor pollicis Flexor carpi radialis pass through separate canal. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME:-Injury to median nerve in carpal tunnel.Causes:-Tenosynovitis of flexor tendons.MyxedemaRetention of fluid in pregnancy Fracture dislocation of lunate bone.Osteoahritis of wrist. Symptoms:-1. Feeling of burning pain or \" pins & needles \" along lateral 3 and half digits especially at night.2. Weakness of thenar muscles.3. No sensory loss over thenar eminence.4. Ape thumb deformity if left untreated.5. Positive phalens abd tinel's sign.Phalen' sign-flexion of both wrists against each other for one minute reproduces the symptoms.Tinel's sign- percussion over flexor retinaculum reproduces symptoms. MNEMONIC structures passing deep to flexor retinaculum:\" SPM fuLLy Boring Flexor digitorum Superficialis tendon, flexor digitorum Profundus tendon, Median nerve, flexor poLLicis longus , Bursae - radial and ulnar. {Reference: vishram singh, page no.196,} Figure:9.15,page no:113,BD chaurasia , 6th edition,upper limb & thorax.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ulnar N", "opb": "Median N", "opc": "Flexor digitorum profundus", "opd": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "6c9ebdc7-8d66-4b68-982a-761223c5de66", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most frequently damaged cranial nerve with a motor component", "exp": "Traumatic Cranial Neuropathies: the most common cranial nerves which recieve traumatic injuries include olfac, tory, facial and audiovestibular nerves the lower cranial nerves are less often involved", "cop": 3, "opa": "Occulomotor", "opb": "Trigeminal", "opc": "Facial", "opd": "Glossopharyngeal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "93b61204-2613-4f45-9fbd-57e3419ce084", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumor marker of HCC", "exp": "Tumor markers of HCC Protein induced by Vitamin K absence (PIVKA; Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin); glypican-3; AFP fractions Lectin fraction-3 of SFP (AFP-L3) is highly specific to HCC and also indicator of poorly differentiated histology and unourable prognosis Serum AFP level is elevated above 20ng/mp in >70% of patients with HCC Monoclonal antibody HeoPar-1(hepatocyte paraffin-1) identifies a unique antigen on hepatocyte mitochondria and is used to identify hepatocytes or HCC Ref:Sabiston 20th edition 1458-1463", "cop": 1, "opa": "AFP", "opb": "Alpha fucosidases", "opc": "DCGP", "opd": "Carbohydrate antigen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8397baaf-752f-418f-b09c-1947ecc76217", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The aery most commonly responsible for bleeding in massive hemoptysis is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bronchial", "opb": "Pulmonary", "opc": "Intercostal", "opd": "Intersegmental", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "512e9824-55a9-42b6-989a-17fc92a4ccfc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Wire loop lesions are seen in", "exp": "Ref Harrison 17/e p2077; Robbins 8/e p218;9/e p224 Subendothelial deposits create a homogenous thickness iof the capillary wall called wire loop lesson.which can be seen on light microscopy", "cop": 1, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "Diabetic nephropathy", "opc": "Benign nephrosclerosis", "opd": "Wegener's granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "b3937bc0-299c-42aa-a1f0-5c2226e0e905", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Voluntameer ram will receive a new drugin Phase 1 clinical trial. The clearance and volume of distribution of the drug in Ram are 1.386L/hr and 80L respectively. They have life of the drug in him would be approximately", "exp": "Ref-Katzung 10/e p38,39 t1/2=0.0693xVd/CL", "cop": 3, "opa": "83hr", "opb": "77hr", "opc": "40hr", "opd": "0.02hr", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "6f20fca1-2b60-4e9d-a035-9ec7c8bce762", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most suitable test to assess iron stores is", "exp": "Reg Harrison 19 th ed pg 627,628 The serum ferritin level is a better indicator of iron overload than the marrow iron stain. However, in addition to storage iron, the marrow iron stain provides information about the effective delivery of iron to develop- ing erythroblasts.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Serum iron", "opb": "Serum ferritin", "opc": "TIBC", "opd": "Transferrin saturation", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "2904a4e4-7a6d-4238-b1be-9adbd660ef20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Convergent muscle among the following is", "exp": "Convergent muscle is one where all the fibres converge at the insertion (Fan shaped)\nEg - Temporalis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Subscapularis", "opb": "Deltoid", "opc": "Temporalis", "opd": "Pectoralis minor", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "710177ef-c2f6-428b-a34f-cd5551e23e0f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient sustains a knife wound through the right fouh intercostals space, 2 cm to the right of the sternum. The area most likely penetrated by the knife is the", "exp": "The right border of the hea is approximately 1 to 2 cm to the right of the right border of the sternum; therefore, the knife probably did not hit the hea. The middle lobe of the right lung extends from the level of the fouh costochondral junction to the level of the fifth intercostal space. The middle lobe is most likely at the level of the fouh intercostal space.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right upper lobe of the lung", "opb": "Right middle lobe of the lung", "opc": "Right lower lobe of the lung", "opd": "Right atrium of the hea", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "6ed275d2-a711-461f-beb1-aca540311498", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The structure that lies lateral to distal radial tubercle", "exp": "The structure that lies lateral to distal radial tubercle are: Tendons of Extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus. Distal radial tubercle (Lister's tubercle) is located at the distal dorsal aspect of the radius It is a bony prominence that can be easily palpated. Function: It acts as a pulley for the Extensor Pollicis Longus tendon, changing it's mechanical direction of action.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Extensor pollicis longus", "opb": "Extensor carpi radialis longus", "opc": "Brachioradialis", "opd": "Extensor carpi ulnaris", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Muscles of arm and forearm region & Cubital fossa", "id": "c02c97aa-cb2d-403d-909c-efcc2d5851f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle causing supination of forearm", "exp": "SUPINATION & PRONATION OF FOREARM:-Perform skilled movements.Elbow is semiflexed in mid prone position.Palm turned down in pronation and upwards in supination.Rotatory movement of forearm which occur at superior and inferior radioulnar joints around a veical axis.In supination, radius and ulna lie parallel to each other.In pronation, rotation of lower end of radius on the head of ulna.Supination more powerful than pronation., because it has antigravity movement, it is performed by powerful muscles.Muscles involved:-Supination:-1. Supinator.2. Biceps brachii- supinates when elbow is flexed.3. Brachioradialis-supinates pronated forearm to midprone position.Pronation:-1. Pronator teres.2. Pronator quadratus.3. Brachioradialis- pronates the supinated forearm to midprone position .{Reference:vishram singh, pg no.145}", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biceps brachii", "opb": "Brachioradialis", "opc": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "opd": "Anconeus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "3eb365b8-0afd-446b-a9bd-e6f3800bf9f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Difference between typical cervical & thoracic vertebra", "exp": "In cervical vertebrae, the transverse process is pierced by foramen transversaria", "cop": 2, "opa": "Has a triangular body", "opb": "Has a foramen transversarium", "opc": "Superior articular facet directed backwards & upwards", "opd": "Has a large vertebral body", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "161470d3-f053-43c6-8bd0-8140f6295b5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Skin and fascia of great toe drains into", "exp": "Superficial inguinal lymph nodes are located in the superficial fascia of the inguinal region. They are divided into two groups horizontal and veical resembling the letter T.The horizontal group lie below and parallel to the inguinal ligament. The veical group lies along the terminal pa of the great saphenous vein. The horizontal group is divided into medial and lateral groups.Lateral group receives lymph from the gluteal region, lateral half of anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus and the entire lower limb except lateral pa of foot, heel and lateral pa of leg.Deep inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from superficial inguinal lymph nodes. The external iliac nodes drain lymph from the inguinal nodes and they are fuher drained into common iliac nodes. The internal iliac nodes drain lymph from the pelvic viscera.Reference: clinical anatomy for students a problem solving approach, Neeta v Kulkarni, 2nd edition, page no.840,841,719", "cop": 1, "opa": "Superficial inguinal lymph nodes", "opb": "External iliac nodes", "opc": "Internal iliac nodes", "opd": "Deep inguinal nodes", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "d7b9d552-4e8a-4091-a5b7-5b38a8110433", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coronal suture is placed between", "exp": "1. Coronal suture: This is placed between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones. The suture crosses the cranial vault from side to side and runs downwards and forwards2. Sagittal suture: It is placed in the median plane between the two parietal bones. 3. Lambdoid suture: It lies posteriorly between the occipital and the two parietal bones, and it runs downwards and forwards across the cranial vault.4. Metopic suture: This is occasionally present in about 3 to 8% individuals. It lies in the median plane and separates the two halves of the frontal bone.Ref: Chaurasia; Volume 3; 6th edition; Chapter 1; Page no: 4", "cop": 3, "opa": "Two parietal bones", "opb": "Two halves of frontal bone", "opc": "Frontal bone and two parietal bones", "opd": "Occipital and two parietal bones", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "9e1ff85c-3130-4f12-8d20-7d1737bc10af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Incomplete closure of ectodermal cleft is know to cause", "exp": "Inderbir Singh&;s Human embryology Tenth edition Pg 364 Failure of the choroidal fissure to obliterate completely may lead to deficiencies( coloboma)of various layers of eyeball including iris ciliary body and choroid", "cop": 4, "opa": "Retinal detachment", "opb": "Iridodonesis", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "Coloboma of iris and retina", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7e22c309-249f-431e-895c-fb6de31326cc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common intracranial malignancy is", "exp": "Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest of malignant primary brain tumors in adults and is one of a group of tumors referred to as gliomas. Classified as a Grade IV (most serious) astrocytoma, GBM develops from the lineage of star-shaped glial cells, called astrocytes, that suppo nerve cells. GBM develops primarily in the cerebral hemispheres but can develop in other pas of the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord. Refer Robbins page no 1308", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glioblastoma multiforme", "opb": "Ependymoma", "opc": "Choroid angioma", "opd": "Pinealoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6b105bbb-08cd-4713-80d5-aaa2294a1b6d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tarsal bone interposed between the proximal and distal rows is", "exp": "The navicular bone is boat-shaped. It is interposed between the talus and the three cuneiform (Latin wedge) bones. In other words, it is interposed between the proximal and distal rows.Ref: Chaurasia; Volume 2; 6th edition; Page no: 33", "cop": 4, "opa": "Talus", "opb": "Calcaneus", "opc": "Cuboid", "opd": "Navicular", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "e591215a-c976-4688-be23-a6baa669295a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vasa bre is the name of", "exp": "Splenic aery (branch of celiac trunk) supply greater curvature of stomach by it following branches: Sho gastric aeries which are called as vasa bre. (carried by Splenogastric ligament) Long gastric aery called left gastroepiploic aery. Jejunal vasa recta (long aeries) & ileal vasa recta (sho) are straight aeries coming from arcades in mesentery of jejunum & ileum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Long gastric aeries", "opb": "Sho gastric aeries", "opc": "Iliea vasa recta", "opd": "Jejunal vasa recta", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Stomach and aerial supply of abdomen", "id": "63e3bf51-c251-4a30-b730-f27cddbbdf04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parietal peritoneum is lined by", "exp": "SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM - The cells of this epithelium are flattened. In sections they appear so thin that bulgings are produced on the surface by nuclei. In surface view the cells have polygonal outlines that interlock with those of adjoining cells. A simple squamous epithelium lines the alveoli of the lungs, the free surfaces of peritoneum, pleura and pericardium. Here it is given the name mesothelium. It also lines the inside of blood vessels,where it is called endothelium, and Of the hea where it is called endocardium. REF : Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Histology, seventh edition, pg.no., 2.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Simple squamous", "opb": "Stratified squamous", "opc": "Cuboidal", "opd": "Columnar", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "0e810f2f-25af-4136-bc89-d677cc06a314", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 60 yr old lady is concerned about the wrinkles around her eyes.This is due to defect in", "exp": "Collagen cross-linking: Cross linking occurs when a protein linked to other protein,lipid or sugar which is necessary for normal collagen function. Abnormal cross linking causes wrinkles/ages skin which is due to glucose mediated advance glycation end products(AGE),UV mediated free radical damage. Collagenase: Defect in collagen leads to increased level of collagen Collagenase inhibitor are given to treat wrinkles Desmosine: Desmosine is formed by 3allsyl side chains and one unaltered lysyl side chain of elastin. Fibrillin: It is a glycoprotein secreted by fibroblasts. It forms a framework of elastin deposition Defect in fibrillin-1 results in Marfans syndrome Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Collagenase", "opb": "Desmosine", "opc": "Fibrillin", "opd": "collagen cross linking", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "998aec65-b729-4819-bcc1-dba0dc0e1b0e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common location of accessory spleen", "exp": "Accessory spleen, in other words supernumerary spleens, splenunculi, or splenules, results from the failure of fusion of the primordial splenic buds in the dorsal mesogastrium during the fifth week of fetal life. Incidence of accessory spleen in the population is 10%-30% of patients in autopsy series and 16% of patients undergoing contrast enhanced abdominal CT. Although the most common location for an accessory spleen is splenic hilum (75%) and pancreatic tail (25%) , it can occur anywhere in the abdomen including gastrosplenic or splenorenal ligaments, wall of stomach or bowel , greater omentum or the mesentery, and even in the pelvis and scrotum. Accessory spleen usually measures 1 cm in diameter, but its size varies from a few milimeters to centimeters. Also the number of accessory spleens can vary from one to six . Accessory spleens are usually incidentally detected and asymptomatic, but in case of unexpected locations, accessory spleen can be of clinical impoance. Ref - radiologyassistant.com", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hilum of spleen", "opb": "Greater omentum", "opc": "Lesser omentum", "opd": "Duodenum", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "620f465e-eb5b-4bdd-98b2-228c42b36d39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heriditory spherocytosis is caused by", "exp": "Spectrin causes membrane loss leading to spherical shape of rbc", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spectrin deficiency", "opb": "Hb deficiency", "opc": "Incresed sodium levels", "opd": "Increased calcium levels", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "d99e06db-1769-493c-b42d-cd7316cf59f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hunterian perforators are seen in", "exp": "Hunterian perforator is seen in middle one third of thigh.It is a perforating vein that connects the great saphenous vein with the femoral vein .The great saphenous vein is a superficial vein while the femoral vein is a deep vein.It is present in the hunter&;s canal. Other perforating veins include, 3 medial ankle perforators of Cockett and Boyd&;s perforator at upper end of calf. reference: clinical anatomy for students, problem solving approach,neeta v kulkarni, 2nd edition ,page no.837", "cop": 4, "opa": "Upper thigh", "opb": "Lower thigh", "opc": "Calf", "opd": "Mid thigh", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "4cb40d29-bcf1-4291-b642-d5ee822ea7ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Enzymes that protects the brain from free radical injury is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 7/e p17; Harrison 17/e p2572;9/e p48 Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or paitioning) of thesuperoxide (O2-) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myeloperoxidase", "opb": "Superoxide dismutase", "opc": "MAO", "opd": "Hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "0ea969fa-652e-4257-96e6-6211a9b05778", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Quickening will be felt in pregnancy at", "exp": "Quickening Pregnant woman will feel slight fluttering movement in her abdomen by fifth month of pregnancy. This is known as quickening, which gradually increase in intensity. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 330", "cop": 2, "opa": "Second month", "opb": "Fifth month", "opc": "10 weeks", "opd": "12 weeks", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "8a69ace0-f019-4c61-b4c9-342f43a8a863", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Subclan steal syndrome results due to obstruction of", "exp": "The proximal pa of left subclan is blocked on left side so no flow in veebral and to left arm. Blood from right veebral enters left veebral and flows back to supply left arm.", "cop": 1, "opa": "1st pa of subclan aery", "opb": "2nd pa of subclan aery", "opc": "3rd pa of subclan aery", "opd": "Subclan vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "35f1c95a-3c0b-4991-b5dc-93ebb8cf7f31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cartilage of second arch is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Meckels cartilage", "opb": "Reicherts cartilage", "opc": "Pharyngeal cartilage", "opd": "Thyroid cartilage", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "c21d0d54-1ce7-4faa-9449-d3f56aa697b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Development of labia majora is from", "exp": "Labia Majora and Scrotum develops from the same structure known as Labio scrotal swelling. Genital ridge forms testes,ovary Urethral folds also known as genital folds forms the labia minora. Urogenital sinus forms urinary bladder, urethra And lower pa of vagina.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Urogenital sinus", "opb": "Urethral fold", "opc": "Genital ridge", "opd": "Genital swelling", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Development of GU system and Neuro-vascular supply of pelvis & perineum", "id": "c25699fa-0b5a-4900-aa93-20d10e99f12d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During active labor cervical dilatation per hour in primi is", "exp": "Active labor: Cervix dilatation to atleast >6 cm Regular uterine contractions are present Rate of dilatation is atleast 1.2 cm/hr for nulliparous and 1.5cm/ hr for parous women", "cop": 1, "opa": "1.2 cm", "opb": "1.5 cm", "opc": "1.7 cm", "opd": "2 cm", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General obstetrics", "id": "d45bde3a-6313-441e-b0d1-ca29f7301def", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Power grip of hand is a function of", "exp": "Power grip is by extrinsic muscles of hand which originate in the forearm and inse in the hand - Long flexors Precision grip is a function of the intrinsic muscles of hand which originate and inse in the hand. Ref: Gray's Anatomy The Anatomical Basics of Clinical Practice 41 e pg 860.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Long flexors", "opb": "Sho flexors", "opc": "Palmaris brevis", "opd": "Lumbricals", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "d619e3bf-cab1-45ec-bc6c-8773dbc93936", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure related to deltopectoral groove is", "exp": "the deltopectoral groove - The cephalic vein, the deltoid branch of the thoraco-acromial aery, and one or two deltopectoral lymph nodes lie in the deltopectoral groove, under the deep fascia on the medial side of the septum. Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , seventh edition , volume 1 , pg. no., 43", "cop": 2, "opa": "Axillary aey", "opb": "Cephalic vein", "opc": "Basilic vein", "opd": "Radial nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "65bed609-35c5-4892-baef-51b0d7fa2a3e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle used in normal walk during stance and swing", "exp": "Each leg goes through stance phase and swing phase in normal walking.\nStance phase - Foot on ground. 60% of gait. \nMain muscles involved are\n\n Heel strike - quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior\n Mid stance - quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, gluteus maximus\n Push off - gastrocnemius -soleus\n\nSwing phase - Foot not on ground, 40% of gait.\nMain muscles involved are\n\n Acceleration - quadriceps\n Swing through - iliopsoas\n Deceleration - hamstrings and tibialis anterior.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ilio psoas", "opb": "Tibialis Anterior", "opc": "Popliteus", "opd": "Gastrocnemius-soleus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "34968e01-fdb9-4061-bdeb-28960a34581b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The last tributary of the azygos vein is", "exp": "Right bronchial vein near the terminal end of azygos vein. BD CHAURASIA'S HUMAN ANATOMY VOLUME 1. 6TH Edition. page no-224", "cop": 3, "opa": "Right superior intercostal vein", "opb": "Hemi-azygos vein", "opc": "Right bronchial vein", "opd": "Accessory azygos vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "f4466154-9ed4-45f4-81b0-092b3485e3d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Interosseous membrane of forearm is piereced by", "exp": "-The anterior interosseous nerve and vessels lie in close relation to the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane of forearm stretching between the interosseous borders of radius and ulna.At the upper margin of the pronator quaadratus, the anterior interosseous vessels pass through the interosseous membrane to enter the posterior compament of forearm. -The lower pa of the posterior surface of interosseous membrane is closely related to the anterior interosseous aery and posterior interosseous nerve.The posterior interosseous vessels enter the posterio compament through the gap between oblique cord and upper margin of the interosseous membrane. -reference; clinical anatomy for students ,problem solving appproach,neeat v kulkarni, page no.79", "cop": 2, "opa": "Brachial aery", "opb": "Anterior interosseous aery", "opc": "Posterior interosseous aery", "opd": "Ulnar recurrent aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "a623eab1-06a3-4a98-81bc-2069db6b588b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 20 year old male presents with extrapyramidal symptoms and liver damage. Diagnosis", "exp": "Wilson's disease It is characterized by excessive deposition of copper in the liver, brain and other tissues Clinical features Liver disease during first decade of life or with neuropsychiatric illness during 3rd decade Kayser-Fleischer ring - due to deposition of copper in Descemet's membrane in the limbs of corners Ref: Sabiston 20th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Wilson's disease", "opb": "Huntington's disease", "opc": "Parkinsons's disease", "opd": "Hemochromatosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "0b02c7c1-9590-4466-bfea-75a3e8a07f81", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antihelminthic drugs that is effective against blood fluke ,liver fluke, lung fluke and cysticercus is", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p814,815 Drug of choice for treatment of flukes (except Praziquantal liver fluke) and cestodes : Triclabendazole Drug of choice for treatment of liver fluke:DEC Drug of choice for treatment of filariasis : Ivermectin Drug of choice for treatment of onchocercal and strongyloides For rest all helminthes :Albendazole", "cop": 3, "opa": "Albendazole", "opb": "Praziquantal", "opc": "Ivermectin", "opd": "Thiabendazole", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "4c9c64b8-1687-4349-9866-512b7c9bf757", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "SLE like reaction is caused by", "exp": "SLE like syndrome is caused due to S-SULPHONAMIDES H-HYDRALAZINE I-ISONIAZIDE P-PROCAINAMIDE Ref-KDT 7/e p66", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hydralazine", "opb": "Rifampicin", "opc": "Paracetamol", "opd": "Furosemide", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "727a3efd-7dd0-4355-8073-514f975edb01", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The dorsal pa of the ventral mesogastrium forms(2018)", "exp": "The lesser omentum is formed by two layers of peritoneum separated by a variable amount of connective tissue and fat. It is derived from the ventral mesogastrium. Ref:- Gray's anatomy, pg num:- 1101", "cop": 2, "opa": "A) Greater omentum", "opb": "B) Lesser omentum", "opc": "C) Faliciform ligament", "opd": "D) Lineorenal ligament", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "b79b199d-e413-4431-b188-ef9af2ea6ba0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site of Tracheostomy", "exp": "Tracheostomy is an operation in which the trachea is opened and a tube inseed into it to facilitate breathing. It is most commonly done in the retrothyroid region after retracting the isthmus of the thyroid gland. A suprathyroid tracheostomy is liable to stricture, and an infrathyroid one is difficult due to the depth of the trachea and is also dangerous because numerous vessels lie anterior to the trachea here.Ref: BD Chaurasia; Volume 3; 6th edition; Anterior Triangle of the Neck; Page no: 139", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior thyroid region", "opb": "Retro thyroid region", "opc": "Infra thyroid region", "opd": "Lateral thyroid region", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "d3db33e3-a2d0-41b7-80f6-810cfee3a573", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Humans become infected by M.tuberculosis commonly by", "exp": "M.tuberculosis is mainly transmitted by direct inhalation of aerosolised bacilli contained in the droplet nuclei of expectorated sputum. Generated while coughing. sneezing,or speaking of infected patients. There may be as many as 3000 infectious nuclei per cough. The tiny droplets may remain suspended in the air for several hours and are easily inhaled. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 355", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ingestion", "opb": "Contact", "opc": "Inhalation", "opd": "Inoculation", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "ae4229bf-518e-4107-bd92-9a24ff05f267", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metabolic changes associated with excessive vomiting includes the following", "exp": "Vomiting causes loss of gastric secretions which include HCl & K+ ions, resulting in metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia and hypochloremia. However note that the moderate to severe hypokalemia seen with excessive vomiting is not merely explained by loss of K+ ions in vomiting. \"In fact the hypokalemia is primarily due to increased renal K+ excretion. Loss of gastric contents results in volume depletion and metabolic alkalosis, both of which promote Kaliuresis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Metabolic acidosis", "opb": "Hyperchloremia", "opc": "Hypokalemia", "opd": "Decreases bicarbonates", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General surgery", "id": "15eaf7e0-9e13-4bfa-a263-cf102ecc5fe8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Alcholholic Hyaline Seen in alcoholic liver disease is composed of", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 843", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipofuscin", "opb": "Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions", "opc": "Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions", "opd": "Hemazoin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "332fe15e-7739-4bc1-8634-4bce25a40a5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common joint involved in gouty ahitis is", "exp": "Most common joint involved in gout is big toe i.e,metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe Refer Harrison 20th e p 2165 maheswari 9th ed", "cop": 3, "opa": "Knee joint", "opb": "Hip joint", "opc": "MP joint of the big toe", "opd": "MP joint of thumb", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Joint disorders", "id": "f247b3b2-9de3-4e86-a379-3bb7118e7007", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common histologic type of thyroid cancer is", "exp": "Papillary carcinoma accounts for 80% of all thyroid malignancies in iodine-sufficient areas and is the predominant thyroid cancer in children and individuals exposed to external radiation.