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+{"question": "IFN gamma is secreted by", "exp": "TH1 cells produce the cytokine IFN-g, which activates macrophages in the classical pathway. TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which recruit and activate eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activation IFNg, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral, some bacterial and protozoal infections. IFNg is an impoant activator of macrophages and inducer of Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expression. Aberrant IFNg expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The impoance of IFNg in the immune system stems in pa from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, and most impoantly from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFNg is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as pa of the innate immune response, and by CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops TH17 cells secrete IL-17 and other cytokines that induce the secretion of chemokines responsible for recruiting neutrophils and monocytes into the reaction ref robbins basic pathology 9th ed page 55", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytotoxic cells", "opb": "T-helper cells 1", "opc": "T-helper cells 2", "opd": "CMI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "d7d35c2f-6977-4343-8ad6-321dd75fb3ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brown induration term used in", "exp": "A. i.e. (CVC- Lung) (107-Harsh Mohan 5th)* Chronic Venous Congestion (CVC) of lung - brown induration of the cut surface of the lungs is due to the pigmentation andfibrosis* Breakdown of erythrocytes liberates haemosiderin pigment** which is taken up by alveolar macrophages so called heart failure cells** present in the alveolar lamina* **Nutmeg liver sean in CVC - liver* Gamna -gandy bodies** or siderofibrotic nodules (haemosiderin pigment deposition) - seen in CVC- spleen----Heart Failure----------| |Left- sided Right- sided| |Back- pressure Back pressure| |CVC - lungs Systemic venous congestion |||| CVC- LiverCVC-spleenCVC-KidneyCongested leg veins* Brown tumours found in- Hyperparathyroidism**", "cop": 1, "opa": "CVC-Lung", "opb": "CVC- Liver", "opc": "CVC - Spleen", "opd": "CVC-Kidney", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "449f286f-2901-4b5c-aacf-56bcd9bf2d98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is", "exp": "Rhabdomyosarcoma usually begins in muscles that are attached to bones and that help the body move. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in children. It can begin in many places in the body. Ref robbins 9/e p510", "cop": 4, "opa": "Trunk", "opb": "Genitourinary system", "opc": "Extremities", "opd": "Head and neck", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0ce135df-ae00-491f-8f32-519f801c4d7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Frequent bouts of epistaxis are a conspicuous feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis", "opb": "Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia", "opc": "Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma", "opd": "Vascular nevus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "252a6982-caeb-4afb-9d1a-de2a2574354a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA associated with Rheumatoid ahritis", "exp": "Association of HLA Alleles and Inflammatory DiseasesDiseaseHLA AlleleRelative Risk Ankylosing SpondylitisB2790-100Postgonococcal ahritisB2714Acute anterior uveitisB2714Rheumatoid ahritisDR44Chronic active hepatitisDR313Primary Sjogren syndromeDR39Type 1 DiabetesDR35DR46DR3/DR420", "cop": 2, "opa": "HLA B27", "opb": "HLA DR4", "opc": "HLA B5", "opd": "HLA CW6", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal system", "id": "be973905-0307-4dae-a6d9-67846e2e3cca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type of pericarditis in tuberculosisa) Hemorrhagicb) Constrictivec)  Fibrinousd)  Serofibrinous", "exp": "Causes of hemorrhagic pericarditis\n\nTuberculosis\nMalignant involvement of pericardial sac\nBleeding diathesis\nCardiac surgery\nPost myocardial infarction\nDissecting aneurysm of aorta\nUremic pericarditis", "cop": 2, "opa": "ac", "opb": "ab", "opc": "ad", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6c149e40-b65e-443b-aac9-03c1f200f37b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liquefactive necrosis is seen in", "exp": "Liquefactive necrosis is seen in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest (\"liquefy\") the tissue. For obscure reasons, the hypoxic death of cells within the central nervous system often evokes liquefactive necrosis.Tthe dead cells are completely digested, transforming the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.Eventually, the digested tissue is removed by phagocytes.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 10 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hea", "opb": "Brain", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e7ac072b-4fa4-47ec-8d09-67b20e570fc7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epimembranous deposition is seen in", "exp": "Epimembranous deposits (Immune complex deposits between basement membrane and overlying podocytes) and spike and dome appearance is seen in membranous glomerulonephritis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Membranous glomerulonephritis", "opb": "FSGS", "opc": "Minimal change disease", "opd": "Membrano proliferative Glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d165fb54-cb90-465d-8bb5-089c9bf55f60", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most impoant cells in type I hypersensitivity", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Mast cells Type I hypersensitivity (Immediate hypersensitivity) o It is a rapidly developing immunological reaction occuring within minutes after the combination of an antigen with antibody bound to mast cells in individuals previously sensitized to the antigen. o Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by Ig E, but T and B cells play impoant role in the development of these antibodies. o Type I reaction requires prior sensitization to a specific antigen (allergen). o Most exposures occur either by inhalation (respiratory route) or ingestion (GIT) of antigen. o Type one hypersensitivity has two phases :- 1.Initial response o After first antigen exposure, this antigen is presented to CD-4 helper T cells (TH2 type) by antigen presenting cells. These primed TH2 cells release IL-4 that acts on B-cells to form Ig E specific for that paicular antigen. The antigen specific lg E antibodies then bind to the surface receptors of mast cells and basophils. The process from first antigen exposure to the coating of mast cells by Ig E acts as sensitization (prior sensitization) and first exposure is also called priming or sensitizing exposure (dose). Subsequent exposure (shocking dose) to same antigen then result in activation of mast cells and basophils with release of mediator from these cells that leads to ? Smooth muscle spasm Increase mucus secretion from the epithelial cells. Vasodilatation Increased vascular permeability Recuritment of inflammatory cells Note - Most of the clinical effects are due to smooth muscle spasm. 2. Late phase response In this phase additional leukocytes are recruited. These cells amplify and sustain the inflammatory response without additional exposure to the triggred antigen. Among the cells that are recruited in the late-phase reaction, eosinophils are paicularly impoant. Eosinophils produce major basic protein and eosinophilic cataionic protein that are toxic to epithelial cells. Platelet activating factor (PAF) recruits and activates inflammatory cells and is most impoant cytokine in the initatiation of late phase response. Type I hypersensitivity occurs in two forms Anaphylaxis --> Acute, potentially fatal, systemic. Atom --> Chronic, Nonfatal, Lacalized. Remember o Mast cells are the most impoant cells in type I hypersensitivity. o Eosinophils are the most impoant cells in the late phase reaction of type I hypersensitivity. o Histamine is the most impoant mediator in type I hypersensitivity. o IL-4 is paicularly impoant, it is essential for turning on IgE secreting B cells. o PAF is the most impoant cytokine in the initiation of late phase reaction. o Most potent eosinophilic activating cytokine is IL-5.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Macrophages", "opb": "Mast cells", "opc": "Neutrophils", "opd": "Lymphocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ba62b8f-9bcd-4646-b9b0-59c0b5374ff6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compared with spectacles, the contact lenses", "exp": "As contact lenses tend to return the images to near normal size, the images are minifid in hypermetropia and magnified in myopia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increase the field of vision", "opb": "Magnify images in hypermetropia", "opc": "Minify images in myopia", "opd": "Do not reduce aniseikonia and optical aberra on", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c731d45e-090d-48c4-bfb4-7eca6ff05463", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Opisthotonus is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Tetanus", "opb": "anthracis", "opc": "tetany", "opd": "rabies", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "324f5271-f393-4bdb-ae79-13c9e605c0de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MYC gene is", "exp": "Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. MYC gene its a proto oncogene code for nuclear transcription factor C- MYC, N- MYC , L- MYC. .", "cop": 4, "opa": "Protein kinase inhibitor", "opb": "Growth factor inhibitor", "opc": "GTPase", "opd": "Transcription activator", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "7747175b-1f86-46bb-b6ad-55c13cdd617d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA antigen is located at", "exp": "HLA complex (MHC) gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 6.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Short arm of chr-6", "opb": "Long arm of chr-6", "opc": "Short arm of chr-8", "opd": "Long arm of chr-8", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e082db78-1caf-4bd7-be96-5db9a0992962", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pernicious anemia occur due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Failure of secretion of Vit B12", "opb": "Failure of secretion of intrinsic factor", "opc": "Failure of absorption of intrinsic factor", "opd": "Folate deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e71a494-b256-4445-9b73-20bd7be6fbc5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The prognosis of rapidly proliferatingglomerulonephritis (Crescentric GN) depends upon", "exp": ". Number of crescents", "cop": 1, "opa": "Number of crescents", "opb": "Size of crescents", "opc": "Shape of crescents", "opd": "Cellularity of crescents", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f559217-2c06-42c0-af6f-6b99430954cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA 2 is associated with", "exp": "Answer- D. Mixed leukocyte reactionMHC-II is resporrsible for graft versus host response and mked leukocyte reaction", "cop": 4, "opa": "Auto immune diseases", "opb": "Graft rejection", "opc": "Cell mediated cytolysis of viral infected cells", "opd": "Mixed leukocyte reaction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dcb71f80-ceee-4aec-86ec-1b1d568d2907", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In marfan syndrome the defect is in", "exp": "In Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder of autosomal dominant inheritance, the basic biochemical abnormality is a mutation affecting fibrillin. This glycoprotein, secreted by fibroblasts, is the major component of microfibrils found in the extracellular matrix. Microfibrils serve as scaffolding for the deposition of tropoelastin, an integral component of elastic fibers. Fibrillin is encoded by the FBN1 gene, which maps to chromosomal locus 15q21. Mutations in the FBN1 gene are found in all patients with Marfan syndrome. Although microfibrils are widely distributed in the body, they are paicularly abundant in the aoa, ligaments, and the ciliary zonules that suppo the ocular lens; these tissues are prominently affected in Marfan syndrome. (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 220)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrillin I", "opb": "Fibrillin II", "opc": "Collegen", "opd": "Elastin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "cbae9808-b6ef-4ff6-ab28-4f4d068a4a84", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Source of ammonia in urine", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutaminase", "opb": "Urease", "opc": "Glutamate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Arginase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "302f2a93-e479-44fa-a1ed-bcb4ce864b99", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumour marker for Endodermal Sinus Tumour", "exp": "Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) is positive for AFP and α1 - antitrypsin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "CEA", "opb": "HCG", "opc": "Alfa feto protein", "opd": "Cytokeratin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36605c73-3fd9-41c0-8a34-6a94270808a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Polycythemia is associated with", "exp": "Polycythemia and increased erythropoietin in a patient with chronic kidney disease. ... DIAGNOSIS: Chronic renal insufficiencycaused by obstructive hydronephrosis andaccompanied by increased erythropoietin levels of renal origin and polycythemia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stomach cancer", "opb": "Liver cancer", "opc": "Prostate cancer", "opd": "Renal cell cancer", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "7cc2ed22-a1e7-4384-acdb-df6419134b47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common karyotype abnormality associated with turner syndrome is", "exp": "Turner syndrome (TS), also known as 45,X or 45,X0, is a condition in which a female is paly or completely missing an X chromosome.] Signs and symptoms vary among those affected. Often, a sho and webbed neck, low-set ears, low hairline at the back of the neck, sho stature, and swollen hands and feet are seen at bih. Typically, they only develop menstrual periods and breasts with hormone treatment, and are unable to have children without reproductive technology. Hea defects, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone occur more frequently.", "cop": 1, "opa": "45,X", "opb": "46,XY", "opc": "47,XXY", "opd": "45,Y", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0b8e4bcc-bd2e-4d8c-a106-2fc0d7ad7b8a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histologic sections of lung tissue from an individual with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are most likely to reveal", "exp": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome characterized clinically by the rapid onset of severe, life-threatening respiratory insufficiency. ARDS has also been called adult respiratory failure, shock lung, traumatic wet lung, pump lung, and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The initial and basic lesion in ARDS is diffuse damage to the alveolar wall. Protein-rich edema fluid then leaks into the alveolar spaces and combines with fibrin and dead cells to produce hyaline membranes that line the alveoli and are the characteristic histologic feature of ARDS. In the acute edematous stage, the lungs are congested (pulmonary congestion) and show pulmonary edema with interstitial inflammation. Collapsed, airless pulmonary parenchyma is called atelectasis and can also be seen in ARDS. These other changes, although present in ARDS, are not pathognomonic. In contrast, angioinvasive infiltrates of pleomorphic lymphoid cells are seen with lymphomatoid granulomatosis, a disease of middle-aged individuals that is characterized by an angiocentric and angioinvasive infiltrate of atypical lymphoid cells. Deposits of needle-like crystals from the membranes of eosinophils, called Charcot-Leyden crystals, can be seen in patients with asthma, while infiltrating groups of malignant cells having intercellular bridges characterize squamous cell carcinoma. Plexiform lesions within pulmonary aerioles are diagnostic of pulmonary hypeension Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Angioinvasive infiltrates of pleomorphic lymphoid cells", "opb": "Irregular membranes composed of edema, fibrin, and dead cells lining alveoli", "opc": "Deposits of needle-like crystals from the membranes of eosinophils", "opd": "Infiltrating groups of malignant cells having intercellular bridges", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "266336e5-5b8f-4669-96f0-a8a79f56e7cc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "pseudolaminar necrosis is a feature of", "exp": "Coical laminar necrosis, also known as pseudolaminar necrosis, is necrosis of neurons in the coex of the brain in situations when the supply of oxygen and glucose is inadequate to meet regional demands Refer robbins 9/e p814", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cerebral infarct", "opb": "Renal infarct", "opc": "Hepatic infarct", "opd": "Cardiac infarct", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "d70e232f-ae3d-47e7-8984-79238ce1ad7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumour marker for a highly vascular tumour", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Keratin o Mesotheloma is highly vascular and keratin is a marker of mesotheloma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Desmin", "opb": "Keratin", "opc": "Sa 200", "opd": "Alpha-feto protein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc33ce39-de28-4f18-9abe-95f247ac85f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary causative factor for myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome of the TMJ is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Infratemporal space infection", "opb": "Auriculotemporal neuritis", "opc": "Muscular overextension and over contraction", "opd": "Otitis media", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec707789-7da0-498d-ac22-c48ea4189567", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common testicular tumour of Childhood is", "exp": "Infantile embryonal carcinoma or endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumor is the most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Seminoma", "opc": "Chorio Carcinoma", "opd": "Embryonal Ca", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "39df96cd-7716-418f-af4f-882933ad1665", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broad cast is a feature of", "exp": "Broad casts in urine appear as a result of chronic damage to tubules and collecting ducts. It is seen in chronic renal failure.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute Renal failure", "opb": "Chronic Renal failure", "opc": "Acute glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Chronic glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2e911f18-9ec2-419f-bf06-b6970ac3f85c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Linitis plastica is a type of", "exp": "According to Lauren classification, gastric cancers are two types- intestinal and diffuse type. Intestinal type Diffuse type Gross: Tumors are bulky, composed of glandular structures similar to esophageal and colonic adenocarcinoma. Present with heaped up borders and central ulceration. Gross: Infiltrative tumor which evokes a desmoplastic reaction that stiffens the gastric wall and may cause rugal flattening and a rigid, thickened wall that impas \" Leather bottle\" appearance called lintis plastica. Microscopy: neoplastic cells contain mucin vacuoles, abundant mucin present in the gland lumina. Microcopy: Signet ring cells with large cytoplasmic mucin vacuoles & peripherally displaced crescent shaped nuclei REF: TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE .570 IMAGE REF: TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION. FIG.14-16, PAGE:571", "cop": 2, "opa": "Plastic like lining of stomach", "opb": "Diffuse carcinoma of stomach", "opc": "Benign ulcer", "opd": "GIST", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "f71b7900-8f7c-41d6-ad6d-014edfabab7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In pheochromocytoma, not a pa the rule of 10 is", "exp": "Ans is 'd' i.e. 10% are symptomatic Pheochromocytomas usually subscribe to a convenient \"rule of 10\" or \"10% tumor\"; i.e. 10% of pheochromocytomas are :-Bilateral Extra-adrenal FamilialMalignant Multiple Occur in children", "cop": 4, "opa": "10% are bilateral", "opb": "10% are malignant", "opc": "10% are extra adrenal", "opd": "10% are symptomatic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c6c33383-bd1f-4b20-b11a-3ec74f998bcb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most important source of histamine", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Mast cells", "opb": "EOsinophils", "opc": "Neutrophils", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9711155b-2d5a-4617-9067-8ba0ed30b87d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in", "exp": "Mitochondria contain several proteins that are capable of inducing apoptosis; these proteins include cytochrome c and other proteins that neutralize endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis. Cytochrome c, together with some cofactors, activates caspase-9. Other proteins that leak out of mitochondria block the activities of caspase antagonists that function as physiologic inhibitors of apoptosis.The net result is the activation of the caspase cascade, ultimately leading to nuclear fragmentation.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 19 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Cell necrosis", "opc": "Electron transpo chain", "opd": "Cell division", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "389f6da8-c35a-4b3c-affd-17b4955febe8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Angular stomatitis", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "can be a concomitant of any candidal infection", "opb": "is seen mainly in adults", "opc": "may be associated with streptococcus", "opd": "may be a sign of anaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "54f1131c-6494-4e96-bcfa-52cd50a217ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acid phosphatase is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "T-lymphocyte", "opb": "B-lymphocyte", "opc": "Myelocyte", "opd": "Monocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "168132d5-1f23-4510-8a71-5168bd8b3fe5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cytokines are secreted in sepsis and Systemic inflammatory Response syndrome (SIRS) by", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Neutrophils Cytokine release in Sepsis o Mechanism by which endotoxin causes activation of inflammatory cells and release of cytoine has already been explained earlier. o It is by TLR-4 and CD-14 mediated. Signals from TLR-4 can directly activate vascular endotheliun and leukocytes to release cytokine mediators. o The major cells that secret cytokines in sepsis area 1. Monocyte/Macrophages 2. Neutrophils 3. Endothelial cells o Cytokine mediators involved are :? 1. TNF - (The most impoant cytokine in sepsis) 2. IL-1 3. IL-6 4. IL-8 5. NO.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neutrophils", "opb": "Adrenal", "opc": "Platelets", "opd": "Collecting duct", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9ac6066-231c-4190-a2ed-ad6ac7b52429", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microalbuminuria is defined as protein levels of", "exp": "• The earliest manifestation of diabetic nephropathy is the appearance of low amounts of albumin in the urine (>30 mg/day, but <300 mg/day), that is, microalbuminuria.\n• Microalbuminuria is also a marker for greatly increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality for persons with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes", "cop": 1, "opa": "30-300 mg/d", "opb": "151-200 mg/d", "opc": "100-150 mg/d", "opd": "301-600 mg/d", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "addfa0e9-1961-48ce-a0c4-b88bf2fe36cc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal serum uric acid levels in males is", "exp": "serum uric acid male 3.1-7.0 mg/dL female 2.5-5.6 mg/dL Ref: RAM DAS NAYAK EXAM PREPARATORY MANUAL FOR UNDERGRADUATES 2nd ed. pg no: 784", "cop": 1, "opa": "3.1 - 7 mg/dl", "opb": "2.5-5.6 mg/dl", "opc": "1.2-3.3 mg/dl", "opd": "1.8-4.4 mg/dl", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "8c4733e6-2128-44e1-a0be-1377fc363a51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oval stem cells are located in", "exp": "Cell Location Function Oval cells Canals of Herring of liver Forms hepatocytes & biliary cells Satellite cells Basal lamina of myotubules Differentiate into myocytes after injury Limbus cells Canals of Schlemm Stem cells for cornea Ito cells Subendothelial space of Disse Store vitamin A Paneth cells Bottom of crypts Host defense against microorganisms", "cop": 2, "opa": "Canal of Schlemm", "opb": "Canal of Herring", "opc": "Space of Disse", "opd": "Basal lamina of myotubules", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bca47469-efda-4962-ab2f-e7b3ccec2c5f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The number of platelets in a single bag of SDP is", "exp": "*Since each blood bag (usually 250 mL or 500 mL) contains a relativelysmall number of platelets, it can take as many as a dozen blood bags(usually from 5 to 10 bags, depending on the size of the bloodbags and each donor's plateletcount) to accumulate a single unit ofplatelets (enough for one patient). Apheresis platelets are usually called single donor platelets because they are collected from a single donor with an automated cell separator. Donors usually have an IV line in each arm. ... Single donor platelets offer several advantages over random donorconcentrates including: Less inventory and pooling. Refer bailey and love 27th edition ,pg 21", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 * 10^11", "opb": "2 * 10^11", "opc": "1 * 10^12", "opd": "2 * 10^12", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "f5458a9b-d1ae-44e0-b9b5-efdc27474f2e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acute paronychia is treated by", "exp": "Acute paronychiaM/C hand infection.Due to inappropriate nail trimming or skin picking near nail foldAfter initial inflammation, pus accumulates beside the nailIt's removed by I&D technique with or without the excision of outer quaer of the nail.(Refer: Bailey and Love's Sho Practice of Surgery, 26th edition, pg no: 507)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Incision and drainage", "opb": "Lifting the paronychium", "opc": "Paial nail excision", "opd": "Total nail excision", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "793b7962-98d9-48e7-a31f-5d65e256fa98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mutation seen in malignant melanoma", "exp": "Germline mutations in CDKN2A gene are found in about 40% of familial malignant melanoma cases.", "cop": 2, "opa": "P53", "opb": "CDKN2A", "opc": "RET", "opd": "Rb", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d15091be-602a-429a-9fc7-5a432dea3000", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neuroendocrine lesions of lung are", "exp": "Classification of neuroendocrine lesions.\n\nNon-neoplastic\n\t\nReactive neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (associated with inflammation or scarring).\nIdiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia.\n\n\n\nBenign - Tumorlets \nMalignant -\n\nCarcinoid tumor. \nSmall cell carcinoma of lung.\nLarge cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carcinoid tumor", "opb": "Alveolar carcinoma", "opc": "Hamartoma", "opd": "Asthma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c2141283-c585-44ea-b9f6-1068f77c269d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CD16 and CD56 are markers of", "exp": "The function of NK cells is to destroy irreversibly stressed and abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells and tumor cells. NK cells make up approximately 5% to 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. They do not express TCRs or Ig. NK cells are endowed with the ability to kill a variety of virus-infected cells and tumor cells, without prior exposure to or activation by these microbes or tumors. This ability makes NK cells an early line of defense against viral infections and, some tumors. Two cell surface molecules, CD16 and CD56, are commonly used to identify NK cells. CD16 is an Fc receptor for IgG, and it confers on NK cells the ability to lyse IgG-coated target cells. This phenomenon is known as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The function of CD56 isnot known.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 6; Diseases of the Immune System; Page no: 192", "cop": 1, "opa": "NK cells", "opb": "B Lymphocytes", "opc": "Helper T lymphocyte", "opd": "Cytotoxic T lymphocyte", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "41ccbc6b-7b56-466c-a9f2-4ae16f366fd0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inflammatory cell that will be seen after 2 days of acute appendicitis is", "exp": ". Monocyte", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neutrophil", "opb": "Eosinophil", "opc": "Monocyte", "opd": "Lymphocyte", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "92da62c6-953a-477c-9d3b-57cab10e6493", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene responsible for embryogenesis of eye", "exp": "Ans. (a) PAX 6(Ref: Emery genetics)The PAX-6 gene locus is a transcription factor for the various genes and growth factors involved in eye formation. Eye formation in the human embryo begins at approximately 3 weeks into embryonic development and continues through the tenth week.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PAX 6", "opb": "PAX 2", "opc": "PAX 5", "opd": "RAX", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "ed735c71-4adc-47d8-820b-b1d3227cd919", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cooley's anemia is also known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Erythroblastosis fetalis", "opb": "Aplatic anemia", "opc": "Thalassemia", "opd": "Pernicious anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "564691b9-4a45-46d1-a0f9-ec7400d2eb51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a thrombus, the dark lines of zahn are due to", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Coagulated fibrin", "opb": "Aggregated proteins", "opc": "Aggregated platelets", "opd": "Aggregated R.B.C", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1cf3fde4-b891-4253-9b44-d11be98ca8c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ahritis occur in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alkaptonuria", "opb": "Cystinosis", "opc": "Maple syrup diseases", "opd": "Homocystinuria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "80cc5897-216e-41f3-9017-4ba3ec82f1dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Swiss cheese pattern of the endometrium is seen in", "exp": "Anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding -Three types*Pubey menorrhagia (threshold bleeding)*Metropathia hemorrhagica (during reproductive period)*Premenopausal menorrhagiaMetropathia hemorrhagica*Age group : 35-40 years *Clinical features : continuous and prolonged menstrual bleeding*Gross: Uterus bulky due to myometrial hyperplasiaHistology : Proliferative endometrial glands with \"Swiss cheese pattern\". Absence of secretory endometrial glands is characteristic of metropathia hemorrhagica. (Ref: Padubidri's gynecology)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma endometirum", "opb": "Metropathia hemorrhagica", "opc": "Hydatiform mole", "opd": "Halban disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "076e04a6-deac-4e6c-8559-4250852698ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Wear and tear pigment in the body refers to", "exp": "Lipofuscin, or \"wear-and-tear pigment,\" is an insoluble brownish-yellow granular intracellular material that accumulates in a variety of tissues (paicularly the hea, liver, and brain) as a function of age or atrophy.Lipofuscin represents complexes of lipid and protein that derive from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes. It is not injurious to the cell but is a marker of past free radical injury.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 24 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lipochrome", "opb": "Melanin", "opc": "Anthracotic pigment", "opd": "Haemosiderin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e2dd6891-916e-491f-a533-b73c96e7fc76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Interleukin secreted by Th17 cells", "exp": "Ans. (b) IL22(Ref: Immunity 2008 Apr. 28(4): 454-467IL-22 is one of the IL-10 family cytokines, which also include IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-24, and IL-26, as well as more distally related IL-28 and IL-29.It has a role in autoimmune diseases, tissue-repair and wound-healing apart from being proinflammatory", "cop": 2, "opa": "IFN Gamma", "opb": "IL22", "opc": "IL6", "opd": "1L16", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "10275c21-e6a3-47ff-a554-5558755e63ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most sensitive indicator of iron deficiency anemia", "exp": "Ans. (c) Serum ferritin(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 649-652)Among the options provided, most sensitive marker in iron deficiency anemia is Serum ferritin.Serum ferritin reflects the storage of Iron which is decreased even in the pre-latent stage of Iron deficiency Anemia and is the most sensitive marker.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Packed cell volume", "opb": "Hemoglobin", "opc": "Serum ferritin", "opd": "Serum iron", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "effbecff-c59b-467c-93de-385b6bde19e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Unstable spine injury occurs in", "exp": "Mode of injuries in Lower Cervical Spine Fractures (C3 - C7)Mode of injuriesPattern of fractureVeical (Axial) compression Burst fracture (Veebral height is decreased in toto)Pure flexion Wedge compression fracture (Decreased anterior height of veebrae)Combined axial compression & flexion Teardrop fracture (Antero inferior fragment of the veebral body is sheared off)Distraction - Flexion /Flexion rotation (MC unstable spine injury)Unilateral or bilateral subluxation & dislocation Flexion sprains Jumped facetsFloating veebra Avulsion injury of spinous process Clay shoveler's fracture Axial compression extension type Second most common type Distraction extension injury Disruption of anterior ligamentous complex followed by posterior soft tissue complex (Refer: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, 7th edition,pg no: 1498,1413,1435,1485)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Compression injury", "opb": "Flexion-rotation injury", "opc": "Extensor injury", "opd": "Flexion injury", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b9ca6ced-145f-4430-b124-e842a79e9bf6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diagnostic accuracy of a test is determined by", "exp": "(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 149)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sensitivity", "opb": "Specificity", "opc": "Predictive value", "opd": "Odds ratio", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "76f45289-6d3c-4ca1-9182-e4df9eb0b1ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Munro&;s microabscesses are seen in", "exp": "In psoriasis, the increased rate of proliferation (to replace the damaged, exfoliated keratin) is reflected in epidermal thickening (acanthosis), down the growth of elongated epidermal ridges, and increased mitotic activity. The stratum granulosum is thin or absent, and there is extensive overlying parakeratotic scale. The dermal papillae are elongated and contain dilated capillaries; these extend close to the parakeratotic scale due to thinning of the overlying epidermis.&;When the psoriatic scale is removed, this results in minute points of bleeding (Auspitz's sign). Within the epidermis are focal areas of slight edema (spongiosis); collections of neutrophils in the stratum corneum produce the characteristic Munro&;s microabscesses.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stratum granulosum", "opb": "Stratum corneum", "opc": "Basal layer", "opd": "Papillary tips", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "67fa8130-9b92-40c4-b9f1-c88f8bb69476", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The ‘Iris lesions ’ are pathognomonic of", "exp": "Erythema Multiforme\nThe classic skin lesion consists of a central blister or necrosis with concentric rings of variable color around it called typical “target” or “iris” lesion that is pathognomonic of EM;\nvariants are called “atypical target” lesions (Figure 4-16). The skin may feel itchy and burnt. Postinflammatory hyperpig - mentation is common in dark-skinned individuals and may be worsened by sun exposure.", "cop": 2, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "Erythema Multiforme", "opc": "Apthous ulcers", "opd": "DLE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0de021d-243c-4d91-9ac5-d5523b77f34c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macrodontia is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Acromegaly", "opb": "Pituitary gigantism", "opc": "Hypoparathyroidisrn", "opd": "Hyperthyroidism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3179486d-02b1-4725-8983-f485c3659ca6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caseous necrosis is not found in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., CMV", "cop": 3, "opa": "TB", "opb": "Histoplasmosis", "opc": "CMV", "opd": "Syphilis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "31241df5-5d07-436f-b468-d8eaa55daab4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inclusions in oligodendrogliocytes is a feature of aEUR'", "exp": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy :? . Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy is a progressive disorder cause by J.C. virusdeg. . The main cells affected in the disease are oligodendrocytesdeg. . Since oligodendrocytes are concerned with myelination, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy is characterized by multifocal areas of demyelinationQ of varying size distributed throughout the brain but sparing the spinal cord and optic nerves. Pathology . Besides demyelination there are characteristis cytological alterations in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes : - AstrocytesQ . Enlarged and contain, hyperchromatic, deformed and bizarre nuclei and frequent mitotic figures. OligodendrocytesQ . These have enlarged densely staining nuclei that contains virus inclusions.formed by crystalline arrays. Symptoms of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy :? Visual defects (45%) --> Homonymous hemianopia, Conjugate gaze abnormalities Mental impairment (38%) Dementia, confusion, personality changes Weakness --> Hemi or monoparesis and ataxia Seizures (20%) ---> Speech defect aphasia, hemiparesis, ataxia Focal neurological signs . Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy is predominantly seen in patients with immunosuppressive disorders: ? . Most commonly associated conditions are: ? - AIDS (80%)Q - Hematological malignancies (13%) - Transplant recipients (5%) - Chronic inflammatory disease (2%) Prognosis of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy . In most cases death occurs in 3-6 months .from onset of neurological symptoms and even more rapidly in patients with AIDS unless aggressive interetrul treatment is undeaken. Diagnosis . MRI is used for the diagnosis of PML. . MRI is better than CT scan in the diagnosis of PML and is frequently used for the diagnosis of PML. . On MRI the lesion appears as multrfocal asymmetric coalescing white matter located periventricularly. . These lesions have increased signals on T2 and FLAIR images and decrease signal on T,-weighted images. . PML lesions are classically nonenhancingQ. . Other impoant diagnostic tool in PML is the PCR amplification of JCV DNA. . The PCR amplification of JCV DNA in association with typical MRI lesion in the appropriate clinical setting is diagnostic of PML. I am not sure of the answer, visual symptoms, aphasia dysahria are commonly seen in PML.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease", "opb": "CIDP", "opc": "HSV", "opd": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "946d0cf6-9e1f-4b98-a009-036cebe3c26f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The explosive and widespread form of secondary syphilis in immuno compromised individual is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Condylornata lata", "opb": "Mucous patches", "opc": "Lues maligna", "opd": "Lupus vulgaris", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36b94a3a-22b5-45ed-b5a9-bd5852290a90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "most comon type of carcinoma thyroid is", "exp": "The most common thyroud carcimoma is papillary carcinoma 75 - 85% of all cases. Option 2 is right. Robbins basic pahology. 7th edition. Chapter Endocrine system. Page no. 1177.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anaplastic", "opb": "Papillary", "opc": "Follicular", "opd": "Medullary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "af814bd0-100e-430f-b276-37bf807bc0f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest histological nding in benign hypertension is", "exp": "Characteristic vascular pathology of benign hypertension is hyaline arteriosclerosis.\nVascular pathology in Hypertension Hypertension is associated with two forms of small blood vessels disease -\n1. Hyaline arterioiosclerosis\n\nThere is homogenous, pink, hyaline thickening of arteriolar wall.\nThe lumen becomes narrow, o It is characterisc of benign hypertension,\nIt may also occur in diabetes and aging.\n\n2. Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis\n\nIt is characteristic of malignant hypertension.\nThere is concentrenc, laminated thickening of arteriolar wall → onion skinning,\nThere is mucinous intimal thickening and fibrous intimal thickening.\nThere may be accompanied fibrinoid deposits with necrosis of the vessels w ral! → fibrinoid necrosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Proliferating endarteritis", "opb": "Necrotising arterioiitis", "opc": "Hyaline arteriosclerosis", "opd": "Cystic medial necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d7528e1e-7222-40e8-80a6-ad8fe46cb660", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prion includes", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. Proteins Prions are infectious proteins that cause degeneration of the central nervous system.They are infectious particles that lack nucleic acid.Prions are composed largely, if not entirely of PrP molecules.Four important points about prions are: -Prions are the only known infectious pathogens that are devoid of nucleic acid, all other infectious assents possess genomes composed of either RNA or DNA that direct the synthesis of their progeny.Prions disease may manifest as infectious, genetic and sporadic disorders; no other group of illness with a single etiology presents with such a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Prions disease results from the accumulation of PrPSc the conformation of which differs substantially from that of its precursor PrPc.PrPSc can exist in a variety of different conformations each of which seems to specify a particular disease phenotype.Prions reproduce by binding to the normal cellular isoform of prion protein and stimulating conversion of PrP into the disease causing isoform.", "cop": 3, "opa": "DNA and RNA", "opb": "Only RNA", "opc": "Proteins", "opd": "Only DNA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Infectious Disease", "id": "bc85899d-0dfe-4291-8ffe-a21016b7e653", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NARP is a", "exp": "Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) is a condition that causes a variety of signs and symptoms chiefly affecting the nervous system. Beginning in childhood or early adulthood, most people with NARP experience numbness, tingling, or pain in the arms and legs (sensory neuropathy); muscle weakness; and problems with balance and coordination (ataxia). Many affected individuals also have vision loss caused by changes in the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye (the retina). In some cases, the vision loss results from a condition called retinitis pigmentosa. This eye disease causes the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually to deteriorate. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are often seen in children with NARP, and older individuals with this condition may experience a loss of intellectual function (dementia). Other features of NARP include seizures, hearing loss, and abnormalities of the electrical signals that control the heabeat (cardiac conduction defects). These signs and symptoms vary among affected individuals.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lipid storage disorder", "opb": "Glycogen storage disorder", "opc": "Mitochondrial disorder", "opd": "Lysosomal storage disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "941fed28-d49a-4170-a1c6-0c0e50a690dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumor Suppressor Gene associated with Familial gastric cancer and Lobular breast carcinoma is", "exp": "GeneProteinFunctionFamilial syndromesSporadic CancersCDH1E-cadherinCell adhesion,inhibition of cell motilityFamilial gastric cancerGastric carcinoma, Lobular breast carcinomaRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 7; Neoplasia; Page no: 291; Table: 7-7", "cop": 4, "opa": "RB", "opb": "PTEN", "opc": "APC", "opd": "CDH1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "28054ed6-3700-4878-9232-c1a670e1713a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most severe form of Ehler Danlos syndrome is", "exp": "Ahrochalasia EDS (aEDS, formerly categorized as types 7A & B) is characterized by severe joint hypermobility and congenital hip dislocation. Other common features include fragile, elastic skin with easy bruising, hypotonia, kyphoscoliosis (kyphosis and scoliosis), and mild osteopenia. Refer robbins 145", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type 1", "opb": "Type 2", "opc": "Type 4", "opd": "Type 8", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "681f36c4-99f9-47e0-9f9b-ac503b048ccf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On electron microscopy in most of the cases characteic slpiiting of GBM with subepithelial deposits in few cases is seen in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 915By light microscopy the glomeruli either appear normal in the early stages of the disease or exhibit uniform, diffuse thick- ening of the glomerular capillary wall (Fig. 20-12A). By electron microscopy the thickening is seen to be caused by irregular electron dense also deposits containing immune com- plexes between the basement membrane and the overlying epithelial cells, with effacement of podocyte foot processes (Fig. 20-12B and D). Basement membrane material is laid down between these deposits, appearing as irregular spikes protrud- ing from the GBM. These spikes are best seen by silver stains, which color the basement membrane, but not the deposits, black. In time, these spikes thicken to produce domelike protru- sions and eventually close over the immune deposits, burying them within a markedly thickened, irregular membrane. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrates that the granu- lar deposits contain both immunoglobulins and complement (Fig. 20-12C). As the disease advances segmental sclerosis may occur; in the course of time glomeruli may become totally sclerosed. The epithelial cells of the proximal tubules contain protein reabsorption droplets, and there may be consider", "cop": 2, "opa": "RPGN", "opb": "Membranous nephropathy", "opc": "FSGS", "opd": "Minimal change disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "cdc27703-b8c5-409f-87af-b5ffc979dd20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aphthous ulcers known as", "exp": "(Canker sores) (554,114, 211, 564, HM) (580- Basic pathology 8th)* Aphthous ulcers (Canker sores) - Commonest form of painful oral ulcers* In shock due to burns, acute stress ulcers of the stomach or duodenum may occurs and are known as Curling's ulcer* Squamous cell carcinoma developing in an old bum scar (Marjolin's ulcer)* Intra cranial lesion e.g. Head injury (Cushing ulcers developing from hyper acidity following vagal stimulation)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Canker sores", "opb": "Marjolin's ulcer", "opc": "Curling's ulcer", "opd": "Cushing ulcers", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "4855ef4f-f6e7-4692-a765-a2de6c54a3c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Duodenal villous atrophy is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (c) Celiac disease(Ref: R9/ 1782)D Xylose absorption test is a medical test to diagnose condition that cause malabsorption of proximal small intestine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Crohn's disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Celiac disease", "opd": "Cystic fibrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "622d4188-26a3-4ff4-9ef3-b0bfc49ff1d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Developmental enamel defects are most commonly seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Primary incisors", "opb": "Primary 2nd molar", "opc": "Permanent incisors", "opd": "Permanent 1st molar", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca3f5d4b-d527-404f-bfbe-666764487e60", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antisera are prepared from", "exp": "AntiseraIs a material prepared in animalsPassive immunization was achieved by the administration of antisera or antitoxins prepared from horsesAdministration of antisera give rise to serum sickness and anaphylactic shock(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24th edition, pg no:112)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Guinea pig", "opb": "Rabbit", "opc": "Rat", "opd": "Horse", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "acd00099-3c84-4338-b38f-0c4c38df9810", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased Ig A levels are seen in", "exp": "Serum IgA increased in - Alcoholic cirrhosis Serum IgM increased in -Primary biliary cirrhosis (Ref: Clin Exp Immunol.2009 Oct; 158(1): 115-124, Liver.1984 Jun;4(3): 214-8)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alcoholic hepatitis", "opb": "Alcoholic cirrhosis", "opc": "Microvescicular fatty change", "opd": "Macrovesicular fatty change", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "502328ba-6339-4d52-a737-4f7b57b333b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tadpole cells comma shaped cells on histopathology are seen in", "exp": "Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence. Rhabdomyosarcoma is histollogically subclassified into embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic variants. The rhabdomyoblast is the diagnostic cell in all types. The rhabdomyoblast may be round or elongated, the later are called tadpole or strap cells. Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 795,heading=Skeletal muscle tumors. Morphology box Option is 3,Rhabdomyosarcoma ref img", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trichoepithelioma", "opb": "Spideroma", "opc": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opd": "Histiocytoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "6f241c5f-240d-4ed9-bc72-b540f4292e91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is", "exp": "Answer- C, t (15:17)Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3 by the FAB classification) is associated with a t(15;17) (q22;q11) translocation.Disseminated intravascular coagulation can occur in this disorder due to the release of procoagulant substances from the leukemic cells, especially during treatment.The t(4;11)(q21;q23) translocation is associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and undifferentiated leukemia.The t(6;9)(p23;q34) translocation is found in subtypes of AML with basophilia (M1, M2, M4).Burkitt's leukemia, which is related to Burkitt's lymphoma, is associated with t(8;14) (q 24;q32).The t(8;21) (q22;q22) translocation (choice D) is seen in M2 leukemia, also known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with maturation", "cop": 3, "opa": "t (8:14)", "opb": "t (9:22)", "opc": "t (15:17)", "opd": "t (8:21)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "613d0f5c-2ee6-4307-9c55-d964e8f98b82", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tumor marker for Endodermal sinus tumor is", "exp": "Endodermal sinus Tumors often have eosinophilic hyaline globules in which a1-antitrypsin and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) can be demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques. As mentioned later, AFP can also be detected in the serum .Serum AFP is a very good tumor marker in patients with germ cell tumors composed of or containing endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor, irrespective of their location. ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-661", "cop": 4, "opa": "HCG", "opb": "CEA", "opc": "cytokein", "opd": "Alpha fetoprotein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "d4a0f99b-ec5b-41c7-8a4f-7097acf185c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Edwards syndrome is", "exp": "TRISOMY 18: EDWARDS SYNDROME Characterised by Prominent occiput Mental retardation Micrognathia Sho neck Overlapping fingers Congenital hea defects Renal malformations Limited hip abduction Low set ears (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 238)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trisomy 21", "opb": "Trisomy 18", "opc": "Trisomy l3", "opd": "5P", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "6fb704dd-cd21-4196-8f4a-3e63dc7b341f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The ocular basement membrane is stained with", "exp": "Not only ocular almost all basement membranes are stained with PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff) Because they have mucopolysaccharides.Periodic acid-Schiff reactive (PAS) method is principally used to demonstrate structures rich in polysaccharides (glycogen), mucopolysaccharides (e.g., ground substance of connective tissues, basement membrane, and mucus), glycoproteins (thyroglobulin), and glycolipids.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alcaine blue", "opb": "Giemsa stain", "opc": "Methylene blue", "opd": "Periodic acid-Schiff", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9ea76fc8-ac95-4e35-bd7e-c1a5fca25edb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Disease having autosomal recessive inheritance", "exp": "Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Sickle cell anemia Cystic fibrosis Tay-Sachs disease Phenylketonuria Mucopolysaccharidoses--all types Glycogen storage diseases--all types Galactosemia (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 218)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cystic fibrosis", "opb": "Hydrocephalus", "opc": "Duchene muscular dystrophy", "opd": "Vitamin D resistant ricket", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "14dca5d1-7168-4342-aa71-662b7bc600a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mediator of acute inflammation not derived from the cell is (D. REPEAT Feb 2014)", "exp": "Chemical Mediators of Inflammation\nAka permeability factors or endogenous mediators of increased vascular permeability.\nThey are broadly classified into 2 groups:\ni. Mediators released by cells.\nii. Mediators originating from plasma.\nChemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation\nA. Cell-Derived Mediators\n1. Vasoactive amines\n\nHistamine\n5-hydroxytryptamine\nNeuropeptides\n\n2. Arachidonic acid metabolites (Eicosanoids)\ni. Metabolites via cyclo-oxygenase pathway\n\nProstaglandins\nThromboxane A2\nProstacyclin\nResolvins\n\nii. Metabolites via lipo-oxygenase pathway\n\n5-HETE\nLeukotrienes\nLipoxins\n\n3. Lysosomal components (from PM Ns, macrophages)\n4. Platelet-activating factor (PAF)\n5. Cytokines\n\nIL-1\nTNF-α\nTNF-β\nIFN-γ\nChemokines\n\n6. Free radicals\n\nOxygen metabolites\nNitric oxide\n\nB. Plasma-Derived Mediators (Plasma Proteases) Products of:\n1. The Kinin system.\n2. The Clotting system.\n3. The Fibrinolytic system.\n4. The Complement system.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histamine", "opb": "Kinins", "opc": "Leukotrienes", "opd": "Cytokines", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a30490e4-264e-4f06-beec-cce4ca052eeb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most demineralised zone in enamel caries", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Translucent zone", "opb": "Body of lession", "opc": "Dark zone", "opd": "Surface zone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a292bc56-61d1-41dd-a763-cdbd109664f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common location of SEGA (sub ependymal giant cell strocytoma)", "exp": "Foramen of monro is the most common site for SEGA.