\" The incidence of primary malignant tumours of the thyroid gland Also, remember - Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system Ref : Schwaz 9/e p1361", "cop": 3, "opa": "Medullary type", "opb": "Follicular type", "opc": "Papillary type", "opd": "Anaplastic type", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "aa55e35b-ebce-46d2-a441-acaecdedbed4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rate of elimination of a new drug is 20mg/hr it is steady state plasma concentration of 10mg/L, then it's renal clearance will be", "exp": "Ref-Katzung 10/e p35 Clearance=Rate of elimination/plasma concentration 20mg/hr /10mg/L =2L/hr", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.5L/hr", "opb": "2.0L/hr", "opc": "5.0L/hr", "opd": "20L/hr", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "35e6db1e-2198-483e-93ad-c4c0456c7a8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blastocyst implantation close to internal os causes", "exp": "A i.e. Placenta pre- When the placenta is implanted paially or completely over the lower uterine segment, over and adjacent to the internal os, it is called placenta pre", "cop": 1, "opa": "Placenta pre", "opb": "Placenta percreta", "opc": "Placenta increta", "opd": "Abruptio Placenta", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "60554c01-0f41-4a7a-bb95-a60ce2509565", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Investigation of choice for high risk breast cancer in female is", "exp": "MRI Indicated in scarred breast, implants and borderline lesions for breast conservation Investigation of choice for implant related complications. Gold standard for imaging breast in females with implants Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :826-828", "cop": 1, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "CT- PET", "opc": "Mammography", "opd": "USG", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "8586c5e3-cfec-47fb-ac1d-a3bd8d78b432", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of joint between the sacrum and the coccyx is a", "exp": "The sacrococcygeal symphysis is an amphiahrodial (slightly mobile) joint, formed between the oval surface at the apex of the sacrum, and the base of the coccyx.The movements which take place between the sacrum and coccyx, and between the different pieces of the latter bone, are forward and backward; they are very limited. Their extent increases during pregnancy.A zygapophyseal joint (or facet joint) is a veebral joint between the superior aicular process of one veebra and the inferior aicular process of the one adjacent. It is of plane synol variety. In fact, all the joints of veebra are plane synol Except the median one- which is a symphysis (as expected *).*All midline joints tend to be symphysis, only very few Exceptions are there. E.g., spheno-occipital joint, which is a synchondrosisInterveebral discs (or interveebral fibrocailage) lie between adjacent veebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a secondary cailaginous (symphysis) joint to allow slight movement of the veebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the veebrae together.Discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus. The annulus fibrosus consists of several layers of fibrocailage. The strong annular fibers contain the nucleus pulposus and distribute pressure evenly across the disc. The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel the consistency of jelly. The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body&;s daily activities and keeping the two veebrae separated.The disc can be likened to a doughnut: whereby the annulus fibrosis is similar to the dough and the nucleus pulposis is the jelly. If one presses down on the front of the doughnut the jelly moves posteriorly or to the back. When one develops a prolapsed disc the jelly/ nucleus pulposis is forced out of the doughnut/ disc and may put pressure on the nerve located near the disc. This will give one the symptoms of sciatica if the disc herniation is at lumbosacral region.There is one disc between each pair of veebrae, Except for the first cervical segment, the atlas. There are a total of twenty-three discs in the spine.When the annulus fibrosus tears due to an injury or the aging process, the nucleus pulposus can begin to extrude through the tear, most commonly postero-lateral. This is called disc herniation. Near the posterior side of each disc, all along the spine, major spinal nerves extend out to different organs, tissues, extremities etc. It is very common for the herniated disc to press against these nerves (pinched nerve) causing radiating pain, numbness, tingling, and diminished strength and/or range of motion. In addition, the contact of the inner nuclear gel, which contains inflammatory proteins, with a nerve can also cause significant pain and muscle spasm. Nerve-related pain is called radicular pain.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Symphysis", "opb": "Synostosis", "opc": "Synchondrosis", "opd": "Syndesmosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "c555dd62-8c6a-4790-b5b4-a7269e86333f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inverse supinator jerk is", "exp": "A i.e. C5, C6", "cop": 1, "opa": "C5, C6", "opb": "C6, C7", "opc": "L5, Si", "opd": "La, Si", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d26c95c5-52fc-475e-a8d6-423f4d482d87", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "reversible lens granular deposits is caused by", "exp": "chlorpromazine is a typical anti psychotic that has lot of mentioned side effects namely Blue grey discolouration of skin reverse lens granular deposits obstructive jaundice retrograde ejaculation REf. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no 925", "cop": 1, "opa": "chlorpromazine", "opb": "risperidone", "opc": "paliperidone", "opd": "olanzapine", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry", "id": "41a02aae-d340-4782-b043-7782c1a4e6a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of muscles in middle ear", "exp": "The two muscles of middle ear are tensor tympani and stapedius. Both act simultaneously to damp down the intensity of high pitched sound waves and thus protect the internal ear. Notes: The tensor tympani is supplied by the mandibular nerve The stapedius is supplied by the facial nerve Ref BDC volume3,sixth edition pg 280", "cop": 2, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "fee5de57-0ec3-404f-bbec-909622b92315", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Derivative of ultimobranchial body", "exp": "PHARYNGEAL POUCH DEVELOPS INTO 1st Tympanic cavity and eustachian tube 2nd Tonsillar epithelium 3rd Ventrally: thymus Dorsally: inferior parathyroid 4th Superior parathyroid 5th Ultimobranchial body The ultimobranchial body will be found attached to pharyngeal pouch 4. It receives some neural crest cells which will form the parafollicular C cell of thyroid gland; which help in the production of hormone calcitonin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thyroid", "opb": "Capsule of thyroid", "opc": "Parafollicular 'C' cells", "opd": "2nd branchial pouch", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "FMGE 2017", "id": "bf543996-caf0-405f-b1d9-202168a9e229", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyoglossus muscle inserts into", "exp": "Key Concept: \nHyoglossus muscle inserts into lateral part of tongue.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tip of the tongue", "opb": "Base of the tongue", "opc": "Lateral part of the tongue", "opd": "Hyoid bone", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "80b07c1a-cdb8-44c3-a05c-4382da127d8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Extension at MCP joint is by", "exp": "(A) Extensor Digitorum # Extensor digitorum muscle actions include Extension of interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints.> All Palmar interossei adduct the digit to which they are attached towards the middle finger + flex the digit at MCP joint & extend IP joints.> All Dorsal interossei abduct the digits away from the line of the middle finger + flex the digit at MCP joint & extend IP joints.> Lumbrical muscles flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, and extend the interphalangeal joints of the digit into which they are inserted.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Extensor Digitorum", "opb": "Dorsal Interossei", "opc": "Palmar Interossei", "opd": "Lumbricals", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "d6e4c93d-bade-4352-a409-a921309b7e80", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antischkow cells are characteristic of the", "exp": "Refer robbins 9/e p558 Anitschkow (or Anichkov) cells are often cells associated with rheumatic hea disease. Anitschkow cells are enlarged macrophages found within granulomas (called Aschoff bodies) associated with the disease. The cells are also called caterpillar cells, as they have an ovoid nucleus and chromatin that is condensed toward the center of the nucleus in a wavy rod-like pattern that to some resembles a caterpillar. Larger Anitschkow cells may coalesce to form multinucleated Aschoff giant cells.Anitschkow cells were named after the Russian pathologist Nikolay Anichkov. Squamous epithelial cells with nuclear changes resembling Anitschkow cells have also been observed in recurrent aphthous stomatitis, iron deficiency anemia, children receiving chemotherapy, as well as in healthy individuals", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute rheumatic fever", "opb": "Yellow fever", "opc": "Malarial spleen", "opd": "Itp", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4df40960-3e5f-42f9-8b69-b4de744c199b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Example for Denticulate suture", "exp": "Types of sutures:Plane: Internasal sutureSerrate: Coronal sutureDenticulate: Lambdoid sutureSquamous: Parieto-Temporal sutureReference: Chourasia; 6th Edition; 4th page", "cop": 3, "opa": "Internasal suture", "opb": "Coronal suture", "opc": "Lambdoid suture", "opd": "Parietotemporal suture", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "4456e5b2-9887-434f-8f27-e0f5e9a330de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronic urethral obstruction due to benign prismatic hyperplasia can lead to the following change in kidney parenchyma", "exp": "Chronic urethral obstruction because of urinary calculi, prostatic hyperophy, tumors, normal pregnancy, tumors, uterine prolapse or functional disorders cause hydronephrosis which by definition is used to describe dilatation of renal pelvis and calculus associated with progressive atrophy of the kidney due to obstruction to the outflow of urine Refer Robbins 7yh/9,1012,9/e. P950", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperplasia", "opb": "Hyperophy", "opc": "Atrophy", "opd": "Dyplasia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "e9ad821a-c438-4965-9f77-760819dfa155", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Medial rotator of thigh is", "exp": "Ans: D Gluteus minimus.Medial rotation of hip joint:Tensor fasciae latae.Anterior fibres of glutei medius & minimus.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gluteus maximus", "opb": "Obturator externus", "opc": "Obturator internus", "opd": "Gluteus minimus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "86d60587-06ae-481b-9963-303181bf086b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common type of pathological changes seen in Rabies are", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no Pg 1277 Histopathologic evidence of rabies encephalomyelitis (inflammation) in brain tissue and meninges includes the following: Mononuclear infiltration Perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes or polymorphonuclear cells Lymphocytic foci Babes nodules consisting of glial cells Negri bodies", "cop": 4, "opa": "Meningitis", "opb": "Cranial aeritis", "opc": "Ventriculitis", "opd": "Brain stem encephalitis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9932e7c3-9910-492b-b5e1-ff0c1d8e9e6d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secretomotor fibres to Lacrimal gland relay in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Otic ganglion", "opb": "Pterygopalatine ganglion", "opc": "Geniculate ganglion", "opd": "trigeminal ganglion", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "8af1c498-ac6e-4a8c-bc39-509c234ad33e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Philtrum of upper tip is derived from", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Maxillary prominence", "opb": "Mandibular prominence", "opc": "Medial nasal process", "opd": "Lateral nasal process", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d88f2e02-7b99-4ad5-9f2e-0233ac753c5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Treatment of Acute lymphangitis requires", "exp": "Ref : bailey and love 25e p945", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antibiotics and rest", "opb": "Immediate multiple incisions", "opc": "Immediate lymphangiography", "opd": "No special treatment", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "cd03cebe-0491-48c3-9fb1-e3b9312d8fe8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dislocation of the veebra is uncommon in thoracic region because in this region", "exp": "The superior aicular process is directed backward, upward and laterally (BUL) in the thoracic region. It interlocks with the corresponding inferior aicular facet making a strong aiculation rendering dislocation in the thoracic region uncommon.", "cop": 1, "opa": "The aicular processes are interlocked", "opb": "The veebral body is long", "opc": "Anterior longitudinal ligament is strong", "opd": "Spinous process is long and pointed", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Back region", "id": "589ddd42-9339-4397-a47d-cc3dcf3f49a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following structure does not pass through flexor retinaculurn", "exp": "Ulnar nerve Flexor retinaculum (F.R.)Is a thickening of deep fascia which bridges the ant. concavity of the carpus and conves it into an osteofascial tunnel, the carpal tunnel.Structures passing beneath the flexor retinaculum from medial to lateral are:Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon & post. to these flexor digitorum profundus tendonsMedian N.Flexor pollicis longusFlexor carpi radialis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ulnar N.", "opb": "Median N.", "opc": "Flexor digitorum profundus", "opd": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "8da4d377-d0c5-446c-ae7a-20c5ce1d2c4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A clot size of a clenched fist indicates blood loss of approximately", "exp": "Measurement of Blood Loss Clot size of a clenched fist is 500 ml. Blood loss in a closed tibial fracture is 500-1500 ml; in a fracture femur is 500-2000 ml. Weighing the swab before and after use is an impoant method of on-table assessment of blood loss. Ref: SRB's Manual of Surgery 6th edition Pgno :120", "cop": 4, "opa": "100 ml", "opb": "200 ml", "opc": "300ml", "opd": "500 ml", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "2e391e90-8d01-4267-84c0-9fc9c47b7011", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Over growth of skin structure at a localised region is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p262; 9/e p13 An overgrowth of a skin structure at a localised region is likely to be indigenous as well as benign , this is more likely to be a hamaoma .it is now considered as a neoplasm", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hamaoma", "opb": "Malignant tumor", "opc": "Choristoma", "opd": "Polyp", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "535a6c3c-ba5d-4dfb-9c22-85933cf3d1d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "One of the following opens in the middle meatus of the nose", "exp": "The middle meatus lies underneath the middle concha.it presents the following features: 1.the ethmoidal bulla is a rounded elevation produced by the underlying middle ethmoidal sinuses which open at upper margin of bulla. 2. Hiatus semilunar 3. Infundibulum 4. The opening of maxillary air sinus is located in posterior pa of the hiatus semilunaris.it is often represented by two openings. 5. The opening of the anterior ethmoidal air sinus is present behind the opening of frontal air sinus 6. The opening of frontal air sinus is seen in the anterior pa of hiatus semilunar Ref.BDC volume 3.Sixth edition pg 243", "cop": 4, "opa": "Naso-lacrimal duct", "opb": "Eustachian tube", "opc": "Sphenoidal air sinus", "opd": "Maxillary air sinus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "815616af-2335-4c34-abbc-33fe58693b67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inferior most structure of right hilium is", "exp": "Superior pulmonary vein is the anterior most and inferior pulmonary vein is the inferior most structures of both lung hiliumQ.Upper most structure of hilum (root) of lung is pulmonary aery (left side)Q and epaerial (superior lobar) bronchus (on right side) Q.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bronchus", "opb": "Inferior pulmonary vein", "opc": "Pulmonary aery", "opd": "Inferior bronchial vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "495465a2-3170-4e69-9cde-88c38972a4a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transitional epithelium is seen in", "exp": "INDERBIR SINGH&;S TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN HISTOLOGY-PAGE NO:320", "cop": 3, "opa": "Esophagus", "opb": "Vagina", "opc": "Urinary bladder", "opd": "Trachea", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "f182f677-7242-4a22-8c2d-2657c73824e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Abdominal Aorta Bifurcates at the level of", "exp": "Abdominal Aorta Bifurcates at the Lower border of L4", "cop": 3, "opa": "Body of L3", "opb": "Lower border of L3", "opc": "Lower border of L4", "opd": "Body of L4", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "892a0708-fa8a-437f-b080-e8484a558aae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve supply of muscles of soft palate is/are", "exp": "Ref BDC volume 3,6th edition pg 223MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY:All muscles of soft palate except tensor veli palatini are supplied by pharyngeal plexus. The fibers of this plexus are derived from the cranial pa of the accessory nerve through vagus. The tensor veli palatini is supplied by mandibular nerve.GENERAL SENSORY NERVES:The middle and posterior lesser palatine nerves which are branches of maxillary nerve through the pterygopalatine ganglionThe glossopharyngeal nerveSPECIAL SENSORY OR GUSTATORY NERVESThe nerves carrying taste sensations from the oral surface are contained in the lesser palatine nerves.SECRETOMOTOR NERVESThese are also contained in the lesser palatine nerves.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glossopharynegal Nerve", "opb": "Vagus Nerve", "opc": "Trigeminal Nerve", "opd": "Greater palantine nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "f731f21f-2c1d-47e8-af3e-309cae7715c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The muscle of hand that contains a sesamoid bone is", "exp": "The tendon of inseion of adductor pollicis on the medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb contains a sesamoid bone.Reference: Textbook of anatomy, Upper limb, and thorax, Vishram Singh, 2nd edition, page no.144", "cop": 4, "opa": "Flexor pollicis brevis", "opb": "Flexor pollicis longus", "opc": "Opponens pollicis", "opd": "Adductor pollicis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "8fc055da-d19c-4db3-90ba-93c2cf84d8a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A child in status epilepticus should not be given", "exp": "Seizures are one of the adverse effects of clonazepam Drugs Commonly Used In Status Epilepticus*Lorazepam *Midazolam*Diazepam*Phosphenytoin*Paraldehyde*Phenobarbital*Pentobarbital *Propofol*Thiopentone*ValproateSteps in management of status epilepticusIV Diazepam 0.1-0.3 mg/kg (or)Lorazepam 0.05-0.1 mg/kg|Fosphenytoin 15-20 PE/kg (PE - Phenytoin Equivalents)|Phenobarbitone 10-20 mg/kg (or)Valproate 20 mg/kg /Levetiracetam|Midazolam 0.05-0.2 mg/kg (or)Propofol 1-3 mg/kg (or)Thiopental IV Infusion|Isoflurane anaesthesia(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Paediatrics, 19thedition, pg no:2039)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clonazepam", "opb": "Phos Phenytoin", "opc": "Phenobarbital", "opd": "Diazepam", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0d2eafd9-b395-4680-9ccf-1c83b9129f31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A woman has septic aboion done vegetation on tricuspid Valve is likely to go to", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 819 Septic pulmonary emboli, which are com- mon with tricuspid endocarditis, cause cough, pleuritic chest pain, nodular pulmonary infiltrates, or occasionally pyopneumothorax. Infection of the aoic or mitral valves presents with the typical clinical features of endocarditis, including peripheral manifestations.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Septic infracts to lung", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Spleen infracts", "opd": "Emboli to brain", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e742abfa-ae12-4440-b3f9-21738e1e1fb6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of vertebrae in human vertebral column is", "exp": "(D) 33# Human vertebral column usually consists of 33 vertebrae:> 24 Presacral vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar)> Sacral veretebrae (5 fused sacral vertebrae) and> Coccyx vertebrae (4 frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae).", "cop": 4, "opa": "30", "opb": "31", "opc": "32", "opd": "33", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "c50be7fa-e95f-455c-99ea-bc3b91e28caa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common form of fetal traumatic injury incurred during extraction is", "exp": "The most frequent single cause of death in breech presentation is intracranial hemorrhage due to tentorial tears, these tears are the result of sudden excessive pressure on the after coming head and may be aptly described as the snapping of the internal greyropes of the cranium", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rupture of liver", "opb": "Rupture of spleen", "opc": "Intraadrenal hemorrhage", "opd": "Intracranial hemorrhage", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abnormal labor", "id": "e7ef5e47-a268-4cbe-98a2-f9bfd7eea019", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marker of cell membrane is/are", "exp": "Na+/K+-ATPase -- plasmalemma, glucose-6-phosphatase---endoplasmic reticulum, galactosyltransferase----- Golgi apparatus, succinate dehydrogenase ----- mitochondria, acid phosphatase --- lysosomes, catalase---- peroxisomes and lactate dehydrogenase --- cytosol.", "cop": 1, "opa": "5-Nucleotidase", "opb": "LDH", "opc": "Galactosyltransferase", "opd": "Catalase", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "71797ff2-370f-4531-a008-46d070f5d757", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient with abdomen injury presents to the emergency depament with signs of peritonitis and shock. Airway and breathing were secured and IV fluids were staed with two large bore cannulas. The next line of management should be", "exp": ". Haemodynmically unstable-investigations need to be suspended as immediate surgical correction needed. Pg No. 372 bailey 27th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "FAST", "opb": "Exploratory laparotomy under general anaesthesia", "opc": "Inseion of abdominal drain followed by laparotomy", "opd": "Laproscopy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6893b0eb-7b2a-4bfa-9416-fd6c5db4d4e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feature seen in common peroneal nerve injury", "exp": "COMMON PERONEAL NERVE:- Smaller terminal branch of sciatic nerve.Root value: dorsal division of ventral rami of L4,L5,S1,S2.Beginning: begins in back of thigh as a smaller subdivision of the sciatic nerve. Course:lies in upper lateral pa of popliteal fossa. It turns around the lateral surface of the fibula. Then it lies in the substance of peroneus longus muscle.Terminates by dividing into two terminal branches- superficial and deep peroneal. Commonest nerve to be paralysed.Causes of injury:1. Fracture neck of fibula.2. Lathi injury on lateral side of knee joint.3. Due to plaster on leg.- nerve get compressed between hard plaster and neck of fibula. To prevent this cotton must be placed on the upper lateral side of the leg. Effects of injury:-1. Motor loss: dorsiflexors and eveors of foot affected. Results in foot drop. Foot is plantar flexed due to paralysis of muscle of anterior compament.2. Sensory loss: back of leg, lateral side of leg and dorsum of foot.3. Aicular loss: lateral side of knee joint. {Reference: BDC 6E pg no.176}", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inversion inability", "opb": "Loss of sensation of sole", "opc": "Foot drop", "opd": "Loss of extension of great toe", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "8a8f1c36-85bc-4261-985f-f3e34fa5f779", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 25 year old female complaints of discharge of blood from a single duct in her breast. The most appropriate treatment is", "exp": "Discharges from the nipple Discharge can occur from one or more lactiferous ducts. Management depends on the presence of blood in the discharge or discharge from a single duct. Treatment Treatment must firstly be to exclude a carcinoma by occult blood test and cytology. Simple reassurance may then be sufficient but, if the discharge is proving intolerable, an operation to remove the affected duct or ducts can be performed (microdochectomy). MICRODOCHECTOMY It is impoant not to express the blood before the operation as it may then be difficult to identify the duct in theatre. A lacrimal probe or length of stiff nylon suture is inseed into the duct from which the discharge is emerging. A tennis racquet incision can be made to encompass the entire duct or a periareolar incision used and the nipple flap dissected to reach the duct. The duct is then excised. A papilloma is nearly always situated within 4-5cm of the nipple orifice. Ductoscopy (inspection of the internal structure of the duct system) using microendoscopes is technically feasible but generally disappointing. The affected duct may not be visualised and biopsy systems are currently rudimentary. Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pg no : 864, 865", "cop": 2, "opa": "Radical excision", "opb": "Microdochectomy", "opc": "Radical mastectomy", "opd": "Biopsy to rule out carcinoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "1d416a5c-e37c-4858-a0fb-3ed39355d669", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inheritance pattern of familial retinoblastoma is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 7/e p1442,299- 300,9/e p292-293 In hereditary retinoblastoma, mutations in the RB1gene appear to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of cancer. A person with hereditary retinoblastoma may inherit an altered copy of the RB1 gene from one parent, or the altered gene may be the result of a new mutation that occurs in an egg or sperm cell or just after feilization. For retinoblastoma to develop, a mutation involving the other copy of the RB1 gene must occur in retinal cells during the person's lifetime. This second mutation usually occurs in childhood, typically leading to the development of retinoblastoma in both eyes. In the non-hereditary form of retinoblastoma, typically only one eye is affected and there is no family history of the disease. Affected individuals are born with two normal copies of the RB1 gene. Then, usually in early childhood, both copies of the RB1 gene in ceain retinal cells acquire mutations. People with non-hereditary retinoblastoma are not at risk of passing these RB1 gene mutations to their children. However, without genetic testing it can be difficult to tell whether a person with retinoblastoma in one eye has the hereditary or the non-hereditary form of the disease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X linked dominant", "opd": "X linked recessive", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "cfb1ed7d-74f6-4c36-aad3-1a8847cb52c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pentostatin acts by inhibiting", "exp": "Ref-Katzung 10/920 Pentostatin and cilastatin are not statins i.e. these do not act by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Pentostatin acts by inhibiting adenosine deaminase. It is used for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Drug of choice for hairy cell leukemia is cladribine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "RNA dependent DNA polymerase", "opb": "Aldolase", "opc": "Aldenosine deaminase", "opd": "Adenylyl cyclase", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "99f4054f-de69-4e58-b62f-e425bc11d30c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Minor duodenal papilla is opening of", "exp": "Minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the decending second section of the duodenum.It is situated 2cm proximal to the major duodenal papilla.and thus 5-8cm from the opening of pylorus. ref - BDC 6e vol2 pancreas imageref- netter atlas", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hepatic duct", "opb": "Hepatopancreatic duct", "opc": "Accessory pancreatic ampulla", "opd": "Bile duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "de62bae1-c1c3-400c-b233-617418eaf3a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most dangerous paicles causing pneumoconiosis are of size", "exp": "In pneumoconiosis, the most dangerous paicles range from 1-5 micron in diameter, because they may reach the terminal small airway and settle in there lining notes The solubility and cytotoxicity of paicles ,modify the nature of pulmonary response", "cop": 1, "opa": "A. 1-5 micron", "opb": "B. <1 micron", "opc": "C. 5-15 micron", "opd": "D. 10-20 micron", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "418561b6-f3f8-426e-8516-cb4104e280fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Veebral level of body of sternum is", "exp": "Veebrae level of body of sternum is T5-T9. Ref - medscape.com", "cop": 4, "opa": "T3 to T4", "opb": "T4 to T5", "opc": "T5 to T7", "opd": "T5 to T9", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "348d90b3-ad84-49de-a9c2-167ee36a56b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fast fatigable motor unit recruited", "exp": "Motor UnitEach single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates constitute a motor unit.Each spinal motor neuron innervates only one kind of muscle fiber so that all the muscle fibers in a motor unit are of the same type.On the basis of the type of muscle fibers they innervate, and thus on the basis of the duration of their twitch contraction, motor units are divided into S (slow), FR (fast, resistant to fatigue), and FF (fast fatigable) units.(Refer: Table 17)(Refer: Ganong&;s Review of Medical physiology 24th edition, pg no: 108-109)", "cop": 2, "opa": "First", "opb": "Last", "opc": "During active pa of contraction", "opd": "During relaxation", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7c52636d-85fc-4920-9317-dd75a8d13ed6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of cholangitis", "exp": "Cholangitis Ascending bacterial infection of the biliary ductal system with obstruction Most common cause of acute cholangitis is choledocholithiasis Most common organism present in the bile in patients with cholangitis : E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, streptococcus faecalis & Bacteroides fragilis Etiology Choledocholithiasis(MC) Benign strictures Biliary enteric anastomotic strictures Cholangiocarcinoma and periampullary cancer Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1507", "cop": 2, "opa": "Viral infection", "opb": "CBD stone", "opc": "Surgery", "opd": "Amoebic infection", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6a91a14b-a3e5-4ad0-9389-70ae6c4d6690", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Two internal cerebral veins fuse to form", "exp": "The two internal cerebral veins unite together beneath the splenium of corpus callosum to form the great cerebral vein(of GALEN).*After a sho backward course, it joins the Inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus.The tributaries are :Internal cerebral veinsBasal veinsVeins from colliculiVeins from cerebellum and adjoining pas of occipital lobe(Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy second edition pg-181)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Middle cerebral vein", "opb": "Anterior cerebral vein", "opc": "Great cerebral vein", "opd": "Inferior cerebral vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "091db65b-2e84-46a2-94a0-d5c3b69af651", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristic of acute inflammation is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p 45 ,9/e p74 The acute inflammatory response rapidly delivers leuko- cytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury. Once there, leukocytes clear the invaders and begin the process of digesting and getting rid of necrotic tissues. Acute inflammation has two major components (Fig. 2-2): * Vascular changes: alterations in vessel caliber resulting in increased blood flow (vasodilation) and changes in the vessel wall that permit plasma proteins to leave the cir- culation (increased vascular permeability). In addition, endothelial cells are activated, resulting in increased adhesion of leukocytes and migration of the leukocytes through the vessel wall. * Cellular events: emigration of the leukocytes from the circulation and accumulation in the focus of injury (cel- lular recruitment), followed by activation of the leuko- cytes, enabling them to eliminate the offending agent. The principal leukocytes in acute inflammation are neu- trophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Stimuli for Acute Inflammation Acute inflammatory reactions may be triggered by a variety of stimuli: * Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) are among the most common and medically impoant causes of inflammation. * Trauma (blunt and penetrating) and various physical and chemical agents (e.g., thermal injury, such as burns or frostbite; irradiation; toxicity from ceain environ- mental chemicals) injure host cells and elicit inflamma- tory reactions. * Tissue necrosis (from any cause), including ischemia (as in a myocardial infarct) and physical and chemical injury * Foreign bodies (splinters, di, sutures, crystal deposits * Immune reactions (also called hypersensitivity reactions) against environmental substances or against \"self\" tissues. Because the stimuli for these inflammatory responses often cannot be eliminated or avoided, such reactions tend to persist, with features of chronic inflam- mation. The term \"immune-mediated inflammatory disease\" is sometimes used to refer to this group of disorders. Although each of these stimuli may induce reactions with some distinctive characteristics, in general, all inflamma- tory reactions have the same basic features. In this section, we describe first how inflammatory stimuli are recognized by the host, then the typical reac- tions of acute inflammation and its morphologic features, and finally the chemical mediators responsible for these reactions.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vasodilation and increase permeability", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Platelet aggregation", "opd": "Infiltration by neutrophil", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "aeacc5a4-67b0-4ff1-8143-dc8c8d92b855", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marker for granulocytic sarcoma", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "CD33", "opb": "CD38", "opc": "CD117", "opd": "CD137", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "32d6f403-1fc2-434b-a4f0-faf439c163e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The largest synovial joint in the body is", "exp": "(C) Knee joint # Synovial joints (or diarthroses, or diarthroidal joints); are the most common and most moveable type of joints in the body.> As with all other joints in the body, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.> Structural and functional differences distinguish the synovial joints from the two other types of joints in the body, with the main structural difference being the existence of a cavity between the articulating bones and the occupation of a fluid in that cavity which a ds movement.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Shoulder joint", "opb": "Hip joint", "opc": "Knee joint", "opd": "Ankle joint", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "63d0ccd8-2e97-4d4a-8117-7d1f56c77421", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most prominent spinous process is of", "exp": "The 7th cervical (C7) veebra is the largest cervical veebra the C7 has a large spinous process that protrudes posteriorly toward the skin at the back of the neck. This spinous process can be easily seen and felt at the base of the neck, making it a prominent landmark of the skeleton and giving the C7 the name veebra prominens Description BD CHAURASIA S HUMAN ANATOMY Vol 3", "cop": 4, "opa": "C2", "opb": "C5", "opc": "C6", "opd": "C7", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "ef605ebf-0bc1-4088-addf-015326c23b83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common organ involved in retroperitoneal fibrosis", "exp": "The most impoant clinical aspect of retroperitoneal fibrosis is that the fibrotic process frequently entraps and constricts the ureters thereby causing obstructive uropathy. Retroperitoneal fibrosis - It is a nonspecific, nonsuppurative inflammation of fibro-adipose tissue of unknown cause that produces symptoms by the gradual compression of tubular structures in retroperitoneal space. Aetiology of retroperitoneal fibrosis - About 2/3rd cases are primary idiopathic, are also known as Ormond's disease Secondary Retroperitoneal fibrosis a variety of inflammatory conditions - chronic pancreatitis, histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, or actinomycosis. drugs methysergide (most imp.) b blockers hydralazine a methyldopa Etacapone (used in the t/t of Parkinson's ds.) - malignancies (prostate, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, sarcoma, characinoid & gastric cancer). antoimmune disorders (ankylosing spondylitis, SLE PAN etc.) Symptoms of retroperitoneal fibrosis - It is more common in men between 40-60 yrs of age Early symptoms are nonspecific and vague. These are Pain - Dull noncolicky and insidious in onset. Anorexia, nausea General malaise, diarrhea Later on, symptoms result from compression of tubular retroperitoneal structures. The major structure involved are- Ureter - Most commonly involved Aoa Inferior venacava Symptoms due to the involvement of ureter (usually b/1 involvement) Dysuria Frequency of urination Chills and fever occur with secondary infection of a hydronephrotic kidney. Hematuria can occur. Diagnosis The diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis usually can be made accurately by intravenous pyelography if uremia is not present. The characteristic finding on pyelogram are Hydronephrosis with a dilated touous upper ureter. Medial detion of the ureter Extrinsic ureteral compression Note: In a retroperitoneal tumor, ureter is laterally deted while in retroperitoneal fibrosis ureter medially detes. Currently, the imaging procedure of choice is the CT scan. But if renal function is compromised contrast agents are not given and then MRI is the procedure of choice. T/T of Retroperitoneal fibrosis Coicosteroids, with or without surgery, are the mainstay of medical therapy. Surgical treatment is required in patients who present with moderate or massive hydronephrosis. It consists primarily of ureterolysis (freeing the ureter from adhesions and surrounding tissue) or ureteral stenting.. Also, know Paial or complete ureteral obstruction occurs in 75 to 85% of patients. Most common site of urethral obstruction is lower third of the ureter. Ref : Love & Bailey 25/e p1007", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ureter", "opb": "Aoa", "opc": "Inferior venacava", "opd": "Sympathetic nerve plexus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "5769448c-a63e-4495-b165-680559757f9b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site for intestinal TB is", "exp": "Most common sites - Distal ileum and caecum Ref : Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1217", "cop": 1, "opa": "Distal ileum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Sigmoid colon", "opd": "Ascending colon", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "98d523aa-16bb-42c4-ad2c-83390fa288f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 50year old male presents with pain upper abdomen, Pruritus, jaundice and weight loss, elevated ANA, the likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Clinical features More common in males, mean age at presentation is 40-45 years. About 75% of patients are symptomatic at presentation with evidence of cholestatic liver disease such as jaundice, Pruritus and fatigue Symptoms of bacterial cholangitis are uncommon. Condition is characterized by relapses & remissions with quiescent periods. Median survival from the time of diagnosis ranges from 10 to 12 years Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1508-1509", "cop": 1, "opa": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis", "opb": "Klatskin tumor", "opc": "Secondary sclerosing cholangitis", "opd": "Choledocholithiasis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "4dc418ec-3643-4f7c-9aee-cf242be5d997", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common symptom of Wernicke's encephalopathy", "exp": "Wernickes encephalopathyis a triad of GLOBAL CONFUSION, OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND ATAXIA It is due to deficiency of thiamine It is 100% reversible Most impoant symptom needed for the diagnosis is confusion If the patients wernickes encephalopathy is not trated it would result in koraskoff's psychosis koraskoff's psychosis is a misnomer it is associated with confabulation that is fluent plausible lying, where the patient fills up with memory gaps with information and she is not aware that wat is she is saying is not truth Ref.Kaplon and Sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition,625", "cop": 1, "opa": "Confusion", "opb": "Ocular changes", "opc": "Ataxia", "opd": "Hypothermia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Substance abuse", "id": "5d519d55-3069-4bcd-be3b-b50efb486d71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest cause of acute pancreatitis", "exp": "Causes of Acute pancreatitis Common causes Gallstones including microlithiasis (most common) Alcohol (2nd most common) Hyperglyceridemia ERCP Blunt abdominal trauma Post operative Drugs Sphincter of oddi dysfunction Rare causes Infections (CMV, Coxsackie, Mumps, Echovirus (CME) parasites) Autoimmune (sjogren syndrome) Uncommon causes Vascular causes and Vasculitis (ischaemic hypoperfusion states after Cardiac surgery) Connective tissue disorders TTP CA pancreas Hypercalcemia(Hyperparathyroidism) Periampullary Diveiculum Pancreas divisum Hereditary pancreatitis Cystic fibrosis Renal failure Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1525-1526th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biliary calculi", "opb": "Alcohol abuse", "opc": "Infective", "opd": "Idiopathic", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9e27f7c5-9cc1-4840-96f2-673837c5db8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest sign of aspiration pneumonitis is", "exp": "The patient becomes tachypneic, hypoxic, and febrile. The leukocyte count may rise, and the chest x-ray may evolve from normal to a complete bilateral \"whiteout\" within 8-24 h. Sputum pro-duction is minimal. The pulmonary signs and symptoms can resolve quickly with symptom-based therapy or can culminate in respiratory failure, with the subsequent development of bacterial superinfection over a period of days. Aspiration of gastric acid causes a chemical pneumonitis which has also been .Findings on physical examination may include tachypnea. Ref Davidson edition23rd pg 589", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cyanosis", "opb": "Tachypnea", "opc": "Crepitations", "opd": "Rhonchi", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "72c7f8b5-9dcf-4465-b9ce-f73b6685f0fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Grievous hu deals under", "exp": "Injuries are grievous, Those that endangers life Those that cause severe bodily pain for 20 days. Those that disable the sufferer from following his ordinary pursuits for 20 days. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 209", "cop": 3, "opa": "Section 304", "opb": "Section 310", "opc": "Section 320", "opd": "Section 357", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "dfb8f20f-9db9-4220-9bc3-318c89496aae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints is major action of", "exp": "It is the action of lumbricals.The dorsal interossei abduct the fingers. the palmar interossei adduct the fingers.The FDS flexes middle phalanx at PIP joints. ref :textbook of anatomy upper limb and thorax ,vishram singh ,2nd edition ,page no.144", "cop": 3, "opa": "Palmar interossei", "opb": "Dorsal interossei", "opc": "Lumbricals", "opd": "FDS", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "e04eab0d-61eb-42bd-ba9e-bd8f4f1eabc9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transition from G2 to M phase of cell cycle is controlled by", "exp": "Ref Robbins 7/e p290-291 Your Position: Cell Cycle Inhibitor Proteins Cell Cycle Inhibitor Proteins Creat Cell Cycle Inhibitor Proteins The cell cycle is the series of events which regulate the life of the cell. This regulation results from a combination of several signals from different regulatory pathways that are activated in response to specific stimuli. The cell cycle has a central role in controlling cell growth and proliferation. It frequently becomes the target of genetic alteration, the accumulation of which may lead to the deregulation of these ordered events and may be related to the onset of cancer. With the growing understanding of the impoant role of cell cycle regulation in tumor formation and apoptosis, cell cycle inhibitors have been fuher studied in the field of cancer treatment. Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) Inhibitors Progression through the cell cycle is ensured by paicular protein complexes, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The CDKs are a family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases, which share a high homology in a paicular region. CDKs may control the cell cycle by phosphorylating different targets, which may in turn be activated or inactivated. Regulation of CDK/cyclin activity can occur through regulatory proteins, such as CDK Inhibitors (CKIs). The CKIs can inhibit the activity of CDK by associating in vivo with the CDK subunit, the cyclin or the cyclin/CDK complex. This inhibition may occur in different ways, such as inhibition of the CDK kinase activity, interference with CAK mediated CDK activation, or competition with cyclins in binding to the catalytic subunit. The inhibitory process can be carried out by one or a combination of these mechanisms. The expression of these CKIs may be induced by stimuli such as senescence, contact inhibition, extracellular anti-mitogenic factors and cell cycle checkpoints. Their role in controlling cell cycle is crucial. In several forms of cancer, CKIs such as p16 and p27 are mutated. Also, they have been found to be degraded in several types of cancer. Low levels of p27 levels are correlated with poor clinical prognosis. These inhibitors can be upregulated when required, thus blocking the activation of the CDK by a cyclin. This arrests the cell in a paicular pa of the cell cycle until conditions are such that it can continue towards proliferation or, if necessary, be steered towards cell death.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "P53protein", "opc": "CyclinE", "opd": "Cyclin B", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "da4189fa-2dc5-4939-84f3-9c8e5108a0c7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve to pterygoid canal is formed from", "exp": "In the anterior pa of the foramen lacerum, the greater petrosal nerve unites with the deep petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal which leaves the foramen by entering the pterygoid canal in the anterior wall of the foramen lacerum. Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 4th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deep petrosal nerve + greater petrosal nerve", "opb": "Facial nerve", "opc": "Lesser superficial petrosal nerve", "opd": "Lesser petrosal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "82068b66-3c13-4b3c-a225-71ac4ac0b3d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In brachial plexus nerve arising from root is", "exp": "Nerve to serratus anterior or long thoracic nerve arises from the nerve root of C5-C7. Injury to this nerve causes the condition called winging of scapula due to paralysis of serratus anterior muscle. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 45", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nerve to serratus anterior", "opb": "Axillary nerve", "opc": "Ulnar nerve", "opd": "Suprascapular nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "1b6cf2c7-e487-40d2-889d-a9e71edda597", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inferior Laryngeal aery is a branch of", "exp": "The inferior thyroid aery arises from the thyrocervical trunk The branches of the inferior thyroid aery are the inferior laryngeal, the oesophageal, the tracheal, the ascending cervical and the pharyngeal aeries.Ref: Chaurasia; Volume III; 7th edition; Page no: 155", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inferior thyroid aery", "opb": "Superior thyroid aery", "opc": "Thyrocervical trunk", "opd": "Ascending cervical aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "74d17377-3df1-42e5-8382-22a841d2ff3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The SI unit of radiation absorbed dose is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p428 Gray is a unit that expresses the energy absorbed by the target tissue per unit mass Radiation UNITS Roentgen: Is the measurement of energy produced by Gamma or X-Ray radiation in a cubic centimeter of air. It is abbreted with the capital \"R\". One milliroentgen, abbreted \"mR\" is one-thousandth of a roentgen. One microroentgen, abbreted \"uR\" is one-millionth of a roentgen. RAD: Radiation Absorbed Dose. Original measuring unit for expressing the absorption of all types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons, etc) into any medium. One rad is equivalent to the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of absorbing tissue. System International (SI) Units The System International (S.I. unit) units for radiation measurements are \"gray\" (Gy) and \"sive\" (Sv) for absorbed dose and equivalent dose respectively. The conversion from one system to another is simple: 1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = .01 Sv 1 mSv = 100 mR (mrem) 1 mR = .01 mSv 1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = .01 Gy 1mGy = 100 mrad 1 mrad = .01 mGy", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rad", "opb": "Becquerel", "opc": "Gray", "opd": "Sieve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "77f2de26-ea38-42db-a774-11189668357f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most impoant blood supply to stomach is", "exp": "The greater curvature of the stomach receives its blood supply from the left gastroepiploic aery along its top edge and from the right gastroepiploic aery along its lower edge. The upper poion of the greater curvature of the stomach, along with the fundus, receives blood from the sho gastric aery. ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg 277", "cop": 1, "opa": "Left gastric aery", "opb": "Sho gastric aeries", "opc": "Left gastric aeries", "opd": "Right gastro epiploic aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "82ac5ada-3222-46d2-b511-a8f2e9ab2d74", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In burns least useful is", "exp": "We know that Ringer's lactate is the preferred agent during initial 24 hrs. Nasogastric intubation is done to decrease the risk of emesis and possible aspiration (as parlytic ileus develops in a pt. with significant burn) Dextran is a colloid and can be used in 2nd 24 hrs., however albumin is the preferred and most widely used colloid. Blood has also role in burn patient. The need for Blood replacement is significant in extensive burns. Besides injury to red blood cells and their decreased half-life resulting in their early destruction, many patients may be anaemic. Hence, repeated and frequent transmission to maintain a hematocrit around 35% is necessary. Ref Bailey and love 27e p625 , Srb`s manual of surgery p133", "cop": 2, "opa": "Normal saline", "opb": "Blood", "opc": "Dextran", "opd": "Ringer lactate", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "6bb751f8-dfa4-4e0c-93ec-0e69682ad4be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anti Gliadin antibodies are detectable in", "exp": "The most sensitive tests are the presence of IgA antibodies to tissue transglutamaminase OT IgA or IgG antibodies to desisted gliadin **anti endomysial antibodies are highly specific but less sensitive than other antibodies", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tropical sprue", "opb": "Whipple's disease", "opc": "Celiac disease", "opd": "Intestinal lymphoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "09f7db03-25fc-4a0a-9b8f-b5f0dfe918cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Denominator refers to", "exp": "Bony prominence on the presenting pa is the denominator", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pa of presentation lying over the int os", "opb": "Relation of different pas of fetus to one another", "opc": "Bony fixed point of reference on presenting pa", "opd": "Pa of fetus lying in the lower segmebt of uterus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General obstetrics", "id": "7903daea-cad2-4546-bc2a-08ca27244c9d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Investigation of choice for audiometric evaluation of an infant is", "exp": "BERA wavesWavesSite of generationIDistal pa of cranial nerve VIIIIIProximal pa of cranial nerve VIIIIIICochlear nucleus IVSuperior olivary complexVLateral lemniscusVI, VIIInferior colliculus (Refer: PL Dhingra, Textbook of Ear, Nose, Throat, 6thedition, pg no: 26, 27)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pure Tone Audiometry", "opb": "High frequency Audiometry", "opc": "Tympanometry", "opd": "BERA", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0db3c192-2f9c-4206-acc0-cb53e23a3e1c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Zero orded kinetics in following drug with high dose", "exp": "Zero order kinetics is seen in alcohol and theoplylline Ref-KDT 7/e p31", "cop": 4, "opa": "Phenytoin and propranolol", "opb": "Digoxin and prapranolol", "opc": "Amiloride and propranolol", "opd": "Alcohol and theoplylline", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "bfb08720-dd45-42d3-a265-dbb5f902b018", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Esophageal opening in the diaphragm is at the level of", "exp": "Oesophagus pierces diaphragm at the level of tenth thoracic vertebrae.", "cop": 2, "opa": "T8", "opb": "T10", "opc": "T12", "opd": "T6", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "08340a51-daa7-4786-843b-951e0b9e7e9c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The retina is an outgrowth of the", "exp": "Ref BDC volume 3,6th edition pg 292This is the thin, delicate inner layer of the eyeball.It is continuous posteriorly with the optic nerve.The outer surface of the retina is attached to the choroid, while the inner surface is in contact with the hyaloid membrane.Opposite the entrance of the optic nerve, there is a circular area called optic disc.The retina diminishes in thickness from behind forwards and is divided into optic, ciliary, and iridial pas.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mesencephalon", "opb": "Diencephalon", "opc": "Telencephalon", "opd": "Pons", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "ac40493c-69af-4d41-910e-74b6df4bd337", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reversible loss of polarity with abnormality in size and shape of cells is known as", "exp": "Ref Robbins 7/e p273_274;9/e p271 CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS Nothing is more impoant to the patient with a tumor than being told: \"It is benign.\" In general, benign tumors appear to be genetically \"simple,\" harboring fewer muta- tions than cancers, and genetically stable, changing little in genotype over time. The latter feature probably explains why benign tumors such as lipomas and leiomyomas transform to malignancies rarely, if at all. In practice, the determination of benign versus malignant is made with remarkable accuracy using long-established clinical and anatomic criteria, but some neoplasms defy easy character- ization. Ceain features may indicate innocence, and others may indicate malignancy. Such problems are not the rule, however, and there are four fundamental features by which benign and malignant tumors can be distinguished: dif- ferentiation and anaplasia, rate of growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Differentiation and Anaplasia Differentiation and anaplasia are characteristics seen only in the parenchymal cells that constitute the transformed elements of neoplasms. The differentiation of parenchymal tumor cells refers to the extent to which they resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally. * Benign neoplasms are composed of well-differentiated cells that closely resemble their normal counterpas. A lipoma is made up of mature fat cells laden with cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, and a chondroma is made up of mature cailage cells that synthesize their usual cailaginous matrix--evidence of morphologic and functional differentiation. In well-differentiated benign tumors, mitoses are usually rare and are of normal configuration. * Malignant neoplasms are characterized by a wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation, from sur- prisingly well differentiated (Fig. 5-3) to completel undifferentiated. For example, well-differentiated ade- nocarcinomas of the thyroid may contain normal- appearing follicles. Such tumors sometimes may be difficult to distinguish from benign proliferations. Between the two extremes lie tumors loosely referred to as moderately well differentiated. The stroma carrying the blood supply is crucial to the growth of tumors but does not aid in the separation of benign from malignant ones. The amount of stromal connective tissue does deter- mine, however, the consistency of a neoplasm. Ceain cancers induce a dense, abundant fibrous stroma (des- moplasia), making them hard, so-called scirrhous tumors. * Malignant neoplasms that are composed of undiffer- entiated cells are said to be anaplastic. Lack of differen- tiation, or anaplasia, is considered a hallmark of malignancy. The term anaplasia literally means \"back- ward formation\"--implying dedifferentiation, or loss of the structural and functional differentiation of normal cells. It is now known, however, that at least some cancers arise from stem cells in tissues; in these tumors, failure of differentiation, rather than dedifferentiation of specialized cells, accounts for their undifferentiated appearance. Recent studies also indicate that in some cases, dedifferentiation of apparently mature cells does occur during carcinogenesis. Anaplastic cells display marked pleomorphism (i.e., variation in size and shape) (Fig. 5-4). Often the nuclei are extremely hyperchromatic (dark-staining) and large resulting in an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio that may approach 1: 1 instead of the normal 1: 4 or 1 :6. Giant cells that are considerably larger than their neighbors may be formed and possess either one enormous nucleus or several nuclei. Anaplastic nuclei are variable and bizarre in size and shape. The chromatin is coarse and clumped, and nucle- oli may be of astounding size. More impoant, mitoses often are numerous and distinctly atypical; anarchic multi- ple spindles may produce tripolar or quadripolar mitotic figures (Fig. 5-5). Also, anaplastic cells usually fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one another (i.e., they lose normal polarity). They may grow Figure 5-3 Well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. The tumor cells are strikingly similar to normal squamous epithelial cells, with intercellular bridges and nests of keratin (arrow). (Couesy of Dr. Trace Worrell, Depament of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas.) Figure 5-4 Anaplastic tumor of the skeletal muscle (rhabdomyosar- coma). Note the marked cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchro- matic nuclei, and tumor giant cells. (Couesy of Dr. Trace Worrell, Depa in sheets, with total loss of communal structures, such as glands or stratified squamous architecture. The more differentiated the tumor cell, the more com- pletely it retains the functional capabilities of its normal counterpas. Benign neoplasms and even well-differenti- ated cancers of endocrine glands frequently elaborate the hormones characteristic of their origin. Well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas produce keratin (Fig. 5-3), just as well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas secrete bile. In other instances, unanticipated functions emerge. Some cancers may elaborate fetal proteins not produced by comparable cells in the adult. Cancers of nonendocrine origin may produce so-called ectopic hormones. For example, ceain lung carcinomas may produce adrenocor- ticotropic hormone (ACTH), parathyroid hormone-like hormone, insulin, glucagon, and others. More is said about these phenomena later. Despite exceptions, the more rapidly growing and the more anaplastic a tumor, the less likely it is to have specialized functional activity. Of relevance in the discussion of differentiation and ana- plasia is dysplasia, referring to disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation. Dysplasia is encountered principally in epi- thelial lesions. It is a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation. Dysplastic cells exhibit considerable pleomorphism and often possess hyperchro- matic nuclei that are abnormally large for the size of the cell. Mitotic figures are more abundant than usual and frequently appear in abnormal locations within the epithe- lium. In dysplastic stratified squamous epithelium, mitoses are not confined to the basal layers, where they normally occur, but may be seen at all levels and even in surface cells. There is considerable architectural anarchy. For example, the usual progressive maturation of tall cells in the basal layer to flattened squames on the surface may be lost and replaced by a disordered scrambling of dark basal- appearing cells (Fig. 5-6). When dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium, the lesion is referred to as carcinoma in situ, a preinvasive stage of cancer (Chapter 18). Although dysplastic changes often are found adjacent to foci of malignant transforma- tion, and long-term studies of cigarette smokers show that epithelial dysplasia almost invariably antedates the appear- ance of cancer, the term dysplasia is not synonymous with cancer; mild to moderate dysplasias that do not involve the entire thickness of the epithelium sometimes regress completely, par- ticularly if inciting causes are removed.