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Foramen of monro", "opb": "Foramen of luschka", "opc": "Foramen of magendine", "opd": "Roof of lateral ventricle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "edfaea6d-23ce-4ec4-83dc-145ee04b3bb2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site of origin for venous thrombi leading to pulmonary embolism is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Ascending aorta", "opb": "Portal vein", "opc": "Deep leg veins", "opd": "Right atrium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b06a372e-fa73-4aad-a717-5c96364b01ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NA hich of the 10110N% ing is not a cause of point mutation", "exp": "Ans. a. Paracentric inversion", "cop": 1, "opa": "Paracentric inversion", "opb": "Deletion", "opc": "Substitution", "opd": "Inseion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "79782b2e-1f13-484a-994a-7a5b1354f7f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemolytic crisis in hereditary spherocytosis is precipitated by", "exp": "Ans. (a) Parvovirus B19 infection(Ref: Harrison 18th/pg 1478)Aplastic/hypoplastic crises resulting from parvovirus B19 infection may occur in Hereditary spherocytosis just as is seen in individuals with other chronic hemolytic disorders.Parvovirus B19 selectively infects erythroid precursors and inhibits their growth.Erythropoietic arrest leads to a sudden decrease in hemoglobin concentration and reticulocytopenia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parvovirus B19 infection", "opb": "Infectious mononucleosis", "opc": "Human T-cell leukemia virus", "opd": "Cytomegalovirus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "5cc6e489-876c-469b-a916-82d8c920b65e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptor on neuronal membrane that induces development of glioma", "exp": "Ans. b. CD-133", "cop": 2, "opa": "CD-117", "opb": "CD-133", "opc": "CD-33", "opd": "CD-45", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3d017e80-4a20-41d4-9fd7-8ee48422949c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Necrotising aerioritis with fibrinoid necrosis is characteristic of", "exp": "Fibrinoid necrosis is a special form of necrosis, visible by light microscopy , usually in immune reaction in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of aeries. The deposited immune complexes together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessels produce a bright pink and amorphous appearance on H & E preparation called fibrinoid. Type 3 hypersensitivity disorder Robbins 9th edition page 111,11", "cop": 3, "opa": "Immediate hypersensitivity", "opb": "Cell mediated immunity", "opc": "Ag-Ab complex mediated", "opd": "Cytotoxic mediated", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b4b1e6c6-5853-4cc1-82b4-2ccdfd138c39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Emphysema is due to deficiency of", "exp": "D. i.e. (Alpha - 1- antitrypsin) (486 - Harsh Mohan 5th) (486- Basic pathology 8th)Emphysema - is characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosisal - AT develops in adults and causes pulmonary emphysema in smokers as well as in non smokers* Charcot- Leyden crystal and Curshmann's spirals are seen in B. asthma**** Panacinar (Pan lobular) emphysema is associated with a-1 AT deficiency", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tumor necrosis factor", "opb": "Prostaglandins", "opc": "Leucotriens", "opd": "Alpha - 1 antitrypsin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiration", "id": "436584d2-6c34-47c3-8e2a-1ded6cc309d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene for retinoblastoma is located on", "exp": "harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. *autosomal dominant trait by retinoblastoma susceptibility gene located on chromosome 13. RB Gene: Governor of the Cell Cycle It is useful to begin with the retinoblastoma gene (RB), the first tumor suppressor gene to be discovered and, as it happens, a prototypical representative. As with many advances in medicine, the discovery of tumor suppressor genes was accomplished by the study of a rare disease--in this case, retinoblastoma, an uncommon childhood tumor. Approximately 60% of retinoblastomas are sporadic, and the remaining ones are familial, the predisposition to develop the tumor being transmitted as an autosomal dom- inant trait. To account for the sporadic and familial occur- rence of an identical tumor, Knudson, in 1974, proposed his now famous two-hit hypothesis, which in molecular terms can be stated as follows: * Two mutations (hits) are required to produce retinoblas- toma. These involve the RB gene, which has been mapped to chromosomal locus 13q14. Both of the normal alleles of the RB locus must be inactivated (hence the two hits) for the development of retinoblastoma (Fig. 5-21). * In familial cases, children inherit one defective copy of the RB gene in the germ line; the other copy is normal. Retinoblastoma develops when the normal RB gene is lost in retinoblasts as a result of somatic mutation. Because in retinoblastoma families only a single somatic mutation is required for expression of the disease, the familial transmission follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. * In sporadic cases, both normal RB alleles are lost by somatic mutation in one of the retinoblasts. The end result is the same: a retinal cell that has lost both of the normal copies of the RB gene becomes cancerous. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 183", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromosome 13", "opb": "Chromosome 1", "opc": "Chromosome 10", "opd": "Chromosome 5", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "997fef54-7e09-425b-b49d-22a2a97b1c23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Semen analysis is to be done", "exp": "A semen analysis (plural: semen analyses), also called \"seminogram\" evaluates ceain characteristics of a male's semen and thesperm contained therein. It is done to help evaluate male feility, whether for those seeking pregnancy or verifying the success of vasectomy. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 3, "opa": "As early as possible", "opb": "After 15-30 mins irrespective of liquefaction", "opc": "After 30-60 mins irrespective of liquefaction", "opd": "After liquefaction with through mixing", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "b9e8cd0f-7e52-4daa-9f87-1ee6920a52e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic changes in the apoptotic cells are due to", "exp": "Activation and Function of Caspases\n• The mitochondrial and death receptor pathway leads to the activation of the initiator caspases, caspase 9 and - 8, respectively. Active forms of these enzymes are produced and this cleave and thereby activate another series of caspases that are called the executioner caspases.\nThese activated caspases cleave numerous targets culminating in activation of nucleases that degrade DNA and nucleoproteins. Caspases also degrade components of nuclear matrix and cytoskeleton, leading to fragmentation of cells.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxygen free radicals", "opb": "Caspases", "opc": "Complement fixation", "opd": "ATP ases", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c91dcaa-1150-4c46-9c86-8754abf07c71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRCA 1 & 2 genes are located on chromosomes", "exp": "BRCA-1 Familial breast & ovarian ca Ca of male breast Prostate Pancreas Fallopian tube", "cop": 3, "opa": "13 & 17", "opb": "17 & 22", "opc": "17 & 13", "opd": "13 & 22", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "6c2a543b-07bc-4870-a0bd-3fc2fcd972d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marker for ovarian carcinoma in serum is", "exp": "TABLE 8.14: Impoant Tumour Markers. CANCER ASSOCIATED PROTEINS: i. CA-125:-Ovary ii. CA 15-3 :-Breast iii. CA 19-9 :-Colon, pancreas, breast iv. CD30 :-Hodgkin's disease, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) v. CD25 :-Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), adult T cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL) vi. Monoclonal immunoglobulins :-Multiple myeloma, other gammopathies vii. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) :-Prostate carcinoma HARSH MOHAN Textbook of pathology 6th edition pg no 234", "cop": 1, "opa": "CA-125", "opb": "Fibronectin", "opc": "Acid Phosphatase", "opd": "PSA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "b843c2d4-b687-4ba4-b85a-5c853eb676b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maurer's dots are seen in infection with", "exp": "REMEMBER the following; Plasmodium vivax - Schuffner's dots Plasmodium falciparum - Maurer's dots Plasmodium malariae - Ziemann's dots Plasmodium ovale - James's dots", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pl. malariae", "opb": "Pl. vivax", "opc": "Pl. ovale", "opd": "Pl. falciparum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d5f0114c-3f3e-4597-b165-45f63980d58b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fracture of proximal humerus in an elderly patient is best treated by", "exp": "(Refer: Watson Jones Textbook of Ohopedics & Trauma, 6thedition,pg no: 536-538)", "cop": 2, "opa": "K-wire fixation", "opb": "Open reduction internal fixation", "opc": "Cuff and sling only", "opd": "Manual reduction and Slab application", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1a90155d-a8d1-4cbc-830b-d41dbe4a2410", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": ". Antimitochondrial antibodies are seen in", "exp": "circulating anti-mitochondrial antibody of IgG class detected in more than 90% cases of primary biliary cirrhosis TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:625", "cop": 1, "opa": "Primary biliary cirrhosis", "opb": "Secondary biliary cirrhosis", "opc": "Neonatal hepatitis", "opd": "Neonatal cholestasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "613ffd5e-333b-4424-a76e-475a0dfb4550", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nodular glomerulosclerosis is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Diabetes mellitus(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1118)Most specific histological lesion in diabetic nephropathy (see chapter 18 Endocrine system) is Nodular glomerulosclerosis or Kimmelsteil -Wilson lesions", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "Malignant hypertension", "opc": "Amyloidosis", "opd": "Multiple myeloma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "c8d3fb9c-7304-4783-a5a3-8c8466a2e658", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Response to iron deficiency anemia is denoted by", "exp": "The indicator for a response to iron therapy is reticulocytosis. The response to iron therapy varies, depending on the erythropoietin stimulus and the rate of absorption. Typically, the reticulocyte count should begin to increase within 4-7 days after initiation of therapy and peak at 1-1 1/2 weeks. Harrison 19e 629; ref Robbins 9/e pg 421", "cop": 2, "opa": "Restoration of enzymes", "opb": "Reticulocytosis", "opc": "Increase in iron binding capacity", "opd": "Increase in hemoglobin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "688534f8-aa1d-4943-bfb7-8514ce50d3c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dystrophic calcification is commonly seen in", "exp": "(C) Atheromatous plaque # DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION:> Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and serum levels are normal and calcification occurs as a result of local abnormality in tissue.> Circumstances is which dystrophic calcification occurs: Necrotic tissue: Fat necrosis; Caseation necrosis in the centre of granuloma; Dead parasites (cysticercosis, hydatid cyst etc.) Abnormal blood vessels & heart: Atheromatous plaque; Organized thrombi in veins; Abnormal cardiac valve> Aging or damaged tissue: Pineal gland; Laryngeal cartilage; Monekeberg's medial sclerosis> Neoplasm: Brain tumor (meningioma,craniopharyngioma, oligodendroglioma); Papillary carcinoma thyroid; Serous tumors of ovary; Breast carcinoma; Chondrosarcoma> Tumor Calcinosis: Formation of nodular non neoplastic calcific masses in subcutaneous tissue", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Vitamin D deficiency", "opc": "Atheromatous plaque", "opd": "Renal disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "bb5cc9b0-f573-413b-8825-0062b1a226ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Programmed cell death without caspase activation", "exp": "Necroptosis is a hybrid of necrosis (consider this more) and apoptosis. It is a programmed cell death without caspase (cysteine- aspaic proteases) activation", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autophagy", "opb": "Necroptosis", "opc": "Pyroptosis", "opd": "Gangrene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7750ac4a-9de5-418c-8ea3-c22824422cb7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following do not occur with asbestosis", "exp": "a lung disease resulting from the inhalation of asbestos paicles, marked by severe fibrosis and a high risk of mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura). A history of dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, fatigue, weight loss and pleural effusion in a former asbestos worker is suggestive of mesothelioma. Cigarette smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer in asbestosworkers Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Methemoglobinemia", "opb": "Pneumoconiosis", "opc": "Pleural mesothelioma", "opd": "Pleural calcification", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "6e0489ad-5b03-43c2-b7a3-db1e7e083a21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Breslow thickness is used in", "exp": "In melanoma, the probability of metastasis correlates with the depth of invasion, which by convention is the distance from the superficial epidermal granular cell layer to the deepest intradermal tumour cells; this measurement is known as the Breslow thickness.The probability of metastatic spread and prognosis, to predict an outcome is based on the following variables:(1) tumour depth (the Breslow thickness); (2) number of mitoses; (3) evidence of tumour regression (presumably due to the host immune response); (4) ulceration of overlying skin; (5) the presence and number of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes; (6) gender; and (7) location (central body or extremity)Since most melanomas initially metastasize to regional lymph nodes, additional prognostic information may be obtained by performing a sentinel lymph node biopsyRobbins Pathology 9e pg: 1150", "cop": 1, "opa": "Melanoma", "opb": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opc": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opd": "Actinic keratosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "21a096b2-0d17-48e5-99f3-13383d952e0c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Linear  band of immunofluorescence (due to immunoglobulin deposition) along the dermo epidermal junction (Ribbon candy pattern) is seen in", "exp": "Bullous pemphigoid shows Linear band of immunofluorescence (due to immunoglobulin deposition) along the dermo epidermal junction (Ribbon candy pattern).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bullous pemphigoid", "opb": "Dermatitis Herpetiformis", "opc": "Phemphigus vulgaris", "opd": "Lichen planus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d935725f-31bc-4a28-bde7-cdd6950fa4d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heparin acts", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antithrombin III", "opb": "Factor VIII", "opc": "Thromboplastin", "opd": "Factor V", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ffdd8904-708d-4cbe-9d60-671ec386838c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best site for taking biopsy for viral oesophagitis is", "exp": ". Edge of ulcer", "cop": 1, "opa": "Edge of ulcer", "opb": "Base of ulcer", "opc": "Adjacent indurated area around ulcer", "opd": "Surrounding normal mucosa", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a19aed00-541e-4354-980d-be2531ed2989", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Necrotising arterioritis with fibrinoid necrosis is characteristic of", "exp": "Fibrinoid necrosis is a special form of necrosis, visible by light microscopy , usually in immune reaction in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries. The deposited immune complexes together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessels produce a bright pink and amorphous appearance on H & E preparation called fibrinoid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Immediate hypersensitivity", "opb": "Ag-Ab complex mediated", "opc": "Cell mediated immunity", "opd": "Cytotoxic mediated", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "34584f79-ee5a-4a36-9d42-f22c9e5ab791", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In apoptosis, cytochrome C acts through", "exp": "Cytochrome c leaks into the cytosol, where it binds to APAF-1 andactivates caspase-9. Like caspase-8 of the extrinsic pathway, caspase-9 can cleave and activate the executioner caspases. The integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane is regulated by pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family of proteins( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apaf 1", "opb": "Bc1-2", "opc": "FADD", "opd": "TNF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "5ca1f22c-cad3-423c-8fbc-8009d343dc27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common type of class II mutation in cystic fibrosis is", "exp": "Ans. D. DeletionClass II mutation : 'Deletion' of phenylalanine amino acid so CFTR protein fails to reach cell membrane", "cop": 4, "opa": "Missense mutation", "opb": "Frameshift", "opc": "Non sense", "opd": "Deletion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "081e4e77-4c2c-4ce0-b8e1-844d2c0feb3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of DIC", "exp": "Ans. (a) Obstetric complications(Ref: Harrison 18th ed/pg 1390)The most common causes are bacterial sepsis, malignant disorders such as solid tumors or acute promyelocytic leukemia, and obstetric causes. DIC is diagnosed in almost one-half of pregnant women with abruptio placentae, or with amniotic fluid embolism", "cop": 1, "opa": "Obstetric complications", "opb": "Cyanotic heart disease", "opc": "Malignancies", "opd": "Extensive bums", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Bleeding Disorders", "id": "66c85368-5da8-418c-b2bb-d1ddcc87cfd7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Endodermal sinus tumor is characterised by", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 977Also known as endodermal sinus tumor, yolk sac tumor is of interest because it is the most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age. In this age group it has a very good prognosis. In adults the pure form of this tumor is rare; instead, yolk sac elements frequently occur in combination with embryonal carcinoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cal Exner body", "opb": "Psammoma bodies", "opc": "Schiller Duval bodies", "opd": "Homer wright body", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "801079d6-2426-4107-9e60-6e111b9cb5ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following injury to a blood vessel, immediate haemostasis is achieved by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibrin deposition", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Platelet adhesion", "opd": "Thrombosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8296c41e-bf34-4481-9c59-06ddd7ac86eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Papulovesicular oral Lesions are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Herpangina", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Hand foot and mouth disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0841eff8-827b-4368-a2d9-dbb6f080c750", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peroneus brevis is inseed into", "exp": "Peroneus brevis is at the lateral side, whereas, peroneus ter us (anterior leg muscle) inses on the dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal", "cop": 2, "opa": "Base of I metatarsal", "opb": "Base of V metatarsal", "opc": "Base of proximal phalanx of big toe", "opd": "Lateral cuneiform bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8866889c-78e9-40d9-a8a2-4da4645f44a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common intraoral site of pigmented nevi is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hard palate", "opb": "Buccal mucosa", "opc": "Lips", "opd": "Floor of mouth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d49d0ae-0cfb-45e1-806f-d674cf6382f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Serous papillary cystadenocarcinomas of the ovaries express", "exp": "CA-125", "cop": 1, "opa": "CA-125", "opb": "CA-19", "opc": "CEA", "opd": "AFP", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04064d27-20f9-4662-8b5c-cc40f630ee68", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pseudopolyposis is seen in", "exp": "Ulcerative colitis: Isolated islands of regenerating mucosa often bulge into the lumen to create small elevations, termed pseudo polyps. TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.590 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Crohn's disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Juvenile polyposis", "opd": "Enteric fever", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "01633557-7ac5-4527-8eef-296f52ae82cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histopathological feature of HIV encephalitis is/are", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Microglial nodules Microscopic findings of HIV encephalitis are :? i) Diffuse white matter pallor ii) Perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages iii) Foci of necrosis, gliosis and / or demyelination iv) Microglial nodules, macrophages and multinucleated cells", "cop": 4, "opa": "Negri body", "opb": "Lewy body", "opc": "Fibrillary plaque", "opd": "Microglial nodules", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8463cb9b-9470-42f3-8d11-ed1b1370bc04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Widely accepted theory of dental caries", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Proteolytic theory", "opb": "Proteolytic chelation theory", "opc": "Acidogenic theory", "opd": "Autoimmune theory", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0ac5098-0f4c-4a41-a338-3e9773ef401d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient of anemia due to chronic inflammation, the positive finding is", "exp": "Direct quote from Robbins : ‘Hyperacute rejection occurs when preformed antidonor antibodies are present in the circulation of the recipient’. Such antibodies may be present:\n\nIn a recipient who has previously rejected a kidney transplant\nMultiparous women who develop anti-HLA antibodies against paternal antigens shed from the fetus may have preformed antibodies to grafts taken from their husbands or children\nPrior blood transfusions\nIn recipients not previously sensitized to transplantation antigens, exposure to the class I and class II HLA antigens of the donor graft may evoke antibodies. The initial target of these antibodies in rejection seems to be the graft vasculature.\n\nThus, antibody-dependent acute humoral rejection is usually manifested by a vasculitis, sometimes referred to as rejection vasculitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Serum iron is increased", "opb": "S. ferritin is decreased", "opc": "TIBC is decreased", "opd": "Presence of normal iron in blasts", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ffbeae6-6555-4229-b830-aec94b3d63ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oral dyskinesia may be caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Complete loss of teeth", "opb": "TMJ ankylosis", "opc": "Herpes simplex infection", "opd": "Pemphigus vulgaris", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d31dc6af-411f-47f6-9317-fad4e9733677", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Capgras syndrome is more common in", "exp": "Capgras is delusion of double which is found in psychotic stage only", "cop": 2, "opa": "Obsessive compulsive disorder", "opb": "Paranoid schizophrenia", "opc": "Hysteria", "opd": "Schizoid personality disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ec0a6dfa-2373-4b4e-8efb-abc4391e9077", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bell's Palsy is characterized by", "exp": "Bell's palsy is an abrupt, unilateral, peripheral facial nerve paralysis. It is characterized by drooping of the corners of the mouth, watering of the eye, inability to close or wink the eye, absence of forehead wrinkles on the affected side, mask like expression less face, inability to whistle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bilateral involvement of the side of the face", "opb": "Inability to whistle", "opc": "No loss of muscular control", "opd": "Closing of the eyes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "21ad670f-77f4-482e-a463-462f6c74f3f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Grossly pigmented liver is seen in .... syndrome", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Crigler-Najjar", "opb": "Gilberts", "opc": "Dubin johnson", "opd": "Rotor's", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bc206a7d-7c4a-46c6-93b7-e2de903cc98d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aschoff's nodules are seen in", "exp": "Acute rheumatic fever is characterised by discrete inflammatory foci within a variety of tissues. The myocardial inflammatory lessons called Aschoff bodies are pathogenic for rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever occurs due to beta hemolytic streptococcal infections. Robbins 9 th edition page no. 391", "cop": 3, "opa": "Subacute bacterial endocarditis.", "opb": "Libman - Sacks endocarditis", "opc": "Rheumatic carditis", "opd": "Non - bacterial Thrombotic endocarditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "f789f206-708b-4e27-bcd3-9f5da6f4e379", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dental anomaly of teeth associated with defective bone formation is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "amelogenesis imperfecta", "opb": "dentinogenesis imperfecta", "opc": "Odontodysplasia", "opd": "Osteitis deformans", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8d9ba9e-d824-4912-b72a-7228ba1203da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemophilia A is caused due to deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Factor X", "opb": "Factor XI", "opc": "Factor IX", "opd": "Factor VIII", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6df77eb3-0b44-4191-a6cc-498c92b56301", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Syndrome associated with increased risk of leukemia is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Plummer Vinson syndrome", "opb": "Klinefelter syndrome", "opc": "Sturge Weber syndrome", "opd": "Multiple hamartoma syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e82782c-b6dd-412e-8cb6-e479849567cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The translocation seen in follicular lymphoma is", "exp": "Follicular lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. When you havefollicular lymphoma, the sick blood cells can travel to many pas of your body, such as your organs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes (pea-sized glands in your neck, groin, and under your arms that are pa of your immune system Follicular lymphoma is a malignant counterpa to normal germinal B cells, and the majority of patients with this disorder show chromosomaltranslocation t(14;18)(q32;q21), which creates a derivative of chromosome 14 on which the BCL-2 gene is juxtaposed to immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene (IgH) sequence. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 2, "opa": "T(11,14)", "opb": "T(14,18)", "opc": "T(9,22)", "opd": "T(8,14)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "fad1c4c0-e7a4-4a3c-8dfa-116512a774c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA marker of bechet's syndrome", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., HLA-B51", "cop": 3, "opa": "HLA-B27", "opb": "HLA-DR5", "opc": "HLA-B51", "opd": "HLA-CW6", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "34791332-bdbd-47a1-90b6-fdf8b5627c3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microalbuminuria is defined as protein level of", "exp": "The earliest manifestation of diabetes nephropathy is the apparence of low amounts of albumin in the urine (>30mg/day,but <300 mg/day) that is, Microalbuminuria Microalbuminuria is also a marker for greatly increased cardiovascular morbidity and moality for person's with either type 1 or type 2 Refer robbins 8/e p1145", "cop": 3, "opa": "100-150 mg/d", "opb": "151-200 mg/d", "opc": "30-300 mg/d", "opd": "301-600 mg /d", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "6656319b-01b2-4916-85c8-b364e3ab86e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The sensitive period for tetracycline induced discolouration in the permanent maxillary mandibular incisors and canines is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "3 months postpartum to 7th year of Life", "opb": "4 months in utero to 3 months postpartum", "opc": "5 months in utero to 9 months postpartum", "opd": "Birth to 7th year", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e87e54af-470d-4118-9488-0a6d7a043c8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitochondrial DNA linked disease is", "exp": "(B) Transmitted by females# mtDNA inheritance is that it is transmitted strictly through the maternal line.> Low levels of paternal transmission of mtDNA have been observed in crosses between mouse species, but not within species41, although further studies showed that this paternal mtDNA was not transmitted to the subsequent generation.> Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency (mitochondrial DNA mutations), Kearns-Sayre syndrome (single, large deletion of mitochondrial DNA), Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (Mutations in four mitochondrial genes, MT-ND1, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, and MT-ND6), Leigh syndrome (most commonly mutated mitochondrial gene in Leigh syndrome, MT-ATP6) are some of the examples for moitochondrial diseases.", "cop": 2, "opa": "More common in males", "opb": "Transmitted by females", "opc": "Variable penetrance in families", "opd": "Autosomal inheritance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "30e383d8-17a6-4e81-9a64-0bf170b063ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Beefy red and painful tongue is characteristic of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Vitamin A deficiency", "opb": "Any periodontal disease", "opc": "Acute nicotinic acid deficiency", "opd": "Ascorbic acid deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f078545c-5ac9-46bd-935f-1c3228f71fbb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with increased urobilinogen is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemolytic anemia", "opb": "Liver cirrhosis", "opc": "Bile duct obstruction", "opd": "Sclerosing Cholangitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "31999356-58d9-46e0-a25f-170733d5d02b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "DNA repair defect is associated", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 197, The basis of this disorder is DNA repair such dna damage is prevented by nucleotide excision repair system, and an inherited loss of any one of these can give rise to xeroderma pigmentosum", "cop": 1, "opa": "Xeroderma pigmentosum", "opb": "Icthyosis", "opc": "Angelman syndrome", "opd": "DiGeorge's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "71cc7668-ac54-4278-9e50-790f661977b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bence jones proteins are associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hodgkin's lymphoma", "opb": "Multiple myeloma", "opc": "Burkitt's Lymphoma", "opd": "Infectious mononucleosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c97feee4-ffba-49fc-902a-de58c92daae2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": ". Pseudopolyposis is seen in", "exp": "isolated islands of regenerating mucosa often bulge into the lumen to create small elevations, termed pseudopolyps TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.590", "cop": 2, "opa": "Crohn's disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Juvenile polyposis", "opd": "Enteric fever", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "35f18efc-25c7-46c9-9e8e-580916e1d17f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important bactericidal agent is", "exp": "H2O2- MPO- halide system is the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cationic basic protein", "opb": "Lactoferrin", "opc": "Lysozyme", "opd": "Reactive O2 species", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ed0e3326-1f31-48a7-b5e6-dfdf02a9abc1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The action of putrefactive bacteria on necrotic tissue results in", "exp": "Gangrene Gangrene is necrosis of tissue associated with superadded putrefication, most often following coagulative necrosis due to ischemia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Infarction", "opb": "Embolism", "opc": "Gangrene", "opd": "Coagulation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "94ceca7f-00fc-40e3-84c1-0f1f5563e1ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marfan disease", "exp": "In Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder of autosomal dominant inheritance, the basic biochemical abnormality is a mutation affecting fibrillin. Mutations in the FBN1 gene are found in all patients with Marfan syndrome. Clinical features may include tall stature, long fingers, bilateral subluxation of lens, mitral valve prolapse, aoic aneurysm, and aoic dissection (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 221)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Collagen I", "opb": "Collagen IV", "opc": "Fibrillin I", "opd": "Fibrillin II", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c85bd8af-4424-4938-93cb-ee5807327cdc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antoni type A and type B are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neurofibroma", "opb": "Neurilemmorna", "opc": "Neurofibrosarcoma", "opd": "Traumatic neuroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce44b6ae-4af3-4249-9a01-913808a9d1f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pappenheimer bodies are", "exp": "Pappenheimer bodies are Iron deposits in siderocytes. (RBCs).\nIt is seen in sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell disease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ribosomal inclusions", "opb": "Iron deposits", "opc": "Denatured Hemoglobin", "opd": "DNA remnants", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a23c1a8f-55f8-479c-8a31-bb8ddd2418ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Condyloma are mostly caused by HPV types", "exp": "Common wa (verruca vulgaris) common type- 1,2 malignant type- 41 Flat wa (verruca plana) common type- 3, 10 malignant type-41 Anogenital was(condyloma acuminatum) common type- 6, 11 malignant type-30, 45 Bowen's disease.. common type- 16 malignant type-31 Bowenoid papulosis common type-16 malignant type-39, 45 Cervical carcinoma common type-16, 18 malignant type-16, 18, 31, 33 Ref: HARSH MOHAN TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th Ed. Pg no: 772", "cop": 2, "opa": "11 and 13", "opb": "6 and 11", "opc": "6 and 13", "opd": "30 and 33", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "10388b5a-6b38-4990-81d8-49031794492e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stellate Granuloma are seen in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Cat scratch disease(Ref: Robbins 9th/98)Cat-scratch disease causes rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils; giant cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cat scratch disease", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "LGV", "opd": "Histoplasmosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "627ad3ca-203b-4726-b71e-6d3b40f74767", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lung abscess is common following ... pneumonia", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Klebsiella o After pneumonia, absess formation is paicularly common with klebsiella and type 3 pneumococci infection.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Streptococcal", "opb": "Staphyloccocal", "opc": "Viral", "opd": "Klebsiella", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "83310c56-16ee-4d18-91db-99c83d5b9557", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Edema in nephrotic syndrome is due to aEUR'", "exp": "Hypoalbuminemia Edema is one of the major clinical manifestations of nephritic syndrome. Two major factors have been thought to be responsible for this problem and it is likely that both contribute to a variable decree in individual patients. i) Low colloid oncotic pressure :? - In nephrotic syndrome the initial event is a derangement in the capillary walls of glomeruli resulting in increased permeability to plasma proteins. - The increased permeability allows protein to escape from plasma to glomerular filtrate. Long standing loss of protein leads to hypoalbuntinemia. - The loss of protein (albumin) leads to reduced colloid oncotic pressure. Fluids are held in the intravascular compament because of the colloid oncotic pressure. When the colloid oncotic pressure is reduced the fluid cannot be retained in the intravascular compament and moves out in the interstitial fluid producing edema. ii)Sodium retention directly induced by renal disease.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na and water restriction", "opb": "Increased venous pressure", "opc": "Hypoalbuminemia", "opd": "Hyperlipidemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a1d062b-b9a9-40de-a7bb-82638bd2d885", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hirschsprung's disease is", "exp": "Is seen more frequently in children with Down's syndrome than in the general population. polygenic inheritance, male>female. Increase in sympathetic activity is due to absence of parasympathetic ganglions in the plexi of Auerbach and Meissner.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Is inherited in an Autosomal recessive fashion", "opb": "Is due to unopposed parasympathetic activity in the affected segment of the bowel", "opc": "Has an equal incidence in girls and boys", "opd": "Is seen more frequently in children with Down's syndrome than in the general population", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c3338a8e-3f53-4d26-85d3-179783deaba9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Immature bony trabeculae are found in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opb": "Paget's disease", "opc": "Rickets", "opd": "Cleidocranial Dysplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a66bdccd-bfb6-46f7-bf1c-c063b922e078", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In renal cell cancer gene involved in mutation", "exp": "(A) (VHL) (953-Robbins pathologic Basis of disease) (681- Harsh mohan 7th)* VHL, MET geneRenal cell carcinoma* WTI gene (1 lpl3)Wllm's tumour* NFI and NF2 geneNeurofibromatosis* BRC1 and BRCA 2 geneBreast cancers* BRCA 1i. BRCA-1 is located on chromosome 17q21ii. BECA -2 is located on chromosome 13q 12Breast cancer (85%) and ovarion cancer 40%)* P53 gene (TP53)(pretector of the genome)Carcinoma of the lung, head and neck, colon and breastMutated p 53 is also seen in the sequential development stages of cancer from hyperplasia to carcinoma in situ and into invasive carcinomaThe normal p53 gene (wild type) functions as a tumor suppressor gene * and functions as a critical gatekeeper against the development of cancer (Molecular policeman/Guardian of the genome)RB- geneRetinoblastoma, osteosarcoman MYC- HSRNeuroblastomaOver expression of BCL-2 proteinsFollicular LymphomaBCR-ABL hybrid geneCML and some ALL* The most common gene defect in idiopathic steroid resistant nephritic syndrome is NPHS1, NPUS 2* Finish of nephritic syndrome is caused by defect in Nephrin proteinTUMOR MARKERSEpithelial cell carcinomaCytokeratinLymphoid cell carcinomaCD45MelanomaSI00, HMB45Mesenchymal markersVimantineNeuroendocrine markersChromagranin, Neuron specific enolaseGastro intestinal stromal tumors (GIST)CDl 17Granulosa cell tumorInhibinEwing's sarcomaCD. 99* c ANCA is typical of wegner's granulomatosis * *** p ANCA is found in most cases of Microscopic polyangitis and churg- straus syndrome**", "cop": 1, "opa": "VHL", "opb": "TP53", "opc": "NF1", "opd": "BRCA-1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "7acd2853-e127-40a8-a214-4435e536b5f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Good pasture's syndrome is characterized by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Necrotizing hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis", "opb": "Alveolitis", "opc": "Patchy consolidation", "opd": "Pulmonary edema", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8bd48a2c-9d57-493c-9bf4-cacef078b139", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Otospongiosis causes", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "U/L conductive deafness only", "opb": "B/L conductive deafness only", "opc": "U/L sensorineural deafness only", "opd": "B/L mixed conductive and sensorineural deafness", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "30755d1b-2c82-4f7c-8b36-2597318dadf6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not seen in the inflammatory stage of wound healing", "exp": "Ans. (a) Angiogenesis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 103; 8th/pg 101)Three phases of wound healing:Inflammation (early & late)- option b, c, dGranulation tissue formation & re-epithelialization- option aWound contraction, ECM deposition & remodeling", "cop": 1, "opa": "Angiogenesis", "opb": "Chemotaxis", "opc": "Increased vessel permeability", "opd": "Released of cytokines and chemokines", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "d8597575-92ce-4ff1-9d12-29351dd8ca76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best treatment of endometriosis in a young girl is", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oestrogen", "opb": "Gonadotropins", "opc": "Surgery", "opd": "Danazol", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "db978b72-8a3f-4074-837a-3711199aa6c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Down syndrome is", "exp": "Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trisomy of 21", "opb": "Trisomy of 18", "opc": "Monosomy of 18", "opd": "Monosomy of 21", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4cce21dc-18c5-4be5-9942-f1d528b97fa2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest number of bone marrow cells are", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Metamyelocytes o In bone marrow myeloid to erythroid ratio is 3 : 1 or 4 : 1. o Amongst the myeloid series metamyelocytes are maximum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Promyelocytes", "opb": "Meta myelocytes", "opc": "Erythroid cells", "opd": "Myelocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "871bb974-71f1-4ea5-9b75-2309aa30d7f7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reticulocytes are stained with", "exp": "Reticulocytes are stained in living state in vitro so staining with dyes like brilliant cresyl blue and new methylene blue is referred to as supravital staining.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Methyl violet", "opb": "Brilliant Cresyl blue", "opc": "Sudan black", "opd": "Indigo carmine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc71e0e7-2fa5-419b-83bd-13328c6270d5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important amino acid for formation Neutrophilic extracellular trap (NET) is", "exp": "Conversion of arginine residues to Citrulline in the histones is an essential step in the formation of neutrophill extracillular traps.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Leucine", "opb": "Methionine", "opc": "Citrulline", "opd": "Valine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "47f7e154-421c-4628-bc72-a8edf7c3c33c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Process of migration of leukocytes through the endothelium is through", "exp": "The next step in the process of leukocyte recruitment is migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium, called transmigration or diapedesis. Transmigration of leukocytes occurs mainly in post-capillary venules. Chemokines act on the adherent leukocytes and stimulate the cells to migrate through interendothelial spaces toward the chemical concentration gradient, that is, toward the site of injury or infection where the chemokines are being produced. REF: ROBBINS pathology 10th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phagocytosis", "opb": "Pinocytosis", "opc": "Diapedesis", "opd": "Apoptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "675eef71-e05c-4d4c-aaa7-31bca3b46681", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The given cell is activated by", "exp": "TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which recruit and activate eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activationReference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 3; Inflammation and Repair", "cop": 3, "opa": "IL-1", "opb": "IL-2", "opc": "IL-5", "opd": "IL-6", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "19fd3aed-565b-4c12-9099-db43d4ee3cb6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following antihelmintic acts by producing flaccid paralysis of the worm", "exp": "Anti-helminthic drugsAnti-helminthicMechanism of actionParasites susceptibleMebendazole Inhibits polymerization of b-tubulin of susceptible worms - live worms expelled Roundworm, Hookworm, Whipworm, Pinworm, Trichinella spiralis Pyrantel palmate Inhibits cholinesterase in worms - persistent depolarization - spastic paralysis - live worms expelledAscaris , Enterobius , Ancylostoma , Strongyloides Piperazine Hyperpolarization of muscle by GABA agonistic action - flaccid paralysis - live worms expelledAscaris , Enterobius Ivermectin Potentiates glutamate-gated Cl- channel & increases GABA transmission in worms - hyperpolarization and paralysis of worms - dead worms expelledPediculosis , Scabies , Onchocerca , Strongyloides , Ascaris , Cutaneous larva migrans Praziquantel Increased muscular contraction & spastic paralysis of worms - dead worms expelledTrematode , Cestodes Levamisole &Tetramisole Ganglionic stimulation - tonic paralysis - live worms expelledAscaris , Ancylostoma , Strongyloides Diethyl carbamazepine Hyperpolarization of muscles - live worms expelledMicrofilaria of bancrofti , malayi , loa loa , Onchocerca Niclosamide Inhibits oxidative Phosphorylation in mitochondria Cestodes", "cop": 4, "opa": "Quinacrine", "opb": "Diethylcarbamazine", "opc": "Mebendazole", "opd": "Piperazine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4f801d4b-5316-4da4-987a-924e0b688c70", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pyogenic infection and brain infarction are associated with", "exp": "Liquefaction necrosis is commonly due to ischemic injury or bacterial and fungal infections but hydrolytic enzymes in the tissues degradation have a dominant role in causing semi-fluid material. Common examples are infracted brain and abscess cavity.Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Liquefaction necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fat necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "8f073973-28e3-4bb6-a33b-e428757f52c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spot the diagnosis", "exp": "Ref: Harsh Mohan, Textbook of Pathology, 7th ed. pg. 236The image shows basophilic stippling of red blood cells. The causes are:Mnemonic: LUNATIC* Lead poisoning* Unstable hemoglobin* Nucleotidase deficiency* Anemia due to B12 deficiency* Thalassemia* Infections* CirrhosisThe closest answer Pappenheimer bodies are basophilic erythrocytic inclusions that are usually located at the I periphery of the cell. They contain iron and stain with Prussian blue. Prussian blue is the stain that is used to identify that these Pappenheimer bodies are pure iron deposits, and not heme as in Heinz bodies.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lead poisoning", "opb": "Macrocytic anemia", "opc": "Howell-Jolly bodies", "opd": "Heinz bodies", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "a1953f4e-e132-4bdb-962c-d60818fb79dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lupus erythematosus is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Reactive Lesion", "opb": "Degenerative condition", "opc": "Autoimrnune disorder", "opd": "Neoplastic condition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1bba7b43-2937-4d8a-8068-d3ffbac35172", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The procedure contraindicated in diabetics", "exp": "Cone bearing(prosthesis possible)End bearing(where limb fitting facilities are limited)Below knee (stump= 8cm preferably 10-12 cm below knee) Above knee (stump = 20 cm above knee) Gritti stokes (transcondylar at lower femur) Through kneeSyme's (tibia and fibula are sectioned above the ankle joint preserving blood supply to calcaneus) (Refer: Schwaz's Prinicples of Surgery, 9th edition, pg no: 3300-3303)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ray amputation", "opb": "Forefoot amputation", "opc": "Syme's amputation", "opd": "Below knee amputation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0390b3e4-a3ee-4af1-9005-280043bc8f49", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initial investigation for obstructive jaundice", "exp": "Obstructive jaundiceObstructive jaundice is a paicular type of jaundice and occurs when the essential flow of bile to the intestine is blocked and remains in the bloodstream.Causes of Obstructive jaundice Due to blocked bile ducts caused by Swelling of Clinical featuresDiagnosisTreatmentSymptoms of obstructive jaundice include yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes; paler stools and darker urine; and intense itching. Other symptoms vary, depending on the underlying cause of the obstruction although you may also feel tired.Blood tests to examine the level of Ultrasound the liver and bile ducts to find out the exact cause of the obstruction Surgical resection (Refer: Sabiston's Textbook of Surgery, 19th edition, pg no: 1535-1544)", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "ERCP", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7d2ed0d3-c770-4562-801b-7570ceb5f3de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CD marker specific for myeloid series aEUR'", "exp": "CD 117 Immunoloyical markers commonly used to detect myeloid lineage: - CD13Q CD33Q CD10Q CDI5Q CD4Q CD117Q cMPO (Lineage specific) \"In the myeloid lineage the most useful antigens for recognizing myeloblasts include CD13, CD33, CD117 and cMPO. - Other antigens such as I/b and CD16 are less useful because their expressions vary highly among the AML's and they may appear or disappear at relapse and therefore may not be useful for follow up purpose.\"- (Flow cytometry in hematopathology by Doyen Nguyen MD Lawrence W. Diamond., MD, Raul C. Bryaland). Immunological markers commonly used in classification of Acute leukemia", "cop": 4, "opa": "CD34", "opb": "CD45", "opc": "CD99", "opd": "CD117", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb586c50-5ab5-4c68-b91e-15c4ec724f7c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell surface molecules involved in peripheral tolerance induction are", "exp": "Immunological tolerance in peripheral lymphoid organs is called as peripheral tolerance. It requires signal to (interaction between CD28 and B7). CD28 molecules (co-stimulatory molecule) bind to their ligands-CD80 (B7-l) and/or CD86 (B7-2) and activates T-cell. If the antigen presented by cell do not bear CD28 ligand, a negative signal is delivered and cell become tolerant and anergic.", "cop": 1, "opa": "B7 and CD28", "opb": "CD40 and CD40L", "opc": "CD34 and CD51", "opd": "B7 and CD3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e50320c-6af4-45df-9b41-5033f30fa1c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shelf life of blood with CPDA", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5 weeks Once blood is removed from the donor, it stas a sequences of in vitro changes that change its physiological propeies. Ensuring the blood and its products transfusion safe, their storage is a must. The main aim is to minimize damage to store blood. Addition of some additive solutions increases the bility of blood, paicularly RBCs: Additive Shelf life of RBC Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) 21 days Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) 21 days Citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (CPD-A) 35 days Saline-adenine-Glucose-Mannitol (SAG-M) 42 days", "cop": 3, "opa": "2 weeks", "opb": "3 weeks", "opc": "5 weeks", "opd": "8 weeks", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1f384eb-933e-4b43-88b8-93795ed527ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Schaumann bodies are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sarcoidosis", "opb": "Chronic bronchitis", "opc": "Asthma", "opd": "Syphilis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c9e0ae9-ef66-4743-a3b2-f2d1c6ba6d76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osteogenesis imperfect defect in", "exp": "harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. *osteogenesis imperfecta is an autosomal dominant or recessive disorder of synthesizing type1 collagen that constitutes 90 to 95 % bone matrix Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as \"brittle bone disease,\" is actually a group of genetic disorders caused by defec- tive synthesis of type I collagen. Because type I collagen is a major component of extracellular matrix in other pas of the body, there are also numerous extraskeletal manifesta- tions (affecting skin, joints, teeth, and eyes, for example). The mutations underlying OI characteristically involve the coding sequences for a1 or a2 chains of type I collagen. Because collagen synthesis and extracellular expo require formation of a complete and intact triple helix, any primary defect in a collagen chain tends to disrupt the entire structure and results in its premature degradation (an example of a dominant negative mutation) (Chapter 6). As a consequence, most defects manifest as autosomal domi- nant disorders and may be associated with severe malformations. There is, however, a broad spectrum of severity, and mutations that result in qualitatively normal collagen but at only reduced levels generally have milder manifestations. The fundamental abnormality in all forms of OI is too little bone, resulting in extreme skeletal fragility. Four major sub- types are recognized. The type II variant is uniformly fatal in utero or immediately postpaum as a consequence of multiple fractures that occur before bih. By contrast, patients with type I OI have a normal lifespan, with only a modestly increased proclivity for fractures during child- hood (decreasing in frequency after pubey). The classic finding of blue sclerae in type I OI is attributable to decreased scleral collagen content; this deficit causes a relative trans- parency that allows the underlying choroid to be seen. Hearing loss can be related to conduction defects in the middle and inner ear bones, and small misshapen teeth are a result of dentin deficiency. Ref Robbins 9/e p767", "cop": 1, "opa": "Collagen type I", "opb": "Elastin", "opc": "Collagen type IV", "opd": "basement membrane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "5c3c50bd-31a1-4220-a40f-c2c761d7e864", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Medial calcification is seen in", "exp": "Monckeberg medial sclerosis is characterized by the presence of calcific deposits in muscular aeries, typically in persons older than 50. The lesions do not encroach on the vessel lumen and usually are not clinically significant. ( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition, page 335)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Atherosclerosis", "opb": "Aeriolosclerosis", "opc": "Monckebergs sclerosis", "opd": "Dissecting aneurysm", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "23a58a80-af4b-4fd2-bb1f-727c1801ba2e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amyloidosis mostly affects", "exp": "Hea. Amyloidosis of the hea may occur either as iso- lated organ involvement or as pa of a systemic distribution. When accompanied by systemic involvement, it is usually of the AL form. The isolated form (senile amyloidosis) usually is confined to older persons. The deposits may not be evident on gross examination, or they may cause minimal to moder- ate cardiac enlargement. The most characteristic gross find- ings are gray-pink, dewdrop-like subendocardial elevations, paicularly evident in the atrial chambers. On histologic examination, deposits typically are found throughout the myocardium, beginning between myocardial fibers and eventually causing their pressure atrophy Ref Robbins 9/e pg 157", "cop": 4, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Tounge", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Hea", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "3020a91a-b782-4513-b43b-432d972ce030", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a family of selectin", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "P selectin", "opb": "L selectin", "opc": "A selectin", "opd": "E selectin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1095d7f1-d664-4255-b368-6eff2093c35e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristic feature of Goodpasture's syndrome", "exp": "Ans. (b) Serum antibodies against alpha 3 NC1 domain of collagen - IV(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 912-913)Goodpasture syndromeIt is type 1 RPGN & a type II hypersensitivity reaction.It is characterized by serum antibodies against alpha 3 NC1 domain of collagen - IV.This shows linear GBM fluorescence, while all other Glomerulonephritis, which are type 3 Hypersensitivity reactions show granular immune deposits.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lumpy-bumpy deposits on immunofluorescence", "opb": "Serum antibodies against alpha 3 NC1 domain of collagen - IV", "opc": "Serum antibodies against alpha 1 NCI domain of collagen III", "opd": "Anti DNAse antibodies positive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "8d9a9100-31de-4735-bd40-479d139c0e63", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lipid in tissue is detected by", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Oil Red 0", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oil Red 0", "opb": "Muciramine", "opc": "PAS", "opd": "Myeloperoxidase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b383b44-6cd8-4c59-a5a6-e96fc7628087", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Primary pleural tumor is", "exp": "Ref:Textbook of pathology (Harsh mohan) 6th edition,page no.505 TUMOURS OF PLEURA Pleural tumours may be primary or secondary. In line with pulmonary tumours, the secondary tumours in the pleura are more common. The only impoant primary tumour of pleura is mesothelioma. MESOTHELIOMA Mesothelioma is an uncommon tumour arising from mesothelial lining of serous cavities, most often in pleural cavity, and rarely in peritoneal cavity and pericardial sac. Mesotheliomas are of 2 types--benign (solitary) and malignant (diffuse). The biologic behaviour of pleural mesotheliomas is usually predicted by their gross appearance--those forming solitary, discrete masses are generally benign, whereas those which grow diffusely are usually malignant.