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Metaplasia", "opb": "Dysplasia", "opc": "Hyperplasia", "opd": "Anaplasia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "4b747ae3-d083-4f16-8f2e-5d4b97377b70", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common bone to be fractured in a baby, during birth", "exp": "During birth, the most common bone to be fractured in the baby is clavicle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fracture humerus", "opb": "Fracture clavicle", "opc": "Fracture scapula", "opd": "Fracture femur", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b04e339-b1c5-4b99-b77d-5405b8c4637c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common carotid aery bifurcation is at", "exp": "At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cailage, the aery ends by dividing into the external and internal carotid aeries. The right common carotid aery is a branch of the brachiocephalic aery. The left common carotid aery is branch of the arch of the aoa. Ref: BDC volume 3;sixth edition: pg 99", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thyroid cailage", "opb": "Cricord cailage", "opc": "C7", "opd": "T2", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "1b89461d-52a2-4693-b2f3-92faef389525", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structures pass through optic foramen", "exp": "Optic foramen transmits Optic nerve with all layer of meninges Ophthalmic aery Fig: structures passing through various foramina of skull", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic nerve alone", "opb": "Ophthalmic aery and optic nerve", "opc": "Ophthalmic vein and ophthalmic aery", "opd": "Optic nerve and ophthalmic vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Cranial cavity", "id": "29ea62b6-07bf-4ec3-b75f-402b72b923c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a branch of celiac trunk", "exp": "(C) Superior mesenteric artery # SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas.> The coeliac trunk is the first anterior branch and arises just below the aortic hiatus at the level of T12/L1 vertebral bodies.> It divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. The coeliac trunk may also give off one or both of the inferior phrenic arteries.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Left gastric artery", "opb": "Common hepatic artery", "opc": "Superior mesenteric artery", "opd": "Splenic artery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "01096a74-12b5-4977-b0d1-d59fd12911fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lymphatic drainage of upper outer quadrant of breast is", "exp": "MAMMARY GLAND:- Modified sweat gland in superficial fascia of pectoral region. Rudimentary in males. Located in superficial fascia. Extend: veically- 2nd to 6th rib Horizontally- lateral border of sternum to mid axillary line. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:- Lymph nodes:- 1. Axillary-anterior, posterior, central and lateral. 2. Internal mammary. 3. Supraclavicular. 4. Posterior intercostal 5. Cephalic. Lymphatics draining the breast:- 1. Superficial- drain skin of the breast except that of nipple and areola. 2. Deep-drain parenchyma of the breast , and skin of nipple and areola. 3. A plexus of lymph ceasefires deep to areola is called subareolar plexus of sappy.The subareolar plexus and most of the lymph from the breast drains into anterior group of axillary lymph nodes. Lymphatic drainage:- 1. Lateral quadrant of breast-drains into anterior axillary/ pectoral group of lymph nodes. 2. Medial quadrant- drains into Internal mammary 3. Lower and medial quadrant- communicates with subdiaphragmatic and subperitoneal lymph plexus. 4. Deep surface of breast-apical group . 5. A few lymph vessels from the breast follow the posterior intercostal aeries and drain into posterior intercostal nodes. About 75% -axillary 20%-internal mammary 5%-posterior intercostal lymph nodes. Among the axillary lymph nodes, most of lymph goes into anterior axillary and remaining into posterior and apical. The lymph from anterior and posterior groups first goes into central and lateral groups and then through them into supraclavicular nodes.Apical group of lymph nodes are terminal. Some lymph vessels from the inferomedial quadrant of breast communicates with the subperitoneal lymph plexus and carry cancer cells to it. From here cancer cells migrate transcoelomically and deposit over ovary- krukenberg&;s tumor. {Reference:vishram singh page no.48}", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anterior axillary", "opb": "Posterior axillary", "opc": "Paratracheal", "opd": "Apical", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "598bf44e-2195-4c3b-9ab1-d3b4d014160a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compression of a nerve within the carpal tunnel products inability to", "exp": "FLEXOR RETINACULUM Transverse carpal ligament. Strong fibrous band which bridges anterior concavity of carpus and conves it into osseofibrous tunnel callef carpal tunnel for the passage of flexor tendons of the digits. Rectangular.Formed due to thickening of deep fascia in front of carpal bones. Attachments: medial-pisiform , hook of hamate.Lateral-tubercle of scaphoid and crest of trapezium. Structures passing superficial to flexor retinaculum:-(medial to lateral)1. Ulnar nerve 2. Ulnar aery 3. Posterior cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve.4. Tendon of palmaris longus.5. Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve.6. Superficial palmar branch of radial aery. Structures passing deep to flexor retinaculum:-1. Tendon of FDS2. Tendon of FDP 3. Tendon of FPL.4. median nerve. Ulnar bursa-tendons of FDS&FDP.Radial bursa- tendon of flexor pollicis Flexor carpi radialis pass through separate canal. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME:-Injury to median nerve in carpal tunnel.Causes:-Tenosynovitis of flexor tendons.MyxedemaRetention of fluid in pregnancy Fracture dislocation of lunate bone.Osteoahritis of wrist. Symptoms:-1. Feeling of burning pain or \" pins & needles \" along lateral 3 and half digits especially at night.2. Weakness of thenar muscles.3. No sensory loss over thenar eminence.4. Ape thumb deformity if left untreated.5. Positive phalens abd tinel's sign.Phalen' sign-flexion of both wrists against each other for one minute reproduces the symptoms.Tinel's sign- percussion over flexor retinaculum reproduces symptoms. {Reference:vishram singh, page no.196,} mnemonic: Spm fully Boring Flexor digitorum Superficalis tendon, flexor digitorum profundus tendon, median nerve, Flexor poLLicis longus, Bursae- radial & ulnar", "cop": 1, "opa": "Abduct the thumb", "opb": "Adduct the thumb", "opc": "Flex the distal phalanx of the thumb", "opd": "Oppose the thumb", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "eb0a7e90-071d-4048-af6f-4eba529703c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brunner's gland are found in mucosa of", "exp": "C. i.e. Duodenum", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Colon", "opc": "Duodenum", "opd": "Esophagus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1f8ddcd-8aec-4a2a-853b-ee14bc3c8aea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ligamentum teres of the liver is remnant of", "exp": "Ligamentum teres is the obliterated fibrous remnant of the left umbilical vein of the fetus. It originates at the umbilicus. It passes superiorly in the free margin of the falciform ligament. From the inferior margin of the liver, it may join the left branch of the poal vein or it may be in continuity with the ligamentum venosum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Umbilical aeries", "opb": "Left umbilical vein", "opc": "Ductus venosus", "opd": "Ductus aeriosus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "e58deb0f-dcf9-4579-a60b-e80247dd7e3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Infectious mononucleosis affects", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "B cells", "opb": "T cells", "opc": "NK cells", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "231f8ac7-28b0-4708-86b1-d46036150f52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Superior parathyroid derived from", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Mesoderm of 3rd pouch", "opb": "Endoderm of 3rd pouch", "opc": "Mesoderm of 4th pouch", "opd": "Endoderm of 4th pouch", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "2544e71e-efad-48fa-949c-319474a73cbf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pericardial space is present between", "exp": "Pericardial space (pericardial cavity) lies between parietal serous pericardium and visceral serous pericardium.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parietal and visceral pericardium", "opb": "Endocardium and pericardium", "opc": "Epicardium and pericardium", "opd": "Endocardium and epicardium", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc31a3a5-a1be-4a72-addb-1ccdf0ae555f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Red nucleus\" is present at", "exp": "The red nucleus is diagnostic of midbrain division at the level of the superior colliculus; it lies between the occulomotor nucleus (CN III) and the substantia nigra. fig:- crossection at the level of Superior colliculus Midbrain", "cop": 2, "opa": "Base of pons", "opb": "Midbrain, at level of superior colliculus", "opc": "Midbrain, at level of inferior colliculus", "opd": "Medial medulla", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brainstem, cerebellum and ventricles", "id": "2ac136e8-eaeb-4806-a9c3-916e1b08039c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest cailage to ossify is", "exp": "The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cailage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. It is the pa of a long bone where new bone growth takes place; that is, the whole bone is alive, with maintenance remodeling throughout its existing bone tissue, but the growth plate is the place where the long bone grows longer (adds length). The plate is not only found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. This replacement is known as epiphyseal closure or growth plate fusion. Complete fusion happens between ages 12-16 for girls and 14-19 for boys. Ref - Medscape.com", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyaline", "opb": "Elastic", "opc": "Fibrous", "opd": "Fibroelastic", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "47c93086-a4ac-4763-bebf-aa01d839de83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Suprapleural membrane is a remnant of", "exp": "Suprapleural membrane/ Sibson's fascia is a remnant of Scalenus minimus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Scalenus anterior", "opb": "Scalenus minimus", "opc": "Subclavius", "opd": "Scalinus medius", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6986baf-0f92-4d56-a5db-484a01676858", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient presents with a penetrating chest wound associated with intrathoracic haemorrhage. A thoracotomy is done by taking an incision in the 41h/51h intercostals space staing 1 cm away from the lateral margin of the sternum. This is done to avoid injury to the", "exp": "C i.e. Internal thoracic aeryIntercostal (external, internal & innermost) muscles (not transverses thoracic) are pierced in pleural taping in mild axillary line.Latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, rhomboidus major & intercostal muscles are cut in posterolateral thoracotomy whereas pectoralis is cut in anterior & anterolateral approach.Thoracotomy in upper 6 intercostal spaces is done by taking an incision 1 cm lateral to sternum to avoid injury to internal thoracic (mammary) aeryQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pleura", "opb": "Intercostal aery", "opc": "Internal thoracic aery", "opd": "Intercostal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "9355f323-6c2b-4849-baeb-b02606adf4cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Posterior boundary of Carotid Triangle is formed by", "exp": "Boundaries of carotid triangle IN FRONT & ABOVE- Post Belly of Digastric and Stylohyoid Muscle. IN FRONT & BELOW- Superior Belly of Omohyoid. BEHIND- Anterior Border of SternoCleidomastoid.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Superior belly of omohyoid", "opb": "Posterior belly of digastric", "opc": "Sterno hyoid", "opd": "Sternocleido mastoid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Neck Triangles and parotid gland", "id": "0abb1b6f-3f1a-4c22-b0f4-b9ae099f8356", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initial 2cm of Duodenum does not get arterial supply by", "exp": "Initial 2cm of Duodenum ( Duodenal Cap) is not supplied by Superior pancreaticoduodinal artery.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right gastric artery", "opb": "Superior pancreaticoduodinal artery", "opc": "Right Gastroepiploic artery", "opd": "Common hepatic artery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "88cb08a4-050b-478b-8e2e-8a65ed1264f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Winging of scapula is due to injury to", "exp": "Winging of scapula is due to the injury to long thoracic nerve(C5, C6, and C7). Long thoracic nerve supplies the serratus anterior muscle and injury to this nerve causes the prominence of interior angle and medial border of scapula. The patient is unable to perform pushing action. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 12", "cop": 1, "opa": "Long thoracic nerve", "opb": "Sho thoracic nerve", "opc": "Axillary nerve", "opd": "Suprascapular nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "806b50db-bf38-4c30-a84a-5ac8635e111d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The indifferent embryo begins phenotypic sexual differentiation during", "exp": "The embryo during weeks 1-6 remains in an undifferentiated stage. The embryo begins phenotypic sexual differentiation during week 7.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Week 3 of development", "opb": "Week 5 of development", "opc": "Week 7 of development", "opd": "Week 12 of development", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Development period- week 1,2,3,4", "id": "b657824b-7bdc-4189-ad5a-56940421f2c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "White infract is seen in", "exp": "ref Robbins 8/e p674; 9/e p134,664-665 White infarcts occur with aerial occlusions in solid organs with end-aerial circulations (e.g., hea, spleen, and kidney), and where tissue density limits the seepage of blood from adjoining patent vascular beds (Fig. 3-17, B). Infarcts tend to be wedge-shaped, with the occluded vessel at the apex and the organ periphery forming the base (Fig. 3-17); when the base is a serosal surface, there is often an overlying fibrinous exudate. Lateral margins may be irregular, reflecting flow from adjacent vessels. The margins of acute infarcts typically are indistinct and slightly hemorrhagic; with time, the edges become better defined by a narrow rim of hyperemia attributable to inflammation. Infarcts resulting from aerial occlusions in organs without a dual circulation typically become progressively paler and sharply defined with time (Fig. 3-17, B). By comparison, hemorrhagic infarcts are the rule in the lung and other spongy organs (Fig. 3-17, A). Extravasated red cells in hemorrhagic infarcts are phagocytosed by macrophages, and the heme iron is conveed to intracellular hemosiderin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Intestine", "opc": "Hea", "opd": "Ovary", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5eb86f58-403e-4429-ab3f-9c0831216236", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The membranous labyrinth develops from", "exp": "The membranous labyrinth of the internal ear is derived from the otic vesicle The surface ectoderm on either side of the hindbraint thickens to form otic placodes. The otic placodes invaginate to form otic vesicles. The otic vesicles fuher divides into 2 components that develop into structures of the membranous labyrinth: The ventral component forms the saccule and cochlear duct The dorsal component forms the utricle, semicircular canals, endolymphatic duct. Ref: Inderbir Singh Human Embryology 11 e pg 328.", "cop": 3, "opa": "First pharyngeal pouch", "opb": "First pharyngeal cleft", "opc": "Otic vesicle", "opd": "Meckel's cailage", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "dff3fb9c-f2a7-4c63-9bdc-1d18ea79f808", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Costochondral joint is an example of", "exp": "Primary Cailaginous joint The bones are united by a plate of hyaline cailage so that the joint is immovable and strong These joints are tempory in nature because after a ceain age the cailaginous plate is repalced by bone (synostosis) Ref :BD CHAURASIA S Handbook of General Anatomy Fouh edition Page no 63", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibrous joint", "opb": "Primary cailaginous joint", "opc": "Secondary cailaginous joint", "opd": "Synol joint", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "a9f1cc9a-f8e5-4179-ab2c-df18533c0c35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "pancreatitis is a side effect of", "exp": "LETHAL SIDE EFFECTS OF VALPROATE - Hyperammonemia - Pancreatitis - Hepatic failure - Neural tube defects - Thrombocytopenia MINOR SIDE EFFECTS OF VALPROATE - Hair loss - PCOD - WEIGHT GAIN - TREMORS Ref.Kaplon and Sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th editiojn, pg no.935", "cop": 1, "opa": "valproate", "opb": "clonazepam", "opc": "clozapine", "opd": "amisulpride", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry", "id": "56f16301-fafb-4cdd-b96a-d5ad7fad3d9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coracoid process is", "exp": "Coracoid process is directed forwards and slightly laterally. It is bent finger like. It is atavistic type of epiphysis. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no : 9", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pressure epiphysis", "opb": "Traction epiphysis", "opc": "Aberrant epiphysis", "opd": "Atavistic epiphysis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "65fa7669-e10d-4d84-9890-3672b6c7c0e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Main action of superior rectus", "exp": "Actions of superior rectus Veical axis: elevation Main action horizontal axis: addicts Anterioposterior axis: rotates medially (intorsion) Ref: BDC volume 3:sixth edition pg 211", "cop": 3, "opa": "Extorsion", "opb": "Intorsion", "opc": "Elevation", "opd": "Depression", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "f8f86456-5c24-48a7-93b1-0eb3c50efdd6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The classical lobute of the liver is centred around", "exp": "Inderbir Singh's Human Histology Sixth edition Pg 298 Centre of each lobule of liver is called central vein", "cop": 3, "opa": "Postal vein", "opb": "Bile duct", "opc": "Central vein", "opd": "Hepatic aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "6d45b175-2eca-443d-b9d1-5c032db9fcc2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broca's area is situated in", "exp": "(A) Inferior frontal gyrus[?]BROCA'S AREA (Motor Speech Area) is a section of the human brain that is involved in language processing, speech or sign production & comprehensionBroca's area is located in the opercular and triangular sections of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus of the Frontal lobe of the Cortex.Broca's & Wernicke's areas are found unilaterally in the brain (left hemisphere) dominant hemisphere.Broca's area comprises Brodmann area 44 and (according to some authorities) Brodmann area 45.Broca's Area is connected to Wernicke's area by a neural pathway called the arcuate fasciculus.Inability to speak after injury to the posterior-inferior frontal gyrus of the brain.Pierre Paul Brocahe identified this region, known as Broca's area.Difficulty in language production as Broca's aphasia, also called expressive aphasia.Broca's area is now typically defined in terms of the pars opercularis & pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus.Present in left hemisphere in 90% of right handed & 70% of left handed people.Present in right hemisphere only in any of left handed peopleCEREBRAL CORTEX & CORTICAL AREAS AT A GLANCEAREALOCATIONFUNCTION* Motor area (Area 4)Precentral gyrus & anterior part of para-central lobuleVoluntary movements* Premotor area (Area 6)Posterior parts of frontal gyriVoluntary movements* Frontal eye field (8) Includes Areas 6 & 9Anterior to premotor area in posterior part of middle frontal gyrusConjugate deviation of eyes to opposite side.* Broca's speech area (Areas 44,45)Posterior part of inferior frontal gyms of dominant hemisphereControls motor element of speech.* Prefrontal cortexAnterior part of frontal gyri, orbital gyri, most of medial frontal gyms, & anterior part of cingulate gyms.Intellectual activity* Sensory Cortex (Areas 3,1,2)Post central gyms & adjoining parts of post central gyms & posterior part of para-central lobuleAppreciation of somatic sensations* Areas 39,40Inferior parietal lobule, supra marginal & angular gyri.Recognition of somatic sensory stimuli & their integration steriognosis* Primary visual area (17) Visual cortex or striate cortex (Visual-Sensory Cortex)Surrounds post calcarine sulcus.Primary visual function* Visual association cortex (18,19) (peristriate & parastriate areas) (Visual-Psychic)Occipital lobe adjacent to striate areaRecognition & integration of visual stimuli* Primary acoustic area (41) or 1st acoustic area (Al)Anterior transverse temporal gyms extending to superior temporal gymsPrimary auditory function* Auditory association area (Area 42)Posterior transverse temporal gymsIntegration of auditory stimuli with other sensory modalities.* Area 24Anterior part of cingulate gymsPulse, Respiration & B.P. control* Limbic systemHippocampus, alveus, fimbria, fornix & its termination into mamillary bodies are grouped under this systemMaintenance of normal homeostasis of body along with hypothalamus.* Second speech area of WernickeOccupies parietal area extending into temporal lobe round the posterior extremity of lateral sulcus.Second motor speech area.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "opb": "Superior temporal gyrus", "opc": "Inferior temporal gyrus", "opd": "Parietal gyrus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Neuroanatomy", "id": "c30099a5-8741-49f3-b9e6-4e7ef5bee3be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Skin at the level of umbilicus is supplied by the spinal nerve", "exp": "The dermatome T10 is at the level of Umbilicus.The area of skin supplied by a dorsal root of a spinal nerve is called as \"Dermatome\".They represent specific regions of reception of sensory impulses.Reference: Chaurasia; 6th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "T 9", "opb": "T 10", "opc": "T 11", "opd": "T 12", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "0a642e22-ff93-464f-b8fd-9ce1eec2173a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spiral aery is a branch of", "exp": "Spiral aery are small aeries which temporarly supply blood to endometrium of the uterus during the leteal phase of the menstrual cycle.The spiral aries are conveed for uteroplacental blood flow during pregnancy. imageRef - Semantischolar.org", "cop": 2, "opa": "Uterine aery", "opb": "Arcuate aery", "opc": "Vesical aery", "opd": "Ovarian aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "07d9a04b-f5ba-485c-b5ea-cadec3e13eb3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Laryngeal cailage forming complete circle is", "exp": "Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 4th edition. Cricoid cailage is shaped like a ring. It encircles the larynx below the thyroid cailage. It is thicker and stronger than the thyroid cailage. The ring has a narrow anterior pa called the arch, and a broad posterior pa called the lamina. The lamina projects upwards behind the thyroid cailage and aiculates superiorly with the arytenoid cailages. The inferior cornua of the thyroid cailage aiculate with the side of the cricoid cailage at the junction of the arch and lamina.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thyroid", "opb": "Cricoid", "opc": "Corniculate", "opd": "Arytenoid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "502cffd7-05ee-4972-b9ee-a43860212ad7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest branch of brachial plexus is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Radial Radial nerve is the largest branch of brachial plexus and is the continuation of posterior cord (root value C5_8 T1).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ulnar", "opb": "Medial", "opc": "Radial", "opd": "Axillary", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "aa56483d-5f5b-4416-9ae6-35ffa5a0ef96", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure passing deep to flexor retinaculum is", "exp": "The flexor retinaculum is a thickened band of deep fascia on the posteromedial aspect of ankle. The deep relations of flexor retinaculum from above downwards or medio laterally are tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus , posterior tibial aery , tibial nerve ,flexor hallucis longus. Reference: clinical anatomy for students a problem-solving approach, Neeta v Kulkarni, page no. 865", "cop": 1, "opa": "Post tibial aery", "opb": "Long saphenous vein", "opc": "Tibialis anterior tendon", "opd": "Peroneus teius", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "7e37b6ba-9efe-498d-9897-b66b03472fc4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Beer's procedure", "exp": "Resection Procedure in Chronic Pancreatitis It is believed that Inflammatory process in the pancreatic head controls both the severity of symptoms and fuher progression of disease in remainder of the gland Pancreatic head is pacemaker of chronic pancreatitis. Because of this resection of pancreatic head has been shown to completely relieve pain of chronic pancreatitis in 70-80% patients Distal pancreatectomy is the ideal procedure for patients whose chronic pancreatitis is confined to pancreatic tail Usually, distal pancreatectomy is combined with splenectomy for technical reasons, but spleen can be preserved if its vascular supply is secure Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1535", "cop": 1, "opa": "DPPHR", "opb": "LRLPJ", "opc": "Caudal pancreaticojejunostomy", "opd": "Longitudinal section pancreaticojejunostomy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b480062c-2e78-44fd-85ab-2c5c1980c6c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mechanism of action of nitric oxide is", "exp": "Refer kDT 7/e 568 Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO. It is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen. Nitric oxide is a free radical, i.e., it has an unpaired electron, which is sometimes denoted by a dot in its chemical formula, i.e., *NO. Nitric oxide is also a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, a historic class that drew researches which spawned early modern theories of chemical bonding.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase cAMP", "opb": "Increase cGMP", "opc": "Increase PGE2", "opd": "Increase PGD4", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "3cf68914-b929-4835-bbc1-c43a77ba7607", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Highest point of iliac crest is seen at;", "exp": "Highest point of iliac crest lies at the level of the 4th lumbar veebral body (L4). Clinical significance: Site of bone marrow harvests to collect the stem cells used in bone marrow transplantation. Most ideal donor site forbone grafting when a large quantity of bone is needed. To estimate site for lumbar puncture as LP is done at the level b/w L3-L4 or b/w L4-L5 and highest point of iliac crest coincides with it.", "cop": 2, "opa": "L3", "opb": "L4", "opc": "S1", "opd": "S2", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "5d5b231c-82ea-4894-8b97-790cf030f2b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Quaer staggered arrangement is seen in", "exp": "The collagen fibres have a triple stranded,quaer staggered arrangement. This arrangement helps in mineralization Tropocollagen molecules are arranged in a \"quater-staggered array\" to form collagen fibres . Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 31st edition pg 593", "cop": 4, "opa": "Immunoglobulin", "opb": "Hemoglobin", "opc": "Keratin", "opd": "Collagen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5e226a9a-62c3-410d-9232-9ef6395d89a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Branch of internal iliac aery", "exp": "Generally, the aery divides into an anterior division and a posterior division, with the posterior division giving rise to the superior gluteal, iliolumbar, and lateral sacral aeries. The rest usually arise from the anterior division. umbilical aery superior vesical aery obturator aery vaginal aery inferior vesical aery uterine aery middle rectal aery internal pudendal aery inferior gluteal aery Imageref - pubmed.com", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ovarian aery", "opb": "Testicular aery", "opc": "Superior vesicle", "opd": "Inferior epigastric aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "c0d15855-f07e-495d-9b8a-7a1c9a681854", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Placental alkaline phosphatase is marker of", "exp": "Placental alkaline phosphatase is a marker of seminoma. Also know Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase is marker of - seminoma testis AFP is not produced by - seminomas and Choriocarcinomas", "cop": 4, "opa": "Theca cell tumour", "opb": "Teratoma", "opc": "Choriocarcinoma", "opd": "Seminoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Urology", "id": "1cc80d08-ee1c-4af3-a59f-02a140f9deab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pain sensation from ethmoid sinus is transmitted through", "exp": "It is the principal nerve supplying the sensory supply to the Ethmoidal sinuses through its anterior and posterior Ethmoidal branches.