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mesothelioma", "opb": "Myxoma", "opc": "Lipoma", "opd": "Fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "1de0ad6e-1df6-4109-bdcb-8b0cf96217ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Basophilic stippling is seen with", "exp": "i.e. (Thalassaemia) : (292-Harsh mohan 6th) (658-H17th/6th)Punctate basophilia or basophilic stippling is diffuse and uniform basophilic granularity in the cell which does not stain positively with Perl's reaction (in contrast to pappenhamer bodies which stain positively)Examples -* Aplastic anaemia* Thalassaemia* Myelodysplasia* Infections* Lead poisoning* Howell -Jolly bodies - present in Megaloblastic anemia and after splenectomy* Basophilic leucocytosis indicative of CML**PYRIMIDINE 5' - NUCLEOTIDASE (PSN) DEFICIENCY - Highly distinctive feature of this condition is a morphological abnormality of the red cells known as basophilic stippling. This condition is rare but it probably ranks third in frequency among red cell enzyme defects (after G6PD deficiency and pyruvate Kinase deficiency) (658-H17th)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thalassaemia", "opb": "Sickle cell anemia", "opc": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opd": "Splenectomy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "91a4b0ea-310b-4655-b4f7-733ebaf5804d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Failure of clot retraction indicates", "exp": "Ans. (a) Low platelet count(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 657)This test measures the amount of time it takes for a blood clot to pull away from the walls of a test tube (Shrinking).The edges of the blood vessel wall at the point of injury are slowly brought together again to repair the damage.It is used to evaluate and manage blood platelet disorders, including Glanzmann's thrombastheniaSo Clot retraction depends primarily on the number and activity of the blood platelets", "cop": 1, "opa": "Low platelet count", "opb": "Factor VIII deficiency", "opc": "Facto XIII deficiency", "opd": "Fibrinogen deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Bleeding Disorders", "id": "7c1e9a37-ac1a-4de3-b65b-f9f00b3bc374", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA B 27 is not seen in", "exp": "Major histocompatibility complex:*Required for recognition of antigens by T cells*Encoded by genes located on chromosome 6. The genes encoding MHC is categorized into 3 classes.*Class I contains three loci namely A, B and C. Class II contains 3 loci namely DP, DQ and DR. Class III contains genes that produce complement proteins and TNF. *Class I MHC: Expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets. The receptor comprised of 4 molecules - 3 alpha and 1 beta2 microglobulin. Peptide binding cleft is formed by alpha1 and alpha 2 which display viral (exogenous) antigens. Present in CD 4 positive T lymphocytes.*Class II MHC: Expressed on antigen presenting cells( macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) and on CD8 positive T lymphocytes. The receptor comprised of two alpha and 2 beta domains. Peptide binding cleft is formed by alpha 1 and beta 1 domains which display endogenous antigens. Present in CD8 positive T cells.*HLA -B27 is a class I MHC molecule which is present in all nucleated cells, hence B cells and T cells are excluded.Inflammatory diseases associated with HLA B27 are ankylosing spondylitis, Reactive ahritis, Juvenile rheumatoid ahritis and acute anterior uveitis. (Ref: Robbins 8/e p190-193)", "cop": 1, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "Ankylosing spondylitis", "opc": "Juvenile rheumatoid ahritis", "opd": "Reactive ahritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b54e3459-265a-4c92-957a-3426965f14e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest manifestation of megaloblastic anaemia is", "exp": "What Are the Symptoms of Megaloblastic Anemia? shoness of breath. muscle weakness. abnormal paleness of the skin. glossitis (swollen tongue) loss of appetite/weight loss. diarrhea. nausea. fast heabeat MORPHOLOGY Ceain morphologic features are common to all forms of megaloblastic anemia. The bone marrow is markedly hyper- cellular and contains numerous megaloblastic erythroid pro- genitors. Megaloblasts are larger than normal erythroid progenitors (normoblasts) and have delicate, finely reticu- lated nuclear chromatin (indicative of nuclear immaturity) (Fig. 11-11). As megaloblasts differentiate and acquire hemo- globin, the nucleus retains its finely distributed chromatin and fails to undergo the chromatin clumping typical of normo- blasts. The granulocytic precursors also demonstrate nuclear- cytoplasmic asynchrony, yielding giant metamyelocytes. Megakaryocytes may also be abnormally large and have bizarre multilobed nuclei. In the peripheral blood the earliest change is the appear- ance of hypersegmented neutrophils, which appear before the onset of anemia. Normal neutrophils have three or four nuclear lobes, but in megaloblastic anemias they often have five or more. The red cells typically include large, egg- shaped macro-ovalocytes; the mean cell volume often is greater than 110 fL (normal, 82 to 92 fL). Although macro- cytes appear hyperchromic, in reality the mean cell hemoglo- bin concentration is normal. Large, misshapen platelets also may be seen. Morphologic changes in other systems, espe- cially the gastrointestinal tract, also occur, giving rise to some of the clinical manifestations. Refer robbins 9/e pg 422", "cop": 2, "opa": "Macrocytosis", "opb": "Hypersegmented neutrophils", "opc": "Basophilic stippling", "opd": "Cabot ring", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "8acbfb92-dffa-4bdb-9d0f-ee732dcd6a8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal transferrin is saturated with iron", "exp": "In normal individuals transferrin is about 1/3 rd saturated with iron , which is roughly near 35%. Ref :Robbins Pathologic basis of disease, pg :649", "cop": 2, "opa": "20%", "opb": "35%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "70%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "ff3a4f18-a0cc-4357-92b5-57248fc5b1fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major Apthous ulcers are seen in", "exp": "SYSTEMIC DISEASES IN WHICH APHTHOUS ULCERS ARE SEEN", "cop": 4, "opa": "Crohn’s disease", "opb": "Behçet’s Syndrome", "opc": "Celiac sprue", "opd": "AIDS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d66be40-fd10-4938-9159-d5ccde443cff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The developmental Odontogenic cyst is", "exp": "Histologic Classification of Odontogenic CystsInflammatoryDevelopmentalPeriapical cystResidual cystParadental cystDentigerous cystOdontogenic keratocystGingival cyst of newbornGingival cyst of adultEruption cystLateral periodontal cystGlandular odontogenic cystCalcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst (Gorlin cyst)Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 16; Head and Neck; Change 734", "cop": 4, "opa": "Periapical cyst", "opb": "Paradental cyst", "opc": "Residual cyst", "opd": "Dentigerous cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "c4bf2095-eed9-4bfe-a9ef-3525f26adb8a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cellular content of DNA is doubled in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "S phase", "opb": "M phase", "opc": "G1 phase", "opd": "G2 phase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "fd8081ab-615e-41cd-8223-8f93f78178fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Immunohistochemistry marker of histiocytosis X", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD1a", "opb": "CD57", "opc": "CD3", "opd": "CD68", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "62f5d1b5-b07c-4055-81a5-2205db432874", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bleeding manifestation of Hemophilia is", "exp": "(B) Hemarthrosis[?]Hemophilia is an X linked disorder of coagulation caused by the deficiency in a circulating plasma protein.oHemophilia A is caused by the deficiency of factor VIII, and hemophilia B is caused by the deficiency of factor IX.oIt is PTT which is affected (increased) and not PT (unaffected).oFactor VIII is involved in the intrinsic pathway which is measured by PTT and not in extrinsic pathway which is measured as PT.oBleeding is the common manifestation of hemophilia and the common bleeding manifestations are Hemarthoses, Hematomas, Mucocutaneous bleeding, Intracranial bleeding, Hematuria and Pseudotumor.i|SITES OF BLEEDINGSeriousLife-threatening* Joints (Hemarthrosis)* Central Nervous System (CNS)* Muscle/soft tissue* Gastrointestinal (GI)* Mouth/gums/nose* Neck/throat* Hematuria* Severe trauma [?]Clinical Manifestations: HemarthrosisoPathophysiology:-Bleeding probably starts from synovial vessels into the synovial space.-Re-absorption of this blood is often incomplete leading to chronic proliferative synovitis, where the synovium is more thickened & vascular, creating a 'target joint' with recurrence of bleeding.-There is destruction of surrounding structures as well-bone necrosis & cyst formations, osteophytes.-Terminal stage: Chronic Hemophiliac arthropathy: Fibrous or bony ankylosing of the joint.oDefects of secondary hemostasis (coagulation factor defects) often present with bleeds into soft tissues (e.g., muscle) or joints. Bleeding into joints (hemarthrosis) following minor trauma is particularly characteristic of hemophilia.oIt is unknown why severe defects in secondary hemostasis present with this peculiar pattern of bleeding; as with severe platelet defects, intracranial hemorrhage, sometimes fatal, may also occur.Other Options[?]Hemoptysis:-Diseases causing repeated haemoptysis include carcinoma, bronchiectasis, carcinoid tumours and some infections.-Severe mitral stenosis is now a rare cause. Patients with repeated haemoptysis should be investigated, at the very least by chest radiography and bronchoscopy.-Haemoptysis following trauma may be from a lung contusion or injury to a major airway. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.[?]Hematomas:-If large, painful or causing neural deficit, a haematoma may require release by incision or aspiration.-In the gluteal or thigh region, there may be an associated disruption of fat in the form of a fat fracture, which results in an unsightly groove but intact skin.-An untreated haematoma may also calcify and therefore require surgical exploration if symptomatic.[?]Hematuria:-Blood in the urine (haematuria) may be the only indication of cancer and other pathology in the urinary tract.-Microscopic haematuria may be detected by dipstick testing in a routine health check. A substantial haemorrhage imparts a red or brownish tinge to the urine (macroscopic haematuria) and the patient may pass clots.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hemoptysis", "opb": "Hemarthrosis", "opc": "Hematomas", "opd": "Hematuria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "e718dcd2-974d-4864-af05-08259ee970d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The earliest feature of tuberculosis is", "exp": "• Macrophages are the primary cells infected by M. tuberculosis. Early in infection, tuberculosis bacilli replicate essentially unchecked, while later in infection, the cell response stimulates macrophages to contain the proliferation of the bacteria.\n• About 3 weeks after infection, a T-helper 1 (TH1) response is mounted that activates macrophages to become bactericidal.\n• The TH1 response orchestrates the formation of granulomas and caseous necrosis. Macrophages activated by IFN-γ\ndifferentiate into the “epithelioid histiocytes” that characterize the granulomatous response, and may fuse to form giant cells.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Caseation", "opb": "Granuloma formation", "opc": "Formation of giant cells (Langhans)", "opd": "Recruitment of lymphocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12b63784-c01d-4d20-87b2-7a3e7f65130e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thromboangitis obliterans is associated with", "exp": "HLA A9 and HLA B5 is associated with increased risk of Thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) HLA-B12 is protective against TAO.", "cop": 3, "opa": "HLA - DR4", "opb": "HLA - DR2", "opc": "HLA - B5", "opd": "HLA - B27", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "49719319-f7c7-468f-ab2e-43c22c00baa7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The Finnish type of congenital nephrotic syndrome occurs due to gene mutations affecting the following protein", "exp": "The first relevant gene to be identified, NPHS1, maps to chromosome 19q13 and encodes the protein nephrin. 'Nephrin' is a key component of the slit diaphragm, the zipper like structure between podocyte foot process that might control glomerular permeability. several mutations of NHPS1 gene have been identified that give rise to congenital nephrotic syndrome of FINNISH TYPE, producing a minimal change disease-like glomerulonephropathy with extensive foot process effacement. Ref: Pathologic basis of disease Robbins 8th edition, pg no:927", "cop": 3, "opa": "Podocin", "opb": "Alpha-actinin", "opc": "Nephrin", "opd": "CD2 activated protein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "59b76c83-2068-42c4-8908-b3c9d15a5c60", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest salivary gland tumour in children", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Lymphoma", "opb": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opc": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "opd": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec2958e4-a691-4102-ac8e-64f44bff1728", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In cleft lip surgery rule of 10 says", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "10 weeks of age, having 10 dL/mg Hb and weight 10 pounds", "opb": "10 weeks of age, having 10 dL/mg Hb and weight 10 kgs", "opc": "10 months of age, having 10 dL/mg Hb and weight 10 pounds", "opd": "10 months of age, having 10 dL/mg Hb and weight 10 kgs", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "393a9e22-e304-45ee-bae0-9b528090f288", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The earliest manifestation of megaloblastic anemia is", "exp": "Peripheral blood pictureBone marrow picture1.Macrocytosis (| MCV, MCH. Normal MCHC)2.Peripheral smearMacroovalocytes Few nucleated RBCsEvidence of dyserythropoiesis like--Basophilic stippling-Cabot ring-Howell- Jolly bodies3.| Hb4.| Hematocrit 5.Reticulocyte count - Normal or mild decrease6.White cells- Leucopenia7.Hypersegmented neutrophils/ Macropolycytes- First manifestation 8.| Platelets9.Pancytopenia (10-20%)Lab investigations:10.Serum iron, ferritin - | in pure VitB12/ Folate defect11.Serum bilirubin & LDH |- due to hemolytic component12.Schillings test: Used to assess status of intrinsic factor (IF) & Vit B12 to distinguish pernicious anemia from other causes of Vit.B12 deficiency.1.Moderate- marked hypercellularity2.Erythroid hyperplasia3.M:E ratio reversal4.Ehropoiesis- Megaloblastic5.Giant metamyelocytes6.Mildly reduced megakaryocytes7.BM iron moderately increased in pure Vit B12/ Folate defects.(Ref: Harrison 18/e p866, 17/e p645-646, Tejinder Singh 2/e p54-61)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Macrocytosis", "opb": "Hypersegmented neutrophils", "opc": "Basophilic stippling", "opd": "Cabot ring", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "ad7af5a5-8676-47f7-847f-6f3a32c58ee4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Alma Ata conference was held in", "exp": "The Declaration of Alma Act, 1978 stated that primary health care includes at leastEducation about health problems and methods of preventing and controlling themPromotion of food supply and nutritionAdequate supply of safe water and sanitationImmunizationPrevention and control of endemic diseasesAppropriate treatment of common diseases and injuriesProvision of essential drugs(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24th edition, pg no:928)", "cop": 1, "opa": "1978", "opb": "1977", "opc": "1956", "opd": "1948", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7f35ff42-231e-4788-a78e-84f98215ba1b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nuclear bag fiber detects", "exp": "(Refer Q 5 AIIMS Nov'14)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sense dynamic length of muscle", "opb": "Involved in reciprocal innervations", "opc": "Alpha motor neuron stimulation", "opd": "Senses muscle tension", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f03dd4d7-c8a1-4074-b628-685afeb0ae20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in MCHC is associated with", "exp": "Ans is 'd' i.e. Hereditary spherocystosis Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells, expressed in grams per deciliter. Normal value is 33-37 gm/dlMCHC is increased in hereditary spherocytosis, not because of increased hemoglobin, but due to decerase volume of spherocytes.MCHC is decreased in microcytic hypochromic anemia(iron deficiency anemia & anemia of chronic disease).MCHC remains normal in megaloblastic anemia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Iron deficiency anemia", "opb": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opc": "Anemia of chronic disease", "opd": "Hereditary spherocystosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "66368898-071e-4c01-bed8-935f06005929", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fibrin is degraded by", "exp": "Clotting also sets into motion a fibrinolytic cascade that moderates the ultimate size of the clot. Fibrinolysis is largely carried out by plasmin, which breaks down fibrin and interferes with its polymerization. The resulting fibrin split products (FSPs or fibrin degradation products) also can act as weak anticoagulants.\nElevated levels of FSPs (most notably fibrin-derived D-dimers) can be used for diagnosing abnormal thrombotic states including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), deep venous thrombosis, or pulmonary thromboembolism.\nPlasmin is generated by proteolysis of plasminogen, an inactive plasma precursor, either by factor XII or by plasminogen activators. The most important of the plasminogen activators is tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA); t-PA is synthesized principally by endothelial cells and is most active when attached to fibrin.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Plasminogen", "opb": "Plasmin", "opc": "Thromboplastin", "opd": "FD", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea35cc46-b125-410a-9a6c-badc278ab054", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A characteristic histologic feature of class IV lupus nephritis is", "exp": "The glomerular diseases of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are many and include mesangial lupus glomerulonephritis (GN), focal or diffuse proliferative GN, and membranous GN. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies SLE renal disease into five classes as follows: class I = no changes; class II = mesangial GN; class III = focal proliferative GN; class IV = diffuse proliferative GN (the most common class); class V = diffuse membranous GN. All of these glomerular diseases are the result of the deposition of immune complexes (DNA-anti-DNA complexes) that may be in a mesangial, intramembranous, subepithelial, or subendothelial location. In membranous lupus GN, the deposits are in a subepithelial location, while in diffuse proliferative lupus GN (WHO class IV) the deposits are mainly in a subendothelial location and produce a characteristic \"wire-loop\" appearance due to thickening of the capillary wall. None of these changes are specific for lupus In contrast to the \"wire-loop\" appearance of the glomerular capillaries with lupus nephritis, \"holly leaf\" mesangial deposits are seen with focal segmental GN (IgA deposits suggests Berger disease), \"spike and dome\" appearance of the basement membrane is seen with membranous glomerulonephropathy, a \"string of popcorn\" immunofluorescence pattern is also seen with membranous glomerulonephropathy, and \"tram-track\" splitting of the basement membrane is seen with both types of membranoproliferative GN. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "\"Holly leaf\" mesangial deposits", "opb": "\"Spike and dome\" appearance of the basement membrane", "opc": "\"Wire-loop\" appearance of the glomerular capillaries", "opd": "\"Tram-track\" splitting of the basement membrane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "f2b16a7d-28e8-4d48-b371-ca29c1034867", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Highest refractory of index is at", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ant surface of cornea", "opb": "Post surface of cornea", "opc": "Center of lens", "opd": "Posterior capsule of lens", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9b2ef4a5-5cfa-4dc1-94fb-f0871f657d59", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gilbe's syndrome", "opb": "Dubin Johnson syndrome", "opc": "Crigler Najjar syndrome", "opd": "Breast milk jaundice", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2b774ec5-9b81-4958-94a5-3bdf424c8034", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Row of tombstones ' appearance is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pemphigus o The Suprabasal acantholytic blister is characteristic of pemphigus vulgaris. The single layer of intact basal cells that forms the blister base has been likened to a row of tombstones.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Irritant dermatitis", "opb": "Pemphigus", "opc": "Pemphigoid", "opd": "Harpes zoster", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "196c1838-5c83-4eda-bc26-0dd27e4cd9b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brown tumor is seen in", "exp": "Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disease characterized by excessive secretion of parathormone which results in increased osteoclastic activity therby causing bone loss . The bone loss predisoses to microfractures and secondary hemorrhages that elicit an influx of macrophages and an ingrowth of reparative fibrous tissue, creating a mass of reactive tissue known as brown tumor . Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1102", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypehyroidism", "opb": "Hypothyroidism", "opc": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opd": "Hypoparathyroidism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "05ca10d0-b5ea-4ae4-951f-ea515b022dd8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Causative agent of Infectious mononucleosis", "exp": "Solution\n\nEpstein - Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis\nEBV nfect B lymphocytes by binding to CD21 (CR2) receptor", "cop": 4, "opa": "HIV", "opb": "Hepatitis B", "opc": "Herper Simplex", "opd": "Epstein - Barr virus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4fd35ad4-1200-4125-861b-304ac901ac67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by", "exp": "Features of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Increased body temperature >38degC (>100.4degF), orConfused or altered consciousnessDiaphoresis \"sweat shock\"Rigid musclesAutonomic imbalanceLabile hypeension Metabolic acidosis (Refer: Kaplan and Saddock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th edition, pg no: 995)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bradycardia", "opb": "Labile hypeension", "opc": "Hypotonia", "opd": "Hypothermia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "70b5334f-5e21-46c6-9702-60a00883a9be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cytogenetics of chromophilic renal cell carcinoma is characterized by", "exp": "Chromophilic renal cell carcinoma is a distinct type of human renal cancer, only recently recognized and defined by its characteristic histomorphological aspect and cytogenetic aberrations. Immunohistochemistry revealed coexpression of vimentin and cytokeratins in all cell lines the cytokeratin polypeptide patterns, however, varying between the different cell lines. Chromphi-1 tumour cells produced slowly growing tumors in nude mice using the subrenal capsule assay. In all cell lines, the cytogenetic analysis revealed numerical chromosomal aberrations known to be characteristic for chromophilic RCCs, i.e. loss of the Y chromosome, tri- or tetrasomy of chromosomes 7 and 17 as well as various combinations of additional structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations. Ref: Wikipedia", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mutant VHL gene", "opb": "Loss of 3p", "opc": "Trisomy 7/17", "opd": "Loss of 5q3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "d38435ee-8d9e-4d7d-8d8f-8f265fd7cc4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Misfolded amyloid deposition in brain is seen in", "exp": "Answer- B. Alzheimer's diseaseA Beta protein precursor (A Beta PP)-Alzheimer's disease", "cop": 2, "opa": "Creutzfeldt-jakob disease", "opb": "Alzheimer's disease", "opc": "HIV-encephalopathy", "opd": "Gaucher's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b2c2c6cb-d4cd-45ff-adf1-e910a20eb1e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common prescription medication for sialorrhea", "exp": "Traditional medications for the treatment of drooling target the reduction of saliva production using anticholin- ergic mechanisms. While they will reduce salivary output, they do not treat the underlying neuromuscular problems, so some patients may find the anticholinergic side effects out - weigh the benefit of the drug. Additionally, the drying effect these medications have can lead to xerostomia, especially if the patient has a constant open mouth. Glycopyrrolate is the most common prescription medication for sialorrhea and drooling , with atropine sulfate, scopolamine, amitriptyline, and benztropine also being reported in the literature. OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox ) injections into salivary glands with ultrasonic guidance have shown to be of some benefit in patients who have failed or are intolerant to anticholinergics", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycopyrrolate", "opb": "Atropine sulphate", "opc": "Scopolamine", "opd": "Amitriptyline", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9011e96e-d8d9-481d-9847-19b48c8f7466", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tissue of origin of the Kaposi's sarcoma is", "exp": "Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus- 8, or HHV-8). Although it occurs in a number of contexts, it is by far most common in patients with AIDS; indeed, its presence is used as a criterion for the diagnosis. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.360)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lymphoid", "opb": "Vascular", "opc": "Neural", "opd": "Muscular", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "5750299d-881c-4982-92da-3d62ecff7748", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arbiskov cells are seen in", "exp": "An Arbiskov cell is a modified monocytemostly found in myeloblastomas.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myeloblastoma", "opb": "Neuroblastoma", "opc": "Leiomyosarcoma", "opd": "Retinoblastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "5e63cc2f-6f9c-45ae-b0bd-493257183c5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest response to iron in iron deficiency anemia is denoted by", "exp": "Response to iron therapy:\n\nRapid subjective improvement, with disappearance (or) marked dimination of fatigue, lassitude, and other nonspecific symptoms before any improvement in anemia is observed.\nEarliest heamotologic evidence of response to treatement is an increase in reticulocytes % G and Hb content.\nMaximal reticulocytes % is on 5th to 10th day after institution of therapy and thereafter returns to normal.\nMaximum value usually ranges from 5 to 10 % and is inversly related to the level of heamoglobin.\nHeamoglobin level is the most accurate measure of the degree of anemia in iron deficiency.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Restoration of enzymes", "opb": "Reticulocytosis", "opc": "Increase in iron birding capacity", "opd": "Increase in heamoglobin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "931663db-2e19-4e09-820c-3b6ea4319510", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inheritance pattern of familial retinoblastoma", "exp": "In hereditary retinoblastoma, mutations in the RB1 gene appear to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of cancer. Refer robbins 1339", "cop": 4, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X linked recessive", "opd": "X linked dominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b644bd42-f352-4e15-94f4-ed24a3cf26a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mucooceles are rarely seen in the", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Lower lip", "opb": "Upper lip", "opc": "Buccal mucosa", "opd": "Floor of the mouth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "72cd47a5-aefc-4983-99f9-ceeb0955858b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clinical evidence of dentinogenesis imperfecta is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Defective enamel and dentine", "opb": "Defective dentine and obliterated pulp chamber", "opc": "Increased rate of caries", "opd": "Oligodontia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bee8861-ee31-4151-8136-e5936053cd87", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "chemotaxis in response to activation of cells results in", "exp": "Chemotaxis :-After extravasating from the blood, leukocytes move toward sites of infection or injury along a chemical gradient. It is unidirectional or targeted movement of the leukocytes towards antigens/ bacteria. Both exogenous and endogenous substances can be chemotactic for leukocytes, including the following: Exogenous Bacterial products, paicularly peptides with N-formylmethionine termini Endogenous Cytokines, especially those of the chemokine family Components of the complement system, paicularly C5 Products of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, paicularly leukotriene B4 (LTB4) ref:- basic pathology, Robbins 9th ed, page 36", "cop": 2, "opa": "Random multi directional movement", "opb": "Unidirectional motion", "opc": "Adhesion to endothelium", "opd": "Augmeted oxygen dependent bactericidal effect", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "33344a63-6346-4654-b46e-ed986109ff0c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Alcoholic hyaline, in alcoholic liver disease is composed of", "exp": "mallory body or hyaline degeneration consist of dense eosinophilic ropey cytoplasmic inclusion body GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PGNO.449 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipofuscin", "opb": "Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions", "opc": "Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions", "opd": "Hemozoin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c198305c-a99e-4661-a3fd-1456a696d0ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acantholysis means", "exp": "Answer is option 2, loss of intercellular connections We performed scanning electron microscopy of an inveed blister roof in a case of pemphigus foliaceus. The loss of intercellular adherence could be easily seen with low magnification. The acantholytic keratinocytes displayed an irregular and sometimes polygonal contour. Round cells, typically seen in light microscopy, were also observed. The examination of a blister roof allows ultrastructural documentation of the acantholytic changes.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia", "opb": "Loss of intercellular connections", "opc": "Intercellular edema of the epidermis.", "opd": "Abnormal keratinization", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "c87acac5-eaae-41d1-b3f6-8351538141a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arecanut chewing is aetiological factor in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Leukoedema", "opb": "Oral submucous fibrosis", "opc": "Erythema multiforme", "opd": "Oral lichen planus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c20a5443-43f3-43f0-94dd-e79f299f0598", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dyskeratosis means", "exp": "Abnormal,premature keratinization within cells  below the stratum granulosum-Dyskeratosis.\nDiscontinuity of the  skin showing incomplete loss of epidermis-Erosion.\nThickening of stratum corneum, often associated with a qualitative abnormality of keratin-Hyperkeratosis.\nKeratinization with retained nuclei in the stratum corneum.-Parakeratosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Abnormal,premature keratinization within cells  below  the stratum granulosum", "opb": "Discontinuity  of the  skin showing incomplete loss of epidermis", "opc": "Thickening   of stratum corneum, often associated with a  qualitative  abnormality of keratin", "opd": "Keratinization with retained nuclei in the stratum corneum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c259af0-5fae-4ad1-832a-77fb386177f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Exfoliative cytology is indicated in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Heavily keratinized lesions of oral cavity", "opb": "Pre-cancerous lesions of oral cavity", "opc": "Cigarette smokers", "opd": "Mass screening of cervical cancer", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8ed0db39-74f1-40dd-ba0a-32114bb18181", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most likely cause of bihilar lymphadenopathy is", "exp": "Sarcoidosis Chronic multisystem disorder of unknown cause characterized by accumulation of TH 1 lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocyte in various tissuesof body.Non-caseating sarcoid Granuloma in affected organsLungs (90%)Lymph nodesSkinOthersInterstitial lung disease (fibrosis of lung parenchyma)Pleura is involved, in 1-5% cases unilateral pleural effusion Cavitation is rare B/L hilar lymphadenopathy is the hallmark of Sarcoidosis B/L parotid enlargement Erythema nodosum Lupus pernio (purple blue shiny swollen lesion on nose, cheeks, lips, ears)UveitisRenal hypercalcemia with or without hypercalciuriaAhritisPeripheral neuropathyCor-pulmonale(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2805-2813)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histoplasmosis", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Aspergillosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "106df13c-90d4-443a-94a8-a7b5a8c5e1c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ability of stem cells to cross barrier of differentiation to transform into a cell of another lineage expressing the molecular characteristics of different cell type with the ability to perform the function of the new cell type is\nreferred as", "exp": "Stem cell is defined as a cell with a unique capacity to produce unaltered daughter cells (self-renewal) and to generate specialized cell types (potency).\nThe prevailing paradigm in developmental biology is that once cells are differentiated, their phenotypes are stable. However, tissue stem cells, which are thought to be lineage-committed multipotent cells, possess the capacity to differentiate into cell types outside their lineage restrictions (called trans-differentiation or stem cell plasticity). For example, hematopoietic stem cells may be converted into neurons as well as germ cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trans-differentiation", "opb": "Re differentiation", "opc": "De differentiation", "opd": "Sub differentiation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "053e9a2f-1fba-40bb-a2fe-4a6495437c6c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lipid peroxidation in cells exposed to ionizing radiation is initiated by", "exp": "Radiolysis of water leads to formation of hydroxyl radicals that initiate lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Catalase", "opb": "Superoxide", "opc": "Hydroxyl Radical", "opd": "Glutathione", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b4bdfa54-7649-455e-b75c-efc8e44609f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Giant cell tumor is seen at", "exp": "Giant cell tumour also known as osteoclastoma usually orginate from epiphysis of long bones close to aicular cailage. Most common site of involvement are lower end of femur and upper end of tibia. Clinical features include noticeable swelling and pathological fracture. Soap bubble appearance is seen in it. Reference..Harsh mohan textbook of pathology The muskuloskeletal system ref img", "cop": 1, "opa": "Epiphysis", "opb": "Metaphysis", "opc": "Diaphysis", "opd": "Growth plate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "959589d1-d8ee-45d8-9743-6db8df5b9e87", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antinuclear antibody specific for SLE is", "exp": "Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmunedisease of protean manifestations and variableclinical behavior. Clinically, it is an unpredictable, remittingand relapsing disease of acute or insidious onset thatmay involve viually any organ in the body; however, itaffects principally the skin, kidneys, serosal membranes,joints, and hea.Antibodies to doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) and the so-called Smith (Sm) antigen can be detected by ELISA or multiplex flow methods and are specific for SLE.Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.127", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anti ds DNA", "opb": "Anti nuclear antibodies", "opc": "Anti centromere antibody", "opd": "Anti histone Ab", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b063c890-b581-4951-bd11-6c4ebbe82702", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Raw beefy tongue is seen in deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Vitamin B1", "opb": "Vitamin B2", "opc": "Vitamin B3", "opd": "Vitamin B12", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f6deb5b5-352c-4fc0-8535-433f0a9dedd8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Last organ to putrefy after death is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hea", "opb": "Prostate", "opc": "Stomach", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "263660ed-ada4-4e23-a305-d9fec410f7a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Verrucuous carcinoma is", "exp": "Verrucous carcinoma (also known as Ackerman tumor) is an uncommon exophytic low-grade well-differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma. This neoplasm typically involves the oral cavity, larynx, genitalia, skin, and esophagus Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Extremely well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma", "opc": "Adenosquamous carcinoma", "opd": "Adenocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "db365486-fc3f-46db-852a-d18122b8f724", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pain in inflammation is mediated by", "exp": "<img src=\" /> ref robbins 9th ed, page 90, tab3.7", "cop": 4, "opa": "Histamine and nitric oxide", "opb": "Prostaglandins and interleukins", "opc": "Interferons and free radicals", "opd": "Prostaglandins and bradykinins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9beec480-c944-4dde-9978-44f2a8f2335e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following feature is not common in 22q 11.2 deletion syndrome", "exp": "Ans. (a) Mental retardation(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 163)Individuals with the 22qll.2 deletion syndrome have high risk for psychotic illnesses, such as schizophrenia (25% cases) and bipolar disorders.In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is seen in 30-35% of affected children.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mental retardation", "opb": "Schizophrenia", "opc": "ADHD", "opd": "Congenital heart defects", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "152441d7-e3a5-40c3-ba1c-9d5970cacd39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The removal of malarial parasites from the red blood", "exp": "It is currently accepted that malaria-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) are eliminated, like senescent erythrocytes, phagocytically by macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen. REFERENCE.nih.gov", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pitting", "opb": "Culling", "opc": "Binding", "opd": "Phagocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "1fc553ca-d17c-4946-9e17-c4036be1e4fe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ram Devi presented with generalized edema sweating and ushing\ntachycardia and fever after bee sting. This is", "exp": "The symptoms of the patient are d/t hypersensitivity type I reaction Type I is mediated by IgE and it airs up within minutes.\nThe symptoms range from rashes to anaphylactic shock with vasodilatory hypotension and bronchiolar spasm.\nExamples of type I \nEczema* Hay fever* Asthma* Anaphylactic shock* Urticaria* A cute dermatitis\n* Theobald Smith reaction *\nOther hypersensitivity reactions Type II is characterized by an antigen antibody reaction on the surface of a host cell*.\nMediated by IgG or IgM. Examples\n\nBlood transfusion reactions *\nTransplant rejection *\nAuto immune hemolytic anaemia*\nAuto immune thrombocytopenic purpura *\nDiabetes disease*\nGood pasture’s syndrome *\nGrave's disease*\nMyasthenia gravis*\nPemphigus\nPernicious anaemia\n\n1. Rheumatic fever* Type HI reactions Mediated by antigen / antibody complex*.\nExamples\n\nPAN*\nPost streptococcal glomerulonephritis*\nRheumatoid arthritis*\nSystemic lupus erythematosis*\nAcute viral hepatitis*\nPenicillamine toxicity*\nSerum sickness*\nArthus reaction*", "cop": 2, "opa": "T cell mediated cytotoxicity", "opb": "IgE mediated reaction", "opc": "IgG mediated reaction", "opd": "IgA mediated hypersensitivity reaction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1020f53b-1615-4797-9972-f1ffa7e91bd0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Good prognosis in schizophrenia is indicated by", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Soft neurological signs", "opb": "Affective symptoms", "opc": "Emotional blunting", "opd": "Insidious onset", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5e940074-8b5e-43b8-a963-119114f31361", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Capacity of a cell to differentiate into diverse lineages", "exp": "Transdifferentiation - irreversible conversion of cells from one differentiated cell type to another Dedifferentiation - reverse developmental process in which differentiated cells with specialized functions become undifferentiated progenitor cells Metaplasia - reversible transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transdifferentiation", "opb": "Dedifferentiation", "opc": "Metaplasia", "opd": "Developmental plasticity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bdba2c22-6214-4b8b-8f3d-12b5a2c0f418", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common variant of RCC is", "exp": "Clear cell type RCC (70%): This is the most common pattern. The clear cytoplasm of tumour cells is due to the removal of glycogen and lipid from the cytoplasm during the processing of tissues. The tumour cells have a variety of patterns: solid, trabecular and tubular, separated by delicate vasculature. Majority of clear cell tumours are well differentiated. Ref: HARSH MOHAN TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th ed. pg no: 695", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clear cell", "opb": "Papillary", "opc": "Chromophobe", "opd": "Collecting duct", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "109c7402-399c-47c7-8665-eb6f79b2258b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mechanism of action of NO occurs by", "exp": "NO is a sho-lived, soluble, free radical gas NO is synthesized de novo from L-arginine, molecular oxygen, and NADPH by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase three isoforms of NOS are present Type I, neuronal NOS (nNOS)- present in Neurons, does not play a significant role in inflammation. Type II, inducible NOS (iNOS)- inducible form, responsible for the production of NO in inflammatory reactions. Type III, endothelial NOS, (eNOS)- synthesized primarily (but not exclusively) in the endothelium impoant actions regulation of neurotransmitter release potent vasodilator killing microbes and tumour cells. Endogenous regulator of leucocyte recruitment antagonism of all stages of platelet activation Mechanism of action NO induces vasodilation by acting on guanylate cyclase Cyclic-GMP activates protein kinase causes reuptake of ca2+ which activates potassium channel fall in ca 2+, myosin light chain kinase cannot phosphorylate myosin no cross bridging relaxation Robbins pathology 9th ed page 49", "cop": 2, "opa": "c-AMP", "opb": "c-GMP", "opc": "Intracellular pathway", "opd": "IP3/DAG", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "466a67e3-55cc-4e5e-8650-44e68b036633", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inclusion bodies are not seen in", "exp": "Inclusion bodies seen in - CMV, HSV, Rabies, small pox, trachoma, Molluscum Contagiosum, yello fever, adenovirus, poliovirus, measles virus", "cop": 2, "opa": "CMV", "opb": "EBV", "opc": "HSV", "opd": "Rabies", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe0e6a3f-4a9c-4d1e-9967-7f3d89fc2cb2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The shape of RBC is biconcave due to", "exp": "The remarkable deformability and durability of the normal red cell are attributable to the physicochemical propeies of its specialized membrane skeleton, which lies closely apposed to the internal surface of the plasma membrane. Its chief protein component is spectrin.Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by diverse mutations that lead to an insufficiency of membrane skeletal componentsRobbins 9e pg: 632", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ferrous state of Iron", "opb": "Spectrin", "opc": "Band protein", "opd": "Glycophorin C", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "6bc4304d-a5bf-4f7b-b11e-d2140d04f668", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of tuberculous lesion in the oral cavity is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Buccal mucosa", "opb": "Lips", "opc": "Tongue", "opd": "Palate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "761e703c-6b9b-4892-8b1a-f9c4ee4246e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperophy is a type of", "exp": "Physiological adaptive responses include: * Hyperophy - increase in cell size * Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells * Atrophy - decrease in cell size and number * Metaplasia - reversible replacement of one cell type by another differentiated cell type Refer robbins 9/e p3", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell injury", "opb": "Cellular adaptation", "opc": "Carcinoma", "opd": "Cell aging", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "aadf1a00-b8e7-47b4-b63a-900fd0fe1fe3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fordyce&;s spots in oral cavity arise from", "exp": "Fordyce's granules these are heterotropic sebaceous glands occurring in the oral mucosa. They present either as yellow-white point points, usually in the buccal mucosa or as plaque-like configurations They have no significance and no treatment is required.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mucous glands", "opb": "Sebaceous glands", "opc": "Taste buds", "opd": "Minor salivary glands", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "86452770-f3ce-43d9-ae0f-81bb505e5154", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common malignant tumor of salivary glands", "exp": "BENIGN MALIGNANT Pleomorphic adenoma(50%) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(15%) Wahin tumor(5%) Acinic cell carcinoma (6%) Oncocytoma(2%) Adenocarcinoma NOS(6%) Cystadenoma(2%) Adenoid cystic carcinoma(4%) Basal cell adenoma(2%) Malignant mixed tumor(3%) TEXT BOOK OF ROBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.556", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opb": "Wahin tumor", "opc": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "opd": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b2d741fa-35ef-41f3-a594-d33cd17f8326", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of Down syndrome is", "exp": "Genetics of Down syndrome 95% cases - Meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome 21 occurring in the ovum 4% cases - Robesonian translocation 1% cases - Mosaicism resulting from mitotic nondisjunction of chr 21", "cop": 3, "opa": "Robesonian translocation", "opb": "Mosaicism", "opc": "Meiotic nondisjuction", "opd": "Epigenetic mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "aeb9c185-1f0b-4e58-9744-a37f0e70ddf9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salt loosing nephritis is due to", "exp": "Salt-losing nephritis is one of many clinical situations involving electrolyte disturbance in renal disease. This type of nephropathy is characterized by hyponatremia and hypochloremia, lassitude, thirst, polyuria, azotemia, and circulatory collapse. Interstitial nephritis is a kidney disorder in which the spaces between the kidney tubules become swollen (inflamed). This can cause problems with the way your kidneys work. Refer robbins 9/e p930", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lupus nephritis", "opb": "Streptococcal infection", "opc": "Interstitial nephritis", "opd": "Goodpasteures syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "c0180a23-75b0-40f5-9e26-a6cd13a380df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cytokine causing fever", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., IL-6", "cop": 1, "opa": "IL-6", "opb": "IFN-y", "opc": "IL-18", "opd": "IL-4", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dcea52a1-1f51-49d8-8fbe-d20917feae03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A characteristic feature of acute inflammation", "exp": "Acute inflammation has three major steps: -\nAmong these three major steps “The hallmark of acute inflammation is increased vascular permeability leading to\nescape of protein-rich fluid (exudates) into the extravascular tissue”.\nMechanism of increased vascular permeability\ni. Formation of endothelial gaps in venules\nii. Direct endothelial injury resulting in endothelial cell necrosis and detachment.\niii. Delayed prolonged leakage\niv. Leucocyte mediated endothelial injury.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vasoconstriction", "opb": "Vascular stasis", "opc": "Margination of leucocytes", "opd": "Vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "468e0681-634b-45bf-b56e-48e1b80fc8dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fatal arrythmias are seen if myocardial infarction is", "exp": "The most common arrhythmias associated with inferior-wall and anterior-wall myocardial infarction are bradycardia and supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia. Optimal treatment approaches are based on the pathophysiology of the infarct and the presence of contributing medical factors (eg, congestive hea failure, metabolic disorders). Robbins 9 th edition page no. 377", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior", "opb": "Inferior", "opc": "Anterolateral", "opd": "Subendodardial", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "5137c113-cfe1-4aff-adda-089f5b6f5859", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Cleidocranial dysostosis, sometimes the roots of the permanent teeth are", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Thin and Long", "opb": "Thin and short", "opc": "Thick and short", "opd": "Fused", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd0b6094-077b-4aa0-93e9-9e966dbbe3e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "With reference to neoplasia, the term 'tumor progression means", "exp": "Multi step.theory of carcinogenesis Phy.attributes are .self sufficient in growth signal .local invasion ,metastasis .karyotic pattern .hormonal response .response to Anti malignant drugs Evading apoptosis All these acquired in a step wise fashion This phenomenon is tumour progression", "cop": 4, "opa": "Spread of cancer to distant sites", "opb": "Rate of growth of tumors", "opc": "Abi1ity of cancer cells to resemble their normal counterpa", "opd": "Sequential appearnace of features of increasing malignancy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "6c6a45c8-5e43-45f5-87bb-f0756a61e4f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decrease in osmotic fragility cause hemolysis in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Thalassemia", "opb": "β-Thalassemia", "opc": "Sickle cell anemia", "opd": "Methemoglobinemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f29acddd-6ab1-458c-bcd2-7b816e4544d4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Among the following conditions of hypercalcemia, PTH is not elevated in", "exp": "In individuals with primary hyperparathyroidism, serum PTH levels are inappropriately elevated for the level of serum calcium, whereas PTH levels are low to undetectable in hypercalcemia caused by of non-parathyroid diseasesSarcoidosis is a non-parathyroid cause of hypercalcemiaFamilial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR), which results in decreased sensitivity to extracellular calcium. PTH is elevated.Robbins pathology 9e pg: 1103", "cop": 4, "opa": "Parathyroid adenoma", "opb": "Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia", "opc": "Parathyroid hyperplasia", "opd": "Sarcoidosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "37cb530f-ec84-467e-88ab-a4ef970c37ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ANCA negative vasculitis amongst the following is", "exp": "ANCA p-ANCA | MPO ANCA Churg strauss syndrome Microscopic polyangiitis c-ANCA | PR3 ANCA Wegener granulomatosis Polyaeritis nodosa: ANCA negative medium vessel vasculitis Deposition of Immune complex: Fibrinoid necrosis (Type 3 HSR) 30% of patient have history of Hep B infection HBsAg + anti-HBs ab. (complex). | Deposition in many organ Sparing of small vessel (LUNGS)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Wegner granulomatosis", "opb": "Churg strauss syndrome", "opc": "Polyaeritis nodosa", "opd": "Microscopic polyangiitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2017", "id": "e8fe701a-3265-4b23-9dfc-dfad5f9084aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 2 year old child presents with scattered lesions in the skull. Biopsy revealed Langerhans giant cells. The most commonly associated is marker with this condition will be", "exp": "The history is suggestive of langerhans cell histiocytosis( eosinophilic granuloma ).The tumour cells in addition to birbeck granules express HLA -DR, S- 100 and CD1a Reference : Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease.South Asia Edition volume 1.page no. 622", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD 1a", "opb": "CD 57", "opc": "CD 3", "opd": "CD 68", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "5ef9bb7e-7e70-4f20-b160-f6a7b7b8e36e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common antecedent of erythroplakia and leukoplakia is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Tobacco use Leukoplakia (from the Greek, ieukos, \"white\" andplax, \"plaque\")o Is an asymptomatic white lesion on the surface of a mucous membrane that affects both sexes equally, mostly after the third decade of life.o A variety of diseases are characterized by white plaques on the oral mucosa (e.g., candidiasis, lichen planus, psoriasis, syphilis).o Erythroplakia is the red equivalent of leukoplakia but is less common.o Red areas associated with leukoplakic lesions are referred to as speckled leukoplakia (erythroleukoplakia, speckled mucosa). In contrast to leukoplakia, erythroplakia may represent moderate to severe dysplasia or carcinoma. Not all of these lesions herald malignancy, as many may be inflammatory' in natureo Oral Leukoplakia is the most common potentially malignant Lesion of the oral mucosa. It is seen most frequently in middle-aged and older men, with an increasing prevalence with age. Less than one percent of men below the age of 30 years have oral leukoplakia. The etiology is multifactorial but the most common cause associated with oral leukoplakia is tobacco consumption.Thus, we derive that the most common antecedent of either ery throplakia or leukoplakia in India is tobacco use.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diphtheria", "opb": "Tobacco use", "opc": "Alcohol", "opd": "Poor oral hygiene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Etiology: Carcinogenic Agents", "id": "8a818ddd-6b03-4aa7-8bf8-e3d31da22671", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The main driving force for water reabsorp on by the proximal tubule epithelium is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Active reabsorp on of amino acids and glucose", "opb": "Active reabsorp on of Na+", "opc": "Active reabsorp on of water", "opd": "Pinocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "242f14d4-26e7-4bc2-9475-ab29dfb8d61c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RS cells are seen in", "exp": "• Hodgkin’s disease is characterized by presence of Reed-sternberg cells (Classical Reed-sternberg cells) and its variants.\nRS cells are derived from B-cells of germinal center and induce accumulation of reactive, lymphocytes, histiocytes (macrophages) and granulocytes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hodgkin’s disease", "opb": "Sickle cell anaemia", "opc": "Thalasemia", "opd": "CML", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e978c8ea-cc90-4d7e-b944-ba31e864d03b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "7 day old MI the most sensitive biochemical marker", "exp": "TnI and TnT normally are not found in the circulation; however, after acute MI, both are detectable within 2 to 4 hours, with levels peaking at 48 hours and remaining elevated for 7 to 10 days. Although cardiac troponin and CK-MB are equally sensitive markers of the early stages of an MI, persistence of elevated troponin levels for approximately 10 days allows the diagnosis of an acute MI long after CK-MB levels have returned to normal. With reperfusion, both troponin and CK-MB levels may peak earlier owing to more rapid washout of the enzyme from the necrotic tissue. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.383)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Troponin T", "opb": "CPK MB", "opc": "LDH", "opd": "Myoglobin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d9157a53-d7f8-4c7d-8f19-30287b6e95ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lineage specific T Cell marker is", "exp": "CD 3 is considered as lineage specific for Tcells.", "cop": 3, "opa": "CD 1", "opb": "CD 19", "opc": "CD 3", "opd": "CD 4", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "827f4fab-9803-4075-8f03-3784ea8a031b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Uveoparotitis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "Sjogren's syndrome", "opc": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "opd": "Sarcoidosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "767b706c-33e4-415d-a274-15f318bb3cdb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common etiology of native valve endocarditis is", "exp": "The causative organanism differ depending on the underlying risk factors. 50-60% of cases of endocarditis occurring on damaged or deformed valves are caused by Streptococcus viridans, a relative banal group of normal oral flora By contrast more virulent S. aureus can attack deformed as well as healthy valves and is responsible for 10%-20% of cases overall Robbins 9 th edition page no. 393", "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptococcus viridians", "opb": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opc": "Enterococcus faecalis", "opd": "Gram -ye bacilli", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3a94f628-c1eb-48ac-aab4-4c4f34db43c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shelf life is maximum for", "exp": "Frozen Plasma - The shelf life is 1 year from the date of collection. Thawed Plasma - The shelf life of thawed plasma is either 24 hours or 5 days, depending on the plasma product.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Whole blood", "opb": "FFP", "opc": "PRBC", "opd": "Platelet concentrate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "3e976edc-e3fc-41dd-820a-61e0d53dc291", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Achalasia cardia", "exp": "Achalasia of the oesophagus is a neuromuscular dysfunction due to which the cardiac sphincter fails to relax during swallowing and results in progressive dysphagia and dilatation of the oesophagus (mega-oesophagus). etiology. There is loss of intramural neurons in the wall of the oesophagus. Most cases are of primary idiopathic achalasia which may be congenital. Secondary achalasia may occur from some other causes which include: Chagas' disease (an epidemic parasitosis with Trypanosoma cruzi), infiltration into the oesophagus by gastric carcinoma or lymphoma, ceain viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY HARSH MOHAN 6TH EDITION PAGE NO:538", "cop": 1, "opa": "Absence of nerves", "opb": "Absence of muscles", "opc": "Hyperophy of nerves", "opd": "Hyperophy of muscles", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e54e1f96-94a9-4138-98bc-b47a00500ec1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pseudotumor syndrome is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "Thalassemia", "opc": "Hemophilia", "opd": "Hyperparathyroidism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9b5e76e1-95bf-4d80-bb21-23c6eaa6da42", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal adult haemoglobin contains", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "One alpha chain and one beta chain", "opb": "One alpha chains and two beta chains", "opc": "One beta chains and two alpha chains", "opd": "Two alpha chains and two beta chains", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5bad2362-6699-4949-932e-5a04890ba362", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "TSG mutated in familial gastric ca", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "APC", "opb": "CDKN2A", "opc": "E-cadherin", "opd": "PTEN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "8131c7a8-8e74-487b-8489-d05438f5eb72", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Female treated for Urinary tract infection now has vaginal discharge. Most likely organism is", "exp": "Vaginal yeast infections occur when new yeast is introduced into the vaginal area, or when there is an increase in the quantity of yeast already present in the vagina relative to the quantity of normal bacteria. For example, when the normal, protective bacteria are eradicated by antibiotics (taken to treat a urinary tract, respiratory, or other types of infection) or by immunosuppressive drugs, the yeast can multiply, invade tissues, and cause irritation of the lining of the vagina(Refer: Shaw&;s Textbook of Gynaecology, 15th edition, pg no: 146)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ureaplasma urealyticum", "opb": "Candida", "opc": "Chlamydia", "opd": "Trichomonas", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4d6b358c-bf0e-498c-bc7a-ba36ba697c90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The polypeptide chains of hemoglobin A are composed of", "exp": "Hemoglobin A has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.\nHbA2 has two alpha and two delta chains.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 alpha, 3 beta", "opb": "2 alpha", "opc": "2 alpha, 2 beta", "opd": "1 alpha, 2 beta, 1 delta", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a1532be-c95f-4d55-aea5-119d4ea18e5b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The term dilaceration refers to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "A deformity of a tooth consisting of a sharp bend in the root", "opb": "Abrasions on two surfaces of a single tooth", "opc": "A root or tooth that is split into two", "opd": "A tooth that is fractured at two or more places", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "00c267ad-ed95-4303-8579-b9a1a02149f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Schilling test is performed to find out", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Folic acid Level", "opb": "B12 malabsorption", "opc": "Pancreatic enzyme deficiency", "opd": "Coronary artery disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10523611-e49d-4fcc-a688-2ea7effa4c33", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stain for detecting early cancer in the oral and pharyngeal cavity is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Silver nitrate", "opb": "Toluidine blue", "opc": "Congo red", "opd": "Zinc chloride", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "508c844f-d3be-4a01-861a-acc085460454", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children is diagnosed by", "exp": "In post streptococcal glomerulonephritis there elevated levels of antistreptolysin O or ASO and anti DNA awe antibodies and reduced levels of serumC3", "cop": 3, "opa": "Heavy proteinuria, high cholesterol, highASO titre", "opb": "Heavy proteinuria, hematuria, low aso titre", "opc": "Mild proteinuria, hematuria, low ASO tire", "opd": "Mild proteinuria, high cholesterol, normal ASO titre", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "03ed19db-3fc4-4e57-b17c-8a38076b2f0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Infertility is a common feature in \"Sertoli cell only\" syndrome because", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. There is no germ cells in this condition 'Sertoli cell only syndrome is another name for Germ cell aplasia.In this condition seminiferous tubules are smaller than normal and are lined by a single layer of Sertoli cells. There are no germ cells lining the seminiferous tubules.Absence of germ cells leads to absence of spermatogenesis because spermatogenesis begins from primitive germ cells, leading to infertility.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Too many Sertoli cells inhibit spermatogenesis via inhibin", "opb": "Proper blood-testis barrier is not established", "opc": "There is no germ cells in this condition", "opd": "Sufficient numbers of spermatozoa are not produced", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Female Genital Tract", "id": "792e0e01-1fd7-4ae6-97d9-4c75002b2922", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heart failure cells are seen in", "exp": "Ans. (c) Lungs(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 529; 8th/pg 535)Morphology in Lungs in LVFLungs: Most commonly affected organHeart failure cells Q-hemosiderin containing macrophages.Edematous widening of alveolar septa and -Edema fluid in the alveolar spaces.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Heart", "opc": "Lungs", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "C.V.S", "id": "8cbf95a0-fccb-4838-bdca-12452c5da13c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Apoptosis is initiated by", "exp": ". Caspases", "cop": 1, "opa": "Caspases", "opb": "DNA", "opc": "Antibodies", "opd": "RAS Kinase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ee3e256-1320-4868-82f3-357784dc3521", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Medullary ca of thyroid is associated with increase in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Calcitonin(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1099-1100)*In Medullary Carcinoma Thyroid, serum Calcitonin is elevated.*Elevated serum calcitonin also provides a marker of residual or recurrent disease.*All patients with Medullary Carcinoma Thyroid*should also be tested for RET mutations, so that genetic counseling and testing of family members can be offered;", "cop": 1, "opa": "Calcitonin", "opb": "Thyroglobulin", "opc": "T3", "opd": "T4", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrine", "id": "5078bffb-672a-491e-ba94-ff28c949d2be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Etiological agent of Roseola infantum includes", "exp": "Roseola infantumA history of 3 days of high-grade fever in an otherwise nontoxic 10-month-old child with a blanchable maculopapular rash on trunk -Roseola.Mean duration- 6days - so sixth disease/Exanthem subitum.Nagayama spots-ulcers at uvulopalatoglossal junction.DD - Measles, Rubella, Drug allergy.M/C complication-convulsions / recurrent seizures/temporal lobe epilepsy.Rx suppoiveSevere cases-Ganciclovir/ Foscarnet.(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Paediatrics, 19thedition, pg no:1117)", "cop": 4, "opa": "CMV", "opb": "EBV", "opc": "Parvovirus", "opd": "Human Herpes virus 6", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "13c7a2df-b0e5-45ac-ba29-76a0da7eb852", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In the clinical evaluation, the most significant, finding of the parotid mass may be accompanying", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Rapid progressive painless enlargement", "opb": "Nodular consistency", "opc": "Supramental and preauricular lymphadenopathy", "opd": "Facial paralysis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b80b7702-e126-4c65-8c7c-ffca59683aec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following cell types does not paicipate in repair after brain infarction", "exp": "The greatest factor in functional recovery after brain injury comes from the brain's ability to learn, called neuroplasticity. ... Recent studies have found collagen is extensively distributed throughout the brain and may be essential in protecting the brain against degeneration such as that in Alzheimers. Fibroblast do not play a role Refer robbins 9/e p774", "cop": 3, "opa": "Microglia", "opb": "Astrocytes", "opc": "Fibroblasts", "opd": "Endothelium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "870311e3-90fe-47fb-9faa-4b4e4b7c3a3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Steroids hormones exe their effects by binding to", "exp": "Steroid hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to specific receptors within the cell. These receptors are transcription factors that are active only in the presence of paicular hormones. The hormone-transcription factor complex binds to steroid hormone responsive elements in DNA to influence transcription from steroid-sensitive genes. Thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol exe their effects in a similar way.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cell surface receptors", "opb": "G proteins", "opc": "Transcription factors", "opd": "Cyclic adenosine monophophate (AMP)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bc41dba3-d4e6-4620-914d-24adae05573b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brain natriuretic peptide is degraded by", "exp": "Brain natriuretic peptide or B type natriuretic peptide: It is a hormone produced by the ventricles of the heart.\nIt has been shown to increase in response to ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload. B.N.P. is a marker of ventricular systolic and diastolic function.\nLike Atrial natriuretic peptide, it is degraded by neutral endopeptidase. Atrial natriuretic peptide:\nAtrial natriuretic factor (ANP) is a hormone released by atrial walls of the heart when they become stretched.\nBecause in heart failure,\nthere is an almost always excessive increase in both the right and left atrial pressures that stretch the atrial walls the circulating levels of ANP in the blood increase\nfivefold to tenfold in severe heart failure. The ANF, in turn, has a direct effect on the kidneys to increase greatly their excretion of salt and water.\nTherefore ANP plays a natural role to prevent the extreme congestive symptoms of cardiac failure.\nBut the other factors promoting cardiac decompensation quickly overrides this ANP effect.\nMore on the physiological properties of ANP: Circulating ANP has a short half-life.\nTheir steady level in blood is maintained by clearance receptors. It is metabolized by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) which is inhibited by Thiorphan.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neutral endopeptidase", "opb": "Elastase", "opc": "Collagenase", "opd": "Ompatrilat", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ae2f7a5-c7b6-4345-a0e4-9e8e8abb080e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Marfan&;s syndrome defect is in", "exp": "Marfan syndrome is caused by a mutation in FBNI gene encoding fibrillin. The major tissue effected are skeleton, eyes and cardiovascular system Refer robbins 146", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrillin I", "opb": "Fibrillin II", "opc": "Collagen", "opd": "Elastin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "ac91c683-b3f1-48db-9152-46a829282d22", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Noma is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "pyogenic granuloma", "opb": "fibrous dysplasia", "opc": "Vincent's disease", "opd": "cancrum oris", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "74f6cc07-b9be-48f8-bd64-23919e5adf79", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epithelial Tumour of Stomach is", "exp": "(B) Carcinoid tumouroEpithelial tumour of stomach is carcinoid tumour.[?]Carcinoid TumoroCarcinoid tumors arise from the diffuse components of the endocrine system and are now properly referred to as well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors.oThe term carcinoid, or \"carcinoma-like,\" was applied because these tumors tend to have a more indolent clinical course than GI carcinomas. Most are found in the GI tract, and more than 40% occur in the small intestine.FEATURES OF GASTROINTESTINAL CARCINOID TUMORSFeatureEsophagusStomachProximalDuodenumJejunum and IleumAppendixColo rectum*. Fraction of GI carcinoids<1%<10%<10%>40%<25%<25%*. Mean patient age (yr)Rare555065All ages60*. LocationDistalBody and fundusProximal third, peri-ampullaryThroughoutTipRectum > cecum*. SizeLimited data1-2 cm, multiple; >2 cm, solitary0.5-2 cm3.5 cm0.2-1 cm>5 cm (cecum); <1 cm (rectum)*. Secretory product(s)Limited dataHistamine, somatostatin, serotoninGastrin, somatostatin, cholecystokininSerotonin, substance P, polypeptide YYSerotonin, polypeptide YYSerotonin, polypeptide YY*. SymptomsDysphagia, weight loss, refluxGastritis, ulcer, incidentalPeptic ulcer, biliary obstruction, abdominal painAsymptomatic, obstruction, metastatic diseaseAsymptomatic,incidentalAbdominal pain, weight loss, incidental*. BehaviorLimited dataVariableVariableAggressiveBenignVariable*. Disease associationsNoneAtrophic gastritis, MEN-IZollinger-Eilison syndrome, NF-1, sporadicNoneNoneNoneMEN-I, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I; NF-1, neurofibromatosis type I.oThe peak incidence of carcinoid tumors is in the sixth decade, but they may appear at any age.oSymptoms are determined by the hormones produced.oFor example, tumors that produce gastrin may cause Zollinger-Eilison syndrome, while ileal tumors may cause carcinoid syndrome, which is characterized by cutaneous flushing, sweating, bronchospasm, colicky abdominal pain, diarrhea, and right-sided cardiac valvular fibrosis.oMost common benign tumor of esophagus - LeiomyomaoMost common malignancy esophagus - Squamous Cell CarcinomaoMost common benign tumor of stomach - Adenoma (Epithelial Polyps)oMost common site of Leiomyoma in GIT - StomachoMost common malignancy of small intestine - CarcinoidoMost common benign tumor of small intestine - AdenomaoMost common symptomatic benign tumor of small intestine - LeiomyomaoCarcinoma is the most important & the most common (90-95%) of malignant tumors of the stomach.oNext, in order of frequency are lymphoma (4%), carcinoids (3%) and mesenchymal tumors (2%).oEpidemiology:-Gastric carcinoma is the second most common tumor in the world.-It's incidence, however, varies widely, being particularly high in countries such as Japan.-Male - to - Female ratio of about 2:1.", "cop": 2, "opa": "GIST", "opb": "Carcinoid tumour", "opc": "Sarcoma", "opd": "Granular cell tumour", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Female Genital Tract", "id": "5ddff8e7-9557-44f4-ba5a-dd106aaca381", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best marker for GIST is", "exp": "Diagnostic markers GISTs and cajal cells express c-KIT (also known as CD117) and CD34. Most useful diagnostic marker is c-KIT and immunohistochemically detected in 95% of gastric GISTs GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK FIRST EDITION PAGE 390", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD117", "opb": "DOG 1", "opc": "CD 34", "opd": "CD 43", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e438d2da-1b4e-4ccd-acd2-ce913579c7bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prostate specific antigen is used as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Tumor marker", "opb": "Proto oncogene", "opc": "Oncogene", "opd": "Bacterial antigen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "25ad09a9-e446-4608-9e61-fc6ee2ebfda5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A baby's blood group was determined as O Rh negative.Select the blood group the baby's mother or fatherwill not have.", "exp": ". AB,Rh Negative", "cop": 3, "opa": "A, Rh Positive", "opb": "B,Rh Positive.", "opc": "AB,Rh Negative", "opd": "O, Rh positive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60f9276c-a8f9-4cec-90c8-3847753f2d68", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Wound strength of healing is provided by", "exp": "Type 1 collagen fibres have high tensile strength.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Collagen fibres", "opb": "Blood supply", "opc": "Growth factors", "opd": "Hormones", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f57d15c3-f52a-4db5-996d-4ca4cddf94a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Mikulicz cells\" are seen in", "exp": "\"Mikulicz cells\" & \"Russell bodies\" are seen in Rhinoscleroma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhinosporidiosis", "opb": "Rhinoscleroma", "opc": "Otomycosis", "opd": "Ozaena", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5d389ee9-6a1f-4406-9950-ae71181aeff6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person taking an oral sulfonamide is found to have a markedly decreased peripheral blood neutrophil count, but the numbers of platelets and erythrocytes are normal. If the peripheral neutropenia is the result of antineutrophil antibodies being produced in response to taking the sulfonamide, then this patient would be expected to have", "exp": "Decreased numbers of neutrophils in the peripheral blood (neutropenia) may be due to decreased production of neutrophils in the bone marrow or to increased peripheral destruction of neutrophils. Decreased production may be caused by megaloblastic anemia, ceain drugs, or stem cell defects such as aplastic anemia, leukemias, or lymphomas. Drug-induced destruction of neutrophil precursors is the most common cause of peripheral neutropenia. With all of these different causes of decreased neutrophil production, the bone marrow is hypoplastic and there is a decrease in the number of granulocytic precursors. Some causes of neutropenia also cause a decrease in the numbers of platelets and erythrocytes (pancytopenia). In contrast to decreased production, neutropenia secondary to peripheral destruction causes a hyperplasia of the bone marrow, with an increase in the number of granulocytic precursors. Causes of increased destruction of neutrophils include sequestration in the spleen due to hypersplenism (not splenic atrophy), increased utilization, such as with overwhelming infections, and immunologically mediated destruction (immune destruction). Causes of immune destruction include Felty's syndrome and ceain drug reactions, such as to aminopyrine and some sulfonamides. Drugs may cause decreased production or increased destruction of neutrophils. In the latter, antibodies are formed against neutrophils, and then these cells are destroyed peripherally. Felty's syndrome refers to the combination of rheumatoid ahritis, splenomegaly, and neutropenia. A significant number of patients with Felty's syndrome have a monoclonal proliferation of CD8 large granular lymphocytes, unrelated to drug use. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition.", "cop": 4, "opa": "An atrophic spleen", "opb": "Decreased vitamin B12 levels", "opc": "Hypoplasia of the bone marrow myeloid series", "opd": "Hyperplasia of the bone marrow myeloid series", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "f87d66a5-271b-495f-a432-caecad2e19c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sentinel node biopsy for Ca breast is for", "exp": "*Sentinel lymph nodes: Lymph nodes where the lymphatics drain first from a primary tumorSentinel lymph node biopsy can be identified by radiotracer or colored dyes. If the sentinel node is negative for metastasis, it is unlikely that other more distant nodes will be involved and the patient can be spared the morbidity (like lymphedema) of complete axillary dissection.Ref: Robbins 8/e p1089", "cop": 2, "opa": "Early diagnosis of cancer", "opb": "For staging the tumours", "opc": "Frozen section", "opd": "Occult disease detection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "f9bf7d1e-1a81-4d57-8184-00927d7fb844", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumor that follows rule of 10 is", "exp": "Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms composed of chromaffin cells. They follow rule of 10: - 10% of pheochromocytomas are extra adrenal - 10% of sporadic adrenal pheochromocytomas are bilateral - 10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas are biologically malignant. -10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas are not associated with hypeension. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e", "cop": 1, "opa": "pheochromocytoma", "opb": "Onocytoma", "opc": "Lymphoma", "opd": "Renal cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "944ee0bf-859b-4b92-9739-11c6fb732924", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Miller put forth the acidogenic theory of dental caries in the year", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "1890", "opb": "1920", "opc": "1924", "opd": "1980", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8182e3c8-b75d-4383-adda-427dcc402602", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The first consideration in the differential diagnosis of a painless palatal perforation would be", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Syphilis", "opb": "Histoplasmosis", "opc": "Scrofuloderma", "opd": "Actinomycosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "727bd908-3de9-4b15-a099-1b50e7dcce44", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Raynaud's phenomenon is seen in", "exp": "Raynaud phenomenon results from exaggerated vasoconstrictionof aeries and aerioles in the extremities, paicularlythe fingers and toes, but also sometimes the nose,earlobes, or lips. The restricted blood flow induces paroxysmalpallor or cyanosis; involved digits characteristicallyshow \"red-white-and-blue\" color changes from most proximalto most distal, reflecting proximal vasodilation, centralvasoconstriction, and more distal cyanosis, respectively.Raynaud phenomenon can be a primary entity or may besecondary to other disorders.Secondary Raynaud phenomenon refers to vascular insufficiencydue to aerial disease caused by other entitiesincluding systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Buerger disease, or even atherosclerosis.(Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no.355)", "cop": 1, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "Rheumatic fever", "opc": "Hypeension", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "67fbcfe1-c082-455f-89b6-582f8a4a4689", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The given site encodes", "exp": "MHC class III genes encode*Complement components C2 and C4*Properdin factor B of alternate pathway*TNF - alpha and betaHeat shock proteinsReference: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Complement component C3", "opb": "Tumor necrosis factor", "opc": "Interleukin-2", "opd": "Beta-2 microglobulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "40f5da6e-9f39-4828-a03b-965ece510d8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRCA2 not associated with", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Vulva! cancer", "cop": 4, "opa": "breast cancer", "opb": "Prostate cancer", "opc": "Ovarian cancer", "opd": "Vulval cancer", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b191614-836c-406a-b61d-d6dfa1a97073", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Toll like receptors are present in", "exp": "Toll-like receptors (TLRs)\nMicrobial sensors that recognize products of bacteria (such as endotoxin and bacterial DNA), viruses (like DS-RNA), and other pathogens.\nTLRs are located in plasma membranes and endosomes of leukocytes, so they are able to detect extracellular and ingested microbes.", "cop": 4, "opa": "PMNs", "opb": "Reticuocytes", "opc": "Reticuocytes", "opd": "Leukocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e2f585b6-5357-4ed0-b828-737560d78129", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Low grade Central Nervous System tumour among the following is", "exp": "(D) Meningioma # SPECTRUM OF CNS TUMORS range from Diffuse astrocytoma (grade ll/IV) Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade lll/IV) Glioblastoma (grade IV/IV)> Most meningiomas have a relatively low risk of recurrence or aggressive growth, and so are considered WHO grade l/IV.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Diffuse astrocytoma", "opb": "Anaplastic astrocytoma", "opc": "Glioblastoma multiforme", "opd": "Meningioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "99f46a2c-82a3-43fe-b02e-ad47b6fddc7c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sensory supply of middle ear cavity is by", "exp": ".Sensory Innervation. The middle ear is supplied by the auriculotemporal (fifth cranial) and tympanic (ninth cranial) nerves and by the auricular branch of the vagus ref Robbins 9/e pg 567", "cop": 3, "opa": "5th nerve", "opb": "10th nerve", "opc": "9th nerve", "opd": "Greater occipital nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "af39756c-094d-49c7-82e8-7dbdb41a003c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peutz  Jeghers Syndrome has", "exp": "Peutz  Jegher Syndrome is Autosomal dominant disorder charcterised  by multiple hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autosomal Recessive inheritance", "opb": "Autosomal dominant inheritance", "opc": "X linked Recessive inheritance", "opd": "X linked dominant inheritance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6f3012f-ed34-4912-8695-51f7cac04c9e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Angelman syndrome is due to", "exp": "Most cases of Angelman syndrome are notinherited, paicularly those caused by a deletion in the maternal chromosome 15 or by paternal uniparental disomy. Thesegenetic changes occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or in early embryonic development. Angelman syndrome was once known as'happy puppet syndrome' because of the child's sunny outlook and jerky movements. It is now called Angelman syndrome after Harry Angelman, the doctor who first investigated the symptoms in 1965. Refer robbins 172", "cop": 3, "opa": "Digenic inheritance", "opb": "Inversions", "opc": "Uniparental disomy", "opd": "Mitochondrial disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "71b2a812-fb22-4baf-a7e8-0d97836a4977", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common intracranial tumour is", "exp": "More than one-quaer of the CNS tumors are secondary metastases arising in patients undergoing treatment for systemic cancer. Both benign and malignant CNS tumors are capable of producing neurologic impairment depending upon their site. Primary CNS tumors or intracranial tumors include :- tumors arising from constituent cells of the brain (with the sole exception of microglial cells) and from the suppoing tissues. The anatomic distribution of common intracranial tumors is illustrated Among the primary brain tumors, gliomas constitute 50-60%, meningiomas 25%, schwannomas 10% and other primary tumors comprise the remainder. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th EDITION - HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:886", "cop": 1, "opa": "Metastatic tumours", "opb": "Neuroblastoma", "opc": "Schannoma", "opd": "Ependymoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e2176267-4221-470b-89ad-3f0808b2dfeb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 56 year old Chronic smoker, mass in bronchusresected. Most useful immunohistochemical marker to make a proper diagnosis would be aEUR'", "exp": "Cytokeratin Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochennstry is an impoant tool for determination of type of tissue by the presence (or absence) of tissue specific lineage markers. Basic principle of immunohistochemistty is to label an antibody with a probe (coloured marker) which is specific to an antigen of a paicular tissue. - This antibody is run on the tissue of unknown origin. If the tissue has that paicular antigen site (epitope), then the antibody will get attached to the tissue. Because this antibody is labeled, it can be seen under a microscope and the origin of the tissue can be diagnosed. Let's begin the discussion with intermediate filaments: Intermediate filaments are cytoskeleton components of both normal and neoplastic tissue. There are the major antigens used in immunohistochemistry. Five broad classes of intermediate filaments exist. Most neoplasms show a predominant expression of one of these: a) Keratins Carcinomas, mesothelioma and non? seminomous GCT b) Vimentin Sarcoma, melanomas, seminomas, lymphomas c) Neurofilament Neural and neuroendocrine tumours d) Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) Neoplasms of astroglial origin e) Desmin Tumours of muscular origin (leiomyoma and rhabdomyomas) Neoplastic cells can co-express more than one of these intennediate filaments i.e. they may be +ve for 2 markers of different origin. These .findings can also be helpful to diagnose a tumour. After this brief outline let us examine various markers in each neoplasia. Carcinomas Cytokeratins are the most sensitive markers for carcinoma. - These are. fuher subdivided into 20 subtypes based on molecular weight and isoelectric pH. - These individual keratins provide impoant information about site of origin of given carcinoma. CK7+/CK20+ Urothelial transitional cell ca ; Ca pancreas, Ovarian macinous carcinoma CK7+/CK20- Breast, lung, endometrium, thyroid, ovary (serous), thymoma CK7-/CK20+ Colorectal, stomach, Merkel cell CK7-/CK20- Liver, kidney (clear cell), prostate Epithelial markers for determination of site of origin of carcinoma Breast * Estrogen and progesterone receptor (ifpositive, denotes good prognosis) * GCDP (gross cystic disease protein) specific breast marker * (HE2/neu-poor prognosis) * Cadherin is -ye in lobular carcinoma but +ve in ductal carcinoma Liver CAM, AFP Thyroid Thyroglobul in (papillary & follicular) calcitonin (medullary) Prostate PAP, prostate specific antigen Colorectal CEA, CK20, pancreas CA19-9, ovary CA-125 Other epithelial markers Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) -4 Breast, lung and kidneys, adenocarcinoma are typically +ve. Carcinoma embryonic antigen +ve in carcinomas of GIT, pancreas, lung, breast, uterus and ovary Keratin positive tumours besides carcinomas Mesotheliomas - Usually +ve HMW keratin, CK5/6 should be distinguished from adenocarcinomas which are protective for low molecular weight cytokeratin and carcinoma embryonic origin. Non-seminomatous GCT - These can be distinguished from carcinoma as they are positive for - HCG (choriocarcinoma) - AFP (endothelial sinus tumour), - Placental alkaline phosphatase (PCAP), - Embryonal Ca (choriocarcinoma and endodennal sinus tumour). Sarcomas Vimentin: -Characteristically expressed in normal mesenchymal cells - Such tumours would include tumors derived from - blood vessels, - muscle, - fat, - cailage, - hemopoietic elements, - neural tube & neural crest, and - Seoli & Granulosa cells of testis and ovary. Other markers used in mesenchymal cell tumours. Tumour of myogenous origin, i.e. leio and rhabdomyosarcoma - Muscle specific Actin & Desmin - Myoglobin, myogenin and myo-D1 Tumour of vascular origin, i.e. hemangioma and angiosarcoma - Factor VIII - CD31 Fibrohistiocytic tumors, e.g. malignant fibrous histiocytoma - CD68 - HAM56 Osteosarcoma: - Osteopontin - Osteocalcin - Osteonectin - Bone GIA protein Ewing Sarcoma and PNET (Ewing in soft tissue): - CD99 (antibodies against MIC-2 gene) - besides Ewings this is also positive in few other tumours including ovarian granulosa cell tumour. GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumours): - CD117 identifies C-KIT gene for tyrosine kinase. - These are normally present on Cajal's interstitial cells. - These tumours respond to drug Glevac/Imatinib, which is also given to patients of CML having (9:22) translocation. Other impoant tumours where immunohistochemistry has a role: Melanomas -S-100 (sensitive but not specific marker) - HMB-45 (melanosome, highly sensitive and specific) Lymphomas -CD-45 - used in screening of lymphomas. - Fuher typing is done by: - B cell markers CD19, CD20, CD23 - T-cell markers CD-2, CD-3, CD-7 - Reedsternberg cells - CD15 & CD30 .for Hodgkin's lymphoma Seminoma -Vimentin & PLAP +ve - AFP and HCG (-ye) Neuroendocrine tumour, e.g. carcinoid tumors -NSE (neuron specific enolase) - Chromogranin - Synaptophysin - Leu-7 Neural tumours of glial origin, e.g. Astrocvtomas -GFAP (Glial fibrillary acid protein)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytokeratin", "opb": "Vimentin", "opc": "Epithelial membrane cadherin", "opd": "Leucocyte common antigen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "95b661ff-e172-4206-8d0a-7ca8e2d447d4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The chronic granulomatous disease is", "exp": "defects in the phagocyte oxidase (NADPH oxidase) enzyme, the cause of chronic granulomatous disease In these patients, engulfment of bacteria does not result in activation of oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms. In an attempt to control these infections, the microbes are surrounded by activated macrophages, forming the \"granulomas Tuberculosis is the prototype of the granulomatous diseases but sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, cat-scratch disease, leprosy, brucellosis, syphilis, some mycotic infections, berylliosis, and reactions of irritant lipids are also included. it is a congenital and not acquired leukocyte function defect ref:-robbins 9th ed, page 79", "cop": 1, "opa": "Associated with formation of multiple granulomas", "opb": "A benign neoplastic process", "opc": "A parasitic disease", "opd": "Acquired leukocyte function defect", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9c9b8c27-5535-4193-b588-a34d6c24d398", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ANCA positive vasculitis is", "exp": "Wegener granulomatosis is likely to be initiated as a cell mediated hypersensitivity response directed aganist inhaled infectious or environmental antigens. PR3-ANCA are present in almost 95 c/o of cases Chrug - stauss syndrome is a small vessel necrotising vasculitis classically associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, lung infiltrate, etc. This syndrome may stem from hyperresponsiveness to normally innocuous allergic stimuli. MPO-ANCA s are present in a minority of cases Robbins 9 th edition page no. 354", "cop": 4, "opa": "Churg-strauss syndrome", "opb": "Polyaeritis nodosa", "opc": "Wegener granulomatosis", "opd": "1 & 3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "764b69e6-4afd-4ca0-958f-d1bcbc40b49c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paradoxical embolism is seen in", "exp": "PARADOXICAL EMBOLISM - right heart into the left heart (right to left shunt) permit venous emboli to\nbypass the lungs and directly enter the systemic circulation", "cop": 1, "opa": "Heart", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6b69c31-3c47-42b2-b323-3ac17af6d957", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pseudopolyps are features of", "exp": "Answer is B (Ulcerative colitis) Colonic involvement with ulcerative colitis is characterised by extensive, broad based ulceration of the mucosa in the distal colon or throughout its length. Pseudopolyps are created by bulging upwards of isolated islands of regenerating mucosa.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Crohn's disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Celiac sprue", "opd": "Whipple's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "156e55a5-4fcf-441f-b345-cc57a2548e8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sickle cell disease is due to", "exp": "(Point mutation) (628-R) (227-426-Basicpathology> 8th)Sickle cell disease is an important hereditary hemoglobinopathy, a type of disease characterized by production of defective hemoglobins.Sickle cell disease is caused by a point mutation at the sixth position of the b-globin chain leading to the substitution of a valine residue for a glutamic acid residue.Sickle syndromes occurs in 3 different forms (394-HM 5th)1. As heterozygous state for HbS: Sickle cell trait (AS)2. As homozygous state for HbS: Sickle cell anaemia (SS)3. As double heterozygous states eg. Sickle p-thalassaemia Sickle-C-disease, sickle-D disease (SD)Frame-shift mutation - occurs when there is insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs in the DNA sequence eg. Cystic fibrosis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Point mutation", "opb": "From shift mutation", "opc": "Nucleotide receptor blockage", "opd": "Non sequence mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "2a289b3b-7a93-470f-8913-51b181f9202f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shell teeth are more common in this variant of dentinogenesis imperfecta", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type III", "opc": "Type II", "opd": "Type III and I", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bffecdae-ce2c-4ca4-83e1-ddbcdee6c018", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most important factor associated with causation of head and neck carcinoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Intravenous drug abuse", "opb": "Exposure to nickel", "opc": "History of syphilis", "opd": "Tobacco use", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3d666fb-0569-4571-93fc-e6a37420d7ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Curvilinear trabeculae mimicking Chinese character pattern are seen in", "exp": "Lesions of fibrous dysplasia are well circumscribed, intramedullary and greatly vary in size. The lesional tissue is tan-white and gritty and is composed of curvilinear trabeculae of woven bone surrounded by a moderately cellular fibroblastic proliferation. The Curvilinear shapes of trabeculae mimic Chinese characters, and the bone lacks prominent osteoblastic rimming.Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Volume II; Bones, Joints and Soft Tissue Tumors; Page no: 1206", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrous Dysplasia", "opb": "Fibrous coical defect", "opc": "Non-ossifying Fibroma", "opd": "Ossifying Fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal system", "id": "1dc58271-29b2-40c0-b6b3-1620b7c7820c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multiple schwannomas are seen with", "exp": "Multiple schwannomas occur in association with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and schwannomatosis. ... Schwannomatosis is the third major form of neurofibromatosis and involves the development of multiple schwannomas in the absence of vestibularschwannomas.", "cop": 2, "opa": "NF1", "opb": "NF2", "opc": "Noonan's syndrome", "opd": "Tuberous sclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "79e15175-74cf-45b7-88ba-ffa9d3af09f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In herpes primary lesion is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "ulcer", "opb": "papule", "opc": "vesicle", "opd": "Bullae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ac9d05a3-64a1-47f9-b6c4-f874bbb6099f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ocular basement membrane is stained by", "exp": "Not only ocular almost all basement membranes are stained with PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff) Because it has mucopolysaccharides Periodic acid-Schiff reactive (PAS) method is principally used to demonstrate structures rich in polysaccharides (glycogen), mucopolysaccharides (e.g., ground substance of connective tissues, basement membrane, and mucus), glycoproteins (thyroglobulin), and glycolipids.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alcaine blue", "opb": "Giemsa stain", "opc": "Methylene blue", "opd": "Periodic acid-Schiff", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c1983484-ed05-47f9-81bf-08dfaa637dfa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ulceration of Peyer's patches occur in ... infection", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Salmonellao The Peyer's patches show oval ulcers with their long axis along the length of the bowel in typhoid ulcer (salmonella infection).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Amoebiasis", "opb": "Crohn's", "opc": "Salmonella", "opd": "Clostridium difficle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5398fdd8-5477-4237-aaba-548db721bfd5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The system responsible for transporting blood around the body is", "exp": "The circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and the blood,\nand its function is to transport the blood around the body", "cop": 2, "opa": "Urinary system", "opb": "Circulatory system", "opc": "Lymphatic system", "opd": "Digestive system", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "19c9072e-7655-4630-bdce-f67e47c4e7ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Smoking is not a risk factor for", "exp": "Answer- D. Alzhiemers disease\"Recent research has shown that smoking is a signifcant risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease, with smokers twice as likely to develop the disease as non-smokers\".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lung carcinoma", "opb": "Osteoporosis", "opc": "Nonunion of bones", "opd": "Alzhiemers disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "925ef29d-a7d0-49bf-a1cb-80323a32d853", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ck 7 negative and ck 20 negative tumor is", "exp": "Answer- A. Prostate carcinomaCK7- 1 CK20 - carcinoma of adrenal coex, prostate", "cop": 1, "opa": "Prostate carcinoma", "opb": "Carcinoma colon", "opc": "Urothelial carcinoma", "opd": "Mesothelioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0974e126-9586-4fcc-bad9-675144655703", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest tumor of the myocardium is", "exp": "Primary benign cardiac tumors are seen mostly in children and young adults and include atrial myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, and endocardial fibroelastoma.Atrial myxomas are often seen as a round or multilobar mass in the left atrium (75%), right atrium (20%), or ventricles or mixed chambers (5%). They typically have inhomogeneous brightness in the center of cine steady-state free precession imaging due to their gelatinous contents and may havea pedunculated attachment to the fossa ovalis.Primary malignant cardiac tumors are extremely rare and include angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma.Reference: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 270e Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging: Echocardiography, Nuclear Cardiology, and Magnetic Resonance/Computed Tomography Imaging", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myxoma", "opb": "Sarcoma", "opc": "Rhabdomyoma", "opd": "Fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "72189145-7690-4b36-93dd-b1e0408cd1f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sarcoma of the soft tissues spread by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Blood vessels", "opb": "Lymphatics", "opc": "Direct invasion", "opd": "Local infiltration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a709aaf7-324a-48f0-8da8-8603234d5153", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell to cell permeability occurs through", "exp": "Ans. (c) Connexins(Ref: Robbins 9th/ pg 11)*Communicating junctions (Gap junctions): mediate the passage of chemical or electrical signals from one cell to another.*Consists of pores called connexions and formed by hexamers of transmembrane proteins called connexins", "cop": 3, "opa": "Occludin", "opb": "Zona adherens", "opc": "Connexins", "opd": "Zonulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "72679b4c-0110-494d-a03c-d3569cfdaa6c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multiple ileal strictures and internal fistulas are features of", "exp": "Answer-B. Crohn's, diseaseCrohn's disease complicated by multiple strictures and internal fistulas.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Intestinal TB", "opb": "Crohn's, disease", "opc": "Ulcerative colitis", "opd": "Diveiculosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "db640c82-7ac7-415b-976b-b2d625b4f2db", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Barrette's oesophagus is diagnosed by", "exp": "(B) Intestinal metaplasia # Barrett's esophagus is a serious complication of GERD.> In Barrett's esophagus, normal tissue lining the esophagus changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine(columnar epithelium).> Barrett's esophagus is marked by the presence of columnar epithelia in the lower esophagus, replacing the normal squamous cell epithelium--an example of metaplasia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Squamous metaplasia", "opb": "Intestinal metaplasia", "opc": "Squamous dysplasia", "opd": "Intestinal dysplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "7cebf49d-d714-4b53-948c-6941d92615c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Raspberry tongue is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Scarlet fever", "opb": "Vitiligo", "opc": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "opd": "Impetigo", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ca8a97dd-45ad-4858-a71d-b6d052736d65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most severe form of Ehler Danlos syndrome is", "exp": "Ehlers danlos syndrome *A genetic defect in the synthesis of fibrillar collagen*Of all the types, type IV (vascular type) is the most severe form as it involves internal organs*Common type - Type VI (kyphoscoliosis type) caused due to a defect in lysyl hydroxylase*Type VII - defect in type 1 collagen*Type IV - Defect in type 3 collagen*Type I and II - Defect in type 5 collagen ( Ref: Robbins 8/e p146)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type 1", "opb": "Type 8", "opc": "Type 4", "opd": "Type 2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "06152a61-2aa0-40ec-9ce6-cdc1aa928f3b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Akathisia is treated by", "exp": "(Refer: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal medicine, 18th edition, pg no - 3544)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Haloperidol", "opb": "Fluoxetine", "opc": "Propranolol", "opd": "Lithium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "70fcbcb4-3b40-4b4a-90d0-df0e576d98d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of nose is", "exp": "Ans. is 'B' i.e., SarcomaSoft tissue sarcoma arise from mesenchyme, like muscles (myoma), endothalial cells (endothelioma) and cailage (chondroma)Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a soft tissue sarcoma.It arises from distinct type of endothelial cells which exhibit epitheloid morphology.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma", "opb": "Sarcoma", "opc": "Carcinosarcoma", "opd": "Hamaoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6997bff-2989-46fc-b275-7bc6d0450827", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Features of trigeminal neuralgia do not include", "exp": "Trigeminal neuralgia is an archetype of orofacial neuralgias that follows the anatomic distribution of fifth nerve that exhibits a trigger zone, stimulation of which initiates a paroxysm of pain. It is characterised by paroxysmal, excruciating pain in trigeminal dermatornes. Latency (refers to the short time period between stimulation of a trigger area and pain onset) and refractory period (occurs following an attack and during this time pain may not be initiated) are other 2 attack related phenomena related to TN.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Paresthesia", "opb": "Paroxysmal pain", "opc": "Refractory period", "opd": "Presence of trigger zone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a2a08ac-58cf-4094-ad80-bfa82551317d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dose of acute radiation causing permanent sterility in males is", "exp": "Estimated Threshold Doses for Acute Radiation Effects on Specific OrgansHealth EffectOrganDose Temporary sterilityTestes0.15Depression of hematopoiesisBone marrow0.5Reversible skin effects (e.g., erythema)Skin1-2Permanent sterilityOvaries2.5-6Temporary hair lossSkin3-5Permanent sterilityTestes3.5CataractLens of eye5Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 9; Environmental and Nutritional Diseases; Page no: 442; Table 9-7", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.15Sv", "opb": "2.5Sv", "opc": "3.5Sv", "opd": "5Sv", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "ee912d32-5153-4e4e-9846-368f9ee6cb27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Theirsch graft is also known as", "exp": "Types of skin graftFeaturesPaial thickness ( Thiersch)Full thickness ( Wolfe)Graft uptake Easy uptake and survivalUptake is difficult Graft derivation Large grafts can be derivedOnly small grafts can be takenMC site Thigh Behind ear Cosmetic appearance Unacceptable Good Donorsite healing Donor site heals without contractionDonor site has to be closed or else it will heal with contracture(Refer: Sabiston's Textbook of Surgery, 19th edition, pg no: 1916-1917)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Full thickness graft", "opb": "Paial thickness graft", "opc": "Wolfe's graft", "opd": "Plastic graft", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e98e0c81-7cea-4d80-aacd-c1cb0d55b9ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 45 year old lady is having persistent reflux symptoms. Most accurate investigations in establishing diagnosis before surgical treatment is", "exp": "GERD is often associated with hiatus hernia type IClinical featuresInvestigationsClassical traid: reterosternal burning pain, epigastric pain and regurgitation.HeaburnsRegurgitationAbdominal painCoughDysphagia for solidsBelchingBloatingManometry for measuring LES tone24 hrs PH monitoringEsophagogram TreatmentLifestyle modifications: cessation of smoking, decreased caffeine intake and avoidance of large meal at nightMedical management: double dose of PPI'SSurgical therapy: laparoscopic Nissen's fundoplication, modern fundoplication, 3600 floppy fundoplication (Refer: Sabiston's Textbook of Surgery, 19th edition, pg no: 1081)", "cop": 4, "opa": "An UGI series", "opb": "Endoscopy", "opc": "Esophageal manometry", "opd": "Ambulatory pH monitoring", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "86935e8f-7c34-4f8d-8430-83c0920ceb4a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bowen's disease is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Benign neoplasm of the G.I.T", "opb": "Intra epithelial carcinoma", "opc": "Vesiculobullous Lesion of skins", "opd": "Ulcerative lesion of G.I.T", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2fc3b3be-c160-4fce-8726-72215f04276d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reactivation tuberculosis is almost excusively a disease of the", "exp": "Persons who are previously exposed to tuberculous infection shows incidence of reactivation of primary tuberculosis and the pattern of lesions in such cases is similar to that of primary tuberculosis i.e. with involvement of hilar lymph nodes rather than cavitary and apical lesions in the lung. In addition, infection with M. avium-intracellulare occurs more frequently in cases of AIDS Ref: Textbook of pathology (harsh mohan)6th edition, page no.153", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lungs", "opb": "Bones", "opc": "Joints", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "3b21feea-c5a1-4a99-a812-878a37a89fe7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A young patient complains of shooting pain , paraesthesia and tenderness on one side of the palate. Unilateral vesicles appear in clusters. The patient gives previous history of chickenpox.", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Herpes zoster", "opb": "Herpes simplex", "opc": "Herpengina", "opd": "Bahcets syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1a6e6f6-b15e-4f4f-a81c-c3dc0be4bbcc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spleniculi means", "exp": "Ans. (d) Accessory spleen(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg)Accessory spleens or spleniculi are seen inGastrosplenic LigamentLienorenal ligamentGastrophrenic ligamentGreater omentumBroad ligament of uterusSpermatic cord.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Splenic calculi", "opb": "Splenic atrophy", "opc": "Splenic malignancy", "opd": "Accessory spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "37143d90-4956-47be-9a6b-0318b6fbe1c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pyknosis is characterized by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Nuclear basophilia", "opb": "Nuclear Shrinkage", "opc": "Nucleus disintegration", "opd": "Nucleolus disintegration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9cae896-4c7e-44ab-b89a-fbb541663faf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most specific marker for myeloid series is", "exp": "The markers for myeloid series are CD13, CD33, CD 11b, CD15, CD117 and cMPO. c MPO is the most lineage specific marker amongst these. Regarding other options, CD 34 - Myeloid and lymphoid blasts, stem cells, CD 45 - Leukocyte common antigen (nonerythroid hematopoietic cells), CD 99 - Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal cells.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CD 34", "opb": "CD 45", "opc": "CD 99", "opd": "CD 117", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Diagnostic procedures", "id": "83965e8c-d334-49ad-a40a-ff226ba11e09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Schizophrenia occurring in persons with IQ less than 70 is", "exp": "Schizophrenia in mental retardation is known as Proff schizophrenia Other named Schizophrenia is 1. Van-Gogh schizophrenia - schizophrenia with self-mutilating behaviours. 2. Nuclear schizophrenia: It is when both hebephrenic and catatonic schizophrenia occur.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Simple", "opb": "Proff", "opc": "Catatonia", "opd": "Hebephrenic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e115161b-b7e0-46ab-ae92-10bdff5192d3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Riga fede disease is the ulceration seen on", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Attached gingiva", "opb": "Buccal mucosa", "opc": "Lower Lip", "opd": "Tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c403e35-f1f2-4fea-851c-b9eecb692e62", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristic histopathological finding in Shock lung", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Diffuse alveolar neurosis", "opb": "Interstitial pulmonary edema", "opc": "Diffuse interstitial inflammation", "opd": "Intra-alveolar debris", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a979f240-726f-4b47-a7f2-a4f5ccfe29e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anthracosis is due to inhalation of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Coal dust", "opb": "Asbestos dust", "opc": "Silica dust", "opd": "Beryllium dust", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b7531b9-0c88-474d-b74f-35b93d2691d4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Flow cytometry is used to", "exp": "Flow cytometry:These include B- and T-cell lymphomas and leukemias, as well as myeloid neoplasms. An advantage of flow cytometry over immunohistochemistry is that multiple antigens (CD molecule) can be assessed. Also PNH is diagnosed by flow cytometry, which provides a sensitive means for detecting red cells that are deficient in GPI-linked proteins such as CD59.