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Infrachlear nerve", "opb": "Nasocilliary nerve", "opc": "Lacrimal nerve", "opd": "Frontal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e2f29af-fe10-4cd0-b23e-c4b78f445ff1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Onion peel appearance of splenic capsule is seen in", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p224 In splenic involvement in SLE _splenomegaly, capsular thickeing , follicular hyperplasia,are common feature . central penicilliary aeries may show concerntric intimal and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia , producing onion skin appearance", "cop": 1, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "Scleroderma", "opc": "Rheumatoid ahritis", "opd": "Sjogern's syndrome", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e55d0442-b2c2-48b7-9952-5c00aa011b0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Joint involved in movement of head from left to right is", "exp": "* Atlanto-occipital (between skull and C1) joint permit nodding of head ( as when indicating approval or YES) and Atlanto-axial joint permits the head to be turned from side to side (as indicating disapproval or NO). * Atlantoaxial is a combination of three synol joints. The aiculation is at three places - a pair of lateral masses and a median complex (between dens of axis and anterior arch & transverse atlantal ligament) * Rotation movement takes place simultaneously at all joints and the normal range of rotation is 40 degrees. * The muscles which produce these movements are obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitis posterior major, ipsilateral splenius capitis and contralateral sternocleidomastoid. Ref:- Gray's Anatomy 41st Edition; Pg num:- 737", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atlanto occipital", "opb": "Atlanto axial", "opc": "C2- C3 Joint", "opd": "C3- C4 Joint", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "9b29126f-44d6-43bc-bdcd-12dd496239fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cerebellar coex contains", "exp": "Purkinje cells are large flask-shaped neurons seen in the intermediate layer of cerebellar coex. There are five types of neurons in cerebellar coex which are Purkinje cells, Granule cells, Stellate cells, Basket cells, Golgi cells. All the intrinsic neurons in the cerebellar coex are inhibitory except granule cells. (Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy, second edition, pg- 114)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyramidal cells", "opb": "Purkinje cells", "opc": "Stromal cells", "opd": "Kupffer cells", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "43e168c8-03af-4ee4-9f71-dc416fe26dac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "bulimia nervosa is treated with", "exp": "Bulimia nervosa * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Binge eating at least once a week for 3 months * Uses laxatives, diuretics, self-induced vomiting * Association= * Impulsive behaviors * increased interest in sex * They may be of normal weight * Less secretive * Mood disorders * Complication * Electrolyte abnormalities * Hypokalemia * Hypochloremia alkalosis * Russel's sign==== as these patients uses their fingers to be stick out in the throat and vomit, there is a lesion in meta carpo phalangeal joints. * Drugs * Carbamazepine * MAOI * SSRI Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no 509", "cop": 1, "opa": "fluoxetine", "opb": "clozapine", "opc": "pimozide", "opd": "lurasidone", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Sleep disorders and eating disorders", "id": "e4aa9149-17ca-4e70-a06c-568ed89504f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stratified cuboidal epithelium seen in", "exp": "Stratified cuboidal epithelium is seen in large ducts of exocrine glands like sweat glands ,pancreas and salivary glands The ovarian surface epithelium, also called the germinal epithelium of Waldeyer, is a layer of simple squamous-to-cuboidal epithelial cells covering the ovary. The upper cervix (endocervix) is lined by a simple columnar epithelium that contains mucous-secreting cells. In contrast, the lower cervix (ectocervix) is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium. The transition point between these two epithelia is known as the external os. Larynx is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium except vocal cords (lined by stratified squamous epithelium). Inderbir Singh's textbook of Human Histology Seventh edition Pg no;48", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ovaries", "opb": "Cervix", "opc": "Sweat glands ducts", "opd": "Larynx", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "1bd29ef7-9c29-4ec1-a63d-a32ca86a2ca5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inferior olivary nucleus is present in", "exp": "The inferior olivary nucleus, a cerebellar relay nucleus, is the most prominent nucleus in the lateral medulla. Coordinate signals from the spinal cord to the cerebellum to regulate motor coordination and learning. fig:- crossection at the level of medulla(upper pa)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Base of pons", "opb": "Midbrain, at level of superior colliculus", "opc": "Midbrain, at level of inferior colliculus", "opd": "Lateral medulla", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brainstem, cerebellum and ventricles", "id": "9934b988-d862-48e7-a2d7-4253e0567231", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pyogenic infection and braininfraction are associated with", "exp": "Ref, Robbins 9/ep43", "cop": 2, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Liquefactive necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fat necrosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "8ea6100f-e7db-4b20-af58-edca4b5ac6ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Frey's syndrome is due to faulty regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. The sources of that injured nerve is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "hypoglossal nerve", "opb": "trigeminal nerve", "opc": "vagus nerve", "opd": "glossopharyngeal nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "24895041-3860-43f0-bca1-367a0c9f961f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Berry aneurysm of the posterior communicating aery causes compression of", "exp": "Berry aneurysm in the vicinity of posterior communicating aery can compress the third carnial nerve and cause oculomotor nerve palsy Aneurysms of superior cerebellar aery or tip of the basilar aery can also compress the oculomotor nerve and produce its palsy Berry aneurysm on the internal carotid aery (near its termination) compresses the lateral aspect of optic chiasma and hence damages the visual information from the ipsilateral nasal visual field. Ref: Gray's 39e/p-22", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic nerve", "opb": "Oculomotor", "opc": "Trochlear nerve", "opd": "Hypophysis cerebri", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "0b0444b7-9682-4293-a0d7-ca6b9f21f2bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pleural tapping in mid axillary line, muscle not pierced is", "exp": "D i.e. Transversus thoracis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Internal intercostals", "opb": "External intercostals", "opc": "Inner most intercostals", "opd": "Transverses thoracic", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8f078a8-2308-4824-a240-19866b3ab6f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Carpal tunnel syndrome' is caused by compression of", "exp": "Compression of median nerve causes motor,sensory,vasomotor and trophic symptoms in hand. Examination reveals wasting of thenar eminence, hypoaesthesia to light touch on the palmar aspect of lateral 3 1/2 digits. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no : 130", "cop": 1, "opa": "Median nerve", "opb": "Medial cord of brachial plexus", "opc": "Radial nerve", "opd": "Ulnar nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "973734e6-eb28-45bc-b2eb-03f999640e7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest branch of veebral aery is", "exp": "Anterior inferior cerebellar aery is a branch of Basilar aery", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anterior spinal", "opb": "Posterior spinal", "opc": "Anterior inferior cerebellar", "opd": "Posterior inferior cerebellar", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1fad4ee6-7929-41f5-9b11-c136bcd25a6a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aoic hiatus contains", "exp": "The aoic opening is osseoaponeurotic.It lies at the lower border of the 12 th thoracic veebra.It transmits Aoa,Thoracic duct and Azygos vein. REF.B D Chaurasia's human anatomy,Vol 2,Fifth edition.Pg 337", "cop": 3, "opa": "Left gastric vein and thoracic duct", "opb": "Thoracic duct and hemiazygos vein", "opc": "Azygos vein and thoracic duct", "opd": "Left vagus and thoracic duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "cdb7311e-de11-4e14-83f4-0162f04ff3bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Efferent from cerebellum is through", "exp": "The outgoing Purkinje axons constitute the sole output from the cerebellar coex and exe an inhibitory influence on intracerebellar nuclei.granule cells are the only intrinsic neurons. of cerebellum which is excitatory.(Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy second edition pg 116)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Granule cells", "opb": "Golgi cells", "opc": "Purkinje cells", "opd": "Basket cells", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "64eea1fd-2ddc-4254-8612-b187b3a7e22b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The structure that lies lateral to distal radial tubercle is", "exp": "MAMMARY GLAND:-Modified sweat gland in superficial fascia of pectoral region.Rudimentary in males.Located in superficial fascia.Extend: veically- 2nd to 6th ribHorizontally- lateral border of sternum to midaxillary line.LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:-Lymph nodes:-1. Axillary-anterior, posterior, central and lateral.2. Internal mammary.3. Supraclavicular.4. Posterior intercostal 5. Cephalic.Lymphatics draining the breast:-1. Superficial- drain skin of the breast except that of nipple and areola.2. Deep-brain parenchyma of the breast, and skin of nipple and areola.3. A plexus of lymph ceasefires deep to areola is called subareolar plexus of sappy. The subareolar plexus and most of the lymph from the breast drains into anterior group of axillary lymph nodes.Lymphatic drainage:-1. Lateral quadrant of breast-drains into anterior axillary/ pectoral group of lymph nodes.2. Medial quadrant- drains into Internal mammary3. Lower and medial quadrant- communicates with subdiaphragmatic and subperitoneal lymph plexus.4. Deep surface of breast-apical group . 5. A few lymph vessels from the breast follow the posterior intercostal aeries and drain into posterior intercostal nodes.About 75% -axillary 20%-internal mammary 5%-posterior intercostal lymph nodes.Among the axillary lymph nodes, most of lymph goes into anterior axillary and remaining into posterior and apical. The lymph from anterior and posterior groups first goes into central and lateral groups and then through them into supraclavicular nodes.Apical group of lymph nodes are terminal.Some lymph vessels from the inferomedial quadrant of breast communicates with the subperitoneal lymph plexus and carry cancer cells to it. From here cancer cells migrate transcoelomically and deposit over ovary- krukenberg&;s tumor.{Reference:vishram singh page no.48}
", "cop": 2, "opa": "Extensor pollicis longus", "opb": "Extensor carpi radialis longus.", "opc": "Brachioradialis", "opd": "Extensor carpi ulnaris", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "0b7f3ff1-8bae-485b-bab5-a1e1b30e9dfe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dorsiflexiors of ankle joint", "exp": "DORSIFLEXION FOOT:- The forefoot is raised,and the angle between the front of the leg and the dorsum of the foot is diminished. The wider anterior trochlear surface of the talus fits into the lower end of narrow posterior pa of the lower end of tibia. No chance of dislocation in dorsiflexion. PLANTAR FLEXION OF FOOT:- Forefoot is depressed and the angle between leg and foot is increased. The narrow posterior pa of trochlear surface of talus loosely fits into the wider anterior pa of lower end of tibia. High heels causes plantar flexion of ankle joint and its dislocation. MUSCLES INVOLVED;- Main Accessory Dorsiflexion Tibialis anterior EDL ,EHL Peroneusteius Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius Soleus FHL FDL plantaris Tibialis posterior {Reference: BDC 6E pg no.150}", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tibialis anterior", "opb": "Peroneus longus", "opc": "Tibialis posterior", "opd": "Soleus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "305c5427-6db5-44d7-b590-6d27e4fe8bee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "S1 nerve root irritation causes pain along the", "exp": "Sural nerve supplies the skin over the little toe and lateral aspect of the foot, with dermatome S1. Ref: Gray's Anatomy The Anatomical Basics of Clinical Practice 41 e pg 1324.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior aspect of thigh", "opb": "Medial aspect of thigh", "opc": "Lateral aspect of foot", "opd": "Anteromedial aspect of leg", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "47f7d9aa-d28e-407e-97e5-3ecc8c4fcf51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ligament preventing the displacement of humerus is", "exp": "The area between the superior and middle glenohumeral ligament is a point of weakness in the capsule( foramen of Weitbrecht) which is a common site of anterior dislocation of humeral head. Reference : page no:147,BD chaurasia- upper limb& thorax, 7th edition.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Coracoclavicular", "opb": "Coracohumeral", "opc": "Coracoacromial", "opd": "Glenohumeral", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "90120236-907a-4065-8657-34da37055af5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Safe strategy is for", "exp": "Ans is 'a' i.e. Trachoma 'SAFE' strategy is a WHO recommended strategy to fight trachoma.'SAFE' strategy for Trachoma It includesSurgery - first component of the strategy for correction of trichiasis and entropionAntibiotics - Zithromax (azithromycin) single dose oral medication is used (Zithromax is donated by Pfizer Inc.) Tetracycline eye ointment was used before Pfizer donated Zithromax.Face washing -breaks the cycle of reinfection and prevents transmission of disease.Environmental Improvement - Poverty and poor living conditions contribute to high rates of blinding trachoma. Environmental improvement includesavailability of improved water suppliesimproved household sanitation, particularly safe disposal of faeces.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Diabetic Retinopathy", "opc": "Onchocerciasis", "opd": "Glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy", "id": "eb891c0b-16a6-4137-a4d4-034a1f2ee776", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sperm after formation is stored in", "exp": "epididymus - The epididymis is an organ made up of highly coiled tube that act as reservoir of spermatozoa. Pas of epididymus : Its upper end is called the head. The head is enlarged and is connected to the upper pole of the testis by efferent ductules. The middle pa is called the body. The lower pa is called the tail. The head is made up of highly coiled efferent ductules. The body and tail are made up of a single duct, the duct of the epididymis which is highly coiled on itself. At the lower end of the tail this duct becomes continuous with the ductus deferens. Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , seventh edition ,volume 2 , pg.no. 248", "cop": 2, "opa": "Seoli cells", "opb": "Epididymis", "opc": "Rete testes", "opd": "Seminal vesicle", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "eda490aa-9dbc-4560-9821-d6cc25bc38eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Treatment of extragonadal germ cell tumour is", "exp": "Chemotherapy of extragonadal GCT utilizes BEP regimen; a combination of Bleomycin & Etoposide Cisplatin (Platinol)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chemotherapy", "opb": "Radiotherapy", "opc": "Surgery", "opd": "Immunotherapy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Urology", "id": "4ad73523-70ad-412e-a4c2-ad5af0dd3393", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A posteriorly perforating ulcer in the pyloric antrum of the stomach is likely to produce initial localized peritonitis or abscess formation in the", "exp": "Stomach rupture posteriorly causes peritonitis or abcess formation in lesser sac or omental bursa whereas rupture anteriorly causes abscess formation in greater sac whereas in supine posture abcess formation occurs in pouch of Morison which is dependent pa of stomach.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Greater sac", "opb": "Right subhepatic/hepatorenal space (pouch of Morison)", "opc": "Omental bursa", "opd": "Right subphrenic space", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Stomach and aerial supply of abdomen", "id": "26669fbf-21c3-4266-bb9c-33c5140e2006", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antigen presenting cells are", "exp": "Ref Robbins 7/e p197 ;9/e p210 , macrophages and B lymphocytes is also the answer Professional antigen presenting cells(APCs) are immune cells that specialize in presentingan antigen to a T-cell. The main types of professional APCs are dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, and Bcells, Langerhans cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Langerhans cells", "opb": "Macrophages", "opc": "Cytotoxic T cells", "opd": "Helper T cells", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7422c166-5b3d-4c3f-b736-871eb5d365d4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ductus deference is derived from", "exp": "Inderbir Singh&;s Human embryology Tenth edition The mesonephric ducts give rise to: Trigone of urinary bladder Posterior wall of prostatic urethra Ductus deferens Seminal vesicles Epididymis Ejaculatory ducts", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mesonephric duct", "opb": "Mullerian duct", "opc": "Paramesonephric", "opd": "Vitelline duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e3b53c3f-9b90-4636-9212-737a9fc5be06", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Destruction of fat in acute pancreatitis is due to", "exp": "Pathophysiology AP is the final result of abnormal pancreatic enzyme activation inside acinar cells Colocalization hypothesis: Cathepsin B-mediated intra acinar cell activation of the digestive enzymes leads to acinar cell injury and triggers an Inflammatory response Digestive enzymes are released which consists of trypsin and lipase which is responsible for the digestion of fat in acute pancreatitis Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1524-1528", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lipase and trypsin", "opb": "Secretion", "opc": "Lipase and elastase", "opd": "Cholecystokinin and trypsin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "7523a4f6-53d6-4edf-a86d-60b4640b907b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Abductor muscle of vocal cord is", "exp": "movement and muscle: 1. elevation of larynx: thyrohyoid, mylohyoid 2. Depression of larynx: sternothyroid, sternohyoid 3. Opening inlet of larynx: thyroepiglottic 4.abductor of vocal cords: posterior cricoarytenoid only 5. Adductor of vocal cords: lateral cricoarytenoid and transverse and oblique arytenoids Ref BDC volume 3; 6th edition pg 258", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cricothyroid", "opb": "Interarytenoid", "opc": "Lateral cricoarytenoid", "opd": "Posterior cricoarytenoid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "91dee4da-e0a9-42f5-afeb-c43ee4187cb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During week 2 of development, the embryoblast receives its nutrients", "exp": "During week 2 of development, the embryoblast receives its nutrients from endometrial blood vessels, endometrial glands, and decidual cells diffusion. Diffusion of nutrients does not pose a problem, given the small size of the blastocyst during week 2. Although the beginnings of a uteroplacental circulation are established by end of week 2, no blood vessels have yet formed in the extraembryonic mesoderm to carry nutrients directly to the embryoblast (this occurs in week 3 - day17).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diffusion", "opb": "Osmosis", "opc": "Reverse osmosis", "opd": "Fetal capillaries", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Development period- week 1,2,3,4", "id": "838c09fe-99ba-4e11-a92d-f39a79190bad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inhalational agent of choice for Pediatric Anaesthesia in a child with congenital hea disease", "exp": "Anaesthetic agent of choice in Pediatric age group Inhalational agentIV anaestheticsNM blockersIM anaestheticsSevoflurane, Nitrous oxide Thiopentone, Propofol Rocuronium, Atracurium, Mivacurium, Succinylcholine Ketamine ( Reserved drug )(Refer: Morgan's Clinical Anaesthesiology, 4th edition,pg no: 922-938)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sevoflurane", "opb": "Isoflurane", "opc": "Halothane", "opd": "Enflurane", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "af13526a-f69f-4ba9-a717-a2449ce7d6bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "anorexia nervosa management is", "exp": "Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a eating disorder where the patient has decreased weight and altered body image and persistent desire to maintain thinness * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Intense fear of becoming fat * Restriction of food intake * Restricting type * Binge eating and purging type * Amenorrhea is not needed for diagnosis, previously amenorrhea is considered as a diagnostic criteria for diagnosis, in recent DSM 5 amenorrhea is considered for a diagnosis * Association= * OCD and depression * Decreased interest in sex * Complication * 7-14% moality * ECG changes * Hypokalemic alkalosis because of induced vomiting * Gastric dilation * Drugs * Cypro hepatidine * SSRI * Management * Admit in severe cases * Prevent vomiting by making restroom inaccessible for 2 hours after food intake * Avoid laxatives * Small frequent meals * Avoid refeeding syndrome Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 509", "cop": 2, "opa": "induce refeeding syndrome", "opb": "avoid refeeding syndrome", "opc": "obsity", "opd": "metabolic syndrome", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Sleep disorders and eating disorders", "id": "3cfb7ccf-e94c-4004-9210-8cd9bf1aa8c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paial thromboplastin time correlates with", "exp": "ref Robbins 8/e p120,666 ,;7/e p 69;9/e p80 Shoened APTT demonstrates hypercoagulation and high MOPEG levels indicate increased catecholamine metabolism. A direct correlation between APTT and MOPEG was found herein, demonstrating a link between catecholamines and the process of coagulation. Catecholamines may interact with the a2-adrenergic receptors located on platelets and conve factor XII to XIIa or through the kallikrein-kinin system, they may activate factor XII. The activation of factor XII initiates the intrinsic coagulation pathway, which is monitored by APTT. It is suggested to control patients with a shoened APTT and increased sympathetic activity with the aim of preventing secondary coagulation and cardiovascular accidents by administering anti-thrombotic and anti-adrenergic agents It correlates with clotting factor 12 and function of platelet", "cop": 4, "opa": "Intrinsic and common pathway", "opb": "Extrinsic and common pathway", "opc": "Fibrinogen level", "opd": "Function of platelets", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "b9878856-5c8a-4593-a909-9d23fd438e70", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Longest cranial nerve is", "exp": "The word \"vagus\" means wandering in Latin. This is a very appropriate name, as the vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve. It runs all the way from the brain stem to pa of the colon. Ref - medscape.com", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vagus", "opb": "Trigeminal", "opc": "Trochlear", "opd": "Olfactory", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "b5cfc71b-6813-41e6-aec8-850c0d7ae272", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Torticollis or Wryneck is due to", "exp": "It is due to spasm of the muscles supplied by spinal accessory nerve i.e. sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius", "opb": "Sternocleidomastoid and Platysma", "opc": "Trapezius and sternohyoid", "opd": "Trapezius and omohyoid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcd11786-88b5-4f4b-a8d8-ddf3205c9456", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nucleus of oculomotor nerve is in", "exp": "The oculomotor nucleus is located in the central grey matter of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus. The oculomotor nucleus is in the ventromedial pa. The Edinger - Westphal nucleus (visceral oculomotor nucleus) is located dorsal to the rostral two-thirds of main oculomotor nucleus. (Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy, second edition pg-85)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Midbrain", "opb": "Pons", "opc": "Medulla", "opd": "Thalamus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Brain ", "id": "17415268-aa99-4c3b-be92-1a2b570d6666", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On 7th postoperative day after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, patient developed right upper abdominal pain and 10 cm*8cm collection. Treatment consists of", "exp": "Goals of therapy in Iatrogenic bile duct injury Control of infection limiting inflammation: Parenteral antibiotics Percutaneous drainage of peripoal fluid collection Clear and thorough delineation of entire biliary anatomy MRCP/PTC ERCP (especially if cystic duct stump leak suspected) Re-establishment of biliary enteric continuity Tension free, mucosa - to-mucosa anastomosis Longterm transanastomotic stents if involving bifurcation of higher Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1503", "cop": 2, "opa": "Immediate laparotomy", "opb": "Percutaneous drainage", "opc": "Laparotomy and surgical exploration of bile duct and T-tube inseion", "opd": "Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6a17d2ef-fcb5-4e36-b429-b782654e648f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "duration criteria for bulimia nervosa is", "exp": "Bulimia nervosa * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Binge eating at least once a week for 3 months * Uses laxatives, diuretics, self-induced vomiting * Association= * Impulsive behaviors * increased interest in sex * They may be of normal weight * Less secretive * Mood disorders * Complication * Electrolyte abnormalities * Hypokalemia * Hypochloremia alkalosis * Russel's sign==== as these patients uses their fingers to be stick out in the throat and vomit, there is a lesion in meta carpo phalangeal joints. * Drugs * Carbamazepine * MAOI * SSRI Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 509", "cop": 1, "opa": "3 months", "opb": "5 months", "opc": "4 months", "opd": "6 months", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Treatment in psychiatry", "id": "7bc6dbbd-4b58-43ee-a497-7f502632f7e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Middle meningeal aery passes through", "exp": "Structures passing through foramen spinosum (MEN) -, Middle meningeal aery, Emissery vein,", "cop": 1, "opa": "Foramen spinosum", "opb": "Foramen ovale", "opc": "Foramen lacerum", "opd": "Toramen rotundum", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "1378c8fc-cf6c-4e84-ae76-07f3f38b3d26", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deficiency of the following vitamin is most commonly seen in sho bowel syndrome ileal resection", "exp": "If the distal 2/3rd of the ileum is including the ileocecal valve is resected, significant abnormalities of absorption of bike salts and Vitamin B12 may occur resulting in diarrhoea and anaemia. These abnormalities occur even though only 25% of total length of the small bowel is removed Proximal bowel resection is better tolerated than distal resection because the ileum can adapt and increase its absorptive capacity more efficiently than jejunum Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1171", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin B12", "opb": "Vitamin B1", "opc": "Folic Acid", "opd": "Vitamin K", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "79fb77c8-9330-4e98-b1ce-27ee744ac4d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NOT a content of spermatic cord", "exp": "Ilio-inguinal nerve is not a content of spermatic cord. Spermatic cord contains: Testicular aery Ductus deferens Genital branch of Genito femoral nerve. Pampiniferous plexus of veins. Remains of processus vaginalis Aery to ductus deferens", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ductus deferens", "opb": "Testicular aery", "opc": "Ilio-inguinal nerve", "opd": "Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdominal wall ,Inguinal and Femoral region", "id": "71d441fa-57a5-458e-827c-b2a7a12ef4ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Exudative retinal detachment is seen in", "exp": "Retinal detachment - Separation of neurosensory retina proper from the pigmentary epitheliumRhegmatogenous RDTractional RDExudative RDMyopia Aphakia Trauma Senile posterior vitreous detachmentPost-traumatic retraction of scar tissue Proliferative diabetic retinopathy Posthemorrhagic retinitis proliferans Retinopathy of prematurity Plastic cyclitis Sickle cell retinopathy Eales diseaseSystemic diseases - toxemia of pregnancy, renal hypeension, blood dyscrasias, PAN Ocular diseases Inflammation - VKH syndrome, sympathetic ophthalmia, posterior scleritis Vascular - central serous retinopathy, Coats disease Neoplasm - malignant melanoma of choroid, retinoblastoma Sudden hypotony of the globe(Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology,5thedition, pg no: 295-299)", "cop": 2, "opa": "High myopia", "opb": "Preeclampsia", "opc": "Chorioretinal degeneration", "opd": "Penetrating injuries to the eye", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ef1ec7d0-a198-4fa6-acb2-928b83b73927", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of branches of the internal carotid aery in the neck is", "exp": "Unlike the external carotid aery, the internal carotid normally has no branches in the neck. Branches of the internal carotid aery Memonic: A VIP'S COMMA A: anterior choroidal aery V: Vidian aery I: inferolateral trunk P: posterior communicating aery S: superior hypophyseal aery C: caroticotympanic aery O: ophthalmic aery M: meningohypophyseal trunk M: middle cerebral aery A: anterior cerebral aery", "cop": 4, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "0", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7d93a4f5-0ec6-4d11-b8bb-926752401ebf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "phenelezine is a type of", "exp": "MAOI * IMPOANCE First class of antidepressant drugs that were introduced * MECHANISM There are three monoamines namely dopamine, adrenaline and serotonin. These mon amines are degraded by monoamine oxidase. MAOI inhibit this enzyme and acts increasing monoamines * DRUGS Phenelezine Tranylcipromine * USE ATYPICAL DEPRESSION, depression with reverse vegetative symptoms * SIDE EFFECTS Hypeensive crisis Cheese reaction When a patient on MAOI takes tyramine rich food like tyramine there will be increased release of monoamines. These excess monoamines cannot be degraded by MAO as it is blocked by MAOI. Thus, this may result in hypeensive crisis. Paresthesia's due to pyridoxine deficiency LIKE IPRONIAZID WEIGHT gain SEXUAL dysfunction ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, 925", "cop": 1, "opa": "MAOI", "opb": "SSRI", "opc": "NDRI", "opd": "SNRI", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry", "id": "09b3a46f-0543-43e7-874f-015933810e07", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intermediate filaments in epithelial cells is", "exp": "Intermediate filaments are used as tumor markers Epithelial cells:keratin Muscle cells:desnin Nucleus:lamin Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:8,9,14", "cop": 1, "opa": "Keratin", "opb": "Vimentin", "opc": "Desnin", "opd": "Lamin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "60e7a4bc-0141-4469-b875-37cbb4a20713", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site for lymphoma in AIDS patients is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p254, 8/e p529,7/e p549 Pathogenesis of CNS Involvement The pathogenesis of the neurologic manifestations in AIDS deserves special mention because, in addition to the lymphoid system, the nervous system is a major target of HIV infection. Macrophages and cells belonging to the monocyte-macrophage lineage (microglial cells) are the predominant cell types in the brain that are infected with HIV. The virus is most likely carried into the brain by infected monocytes (thus, brain HIV isolates are almost exclusively of the R5 type). The mechanism of HIV-induced damage of the brain, however, remains obscure. Because neurons are not infected by HIV, and the extent of neuro- pathologic changes is often less than might be expected from the severity of neurologic symptoms, most expes believe that the neurologic deficit is caused indirectly by viral products and soluble factors (e.g., cytokines such as TNF) produced by macrophages and microglial cells. In addition, injury from nitric oxide induced in neuronal cells by gp41 and direct damage of neurons by soluble HIV gp120 have been postulated.", "cop": 1, "opa": "CNS lesions", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Thymus", "opd": "Abdomen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7db6069f-2d73-43fa-80a8-04d4c87b6c46", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MCH class 3 genes encodes", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p194-195 Anantha Narayana 6/e p121; Harrison 17/e p2047 Class III molecules include several secreted proteins with immune functions: components of the complement system (such as C2, C4, and B factor), cytokines (such as TNF-a, LTA, and LTB), and heat shock proteins.