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Antibody response T lymphocytes", "opb": "Separate blood cells from whole blood", "opc": "Distinguish between leukocytes", "opd": "To get differential leukocyte count", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2017", "id": "0d4f0854-2c70-46ef-8373-293247284ffe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common benign lesion of vocal cord in pediatric age group is", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Granular cell tumor", "opb": "Chondroma", "opc": "Juvenile papillomatosis", "opd": "Solitary papilloma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "57239248-da28-4dfb-86ae-dcf8f3e9f5a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carcinoid of lung (bronchial adenoma) arise from", "exp": "Ans. (b) Kulchitsky cell(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 719)Enterochromaffin (EC) cells, or \"Kulchitsky cells\"; are a type of enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cell occurring in the epithelia lining the lumen of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract that release serotonin.Tumors from these cells results in carcinoid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ciliated cell", "opb": "Kulchitsky cell", "opc": "Type 2 pnemocytes", "opd": "Clara cell", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiration", "id": "ce5a5ad8-e29a-4db3-95a4-65ebc26f963e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type of immunologic injury in AIHA (Auto immune hemolytic anemia)", "exp": "Ans. b (Type II) (Ref. Robbin's pathology 8th ed., Table no. 5-1; p. 121)Hypersensitivity Type IAnaphylactic and atopic - antigen cross-links IgE on presensitized mast cells and basophils, triggering release of vasoactive amines (i.e., histamine). Reaction develops rapidly after antigen exposure due to preformed antibody. E.g. include anaphylaxis, asthma, hives, local wheal and flare.First and Fast (anaphylaxis)Type I, II and Ml are all antibody mediated.Type IIAntibody mediated - IgM, IgG bind to antigen on \"enemy\" cell, leading to lysis (by complement) or phagocytosis.E.g. include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Rh disease (erythroblastosis fetalis), Goodpasture's syndrome, rheumatic fever,Graves' disease, bullous pemphigoid, myasthenia gravis, ITP.Cy-2-toxicAntibody and complement lead to membrane attack complex (MAC).Type IIIImmune complex - antigen-antibody complexes activate complement, which attracts neurophils; neurophils release lysosomal enzymes.Examples include PAN, immune complex GN/PSGN, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis. Serum sickness - an immune complex disease (type III) in which antibodies to the foreign proteins are produced (takes 5 days).Immune complex form and are deposited in membranes where they fix complement (leads to tissue damage). More common than Arthus reaction. Arthus reaction - a local subacute antibody-mediated hypersensitivity (type Ml) reaction. Intradermal injection of antigen induces antibodies, which form antigen-antibody complexes in the skin. Characterised by edema, necrosis, and activation of complement. E.g. hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung), thermophilic actinomycetes.Imagine an immune complex as 3 things stuck together; antigen-antibody- complement.Most serum sickness is now caused by drugs (not serum)Fever, urticaria, proteinuria, arthralgias, lymphadenopathy 5-10 days after antigen exposure. Antigen-antibody complexes cause the Arthus reaction.Type IVDelayed (T-cell mediated) type - sensitized T lymphocytes encounter antigen and then release lymphokines (leads to macrophage activation).4th and last - delayed. Cell mediated; therefore, it is not transferable by serum, e.g. 4 T's = T lymphocytes, Transplant rejection (GVHD),TB skin tests (PPD), Touching (contact dermatitis).Anaphylactic and AtopicType 1 Diabetes mellitusMultiple sclerosisGuillain-Barre syndromeHashimoto's thyroiditis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "00406793-d8fa-4b9c-8fe1-a84a2dca7229", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aschoff bodies are seen in", "exp": "Aschoff bodies are pathognomonic of Rheumatic heart disease.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy", "opb": "Kawasaki disease", "opc": "Rheumatic heart disease", "opd": "Infective endocarditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ba91ccf-cca2-4c94-9aa2-2b95d98c8655", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mesangial deposits of Lambda chain is seen in", "exp": "The nature of the light chains in mesangial IgA deposits and serum IgA was studied in patients with IgA nephropathy. Immunofluorescence (IF) studies using murine monoclonal antibodies, rabbit and goat anti-human monospecific antisera were performed in kidney sections from 15 IgA nephritic patients with only IgA isotype detected in the renal biopsy. Lambda light chain IF was demonstrated in all biopsy specimens and kappa light chain IF in 11 renal biopsy specimens. The majority of renal biopsies showed a predominance of lambda light chain IF staining in the mesangial deposits. The concentration of individual immunoglobulins and their light chain fractions, and the kappa/lambda ratio were determined in the serum and the supernate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells culture of 30 IgA nephritic patients and 30 age-matched healthy controls. The IgA nephritic patients had a higher serum concentration of total IgA (P less than 0.001) and a significantly lower IgA kappa/lambda ratio (P less than 0.001) compared with the controls. The kappa/lambda ratio of supernatant IgA from IgA nephritic patients (N = 20) was also significantly lower than that of the normal subjects (N = 14), both in the unstimulated (P less than 0.01) and pokeweed mitogen stimulated, peripheral blood mononuclear-cell culture (P less than 0.05). Our results showed that patients with primary IgA nephropathy displayed a unique immunologic response characterized by a predominance of IgA with lambda light chain in circulation", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amyloidosis", "opb": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis", "opc": "membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Membranous nephropathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "e1b73528-f24f-4368-ac40-8fb3a5ac7d4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Induration of seminal vesicle is seen most often in", "exp": "Tuberculosis of genital tract should be considered in the presence of following situationsChronic cystitis that refuses to respond to adequate treatmentSterile pyuria, gross or microscopic hematuriaNon-tender enlarged epididymis with beaded or thickened vasChronic draining scrotal sinusInduration or nodulation of prostate and thickening of one or both seminal vesicle(Refer: Smith's Urology, 17th edition, pg no: 219-225)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tuberculosis", "opb": "Gonorrhea", "opc": "Syphilis", "opd": "Lymphogranuloma venereum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4b902d2c-39c2-485e-9e3d-67acd3584a9e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "JC virus causes", "exp": "(A) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) # JC virus (JCV): JCV is a type of human polyomavirus (formerly known as papovavirus) and is genetically similar to BK virus and SV40. It was discovered in 1971 and named after the two initials of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopa:hy (PML). The virus causes PML and other diseases only in cases of immunodeficiency, as in AIDS or during treatment with drugs intended to induce a state of immunosuppression (e.g. organ transplant patients).> Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare progressive clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive decline, spasticity of limbs, and seizures and caused by early-age acute infection with measles.> Subacute Encephalitis or HIV Meningoencephalitis or AIDS dementia complex (ADC) characterized by insidiously beginning dementia, with mental slowing, memory loss, and mood disturbances, such as apathy & depression; with motor abnormalities, ataxia, bladder & bowel incontinence, and seizure.> Tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV -1 associated myelopathy (HAM) or Vascular Myelopathy is a disorder of spinal cord is found in 20%-30% of patients with AIDS & histopathological findings resemble subacute combined degeneration, though serum levels of vitamin B12 are normal.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)", "opb": "Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)", "opc": "Subacute Encephalitis", "opd": "Tropical spastic paraparesis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "10a6a8dd-415d-49fa-b3c6-514832153545", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemosiderosis of liver, pigment deposited is", "exp": "it is a homozygous recessive inherited disorder due to excessive absorption of iron GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PG NO.458", "cop": 2, "opa": "Copper", "opb": "Iron", "opc": "Zinc", "opd": "Manganese", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c84d2ca9-5fb0-4823-8757-1cbaa0c8ae33", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Globulomaxillary cyst is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Soft tissue cyst present often between maxillary lateral incisor and cuspid teeth", "opb": "Often present between incisor and cuspid teeth but is a bone cyst", "opc": "A cyst present between the midline of the palate", "opd": "A cyst present in the incisive canal", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f25aa6a-21e3-41f6-97d9-5639950c8e40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Irreversible injury to myocardium in MI occurs earliest by", "exp": "Answer- C. 20 minuteshlyocardial function is more seflsith'e to kchemia (loss of contractility occurs within 60 seconds) than myocardial structure(irreversible injury occurs in 2O-40 minutes), thus myocardial necrosis begins at approximately 30 minutes after coronary occlusion", "cop": 3, "opa": "Few seconds", "opb": "10 minutes", "opc": "20 minutes", "opd": "40 minutes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b1d74199-cdab-4154-bedc-837679481ac3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The reagent used in Apt test is", "exp": "Alkali denaturation test (Apt-Downey test / apt test)Used to detect differentiate Fetal or neonatal blood from maternal blood (Qualitative).PrincipleMethodFetal hemoglobin (alpha 2 gamma 2 subunits) is resistant to alkali (basic) denaturation, whereas adult hemoglobin (alpha2 beta 2 subunits) is susceptible to such denaturation.Exposing the blood specimen to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) will denature the adult but NOT the fetal hemoglobin.The fetal hemoglobin will appear as a pinkish color under the microscope while the adult hemoglobin will appear as a yellow-brownish colorThe blood is mixed with sterile water to cause hemolysis of the RBCs, yielding free hemoglobin,The 5 ml pink hemoglobin-containing supernatant is then mixed with 1 mL of 1% NaOH.Fetal hemoglobin will stay pink and adult hemoglobin will turn yellow-brown.Adult hemoglobin changes color because it is less stable and will conve to hematin.Clinical UsesVaginal bleeding in late pregnancy is tested to rule vasa pre.Neonatal bloody vomitus or bloody stool to rule out swallowed maternal blood.To detect the presence of fetal blood in the maternal circulation in cases of suspected fetal-maternal hemorrhage.Positive test indicates that blood is of fetal origin.Negative test indicates that the blood is of maternal origin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sodium bicarbonate", "opb": "KCL", "opc": "Sodium hydroxide", "opd": "Sodium chloride", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e2d63e36-5dee-479e-aee8-967e5e9cd04e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mutation of STK II / LKB I gene results in", "exp": ". Peutz Jegher&;s syndrome", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peutz Jegher's syndrome", "opb": "Cowden syndrome", "opc": "Familial adenomatous polyposis", "opd": "HNPCC", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a016e98c-16fc-4128-a11e-9d75ca7c8bea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In sickle cell trait, number of bands found in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., 2 o In hemolobin electrophoresis, various types of hemoglobin move at varying speed. o In Sickle cell trait (heterozygous state), there are two types of hemoglobin : - HbS (40%) and HbA (60%). So, on elecrophoresis two different bands are produced. o In homozygous state, almost all hemoglobin is HbS. So, single band is produced.", "cop": 1, "opa": "2", "opb": "1", "opc": "4", "opd": "5", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "54ba8b43-4ecd-4abc-8734-784b00f3dab4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Area of skin supplied by single nerve supply", "exp": "A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves (C1 being an exception with no dermatome), twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain. Spinal nerves not only play an important role in differentiation and motor innervation of the limb musculature, but also provide sensory innervations for the dermatomes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dermatome", "opb": "Pedicle", "opc": "Graft", "opd": "Dermoid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b01133d-32b9-4ed5-a5db-7fdda3dc064d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In AML, diagnosis of blasts cells is", "exp": "C. i.e. (20% of myloid blasts) (462 - Basic pathology) (418 Harsh Mohan 5th)ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA* As per WHO classification of leukemias, these criteria have been revised upwards to 20% blasts in the marrow for labeling and treating a case as AML (418 - Harsh Mohan 5th)* By definition, in AML myeloid blasts or promyelocytes make up more than 20% of bone marrow cellularity (462- Basic pathology 8th)* **DIC is seen in M3 type of AML* ** Auer rods, red -staining rod like structures present in the myeloblasts or more differentiated cells (Diagnostic clue)* Abnormal PML/RARA fusion proteins* Autoimmune haemolytic anemia is seen in CLL*** Chloroma is greenish in appearance due to the presence of myeloperoxidase seen in AML**** In AML, Chromosomal anomaly is - 8: 21 *** All - trans- retinoic acid is used in treatment for Acute- Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML)**", "cop": 3, "opa": "10% of myeloid blasts", "opb": "15% of myeloid blasts", "opc": "20% of myeloid blasts", "opd": "10% of myeloid blasts and 15% promyelocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "3f4ca3f2-0cc7-4213-8ddb-dc62a67db7a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Enlargement of lip occured with in seconds to 24 hours is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Angioedema", "opb": "Mucocoele", "opc": "Herpes", "opd": "Fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5b5cce59-ba48-46b9-bbe7-5da99fbd4491", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Procoagulant factors produced by endothelial cells include", "exp": "The three main components of hemostasis include endothelial cells, platelets, and the coagulation system. Endothelial cells exhibit both procoagulant and anticoagulant properties. Their procoagulant activities involve activation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade by their production of tissue factor (thromboplastin) and stimulation of platelet aggregation by their production of von Willebrand factor and platelet-activating factor.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thrombomodulin", "opb": "Prostacyclin", "opc": "Von Willebrand factor", "opd": "von Willebrand factor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5832c8e3-8d99-4030-a1b3-5c32c3a5a67e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron dispersed in the cytoplasm seen in electron microscope as", "exp": "(Ferritin):FERRITIN - is the storage protein of iron and found in blood liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestine (mucosal cells) The maximum iron content of ferritin on weight basis is around 25%.HEMOSIDERIN - is another iron storage protein which can hold about 35% of iron by weight. Hemosiderin accumulates in the body (Spleen, liver) when the supply of iron is in excess of body demands.Major function of Transferrin is transport of iron to RE cells, bone marrow to reach the immature red blood cells. Transferrin is internalized by receptor mediated endocytosis within the target cells, iron is released and apotransferrin is recycled to form new transferring molecules.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoferritin", "opb": "Transferritin", "opc": "Hemosiderin", "opd": "Ferritin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "ab75ba0e-3b88-4129-8363-eb63b571df92", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient with fibrous dysplasia can be treated by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Surgical excision", "opb": "Removal of adjacent teeth", "opc": "Irradiation of the Lesion", "opd": "Conservative surgery", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e9fee42-68a2-4df8-a01b-abb800da69cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mucocutaneous lesion associated with neoplasia", "exp": "Paraneoplastic pemphigus is a severe variant of pemphigus, associated with an underlying neoplasm — most frequently non Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic Leukemia, thymoma, and castleman disease. Tumor antigens are hypothesized to evoke an immune response that leads to the development of an autoimmune response to intercellular adhesins (plakins). This autoantibody response leads to blistering in mucosa and other epithelia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pemphigus vegetans", "opb": "Parapemphigus", "opc": "ParaneopLastic pemphigus", "opd": "Familial benign pemphigus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b3cea4f-19e4-48f5-88ab-3e8a6f4f99fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitamin deficiency associated with increase xanthurenic acid excretion in urine", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "Pyridoxine", "opc": "Ascorbic acid", "opd": "Niacin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "986410ba-00e6-456d-89af-35ab94b263e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mebendazole is more effective than albendazole in Rx of", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Enterobius vermicularis", "opb": "Trichuris trichiura", "opc": "Trichinella spiralis", "opd": "Ascaris lumbricoides", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1e72fea5-eb17-4384-8173-d455a4231035", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chemotaxis is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Unidirectional increase in movement", "opb": "Random movement increase", "opc": "Margintion of leucocytes", "opd": "Increase of leucocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "746d02c5-57ed-4ae9-be3b-7b8847d54c6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carcinoid tumors of lung arises from", "exp": ". Kulchitsky (K) cells", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type-II pneumocytes", "opb": "Kulchitsky (K) cells", "opc": "Mucus (goblet) cells", "opd": "Clara cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8bb48a3-f35b-4228-a9bb-31ec76fb5bad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronic kidney disease is defined as the presence of a diminished GFR for at least", "exp": "Chronic kidney disease (previously called chronic renal failure) is defined as the presence of a diminished GFR that is persistently less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months, from any cause, and/or persistent albuminuria.It may present with clinically silent decline in renal excretory function in milder forms, and in more severe cases, by prolonged symptoms and signs ofuremia. It is the end result of all chronic renal parenchymal diseases.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 20; The Kidney; Page no: 898", "cop": 2, "opa": "1month", "opb": "3months", "opc": "6months", "opd": "12months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "79659398-9661-4b74-8c85-377ccee8096c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The professional antigen presenting cells are", "exp": "Professional APC Express MHC class II molecules Dendritic cells Immature dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) Macrophages B cells Non - professional APC Do not express MHC class II molecules Stimulated by cytokines like IFN Fibroblasts Thymic epithelial cells Thyroid epithelial cells Glial cells Pancreatic beta cells Endothelial cells", "cop": 2, "opa": "Endothelial cells", "opb": "Dendritic cells", "opc": "T cells", "opd": "B cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0734c8fe-672e-443b-8c6f-3f4b74a2f9de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest site of liquefactive necrosis is", "exp": "NECROSIS\n■ Enzymatic degradation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury.\n■ Characterized by enzymatic digestion and protein denaturation, with the release of intracellular components.\n■ Morphologically occurs as coagulative (heart, liver, kidney), liquefactive (brain), caseous (tuberculosis), fat (pancreas), fibrinoid (blood vessels), or gangrenous (limbs, GI tract).\n■ Kidney infarct exhibiting coagulative necrosis will be seen with loss of nuclei and clumping of cytoplasm but with preservation of basic outlines of glomerular and tubular architecture.\n■ Liquefactive necrosis in the kidney can be caused by fungal infection, which will be seen filled with white cells and cellular debris, creating a renal abscess that obliterates the normal architecture.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "58815e2d-9509-48f2-b9ad-cfff60468274", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kernicterus is invariably associated with", "exp": "Inherited Unconjugated HyperbilirubinemiaCrigler Najjar Type - 1 Crigler Najjar Type - 2Persistence of unconjugated bilirubin > 20mg/dl after 1st week in the absence of hemolysis suggests CN-1.KERNICTERUS -usual UDPGT activity reduced.Autosomal recessive.Rx - Phototherapy.Heme oxygenase inhibition by metalloporphyrin therapy.Cure - ohotropic liver transplantation.Can be differentiated from CN1 by marked decrease in serum bilirubin with phenobarbitone.KERNICTERUS -unusual.Inducible phenobarbitone response on UGTA1 promoter.Orlistat intestinal lipase inhibitor reduces bilirubin in both CN-1 & CN -2Inherited Conjugated HyperbilirubinemiaDubin Johnson syndrome Rotor syndrome Absent MRP2 protein - multiple drug resistant protein is responsible defectCholangiography fails to visualize gall bladderTotal urinary coproporphyrin is normal||| coproporphyrin 1 excretion||| coproporphyrin 3 excretionX ray -Gall bladder abnormalLiver histology-Black pigment.Additional deficiency of organic anion uptakeTotal urinary coproporphyrin is increasedX ray gall bladder - normalNo black pigment(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Paediatrics, 19thedition, pg no:604)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Crigler-Najjar syndrome type-I", "opb": "Crigler-Najjar syndrome type-II", "opc": "Dubin Johnson syndrome", "opd": "Rotor syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ce791f22-da23-434b-bd1b-85268ca1ff27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In fanconi anemia, there is a", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Deficiency of copper", "opb": "Mutation of DNA repair gene", "opc": "No increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Purely nutritional disorder etiology", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d1d8ea2-3954-4d53-909a-c28ec2f13d49", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common antibody in Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis includes", "exp": "(C) Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase# About 50% of patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis have myositis-specific antibodies, so when the clinical exam and testing suggest the possibility of these diseases, the presence of these antibodies can be strong supporting evidence for the diagnosis.> There are literally dozens of myositis-specific and myositis-associated antibodies identified, and researchers are learning more about them.> Some of the best-known are anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, anti-Signal Recognition Particle (SRP), and anti-Mi-2: chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4.> Several studies have noted that these serological types are identified with differences in presentation and prognosis. Patients with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may have arthritis in addition to myositis, fevers, interstitial lung disease and the \"mechanic's hands\" so named because of the thickening of the palms of the hands. Patients with anti-Signal Recognition Particle may have severe muscle weakness that comes on very rapidly, muscle aches, and cardiac involvement. Those with anti-Mi-2: chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 may have the classic dermatomyositis skin signs, like the shawl rashes and cuticle overgrowth.", "cop": 3, "opa": "SS-7", "opb": "SS-8", "opc": "Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase", "opd": "Anti hystidyl transfer synthetase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "ec233ad4-d7e4-44a0-ae98-4c73988764f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ganglion of tendons is an example of", "exp": "ganglions arises due to cystic or myxoid degeneration of connective tissue. The cyst wall lacks a true cell lining. The fluid that collects is similar to synol fluid.A ganglion is a term applied to a cyst filled with colloid material which is met within the vicinity of a joint or tendon sheath. ... A hernial protrusion of a synol membrane of a joint or tendon sheath often occurs with the resultant formation of a ganglion. option 4 is right robbins basic pathology. chapter bones,joints and soft tissue tumours. page no. 1315.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neoplastic process", "opb": "Malformation", "opc": "Amyloid deposition", "opd": "Myxomatous degeneration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "7a2aef08-4c69-4654-8de4-2b22efe5c57d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "After cataract is best treated with", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "ARGON LASER", "opb": "Nd-YAG LASER", "opc": "EXIMER LASER", "opd": "Holmium LASER", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6b9d7e75-f761-4886-9440-e1142ed352a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multiple bilatertal dentigerous cysts are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Down's syndrome", "opb": "Maroteaux Lamy syndrome", "opc": "Treacher Collin syndrome", "opd": "Gorlin Goltz syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "202779dc-3c1d-4a78-849a-9302ace272a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Central organ in apoptosis is", "exp": ". Mitochondria", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Endoplasmic Reticulum", "opd": "Golgi body", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c09ae385-c4e4-4ebe-9a70-799f5fc11b60", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The liver removes LDLs in the blood by the LDLs binding to", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "LDL receptors and then internalizing them", "opb": "HDL receptors and then internalizing them", "opc": "The albumin present on LDLs and then internalizing them", "opd": "The transferrin present on LDL and then internalizing them", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "356ae98d-c960-41ee-93d9-73ba33ba76f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cyst without lining is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Radicular cyst", "opb": "Dentigerous cyst", "opc": "Naso palatine duct cyst", "opd": "Hemorrhagic / Traumatic bone cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7ba15bc9-abe4-40d1-945e-621566db6257", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common odontogenic cyst is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Primordial cyst", "opb": "Dentigerous cyst", "opc": "Radicular cyst", "opd": "Mucocele", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f32d011b-f299-4a61-a1a0-13fe94cdb6dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In children commonest organ involved in nocardiosis is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lungs", "opb": "Brain", "opc": "Skin", "opd": "Renal", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6f9da5d0-2f4d-49db-8dfc-4056cd293b2d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is seen in", "exp": "Classification of jaundice A. Predominantly unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 1. increased production of bilirubin Hemolytic anemias Resorption of blood from intestinal hemorrhages(eg: gi bleeding, hematomas) Ineffective erythropoiesis 2. Reduced hepatic intake Drug that interfere with the membrane carrier systems Diffuse liver disease ( hepatitis, cirrhosis) Some cases of Gilbe syndrome 3. Impaired bilirubin conjugation Physiological jaundice of the new born Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II Gilbe syndrome Diffuse liver disease ( hepatitis, cirrhosis) B. Predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia 1. Decreased hepatocellular excretion Deficiency of canalicular membrane transpoers - Dubin- Johnson syndrome - Rotor syndrome Liver damage or toxicity 2. Impaired intra/extra hepatic bile flow Inflammatory destruction of bile ducts( eg: primary biliary cirrhosis) Gallstones Carcinoma of pancreas GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PGNO.429", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rotor syndrome", "opb": "Dubin-Johnson syndrome", "opc": "Gilbe syndrome", "opd": "Bile duct obstruction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "4e5313db-d176-4750-b149-c7bec4364fc1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A ring chromosome is a special form of", "exp": "A ring chromosome is a special form of deletion. It is produced when a break occurs at both ends of a chromosome with the fusion of the damaged ends. If significant genetic material is lost, phenotypic abnormalities result. This might be expressed as 46, XY,r(14). Ring chromosomes do not behave normally in meiosis or mitosis and usually result in serious consequences.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 5; Genetic Disorders; Page no: 160", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inversion", "opb": "Isochromosome", "opc": "Deletion", "opd": "Translocation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "7138873b-3a40-4bee-97dc-0b937fcaff91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia is due to defect in", "exp": "Platelet Function Defects:- * Defect in platelet adhesion:- Bernard Soulier syndrome,Von Willebrand's disease * Defect in platelet aggregation:- Glanzmann thrombasthenia, Afbrinogenemia * Defect in platelet secretion:- Storage pool disorders,drugs (NSAID) induced Glanzmann thrombasthenia is due to defective platelet aggregation, due to defect in receptor Gp IIb-IIIa Bernard Soulier syndrome is due to defective platelet adhesion due to defect in Gp Ib-IX * In the image shown above, agglutination is seen with theristocetin. There is no aggregation with ADP, adrenaline or collagen. * Possible diagnosis:- Glanzmann's thrombasthenia or afibrinogenaemia * In the image above, there is lack of agglutination with ristocetin, but agglutination occurs with other agonists. * Possible diagnosis:- Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) or Bernard Soulier Syndrome (BSS). * vWD is differentiated from BSS by repeating the platelet aggregometry after adding cryoprecipitate. * After adding cryoprecipitate (which contains von Willebrand factor), agglutination occurs with ristocetin.Then a diagnosis of vWD can be made. * BSS - Disorder of platelet adhesion, due to defect in Ib-IX receptor * Glanzmann thrombasthenia - Disorder of platelet aggregatation, due to defect in IIb-IIIa receptor. * Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an autosomal recessive inherited platelet function defect characterized by normal platelet count, prolonged bleeding time and abnormal clot retraction. * Clot retraction test is a measurement of platelet function. Clot retraction test is abnormal in thrombocytopenia, thrombasthenia and polycythemia Ref:- Robbins Basic Pathology 9th Edition; Pg num:- 660", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gp Ib-IX", "opb": "Gp IIb/IIIa", "opc": "CD68", "opd": "Von Willebrand factor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "bf92a550-fa7f-4a0f-a52c-d8319dcd9263", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most specific immunohistochemical marker for melanoma cells is", "exp": "HMB-45 is the most specific for melanoma cells.\nS-100 is the most sensitive marker.", "cop": 3, "opa": "S-100", "opb": "Melan-A", "opc": "HMB-45", "opd": "Chromogranin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7404cbc7-0c40-47b2-928c-969fa3e01fea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome, failure of antigen presentation is due to defective expression of", "exp": "Ans. a (MHC class I genes) (Ref. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 17th / 699; Robbin's pathology 7th/pg. 244)BARE LYMPHOCYTE SYNDROME# It is a condition caused by deficiencies in major histocompatibility complex:- Type 1: MHC class I (HLA-A, -B, and -C) antigens- Type 2: MHC class II (HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP) antigens# Isolated deficiency of MHC class I antigens, the bare lymphocyte syndrome, is rare.- The resulting immunodeficiency is much milder than in SCID, contributing to a later age of presentation. - Sera from affected children contain normal quantities of MHC class I antigens and ss2 -microglobulin.- But MHC class I antigens are not detected on any cells in the body.- There is a deficiency of CD8 but not CD4 T cells.# The bare lymphocyte syndrome, type II (MHC class II is not expressed).- The result is that the immune system is severely compromised.- Clinically, this is known as a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).- MHC class II-deficient patients have a very low number of CD4 T cells but normal or elevated numbers of CD8 T cells. Lymphopenia is only moderate. The MHC class II antigens HLA-DP, DQ, and DR are undetectable on blood B cells and monocytes, even though B cells are present in normal number.# Rx: Bone marrow transplant is currently the only treatment.IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASESPhagocytic DeficienciesHumoral DeficienciesCell-mediated Combined immunodeficiences# Reduced neutrophils# Defective phagocytes# Adherence defects# Chemotactic defects# Killing defects# X-linked agammaglobu- linemia# X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome# Common variable hypo- gammaglobulinemia# Selective immunoglobulin deficiencies# DiGeorge syndrome# Reticular dysgenesis# Bare lymphocyte syndrome# SCID# Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome# Complement deficiencies", "cop": 1, "opa": "MHC class I genes", "opb": "Immunoglobulins", "opc": "T and B cell surface receptors", "opd": "Cluster determinants", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "7b55d418-f550-4dff-a7f1-28d7f51749df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Curschmann spirals are found in", "exp": "(Asthma) (726- Robbins 7th) (485- 492- HM 5,h) (492- Basic pathology 8th)* Bronchial Asthma - Histologically the mucous plugs contain whorls of shed epithelium. Which give rise to the well known Curschmann spirals*, Numerous eosinophils and charcot Leyden crystals* are present* The other characteristic histologic findings of asthma collectively called \"airway remodeling\"* REID INDEX is the ratio between thickness of the submucosal mucous glands (i.e, hypertrophy and hyper plasia) in the cartilage containg large airway to that of the total bronchial wall seen in chronic bronchitis**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Broncitis", "opb": "Asthma", "opc": "Bronchiectasis", "opd": "Lung abscesses", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiration", "id": "2bf63e0a-fb61-49b6-93cd-b877d53db9f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Target lesions are observed in case of", "exp": "\"Target\" or \"Iris\" or \"Bull's eye\" lesions on hands, wrists and ankles are characteristic of erythema multiformae.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Erythema multiforme", "opb": "Lichenplanus", "opc": "Pemphigus vulgaris", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "469ba76e-76e3-41de-9064-40abf73edef9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inheritance pattern of ABO blood group system is", "exp": "harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition ABO blood grouping shows codominance as both alleles of a gene pair are expressed in heterozygous state", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pseudodominance", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "Autosomal recessive", "opd": "Codominance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "5e9d4328-eabd-4876-bcf2-c9437d887f04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemophilia is associated with", "exp": "Mutations involving single genes follow one of three patterns of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Familial hypercholesterolemia Huntington disease Marfan syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Hereditary spherocytosis Neurofibromatosis, type 1 Adult polycystic kidney disease Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Cystic fibrosis Phenylketonuria Tay-Sachs disease Severe combined immunodeficiency a- and b-Thalassemias Sickle cell anemia Mucopolysaccharidoses--all types Glycogen storage diseases--all types Galactosemia X-linked Recessive Inheritance Hemophilia A Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy Fragile X syndrome (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 219)", "cop": 1, "opa": "X chromosome", "opb": "Y chromosome", "opc": "Chromosome 3", "opd": "Chromosome 16", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "55041312-51f5-4954-b0b3-5ec08ab20eb2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Follicular thyroid carcinoma is differenciated with follicular adenoma with", "exp": "B. i.e. (Capsular invasion) (768 - 69- Basic pathology 8th)* The follicular thyroid carcinoma is impossible to distinguish from follicular adenomas on gross examination. This distinction requires extensive histologic sampling of the tumor-capsule- thyroid interface, to exclude capsule and or vascular invasion (768 - Basic pathology 8th)* Extensive invasion of adjacent thyroid parenchyma makes the diagnosis of carcinoma obvious in some cases. Follicular lesions in which the nuclear features are typical of papillary carcinomas should be regarded as papillary cancers* Follicular thyroid carcinoma differs from papillary carcinoma in lacking. Papillae, ground- glass nuclei of tumour cells and psammoma bodies *** Term fetal adenoma is used for follicular adenoma thyroid*** Psammoma bodies are seen in - Papillary carcinoma of thyroid, Meningioma, serous cyst adenoma o fovary**** Mesothelioma is differentiated from adenocarcinoma by presence of long slender microvilli** (Kerala - 08)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hurthle cells", "opb": "Capsular invasion", "opc": "Clear cells", "opd": "Hyperchromatic nuclei", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrine", "id": "e381c622-15ec-46ab-b9ad-717726373095", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Green discoloration on the surface of teeth is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Porphyra", "opb": "Internal resorption", "opc": "Nasmynth membrane", "opd": "Silver", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10b0cf26-2d78-416c-8cbd-1c6626035218", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 40yr old male presenting with URTI, hemoptysis and has elevated cANCA value is most likely having", "exp": "Ans: b) Wegner's granulomatosis Wegner's granulomatosis is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by:i) Acute necrotizing granuloma of URT/LRTii) Necrotizing vasculitis involving small to medium vesselsiii) Renal disease - focal necrotizing crescentic glomerulitiscANCA is positive in 95% of all patients with acute generalized disease. Arise in titre suggest relapse.cANCA typically found in Wegner's granulomatosispANCAMicroscopic polyangitisChurg strauss syndromeGood pasteur's syndromeIdiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Churg strauss syndrome", "opb": "Wegner's granulomatosis", "opc": "Microscopic polyangitis", "opd": "Good Pasteurs syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "35bc9552-e542-4db5-a534-26157a22aefd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Curschmann spirals are a characteristic finding in", "exp": "In patients dying of acute severe asthma (status asthmaticus) the lungs are distended by overinflation and contain small areas of atelectasis. The most striking gross finding is occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by thick, tenacious mucus plugs, which often contain shed epithelium. A characteristic finding in sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens is Curschmann spirals, which may result from extrusion of mucus plugs fromsubepithelial mucous gland ducts or bronchioles. Also present are numerous eosinophils and Charcot-Leyden crystals; the latter are composed of an eosinophil protein called galectin-10.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of DIsease; 9th edition; Chapter 15; The lung; Change 682", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute severe Asthma", "opb": "Chronic Bronchitis", "opc": "Emphysema", "opd": "Bronchiectasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "8fe950d5-82a7-44f9-ba96-b01eb7cdb94a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The amount of blood lost in GIT to produce a single black stool is approximately", "exp": "approximately 60 ml of blood is required to produce a single black stool", "cop": 3, "opa": "< 20 ml", "opb": "30-40 ml", "opc": "60-70 ml", "opd": "100-110 ml", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7c7c816c-e5dc-48b7-ad63-635e68123aaa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythematous lesions with Collarets of scales on trunk", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pityriasis rubra", "opb": "Pityriasis rosea", "opc": "Pityriasis versicolor", "opd": "Pityriasis alba", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b2d3a7c6-8eb0-41eb-840b-e90eb615d420", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shingles occurs", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "primary infection", "opb": "is unilateral", "opc": "occurs on movable tissues", "opd": "is bilateral", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e63f921-25fd-437c-916e-3e9ebe686fbc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common causative agent for meningitis after spinal subarachnoid block is", "exp": "Infective meningitis is mainly due to Staphylococcus epidermidis carried along with needle from skin. Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) in children is a rare infectious emergency warranting prompt intervention. Predisposing factors include immunosuppression, spinal procedures, and local site infections such as veebral osteomyelitis and paraspinal abscess. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common isolate. Iatrogenic meningitis is a rare, but potentially fatal condition. We repo four cases of meningitis after spinal anesthesia and review the possible etiological factors of post spinal meningitis Ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococcus epidermidis", "opb": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opc": "Pseudomonas", "opd": "Streptococcus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d4707167-dd77-4cb7-ab52-040ca35e6c9b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Follicular carcinoma of thyroid", "exp": "Follicular cancer of thyroid 20% of thyroid malignancies More common in iodine-deficient areas Clinical featuresTreatmentPredisposed by long-standing multinodular goiterHematogenous metastasis is more common than lymph nodal metastasis. Pulsatile secondaries may be seen in skull, ribs, pelvis. Malignancy is defined by the presence of capsular and vascular invasion. Hence FNAC cannot differentiate between follicular adenoma and carcinoma Follicular tumors>4 cm size are more likely to be malignant. Follow up can be done using I123 scan or by thyroglobulin estimation. Thyroglobulin levels in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy should be below 2 ng/ml. Total thyroidectomyProphylactic nodal dissection is not needed because nodal involvement is infrequentIf nodal involvement is seen functional block dissection must be done. If FNAC shows follicular adenoma; lobectomy is enough because 80% of cases are benign. If the biopsy repo becomes positive for malignancy based on angio or capsular invasion Completion Total thyroidectomy must be done I131 therapyExternal beam RadiotherapyChemotherapy: Adriamycin and taxanes (Refer: Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9th edition, pg no: 1363-1365)", "cop": 3, "opa": "The most common thyroid cancer", "opb": "Readily diagnosed thyroid cancer", "opc": "Spreads through hematogenous route", "opd": "Commonly multifocal", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7c57f787-4ecf-402d-8a89-8d8b6d298480", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clear cells are seen in", "exp": "Clear cells are seen in \n\nChondrosarcoma\nClear cell carcinoma\nClear cell acanthoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chondrosarcoma", "opb": "Osteosarcoma", "opc": "Fibrosarcoma", "opd": "Ewing's sarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9a464db6-f86c-4acf-bca4-81420b9866ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dystrophic calcification are calcifications seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Skin layers", "opb": "Salivary glands", "opc": "Normal tissues", "opd": "Dead tissue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bdee525d-ada1-4e1c-94fa-a63733311428", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The main clinicalfeature of primary antiphospholipid syndrome is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Thrombosis", "opb": "Vascular injury", "opc": "Trauma", "opd": "Bleeding disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6a6c152-d5d4-44cd-9397-0960268ab622", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shock is a circulatory disturbance characterized by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased blood pressure", "opb": "Decreased volume of circulating blood", "opc": "Elevated body temperature", "opd": "Decreased volume of interstitial fluid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8da34a3c-bec3-4cb4-b89c-2cfdde949ba6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ammonia causes", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Increase in plaque formation", "opb": "Increase in calculus formation", "opc": "Decrease in plaque formation", "opd": "Causes precipitation of salivary proteins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "78d337de-16f3-4089-83ad-059676b08acd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "C3 compliment is cleared by", "exp": "Answer- B. CD 55Decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) increases the dissolution of C3 convease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CD 59", "opb": "CD 55", "opc": "Factor D", "opd": "Factor E", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ddb2a4f8-5d21-480d-92dd-5285fde470ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dental cyst", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Occurs from the reduced enamel epithelium", "opb": "Replaces the tooth to which it it attached", "opc": "Is frequently seen with a missing tooth on the X-ray.", "opd": "Cystic lining of stratified squamous epithelium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b88c5ca-9660-4555-aa88-e55df523de5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "McEwen's triangle is a landmark for", "exp": "Mac Ewen's (Suprameatal) Triangle: Boundaries of the triangle are: a. Anteriorly: posterosuperior border of the bony external auditory canal along with the spine of Henle. b. Posteriorly: a veical line drawn tangential to the posterior margin of the external, canal. c. Superiorly: the supramastoid crest. It is land mark for exposure of lateral surface of mastoid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antral drain", "opb": "Mastoid surgery", "opc": "Submucous resection", "opd": "Uncinectomies", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ecc0a18f-4ae1-474d-9117-600da191ddb5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hereditary retinoblastomas", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "13pl4", "opb": "14pl3", "opc": "14ql3", "opd": "13ql4", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6d29973-5299-4c6d-9b2d-add87c3db52f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In an infant, bone marrow biopsy is done from", "exp": ". The tibia is the site for bone marrow biopsy in the newborn infant and in children under 2 years of age. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 261-262", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tibia", "opb": "Sternum", "opc": "Posterior superior iliac spine", "opd": "iliac crest", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "9d0826f0-ec19-44ad-9133-a471f1c17ada", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sweat glands in cystic fibrosis", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased", "opb": "Increased", "opc": "No change", "opd": "May increase or decrease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "204b2543-5650-46cd-bf9a-e450149f99a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pseudopelade is", "exp": "Pseudopelade of Brocq is an idiopathic, chronic, slowly progressive, patchy cicatricial alopecia that occurs without any evidence of inflammation. It is primarily atrophy rather than an inflammatory folliculitis. The term pseudopelade was first used by Brocq to distinguish this condition from the 'pelade' of alopecia areata. In recent times, the term pseudopelade has been used to describe a generic scarring alopecia, the end result of any number of different pathological processes, and the interchangeable use by some of 'pseudopelade' and 'pseudopelade of Brocq' has led to confusion in the literature. Pseudopelade of Brocq is an unusual form of permanent hair loss from the scalp, the cause of which is unknown. This is a specific diagnosis reached after excluding known causes of patchy scarring alopecia (pseudopelade) such as lichen planopilaris and discoid lupus erythematosus. ref Robbins 9/e pg 677", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alopecia steatoides", "opb": "Alopecia mucinosa", "opc": "Traction alopecia", "opd": "Cicatricial alopecia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "852c5930-ad5e-4762-a477-ca3816de13b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are at increase risk of developing", "exp": "Individuals with hashimotos thyroiditis are at an increased risk of development of extra nodal marginal zone B - cell lymphoma. Hashimotos thyroiditis is an auto immune disease. It causes destruction of thyroid gland and progressive thyroid failure. It also increases the risk of development of other autoimmune diseases, both endocrine and neuroendocrine.(Ref:ROBBINS Text book of pathology)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Papillary carcinoma", "opb": "Follicular carcinoma", "opc": "T-cell lymphoma", "opd": "B-cell lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4134d811-8ee3-48ba-bba0-3147aa71fd70", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MMR is expressed in", "exp": "Maternal moality ratio(Total no of female deaths due to complications of pregnancy, childbih or within 42 days of delivery from puerperal causes in an area during a given year / Total no of live bihs in the same area and year) x 1000Maternal moality ratio: Number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live bihs during the same time period (Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 593 )", "cop": 3, "opa": "Per 1,000 live bih", "opb": "Per 10,000 live bih", "opc": "Per Lac live bih", "opd": "Per 10 Lac live Bih", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e0941b1e-800a-4871-994f-6cc570388ed6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The prognosis of rapidly proliferating glomerulonephritis (Crescentric GN) depends upon", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' No. of crescents (Ref: Robbins (Basic) 6/e, p453]Following lines from Robbins (Basics) gives us fair idea of the answer.Robbins says about rapidly progressive glomerulo nephritis that.- \" prognosis can be roughly related to the number of crescents; patients with crescents in less than 80% ~ of the glomeruli have a slightly better prognosis than those with higher percentage of crescents\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Number of crescents", "opb": "Size of crescents", "opc": "Shape of crescents", "opd": "Cellularity of crescents", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Glomerular Diseases", "id": "aa1fae15-7f3a-42cd-b7a0-8c10f65333a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acute graft rejection occurs within", "exp": "Answer- C. 3 monthsAcute rejection - It occurs 5 days to 3 months after transplantation.Both cell-mediated (cellular) rejection and humoral (antibody mediated) rejection are involved.", "cop": 3, "opa": "3 hours", "opb": "3 days", "opc": "3 months", "opd": "3 years", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "846c6672-06c4-43b9-a9fd-90d8e3861690", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The worst prognosis for renal cell carcinoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vascular invasion", "opb": "Associated with hypercalcemia", "opc": "Presence of Hematuria", "opd": "Size more than 5 cm.", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "24871a4d-3478-4b40-b138-8b816b766188", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasrnacytoid lymphomas may be associated with", "exp": "Plasmacytoid lymphoma is lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.Its a B cell neoplasm in adults.Most commonly the plasma cell component secretes monoclonal IgM,often in amount sufficient to cause a hyperviscosity syndrome, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce066031-1db4-406a-b80b-a406473f07fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Triple helix is found in", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 63 The collagens are composed of three seperate polypeptide chains braided into a ropelike triple helix.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cystine", "opb": "Collagen", "opc": "Pectin", "opd": "DNA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "80351dcb-3f71-4433-b1b1-2a505f97e74b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spindle Cell Carinoma is a variant of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Pleomorphic Adenoma", "opb": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "opc": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opd": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "378afb96-8f5a-4c50-a259-fd04d3359a9e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The immune complex Hypersensitivity reaction is", "exp": "In immediate hypersensitivity (type I hypersensitivity), the injury is caused by TH2 cells, IgE antibodies, and mast cells and other leukocytes Mast cells release mediators that act on vessels and smooth muscle and proinflammatory cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells. In antibody-mediated disorders (type II hypersensitivity), secreted IgG and IgM antibodies injure cells by promoting their phagocytosis or lysis and injure tissues by inducing inflammation In immune complex-mediated disorders (type III hypersensitivity), IgG and IgM antibodies bind antigens usually in the circulation, and the antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues and induce inflammation In cell-mediated immune disorders (type IV hypersensitivity), sensitized T lymphocytes (TH1 and TH17 cells and CTLs) are the cause of the tissue injury ref robbins pathology 9th ed page 201", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type-1", "opb": "Type-II", "opc": "Type-III", "opd": "Type-IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "8c83cf91-2a5c-4e53-9995-5b7561a30bdd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Burning Mouth Syndrome describes pain associated with", "exp": "Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is burning or stinging of the mucosa, tips, and/or tongue in the absence of visible mucosal lesions. Van der Waal defined the term Burning mouth syndrome to refer only to idiopathic cases. There is strong predilection with most female patients being menopausal and the age of onset being approximately 50 years.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oral lichen planus", "opb": "Oral submucous fibrosis", "opc": "Aphthous stomatitis", "opd": "No detectable oral disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e947644-e29d-4061-b271-100fed5d2840", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Autoimmunity is caused", "exp": "Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Prominent examples include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's disease, rheumatoid ahritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis (PM), and dermatomyositis (DM). Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids.", "cop": 3, "opa": "The pressure of forbidden clones", "opb": "Expression of cryptic antigens", "opc": "Negative selection of T-cells in the thymus", "opd": "Inappropriate expression of the MHC proteins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "6aa57226-7075-4f70-bb6a-75e95d7c7d93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sago spleen is seen in", "exp": "i.e. (Amyloidosis): (90-Harshmohan 6th) (254-Robbin & Cotran 8th)Sagospleen & Lardaceous spleen - common pattern of amyloid deposition in the spleenSAGO-SPLEEN : characteristic translucent pale and waxy nodules resembling sago grains (tapoica like granules)LARDACEOUS - SPLEEN - shows map-like areas of amyloid lardaceous lard-like; lard means fat of pigsGamma-Gandy bodies or sidero fibrotic nodules which are deposits of haemosiderin pigment and calcium salts on fibrous connective tissue and elastic fibre are features of CVC of spleenNut-meg liver gross appearance of liver seen in chronic passive congestion of liver**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Infarction", "opb": "Amyloidosis", "opc": "Chronic venous congestion", "opd": "Tuberculosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "4fa575eb-571b-47f5-a7b7-108ce3b7c5ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest site of intestinal T.B.", "exp": "Ans, is 'C' i.e., ileum o Most common site of intestinal T.B. is ileum.o Tuberculosis of the small intestine occurs in two forms,o Primary infection is usually due to bovine strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis and results from ingesting infected milk. In India the human strain may also cause such primary tuberculosis. This produces hyperplastic tuberculosis.o Secondary infection occurs due to swallowing of tubercle bacilli in a patient with pulmonar\\! tuberculosis. This leads to ulcerative tuberculosis, the more common form of intestinal tuberculosis,o Hyperplastic tuberculosiso Caused by ingestion of mycobacterium tuberculosis by pts with a high resistance to the organism. The infection established itself in lymphoid follicles and the resulting chronic inflammation causes thickening of the intestinal wall and narrowing of the lumen. There is early involvement of the regional lymph nodes which may caseate.o Untreated sooner or later subacute intestinal obstruction will supervene often together with the impaction of an enterolith in the narrowed lumen,o It usually occurs in the ileocecal region,o Clinical featuresAttacks of acute abdominal pain with intermittent diarrhoea.Sometimes the presenting picture is of a mas in the rt iliac fossa in a pt with vague ill health.Features of blind loop syndrome may develop due to stasis, distention and chronic infection in the segment of ileum proximal to obstruction.o Barium meal radiography will revealPersistent narrowing of the affected segment ie the terminal ileum and the caecum.The caecum is pulled up and may become subhepatic.As the caecum is pulled up the ileo-caeca! angle is widened. Normal ileo-caecat angle is 90o. In ileocaecal tuberculosis this angle may increase upto 150o.o Treatment: This depends on the presence or absence of obstructive symptoms.A TT is given both cases.If obstruction is present ileocaecal resection is best method of t/t (along with ATT)o Thus, all the options are correct in this question but (d) option is partly correct as conservative nv'n is not the t/t of choice. The t/t of choice depends on the presence or absense of obstructive sympt. In case of obstruction, surgery is the t/t of choice,o Ulcerative tuberculosiso It is usually secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis and results from swallowing tubercle bacilli in the sputum (cf. Hyperplastic tuberculosis is usually primary there is no pulmonary tuberculosis),o Usually longer parts of the terminal ileum is involved.o There are multiple ulcers in the terminal ileum lying transversely o Pt presents with diarrhoea and wt loss.o Barium meal shows - absence of filling of the lower ileum, caecum and most of the ascending colon as a result of narrowing and hypermotility of the ulcerated segment,o TreatmentA course of A TT is adequateOperation is rarely required, in rare events of perforation or intestinal obstruction.