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Complement components C3", "opb": "Tumor necrosis factor", "opc": "IL2", "opd": "Beta 2microglobulin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "689add97-8eaf-4036-a847-3526f8ec3e26", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis is due infection of", "exp": "Pterygoid plexus and the facial vein form the 2 major sources which carry the infections from the danger area of face to the cavernous sinus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pterygoid plexus", "opb": "Submental space", "opc": "Maxillary sinus", "opd": "Submandibular space", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "66709279-417b-4bce-beab-d1d852649aed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Consent for physical examination is given at", "exp": "Medicolegal significance of various ages 7 months- bility 1 year- infanticide 10 years- kidnapping for movable propeies 12 yrs- consent for physical examination, definitely responsible for crime. 14 yrs- employment, Indian factory act 15 yrs- intercourse by husband with wife is rape. 16 yrs- kidnapping a minor boy 18 yrs- attains majority and rights of a major, age for vote, consent for major surgery 21 yrs- impoation of foreign girl for illicit intercourse, age of marriage for male attains majority under cous Guardianship. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 95", "cop": 2, "opa": "10 yrs", "opb": "12 yrs", "opc": "14yrs", "opd": "16yrs", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "c812a06f-6521-4553-b182-e7b38575e02a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Locking muscle of Knee joint is", "exp": "Locking is a mechanism that allows the knee to remain in the position of full extension as in standing without much muscular effoLocking occurs as a result of medial rotation of the femur during the last stage of extension. Vastus medialis prevents lateral displacement of the patella.Reference: Chaurasia Volume II; 7th edition; Page no: 169", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vastus Lateralis", "opb": "Vastus Medialis", "opc": "Vastus Intermedius", "opd": "Rectus Femoris", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "1543aaa4-40b0-4cad-8af3-5aed242821ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Removal of acid drugs from the body is done by using", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p30", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ammonium chloride", "opb": "Sodium bicarbonate", "opc": "Hydrochloric acid", "opd": "Citric acid", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "fec7f965-a2ca-4b8a-aeba-4dd401e1ff02", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structures preserved in in functional neck dissection", "exp": "\"In contrast to a radical neck dissection, the internal jugular vein, the spinal accessory nerve, the cervical sensory nerves, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle are preserved unless they are adherent to or invaded by tumor\"- Schwaz Classical Radical neck dissection - It involves the removal of following structures Cervical lymphatics and lymph nodes Internal jugular vein Accessory nerve Submandibular gland Sternomastoid muscle The main disability that follows operation is the dropping of the shoulder due to paralysis of the Trapezius muscle as a consequence of excision of accessory nerve. Modified Radical Neck dissection (Functional neck dissection) - In this operation all the lymphatics and lymph nodes are removed as in radical neck dissection. The difference is that one or more of the following structures are preserved. Accessory nerve Stemocleidomastoid muscle Internal jugular vein Ref : Love & Bailey 25/e p733", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carotid aery , Vagus nerve", "opb": "Sternocleidomastoid muscle , Internal jugular vein", "opc": "Neck nodes", "opd": "Spinal accessory nerve , Submandibular salivary gland", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "32dc4dd5-67cc-44dc-ac85-cddb1100d31e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Right adrenal vein drains into", "exp": "The Suprarenal veins or (Veins of Walshaw) are two in number: the right ends in the inferior vena cava. the left ends in the left renal vein. ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg328", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left renal vein", "opb": "IVC", "opc": "External iliac vein", "opd": "Internal iliac vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "e09c2dc9-158c-498a-b9fc-1743ed9facaf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Foramen Ovale in middle cranial fossa transmits", "exp": "(B) Mandibular nerve # Foramen ovale;> Mnemonic:> At the base of the skull, the foramen ovale (skull) is in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa and transmits the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, otic ganglion, accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve and emissary veins.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spinal accessory nerve", "opb": "Mandibular nerve", "opc": "Middle meningeal artery", "opd": "Maxillary artery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "c56dd042-4e55-46d8-a57a-362aa9619de4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "III cranial nerve supplies", "exp": "Inferior oblique is supplied by the Illrd cranial or oculomotor nerve. The inferior oblique arises from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal groove. The muscle is situated near the anterior margin of the orbit.The inferior oblique is inseed close to the superior oblique a little below and posterior to the latter. Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 4th edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior oblique", "opb": "Inferior oblique", "opc": "Medial oblique", "opd": "Superior rectus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "f7f63fc4-7cf2-489e-a95c-923c4f176819", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GLUT3 is seen in", "exp": "GLUT 3 is a protein channal for facilitated diffusion of glucose it is seen in neurons", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Neurons", "opc": "Pancreas", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "8b3de15a-3c0f-4bcd-926f-26e05ca5cbb9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cancer cells survival is enhanced by", "exp": "C is also the answer Ref Robbins 7/e p306, 274,9/e p302 Cell survival would be seen when they are prevented from apoptosis .genes that ors cells survival and protect from apoptosis are _ bcl_2 ..BCL _xl Genes that ors programmed cell death are : Bax,bad,bcl,_xl,p53", "cop": 1, "opa": "Suppression of p53 protein", "opb": "Over expressions of p53 gene", "opc": "Bcl_2", "opd": "Bax", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "769f6435-7bda-4208-8ad0-2b28c615cabd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Upper covering layer of cochlear duct is", "exp": "Reissner's membrane - between Scala vestibuli & Scala media. Basilar membrane - between scala media & Scala tympani Tectorial membrane - covers the hair cells. Stria vascularis gives the endolymph which is ultrafiltrate of blood.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Basilar membrane", "opb": "Tectorial membrane", "opc": "Stria vascularis", "opd": "Vestibular membrane", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2017", "id": "5dfd3654-148f-4c74-833c-7fbd14d5fc5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Primary sinusoidal dilatation of liver is also known as", "exp": "Peliosis hepatis is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by multiple, randomly distributed, blood-filled cavities throughout the liver. The size of the cavities usually ranges between a few millimetres and 3 cm in diameter. In the past, it was a mere histological curiosity occasionally found at autopsies, but has been increasingly recognised with wide-ranging conditions from AIDS to the use of anabolic steroids. It also occasionally affects spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands, bone marrow, and other pas of gastrointestinal tract.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepar lobatum", "opb": "Peliosis hepatic", "opc": "Von-Meyerburg complex", "opd": "Caroli's disease", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6abbe3eb-6d7b-40d8-ad84-42162c42f857", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The axillary aery is divided into three pas by", "exp": "Axillary aery is the continuation of the subclan aery. It extends from the outer border of the first rib to the lower border of the teres major muscle. It continues as the brachial aery. The pectoralis minor muscle crosses it and divides it into three pas. they are - (i) First pa, superior (proximal) to the muscle. (ii) Second pa, posterior (or deep) to the muscle. (iii) Third pa, inferior (distal) to the muscle. Ref : B D Chaurasi's Human Anatomy , seventh edition , volume 1 , pg. no., 50 ( fig. 4.6 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pectoralis major", "opb": "Pectoralis minor", "opc": "Teres major", "opd": "Teres minor", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "eb470ea5-60a0-4669-8f3d-ad902618e1db", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Venous spread in carcinoma rectum reaches to the following structure", "exp": "Venous invasion has been considered a poor prognostic factor in rectal cancer for over half a century. This term has evolved in recent years and now applies specifically to tumor invasion into extramural veins - extramural venous invasion. This distinction from intramural venous invasion is impoant as it is more clinically relevant. Extramural venous invasion can be identified by histopathology and MRI but until recently there has been a lack of consistency in definitions and detection techniques.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Spleen", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Duodenum", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "3c3f134f-854d-4769-9d64-7580db7c4836", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest presentation of primary biliary cirrhosis", "exp": "Primary biliary cirrhosis Believed to be an autoimmune etiology, leading to progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts More common in females Associated with autoimmune disorders (CREST, Sicca syndrome, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Renal tubular acidosis) Clinical features Most patients are asymptomatic, pruritus the commonest and earliest symptom. Pruritus precedes jaundice in PBC, Pruritus is most bothersome in evening Jaundice, fatigue, melanosis (gradual darkening of exposed areas of skin), deficiency of aft soluble vitamins due to malabsorption Xanthomas and xanthelesmas due to protracted elevation of serum lipids Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 639", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pruritus", "opb": "Pain", "opc": "Jaundice", "opd": "Fever", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b6e7f69f-cadf-4fe2-a77c-929a14495295", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dermatome in the thumb and index finger region is supplied by", "exp": "-Thumb C6, index finger -C7 -reference: Textbook of anatomy ,Upper limb and thorax,Vishram Singh, 2nd edition, page no.85,86", "cop": 2, "opa": "C5,C6", "opb": "C6,C7", "opc": "C7,C8", "opd": "C8,T1", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "87c6304c-f9d3-43ee-8ec6-2d6095f3f6c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stratified squamous epithelium is seen in", "exp": "Inderbir Singh's Human Histology Sixth edition Pg 25 Vagina is a fibromuscular the surrounded by non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vagina", "opb": "Urinary blooder", "opc": "Uterus", "opd": "Cervix", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "08fa42f7-1563-430c-95c3-c203b4146e8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parathyroid glands develop from branchial pouches", "exp": "The inferior parathyroid glands develop from endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouch\nThe superior parathyroid glands develop from endoderm of the fourth pharyngeal pouch", "cop": 1, "opa": "3rd & 4th", "opb": "1st & 2nd", "opc": "2nd & 3rd", "opd": "5th & 6th", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "4298e05b-2cc4-465f-a782-519bdfa00603", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Baholin's gland is located in", "exp": "The Baholin's glands are two pea-sized compound racemose glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina. They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males. Ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg 393", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ischiorectal fossa", "opb": "Rectovesical pouch", "opc": "Superficial perineal pouch", "opd": "Deep perineal pouch", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "5afae86e-a601-4e41-9678-e2fc6edc02c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following condition is due to deposition of", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Glycogen", "opc": "Water", "opd": "Calcium", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0b185c9c-fb08-4f31-a259-efc2c83310e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The trabeculae carneae is present in", "exp": "In right ventricle,the interior of the inflowing pa shows trabeculae carneae or muscular ridges of 3 types. 1.Ridges or fixed elevations. 2.Bridges 3.Pillars or papillary muscles Ref:B D Chaurasia's human anatomy,vol.1.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Left atrium", "opb": "Left ventricle", "opc": "Right atrium", "opd": "Right ventricle", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "506d04d7-4a0a-4b25-9e79-e5d76a71694e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fluconazole is more effective than itraconazole in the following systemic fungal disease", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p763,764 Fluconazole has maximum CNS penetration whereas itraconazole has limited entry in the brain. Therefore fluconazole is preferred over itraconazole for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. For all other conditions listed in the question, itraconazole is first choice drug.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pulmonary histoplasmosis", "opb": "Cryptococcal meningitis", "opc": "Non-meningeal blastomycosis", "opd": "Disseminated sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "1dbd66db-8ae3-4ef9-bdef-6f60e19ec843", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Suboxone is a combination of", "exp": "Bupenorphine (suboxone) It has paial agonist in mu receptor; thus, it has high affinity, less efficacy, slow dissociation. Thus, they have ceiling effect and hence there is no risk of respiratory depression and less chance of abuse As this drug has an increased first pass metabolism it is not given as oral route and given as sublingual route to improve absorption But some of the patients using substance rather than using it in a sublingual route they crush the drug used it as intravenous route To avoid the abuse of drug the drug was marketed as a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone which is called suboxone. If this drug suboxone is used by sublingual route the naloxone is not absorbed and buprenorphine alone is absorbed and thus it acts as detoxification regimen If suboxone is crushed and injected as IV naloxone is rapidly absorbed and acts as an opioid antagonist and results in severe withdrawal. Thus, it has a less chance of abuse and can be prescribed without license agreement Ref.kaplon and Sadock , synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no.660", "cop": 3, "opa": "naloxone+ naltrexone", "opb": "methadone+ buprenorphine", "opc": "naloxone+ buprenorphine", "opd": ".LAAM+ heroin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Substance abuse", "id": "0d91def1-94fb-4087-aa39-cc35189e24fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deep ring is situated in", "exp": "INGUINAL CANAL:- Oblique intermuscular passage in the lower pa of the anterior abdominal wall.Extends from deep inguinal ring to superficial.Deep ring- oval opening in fascia transversalis. 1.25 cm above mid-inguinal point.Superficial ring: triangular gap in external oblique aponeurosis.Length: 4cmDirected downwards forwards and medially. {Reference: BDC 6E vol2 pg 213}", "cop": 3, "opa": "External oblique", "opb": "Internal oblique", "opc": "Fascialis tranversalis", "opd": "Cremasteric fascia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "1f0c9497-07b6-4a95-89b1-afd60d6dfd6f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 32 years lady present with shoulder tip pain and diagnosis is pan coast tumour and presents with miosis. Diagnosis is", "exp": "Pan-coast tumor can cause compression of sympathetic ganglion resulting in Horner syndrome. These tumors are associated with Pancoast syndrome, characterized by pain, that may arise in shoulder / chest wall & characteristically radiates to ulnar surface of hand Features of Horner's syndrome: P - Ptosis M - Miosis E - Enophthalmos A- Anhidrosis L - Loss of ciliospinal reflex", "cop": 1, "opa": "Horner syndrome", "opb": "Thoracic outlet syndrome", "opc": "Aberrant right subclan aery", "opd": "Upper trunk of brachial plexus injury", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "270b845a-d114-44c1-98e8-6064c83257a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Trochlear and abducent nerve pass through", "exp": "Optic nerve runs backwards and medially, and passes through the optic canal to enter the middle cranial fossaInferior orbital fissure transmits maxillary nerve, the zygomatic nerve etc.Infraorbital foramen transmits the infraorbital nerve and vessels", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic canal", "opb": "Superior orbital fissure", "opc": "Inferior orbital fissure", "opd": "Infraorbital foramen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1caf740-3a36-47ae-b768-f683d98ab19c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best test for esophageal varices is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "Gastroesophagoscopy", "opc": "Tomography", "opd": "Ultrasound", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "52631944-a70f-489a-ace4-78a45b6fd523", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BIRADS stage 5 is", "exp": " Source : Internet", "cop": 4, "opa": "Negative", "opb": "Probably benign", "opc": "Suspicious abnormality", "opd": "Highly suggesve of malignancy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and breast", "id": "cbf6a06a-e56d-439d-8edb-b67a11d3b396", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Superficial second degree burns heal by", "exp": "Superficial second degree burns usually heal with minimum scarring in 10-14 days unless they become infected. Second degree burns are divided into superficial and deep burns. Superficial dermal burns: Erythematous and painful, blanch to touch and often blister. They heal in 10-14 days. Deep dermal burns : Involve the reticular dermis appear more pale and mottled, donot blanch to touch, but remain painful to pinprick. They heal in 4-8 weeks.", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 week", "opb": "2 weeks", "opc": "3 weeks", "opd": "4 weeks", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "7a1a7792-bef9-4f5c-bd39-28846fefe15d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parasympathetic fibres arise from the following", "exp": "(D) Sacral# PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS (Craniosacral division) come from the brain or sacral region of the spinal cord. Also called the> They synapse on ganglia located near or in effector organs called terminal ganglia.> Autonomic nervous system represents the visceral component of the nervous system.> Autonomic nervous system is divided into three major parts: sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric> Parasympathetic system is commonly referred to as having craniosacral outflow, which stands in contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, which is said to have thoracolumbar outflow.> Sympathetic trunks are two ganglionated nerve cords that extend on either side of the vertebral column from the cranial base to the coccyx.> Parasympathetic trunk emerge from the CNS only in cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and in the second to fourth sacral spinal nerves.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cervical", "opb": "Lumbar", "opc": "Coccyx", "opd": "Sacral", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "3835f116-ebbd-48c7-b04b-f9358f05a4c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Period of embryo is.", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "2-8 weeks", "opb": "7-36 weeks", "opc": "37-48 weeks", "opd": "1-2 weeks", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe1f1aac-7700-4e19-ba68-ea570d6f2724", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Organ of rosenmullar is remnant of", "exp": "The epoophoron or epoophoron (also called organ of Rosenmuller or the parovarium) is a remnant of the mesonephric tubules that can be found next to the ovary and fallopian tube", "cop": 3, "opa": "Endodermal sinus", "opb": "Mulleria duct", "opc": "Mesonerphric tuble", "opd": "Paramesonephric duct", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "f49e3678-dfb9-4708-962a-98bc19f858b6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ectopic mucosa of Meckel's Diveicula is diagnosed by", "exp": "The 99mTc- peechnetate is preferentially taken up by the mucus secreting cells of the gastric mucosa and ectopic gastric tissue in the Diveicula. It is less accurate in adults because of reduced prevalence of ectopic gastric mucosa. The sensitivity and specificity can be improved by pentagastrin and glucagon or H2-receptor antagonists(cimetidine). Ref: schwaz's principle of surgery 10th edition Pgno : 1164", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tc-99m radionuclide scan", "opb": "Angiography", "opc": "CT", "opd": "Endoscopy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b3d4ebb7-489f-4e4c-bf33-84c6e84ee48e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ulnar nerve root is", "exp": "Root value of Ulnar Nerve - Ventral rami of C8 and T1. It also get fibres of C7 from the ventral root of median nerve. Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , seventh edition , volume 1 , pg. no, 181 Fig Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , seventh edition , volume 1 , pg. no,57 (FIG. 4.14 )", "cop": 4, "opa": "C4 C5", "opb": "C5 C6", "opc": "C7 C8", "opd": "C8 T1", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "e82c8f20-f28e-4f31-9d82-52139baa2ab8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sho saphenous vein is a tributary of", "exp": "B. i.e. Posterior tibial vein", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lateral marginal vein", "opb": "Posterior tibial vein", "opc": "Medial marginal vein", "opd": "Dorsal venous arch", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce8b55b8-80b3-47da-bd8b-cb02b66e1f15", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A positive tuberculin test is indicated by an area of induration of", "exp": "In this test 0.1 ml of PPD containing 5 TU is injected intradermally on the flexor aspect of the forearm with a tuberculin syringe, raising a wheal. The site is examined48-72 hrs later and the induration of: > 10mm: positive 6-9mm : equivocal /doubtful <5mm : negative Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 360", "cop": 3, "opa": "<5mm in diameter", "opb": "6-9mm in diameter", "opc": ">10mm in diameter", "opd": "No induration", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "861eac2c-6b71-44f5-ae1d-c9689fd5e0a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Left anterior descending aery is a branch of", "exp": "Ascending aoa Right coronary aery Left coronary aery SA Nodal aery AV Nodal Aery Posterior Interventricular Aery (PIVA) Anterior Interventricular Aery (AIVA) OR Left anterior descending aery Circumflex Aery AIVA supplies the anterior 2/3rd of interventricular septum PIVA supplies the posterior 1/3rd of interventricular septum", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ascending aoa", "opb": "Right coronary aery", "opc": "Left coronary aery", "opd": "Circumflex aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "FMGE 2017", "id": "3eb7e883-f377-466f-9640-995b124ff411", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Massive transfusion can cause hemorrhage in a previously healthy adult due to", "exp": "Complications of Massive transfusion Massive transfusion cam lead to coagulapathy and metabolic complications Most common cause of death after massive transfusion : Dilutional Coagulopathy or DIC Transfusion of 15-20 units of blood components causes Dilutional thrombocytopenia After massive transfusion initially transient hyperglycemia due to glucose in preservatives leading to insulin release and causing hypoglycemia (MC) Galvimetric method of estimation of blood loss : Blood loss during operation is measured by weighing the swabs after use & subtracting the dry weight plus volume of blood collected in suction or drainage Metabolic complications of Massive transfusion General Fluid overload Hypothermia Impaired oxygen delivery capacity of Hb (decreased 2,3-DPG). Electrolyte Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis (rare) Ref: Harrison's 19th edition Pgno :138", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dilutional thrombocytopenia", "opb": "Vitamin K deficiency", "opc": "Increased tPA", "opd": "Increased hemoglobin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "9dc6c362-84c6-4ee6-b62a-5d19d1bccded", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common malignancy after cholecystectomy is of", "exp": "Bile acids can induce hyperproliferation of the intestinal mucosa a number of intracellular mechanisms Cholecystectomy, which alters the enterohepatic cycle of bile acids, has been associated with a moderately increased rise of proximal colon cancers It cannot be ruled out, however, that it is less the effect of the cholecystectomy than the impact of other, not yet identified factors in the lithogenic bile of such patients A number of cofactors have been identified that may enhance or neutralize the carcinogenic effects of bile acids, e.g., the amount of dietary fat, fibre or calcium Calcium, in fact, binds bile acids and this may reduce their negative impact Ref: Maingot 11th edition Pgno : 628", "cop": 1, "opa": "Colon", "opb": "Stomach", "opc": "Pancreas", "opd": "Ileum", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "1aef9cef-cd72-430a-9646-eecc6aceb797", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Placenta develops from", "exp": "Development of placenta: - Placenta has two components : Maternal & Fetal When the blastocyst attaches to uterus in endometrium, the endometrium is called as decidua which is of three types: - Decidua basalis , Decidua capsularis & Decidua parietalis. Fetus will also have some chorionic membrane developing leading to villi formation : Chorion Frondosum & Chorion laeve. Chorion laeve will disappear. Chorionic Frondosum persists & contributes to placenta along with Decidua Basalis .", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decidua capsularis and Chorion frondosum", "opb": "Decidua capsularis and Decidua basalis", "opc": "Decidua basalis and Chorion frondosum", "opd": "Decidua parietalis and Chorion frondosum", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General Embryology 1", "id": "4fcc8ab1-7fd9-419b-8cde-c9eabb8a8904", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The kinetic energy of the body is least in one of the following phases of the walking cycle", "exp": "B. i.e. Mid stance phaseSpeed & so the kinetic energy is maximum in double suppo phase (i.e. heel strike, foot flat, toe flat) & minimum in single suppo phase (i.e. midstance, mid swing, heel off).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Heel strike", "opb": "Mid-stance", "opc": "Double suppo", "opd": "Toe-off", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "6f4bb0d4-8406-4336-9b00-e45ba8f9732b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caplan syndrome is seen in", "exp": "Ref Harrison 17th/1625 Caplan syndrome is a combination of rheumatoid ahritis and pneumoconiosis that manifests as intrapulmonary nodules which appears homogeneous and well defined on chest X ray... It is also called as rheumatoid pneumoconiosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "COPD", "opb": "Pneumoconiosis", "opc": "Pulmonary odema", "opd": "Bronchial asthma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "7560397e-d1cc-4279-a222-ff3e472c98a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Boundary of triangle of auscultation is not formed by", "exp": "Triangle of auscultation is a small triangular interval on the back of thorax bounded by: medially - lateral border of trapezoid laterally -medial border of scapula inferiorly - upper border of latissimus dorsi. The floor- 6th & 7th rib, 6th intercoastal space , rhomboid major. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no : 67 Figure 5.6,page no: 63 - Textbook of anatomy- upper limb & thorax - vishram singh", "cop": 1, "opa": "Serratus anterior", "opb": "Scapula", "opc": "Trapezius", "opd": "Latissimus dorsi", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "eca26c5e-1385-4d2f-9de0-eff07be517c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Raji cell assays are used to quantitate", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p207 The Raji cell assay is an in vitro method for detecting complement fixing immune complexes in serum samples. The Raji cell is a lymphoblastoid cell with B-cell characteristics derived from a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. It has low affinity Fc receptors for binding immunoglobulin and high affinity receptors for binding complement", "cop": 2, "opa": "Complement level", "opb": "Immune complexes", "opc": "T cells", "opd": "Interferon level", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "846656ad-606e-4719-9cad-8768376c6483", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surface anatomy for internal jugular vein", "exp": "Internal jugular vein is marked by a broad line by joining these two points: a.The first point on the neck medial to the lobule of the ear b.The second point at the medial end of the clavicle. Ref.BDC volume 3,sixth edition pg 303", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ear lobule to medial third of clavicle", "opb": "Ear lobule to middle third of clavicle", "opc": "Ear lobule to lateral third of clavicle", "opd": "Mastoid to third of clavicle", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "da5bc049-2ca8-47cc-bb82-455172b85055", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A new drug is found to be highly lipid soluble. It is metabolism it is lower rate of 10% Per hour. On intravenous injection in produced general anaesthesia that lasts only for 15 minutes. The sho duration of anaesthesia is due to", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p19 Highly lipid soluble drugs like thiopentone are quickly distributed to the tissue having high blood supply (like brain). If the target organ is also having high blood supply, drug action will be very quick. This is the case with general anaesthetics like thiopentone. Now, the drug will be distributed to less vascular tissues like fat and muscle. Movement of the drug outside the brain results in the termination of its action. This is called redistribution.