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Small and Large Intestines", "id": "d1262dff-0b68-4849-b7f8-e99b78fa4eb9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The fixative used in histopathology", "exp": "Tissue cassettes along with the unique number given in the gross room to the tissue sample are carried throughout laboratory procedures. Majority of histopathology depaments use automated tissue processors (Fig. 2.1) having 12 separate stages completing the cycle in about 18 hours by overnight schedule as under:10% formalin for fixation;ascending grades of alcohol (70%, 95% through 100%) for dehydration for about 5 hours in 6-7 jars, xylene/toluene/chloroform for clearing for 3 hours in two jars; and paraffin impregnation for 6 hours in two thermostat-fitted wax baths. Commonest fixative for light microscopic examination: 10% buffered neutral formalin. Commonest fixative for electron microscopic examination: Glutaradehyde. HARSH MOHAN Textbook of pathology 6th edition pg no 10", "cop": 1, "opa": "10% buffered neutral formalin", "opb": "Bouins fixative", "opc": "Glutaraldehyde", "opd": "Ethyl alcohol", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "990c81db-d583-48e0-b5d3-f20b9c2e5975", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gluten sensitive enteropathy is most strongly associated with", "exp": "Almost all people with celiac disease carry the class II HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 allelles. ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE 578", "cop": 1, "opa": "HLA DQ2", "opb": "HLA DR4", "opc": "HLA DQ3", "opd": "Blood group B", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "cc3b100c-3904-479c-8302-3d9d77324342", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The fascial spaces involved in Ludwig's angina are", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Unilateral -submandibular & sublingual spaces", "opb": "Bilateral - submandibular & sublingual spaces", "opc": "Unilateral - submandibular, sublingual & submental spaces", "opd": "Bilateral -submandibular, sublingual & submental spaces", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6db1e571-e090-4de5-b008-70521253e885", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "For determination of sex, smear is taken from", "exp": "Buccal mucosa", "cop": 1, "opa": "Buccal mucosa", "opb": "Vagina", "opc": "Skin", "opd": "Nose", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "375488e8-cf5f-45f3-b08d-45d5f85477bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heat rupture is characterised by", "exp": "Clotted blood vessels > 'a' Irregular margins. Heat rupture is cracks or.fissures of skin & soft tissue occuring in cases of severe burning or charring These cracks or fissures are several inches long and are usually seen over the extensor surfaces and joints Heat rupture can be distinguished from lacerations & incised wounds by? Absence of blood clots in the wound & absence of extravasation of blood in the surroundings tissues since heat coagulates blood in the vessels. Intact blood vessels & nerves running across the fissures as they are not usually burnt Absence of bruising or other signs of vital reaction in the margins. Irregular margin is seen in heat rupture but this is also a feature of lacerated wounds.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Irregular margin", "opb": "Clotted blood", "opc": "Regular margin", "opd": "Clotted blood vessels", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "886d34d0-108b-47bd-9a45-3507a5fbec8c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tense and painful thyroiditis is", "exp": "Answer- A. Dequern's thyroiditisDequervain thyroidits (granulomatous thyoiditis) - Most common cause of thyroid pain.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dequern's thyroiditis", "opb": "Riedel thyroiditis", "opc": "Hashimoto thyroiditis", "opd": "Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "05cbe274-1b12-47bd-a16f-72a29fb32621", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histologic sections of a parotid gland tumor that is found to be infiltrating along the facial nerve are most likely to reveal", "exp": "The salivary glands give rise to a wide variety of tumors, the majority of which are of epithelial origin and benign. Most tumors occur in adults and have a slight female predominance. Approximately 75 to 85% occur in the parotids, 10 to 20% in the submandibular glands, and the remainder in the minor glands. In the parotid the vast majority are benign, whereas in the minor glands 35 to 50% are malignant. Clinically, most tumors of the salivary glands present as palpable masses, regardless of histologic type. The most common neoplasm of the parotid gland is the pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor), which histologically reveals epithelial structures embedded within a mesenchyme-like stroma consisting of mucoid, myxoid, or chondroid tissue. A malignant tumor may develop from a pleomorphic adenoma, in which case it is called a carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. The second most common tumor is Wahin's tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum), which histologically reveals cleftlike spaces lined by oncocytic epithelial cells overlying a stroma with a dense lymphocytic infiltrate. The epithelial cells are oncocytic because their pink cytoplasm is packed with mitochondria Three malignant tumors of the salivary glands are mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas consist of a mixture of squamous epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells. The mucus-secreting cells of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma can demonstrate intracellular mucin with a special mucicarmine stain. Adenoid cystic carcinomas form tubular or cribriform patterns histologically and have a tendency to invade along perineural spaces, especially the facial nerve. Acinic cell carcinomas contain glands with cleared or vacuolated epithelial cells. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atypical cells forming tubular and cribriform patterns", "opb": "Infiltrating groups of vacuolated epithelial cells", "opc": "A mixture of epithelial structures and mesenchyme-like stroma", "opd": "A mixture of squamous epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "830268c7-3c8c-4dff-88b0-81630a21caed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumarkin's crisis is said to be a variant of", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glue ear", "opb": "Meniere's disease", "opc": "CSOM", "opd": "Otosclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b9bfe308-a1ee-4a45-9372-bd1a646fce40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The granuloma is characterized by", "exp": "Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes granuloma:-is an aggregation of macrophages surrounded by a collar of mononuclear cells principally lymphocytes Macrophages may get activated to form epithelioid cells Some of the cells may fuse together to form a bigger cell called a giant cell Older granulomas may have a rim of fibroblasts and connective tissue Common conditions resulting in granuloma formation with impoant features Tuberculosis Sarcoidosis (Non-caseating granuloma) Brucellosis Cat scratch disease (Stellate shaped or round granuloma) Syphilis (Gumma) Leprosy Inflammatory bowel disease ref pathology robbins 9th ed page 56", "cop": 1, "opa": "Focal accumulation of activated macrophages", "opb": "Collection of neutrophils", "opc": "Newly formed vessels", "opd": "Collection of eosinophils", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bdc51895-6752-429f-ab3f-e7f976fee204", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Facial nerve paralysis is common with", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opb": "Epidermoid carcinoma", "opc": "Warthin's tumour", "opd": "Lymphoepithelial carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f2dff28d-7d31-4b15-9437-2226ca22c8f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Angiomatosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sturge Weber syndrome", "opb": "Rendu Osler Weber syndrome", "opc": "Parry Romberg syndrome", "opd": "Peutz Jeghers syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e884ecb-aec9-44c5-b808-dc8b65627f6b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Headache or pain in distribution of Trigeminal nerve with ocular sympathetic paralysis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Reader’s syndrome", "opb": "James Ramsay hunt’s syndrome", "opc": "Trotter’s syndrome", "opd": "TN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "123302f0-5469-4500-bb14-b3c32477ff34", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "“Acrodermatitis enteropathica” is seen in a deficiency of", "exp": "Essential features of zinc deficiency are:\n\nDistinctive rash, often around the eyes, nose, mouth, anus and distal parts.\nAnorexia, often accompanied by diarrhoea\nGrowth retardation in children\nImpaired wound healing\nHypogonadism with I reproductive capacity.\nAltered immune function\nImpaired night vision related to altered vitamin A metabolism\nDepressed mental function\nIncreased incidence of congenital malformation in infants of Zn-deficient mothers. Micro and macroelements", "cop": 4, "opa": "Molybdenum", "opb": "Selenium", "opc": "Chromium", "opd": "Zinc", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7fb6b97f-5e01-48c1-8a0d-c5b10e196fba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "C3 convertase acts on", "exp": "All 3 pathways of complement system lead to the formation of C3 convertase, which cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b.", "cop": 1, "opa": "C3", "opb": "C4b2b", "opc": "C4b", "opd": "Lymphocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "49316e01-0a7f-49cc-835a-9933669c8ead", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salivary gland stone most commonly involves", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Submandibular gland", "opb": "Parotid gland", "opc": "Sub lingual glands", "opd": "Lingual glands", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e0329bb5-9225-430e-8436-c3d3e76feffb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intermaxillary suture are sometimes raised forming a longitudinal midline ridge known as", "exp": "Intermaxillary suture are sometimes raised forming a longitudinal midline ridge called torus palatine", "cop": 3, "opa": "Torus auditory", "opb": "Torus mandibularis", "opc": "Torus palatine", "opd": "Torus maxillaries", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6b42ab73-0d61-4764-b3c1-498a41208cff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paget's disease of breast indicative of", "exp": "A. i.e. (Ductal carcinoma) (790 - Harsh mohan 5th) (745 Basic pathology 8th)* ** Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common carcinoma of the breast* **Upper outer quadrant is most common site (left side is more common)PAGET'S DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE - is an eczematous lesion of the nipple associated with invasive or non invasive ductal carcinoma of the under lying breast* Prognosis is based on the underlying carcinoma and is not worsened by the presence of pagets disease **** Atypical epithelial hyperplasia is associated with malignancy of breast** Fibroadenoma is most common benign neoplasm of the female breast* Marker of Paget's disease of the mammary gland is CA - 15 - 3, CEA**", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ductal carcinoma", "opb": "Lobular carcinoma", "opc": "Papillary carcinoma", "opd": "Medullary carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "d1836377-37db-4d96-8fe4-cdb4d3cc45b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The number of Fe++ atoms in one Hb molecule", "exp": "Hemoglobin is a globular molecule made up of four subunits. Each subunit contains a heme moiety conjugated to a polypeptide. Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin derivative.\nSo, hemoglobin = 4 globins + 4 heme groups Since each heme molecule contains an iron, so total iron atoms present in hemoglobin are 4 in number.\n70% of the iron in the body is in hemoglobin, 3% in myoglobin, and the rest in ferritin, which is present not only in enterocytes, but also in many other cells.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "4", "opd": "8", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9bd8091a-22d0-40ab-a795-1a67b385550d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Crescents\" on histopathologic examination of glomerulus are seen in", "exp": "Ans. b (RPGN). (Ref. Robbin, Pathology 8th ed., 545)Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis# RPGN is a clinical syndrome and not a specific etiologic form of GN.# Clinically, it is characterized by rapid and progressive loss of renal function with features of the nephritic syndrome, often with severe oliguria and (if untreated) death from renal failure within weeks to months.# Regardless of the cause, the histologic picture is characterized by the presence of crescents (crescentic GN).# These are produced in part by proliferation of the parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule in response to injury and in part by infiltration of monocytes and macrophages.Type I (Anti-GBM Antibody)IdiopathicGoodpasture syndromeType II (Immune Complex)IdiopathicPostinfectious/infection relatedSystemic lupus erythematosusHenoch-Schonlein purpura/IgA nephropathyType III (Pauci-Immune) ANC A AssociatedIdiopathicWegener granulomatosisMicroscopic angiitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Minimal change disease", "opb": "Rapidly proliferative GN", "opc": "Membranous glomerulonephritis", "opd": "MPGN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "118b58c4-8a69-418e-b391-b18d614ded65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common tumour due to radiation arises from", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bone marrow o Hematological malignancies e.g., leukemias are the most common radiation induced cancers.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Bone marrow", "opd": "Breast", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "495289c0-8343-486a-af51-554afe825df4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drug used to treat oral thrush", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Clobetasol", "opb": "Co-trimoxozole", "opc": "Miconazole", "opd": "Penicillin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "697cdd39-19f2-446a-ac76-697497d1c680", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by", "exp": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetically determined disorder, in which defective DNA repair mechanisms lead to chronic UV damage and subsequent development of different sun related skin tumors, including melanoma, in sun exposed areas.", "cop": 2, "opa": "AutosomaL dominant inheritance", "opb": "Inability to repair sunlight induced damage to DNA", "opc": "Irregular accumulation of melanin in the basal cell layer", "opd": "Acanthosis of epithelium with elongation of rete ridges", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "21aa09e9-c9a5-4ac0-9451-2f487a500ca9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common glial tumor", "exp": "Astrocytomas are the most common tumours among all other gliomas .....and in astrocytoma infiltrating type has an occurrence of 80 percent of all cases. REF : Robbins and cotrans , 9e , pg : 1306", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ependymomas", "opb": "Astrocytoma", "opc": "Meningioma", "opd": "Neurofibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "ff137b47-fab2-4256-93f1-b29156af3c4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kissing disease is representative of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Candidiasis.", "opb": "Cytomegalovirus infection.", "opc": "Histoplasmosis.", "opd": "Infectious mononucleosis.", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8f3ee190-f85a-433a-940d-8419c105d21e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tuohy's needle is used for", "exp": "Tuohy's needle used for epidural anaesthesia has blunt bevel with 15 to 30 curve at tip.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spinal block", "opb": "Epidural block", "opc": "Saddle block", "opd": "Brachial plexus block", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1f1f6c36-36f7-41f4-a628-2a807bfb64ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Autoimmune Disease mediated by T cells is", "exp": "Autoimmune DiseasesDiseases Mediated by AntibodiesDiseases Mediated by T CellsDiseases Postulated to Be AutoimmuneAutoimmune hemolytic anemiaSystemic lupus erythematosusAutoimmune thrombocytopeniaAutoimmune atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemiaMyasthenia gravisGraves diseaseGoodpasture syndromeType 1 diabetes mellitusRheumatoid ahritisMultiple sclerosisSystemic sclerosisInflammatory bowel diseasesPrimary biliary cirrhosisPolyaeritis nodosaAutoimmune (chronic active) hepatitisInflammatory myopathiesRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 6; Diseases of the Immune System; Page no: 211; Table: 6-6", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myasthenia gravis", "opb": "Autoimmune atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia", "opc": "Multiple sclerosis", "opd": "Systemic lupus erythematosus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "739b7607-c1ef-4074-9f3b-9eadca8825af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cribriform, Honey comb (or) swiss cheese histology pattern is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "opb": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opc": "Acinic cell carcinoma", "opd": "Clear cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c2b16fd2-fc07-4a6f-9efc-07386c851f78", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "High mitotic activity with rapid cellular turnover and characteristic \"Starry sky\" appearance is seen in", "exp": "Ans. c (Burkitt's lymphoma) (Ref. Robbins 7th/677).The types of NHL involving mature B cells are 4, namely - Burkitt's lymphoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Mantle cell lymphoma, and Follicular lymphoma. Burkitt's lymphoma occrs in adolescents or young adults, associated with t(8;14)-- translocation of c-myc (8) and heavy-chain Ig (14), and histologically shows typical \"Starry sky\" appearance - sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed macrophages. It is known to be associated with EBV.BURKITT LYMPHOMA# <1% of lymphomas# 3 categories:- Endemic in Africa,- Sporadic elsewhere; (Clinically a jaw lesion in endemic form in Africa; pelvis or abdomen in sporadic form)- Increased frequency in immunosuppressed patients;# EBV infection seen in all categories of Burkitt's, which precedes cellular transformation.# Predominantly affects children;# Often presents with visceral involvement;# Highly aggressive.# Diffuse tissue involvement associated with apoptosis produces a \"starry-sky\" appearance.# Intermediate-sized round lymphoid cells with several nucleoli;# Immunophenotype:-Mature CD10+, CD19+, CD20+ B cells expressing surface IgM, monotypic kappa and lambda light chain and BCL6+.# Common translocations:- t(8,14), -1(2,8), -1(8,22)# C/f:- Endemic and sporadic cases commonly found in children and young adults- Most tumors manifest at extrannodal sites.EndemicSporadicMass involving mandibleAbdominal mass involving ileocecum and peritoneum.May involve abdominal viscera (kidney, ovary, adrenals)Bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement uncommon.# Rx: Treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma in both children and adults should begin within 48 h of diagnosis and involves the use of intensive combination chemotherapy regimens incorporating high doses of cyclophosphamide. Prophylactic therapy to the CNS is mandatory. Burkitt's lymphoma was one of the first cancers shown to be curable by chemotherapy. Today, cure can be expected in 70 to 80% of both children and young adults when effective therapy is administered precisely. EntityFrequencyMorphologyImmunophenotypeCommentsPrecursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphoma85% of childhood acute leukemiaLymphoblasts with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin,small nucleoli, and scant agranular cytoplasmTdT+immature B cells (CD19+, variable expression of other B-cell markers)Usually presents as acute leukemia; less common in adults; prognosis is predicted by karyotypePrecursor T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma15% of childhood acute leukemia; 40% of childhood lymphomasIdentical to pre-cursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphomaTdT+immature T cells (CD2+, CD7+, variable expression of other T-cell markers)Most common in ado- lescentmales;presents as a mediasstinal mass due to thymic invo; high asso NOTCH1 mutation.Small lymphocytic lymphoma/ chronic lymphocytic leukemia3% to 4% of adult lymphomas; 30% of all leukemiasSmall resting lymphocytes mixed large activated cells lymph nodes effacedCD5+B-cell expressing surface IgOccurs in older adults; usually involves nodes, marrow, spleen; indolent; most pts have peripheral blood involvement;Follicular lymphoma40% of adult lymphomasFreq small \"cleaved\" cells mixed with large cells; growth usually nodular (follicular)CD10+BCL2+ mature B cells that express surface IgOccurs in older adults; usually involves nodes, marrow, and spleen; asso with t( 14; 18); indolentMantle cell lymphoma3% to 4% of adult lymphomasSmall to intermediate- sized irregular lymphocytes growing in a diffuse patternCD5+mature B cells that express cyclin D1 and have surface IgOccurs mainly in older males; usually involves nodes, marrow, spleen and GIT; t(11;14) +; moderately aggressiveExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma?5% of adult lymphomasVariable cell size and differentiation;40%show plasmacytic differentia\"B cells home to epith creating \"lymphoepith lesions\"CDS- CD10- mature B cells with surface IgFrequently occurs at extranodal sites involved by chronic inflammation very indolent; may be cured by local excisionDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma40% to 50% of adult lymphomasVariable; most resemble large germinal center B cells; diffuse growth patternMature B cells with variable expression of CD10 and surface IgOccurs in all ages, but most common in olderadults; often arise at extranodal sites; aggressiveBurkitt Lymphoma<1% of lymphomas in the United StatesIntermediate-size round lymphoid cells with nucleoli; diffuse tissue invol asso with apoptosis produces a \"starry-sky\" app.Mature CD10+B cells expressing surface IgEndemic in Africa, sporadic elsewhere; increased frequency in immunosuppressed; predominantly kids; presents with visceral involvement; highly aggr.Plasmacytoma/ plasma cell myelomaMost common lymphoid neoplasm in older adultsPlasma cells in sheets, some- times with prominent nucleoli or inclusions containing IgTerminally differentiated plasma cells containing cytoplasmic IgMyeloma presents as disseminated bone disease, often with lytic lesions,Hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, bacterial infections commonMycosis fungoidesMost common cutaneous lymphoid malignancyIn most cases, small lymphoid cells with markedly convoluted nuclei; cells often infiltrate the epidermis (Pautrier microabscesses)CD4+mature T cellsPresents with localized or more generalized skin involvement; generally indolent. Sezary syndrome, a more aggressive variant, is ch by skin erythema and peripheral blood involvementPeripheral T-cell lymphoma, not other wise specified (NOS)Most common adult T-cell lymphomaVariable; usually a spectrum of small to large lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contoursMature T-cell phenotype (CD3+)Probably spans a diverse collection of rare tumors. Often disseminated, generally aggressive.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Follicular lymphoma", "opb": "Diffuse lymphoma", "opc": "Burkitt's lymphoma", "opd": "Hodgkin's lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "8772503b-3c0e-4b04-91ae-6401e206bb15", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Creatinine kinase is elevated in MI after", "exp": "CK-MB remains a valuable marker of myocardial injury, second only to the cardiac-specific troponins . Total CK activity is not a reliable marker of cardiac injury since various isoforms of CK are also found in brain, myocardium, and skeletal muscle. However, the CK-MB isoform--principally derived from myocardium, but also present at low levels in skeletal muscle--is the more specific indicator of hea damage. CK-MB activity begins to rise within 2 to 4 hours of MI, peaks at 24 to 48 hours, and returns to normal within approximately 72 hours. (Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.382)", "cop": 1, "opa": "2-4hrs", "opb": "4-8hrs.", "opc": "12-24hrs", "opd": ">24hrs.", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "e5e1b67f-1a7e-4d40-afdf-9c844662e438", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tumor suppressor gene P53 induces cell arrest at", "exp": "(G1 - S phase) (60-195- Basic pathology 8th)* The S phase is the point of no return in the cell cycle and before the cell makes the final commitment to replicate - the G1/S checkpoint checks for damage.* This causes delay at G1/S checkpointThis delay in cell cycle progression provides the time neededfor DNA repair and if the damage is not reparable, apoptoticpathways are activated to kill the cell.G2 M checkpoint* This check point in used for the repair of the DNA which is damaged after its replication* The G2M checkpoint monitors the completion of DNA replication and checks whether the cell can safely initiates mitosis and separate sister chromatids(i) This checkpoint is particularly important in cells exposed to ionizing radiations(ii) Defects in this check points give rise to chromosomal abnormalityAlso known Effector for G1S checkpoint - Mostly mediated through P53 which induces the cell cycle inhibitor P21 Effector for G2M checkpoint - Involves both P53 and independent mechanismCyclinKinaseFunctionsDCD4.CDK6Progression past restriction at G1S boundaryEl-ACDK-2Initiation of DNA synthesis in early S phaseBCDK-1Transition from G2 to M", "cop": 3, "opa": "G2- M phase", "opb": "S- G2 phase", "opc": "G1-S phase", "opd": "G0- phase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "c2ffe0cd-7052-4856-ae02-cc9b87feb54d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brown atrophy is due to accumulation of", "exp": "Lipofuscin, or \"wear-and-tear pigment,\" is an insoluble brownish-yellow granular intracellular material that accumulates in a variety of tissues (paicularly the hea, liver, and brain) as a function of age or atrophy. Lipofuscin is complexes of lipid and protein that derive from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes. It is not injurious to the cell but is a marker of past free radical injury. The brown pigment, when present in large amounts, impas an appearance to the tissue that is called brown atrophy.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 24 )", "cop": 4, "opa": "Melanin", "opb": "Hemosiderin", "opc": "Hematin", "opd": "Lipofuscin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "ac5f85b5-4264-4758-92b9-ccad789ea666", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Torniquet test is a function of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Platelet function", "opb": "Capillary fragility", "opc": "Intrinsic pathway", "opd": "Extrinsic pathway", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f7feefc7-bf92-4b88-b882-b8db2355abfa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is not a cell cycle inhibitor", "exp": "Checkpoints Cyclin CDK G1-S Cyclin D CDK 4/6 Cyclin E CDK 2 G2-M Cyclin A CDK 2/1 Cyclin B CDK 1 Family Checkpoints Proteins Functions CIP/KIP (CDKN1) G1-S G2-M p21 p27 p57 p21 induced by p53 p27 responds to TGF-ss INK4/ARF (CDKN2) G1-S p15 p16 p18 p19 p16/INK4a binds to cyclin D/CDK4 & promotes inhibitory effects of RB p14/ARF increased p53 levels by inhibiting MDM2", "cop": 4, "opa": "P21", "opb": "P27", "opc": "P16/INK4a", "opd": "Cyclin D-CDK4 complex", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c3f279d4-cd2b-4bbb-8cdc-3380c37f04af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "most impoant cell damage in pathogenesis of ARDS is", "exp": "RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) * Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting into the blood. * Acute respiratory distress syndrome was first described in 1967 by Ashbaugh and colleagues. * ARDS is also referred with variety of terms like * Stiff Lung * Shock lung * Wet lung * Post traumatic lung * Adult respiratory distress syndrome * Adult hyaline membrane disease * Capillary leak syndrome & * Congestive atelectasis. ARDS - PATHOGENESIS Insult (direct or indirect) =>Activation of inflammatory cells & mediators =>Damage to alveolar capillary membrane =>Increased permeability of alveolar capillary membrane =>Influx of protein rich edema fluid and inflammatory cells into air spaces =>Dysfunction of surfactant ref : robbins 10th ed", "cop": 3, "opa": "alveolar cell type 1", "opb": "alveolar cell type 2", "opc": "endothelial cell of capillary", "opd": "due to macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "60bb4b10-eb75-49b9-ab1f-994881a4237c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest sign of left atrial enlargement", "exp": ".Left atrial enlargement refers to dilation of the left atrium which occurs from multiple disease states that can chronically increase the left atrial pressure. These include congestive hea failure, cardiomyopathies, congenital hea defects and valvular hea disease In rheumatic mitral valve disease, there may be left atrial enlargement with specific enlargement of the left atrial appendage, first seen as a straightening of the left hea border below the left main bronchus, then as a discrete bulge on the left, immediately below the pulmonary bay and left main bronchus. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elevation of the left main bronchus", "opb": "Double cardiac shadow", "opc": "Widening of carina", "opd": "Cephalization of the blood flow", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2f729c1d-7188-4952-ac1e-08ef1977a445", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blistering in Bullous pemphigoid is because of antibodies against", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "BPAG2", "opb": "BPAG1", "opc": "Filaggerin", "opd": "Keratin 5", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e3c0af3-1d41-404f-851d-5ed2dff0f5ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diapedesis is", "exp": "Diapedesis is immigration of leukocytes through the endothelial gap to the site of inflammation.It occurs mainly in postcapillary venules except in lung where it occurs in capillaries.Robbins 9th edition p 76", "cop": 2, "opa": "Immigration of leukocytes through the basement membrane", "opb": "Immigration of leukocytes through the endothelial gap to the site of inflammation", "opc": "Aggregation of platelets at the site of inflammation", "opd": "Auto-digestion of the cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "14d0f424-ed38-4686-83e0-e5ff9fb809ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sunflower cataract is seen", "exp": "Sunflower cataract is seen in Wilson's disease.\nIt is considered as a second opthalmic sign of Wilson's disease after KF ring.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blunt trauma", "opb": "Williams disease", "opc": "Wilson's disease", "opd": "Myotonic dystrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c131298-73e6-4490-94e0-f1f53af2249c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The bacteria observed as a causative organism in case of Recurrent apthous ulcers isq", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptococcus sangius", "opb": "Streptococcus mutans", "opc": "Borellia vincentii", "opd": "Staphylococci atbus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "552807d8-bb0d-448d-9eaf-4c3edd74cfcf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Unlike other GI secretions, salivary secretion is controlled almost exclusively by the nervous system and is significantly inhibited by", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Cime dine", "opd": "Aspirin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2a4e48c3-c933-4592-ad61-b2b1ad54c68d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lethal midline granuloma arises from", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., NK cells Lethal midline granuloma or polymorphic reticulosis is a lymphoma of natural killer (NK) cells infected with EBV.", "cop": 3, "opa": "T-cells", "opb": "B-cells", "opc": "NK cells", "opd": "Macrophage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f2c8ac64-fa7e-4b88-9f47-eb6c600185a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Silver tatoo is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "deposition of Ag Amalgam in Mucosa", "opb": "deposition of Ag Amalgam in Bone", "opc": "deposition of Ag Amalgam in Dentin", "opd": "deposition of Ag Amalgam in Enamel", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7718570e-c063-41f6-a680-168027891872", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A deep pit Lined by enamel seen in the lingual surface of Maxillary lateral incisor is most Likely to be", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Dens in dente", "opb": "Enamel Hypoplasia", "opc": "Talon's cusp", "opd": "Enamel Pearl", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c5a5f8a8-34ac-47b0-9694-3235a4f38c6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Libman sach's endocarditis is found in", "exp": "(SLE) (598-R) (408-Basic pathology 8th)In SLE, mitral and tricuspid valvulitis with small sterile vegetatons called Libman-Sachs endocarditis is occasionally encounteredDistinguishing features of vegetations in major forms of EndocarditisFeaturesRheumaticLibman-sachsNon - bacterial thrombotic (merantic)Bacterial1. Valves commonly affectedMitral aloneMitral and aortic combinedMitral, tricuspidMainly bacterial less often aortic and tricuspidMitral, aortic combined mitral and aortic2. Location on valve cusps or leaflets* Occurs along the line of closure, atrial surface of AV valves and ventricularOccurs in both surface of valve leaflets or cusps in the valve pocketsOccurs along the line of closureSABE more often on diseased valve ABE on previously normal surface of semilunar valves valves, location same as in RHD3. MicroscopySmall, multiple, warty, grey brown, translucent firmly attached sterile, generally permanent valvular deformityMedium sized, multiple, generally do not produce significant valvular deformitySmaller but longer than those rheumatic single or multiple brownish firm but more friable than those of rheumaticOften large, grey tawny to greenish, irregular, single or multiple typically friable4. Common causeRheumatic feverSLE* Debilated patients cancer or sepsis* Hyper coagulable states* Promyelocytic leukemia* T estrogen state* BumsInfective endocarditis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "Syphilis", "opd": "Systemic sclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "C.V.S", "id": "c120d4c2-dd06-4c12-9a70-b53488fdaa44", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrush refers to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute atrophic candidiasis", "opb": "Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis", "opc": "Chronic atrophic candidiasis", "opd": "Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "578be829-4e1a-4ce7-94ef-d1a1c2e87eca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Factor present in final common terminal complement pathway is rpt Q 38", "exp": "Activation of the classical and alternative pathwaysleads to a common terminal pathway from C5 to C9. These complement components form the finalmembrane attack complex (MAC). ... complementfixation the combining of complement with the antigen-antibody complex, rendering the complement inactive, or fixed. Ref Robbins 9/e p40", "cop": 3, "opa": "C3", "opb": "C4", "opc": "C5", "opd": "Protein B", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "148b2212-f1d3-499a-89a7-c35f08b34d40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cryoprecipitate is useful in", "exp": "Cryoprecipitate is a source of fibrinogen, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor (VWF). It is ideal for supplying fibrinogen to the volume-sensitive patient. Hemophilia A is treated with infusions of recombinant factor VIII. When factor VIII concentrates are not available, cryoprecipitate may be used because each unit contains approximately 80 units of factor VIII.Cryoprecipitate may also supply VWF to patients with dysfunctional (type II) or absent (type III) von Willebrand's disease.Harrison 19e pg: 138e-3", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemophilia A", "opb": "Thrombosthenia", "opc": "Afibrogenemia", "opd": "Warfarin reversal", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "cb1c7398-a810-46dc-bcbd-26e3a00453a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Factor IX deficiency results in increased", "exp": "Ans. is 'B' i.e., PTT (Paial thromboplastin time) Paial thromboplastin time (PTT) :It tests the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. So, a prolonged PTT canresults from deficiency of factor V, VIII (factor VIIIc, Von willebrand factor), IX, X, XI, XII, prothrombin or fibrinogen.Prothrombin time (PT) :It tests the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways. So, a prolonged PT can results from deficiency of factor V, VII, X, prothrombin or fibrinogen.Thus in common coagulation pathway defect both PT and PTT are elevated.Activated clotting time (clotting time) :It also tests the intrinsic and common coagulation system. So it is prolonged in deficiency of same factors as for prolonged PTT", "cop": 2, "opa": "PT", "opb": "PTT", "opc": "BT", "opd": "TT", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b655552-fd58-47ac-8c0a-76ef2d2aa8bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene for folate carrier protein is located on chromosome", "exp": "Folate cofactors are one-carbon donors essential for the biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate. Mammalian cells are devoidof folate biosynthesis and are therefore folate auxotrophs that take up folate vitamins primarily via the reduced folate carrier (RFC). The gene for RFC is located on chromosome 21.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromosome 21", "opb": "Chromosome 5", "opc": "Chromosome 10", "opd": "Chromosome 9", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "076eb4e8-3cd5-4b15-a6bf-3af3a869fd5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest histological finding in benign hypeension is", "exp": "Hyaline aeriolosclerosis is associated with benign hypeension. It is marked by homogeneous, pink hyaline thickening of the aeriolar walls, with loss of underlying structural detail, and luminal narrowing . The lesions stem from leakage of plasma components across injured endothelial cells, into vessel walls and increased ECM production by smooth muscle cells in response to chronic hemodynamic stress. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.334)", "cop": 3, "opa": "proliferating endaeritis", "opb": "Necrotising aeriolitis", "opc": "Hyaline aeriosclerosis", "opd": "Cystic medial necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "6bb3e9e0-ec0a-451c-8d03-2120a22ab94b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following drug has anxiolytic action with least sedation", "exp": "Features of Buspirone Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic agentDoes not produce significant sedation or cognitive/functional impairmentDoes not interact with BZD receptor or modify GABAergic transmissionDoes not produce tolerance or physical dependence Does not suppress BZD or barbiturate withdrawal syndrome Has no muscle relaxant or anticonvulsant activity (Refer: KD Tripathi's Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 7th edition, pg no: 466-467)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Buspirone", "opb": "Triazolam", "opc": "Alprazolam", "opd": "Chlordiazepoxide", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0d6da8ac-e8bb-455d-87ef-bfe6551d408d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Delayed prolonged bleeding is caused by", "exp": "EndotheliumDirect injury to endothelial cells causes delayed prolonged bleeding because, endothelial cells are central regulators of hemostasis, the balance between the anti-and prothrombotic activities of endothelium determines whether thrombus formation, propagation or dissolution occurs.Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 79", "cop": 4, "opa": "Histamine", "opb": "Leukocyte dependent injury", "opc": "IL-I", "opd": "Direct injury to endothelial cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f6e8c36d-97cd-4f40-83f7-a08c00bd0eac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An example of a tumour suppressor gene is", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 182, Retinoblastoma gene is the first tumour suppressor gene to be discovered.", "cop": 4, "opa": "myc", "opb": "fos", "opc": "ras", "opd": "Rb", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "20cd7e28-4409-4b0c-8206-6d55a9658ae5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bombay blood group contains", "exp": "Biosynthesis of the H, A and B antigens involves a series of enzymes (glycosyl transferases) that transfer monosaccharides. The resulting antigens are oligosaccharide chains, which are attached to lipidsand proteins that are anchored in the red blood cell membrane. The function of the H antigen, apa from being an intermediate substrate in the synthesis of ABO blood group antigens, is not known, although it may be involved in cell adhesion. People who lack the H antigen do not suffer from deleterious effects, and being H-deficient is only an issue if they need a blood transfusion, because they would need blood without the H antigen present on red blood cells The h/h blood group, also known as Oh or the Bombay blood group, is a rare blood type. Ref sathyanarayana 5th edition ; pg256", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anti H", "opb": "Anti A, Anti B", "opc": "Anti A, Anti B, Anti H", "opd": "H antibody along with H antigen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "04c6e5a4-756a-41c9-b02e-35482ed238c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gluten free diet is used in", "exp": "Coeliac Sprue (Non-tropical Sprue, Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy, Idiopathic Steatorrhoea) This is the most impoant cause of primary malabsorption occurring in temperate climates. The condition is characterised by significant loss of villi in the small intestine and thence diminished absorptive surface area. The condition occurs in 2 forms: Childhood form, seen in infants and children and is commonly referred to as coeliac disease. Adult form, seen in adolescents and early adult life and used to be called idiopathic steatorrhoea. In either case, there is genetic abnormality resulting in sensitivity to gluten (a protein) and its derivative, gliadin, present in diets such as grains of wheat, barley and rye. Serum antibodies--IgA antigliadin and IgA antiendomysial, have been found but is not known whether these antibodies are primary or appear secondary to tissue damage. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:575", "cop": 1, "opa": "Celiac disease", "opb": "Tropical sprue", "opc": "Ulcerative colitis", "opd": "Irritable bowel syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "adcce344-1262-4372-be0c-521071113117", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inheritance of hereditary multiple exostoses", "exp": "Answer- A. Autosomal dominant Hereditary multiple exostoses is characterized by multiple osteochonilromas which cause limb deformities, skeletal abnormalities, sho stature, nerve compression and decreased joint range of motion.It is inherited as autosomal dominant disorder due to mutation in EXT 1 or EXT2 gene.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autosomal dominant", "opb": "Autosomal recessive", "opc": "X-linked recessive", "opd": "Mitochondrial", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a36c2c1d-338a-424e-a7b4-8c9e86597ebd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Splenic macrophages in Gaucher's disease differ from those in ceroid histiocytosis by staining", "exp": "In Gaucher's disease there is an accumulation of Gaucher cells that Contain glucocerebroside which is a lipid (glycolipid)\nIn ceroid histocytosis, there is an accumulation of lipofuscin (ceroid), a yellow-brown cytoplasmic pigment, in the histiocytes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lipids", "opb": "Phospholipids", "opc": "Acid Fast Stain", "opd": "Iron", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a979e1e-df55-4507-932e-734cee4f7441", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Wernick's encephalopathy is caused by deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "Cyanocohalamine", "opc": "Niacin", "opd": "Riboflavin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "055ef3ae-0fd1-4f4b-8e94-cd31c4ab983d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Woody feeling of the external nose (Hebra nose) is observed in", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhinophyma", "opb": "Rhinoscleroma", "opc": "Rhinosporidiosis", "opd": "Rhinitis sicca", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "93cecc72-e479-493a-b6c6-f34a3dfd76b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Internucleosomal cleavage of DNA is characteristic of", "exp": "Apoptosis ) is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. In H&E-stained tissue sections, the nuclei of apoptotic cells show various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation and, ultimately, karyorrhexis (Fig. 1-21); at the molecular level this is reflected in fragmentation of DNA into nucleosome-sized pieces. Ref Robbins 9/e 18", "cop": 4, "opa": "Reversible cell injury", "opb": "Irreversible cell injury", "opc": "Necrosis", "opd": "Apoptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "33774694-6491-448c-8f67-ea9143e61176", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Developing Ameloblasts are affected by the ingestion of water with high fluoride content resulting in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Turner's tooth", "opb": "Hutchinson's teeth", "opc": "Mottled enamel", "opd": "Moon's molars", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0169c5e4-9c09-40b6-b80a-6124866911a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most commonly submerged tooth is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mand. primary 1st molar", "opb": "Mand. primary 2nd molar", "opc": "Maxi. primary 1st molar", "opd": "Maxi. primary 2nd molar", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c3ce6491-e230-4a55-8b26-3145281900ee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Basophilic stippling is", "exp": "Basophilic Stippling is ribosomal inclusions in RBCs. Seen in Sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning, megaloblastic anemia, Thalassemia, Arsenic poisoning.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Iron deposits", "opb": "DNA remnants", "opc": "Ribosomal inclusions", "opd": "Denatured Hemoglobin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f016c2fb-89fe-4f5c-aba7-cc1924b316aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest age group for infant botulism is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 to 3 weeks", "opb": "2 to 4 months", "opc": "10 to 12 months", "opd": "7 to 9 Months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8e4b1d56-5547-42b1-9a6f-3f12658e8ce3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cause of DIC does not include", "exp": "Causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation include , massive tissue injury as in obstetrical syndrome, trauma, metastatic malignancies in surgery Infections especially endotoxemia ,Gram Negative and meningococcal septicemia ,ceain viral infections ,malaria ,aspergillosis Widespread endothelial damage as in aoic aneurysm ,hemolytic- uremic syndrome, severe burns, acute Glomerulonephritis. Miscellaneous Snake bite shock ,acute intravascular hemolysis ,hea stroke Reference textbook of Pathology 7th edition author Harsha Mohan page number 315 Ref Robbins 9/e pg 450", "cop": 4, "opa": "Falciparum malaria", "opb": "Trauma", "opc": "Carcinoma pancreas", "opd": "AML M1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "2be34a21-945e-4ae5-8ac7-388d696cf12f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Virus responsible for infectious mononucleosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "RNA paramyxo virus", "opb": "Varicella zoster virus", "opc": "Epstein Barr virus", "opd": "Coxsackie virus A 16", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9af1975-6f08-4993-8350-fcee78805727", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inheritance of \"Wilsons disease \" is", "exp": "AR autosomal recessive", "cop": 2, "opa": "AD", "opb": "AR", "opc": "X Linked dominant", "opd": "X linked recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "788391aa-258c-43ba-9627-90006fb28450", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The characteristic feature of benign nephrosclerosis is", "exp": "Benign nephrosclerosis Malignant nephrosclerosisAge group Elderly Younger individuals Gross Grain leather appearance-Fine granularity over coical surfaceFlea bitten appearance-Pinpoint petechial hemorrhage over coical surfaceMicroscopyHyaline aeriosclerosis, subcapsular scars Fibrinoid necrosis and onion skinning appearance of aeriolesClinical features Mild proteinuria. GFR normal Renal failure, BP >200/120,papilloedema, retinal hemorrhages and encephalopathy (Ref: Robbins 8/e p949)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leather grain appearance", "opb": "Flea bitten kidney", "opc": "Onion skin appearance", "opd": "Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "6de65909-2827-43e8-8adc-47fbc8448f5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antishkow's cells are seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e.,Rheumatic hea disease Anitschkow (or Anichkov or catterpiller) cells are often cells associated with rheumatic hea disease.Anitschkow cells are enlarged macrophages found within granulomas (called Aschoff bodies) associated with the disease.Aschoff bodies (Aschoff nodules) are characteristic inflammatory lesions of acute rheumatic fever found in any of the three layers of hea, but mostly seen in myocardium (myocarditis).They consist of foci of collagen surrounded by following cells : Lymphocytes (especially T-cells), plasma cells, aschoff giantcells, antischkow cells, histiocytes and fibroblasts. Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells) are characteristically absent.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rheumatic hea disease", "opb": "Rheumatic ahritis", "opc": "Bacterial endocarditis", "opd": "Marantic endocarditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4867fa83-fdfa-40d6-a231-184a896c15c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glossoplagia is", "exp": "Glossopyrosis- Burning of tongue\nGlossodynia- Painful tongue", "cop": 3, "opa": "Burning tongue", "opb": "Painful tongue", "opc": "Paralysis of tongue", "opd": "Bleeding tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5feb0d2d-6d74-4960-aec9-cd6c981005bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "large friable irregular vegetation on the valves", "exp": "ref : robbins 10th ed", "cop": 2, "opa": "RHD", "opb": "Infective Endocarditis", "opc": "LSE", "opd": "NBTE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "655b33b2-011f-4a4c-a924-615ece2674f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Rheumatic fever, fibrinoid necrosis occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mycardium", "opb": "Collagen", "opc": "Perciardium", "opd": "Endocardium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb2e19c3-ca4a-4b0f-b037-f21e76a08461", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Immunoflourescence is seen at basement membrane as patchy distribution in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Lichen Planus", "opb": "Pemphigus", "opc": "Pemphigoid", "opd": "Lupus erythematosus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "39f57662-12a9-4ff3-9919-24802d2fa693", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Risk factor for endometrial carcinoma is", "exp": "Risk factors for this type of carcinomainclude (1) obesity, (2) diabetes, (3) hypeension (4) infeility, (5) exposure to unopposed estrogen Many of these risk factors result in increased estrogenic stimulation of the endometrium and are associated with endometrial hyperplasia. ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-692", "cop": 2, "opa": "Smoking", "opb": "Obesity", "opc": "Infeility", "opd": "Tamoxifen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "9bb3f5ba-23ad-45d7-b8e9-08ace06bfe5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "fay Sach's disease is an inborn error of metabolism due to deficiency", "exp": "(A) Hexosaminidase-A SPHINGOLIPIDOSESDiseaseEnzyme Deficiency* Tay-sachs diseaseHexosaminidase A* Fabry's diseasea-Galactosidase* Metachromatic leukodystrophyArylsulfatase A* Krabbe's diseaseb-Galactosidase* Gaucher's diseaseb-Glucosidase* Niemann-Pick diseaseSphingomyelinase* Farber's diseaseCeramidase", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hexosaminidase-A", "opb": "Aryl sulfatase-A", "opc": "a-galactosidase", "opd": "Galactocerebrosidase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2281d4ef-cf7d-4aba-8179-e5214d6527d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "40 yr old male presented with cirrhosis. Special stain used in the histology slide given below is", "exp": "Iron in hemosiderin is chemically reactive and turns blue-black when exposed to potassium ferrocyanide, which is the basis for the Prussian blue stain. In iron-overloaded cells, most iron is stored in hemosiderin.Severe hemochromatosis (hereditary or secondary) is characterized principally by (1) deposition of hemosiderin in the following organs (in decreasing order of severity) the liver, pancreas, myocardium, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, joints, and skin; (2) cirrhosis; and (3) pancreatic fibrosis.Ref: Robbins pathology 9e pg: 650, 848", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alcian blue", "opb": "Prussian blue", "opc": "Masson Fontana", "opd": "Von kossa", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "80e93e16-598a-4324-92bc-9c0bd00e5795", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liver biopsy in malaria will have", "exp": "Ans. b. Kupffer cell hyperplasiaCLASSIFICATION OF PARASITIC DISEASE OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT BY PATHOLOGIC PROCESSPathologic processDiseasesLiver disease Granulomatous hepatitisCapillariasisFascioliasisSchistosomiasisStrongyloidiasisToxocariasisPortal fibrosisSchistosomiasisHepatic abscess or necrosisAmebiasisToxoplasmosisCystic liver diseaseEchinococcosisPeliosis hepatisBacillary angiomatosisReticuloendothelial diseaseKupffer cell infection or hyperplasiaBabesiosisMalariaToxoplasmosisVisceral leishmaniasisBiliary tract diseaseCholangitisClonorchiasis/opisthorchiasisFascioliasisBiliary hyperplasisAscariasisClonorchiasisCryptosporidiosisFascioliasisCholangiocarcinomaClonorchiasis/opisthorchiasis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Microabscesses", "opb": "Kupffer cell hyperplasia", "opc": "Piecemeal necrosis", "opd": "Non Caseating granuloma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Infectious Disease", "id": "45dd07f8-c2e0-436a-811a-b2556532e0e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amyloidosis deposition most commonly occurs in", "exp": "Amyloid is an abnormal pathological protein resulting from the improper folding of proteins and deposited extracellularly as fibrils and disrupt their normal function.\nThe most common site of deposition is (in decreasing order of incidence) Kidney, Liver, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Adrenals, Thyroid, GIT, Heart. In systemic Amyloidosis, any organ can show deposition of Amyloid. Among all organs, kidneys are most commonly and most seriously get affected by Amyloidosis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Renal vessels", "opb": "Knee joints", "opc": "Skin", "opd": "Cornea", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6fec717-04e4-4405-a6dd-252ae4fa0177", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dystrophic calcification is seen in", "exp": "Dystrophic calcification is encountered in areas of necrosis of any type. It is viually inevitable in the atheromas of advanced atherosclerosis, associated with intimal injury in the aoa and large aeries and characterized by the accumulation of lipids.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 25 )", "cop": 3, "opa": "Paget disease", "opb": "Renal osteodystrophy", "opc": "Atheroma", "opd": "Milk Alkali syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0431e5dd-5319-4162-bc67-93319e2a3530", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A  peripheral  smear  with  increased  neutrophils, basophils,  eosinophils,  and  platelets  is  highly suggestive of", "exp": "The peripheral blood picture of this patient is quite characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia.\nChronic  myeloid  leukemia  is  a  stem  cell  disease  that  is  characterized  by  leukocytosis  with  granulocytic  immaturities,  basophilia, splenomegaly and distinct chromosomal abnormality Philadelphia chromosome.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acute myeloid leukemia", "opb": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia", "opc": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia", "opd": "Myelodysplastic syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2e5a6855-28b0-4984-93d4-1dd90c3425d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tigered effect of heart is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fatty change", "opb": "Hyaline change", "opc": "Amy", "opd": "Atrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "252d334d-e761-4c99-8311-52aadd5ba2ee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carcinoid tumor develops from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Enterochromaffin cells", "opb": "Neuroectoderm", "opc": "J cells", "opd": "Goblet cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa940633-4f62-4069-9ba1-559e31abd2dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In apoptosis, the nucleus is destroyed by", "exp": "In H&E-stained tissue sections, the nuclei of apoptotic cells show various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation and, ultimately, karyorrhexis (Fig. 1-21); at the molecular level this is reflected in fragmentation of DNA into nucleosome-sized pieces. Ref Robbins 9/e p 18", "cop": 1, "opa": "Endonuclease fragmentation", "opb": "Karyolysis", "opc": "Phagocytosis", "opd": "Necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "6857b509-fba4-4a3f-9110-b33713b54858", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "White infarcts occurs in one of the following organs", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Ovary", "opb": "Lung", "opc": "Intestine", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "509424bd-1c10-490f-b63a-ca247e5899b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A single nucleotide change in a codon on chromosome 11 that causes valine to replace glutamic acid at the sixth position of the b chain of hemoglobin.peripheral blood film of the patient is given", "exp": "Hemoglobin S (Hb S) is formed by the replacement of glutamic acid by valine in the sixth position in the b chain of hemoglobin. On deoxygenation, Hb S polymerizes and the red cells sickle. In patients heterozygous for Hb S (sickle cell trait, Hb AS), there is approximately 45% Hb S and 55% Hb A. Because of the content of Hb A, erythrocytes only sickle at low oxygen tension and symptoms are much milder than in sickle cell disease. Hb F does not react with hemoglobin S, so that patients who have Hb S and large amounts of Hb F, as occurs in newborns with sickle cell disease, are asymptomatic. Clinically, sickle cell disease is characterized by the triad of chronic hemolytic anemia, vascular occlusion, and vulnerability to infection. The severe chronic hemolytic anemia leads to chronic hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice), which leads to pigmented gallstones. Vascular occlusion results in leg ulcers, renal papillary necrosis, and multiple infarcts, which may cause severe bone pain. Repeated splenic infarcts cause progressive fibrosis and splenic atrophy (autoinfarction). Rather than hypersplenism, most adults have a small, functionless, fibrotic spleen. The lack of splenic function along with defects in the alternate complement pathway predispose to infections such as Salmonella osteomyelitis and pneumococcal infections. The vasoocclusive disease also leads to painful crises, hand-foot syndrome in children (consisting of the typical triad of fever, pallor, and symmetric swelling of hands and feet), and infarctive crises. In patients not having yet undergone splenic autoinfarction (usually children), massive splenic sequestration (sequestration crisis) may lead to rapid splenic enlargement, hypovolemia, and shock. Patients with sickle cell disease have a normocytic anemia with a corrected reticulocyte count of greater than 3%. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is zero because the sickled red cells cannot aggregate and settle in the test tube. Hydroxyurea has recently been approved for the treatment of sickle cell disease because it increases the synthesis of hemoglobin F, thus reducing the severity of the disease Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition.", "cop": 4, "opa": "a thalassemia", "opb": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "opc": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria", "opd": "Sickle cell anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "11ab00e3-2e36-4226-a849-31980e83b58a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most characteristic and frequent feature of chronic rheumatic hea disease is the development of", "exp": "Rheumatic fever (RF) produces both acute and chronic manifestations. Acute RF produces a pancarditis of all three layers of the hea. It is manifested by myocarditis, which is characterized histologically by the Aschoff body; pericarditis, which is referred to as \"bread-and-butter\" pericarditis; and verrucous endocarditis. In contrast to acute RF, chronic RF produces damage to cardiac valves. The mitral valve is most commonly involved, followed by the aoic valve. The stenotic valve has the appearance of a \"fish mouth\" or \"buttonhole.\" An additional finding in chronic RF is a rough poion of the endocardium of the left atrium, called a MacCallum's patch. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vegetations on the endocardium", "opb": "Aschoff bodies within the myocardium", "opc": "Incompetence of the pulmonic valve", "opd": "Stenosis of the mitral valve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "604de3ae-1911-483e-b008-8cdd156ad80f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vanillyl mandelicacid (VMA) increased in", "exp": "(Pheochromocytoma) (798- Basic Robbins 8th)PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA - \"Rules of 10s\"*** Demonstrating characteristic nests of cells (\"Zellballen\") with abundant cytoplasm* The definite diagnosis of malignancy in pheochromocytoma is based exclusively on the presence of metastasis*** Diagnosis demonstration of increased excretion of free Catecholamines and their metabolites such as vanillylmandelic acid and metanephrines**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parathyroidism", "opb": "Pheochromocytoma", "opc": "MEN-1", "opd": "Addison's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrine", "id": "0ad3a3b1-804f-4604-a312-97366db2e6c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following condition is treated with", "exp": "The picture and the description are characteristic features of Pyostomatitis vegetans . It is usually treated by corticosteroids", "cop": 3, "opa": "Systemic antifungal therapy", "opb": "Systemic antiviral therapy", "opc": "Systemic corticosteroids", "opd": "Systemic antibiotics", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f200b6b4-21bc-4c16-af08-f0b0d01cf944", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Early tongue changes seen in scarlet fever is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Raspbery tongue", "opb": "Strawberry tongue", "opc": "Auspitz's sign", "opd": "Nikolsky's sign", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "88a43737-a21d-4d5b-bba8-1f258697a2aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 2 year old child presents with scattered lesions in the skull. Biopsy revealed Langerhans giant cells. The most commonly associated marker with this condition will be", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "CD 1a", "opb": "CD 57", "opc": "CD 3", "opd": "CD 68", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "72b1fc5a-c2de-49b4-856b-71c821507a32", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reliable screening test for hemophilia is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "aPTT", "opb": "BT", "opc": "PT", "opd": "CBP", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ae8085c2-9032-424f-87f4-c79896812dee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Early age of sex is risk factor for", "exp": "Ans. A. Carcinoma cervixEarly Coitarche (early age of first intercourse) is a risk factor for carcinoma cervix.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carcinoma cervix", "opb": "Carcinoma vulva", "opc": "Carcinoma vagina", "opd": "Carcinoma ovary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "74602b4d-95a2-4ff5-956f-66f05fc8a7d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Smudge cell is seen in", "exp": "Lymphohistiocytic cells or L-H cells or popcorn cells are seen in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma.\nThese cells are CD 45, CD 20 and epithelial membrane antigen positive. Lacunar cells are seen in nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease. They are positive for CD15, CD30 and PAX 5.\nSmudge cells are seen in CLL.\nSezary cells are seen in Sezary syndrome.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma", "opb": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia", "opc": "Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma", "opd": "Sezary syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c5205886-e54e-41f8-ba23-07b30b9da68b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transition from G2 to M phase of the ceil cycle is controlled by", "exp": ". CyclinB", "cop": 4, "opa": "Retinoblastoma gene product", "opb": "p53 protein", "opc": "CyclinE", "opd": "CyclinB", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a8069093-36c2-4611-9297-9152b43789fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A flat, circumscribed discolouration of skin or mucosa\nthat may vary in size and shape is referred to as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Epulis", "opb": "Macule", "opc": "Nodule", "opd": "Papule", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07d6011c-d6f3-43f8-861e-a0e90bc9d6f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Trismus is due to infection by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Staphylococci", "opb": "Streptococci", "opc": "Diphtheria", "opd": "Clostridium Tetani", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11b75bf2-90c4-47d7-a8e2-ba0d3c224037", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lipid in tissue detected by aEUR'", "exp": "Oil red 0 Congo red is not used in lipid staining. It is used in the staining of amyloid protein. STANING FOR LIPIDS Non polar lipids Example Stain used * Unconjugated lipids Fatty acids III & IV Oil red 0, Sudan black Sudan Cholesterol Filipin * Esters Cholesteryl esters Schultz Monodi and Tri-glycerides Calcium lipase * Polar lipids Phospholipids Glycerol bases Phosphatidylcholine Nile blue sulfate Phosphatidylserine Nile blue sulfate Phosphatidylethanol amine Plasmal reaction Sphingosine-base Sphingomyelins Fenic hematoxylin Glycolipids Cerebrosides PAS Sulfatides Acetone/Toluidine blue Ganglisides PAS", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oil Red 0", "opb": "Muciramine", "opc": "PAS", "opd": "Myeloperoxidase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d76e021-450a-474e-896d-d1501870a646", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Moell’s Glossitis is due to", "exp": "Tongue\nStrawberry tongue - Early tongue change in scarlet fever\nRaspberry - Late tongue change scarlet fever\nStomatitis scalatina - Mucosal change\nGeographic tongue - Migratory glossitis\nScrotal tongue - Fissured tongue\nRaw beefy tongue - Acrodynia (pink disease or swifts disease)\nBlack hairy tongue - oral use of antibiotics\nMagenta red tongue - Vit. B12 deficiency (Riboflavin)\nMoell's/Hunter's Glossitis - Vit. B2 deficiency (Bald tongue)\nBald tongue of sandwith - pellegra", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vit B2 deficiency", "opb": "Vit. B12 deficiency", "opc": "Acrodynia", "opd": "Oral use of antibiotics", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fdc7996d-c9f6-4f03-88ca-ec04216f77b1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest surgical procedure for soft tissue sarcoma", "exp": "Soft Tissue SarcomaRare unusual neoplasm of soft tissuesM/C site: Extremity (lower >upper) > Trunk > Retroperitoneum >Head & NeckM/C type: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma>Liposarcoma> Leiomyosarcoma >Synol sarcoma >Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumorMC pediatric soft tissue sarcoma: RhabdomyosarcomaHistopathological Type of STSExtremityRetroperitoneumVisceraMalignant fibrous histiocytoma > LiposarcomaLiposarcomaGISTPathologyDiagnosis of Soft tissue sarcomaSTS tends to grow along fascial planes, with the surrounding soft tissue compressed to form a pseudocapsule.Clinical behavior of STS is determined by: Anatomic location (depth), grade & sizeM/C route of spread in soft tissue sarcoma: HematogenousM/C site of metastasis: LungCore-cut or true-cut biopsy (CT or USG guided) is diagnosticIncisional biopsy is done if core-cut biopsy is non-diagnosticFNAC: To confirm or rule out presence of metastatic focus or local recurrenceMRI: IOC for assessing extremity STSCECT: IOC for assessing retroperitoneal sarcomaClinical featuresTreatmentM/C symptom of STS: Painless massSize at presentation is dependent on the location of tumor.Smaller tumors - distal extremitiesLarger tumors - proximal extremity & retroperitoneumAdequate excision + adjuvant radiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy.PrognosisBest prognostic factor of soft tissue sarcoma: GradingBest prognosis is seen in: ExtremitySTSMC cause of death in STS: Metastasis; 5-year survival rate for STS (all stages): 50-60%(Refer: Devita, Hellman, Rosenberg's Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology, 9th edition, pg no: 1533-1552)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Marginal excision", "opb": "Enucleation", "opc": "Wide local excision", "opd": "Compamental excision", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "54fee593-144e-485b-8416-61cc1700a8ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pathological feature of pyogenic granuloma", "exp": "Pyogenic granulomas) are pedunculated masses usually found on the gingiva of children, young adults, and pregnant women. These lesions are richly vascular and typically are ulcerated, which gives them a red to purple color. In some cases, growth can be rapid and raise fear of a malignant neoplasm. However, histologic examination demonstrates a dense proliferation of immature vessels similar to that seen in granulation tissue. Pyogenic granulomas can regress, mature into dense fibrous masses, or develop into a peripheral ossifying fibroma. Complete surgical excision is definitive treatment. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.553)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Epitheloid cells", "opb": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opc": "Granulation tissue", "opd": "Giant cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8d3c8efa-ffb1-429e-bf12-74d1ebc0f480", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ig active in type 1 hypersensitivity.", "exp": "Ans: b (IgE) Ref: Robbins, 7th ed, p. 205Dendritic cells + Antigen ' CD4 Helper T cells '! THL cells produce.\"Most of the immediate hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies.\"Dendritic cells + Antigen - CD4 Helper T cells - THL cells produce.IL5 - stimulate Eosinophils ILA - 'Turning on' of B cellsIgE production.ILB - IgE production, mucus secretion. IgE thus produced will bind to receptors on basophils and mast cells. These cells, aimed with IgE, when re-exposed to specific allergen, leads to a series of reactions responsible for the clinical expression of type 1 hypersensitivity.The primary and secondary mediators released from mast cells are listed belowPrimary mediatorsSecondary mediatorsHistamineLeucotrienes (B4C4D4)ProteasesProstaglandins (PGD2)Chemotactic factors (C39)PAFHeparinCytokines - IL 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, TNF,GM CSF", "cop": 2, "opa": "A", "opb": "E", "opc": "D", "opd": "G", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "4dab0360-0ca7-4289-9fbd-920cec5c33b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Horner's syndrome DOES NOT include", "exp": "Miosis, ptosis, anhydrosis, and flushing are a features of homer's syndrome.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ptosis", "opb": "Anhydrosis", "opc": "Flushing", "opd": "Mydriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9f55f172-0240-43ff-a4e9-54e3d20d3f1a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glomerulonephritis associated with sensory neural deafness are features of", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' Alport's syndrome Alport's syndrome is characterized byGlomerulonephritis*Deafness*Lenticonus*Some other frequently asked syndromes associated with deafness:1. Waardenburg syndrome*Pigmentary abnormalityHearing loss2. Pendred syndrome*Defect in thyroid hormone synthesis &Hearing loss", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alport's syndrome", "opb": "Nail patella syndrome", "opc": "Down's syndrome", "opd": "Fabry's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Glomerular Diseases", "id": "6748620d-80d8-46f5-9176-d4e969fe37d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal amount of pleural fluid is approximately", "exp": "Normally, no more than 15 ml of serous, relatively acellular, clear fluid lubricates the pleural surface.\nIncreased accumulation of pleural fluid is called pleural effusion", "cop": 2, "opa": "5ml", "opb": "15 ml", "opc": "50 mL", "opd": "100m1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cb54634c-4792-4b47-afdd-4b6d172e995d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Folie a deux is seen in", "exp": "It is shared delusional disorder.", "cop": 2, "opa": "OCD", "opb": "Paranoid", "opc": "Hysteria", "opd": "Neurasthenia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "76277feb-f3ad-4fbf-af61-f707399b10df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Assessment and aiding for development of funds for the National Blindness Control Programme is done by", "exp": "Funding for the NPCB- The allocation of funds for the NPCB increased with the sta of the World Bank-financed Project in 1995.", "cop": 4, "opa": "WHO", "opb": "UNICEF", "opc": "DANIDA", "opd": "World Bank", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0f9a8d24-4638-4ceb-a452-ddd48f79a688", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Grinspan syndrome is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Leukoplakia", "opb": "Lichen planus", "opc": "Aphthous ulcer", "opd": "Oral submucous fibrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a3164d45-37ea-4ff0-a018-e969bd8d9ac8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carcinoid tumor secretes", "exp": "Ans. c (5 HT). (Ref. Baily & Love, Surgery, 22nd/pg.800)CARCINOID TUMOR# Arises from argentaffin/chromafin cells, called as Kulschitsky cells.# These cells stain with ammoniacal silver salt solution to black.# Most common site of occurence is appendix and is benign there.# Next common site is ileum and most of them are malignant.# More than 9 mg/ 24-hour of 5-HIAA in 24 in urine is diagnostic. Carcinoid also secretes 5-HT.# Carcinoid syndrome is characterized by attacks of flushing and diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, bronchospasm, tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation/stenosis and telangectasia.# Most common cause is small bowel carcinoid metastasizing to liver; and next common is bronchial carcinoid.# Cardiac changes in carcinoid heart disease are largely right sided (tricuspid valve) and are due to inactivation of both serotonin and bradykinin in the blood during passage through lungs by monoamino-oxidase present in pulmonary vascular endothelium.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histamine", "opb": "VMA", "opc": "5 HT", "opd": "Bradykinin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "1a97f3a3-6bcc-4e90-a8d7-2d9bfd56d35d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Annexin Visa marker of", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Apoptosiso Annexin V assays provides simple and effective method to detect apoptosis at a very early stage.o This assay makes advantage of the fact that phosphatidylserine (PS) is translocated from the inner (cytoplasmic)leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer (cell surface) leaflet soon after the induction of apoptosis and that theannexin V protein has strong specific affinity for phosphatidyl serine.o Phosphatidyl serine on the outer leaflet is available to bind labelled annexin V providing the basis for a simple staining assay.o All of the annexin proteins share the propey of binding calcium and phospholipids.o Annexin V is a cause of syndrome called antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.o Annexin V normally forms a shield around ceain phospholipid molecules that blocks their entry into coagulation (clotting) reactions.o In the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; the formation of the shield is disrupted by the abnormal antibodies. Without the shield, there is an increased quantity of phospholipid molecules on cell membranes speeding up coagulation reactions and causing the abnormal blood clotting characteristic of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Necrosis", "opc": "Aherosclerosis", "opd": "Inflammation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e204eb4-b116-44c1-a2ca-1f49c5d3faa1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Apoptosis is", "exp": "Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells' own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Fragments of the apoptotic cells then break off, giving the appearance that is responsible for the name (apoptosis, \"falling off\").Apoptosis results from the activation of enzymes called caspases (so named because they are cysteine proteases that cleave proteins after aspaic residues)( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 19 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cell death induced by regulated intracellular program", "opb": "Cell survival by a regulated ultra cellular program", "opc": "Modification and adaptation by the regulated intracellular program", "opd": "Cell death by an extracellular signal", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "d02d5d6b-7577-4a93-93d7-1d7acc0062c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Perifascicular atropy of muscle fibres is seen in", "exp": "Inflammatory Myopathies Dermatomyositis is the most common Inflammatory myopathy in children. On microscopic examination it is associated with perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates, dropouts of capillaries, the presence of so called tubuloreticular inclusions in endothelial cells, and myofiber damage in a paraseptal or perifascicular pattern. Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 805,heading=", "cop": 2, "opa": "Steroid myopathy", "opb": "Dermatomysotis", "opc": "Inclusion body myositis", "opd": "Nemaline myopathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "d63d7c25-e75a-46e9-858e-e9c622fd0f9c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best predictor for coronary aery disease aEUR'", "exp": "LDL ???? Elevated LDL cholesterol and decreased HDL cholesterol are independent predictors of coronary hea disease. - Although there is consensus regarding the benefits of lowering LDL cholesterol the value of elevating HDL cholesterol remains controversial. Low HDL and coronary risk High serum HDL cholesterol is associated with a lower risk of CHD. The incidence of CHD events in a normal population appears to be inversely related to serum HDL cholesterol with low levels being associated with increased coronary risk. - Based upon data .from the Framingham Hea study, the risk for myocardial infarction increases by about 25%.for every 5mg/d1 (.13 nuno1/1) decrement in serum HDL cholesterol. Elevated LDL and coronary risk Elevation in LDL cholesterol is a well known risk factor for the development of coronary aery disease. Association of elevated LDL with coronary aery disease has been established in various trials and studies. There is linear reduction in cardiovascular disease with progressive lowering of the LDL cholesterol. Traditionally LDL levels are considered to be the nzost impoant factor in the prediction of coronary aery disease. The impoance of LDL as a risk factor lies in the fact that effective therapes are avalaible to lower it, while it is not so in the case of HDL. So when treating dyslipidemia for reducing cardiovascular events, the .first target is LDL and not HDL. Doubt and Controversy What is creating doubts in our mind is a table from Braunwald 8th/e p1008 according to which 'Low HDL' appears to be better marker, for prediction of future cardiovascular disease than 'High LDL'. According to this bar diagram in Braunnwald 8\"Ye p1008 - the adjusted hazard ratio .for .future cardiovascular events for LDL is 1.62 while that of HDL is 2.32. But the text given in the book does clarify which one is better marker. (we have give this table from Braunwald in our previous discussion on this topic in Nov 2009 Medicine). We have tried to confirm this low HDL' fact from various other books. But none of the texts clearly. ored any one between these 2 to be the better marker. Both LDL and HDL are mentioned to be impoant. We have also consulted several cardiologist on this. All of them say that the answer should be LDL Well, Braunwald is text book of immense reputation. and any information or text given in the book does not need confirmation from any other source. But what has added to the confusion is that the latest edition of Braunwald i.e., 9\"/e has eliminated that diagram from the book and in the text have not clarified which one is better marker. Instead, the text states that Apolipo (a) and B 100 are better marker, .for predicting future cardiovascular events than LDL and HDL. We are not absolutely sure of the answer, but we would for the time being go with LDL. Also Know The following lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are associated with increased coronary risk. - Elevated total cholesterol - Elevated LDL cholesterol Low HDL cholesterol - Increased total to HDL cholesterol ratio - Increased non HDL cholesterol - Hyperiglyceridemia - Increased Lp(a) - Increased apolipoprotein B - Sinai! dense LDL paicles", "cop": 2, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chylomicron", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1f27a38-686f-43a4-86bb-b016e7db2659", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Onion skin' fibrosis of bile duct is seen in", "exp": "MORPHOLOGY The characteristic features of PSC are different in the extrahepatic and large intrahepatic ducts than in the smaller ducts. The largest ducts have chronic inflammation with superimposed acute inflammation, very similar to the mucosal lesions of ulcerative colitis. These inflamed areas lead to narrowing of the larger ducts either because edema and inflammation narrows the lumen or because of subsequent scarring. The smaller ducts, however, often have little in the way of inflammation and show a striking circumferential fibrosis often referred to as onion skinning around an increasingly atrophic duct lumen Eventually the lumen disappears altogether, leaving just a dense button of scar tissue, the viually diagnostic tombstone scar. Because the likelihood of sampling such smaller duct lesions on a random needle biopsy is minuscule, diagnosis depends not on biopsy but on radiologic imaging of the extrahepatic and largest intrahepatic ducts. TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDOTION PAGE.628 IMAGE REF: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION FIG 15-24 PAGE 629", "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary biliary cirrhosis", "opb": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis", "opc": "Extrahepatic biliary fibrosis", "opd": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9b5c1638-5003-4397-977d-666b5c599225", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene involved in rett syndrome", "exp": "Rett syndrome (T), originally termed cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia, is a rare genetic postnatal neurological disorder of the grey matter of the brain that almost exclusively affects females but has also been found in male patients. The clinical features include small hands and feet and a deceleration of the rate of head growth (including microcephaly in some). Repetitive stereotyped hand movements, such as wringing and/or repeatedly putting hands into the mouth, are also noted. People with Rett syndrome are prone to gastrointestinal disorders and up to 80% have seizures. They typically have no verbal skills, and about 50% of affected individuals do not walk. Scoliosis, growth failure, and constipation are very common and can be problematic. The signs of this disorder are most easily confused with those of Angelman syndrome, cerebral palsy and autism. Rett syndrome occurs in approximately 1:10,000 live female bihs in all geographies, and across all ethnicities. The syndrome was first described by Austrian neurologist Andreas Rett in 1966. While the disorder was identified scientifically, and could be reliably diagnosed, the causes remained unknown for decades. Huda Zoghbi demonstrated in 1999 that mutations in the gene MECP2 cause Rett syndrome", "cop": 2, "opa": "P53", "opb": "MECP2", "opc": "RB", "opd": "BRCA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "7838dfd2-ea8e-4667-89c3-d71b014593d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microalbuminuria is defined as amount of the albumin passing in urine", "exp": "(30-300): (687 Harsh Mohan 6th edition)MICROALBUMINURIA - refers to the excretion of amounts of albumin too small to detect by urinary dipstick or conventional measures of urine protein. It is a good screening test for early detection of renal disease and may be a marker for the presence of microvascular disease in generalMacroalbuminuria (ie albuminuria > 150 mg/day or random urine albumin / creatinine ratio of > 300 mg/gm creatinine)Microalbuminuria estimated by radio immunoassay ie microalbumin 30-300 mg/day or random urine microalbumin / creatinine ratio of 30-300 mg/gm creatinine.", "cop": 2, "opa": "30-Mar", "opb": "30-300", "opc": "400-400", "opd": "800-1200", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "34b99419-970f-4c15-8ab3-aea0838bf9df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site for lymphagiosarcoma is", "exp": "Ans. (c) Post mastectomy arm(Ref: Cancer 1948; 1:64-81)*Lymphangiosarcoma is a misnomer because this malignancy seems to arise from blood vessels instead of lymphatic vessels.*Most commonly, this tumor is a result of lymphedema induced by radical mastectomy*Stewart-Treves syndrome is a rare, cutaneous angiosarcoma that develops in long-standing chronic lymphedema.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Post mastectomy arm", "opd": "Retroperitoneum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "850695b6-7ade-4f18-ad2a-1b9e43f5ba19", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Venous malformations involving the leptomeninges of the cerebral cortex is a salient feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Rendu-Osier-Weber disease", "opb": "Maffuci's syndrome", "opc": "Angioosteohypertrophy syndrome", "opd": "Sturge weber syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8fefc83a-fef8-4c96-86cb-565bd53916f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristics histipathological feature of the kidney in DM", "exp": "Diabetic lesions of glomerulosclerosis are also called as kimmelstiel-wilson(KW) lesions or intercapillary glomerulosclerosis. These lesions are specific for type 1 diabetics. Refer harshmohan 6/e p678", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nodular glomerosclerosis", "opb": "Fibrin cap", "opc": "Papillary necrosis", "opd": "Diffuse glomerosclrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4aa39b35-c4bf-4d05-9e5b-d4034011a782", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Principal Actions of prostacyclin in Inflammation is", "exp": "Principal Actions of Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in InflammationActionEicosanoidVasodilationProstaglandins PGI2 (prostacyclin), PGE1, PGE2, PGD2VasoconstrictionThromboxane A2, leukotrienes C4, D4, E4Increased vascular permeabilityLeukotrienes C4, D4, E4Chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesionLeukotrienes B4, HETERef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 3; Inflammation and Repair; Page no: 84; Table 3-5", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vasodilation", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Increased vascular permeability", "opd": "Chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e7ab5e0d-d3e4-43e6-8662-dfd850694333", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cells seen in MI at 48 hours are", "exp": "The microscopic appearance also undergoes a characteristic sequence of changes . Typical features of coagulative necrosis become detectable within 4 to 12 hours of infarction. \"Wavy fibers\" also can be present at the edges of an infarct. Light microscopic features in 1-3 days include: Coagulation necrosis with loss of nuclei and striations; interstitial infiltrate of neutrophils. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.380)", "cop": 1, "opa": "polymorphs", "opb": "Fibroblasts", "opc": "Lymphocytes", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3e8b63d4-ebc8-4ddc-ac90-134456f12a05", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Progression of dental caries on pit and fissure occurs from", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Apex of the pit and fissure", "opb": "Wide end of the pit and fissure", "opc": "Lateral surface of the pit and fissure", "opd": "Bottom of the pit and fissure", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ca431af-93e4-4dce-bfd0-32160f97e1c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paneth cells characterized by", "exp": "Paneth cells are zinc-containing cells widely distributed in Lieberkuhn's crypts of small intestine in many species, but their function has remained obscure. Our previous study showed that a single intravenous injection of diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone), a zinc chelator, forms zinc-dithizonate complexes in the cytoplasm of Paneth cells to ensure rapid and selective killing of the cells. REFERENCELE nih.gov", "cop": 2, "opa": "More number of lysosomal enzyme", "opb": "High concentration of zinc", "opc": "More concentration of EFR", "opd": "Foamy cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "2374249c-f96b-4f33-a825-a614587d5f71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paneth cells contain", "exp": "Paneth cells are zinc-containing cells widely distributed in Lieberkuhn's crypts of small intestine in many species, but their function has remained obscure. Our previous study showed that a single intravenous injection of diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone), a zinc chelator, forms zinc-dithizonate complexes in the cytoplasm of Paneth cells to ensure rapid and selective killing of the cells. REFERANCE. NIH.GOV", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zinc", "opb": "Copper", "opc": "Molybdneum", "opd": "Selenium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "1e637305-7aa2-47fc-9128-522d892cf10c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Takayasu's arteritis with pulmonary arteries involvement is designated as", "exp": "(D) Type IV# \"Takayasu's arteritis\" described as three types on the basis of the location and extent of the arteritis affecting the aorta. In 1977. Lupi- Herrera et al. described an additional variant with pulmonary artery involvement, which they designated type IV.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "b5d4b550-1470-4fee-afa6-59a401a10d8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumorogenesis in aging is due to aEUR'", "exp": "Telomerase reactivation After a fixed number of divisions, normal cells becomes arrested in a terminally nondividing state. How does the normal cells count their divisions i.e. How, do the cells find out that now the), do'nt need to divide fuher. Cells achieve this through telomer shoening Telomers are sho repeated sequences of DNA present at the linear ends of chromosome that are impoant for ensuring complete replication of chromosome ends. It consists of many arrays of TTAGGG repeats at terminal of 3' ending strand. It confers stability to chromosomes. With each successive division there is some shoening of the telomers. Once the telomers are shoened beyond a ceain point the ends of the chromosome are seen as broken DNA, which signals cell cycle arrest. The broken DNA leads to activation of p53 dependent cell cycle check points causing proliferative arrest or apoptosis. Thus telomere shoening functions as a clock that counts cell division. How do the germ cells keep on dividing throughout their life ??? In germ cells telomere shoening is prevented by the sustained function of the enzyme telomerase. Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase and is responsible for telomer synthesis and maintaining the length of telomer. It is RNA dependent DNA polymerase. It has one segment that is complimentary to TTAGGG repeat and is used as template for the replication of telomeric sequence. This enzyme is absent from most somatic cells and hence they suffer progressive loss of telomers and they exit the cell cycle. Telomerase is present in Germ cells thus explaining the ability of these cells to self replicate extensively. If loss of telomere is the basis of finite life span then how do cancer cells continue to divide actively ???? In cancer cells telomerase activity is reactivated. Telomerase activity has been detected in more than 90% of human tumours. Thus telomerase activity and maintenance of telomere length are essential for the replicative potential in cancer cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Telomerase reactivation", "opb": "Telomerase inactivation", "opc": "Increased apoptosis", "opd": "Suppression of proto-oncogenes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a603479e-491d-4dac-bbc4-53c9287c7f83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient's urine with a particular protein appears normal, but on standing it becomes dark. The dark colour disappears on heating. The patient is suffering from", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Osteoporosis", "opb": "Multiple myeloma", "opc": "Infectious mononucleosis", "opd": "T  cell tumour", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37c9afa0-c80d-415d-ac1a-4770cfb9efb4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Koplik spots", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "First manifestation of measles", "opb": "Rarely seen in measles", "opc": "Are seen 2-3 days after cutaneous rashes", "opd": "Is first manifestation but seldom seen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1265553c-65b5-4fa1-ac67-8da38526feed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intravascular heamolysis occurs in", "exp": "Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobunuria (PNH) is the only hemolytic anemia caused by an acquired intrinsic defect in the cell membrane. It is associated with intravascular hemolysis. Rest all conditions causes extravascular heamolysis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hereditory spherocytosis", "opb": "Antoimmune haemolytic anemia", "opc": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria", "opd": "Thalassemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0dc94947-2686-40a2-9018-e47bde111e26", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Platelets are stored at", "exp": "Platelets are stored at 20 – 24 degree Celsius with agitation. They can only be stored for 5 days.\nWhole blood and packed red cells are stored at 2 – 6 degree Celsius for 35 days.\nThe anticoagulants which are used for their storage are either CPD (Citrate, Phosphate, Dextrose) or CPDA (Citrate, Phosphate, Dextrose, Adenine).\nFresh frozen plasma is stored at –18 degree Celsius for 1 year.", "cop": 2, "opa": "5°C for 1 month", "opb": "20-24°C for 5 days", "opc": "-4°C for 3 months", "opd": "20-24°C for 3 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff7f804d-cfab-4737-9e7b-87d6c73eadd5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Atheromatous changes of blood vessels affects early in", "exp": "repeated question The risk factors are Constitutional- genetic abnormalities,family history , increasing age, male gender, hyperlipidemia,hypeension,cigaratte smoking, diabetes, inflammation Myocardial infarction is the main condition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Hea", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8070fb18-eea7-4a40-b3db-37d724e4ae00", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sharp instruments like needle, syringes, scalps hospital waste products etc., are thrown in", "exp": "(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 830)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Yellow bag", "opb": "Red bag", "opc": "White translucent bag", "opd": "Black bag", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7b60e26e-053a-4575-80f1-bc30cb6cf017", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The lymphocytic and histiocytic variant of Reed Sternberg cell is seen in", "exp": "Lymphocyte Predominance Type: This uncommon \"nonclassical\" variant of HL accounts for about 5% of cases. Involved nodes are effaced by a nodular infiltrate of small lymphocytes admixed with variable numbers of macrophages. \"Classical\" Reed-Sternberg cells are usually difficult to find. Instead, this tumor contains so-called L&H (lymphocytic and histiocytic) variants, which have a multilobed nucleus resembling a popcorn kernel (\"popcorn cell\"). Eosinophils and plasma cells are usually scant or absent. L&H variants express B-cell markers typical of germinal-center B cells, such as CD20 and BCL6, and are usually negative for CD15 and CD30. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 13; Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus", "cop": 4, "opa": "Follicular center lymphoma", "opb": "Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkins lymphoma", "opc": "Nodular sclerosis Hodgkins lymphoma", "opd": "Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkins diseases", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "e1a7c324-cdb1-46d3-9971-44aa9f25c287", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cholangio carcinoma of liver caused by", "exp": "risk factor of cholangio carcinoma includes Primary sclerosis cholangitis Fibropolypocystic disease of biliary tree Infestation by Clonorchis sinensis or Opisthorchis viverrini. ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NIanTH EDITION PAGE 643", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hepatitis B infection", "opb": "Cirrhosis of liver", "opc": "Alpha - feto protein", "opd": "Clonorchis sinensis infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8077ec11-4875-4d74-bdf3-81196883bad9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal serum calcium level is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "5 to 7 mg%", "opb": "7 to 9 mg%", "opc": "9 to 11 mg%", "opd": "11 to 13 mg%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ff0b840-402a-4a91-a3a4-2980a51436f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Trigeminal neuralgia (tic doulourex) is characterized by", "exp": "Trigeminal neuralgia or \"Fothergill's disease\" is characterized by searing, stabbing or lancinating type of pain that is initiated when the patient touches the \"Trigger Zone\". The term \"tic doulourex\" is applied only when the patient suffers from spasmodic contractions of facial muscles.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Paralysis of one side of the face", "opb": "Uncontrollable twitching of muscles", "opc": "Sharp, excruciating pain of short duration", "opd": "Prolonged episodes of pain on one side of the face", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c028836d-5bcb-410f-abf3-424e3885ee83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasmacytoid lymphomas may be associated with", "exp": "Ans. is `b' i.e., IgM Plasmacytoid lymphoma Plasma cytoid lymphoma, also known as plasmacytoid lymphocyte type malignant lymphoma, is a B cell neoplasm that is associated with plasmacytoid differentiation of lymphocytes. Plasmacytoid lymphocytes are transitional forms between lymphocytes and plasma cells. o These are low grade lymphoid neoplasms that occur in middle aged or older individuals. o In REAL classification, it is classified as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. o These may be associated with a monoclonal IgM paraprotein and are thus considered the histological counterpa of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8569c8f3-2166-48f9-971a-a98dbf2f3c19", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Emperipolesis is typical histological finding in", "exp": "Emperipolesis is the presence of an intact cell within the cytoplasm of another cell. It is a typical histological finding in autoimmune hepatitis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alcoholic hepatitis", "opb": "Auto immune hepatitis", "opc": "Viral hepatitis", "opd": "Drug induced hepatitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be5d3f7f-b3a2-44f4-bb93-d2c75b62f84a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CD 95 is a marker of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis", "opb": "Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis", "opc": "Necrosis of cell", "opd": "Cellular adaptation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e3068704-0f33-417e-824f-b1acbe1768ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Melanoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Benign tumour of skin and mucous membrane", "opb": "Malignant tumour of skin and mucous membrane", "opc": "Malignant tumour of melanophores", "opd": "Benign tumor of melanophares", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b0f0e72-f963-4aa7-9d3b-bf83c7a9b431", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phleboliths are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Dental Pulp", "opb": "Salivary Gland duct", "opc": "Cavernous Hemangiomas", "opd": "Subepithelial Bulla", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0575072e-5f3a-4b8f-a557-490c08ed1649", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Three stages in progression of acute odontogenic infection are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Periapical osteitis, cellulitis, abscess", "opb": "Abscess, cellulitis, periapical osteitis", "opc": "Cellulitis, Abscess, periapical osteitis", "opd": "Periapical osteitis, abscess, cellulitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "19577362-db8a-475c-ba55-e5eef388fd63", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carcinoma lung is associated with exposure to", "exp": "(Asbestosis): {493- Harsh mohan 6th edition)* Asbestos exposure predisposes to a number of cancers, most importantly bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma. A few others are: carcinoma of oesophagus, stomach, colon, kidney and larynx and various lymphoid malignancies* Asbestos fibres are carcinogenic, the most carcinogenic being crocidolite* Lung carcinoma - occupational exposures to - asbestos, arsenic, bischloromethyl ether, hexavalent chromium, mustard gas, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nickel (737-H 18th)* Prolong exposure to low level radon in homes might impart a risk of lung cancer equal or greater than that of environmental tobacco smoke* Prior lung disease such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and tuberculosis have been linked to increased lung cancer as well.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Silica", "opb": "Asbestosis", "opc": "Coal", "opd": "Cotton", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiration", "id": "37a6c3e1-9aef-4f26-bb80-c6cb73ae9921", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ganciclovir is more effective than acyclovir against", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "CMV", "opb": "Influenza", "opc": "Herpes", "opd": "Toxoplasmosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8ee071aa-7e16-4697-bc95-fb5b029464d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histopathologicali osett een in", "exp": "Ans. b. Neurocysticercosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "Neurocysticercosis", "opc": "PNET", "opd": "Medulloblastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c98dcd77-0d95-432a-8a13-308a853d6753", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Leiomyoma is a tumor of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "cerebral tissue", "opb": "smooth muscle", "opc": "striated muscle", "opd": "cardiac muscle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b55b42cc-a054-47eb-a0b6-e2b4b710f467", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drug of choice for trigeminal Neuralgia", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Carbamazepine", "opb": "Valproate", "opc": "Diazepam", "opd": "Phenytoin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7176815b-42db-4113-8ac2-ed1283185c5e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Autopsy finding after 12hrs in a case of death due to MI", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Caseous necrosis", "opc": "Fat necrosis", "opd": "Liquefactive necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0695c2f9-a037-49a3-9d87-cdab3549ce90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 9 year old boy is admitted with acute abdominal pain localized in the right iliac fossa. He is pyrexial with localized peritonism in RIF. The causative cell involved here", "exp": "Ans. (b) Neutrophil(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 71; 8th/pg 44)This is a case of acute appendicitisThe principal inflammatory cell in this case of acute appendicitis is the neutrophil.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lymphocytes", "opb": "Neutrophil", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Monocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "5d180e5c-4b67-42ab-a692-27b864c4c6df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The characteristic feature of apostosis on light microscopy is", "exp": "In H&E-stained tissue sections, the nuclei of apoptotic cells show various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation and, ultimately, karyorrhexis; at the molecular level, this is reflected in fragmentation of DNA into nucleosome-sized pieces. The cells rapidly shrink, form cytoplasmic buds, and fragment into apoptotic bodies composed of membrane-bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles. Because these fragments are quickly extruded and phagocytosed without eliciting an inflammatory response, even substantial apoptosis may be histologically undetectable( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 18 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cellular swelling", "opb": "Nuclear compaction", "opc": "Intact cell membrane", "opd": "Cytoplasmic eosinophlia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "4dc9efd9-52a0-4483-b2cb-f031492c6b7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common of aery involved in MI", "exp": "Acute occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) aery is the cause of 40% to 50% of all MIs and typically results in infarction of the anterior wall of the left ventricle, the anterior two thirds of the ventricular septum, and most of the hea apex; more distal occlusion of the same vessel may affect only the apex. Similarly, acute occlusion of the proximal left circumflex (LCX) aery (seen in 15% to 20% of MIs) will cause necrosis of the lateral left ventricle, and proximal right coronary aery (RCA) occlusion (30% to 40% of MIs) affects much of the right ventricle. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.378)", "cop": 1, "opa": "LAD", "opb": "RCA", "opc": "LCX", "opd": "Diagonal branch of LAD", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "35bf3752-25dc-430b-aa37-f832a785d836", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type I Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is seen in", "exp": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function, (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months) with glomerular crescent formation seen in at least 50% or 75% of glomeruli seen on kidney biopsies. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 4, "opa": "SLE", "opb": "IgA nephropathy", "opc": "Henoch Schonlein purpura", "opd": "Good pasture syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "a1cfa582-4e1b-445e-88e3-12f89d6a1ba4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Endotoxic shock is propagated", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Endothelial injury", "opb": "Peripheral vasodilation", "opc": "Increased vascular permeability", "opd": "Cytokine action", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2cdb8c54-5573-4870-8c7c-54a00c65fea5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Anaesthesia on the sole of the foot\" is caused by injury to", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Common peroneal nerve", "opb": "Tibial nerve", "opc": "Superficial peroneal nerve", "opd": "Deep peroneal nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e78cf13a-476a-4d86-8f71-906c57f61aa1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Preformed mediator of inflammation is", "exp": "Chemical mediators of inflammation Cellular mediatorsPreformed mediators in secretory granulesNewly synthesizedHistamineSerotonin Lysosomal enzymes ProstaglandinsLeukotrienesPlatelet-activating factorActivated oxygen species Nitric oxide Cytokines Plasma mediatorsFactor XII activationComplement activationKinin system Coagulation / fibrinolysis system C3aC5aC3bC5b - 9 (Refer: Robbins & Cotran's - Pathologic Basis of Disease, SAE, 1st edition, Vol I-pg no: 82-85)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "Prostaglandin", "opc": "Dopamine", "opd": "Leukotrienes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "30f0afaa-d1e0-4072-a8d5-edd8580c87ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An example for tumor suppressor gene is", "exp": "Selected Tumor Suppressor GenesInhibitors of Mitogenic Signaling Pathways1. APC2. NF13. NF24. PTCH5. PTEN6. SMAD2, SMAD4Inhibitors of Cell Cycle Progression1. RB2. CDKN2AInhibitors of \"pro-growth\" Programs of Metabolism and Angiogenesis1. VHL2. STK113. SDHB, SDHDInhibitors of Invasion and MetastasisCDH1Enablers of Genomic StabilityTP53DNA Repair Factors1. BRCA1, BRCA22. MSH2, MLH1, MSH6Unknown Mechanisms1. WT12. MEN1Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 7; Neoplasia", "cop": 4, "opa": "Myc", "opb": "FOS", "opc": "RAS", "opd": "Rb", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "65fff515-7cfb-490b-93b3-5cbb3b51b837", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Down's syndrome is most commonly caused by", "exp": "TRISOMY 21: DOWN SYNDROME Incidence: 1 in 700 bihs Karyotypes: Trisomy 21 type: 47,XX, +21 Translocation type: 46,XX,der(14;21)(q10;q10),+21 Mosaic type: 46,XX/47,XX, +21 The correlation with maternal age suggests that in most cases the meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome 21 occurs in the ovum. Indeed, in 95% of cases the extra chromosome is of maternal origin. In about 4% of all patients with trisomy 21, the extra chromosomal material is present not as an extra chromo- some but as a translocation of the long arm of chromosome 21 to chromosome 22 or 14. Such cases frequently (but not always) are familial, and the translocated chromosome is inherited from one of the parents, who typically is a carrier of a robesonian translocation. (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 238)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Maternal non disjunction", "opb": "Paternal non disjunction", "opc": "Translocation", "opd": "Mosaicism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "63a54066-92ed-4d36-bb0c-c06f638ee65b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Ghon focus\" is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Gonorrhea", "opb": "Syphilis", "opc": "AIDS", "opd": "Tuberculosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d1e13850-7d1b-4c36-91fb-2e771c2d2774", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macrophages with abundant cytoplasm containing dusty brown pigment are seen in", "exp": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is characterized by large collections of macrophages in the airspaces in a current or former smoker. The macrophages were originally thought to be desquamated pneumocytes, thus the misnomer \"desquamative interstitial pneumonia.\"The most striking finding is the accumulation of a large number of macrophages with abundant cytoplasm containing dusty brown pigment (smokers' macrophages) in the airspaces.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of DIsease; 9th edition; Chapter 15; The lung; Change 682", "cop": 1, "opa": "Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia", "opb": "Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis", "opc": "Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis", "opd": "Pulmonary Eosinophilia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "38c4b14e-f6f6-4bfb-8b04-04d949be6156", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Megaloblastic anemia is caused by", "exp": "C. i.e. (Folic acid) (377- Harsh Mohan 5th) (437- Basic pathology 8th)MEGALO BLASTIC ANEMIAS - two principal causes1. Folate deficiency (Folic acid metabolism)2. Vitamin B12 deficiency* Earliest change in PBS is appearance of hypersegmented neutrophils*** Bone marrow is markedly hypercellular* Macrocytosis (other causes - Haemolysis, liver disease, alcoholism, hypothyroidism**, aplastic anaemia, myeloproliferative disorders and reticulocytosis)* ** MCV |, MCH|, MCHC Normal or |* **SHILLING TEST for Vitamin Bj2 deficiency* FIGLU TEST for folate deficiency* The gene responsible for folic acid transport is situated on chromosome 21**", "cop": 3, "opa": "B6", "opb": "Thiamine", "opc": "Folic acid", "opd": "Riboflavin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "c6206de7-72a5-481c-806d-2ab5985d1add", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is", "exp": "Causes of Cushing Syndrome: - Exogenous : External supplementation of glucocoicoids - Most common cause - Endogenous : Pituitary adenoma Ectopic ACTH secretion - Small cell lung cancer; Medullary thyroid cancer etc Adrenal causes - Adrenal hyperplasia / adenoma/ cancer", "cop": 1, "opa": "Exogenous coicosteroids", "opb": "Pituitary tumor", "opc": "Adrenal adenoma", "opd": "Adrenal carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Adrenal Gland", "id": "0f096e51-fba0-4c5b-b41b-c8914f445939", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "6 yr old child presented to OPD with eczematous rash On evaluation was found to have fever platelests 80,000 on enquiry multiple hospitalisation for recurrent infections", "exp": "ref : robbins 10th ed", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bruton's agammaglobulinemia", "opb": "chediak Higashi syndrome", "opc": "Wiscott Aldrich syndrome", "opd": "Severe combined immunodeficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3e6e7615-5773-439f-9cff-1950285d900c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The given cell is seen in", "exp": "In tissues, nuclei of damaged cells react with ANAs, lose their chromatin pattern, and become homogeneous, to produce so-called LE bodies or hematoxylin bodies. The LE cell (Lupus Erythematosus cell) is any phagocytic leukocyte (blood neutrophil or macrophage) that consists of degraded nuclear material from an injured cell, along with autoantibodies and a limited amount of cytoplasm", "cop": 2, "opa": "TB", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "Leprosy", "opd": "Malaria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "48811e08-fa40-433f-b77e-882c794cb550", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ectodermal dysplasia is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X-linked dominant", "opd": "X-linked recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2e351d16-80ed-4b37-bafe-b48976bbf268", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sarcoma botyroides is a type of", "exp": "Rhabdomyosarcoma*Tumours with skeletal muscle differentiation. *Most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence*Three histological types - Embryonal, alveolar and pleomorphic.