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Metabolism of drug in liver", "opb": "High plasma protein binding of the drug", "opc": "Excretion of drug by kidney", "opd": "Redistribution", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "d47843aa-2136-4977-a171-8c4815c55084", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common indication for liver transplantation in children is", "exp": "Indication for liver transplantation in children Biliary atresia ( most common) Neonatal hepatitis Congenital hepatic fibrosis Alagille's syndrome Byler's disease Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 637-638", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biliary atresia", "opb": "Indian childhood cirrhosis", "opc": "HCC", "opd": "Hepatitis C infection", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "5173aeee-ed87-4900-b2a8-a1c91da6a58b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aery forming anastomosis around surgical neck humerus", "exp": "Anterior Circumflex humeral aery and posterior Circumflex humeral aery are branches from 3rd pa of axillary aery . These two anastomose around the surgical neck of humerus . Posterior Circumflex humeral aery runs along with axillary nerve and passes through the quadrangular intermuscular space . B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no : 53", "cop": 3, "opa": "1st pa of axillary aery", "opb": "2nd pa of axillary aery", "opc": "3rd pa of axillary aery", "opd": "Subclan aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "ca1da0e7-c20a-4143-9cc4-46c986b44df2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oblique cord is the modification of", "exp": "After bih, the proximal pas of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis Longus FPL muscles were likely replaced by collagenous tissues, providing a specific type of intermuscular septum i.e., the oblique cord. Reference: Vishram Singh Anatomy; 2nd edition; Page no: 134", "cop": 1, "opa": "Flexor pollicis Longus", "opb": "Flexor Pollicis Brevis", "opc": "Supinator", "opd": "Pronator Teres", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "6a88c1d6-688b-4ada-b323-795e514865bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "the mitochondrial enzyme involved in the metabolism of clopidorgel and proton pump inhibitors is", "exp": "clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors are metabolized mainly by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4.Due to this reaason there is potential of interaction between two drugs. Ref-katzung 13/e p80", "cop": 3, "opa": "CYP 2A", "opb": "CYP 2B", "opc": "CYP 2C19", "opd": "CYP 2C20", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "94934531-8f18-44e3-bcf6-76502f6a6e7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Basal layer of cell in stratified squamous epithelium is", "exp": "C i.e. Cuboidal - Columnar", "cop": 3, "opa": "Squamous", "opb": "Transitional", "opc": "Cuboidal- columnar", "opd": "Pseudostratified", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "a391a574-7445-48bb-b191-cabda0e295d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carpal tunnel syndrome involves", "exp": "CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME:-\n\nInjury to median nerve in carpal tunnel.\n\nCauses:-\nTenosynovitis of flexor tendons.\nMyxedema\nRetention of fluid in pregnancy \nFracture dislocation of lunate bone.\nOsteoarthritis of wrist.\nSymptoms:-\n1. Feeling of burning pain or \" pins & needles \" along lateral 3 and half digits especially at night.\n2. Weakness of thenar muscles.\n3. No sensory loss over thenar eminence.\n4. Ape thumb deformity if left untreated.\n5. Positive phalens and tinel's sign.\nPhalen's sign-flexion of both wrists against each other for one minute reproduces the symptoms.\nTinel's sign- percussion over flexor retinaculum reproduces symptoms.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Median nerve", "opb": "Anterior interosseous nerve", "opc": "Ulnar nerve", "opd": "Radial nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "65e36162-8f77-4346-aec4-31e3678f70f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clinical features of Choledochal cyst in adult are", "exp": "Choledochal cyst Cystic dilation of the biliary ducts, more common in females Clinical features. Classical triad : Pain, jaundice (intermittent) & abdominal mass(10%). Most common symptom in infants : Jaundice (in 80%) Most common symptom in patients >2 years of age : Abdominal pain. In children, the major clinical symptoms are recurrent abdominal pain (81.8%), nausea & vomiting (65.5%), mild jaundice (43.6%), an abdominal mass (29%), and fever (29%) In adults, abdominal pain (87%), and jaundice (42%), and present frequently. Less common clinical findings include nausea (29%), cholangitis (26%), pancreatitis (23%), and an abdominal mass(13%) Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1511", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pain, lump and intermittent jaundice", "opb": "Pain, fever and intermittent jaundice", "opc": "Pain, lump and progressive jaundice", "opd": "Pain, fever and progressive jaundice", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "76ba2680-99f8-4395-8ea8-ad8200bde1d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Millenium Development Goal related to maternal health is", "exp": "Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed", "cop": 2, "opa": "Goal 1", "opb": "Goal 5", "opc": "Goal 3", "opd": "Goal 7", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "11728a39-40d8-47ab-8336-9a9e9f2d6d5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ulipristal acetate is used for", "exp": "This drug is a SPRM (selective progesterone receptor modulator). It is used for emergency contraception and is the only hormonal contraception that is effective for 120 hrs. It is contraindicated in hepatic disorder and in lactational mothers. For emergency contraception. a 30 mg tablet is used within 120 hours (5 days) after an unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure. It has been shown to prevent about 60% of expected pregnancies, and prevents more pregnancies than emergency contraception with levonorgestrel. Ulipristal acetate is used for pre-operative treatment of moderate to severe symptoms of uterine fibroids in adult women of reproductive age in a daily dose of a 5 mg tablet.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Breast cancer", "opb": "Endometriosis", "opc": "Emergency contraception", "opd": "AUB", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "950862f7-a707-4458-be3f-bdcbe30695b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve supply of Stapedius is", "exp": "(D) 7th Cranial Nerve # The stapedius lies in a bony canal that is related to the posterior wall of the middle ear.> Stapedius is supplied by the facial nerve (VII CN).> It develops from the mesoderm of the second branchial arch.> The stapedius lies in a bony canal that is related to the posterior wall of the middle ear.> The stapedius is supplied by the facial nerve. It develops from the mesoderm of the second branchial arch.# BRANCHES OF THE FACIAL NERVE ARE:> Inside the internal acoustic meatus: Greater petrosal nerve - provides parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland, sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, nasal cavity, as well as special sensory taste fibers to the palate via the Vidian nerve. Nerve to stapedius - provides motor innervation for stapedius muscle in middle ear Chorda tympani - innervation to submandibular gland and sublingual gland and special sensory taste fibers for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Branch to the tympanic plexus> Outside skull (distal to stylomastoid foramen): Posterior auricular nerve - controls movements of some of the scalp muscles around the ear Branch to Posterior belly of Digastric and Stylohyoid muscle# Five major facial branches (in parotid gland) - from top to bottom:1. Temporal (frontal) branch of the facial nerve; 2. Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve; 3. Buccal branch of the facial nerve; 4. Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve; 5. Cervical branch of the facial nerve", "cop": 4, "opa": "2nd Cranial Nerve", "opb": "3rd Cranial Nerve", "opc": "5th Cranial Nerve", "opd": "7th Cranial Nerve", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "4fb6a2cd-95a8-4fa4-949a-4b19a7b60000", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The root value of axillary nerve is", "exp": "axillary nerve also known as circumflex nerve - The axillary nerve is a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and the root value is C5 , C6. Axillary or circumflex nerve is an impoant nerve because it supplies the deltoid muscle which is the main abductor of the arm. Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , Seventh edition, volume 1 , pg. no, 75.", "cop": 1, "opa": "C5, C6", "opb": "C7, C8", "opc": "C8, T1", "opd": "C5, T1", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "71839d20-809b-4eb3-8554-e2544d9b3314", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caranial nerve passing through foramen ovale includes", "exp": "structures passing through foramen ovale: Mandibular nerve Accessory meningeal aery Lesser petrosal nerve Emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus. Ref BDC volume 3; 6th edition pg 56", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mandibular nerve", "opb": "Oculomotor nerves", "opc": "Greater petrosal nerve", "opd": "Sympathetic nerve fibres", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "3c1e00a7-1479-496d-bd36-584b11e736ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Direct opening in the right atrium with", "exp": "All veins of hea except the anterior cardiac veins and the venae cordis minimi drain into the coronary sinus which opens into the right atrium.The anterior cardiac veins and the venae cordis minimi open directly into the right atrium. BD CHAURASIA'S HUMAN ANATOMY .VOLUME 1.FIFTH EDITION.Page no-254", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anterior cardiac vein", "opb": "Oblique vein", "opc": "Middle cardiac vein", "opd": "Great cardiac vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "fc22a32a-9aab-4a31-a24f-d8bd7819f267", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptor seen in this region is", "exp": "Receptor Location Function 1. Meissner Dermo-epidermal junction Rapidly adapting two- point discrimination 2. Pacinian corpuscle Deeper dermis Rapidly adapting pressure & vibration 3. Ruffini Deeper dermis Slowly adapting 4. Merkel disc Basal layer of epidermis Slowly adapting light touch sensation. Reading braille - Meisner corpuscle >> Merkel disc Since the location is DE JUNCTION so the answer is Meissner corpuscle", "cop": 2, "opa": "Merkel cell", "opb": "Meissner's corpuscle", "opc": "Paccinian corpuscle", "opd": "Ruffini's receptor", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Cailage,cell junction,lymphoid and integumentary system", "id": "da4e4c19-47b8-47fb-84ed-ed1b058b6ad7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hunterian perforator is at", "exp": "Ref: BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy vol 2 pg 125,127.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Upper thigh", "opb": "Mid thigh", "opc": "Lower thigh", "opd": "Knee", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "c3f82fe7-6412-4a0a-b635-0e73b73fe29a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multifocal non suppurative osteomyelitis is seen in", "exp": "SAPHO syndrome : synovitis, acne, pustulosis, palmo- plantar, hyperostosis and osteitis ref : maheswari 9th ed", "cop": 4, "opa": "infantile coical hyperostosis", "opb": "thalassemia", "opc": "salmonella infections", "opd": "SAPHO syndrome", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Skeletal infections", "id": "6e57a16d-e0e4-4b70-a9d6-58d64ad8db48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The epiglottis is derived from", "exp": "The caudal pa of the hypobranchial eminence forms the epiglottis . HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY-INDERBIR SINGH TENTH EDITION-PAGE NO:213", "cop": 2, "opa": "3rd arch", "opb": "4th arch", "opc": "5th arch", "opd": "6th arch", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "9b7af323-78cc-47b1-ba22-ae36cacf2320", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood supply of facial nerve", "exp": "D i.e. Ascending pharyngeal aery", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stylomastoid branch of facial nerve", "opb": "Facial aery", "opc": "Lingual aery", "opd": "Ascending pharyngeal aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6399043-0b2f-4d97-996a-1012735c7f0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common complication of whipple's procedure is", "exp": "Morbidity following pancreaticoduodenectomy Delayed gastric emptying (18%) Pancreas fistula (12%) Wound infection (7%) Intra abdominal abscess (6%) Cardiac events (3%) Bile leak (2%) Overall reoperation (3%) Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1548", "cop": 1, "opa": "Delayed gastric emptying", "opb": "Bleeding", "opc": "Exocrine insufficiency", "opd": "Anastomotic leak", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "fe907f58-cd1b-4e2c-bcb5-139a6e369084", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 25 year old male was hospitalized with liver cyst due to Echinococcus granulosis.he refused to undergo surgery for removal of cyst.therefore, albendazole was used at high dose for 3months .this patient should be monitored for the toxicity to", "exp": "Ref-Katzung 10/869 Albendazole is used furlong X at high dose can lead to hepatotoxicity", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gonalds", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Peripheral nerves", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "0f6d8267-4b84-4f45-ae56-aeef2190212d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Schizophrenia with worst prognosis", "exp": "Order of prognosis from good to bad, catatonic->paranoid->undifferentiated->hebephrenic->simple", "cop": 3, "opa": "Catatonic", "opb": "Paranoid", "opc": "Hebephrenic", "opd": "Undifferentiated", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bdb99281-00d9-4835-90cf-992afb0a4280", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "for diagnosis of bulimia nervosa duration criteria is binge eating once a week for", "exp": "Bulimia nervosa * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Binge eating at least once a week for 3 months * Uses laxatives, diuretics, self-induced vomiting * Association= * Impulsive behaviors * increased interest in sex * They may be of normal weight * Less secretive * Mood disorders * Complication * Electrolyte abnormalities * Hypokalemia * Hypochloremia alkalosis * Russel's sign==== as these patients uses their fingers to be stick out in the throat and vomit, there is a lesion in meta carpo phalangeal joints. * Drugs * Carbamazepine * MAOI * SSRI Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no 509", "cop": 1, "opa": "3 months", "opb": "4 months", "opc": "6 months", "opd": "5 months", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Treatment in psychiatry", "id": "ea29c3e3-9642-4408-bc33-1a9f23258251", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aery/ aeries supplying occipital coex is", "exp": "A. i.e. PCA", "cop": 1, "opa": "PCA", "opb": "MCA", "opc": "MCA + PCA", "opd": "ACA", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc4270f8-a279-48cf-8379-83388c1a91ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During cranial nerve examination, a neurologist asks her 33 year old patient to protrude his tongue. On doing so, her tongue detes to the right side. This finding results from paralysis of tongue muscle namely", "exp": "Genioglossus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Genioglossus", "opb": "Styloglossus", "opc": "Palatoglossus", "opd": "Hyoglossus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "42e7ebdd-93f5-476f-8350-757bfcce35f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In infant, bone marrow biopsy is done from", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tibia", "opb": "Sternum", "opc": "Posterior superior iliac spine", "opd": "Iliac crest", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ee6ebc94-a996-47da-8650-9f360ae0fa8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Exposure treatment in burns is done for", "exp": "There are two methods of management of the burn wound with a topical antibacterial agent Exposure therapy no dressings are applied over the wound after application of the agent. advantages are that bacterial growth is not enhanced as may be the case under a closed dressing, and the wound remains visible and readily accessible. disadvantages are increased pain and heat loss as a result of the exposed wound and an increased risk of cross-contamination. Closed method an occlusive dressing is applied over the agent and is changed twice daily. the disadvantage is the potential increase in bacterial growth if the dressing is not changed twice daily. advantages are less pain, less heat loss, and less cross-contamination. The closed method is generally preferred except for face and head where the exposure method is preferred Ref - Bailey & Love 23/e p194", "cop": 4, "opa": "Genitals", "opb": "Limbs", "opc": "Trunk", "opd": "Head and neck", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "9156303a-7a94-454f-8911-73f2a6d8dbd1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site for hyperophic keloid scar", "exp": "Keloids - It is a scar which shows extreme overgrowth so that scar tissues grows beyond the limits of original wounds and shows no tendency to resolve. Keloids grow on paicular sites, these are - Central chests (probably most common, not sure) Back Shoulder Earlobes Other points about Keloids & hyperophic scars Hyperophic scars (HTS) and keloids represent an overabundance of fibroplasia in the dermal healing process. They are both characterized by excessive collagen deposition versus collagen degradation. HTS rise above the skin level but stay within the confines of the original wound and often regress over time. Keloids are defined as scars that grow beyond the border of the original wound and rarely regress spontaneously. Both HTS and keloids occur after trauma to the skin, and may be tender, pruritic, and cause a burning sensation. Keloids are more prevalent among dark pigmented ethnicitics (i.e. Africans, Asians & Hispanics) HTS usually develop within 4 weeks after trauma Keloids tend to occur 3 months to years after the trauma. Ref : Bailey & Love 25/e p30", "cop": 4, "opa": "Face", "opb": "Arm", "opc": "Legs", "opd": "Pre sternal area", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "64085a99-edc8-4098-9a5e-c7bf8ab5a740", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vomiting with coffee brown vomitus is seen in", "exp": "Fulminant poisoning by oxalic acid If the person is consumes large doses ie more than 20gm or more, death may occur due to circulatory collapse. There will be sour bitter taste in the mouth, a sense of constriction in the throat, epigastric pain and abdominal pain. The person will have nausea, eructation and vomiting with coffee brown vomitus. There may be severe thirst and abdomen will be tender. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 412", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxalic acid poisoning", "opb": "Sulphuric acid poisoning", "opc": "Nitric acid poisoning", "opd": "Carbolic acid poisoning", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Poisoning", "id": "15e17a2b-eafe-45a4-8443-8726b7cac598", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "spinal nerve is related to", "exp": "The anterior primary ramus of C1 joins with hypoglossal nerve, which distributes the motor fibres to the geniohyoid and thyroid muscles. C1 is the first spinal nerve which is unique in that it contains only motor fibres.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glossopharyngeal", "opb": "Vagus", "opc": "Hypoglossal", "opd": "Facial", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "84f6769a-ecf4-4d1b-9d9e-be125fb533df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nasion lies at the junction of", "exp": "The nasion is the point where the internasal and frontonasal sutures meet. It lies a little above the floor of the depression at the root of the nose, below the glabella. Nasion is termed as the central point of the frontonasal suture. Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 4th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Frontonasal and internasal suture", "opb": "Frontonasal and interparietal suture", "opc": "Frontonasal and frontozygomatic suture", "opd": "Frontogomatic and internasal suture", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "3f57a851-22b3-434f-b713-67933712d829", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least mobile metatarsal of foot", "exp": "2nd metatarsal is longest and least mobile among all metatarsals, hence more prone for March fracture", "cop": 2, "opa": "1st metatarsal", "opb": "2nd metatarsal", "opc": "3rd metatarsal", "opd": "4th metatarsal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ce567d2-a49e-49e4-9100-8b3bc723e8ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cranial nerve passing through Dorello canal is", "exp": "At petrous apex, the abducent nerve takes a sharp turn to pass through Dorello's canal beneath petrosphenoidal ligament.", "cop": 3, "opa": "4th", "opb": "5th", "opc": "6th", "opd": "7th", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b46c557b-a7ff-4ce7-9260-a396b661af1c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In leucine zipper model, Leucine residue seen after every", "exp": "An a helix in which there is a periodic repeat of leucine residues at every seventh position. This occurs for eight helical turns and four leucine repeats. Similar structures have been found in a number of other proteins associated with the regulation of transcription in mammalian and yeast cells. (shown in the table below) It is thought that this structure allows two identical monomers or heterodimers (eg, Fos-Jun or Jun-Jun) to \"zip together\" in a coiled-coil and form a tight dimeric complex This protein-protein interaction may serve to enhance the association of the separate DNA binding domains with their target", "cop": 3, "opa": "3 amino acids", "opb": "6 amino acids", "opc": "7 amino acids", "opd": "12 amino acids", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b9177bb7-4ef4-428d-8a19-b96761aa3fff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of empyema is", "exp": "Empyema thoracic is collection of pus in pleural space and is synonymous with grossly purulent exudative parapneumonic effusions. Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 951", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bronchopleural fistula", "opb": "Tubercular pneumonia", "opc": "Bacterial pneumonia", "opd": "Pleurisy", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "a011846a-3469-4682-9266-9713e4c6538c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brachiocephalic vein is formed by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Internal jugular vein and suclavicular vein.", "opb": "External jugular vein and suclavicular vein.", "opc": "Internal jugular vein and retromandibular vein.", "opd": "External jugular vein and retromandibular vein.", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a512d6d-f157-4455-83f9-97dcac583ad2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "After an incised wound ,new collagen fibrils are seen along with a thick layer of growing epithelium.The approximate age of the wound is", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p106 Incised wound for the formation of collagen and new tissue, thick layer of epithelial ,and granulation tissue formation along with new blood vessels requires atleast 4_5 days", "cop": 1, "opa": "4-5days", "opb": "About 1week", "opc": "12-24hrs", "opd": "24-48 hrs", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "8556ec34-5fc9-46de-8be9-bce2fbd3ea06", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The segmental division of liver into eight segments is based on", "exp": "Right hepatic vein divides the right lobe into anterior (V VIII) and posterior segments ( VI-VII) Middle hepatic vein divides the liver into right and left lobes. This plane runs from the inferior vena cava to the gallbladder fossa. The Falciform ligament divides the left lobe into a medial- segment IV and a lateral pa - segment II and III. The poal vein divides the liver into upper and lower segments. The left and right poal veins branch superiorly and inferiorly to project into the center of each segment. ref - researchgate.net", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hepatic veins alone", "opb": "Poal vein alone", "opc": "Hepatic veins and common hepatic aery", "opd": "Hepatic veins and poal veins", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "457deca2-9136-4bbd-8b2e-e7ad123753f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Forelimb bud appears on", "exp": "(26 days) (135-IBS 7th) (125-1.B.Singh 8th)Timetable of some events* The forelimb bud appears about the 26th day (end of 4th week)* The hind limb bud appears about the 28th dayThe limbs become paddle shaped after about 4 days (5th week) and grooves between the future digits (digital rays) can be seen by the 36 the day (6th week). By the 50 th day or so (8th week) the elbows and knees are established and the fingers and toes are free. Rotation of limbs occurs during the 7th week. Cartilaginous models of bones start forming in the 6th week. And primary centres of ossification are seen in many bones in the 8th week. They are present in all long bones by the 12th week* The extremities are most susceptible to teratogens during the 4th to 7th week and slightly less susceptible in the 8th week", "cop": 2, "opa": "21 days", "opb": "26 days", "opc": "28 days", "opd": "30 days", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Embryology", "id": "7917b88b-6bf8-4ed1-8cf7-d305a3301a2a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tongue is protrude by", "exp": "(Genioglossus) (252-BDC-3- 4th edition)Action of Extrinsic muscle of TongueGENIOGLOSSUSDraws the tongue forward and protrude the tip so that it points to the opposite side. The two muscle acting in union protrude the tongue in the midlineHYOGLOSSUSIt depresses the tongue** makes the dorsum convex and helps in retracting the protruded tongueSTYLOGLOSSUSDuring swallowing it pulls the tongue upwards and backwardsPALATOGLOSSUSPulls up root of the tongue and approximates the palatoglossal arches and thus closes oropharyngeal isthmus* Safety muscle of tongue is - Genioglossus* Ipsilateral deviation of tongue is due to unaltered action of - Genioglssus* Palsy of right genioglossus causes- devition of tongue to right**** All the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles EXCEPT THE PALATOGLOSSUS** are supplied by cranial part of accessory nerve through the pharyngeal plexusImportant Points1. Tip of the tongue drain into submental lymph nodes*2. Anterior 2/3 of the tongue drain into submandibular lymph node and posterior 1/3 of the tongue drain into Jugulo omohyoid (Lymph node of the tongue)3. Anterior 2/3 of tongue developed from first branchial arch*. Therefore it is supplied by lingual nerve** and chorda tympani4. Posterior 1/3 of tongue develops third branchial arch** therefore it is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve**5. Posterior most part from the fourth arch: therefore supplied by the Vagus nerve6. Circumvallate papillae are innervated by Glossopharyngeal nerve**7. Circumvallate papillae- are situated on the mucous membrane just anterior to the sulcus terminalis an therefore their taste buds are innervated by ninth cranial nerve***8. Unilateral injury to hypoglossal nerve leads to(I) Hemiatrophy of involved side *(II) Deviation of tongue towards the same side *(III) Fasciculation of tongue *9. Intrinsic muscles of the tongue are derived from occipital somites", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyoglossus", "opb": "Palatoglossus", "opc": "Genioglossus", "opd": "Styloglossus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head & Neck", "id": "ac59984e-2555-450c-939e-f925c82e8516", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Trendelenburg sign is due to paralysis of", "exp": "TRENDELENBURG SIGN:- Normally,when the body weight is suppoed on one limb,the glutei of the suppoed side raise the opposite and unsuppoed side of the pelvis. However,if the abductor mechanism is defective,the unsuppoed side of the pelvis drops- Trendelenburg sign +ve. Sign is positive in defects of power- paralysis of the glutei medius and minimus ( supplied by superior gluteal nerve) ,defects of the fulcrum (congenital or pathological dislocation of hip),defects of weight. {Reference : BDC 6E pg no.70}", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gluteus maximus", "opb": "Gluteus medius", "opc": "Pyriformis", "opd": "Obturator externus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower limb", "id": "9016d9cf-33b8-422c-90f1-40a70fa071ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "One unit of fresh blood raises Hb% ( Hemoglobin concentration ) by", "exp": "Single unit of whole blood raises Hb by 1 gm% and Hematocrit by 3% More than 70% of transfused cells will be ble after 24 hours Ref: Harrison's 19th edition Pgno :138", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.1gm%", "opb": "0.5 gm %", "opc": "1gm%", "opd": "2 gm%", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "3dca8bb7-27e9-406f-b9ff-89d3b4c9d14f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Implantation occurs at", "exp": "HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY-INDERBIR SINGH TENTH EDITION-PAGE NO:72In humans implantation begins on the 6th day after feilization", "cop": 2, "opa": "2-3 days", "opb": "6-7 days", "opc": "15-20 days", "opd": "20-25 days", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "86484585-8118-4018-aae5-37f3021c3ef2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The veins of the pericardium drain into", "exp": "The veins of pericardium drains into svc, pierced anteriorly . Ref - BDC 6th edition vol 1 pg 272", "cop": 1, "opa": "Superior vena cava", "opb": "Inferior vena cava", "opc": "Azygos vein", "opd": "Left brachiocephalic vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "cadc02cf-5a43-4b45-a7c5-c71f5ea92c8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Grade 1 Lymphedema means", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pitting edema upto the ankle", "opb": "Pitting edema upto knee", "opc": "Non pitiing edema", "opd": "Edema disappearing after overnight rest", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "43b3d4d5-86a3-482b-8d78-1b1739fc8792", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The difference between hyosine and atropine is that hyosine", "exp": "Ref-KDT 6/e p109 Hyoscine is a CNS depression and can be caused as truth to serum (to induce twilight sleep). Atropine at low dose stimulates the brain whereas inhibiting it a very high concentration", "cop": 1, "opa": "Exes depression affect on the CNS it relative low doses", "opb": "Exes more potent effects on the hea than on the eye", "opc": "Is longer acting", "opd": "Hi sweetie kar anti motion sickness activity", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "f998149e-3c33-4a17-985a-2ad32d3b2342", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Strain used for Melanin is", "exp": "Ref histopathology p150 Other stains for Melanin are schmorl's method and enzyme histochemical method called DOPA oxidase", "cop": 3, "opa": "Oil red", "opb": "Gomori methamine silver strain", "opc": "Masson Fontana stain", "opd": "PAS stain", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "bfff599e-314b-4131-9c0f-15e2e6ca1a55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erb's point is formed by", "exp": "Erb's point is formed by the C5 and C6 root, anterior and posterior divisions of upper trunk, subscapular nerve and nerve to subclavius. Injury to upper trunk causes Erb's paralysis. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 59", "cop": 2, "opa": "C4 and C5", "opb": "C5 and C6", "opc": "C6 and C7", "opd": "C6 and T1", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "15378e47-a73a-4342-8e5e-eb3130022ae4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of lumbricals area) Flexion at MCP jointb) Extension at IP jointsc) Adduction of the fingersd) Abduction of the fingers", "exp": "Lumbricals :\n\nFlexion - Metacarpophalangeal joints.\nExtension - Interphalangeal joints.", "cop": 4, "opa": "ac", "opb": "bc", "opc": "bd", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c7f5af9-9dff-442f-abc9-e970d8a971cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of metastases in case of Osteosarcoma DELETE", "exp": "Almost 10 percnt of have metastases at presentation Metastases is most common to lungs, but Hematogenous spread to other organs is also possible -including lymph nodes, brain, skeleton Refer Apleys 9th/e p 207", "cop": 2, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Bladder", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "1759ac94-08f6-47c9-aba0-1ed3909fde9c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Obturator nerve arises from", "exp": "(Ventral rami of L2 L3 L4) (171, 320-BDC-2 4th)OBTURATOR NERVE - is a branch of lumbar plexus, it arises from ventral division of L2 L3 L4 segments of spinal cords.Branches of obturator nerve : Anterior divisionPosterior divisionMuscularPectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilisObturator extemus, adductor magnus (adductor part)ArticularHip jointKnee jointVascular and cutaneousFemoral artery, Medial side of thighPopliteal arteryBranches of the lumbar plexus1. Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)2. Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)3. Genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2 ventral divisions)4. Obturator nerve (L2, L3 L4 ventral division)5. Lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5 ventral rami)6. Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2 L3 dorsal division)7. Femoral nerve (L2, L3 L4 dorsal divisions)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ventral division of L2 L3 L4", "opb": "Dorsal division of L2 L3 L4", "opc": "Ventral rami of L1 L2", "opd": "Dorsal rami of L1 L2", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Lower Extremity", "id": "5c361810-9478-4b86-9e69-180ac6828fd5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Klumpke's paralysis involved", "exp": "(C8, T1) (53-BDC-l 4th)ERB'S PARALYSISKLUMPKE'S PARALYSISSite of Injury - The region of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus is called Erb's point, six nerves meet here. Injury to the upper trunk causes Erb's paralysis.Lower trunk of brachial plexusCause of injury - Undue seperation of the head from the shoulder, which is commonly encountered in (i) birth injury (ii) fall on the shoulder (iii) during anaesthesiaUndue abduction of the arm, as in clutching something with the hands after a fall from a height or sometimes in birth injuryNerve root involved - Mainly C5 and partly C6Mainly T1 and partly C8Muscle paralysed - Mainly biceps, deltoid, brachialis, and brachioradialis. Partly supraspinatus, infraspinatus and supinatorDeformity - (position of the limb)Arm: Hangs by the side: It is adducted and medially rotated.Forearm: Extended and pronatedThe deformity is known as \"policeman's tip\" or \"porter *s tip hand'1. Intrinsic muscles of the hand (Tl)2. Ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers (C8)Claw hand* due to the unopposed action of the longflexors and extensors of the fingers.(Hyperextension at the MCP joint and flexion at the IP joint)Disability: The following movements are lost1. Abduction and lateral rotation of the arm (shoulder)2. Flexion and supination of the forearm3. Biceps and supinator of the forearm4. Sensation are lost over a small area over the lower part of the deltoid1. Claw hand2. Cutaneous anaesthesia and analgesia in a narrow zone along the ulnar border of the forearm and hand3. Homer's syndrome (This is because of injury to sympathetic fibres to the head and neck that leave the spinal cord through nerve T14. Vasomotor changes5. Trophic changes", "cop": 4, "opa": "C5, 6", "opb": "C6, 7", "opc": "C7, 8", "opd": "C8, T1", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper Extremity", "id": "bb2fa1e1-6a0e-454f-86b5-f91f7af4529c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The toughest layer of the esophagus is the", "exp": "C i.e. Muscularis Muscularis externa is the toughest layer of esophagusQ; upper 1/3rd is composed of skeletal muscleQ, lower 1/3rd is composed of smooth muscleQ & the middle third is made up of both types of muscle.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mucosa", "opb": "Submucosa", "opc": "Muscularis", "opd": "Adventitia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "d2ac1c1a-4c81-48fd-bb1d-3e5d37ef158e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Median survival in carcinoma pancreas after surgery and adjuvant therapy", "exp": "After surgical resection and adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer, the Median survival is approximately 22 months, with 5 year survival of 15% to 20%. Most patients experience relapse of disease in the form of metastatic disease (85%) and less commonly, local recurrence (40%). In the absence of surgical resection, those with locally advanced disease who receive palliative chemotherapy may survive 10 to 12 months, whereas those with metastases rarely survive beyond 6 months Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1547", "cop": 2, "opa": "12 months", "opb": "22 months", "opc": "32 months", "opd": "44 months", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "00291c70-3ed9-4a45-b647-0ecb0a5b5de9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common facial vein drains into", "exp": "Key concept:\nThe superficial temporal vein descends in front of the tragus, enters the parotid gland, and joins the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein. The anterior division of the retromandibular vein unites with the facial vein to form the common facial vein which drains into the internal jugular vein.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Internal jugular vein", "opb": "External jugular vein", "opc": "Subclavian vein", "opd": "Suboccipital veinous plexus", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "e5141112-7cd4-405f-906d-96e8e8765f76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bronchopulmonary segments in right and left lungs are", "exp": "THE BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS - These are well-defined sectors of the lung, each one of which is aerated by a teiary or segmental bronchus. Each segment is pyramidal in shape with its apex directed towards the root of the lung. There are 10 segments on the right side and 10 on the left Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy, seventh edition, volume 1 , pg. no. 251 ( table 16.3 )", "cop": 3, "opa": "9 and 11", "opb": "11 and 9", "opc": "10 and 10", "opd": "8 and 10", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "01815054-3edb-41be-a332-f85eeeb4fb8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Medullary carcinoma of thyroid is associated with mutation in", "exp": "Ref Robbins 8/e p1124_1126,9/e p284 Medullary thyroid cancer is a form of thyroid carcinoma which originates from the parafollicular cells (C cells), which produce the hormone calcitonin. Medullary tumors are the third most common of all thyroid cancers and together make up about 3% of all thyroid cancer cases.[2 Approximately 25% of medullary thyroid cancer cases are genetic in nature, caused by a mutation in the RET proto-oncogene. This form is identified as familial medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC). When MTC occurs by itself it is termed sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (SMTC). When it coexists with tumors of the parathyroid gland and medullary component of the adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma) it is called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2", "cop": 1, "opa": "RET", "opb": "RAS", "opc": "NF", "opd": "Rb", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "cb81a0ee-aa13-411f-b9fd-0b63b01abf4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The gold standard test for insulinoma", "exp": "\"The most reliable test to diagnose insulinoma is a fast up to 72 h with serum glucose, C-peptide, and insulin measurements every 4-8 h.\" --Harrison An insulinoma is an endocrine tumor of the pancreas derived from beta cells that ectopically secretes insulin, which results in hypoglycemia. The clinical symptoms are because of the effects of hypoglycaemia (sweating, tremor, palpitations, confusion, headache, disorientation, visual difficulties, irrational behaviour, or even coma) The diagnosis of insulinoma requires the demonstration of an elevated plasma insulin level at the time of hypoglycemia. This is because insulinomas do not reduce the secretion of insulin in the presence of hypoglycaemia. Whereas in a normal person, insulin levels would decrease with a decrease in blood glucose levels. The most reliable test to diagnose insulinoma is a fast up to 72 h with serum glucose, and insulin measurements every 4-8 h. The test is terminated if the patient becomes symptomatic or glucose levels are <40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L). Diagnosis of insulinoma is made if: A serum insulin level of 6 microunit/mL or more in the presence of blood glucose values below 40 mg/dL the ratio of plasma insulin to glucose is > 0.3 In addition to the above criteria, some other measurements are also required before making the diagnosis of insulinoma C-peptide level serum proinsulin level, serum sulfonylurea levels These additional tests are used because any hidden use of insulin or oral hypoglycemics taken by the patient would resemble insulinoma causing high levels of insulin in presence of hypoglycaemia. The combination of elevated proinsulin levels (normal in exogenous insulin/hypoglycemic agent users), elevated C-peptide levels (low in exogenous insulin users), antibodies to insulin (positive in exogenous insulin users), and measurement of sulfonylurea levels in serum or plasma will allow the correct diagnosis to be made. Ref : Harrison 17/e p2354", "cop": 1, "opa": "72 hr fasting test", "opb": "Plasma insulin levels", "opc": "C-peptide levels", "opd": "Low glucose levels < 30 mg/dl", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "dff49b7c-7586-44ba-88f1-107551e0e9c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common congenital anomaly of kidney", "exp": "Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract is phenotypically variable and can affect the kidney(s) alone and/or the lower urinary tract. The spectrum includes more common anomalies such as vesicoureteral reflux and, rarely, more severe malformations such as bilateral renal agenesis. ref - researchgate.net", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ectopic kidney", "opb": "Renal duplication", "opc": "Horse shoe kidney", "opd": "Renal agenesis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "37a36758-5001-4804-8b0f-89a8401f4059", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antibody found in myositis", "exp": "Refer Harrison 17th/2038", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anti jo 1", "opb": "Anti scl 70", "opc": "Anti Sm", "opd": "Anti ku", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal system", "id": "1cbad5d6-430c-476a-bfb7-1ddef6540a04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kappa toxin released by clostridium perfringens is responsible for", "exp": "Exotoxins produces by C. Perfringens *Alpha toxin(lecithinase) - detroys RBC& WBC *phi toxin- myocardial depression *kappa toxin-destruction of connective tissue and blood vessels Ref:Bailey and love 27th edition Pg no :420", "cop": 4, "opa": "RBC destruction", "opb": "Myocardial depression", "opc": "Rhabdomyolysis", "opd": "Destruction of connective tissue and blood vessels", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "04363735-4e92-4722-be6b-628d1d11dac8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Postprandial hyperglycemia may be controlled by", "exp": "(Refer: Rang and Dale's Clinical Pharmacology, 7th edition, pg no: 380-383)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rosiglitazone", "opb": "Thiazide", "opc": "Pioglitazone", "opd": "Tolbutamide", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c84f3442-108b-4a47-ac81-90585eebef55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Klumpkey&;s paralysis affect", "exp": "KLUMPKEY'S PARALYSIS:- Lower plexus injury.Caused by undue abduction of the arm as in clutching something with hand after a fall from a height, or sometimes in bih injury. NERVE ROOTS INVOLVED: C8 and T1 nerve roots involved. MUSCLES PARALYSED: Intrinsic muscles of the hand{T1} Ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers. DEFORMITY AND POSITION OF THE HAND: Claw hand due to the unopposed action of the long flexors and extensors of the fingers. In a claw hand, there is hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the interphalangeal joints. DISABILITY: Biceps and supinator jerks are lost complete claw hand cutaneous anesthesia and analgesia in a narrow zone along the ulnar border of the forearm and hand. HORNER.S SYNDROME: If T1 is injured proximal to white ramus communicans to the first thoracic sympathetic ganglion, there is ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmos, and loss of ciliospinal reflex may be associated. this is because of injury to sympathetic fibers to the head and neck that leave the spinal cord through nerve T1. VASOMOTOR CHANGES: The skin area with sensory loss is warmer due to aeriolar dilatation. It is also drier due to the absence of sweating as there is loss of sympathetic activity. TROPHIC CHANGES: Longstanding cases of paralysis leads to dry and scaly skin. The nails crack easily with atrophy of the pulp of fingers.", "cop": 3, "opa": "C5 C6", "opb": "C6 C7", "opc": "C8 T1", "opd": "C4 C5", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "7ddfc56b-5677-4cfc-b110-1ff955eb26ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Potassium is absorbed in the jejunum by", "exp": "As with other substrates, the net movement of K+ across the intestinal mucosa is determined by the difference between two opposing unidirectional fluxes; compared to sodium fluxes, potassium fluxes are small. Net movement of K+ in jejunum and ileum occurs only down the electrochemical gradient (i.e., it is largely passive). Potassium diffuses primarily through the lateral spaces and tight junctions. In the colon potassium is usually secreted, and the luminal concentration must be above 25 mEq/L for net absorption to take place. This explains why potassium deficiency tends to develop in diarrhoea. Potassium secretion by the colon appears to be a passive process", "cop": 3, "opa": "Active transpo", "opb": "Facilitated transpo", "opc": "Passive transpo", "opd": "Active and passive transpo", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5bf159c6-f623-4f55-8f30-1f5788bce630", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "mood stabilzer used in the management of trigeminal neuralgia is", "exp": "Carbamazepine - USES - TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA - TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY - SECOND LINE MOOD STABILIZER Ref.Kaplon and Sadock, synopsis of psychitry, 11 th edition, pg no.935", "cop": 1, "opa": "carbamezepine", "opb": "valproate", "opc": "lamotrigine", "opd": "lithium", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry", "id": "5d739a5a-3864-4e86-b99b-d1d9f687f1a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compartment devoid of neurovascular bundle", "exp": "Posterior superficial compartment of leg is devoid of neurovascular bundle", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior compartment of leg", "opb": "Posterior deep compartment of leg", "opc": "Posterior superficial compartment of leg", "opd": "Lateral compartment of leg", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "575f4d23-4fcc-46b1-8a31-1b4115297c3b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Superficial incision on posterior triangle of neck lead to", "exp": "The posterior triangle or the side of the neck contains the accessory nerve, external jugular vein, the cervical plexus and proximal pas of the brachial plexus of nerves supplying the upper limb. Injury to the spinal accessory nerve not only results in debilitating trapezius dysfunction, but can also result in chronic pain and debilitation with prolonged shoulder girdle dysfunction.90 It usually presents after diagnostic lymph node biopsies of the posterior triangle of the neck, with an incidence of 3% to 8%. Ref - sciencedirect.com", "cop": 1, "opa": "Difficulty in shrugging of shoulder", "opb": "Difficulty in sta of abduction", "opc": "Difficulty in rotation of face towards the same side", "opd": "Difficulty in flexion", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "323848ae-d879-4740-87a0-9b9f2ab44237", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Left sided superior vena cava drains into", "exp": "Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system left sided svc drains into right atrium coronary sinus . Image ref - researchate.net", "cop": 3, "opa": "Right atrium", "opb": "Left atriurm", "opc": "Coronary sinus", "opd": "Pericardial space", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Thorax", "id": "e3b7f4bd-3488-4eb2-9853-7da32814eaee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Poo systemic shunt is not seen in", "exp": "B i.e. Spleen", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Anorectum", "opd": "Gastro Esophageal", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "98f96e34-00a0-4240-ab4d-ab207d2a317c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intermediate filaments in muscle cells", "exp": "Intermediate filaments are used as tumor markers Epithelial cells:keratin Muscle cells:desnin Nucleus:lamin Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:8,9,14", "cop": 1, "opa": "Desnin", "opb": "Keratin", "opc": "Vimentin", "opd": "Lamin", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "5a82a485-b353-47d8-88d9-319a349cf616", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sympathetic root of otic ganglion", "exp": "ROOTS OF OTIC GANGLION: Sensory root is by auriculotemporal nerve Sympathetic root is by sympathetic plexus around middle meningeal aery Secretomotor root is by lesser petrosal nerve from tympanic plexus formed by tympanic branch of cranial nerve IX Motor root is by a branch from nerve to medial pterygoid Ref BDC volume 3,sixth edition pg 311", "cop": 4, "opa": "Plexus around ICA", "opb": "Plexus around facial aery", "opc": "Plexus around ophthalmic aery", "opd": "Plexus around middle meningeal aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Head and neck", "id": "20c1e739-4a22-43fd-b1ff-5017b02b1809", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Roots involved in Erb&;s palsy are", "exp": "Erb's point: one region of the upper trunk of the brachial plexuses is called Erb's point. Six nerves meet here. Injury to the upper trunk causes Erb's paralysis. CAUSES: undue separation of the head from the shoulder, which is common in -Bih injury Fall on the shoulder During anaesthesia Nerve roots involved C5, C6, Suprascapular nerve, nerve to subclavius, anterior division, posterior division. DEFORMITY AND POSITION OF THE LIMB: ARM: Hangs by the side, it is adducted and medially rotated. FOREARM: Extended and pronated. DISABILITY: The following movements are lost Abduction and lateral rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint. flexion and supination of the forearm. Biceps and supinator jerks are lost. sensations are lost over a small area over the lower pa of the deltoid. REF: BD Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 59 Figure: 4.15, page no: 59 - BD Chaurasia- upper limb & thorax, 7 the edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior primary rami of C6- C7", "opb": "Anterior primary rani of C5-C6", "opc": "Posterior primary rami of C8-T1", "opd": "Posterior primary rami of C7-C8", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Upper limb", "id": "4f86c318-9319-4a5e-bf67-b45140310fde", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "deja vu means", "exp": "deja vu=== feeling of familiarity to a novel stimulus jamais vu==feeling of unfamiliarity to a familiar stimulus ref. Kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11th edition, pg no.194", "cop": 3, "opa": "Illusion that what one is hearing, one has heard previously", "opb": "A unfamiliar thought regarded as repetition of a previous thought", "opc": "Unfamiliar situations or events feel strangely familiar", "opd": "Feeling of strangeness to familiar situation", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "2df8cc22-36d7-4bce-8afc-0faaa49a7f51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Majority of the afferent blood supply to liver is from", "exp": "Ans d): Portal veinThe liver is the largest gland in the body Its three basic functions are:* bile production & secretion* metabolism of fat, carbohydrate & protein* Blood filtration (removal of bacteria & foreign particles gained en trance from intestine)It has dual supplyHepatic artery - oxygenated blood - 30%Portal vein - venous blood rich in products of digestion -70%.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hepatic vein", "opb": "Hepatic artery", "opc": "IVC", "opd": "Portal vein", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels of Abdomen and Pelvis", "id": "13c06b24-944b-463b-9008-d073b43b5779", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hematuria with dysmorphia RBC 's are seen in", "exp": "Ref Robbins 9/e p898 The onset of the kidney disease tends to be abrupt, her- alded by malaise, a slight fever, nausea, and the nephritic syndrome. In the usual case, oliguria, azotemia, and hyper- tension are only mild to moderate. Characteristically, there is gross hematuria, the urine appearing smoky brown rather than bright red. Some degree of proteinuria is a constant feature of the disease, and as mentioned earlier it occasionally may be severe enough to produce the nephrotic syndrome. Serum complement levels are low during the active phase of the disease, and serum anti-streptolysin O antibody titers are elevated in poststreptococcal cases. Dysmorphia of RBC is also seen", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute glomerulonephritis", "opb": "Renal TB", "opc": "Renal calculi", "opd": "Chronic renal failure", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "d60ab3d6-1d76-4f43-82b8-3f9447fd2a14", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Middle path regimen is used in the treatment of", "exp": "Middle path regimen is used in the treatment of SPINAL TB. 1)Drugs (ATT) 2)Surgery: INDICATIONS: 1)Defaulter 2)Relapses 3)Resistance 4)Compression over vital structure. Surgery done is amterolateral decompression with coical rib/fibular stut grafting.", "cop": 1, "opa": "TB Spine", "opb": "TB Hip", "opc": "TB Knee", "opd": "TB Meningitis", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Skeletal infections", "id": "89052513-1948-4f0d-b3b0-97150854c7b6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cremasteric aery is a branch of", "exp": "The inferior epigastric aery - It arises from the external iliac aery near its lower end just above the inguinal ligament. It runs upwards and medially in the extraperitoneal connective tissue, passes just medial to the deep inguinal ring, pierces the fascial transversalis at the lateral border of the rectus abdominis and enters the rectus sheath by passing in front of the arcuate line .Within the sheath it supplies the rectus muscle and ends by anastomosing with the superior epigastric aery. branches of inferior epigastric aery - (a) A cremasteric branch - To the spermatic cord, or the aery of the round ligament in females; (b) A pubic branch - Which anastomoses with the pubic branch of the obturator aery; (c) muscuiarbranches - To the rectus abdominis , and (d) cutaneous branches - To the overlying skin. Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , seventh edition, volume 2 , pg. no. 229", "cop": 3, "opa": "Internal pudendal aery", "opb": "External pudendal aery", "opc": "Inferior epigastric aery", "opd": "Superior epigastric aery", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "8cdfca67-fbb0-409c-9b37-eb6b10bdb3a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cells are most radiosensitive in", "exp": "Ref Robbins9/e p140 Cells are most radiosensitive in G2M interphase Cells are least radioactive in Sphase", "cop": 2, "opa": "S phase", "opb": "Mphase", "opc": "G1 phase", "opd": "G0 phase", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "e7088255-c920-4a23-a237-36fb114323d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitral stenosis is associated with", "exp": "Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1540 MS and sinus rhythm, the P wave usually suggests LA enlargement ). It may become tall and peaked in lead II and upright in lead V1 when severe pulmonary hypeension or TS complicates MS and right atrial (RA) enlargement occurs. The QRS complex is usually normal", "cop": 1, "opa": "Right ventricular hyperophy", "opb": "Left ventricular hyperophy", "opc": "Left axis detion", "opd": "QRS complex", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "000e0b20-8273-4c56-a8f9-029a10f48934", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maintenence level of Mixed venous oxygen saturation in shock must be", "exp": "Mixed venous oxygen saturation The percentage saturation of oxygen returning to the hea from the body is a measure of the oxygen delivery and extraction by the tissues. Accurate measurements is analysis of blood drawn from a long central line placed in the right atrium Normal mixed venous oxygen saturation levels are 50-70%. Levels below 50% indicate inadequate oxygen delivery and increased oxygen extraction by the cells. This is consistent with hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock. Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno: 17", "cop": 2, "opa": ">70%", "opb": "50-70%", "opc": "40-50%", "opd": "<40%", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "37d6abde-273f-477b-a401-dbc29f12e67c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pudendal nerve supplying motor pa to external sphincter is derived from", "exp": "The striated sphincter is innervated by the pudendal nerve from the S2 - S3 nerve roots. The neurons that innervate the urethral sphincter originate in the cord, in an area termed Onuf&;s nucleus. The autonomic nervous system also controls the IUS muscle because it is made of smooth muscle fibers.", "cop": 4, "opa": "L5 - S1 roots", "opb": "S1 - S2 roots", "opc": "L2 - L3 roots", "opd": "S2 - S3 roots", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Abdomen and pelvis", "id": "2ad6d4f5-1cd2-42dd-b540-e051727405b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Raindrop skull\" is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hemophilia", "opb": "Thalassemia", "opc": "Multiple Myeloma", "opd": "Hodgkin's lymphoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "cfc18d88-ef4c-4f77-9321-007d5375ef17", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sirolimus is more likely than cyclosporine to cause", "exp": "Clyclosporine and tacrolimus cause nephrotoxicity as an adverse effect. Sirolimus results in bone marrow suppression and thus may cause anemia ,thrombocytopenia and leukopenia", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypeension", "opb": "Osteoporosis", "opc": "Renal insufficiency", "opd": "Thrombocytopenia", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "Other topics and Adverse effects", "id": "a49103c7-ade1-4a4f-989a-f6da178b3cc5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CECT with nodular enhancement is suggestive of", "exp": "Most common benign tumor of the liver Mainly seen in women of 45 years Small capillary hemangiomas(no clinical significance), larger cavernous hemangioma Usually single and <5 cm in diameter, occur equally in right and left liver Giant hemangioma: lesion>5cm Pathology Microscopically: Endothelium-lines, blood filled spaces that are seperated by thin, fibrous septa Enlargement of hemangiomas are by ectasia rather than neoplasia Clinical features Most commonly asymptomatic and incidentally found on imaging studies Large compressive masses may cause vague upper abdominal symptoms Kasabach-Merritt syndrome; syndrome of thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulapathy Rarely seen LFT's and tumor markers are normal Diagnosis Diagnosis is made radiologically CT and MRI are diagnostic if a typical peripheral nodular enhancement pattern is seen Percutaneous biopsy is potentially dangerous and inaccurate not recommended Treatment Observation for asymptomatic cases Enucleation with inflow control is TOC for symptomatic cases Ref:Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1456-1457", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hepatic adenoma", "opb": "FNH", "opc": "Hemangioma", "opd": "Cholangiodenoma", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "d60172b9-0796-4cc9-98b0-25c9f1b4e287", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Splanchnic nerves are", "exp": "Splanchnic nerves are preganglionic Sympathetic nerves", "cop": 1, "opa": "Preganglionic Sympathetic nerves", "opb": "Postganglionic Sympathetic nerves", "opc": "Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves", "opd": "Postganglionic parasympathetic nerves", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": null, "id": "23649941-a638-4a5c-89e3-e6bab80490c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oil red o staining used for", "exp": "Ref Bancroft histology 7/e p 83 Air dry frozen sections on slides for 30 minutes minimum 2. Fix in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 10 minutes 3. Dip in 60% isopropanol 1 time quickly 4. Stain in working Oil Red O solution for 15 minutes 5.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Frozen section", "opb": "Glutaraldehyde fixed specimen", "opc": "Alcohol fixed specimen", "opd": "Formalin fixed specimen", "subject_name": "Anatomy", "topic_name": "General anatomy", "id": "72ea6792-14ae-4659-9bf9-18afd2edeea7", "choice_type": "single"}