*\"Rhabdomyoblasts\" is the characteristic finding in all the three types*Embryonal RMS- Most common type. It has three variants namely sarcoma botryoides, spindle cell and anaplastic variant. Sarcoma botyroides develops in the wall of hollow mucosa lined structures like nasopharynx, common bile duct, bladder and vagina. \"Cambium layer\" is seen where tumour abuts the mucosa of an organ.*Alveolar RMS - associated with PAX3-FOXO1a fusion gene and PAX7-FOXO1a fusion gene *Of all the types, sarcoma botryoides has the best prognosis while others are often fatal.(Ref: Robbins 8/e p1253)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhabdomyoma", "opb": "Rhandomyosarcoma", "opc": "Lymphangioma", "opd": "Leiomyoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal system", "id": "f9496bda-17d1-4428-a4e4-6a1999ee5da3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important prognostic factor in Ca. Breast.", "exp": "Ans. (a) Lymph Node status(Ref: Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1064 Complete review of pathology 2nd ed/ pg 656)Axillary LN status is the most important prognostic indicator in breast ca", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymph Node status", "opb": "Tumor Size", "opc": "Progesterone receptor status", "opd": "Stage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "7b3ee922-f14b-405c-90ab-358ff29cee7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Incubation period of Hepatitis B is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "15-50 days", "opb": "50-160 days", "opc": "10 days", "opd": "100 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8efae56c-8a65-46bc-8c26-6eadcaea4e18", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "C3 convease acts on", "exp": "The complement system consists of plasma proteins that play an impoant role in host defence (immunity) and inflammation. the critical step in the generation of biologically active complement products is the activation of C3 C3 cleavage occurs by three pathways: classical pathway, the alternative pathway, lectin pathway, All three pathways lead to the formation of a C3 convease that cleaves C3 to C3a and C3b. Basic Pathology, Robbins 9TH ED Page no.: 50", "cop": 4, "opa": "C4b2b", "opb": "C4b2B3a", "opc": "C4b", "opd": "C3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "3dac1e41-9b74-4665-9d40-5e1f2cb859cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Argon laser trabeculoplasty is indicated in", "exp": "Indications for Argon laser trabeculoplasty Uncontrolled open angle glaucoma despite medical therapy Noncompliance of medical therapy and non-availability of ALT Eyes with advanced disease - high IOP, advanced cupping and advanced field lossMechanism of ALT - Increasing outflow facility by producing collagen shrinkage on the inner aspect of trabecular meshwork and opening intratrabecular spaces. Regime consists of 50 spots on the anterior half of the trabecular meshwork over 1800degree Complications - Inflammation, hemorrhage, uveitis,peripheral anterior synechiae and reduced accomodation(Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology,5thedition,pg no: 236)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Aphakic glaucoma", "opb": "Neovascular glaucoma", "opc": "Closed angle glaucoma", "opd": "Open angle glaucoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b1b5f689-cdbd-4475-9988-0b7ab42a6b75", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cystic medial necrosis responsible for aortic dilatation and rupture is seen in", "exp": "In Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder of autosomal dominant inheritance, the basic biochemical abnormality is a mutation affecting fibrillin.\nMost serious, however, is the involvement of the cardiovascular system. Fragmentation of the elastic fibers in the tunica media of the aorta predisposes affected patients to aneurysmal dilation and aortic dissection.\nThese changes, called cystic medionecrosis, are not specific for the Marfan syndrome.\nSimilar lesions occur in hypertension and with ageing.\nLoss of medial support causes dilation of the aortic valve ring, giving rise to aortic incompetence.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Syphilitic aneurysm", "opb": "Takayasu arteritis", "opc": "Atherosclerosis", "opd": "Marfan syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "afafa2f0-2fef-4458-9961-874b59d9c322", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In cell death, myelin bodies are derived from", "exp": "Myelin bodies are membrane bounded myelin figures. These are derived from the plasma membrane and represent the whorls of phospholipids.", "cop": 2, "opa": "RER", "opb": "Cell Membrane", "opc": "Cytoplasm", "opd": "Lysosome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "070b3cbc-6de4-40c3-8e68-c3058586ddee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following substance is most often incriminated in the pathogenesis of Hepatic encephalopathy", "exp": "It is theorized that neurotoxic substances, including ammonia and manganese, may gain entry into the brain in the setting of liver failure. These neurotoxic substances may then contribute to morphologic changes in astrocytes. In cirrhosis, astrocytes may undergo Alzheimer type II astrocytosis. Here, astrocytes become swollen. They may develop a large pale nucleus, a prominent nucleolus, and margination of chromatin. In ALF, astrocytes may also become swollen. The changes of Alzheimer type II astrocytosis are not seen in ALF. But, in contrast to cirrhosis, astrocyte swelling in ALF may be so marked as to produce brain edema. This may lead to increased intracranial pressure and, potentially, brain herniation. REFERENCES Meds cap.com HARSH MOHAN SIXTH EDITION.PAGE-606 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Urea", "opb": "Ammonia", "opc": "Uric acid", "opd": "Creatinine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "330581b7-1631-4f99-9785-e2d4d1e2417f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In cystic fibrosis, transmembrane conductance regular gene on chromosome", "exp": "[Cl (7) (490-Robbins Pathologic Basis of disease 7th) (264-Basic pathology 8th)* The primary defect in cystic fibrosis results from abnormal function of an epithelial chloride channel protein encoded by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene on chromosome band 7 q 13.2* CFTR regulates multiple additional ion channels and of cellular processes.* The function CFTR are tissue specific; therefore impact of a mutation in CFTR is also tissue specific. The major function of CFTR in the sweat gland ducts to reabsorb luminal chloride ions and augment sodium reabsorption via the ENaC* Cystic fibrosis modifier locus (CFM1) which influences the incidence and severity of meconium ileus has been recently mapped to chromosome 19 q13", "cop": 3, "opa": "5", "opb": "6", "opc": "7", "opd": "8", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "0c393be4-7030-4304-b3b9-cfa654c84266", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest primary immunodeficiency is", "exp": "Isolated IgA deficiency Extremely low levels of serum & secretory IgA (may be IgG2 & IgG4 too) Defective differentiation of B cells to IgA producing plasma cells CF Mucosal immunity affected Recurrent sinopulmonary infections & diarrhoea When transfused with blood containing IgA may develop fatal anaphylactic reactions", "cop": 2, "opa": "Common variable immunodeficiency", "opb": "Isolated IgA immunodeficiency", "opc": "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome", "opd": "AIDS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b9fc5613-d031-4bf8-b072-924c313bdf28", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A decrease in cerebral blood flow to zero causes death of brain tissue within", "exp": "(A) 4-10 minutes # Decrease in cerebral blood flow to zero causes death of brain tissue within 4-10 minutes;> Values <16-18 mL/100 g tissue per minute cause infarction within an hour; and> Values <20 mL/100 g tissue per minute cause ischemia without infarction unless prolonged for several hours or days.> If blood flow is restored prior to a significant amount of cell death, the patient may experience only transient symptoms, and the clinical syndrome is called a TIA.> Tissue surrounding the core region of infarction is ischemic but reversibly dysfunctional and is referred to as the ischemic penumbra.> The penumbra may be imaged by using perfusion-diffusion imaging with MRI or CT", "cop": 1, "opa": "4 -- 10 minutes", "opb": "20 -- 30 minutes", "opc": "50 -- 60 minutes", "opd": "80 -- 90 minutes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "18ab94a6-64fb-4bff-82b3-27ab2a8ecbf9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a outbreak of cholera in a village of 2,000 population, 20 cases have occurred and 5 died. Case fatality rate is", "exp": "CFR= (Total number of deaths due to a paicular disease / Total number of cases due to the same disease ) x100CFR=5/20x100CFR= 25 %(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 63)", "cop": 4, "opa": "1%", "opb": "0.25%", "opc": "5%", "opd": "25%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7af31349-c452-4994-bf22-d9088c11686a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Councilman bodies are formed due to process of", "exp": "The councilman bodies are formed due to process of apoptosis in viral hepatitis.Important pathological process associated with apoptosis:* Tumors exposed to chemotherapeutic agents* Graft versus host disease* Rejection episodes* Depletion of CD4 cells in AIDS* Prostatic atrophy after orchidectomy* Alzheimer's disease* MI (20% necrosis and 80% apoptosis)Important physiological processes with apoptosis* Organised cell destruction during formation of embryo* Endometrial shedding, regression of lactating breast* Involution of thymus* Normal cell destruction followed by replacement proliferation such as intestinal epithelium", "cop": 3, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Cirrhosis", "opc": "Apoptosis", "opd": "Necroptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "64a6d923-b2cc-4a62-943a-4b1b9b402a98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 17 year old female with von Willebrand disease presents for dental extraction the appropriate prior line of management include", "exp": ". DDAVP", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cryoprecipitate", "opb": "FFP", "opc": "Recombinant factor VIII", "opd": "DDAVP", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6fb0cbc1-bc77-4212-a98f-306e8a33c0cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Proved association of celiac sprue is with", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Scleroderma", "opb": "Pemphigus", "opc": "Pomphoid", "opd": "Dermatitis herpetiformis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c032666c-81d7-4146-bddd-69f7687ab3af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pale waxy umbilicated swelling on the lid is", "exp": "Eyelid disorders Inflammatory disorders of eyelidsClinical pictureTreatmentBlepharitisSubacute or chronic inflammation of lid margins due to Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Demodexfolliculorum&PhthiriasisPalpebraCrusts should be removed, Antibiotic ointment at least twice daily ( Erythromycin or tetracycline ), Oral anti-inflammatory drugs, removal of nits with forceps External hordeolum (Stye)Acute suppurative inflammation of the gland of Zeiss or MollStage of cellulitis - Stage of abscessHot compresses 2 - 3 times a day, the Surgical incision for large abscess, Antibiotic drops, anti-inflammatory and analgesics Chalazion Chronic noninfective granulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland - retention secretions which are fatty in nature Intralesional triamcinolone, Incision, and curettage, Diathermy Internal hordeolum ( Infected chalazion )Suppurative inflammation of meibomian gland associated with blockage of the duct Drained by veical incision from the tarsal conjunctiva Molluscum contagiosumMultiple, pale, waxy, umbilicated swellings scattered over the skin near lid margin Incised and interior cautery with tincture of iodine or pure carbolic acid (Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology,5thedition,pg no: 366-369)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chalazion", "opb": "Molluscum contagiosum", "opc": "External hordeolum", "opd": "Internal hordeolum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "897b5be0-a6c7-4025-985c-43af58e296eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dentinogenesis imperfecta differs from amelogenesis\nimperfecta in that, the former is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "A hereditary disturbance", "opb": "The result of excessive fluoride ingestion", "opc": "The result of faulty enamel matrix formation", "opd": "Characterized by calcification of pulp chambers and the root canals of the teeth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4450e98f-6314-44e7-b8e7-322b1f60f21d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Premalignant lesion of oral cavity includes", "exp": "Answer- B. ErythroplakiaPremalignant condition: - Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, Speckled erythroplakia, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Erythroplakia", "opc": "Bowen disease", "opd": "Behchet disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "472d1c7d-fe0e-4bb3-9a0f-69fd2bf572f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sulfur granules in pus are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Actinomyces israelii", "opc": "Nocarda braziliances", "opd": "HistopLasma capsulatum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c4d1e252-b6e5-4503-83fd-60a74de98f3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by", "exp": "*Anemia of chronic disease- Impaired red cell production associated with any chronic diseases that would be infectious/inflammatory/neoplastic.*Chronic diseases produce a cytokine \"IL-6\" that increases the production of hepcidin from the liver. Hepcidin inhibits ferropoin function in macrophages and reduces the transfer of iron from the storage pool to developing erythroid precursors in bone marrow. *So the patient develops anemia irrespective of an increased amount of iron in macrophages.*Laboratory findings- Increased ferritin (storage iron), Low serum iron and reduced total iron binding capacity.-progenitors do not proliferate adequately because erythropoietin levels are inappropriately low for the degree of anemia.Whereas in iron deficiency anemia, the patient will have decreased ferritin, low serum iron, and high iron binding capacity. (Ref: Robbins 8/e p662)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased sideroblasts", "opb": "Increased TIBC", "opc": "Increased bone marrow iron", "opd": "Increased protoporphyrin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "70cd3c59-e740-438d-8039-4521600f5731", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myasthenia gravis is associated with", "exp": "Some 60%of Myasthenia gravis are associated with a peculiar reactive hyperplasia of intrathymic B cells and another 20%are associated with thymoma, a tumor of thymic epithelial cells. Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 800,heading =Myasthenia gravis Option 4 is correct", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thymoma", "opb": "Thymic carcinoma", "opc": "Thymic hyperplasia", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "353f27b3-4e72-445c-9e30-4424684cb497", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cabot's ring is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Megaloblastic anemia Cabot rings are seen most commonly in megaloblastic anemia, followed by lead poisoning.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opb": "Sickle cell disease", "opc": "Iron deficiency anemia", "opd": "Autoimmune anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "75c32a69-3cb3-477a-aa5b-294154971166", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chemical mumps' is synonymous with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Epidemic parotitis", "opb": "Iodine mumps", "opc": "Nutritional mumps", "opd": "Nonspecific mumps", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d550d496-a087-4ffa-8e7b-6dbef728b4ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Egg shell calcification of Hilar Lymphnode is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Silicosis", "opb": "Asbestosis", "opc": "Byssinosis", "opd": "Anthracosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "929f603e-1c87-4a50-8bed-dac684c40ee5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "nutmeg liver is seen in", "exp": "Nutmeg liver refers to the mottled appearance of the liver as a result of hepatic venous congestion. Radiologically, it is most appreciable on poovenous phase imaging on cross-sectional imaging. It is named after the cut appearance of thenutmeg seed. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Right sided hea failure", "opb": "Left sided hea failure", "opc": "Increase pulmonary pressure", "opd": "Decreased pulmonary pressure", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "08db42c5-3512-4673-b827-cf13ada52b0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neuro fibrillary tangles is seen in", "exp": "(Alzheimer's disease) (910-HM) (894-Basic pathology 8th)* Deposition of A b amyloid derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) forming neuritic senile, plaques and neurofibrillary tangles - features of ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE* Lewy bodies - hall marks of Parkinsonism", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parkinsonism", "opb": "Alzheimer's disease", "opc": "Multiple sclerosis", "opd": "Perivenous encephalomyelitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Central Nervous System", "id": "7a36b2a8-aa62-4a84-afff-239bdc4b4989", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cytogenetics for synol cell sarcoma is", "exp": "Most synol sarcoma show a charecteristic(x:18) translocation that produces a fusion gene encoding a chimeric transcription factor. They usually devolop in deep soft tissues aroundcthe knee,occuring in age groups 20-40s Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 795,heading=synol sarcoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "t(X:18)", "opb": "t(17,9)", "opc": "t(9,22)", "opd": "t(11,14)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "64278538-de3b-4fac-9d18-40885afbabd4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common glomerulonephritis is......", "exp": "Ans: b (IgA nephropathy) Ref: Robbins, 7th ed, p. 986* IgA nephropathy is the most common cause of GN worldwide* Also called Bergers disease* IgA deposits in mesangium along with IgQ IgM, C3. properdin* C/F: Hematuria after a respiratory/urinary/GIT infection* Rx: Steroids (high dose).Remember...* Most common glomerulonephritis is IgA nephropathy* Most common nephrotic syndrome is membranous glomerulonephropathy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Membranous GN", "opb": "IgA nephropathy", "opc": "PSGN", "opd": "RPGN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "2663a891-e4d7-4198-94d4-5194582e63c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in number of RBC is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Neutropenia", "opb": "Leukemia", "opc": "Polycythemia", "opd": "Anaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "74dd94d0-a4f6-4fda-b548-ea22a8fb3a69", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NOT a mutation in Down's syndrome", "exp": "(D) VNTR's# A Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR) is a location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat is associated with major psychiatric disorders.> Trisomy 21 also known by the karyotype 47, XX+21 for females and 47,XY,+21 for males.> The extra chromosome 21 material may also occur due to a Robertsonian translocation in 2-4% cases. In this situation, the long arm of chromosome 21 is attached to another chromosome, often chromosome 14.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mosaicism", "opb": "Robersonian translocation", "opc": "Maternal non disjunction", "opd": "VNTR's", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "108cd666-f90d-45a2-939c-830582f4076e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person suffering from polycythemia vera full** extreme itching after taking hot bath. This may be due to", "exp": "Solution", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elevated levels of Basophils", "opb": "Elevated levels of Neutrophils", "opc": "Elevated levels of Eosinophils", "opd": "Decreased levels of nonocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "710ca421-fc9c-40a8-aadf-f2b6f698da09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bifid ribs, multiple radiolucent lesions of the jaws, multiple basal cell nevi and falx cerebri calcification are found in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Basal cell nevus syndrome", "opb": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opc": "Horner syndrome", "opd": "Hereditary internal polyposis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07bd25cf-aa3b-48c5-943d-a018aa31586a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common in diabetic nephropathy", "exp": "refer Robbins 1118pgDiabetic Nephropathy The kidneys are prime targets of diabetes. Renal failure is second only to myocardial infarction as a cause of death from this disease. Three lesions are encountered: (1) glo- merular lesions; (2) renal vascular lesions, principally aeriolosclerosis; and (3) pyelonephritis, including nec- rotizing papillitis. The most impoant glomerular lesions are capillary basement membrane thickening, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and nodular glomerulosclerosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diffuse Glomerulonephritis", "opb": "Diffuse coical sclerosis", "opc": "Nodular glomerulosleosis", "opd": "Renal atherosclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "433e5133-5705-4a57-b2db-0130046e2904", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eruption cyst", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Transforms into dentigerous cyst", "opb": "Regresses after eruption of the tooth", "opc": "Is found in the place of the missing tooth", "opd": "Is a type of dentigerous cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1dcc788e-1253-4d75-ae6c-b3e04ab06366", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The synthesis of 1 peptide bond involves hydrolysis of", "exp": "During the translation process, formation of one peptide bond (adding one amino acid) consumes 4 high energy phosphates (2 from ATP & 2 from GTP). Eukaryotes will add 6 amino acids and prokaryotes will add 18 amino acids per second. (Refer: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th edition,pg no: 370)", "cop": 4, "opa": "1 ATP", "opb": "2 ATPs", "opc": "3 ATPs", "opd": "4 ATPs", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3391c1f5-8d59-44f3-bae5-81edd8cb4126", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Water brash indicates one of the following", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dyspepsia", "opb": "Indigestion", "opc": "Peptic ulcer", "opd": "Duodenal ulcer", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8bbed748-e699-4197-ac0a-b772d6624a13", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site for myocardial infarction is", "exp": "Ans. is b i.e., Left ventricle", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left atrium", "opb": "Left ventricle", "opc": "Right atrium", "opd": "Right ventricle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27b2f09a-ab6c-4719-939f-75c1c9c6203c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tensile strength of tendon depends on", "exp": "Collagen - provide tensile strength Elastin - provide recoil to the tension", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibrillin", "opb": "Collagen", "opc": "Fibronectin", "opd": "Elastin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "a4e8eb21-4e7f-4e76-a9df-ea7adc9ba351", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Binswanger&;s disease is a form of", "exp": "Binswanger's disease, also known as subcoical leukoencephalopathy and subcoical aeriosclerotic encephalopathy (SAE), is a form of small vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter. White matter atrophy can be caused by many circumstances including chronic hypeension as well as old age.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypeensive retinopathy", "opb": "Hypeensive nephropathy", "opc": "Hypeensive encephalopathy", "opd": "Subcoical leukoencephalopathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "b0c1e7c9-b9e8-474b-8606-0b4c0f4c7034", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sequestrated lobe of the lung is commonly supplied by", "exp": "BRONCHOPULMONARY SEQUESTRATION\nSequestration is the presence of lobes or segments of lung tissue which are not connected to the airway system. The\nblood supply of the sequestered area is not from the pulmonary arteries but from the aorta or its branches.\nSequestration may be intralobar or extralobar.\n Intralobar sequestration is the sequestered bronchopulmonary mass within the pleural covering of the affected lung.\nExtralobar sequestration is the sequestered mass of lung tissue lying outside the pleural investing layer such as in the\nbase of the left lung or below the diaphragm. The extralobar sequestration is predominantly seen in infants and children\nand is often associated with other congenital malformations.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Descending aorta", "opb": "Pulmonary artery", "opc": "Intercostal artery", "opd": "Bronchial artery", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "78b59fd6-7d72-4b67-85b4-84ff12d87187", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "56.\tPapillomatous tongue is observed in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymphangioma", "opb": "Hyalinia cutus et mucosa syndrome", "opc": "Fetal face syndrome", "opd": "Tuberous sclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "22f4dcdd-e1dc-4136-bf35-db77a21ce80d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest tumour of parotid is", "exp": "Pleomorphic adenomas are benign tumors that consist of a mixture of ductal (epithelial) and myoepithelial cells, and therefore they show both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Because of their remarkable histologic diversity, these neoplasms have also been called mixed tumors. They represent about 60% of tumors in the parotid. Wahin tumor is the second most common. Both are benign. Robbins 9e pg: 745", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mucoepidermoid", "opb": "Mixed parotid tumour", "opc": "Adenolymphoma", "opd": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "5051009b-33b4-486c-84a6-bee711abba05", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of dissecting hematoma is", "exp": "Aoic dissection occurs when blood splays apa the laminar planes of the media to form a blood-filled channel within the aoic wall.Aoic dissection occurs mainly in two age groups: (1)men aged 40 to 60 with antecedent hypeension (more than 90% of cases); and (2) younger patients with connective tissue abnormalities that affect the aoa.Robbins Basic pathology, 9th edition, pg no.346", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypeension", "opb": "Marfan's syndrome", "opc": "Iatrogenic", "opd": "Kawasaki", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "0c30a288-6c6b-4429-b4a2-ccb8f6b38f61", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Somatic mutation of PTEN is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "Osteosarcoma", "opc": "Carcinoma breast", "opd": "Endometrial carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e187df37-0187-4bbf-825b-946c71c82537", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumorogenesis in aging is due to", "exp": "Telomerase, also called terminal transferase, is a ribonucleoprotein that adds a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3' end of telomeres. A telomere is a region of repetitive sequences at each end of a eukaryotic chromosomes in most eukaryotes. Telomeres protect the end of the chromosome from DNA damage or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster lacks telomerase, but instead uses retrotransposons to maintain telomeres. Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase enzyme that carries its own RNA molecule (e.g., with the sequence \"CCCAAUCCC\" in veebrates) which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres. Telomerase, active in normal stem cells and most cancer cells, is normally absent from, or at very low levels in, most somatic Cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Telomerase reactivation", "opb": "Telomerase inactivation", "opc": "Increased apoptosis", "opd": "Suppression of proto-oncogenes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "33d229f7-cdac-4d73-af6c-3d8fb3dc1ba7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Treacher Collins Syndrome is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Maxiaofacial Dysostosis", "opb": "MandibuLofacial Dysostosis", "opc": "Maxillomandibutofacial Dysostosis", "opd": "Condylar Dysostosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a2946ed-d937-41d5-9f96-8d61cd41d219", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Selective granular IgA deposit at dermal papillae tips is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Bullous phemphigoid", "opb": "Dermatitis Herpetiformis", "opc": "Lichen planus", "opd": "Phemphigus vulgaris", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bbadefa7-e9db-43ce-9ff8-1b868b72e3f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Physiologic programmed cell death' is termed as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Lysis", "opc": "Autolysis", "opd": "Autopsy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f34c7a39-1333-4564-aa09-abab8225ad48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best prognostic type of Hodgkins Disease", "exp": "The treatment of patients with nodular lymphocyte-predominantHodgkin's lymphoma is controversial. Some clinicians or no treatmentand merely close follow-up. In the United States, most physicianswill treat localized disease with radiotherapy and disseminated diseasewith regimens used for patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma.Regardless of the therapy used, most series repo a long-term survivalof >80%.Reference: Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 134 Malignancies of Lymphoid Cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymphocyte predominant", "opb": "Lymphocyte depletion", "opc": "Mixed cellularuty", "opd": "Nodular sclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f3ac3492-769f-47b5-af41-7fc38f95a1ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shelf life of platelets to blood bank is", "exp": "Platelets are approved by FDA for stored upto 5days at 20-24 (RoomTemperature) because of risk of bacterial contamination. REF: ROBBINS pathology 10th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "5 days", "opb": "7 days", "opc": "10 days", "opd": "21 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "65b68d84-6d51-43dd-b7e7-0eabf935ad8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Roth's spots are found in", "exp": "White-centered retinal hemorrhages (Roth's spots) are considered pathognomonic for subacute bacterial endocarditis, but they also appear in leukemia, diabetes, and many other conditions. Endophthalmitis also occurs as a complication of ocular surgery, occasionally months or even years after the operation. ( Harrison&;s principle of internal medicine,18th edition,pg no. 230)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acute rheumatic fever", "opb": "Congestive cardiac failure", "opc": "Infective endocarditis", "opd": "Restrictive cardiomyopathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "405b6b0f-65c1-4e95-b004-b96ca2cfd294", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Target cells are seen in peripheral blood in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Thalassemia", "opb": "Pernicious anemia", "opc": "Aplastic anemia", "opd": "Sickle cell anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3819a17-594b-40e8-a857-917fbd57cd47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A female presents with 3 cm painless ulcer with raised edges on labia majora. Most common cause is", "exp": "Presence of 3 cm ulcer with raised edges in the labia majora suggests Syphilis. FeaturesSyphilisChancroidLymphogranuloma VenereumDonovanosisAgent Treponema pallidumHemophilus ducreyiChlamydia trachomatis (L1, L2, L3)Calymmatobacterium granulomatisIncubation period 9 - 90 days 1 - 7 days 3 days - 6 weeks 1 - 4 weeks Early lesions Superficial/deep-seated papule Excavated pustule Superficial/deep-seated papule or pustule Elevated papule Edges Sharply, demarcated, elevated, round or oval Undermined, ragged, sloughed or irregular Elevated, round or ovalElevated, irregular serpiginousBaseSmooth, non-purulent, non-vascular Purulent, bleeds easily Variable, Non-vascular Red, velvety bleeds easily with exuberant granulation tissue Induration Firm Soft Firm Firm Pain Uncommon Very tender Variable Uncommon Lymphadenopathy Firm, non tender, shotty, bilateral Tender, loculated, suppurated, unilateral Tender, loculated, suppurated, unilateral PseudobuboesDiagnosis Darkfield microscopy ;SerodiagnosisGram staining Demonstration of LGV as elementary and inclusion bodies; Frie's test Histopathological examination of biopsy ;Staining with Giemsa stain, Wright's stain, Silver stain, Leishman stain TreatmentPenicillin G - Drug of Choice for all stages of syphilisAzithromycin 1 g single oral dose (or) Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose (or) Ciprofloxacin 500 mg bd for 3 daysDoxycycline 100 mg BD for 3 weeksDoxycycline 100 mg BD for 3 weeks(Refer: Essentials in Dermatology, 1st edition)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Syphilis", "opb": "Gonorrhea", "opc": "Herpes", "opd": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6dba8bf1-59ec-4f0b-b04f-644b5fcc6d6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secondary amyloidosis is seen most commonly in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Actinomycosis", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Rabies", "opd": "Secondary Iues", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "73a266a6-81e1-4e6d-92b1-86e0ea47d96c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene for Wilson's disease is located on chromonsome", "exp": "Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. *Wilson's disease:the underlying defect in chromosome 13 is a mutation in ATP7B gene ,the normal hepatic copper exceeding gene. </p >", "cop": 3, "opa": "7", "opb": "10", "opc": "13", "opd": "17", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "15374e65-2f0e-4b06-9698-2a3fd852ef08", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Auer rods represent a", "exp": "Auer rods, distinctive needle-like azurophilic granules, are present in many cases; they are paicularly numerous in AML with the t(15;17) (acute promyelocytic leukemia) Auer rods are large, crystalline cytoplasmic inclusion bodies sometimes observed in myeloid blast cells during acute myeloid leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, and high-grade myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative disorders they are peroxidase positive azurophilic intracytoplasmic granules. lysosomal enzymes are sequestered into azurophilic storage granules. used later for digestion of phagocytized microorganism. ref robbins 9th ed page 613", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leukemic cells", "opb": "Intercytoplasmic granules", "opc": "Eosinophils", "opd": "azurophilic granules", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0e40b09f-9272-4b60-bcb0-d8db7884d83c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "DiGeorge's syndrome is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Congenital thymic aplasia", "opb": "Deficiency of complement factors", "opc": "Inborn error of metabolism", "opd": "Chromosomal anomaly", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "255772d1-0397-4ebb-89a0-21825d7d167a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The characteristic feature of apoptosis", "exp": "The plasma membrane of the apoptotic cell remains intact, but the membrane is altered in such a way that the cell and its fragments become avid targets for phagocytes. The dead cell and its fragments are rapidly cleared before cellular contents have leaked out, so apoptotic cell death does not elicit an inflammatory reaction in the host. Apoptosis differs in this respect from necrosis, which is characterized by loss of membrane integrity, enzymatic digestion of cells, leakage of cellular contents, and frequently a host reaction.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 18 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cell membrane intact", "opb": "Cytoplasmic eosinophillia", "opc": "Nuclear moulding", "opd": "Cell swelling", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "70c1e20a-1e1d-41d0-916f-b0de03186ffc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Krukenberg tumour of ovary is due to carcinoma of", "exp": "Ans. (a) Stomach(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 771; 8th/pg 785)Metastasis from stomach cancer Occurs to the liver (first organ to be affected) followed by lungs, bone, ovary (where it is known as Krukenberg's rumor), periumbilical lymph nodes (Sister Mary Joseph nodule), peritoneal cul-de-sac (Blumer's shelf palpable on rectal or vaginal examination) and left supraclavicular lymph node (Virchow's lymph node", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Lung", "opc": "Central nervous system", "opd": "Thyroid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "6343ab86-bc87-441a-b1d2-60a4a81a4174", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of cellulitis of face is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Trauma", "opb": "Abscess", "opc": "Pericoronitis", "opd": "Bacterial infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "666ae96a-d118-47f1-aecf-d63e6bb6ec91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type of inheritance in Tuberous sclerosis", "exp": "Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multisystem genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, hea, liver, eyes, lungs, and skin. A combination of symptoms may include seizures, intellectual disability, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnormalities, and lung and kidney disease. TSC is caused by a mutation of either of two genes, TSC1 and TSC2, which code for the proteins hamain and tuberin, respectively. These proteins act as tumor growth suppressors, agents that regulate cell proliferation and differentiationTSC is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, variable expressivity, and complete penetrance. Two-thirds of TSC cases result from sporadic genetic mutations, not inheritance, but their offspring may inherit it from them. Current genetic tests have difficulty locating the mutation in roughly 20% of individuals diagnosed with the disease. So far, it has been mapped to two genetic loci, TSC1 and TSC2.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autosomal dominant", "opb": "Autosomal recessive", "opc": "X-linked dominant", "opd": "X-linked recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "2da2a5ac-ec35-42e3-9a4d-e09d0e3791ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NESTROFT test is used in the screening of", "exp": "*NESTROF stands for naked eye single tube red cell osmotic fragility test. *Used in population screening for beta thalassemia trait (BTT).*Method: A stock solution of 10% buffered saline (pH 7.4) is prepared and dissolved in 1 litre of distilled water. 0.36% buffered saline is prepared by diluting 36 mL of 1 % buffered saline with 64 mL distilled water to make 100 mL.2mL of 0.36% buffered saline is taken in one tube (10 cm x 1 cm diameter) and 2 mL distilled water is taken in another. A drop of blood is added to each of the tubes, which are left undisturbed for half an hour at room temperature.After half an hour the contents of both the tubes are shaken and the tubes held against a white paper on which a thin black line is drawn. The line is clearly visible through the contents of the tube containing distilled water due to complete lysis. If the line is visible through the contents of the tube with buffered saline, the test is negative, whereas if the line is not visible, the test is positive.*Interpretation: A positive NESTROFT indicates that all red cells in the tested sample have not undergone lysis in 0.36% buffered saline. These unlysed red cells result in the hazy appearance of the contents of the tube and render the line on the paper indistinct. These red cells also sediment as a button at the bottom of the tube when it is left undisturbed for some time. Thus a positive NESTROFT indicates decreased red cell osmotic fragility and increased resistance to osmotic lysis.*Positive NESTROF test:b- thalassemia traitIron deficiency anemia (IDA)Liver diseasesHemoglobinopathies(Ref: Recent Advances in Hematology -3, 1/e p173)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thalassemia", "opb": "AIHA", "opc": "Aplastic anemia", "opd": "G6PD deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "7572d55d-8a99-44e6-833a-f97e743ded8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Smudge cells\" in the peripheral smear are characteristic of", "exp": "Ans. (b) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 593; 8th/pg 603)\"Smudge cells\"Also called 'Basket cells', 'shadow cells of Gumprecht'Caused by decrease in VimentinMay predict good prognosisSeen mainly in CLL; Also have been reported in AML, CML, ALL & in normal peripheral smear, but rare;", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia", "opb": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia", "opc": "Acute myelogenous leukemia", "opd": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "2bfd5f69-c622-449a-b1eb-e9d8e81a7d67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Presacral fascia' is derivative of", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Colle's fascia", "opb": "Scarpa's fascia", "opc": "Pelvic fascia", "opd": "Hypogastric sheath", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "65f9768d-ab40-4443-bb02-e64242ea3724", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Some micro organisms produce a diffuse spreading inflammatory reaction due to the elaboration of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Coagulase", "opb": "Peroxidase", "opc": "Bradykinin", "opd": "Hyaluronidase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "15b7d01c-5d0a-4fd2-a732-d83c965db507", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of glioblastoma multiforme is", "exp": "Most common site of glioblastoma multifonne is temporal & frontal lobe and basal ganglia.\nIt frequently crosses midline.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CP angle", "opb": "Frontal lobe", "opc": "Brain stem", "opd": "Occipital lobe", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3e89399-5d13-4ceb-bc2a-7207828eef93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The immunohistochemical marker used to label basal cells in suspected prostate carcinoma", "exp": "AFP is an oncofetal antigenAnnexin is an anti-inflammatory moleculeAgNOR is silver-stained nucleolar organizer Region", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alpha Fetoprotein", "opb": "Alpha-Methylacyl-coenzyme Racemase", "opc": "Annexin", "opd": "AgNOR", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "ce30bcd9-d2cc-487a-ba5a-24c5b38b4326", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ectopic rest of tissue is known as", "exp": "*Choristoma (Heterotopia) - Microscopically normal cells or tissues that present in abnormal locations.*Hamaoma - Excessive, focal overgrowth of cells or tissues native to the organ in which it occurs.Ref: Robbins 8/e p473", "cop": 1, "opa": "Choristoma", "opb": "Hamaoma", "opc": "Pseudo tumour", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "9272b4de-42e3-46e2-b63b-7dbdf45674db", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Discoloration of the skin, mucosa and nails is sideeffect of", "exp": ".When nail discoloration is due to zidovudine, patients are usually able to repo if the discoloration preceded or coincided with the initiation of therapy. Another unusual side effect of zidovudine noted by some is a grayish-black discoloration of the tongue. Azidothymidine-induced nail pigmentation Ref Robbins 9/e pg 789", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zidovudine", "opb": "Lamivudine", "opc": "Stavudine", "opd": "Enfuviide", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "34008201-517f-489b-b45d-2372e7e4ff23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kupffer cells are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Lung", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04291e79-bbfe-4287-a8cf-2a8b6a231bd7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common carcinoma of breast is", "exp": "Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), sometimes called infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is the most common type of breast cancer. About 80% of all breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas. Invasive means that the cancer has \"invaded\" or spread to the surrounding breast tissues. Refer robbins 9/e 710,713", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ductal carcinoma", "opb": "Mucinous carcinoma", "opc": "Lobular carcinoma", "opd": "Neuroendocrine carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "9448a65c-83a1-4e58-ad1a-d3e18db9c536", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oval cells are seen in", "exp": "Hepatic oval cells (HOC) are a small subpopulation of cells found in the liver when hepatocyte proliferation is inhibited and followed by some type of hepatic injury. ... These cells are believed to be bipotential, i.e., able to differentiate into hepatocytes or bile ductular cells Ref Robbins 9/e p603 from liver and biliary system and internet", "cop": 3, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Cornea", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "d3baa438-ae55-49aa-9894-3e22a3108d24", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Malignant tumour of skeletal muscle is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhabdomyoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opc": "Leiomyoma", "opd": "Leiomyosarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "13673a3b-c65f-4420-bf98-875322e23c77", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Citelli's angle is", "exp": "Sinudural angle, also called Citelli's angle, is situated between the sigmoid sinus and middle cranial fossa dural plate. Solid angle is the area where three bony semicircular canal meet.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Solid angle", "opb": "CP angle", "opc": "Sinodural angle", "opd": "Pa of Mac Ewan's triangle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "663ad818-a87b-498d-b872-53e766020fbb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A mononuclear poal inflammatory infiltrate that disrupts the limiting plate and surrounds individual hepatocytes (piecemeal necrosis) is characteristic of", "exp": ") Chronic hepatitis has been defined as an inflammatory process of the liver that lasts longer than 1 year and lacks the nodular regeneration and architectural distoion of cirrhosis. In chronic active hepatitis, an intense inflammatory reaction with numerous plasma cells spreads from poal tracts into peripoal areas. The reaction destroys the limiting plate and results in formation of peripoal hepatocytic islets. Prognosis is poor, and the majority of patients develop cirrhosis. Chronic persistent hepatitis is usually a sequela of acute viral hepatitis and has a benign course without progression to chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis. The poal inflammation does not extend into the peripoal areas, and this differentiates chronic persistent hepatitis from chronic active hepatitis. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ascending cholangitis", "opb": "Acute alcoholic hepatitis", "opc": "Chronic active hepatitis", "opd": "Cholestatic jaundice", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9613ff80-efc4-4664-a8e9-20737f1843f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "First manifestation in cell injury", "exp": "Ans. (b) Cell swelling(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 46; 8th/pg 12)Cloudy swellingQ - earliest morphological change in reversible cell injuryQ due to accumulation of water intracellularly", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyknosis", "opb": "Cell swelling", "opc": "Nuclear fragmentation", "opd": "Nuclear lysis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "8548df64-8017-4bef-93f9-5018560f0e5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transvestism is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Wearing clothes of opposite sex", "opb": "Touching ones own private pas to others", "opc": "Desire for sexual intercourse with dead bodies", "opd": "Organism from visualiza on pa of the body of a woman", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b0402d20-caff-4e54-9fbb-4ce4d6bea409", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arrange the cyclins and CDKs in cell cycle from G1 to S checkpoint. a) CDK6/ Cyclin E b) CDK4/ Cyclin D c) CDK 1 / Cyclin B d) CDK2/ Cyclin A", "exp": "Cyclins D, E, A, and B appear sequentially during the cell cycle and bind to one or more CDKs.", "cop": 1, "opa": "b,a,d,c", "opb": "c,a,d,b", "opc": "a,b,d,c", "opd": "a,d,b,c", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Etiological Factors of Neoplasia", "id": "8af360d5-26b5-44c3-aaaa-93141f78e449", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cytogenetics for synovial cell sarcoma", "exp": "t (x,18) is seen in synovial cell sarcoma and it produces fusion genes like SS18-SSXl-SSX2-SSX4", "cop": 4, "opa": "t (9,22)", "opb": "t (11,14)", "opc": "t (8,14)", "opd": "t (x,18)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc6dfe8c-caf8-4cf6-81e8-db4dfaad2d24", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Numbness of lip seen with no previous dental treatment", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Meta static carcinoma", "opb": "Central nervous system lesion", "opc": "Osteomyelitis", "opd": "Infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f94fdac7-b7f2-4ff7-b830-a4385ac2b545", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Translocation seen in Synol cell sarcoma", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "t (1;19)", "opb": "t (2;14)", "opc": "t (x; 18)", "opd": "t (2;13)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0ca36bba-549a-4cc1-a69d-4258ef4c6fef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oral Thrush develops in infants at", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "6 days", "opb": "2-6 weeks", "opc": "10-12 weeks", "opd": "18 months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cd3418b4-5c1c-4577-b29a-9dc83d7d72d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Placental ALP is used as tumor marker of", "exp": "Ans a: (Ref: Robbins 7th edition 1041-42)Testicular tumorsTumor markers1 SeminomaPlacental ALP2 Embryonal carcinomahC'GAFP3 Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)AFP, Alpha 1 AT4 ChoriocarcinomahCGSeminomaMost common type germ cell tumor of testis(50%)Female counterpart is dysgerminoma. Tumor is positive for placental ALP & negative for AFP.Spermocytic seminoma is a morphologic variant that tend to occur in old people.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Seminoma", "opb": "Choricarcinoma", "opc": "Teratoma", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "7d218744-934c-42be-993b-0d0da67a4503", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sarcoma botryoids is a type of", "exp": "Sarcoma botryoides or botryoid sarcoma or botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma is a subtype of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, that can be observed in the walls of hollow, mucosa-lined structures such as the nasopharynx, common bile duct, urinary bladder of infants and young children or the vagina in females, typically younger than age 8. The name comes from the gross appearance of \"grape bunches\". Ref:- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoma_botryoides", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhabdomyoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opc": "Lymphangioma", "opd": "Leiomyoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "2be3d405-0e5c-4b2a-bcc4-df30735ff7c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During angiogenesis recruitment of pericytes and periendothelial cells is due to", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Angiopoietins, TGF & PDGF Angiogenesis Blood vessels formation in adults is known as angiogenesis or neovascularization. It can occur by two ways:? 1. Angiogenesis from pre-existing blood vessels The major steps in this process are :? Vasodilatation by NO, and VEGF-induced increased permeability of the pre-existing vessel. Preoteolytic degradation of basement membrane by metalloproteinases (MMPs) and disruption of cellto-cell contact between endothelial cells by plasminogen activator. Migration of endothelial cells towards angiogenic stimulus. Proliferation of endothelial cells, just behind the leading front of migrating cells. Maturation of endothelial cells. Recruitment of periendothelial cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells) to form the mature cells. 2. Angiogenesis from endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) EPCs can be recruited from the bone marrow into tissues to initiate angiogenesis. Growth factors involved in the process of angiogenesis VEGF is the most impoant growth factor in adult tissues undergoing angiogenesis. The most impoant receptor for VEGF is VEGFR-2, a tyrosine kinase receptor. VEGF induces the migration of EPCs in the bone marrow, and enhances the proliferation and differentiation of these cells at sites of angiogenesis. FGF 2 can also stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Newly formed vessels are fragile and need to become stabilized, which requires the recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscle cells (periendothelial cells). Angiopoietin 1 and 2 (Ang 1 & 2), PDGF and TGF-/3 paicipate in stabilization process. Remember VEGF transcription is regulated by the transcription factor HIF, which is induced by hypoxia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "VEGF & PDGF", "opb": "Angiopoietins, TGF & PDGF", "opc": "TGF, VEFG & PDGF", "opd": "VEGF, IL-6", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d28d8d3-dc4d-42c6-8684-e4d2f07e0df4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest type of Porphyria is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Variegate porphyria", "opb": "Porphyria cutanea tarda", "opc": "Congenital erythropoietic porphyria", "opd": "Acute intermittent porphyria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ae0b492-8a02-49af-acc7-1fc6bc8f2f84", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Radiation exposure during infancy has been linked to", "exp": "Ans. (c) ThyroidRef: Robbin's pathology 9th ed. /109* The most radio-sensitive organ sites in children in the order of sensitivity are thyroid, breasts, bone marrow and brain.* Exposure to ionizing radiation in first 2 decades predisposes a person for development of papillary CA.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Breast", "opb": "Melanoma", "opc": "Thyroid", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Etiology: Carcinogenic Agents", "id": "edca7269-11e7-4fe8-8130-f784cd61acad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sulfur granules and multiple draining sinuses is a feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Actinomycosis", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Staphylococcal infection", "opd": "Mucormycosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3d57375f-b9b7-48f1-86f8-d0fa666a71ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Differential expression of same gene depending on parent of origin is referred to as", "exp": "It has now been established that functional differences exist between the paternal and the maternal copies of some genes. These differences arise from an epigenetic process called genomic imprinting, whereby ceain genes are differentially \"inactivated\" during paternal and maternal gametogenesis. Maternal imprinting refers to transcriptional silencing of the maternal allele, whereas paternal imprinting implies that the paternal allele is inactivated. At the molecular level, imprinting is associated with methylation of the gene promoter, as well as related events such asmodification of DNA-binding histone proteins, the sum total effect of which is to silence the gene. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 243)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Genomic imprinting", "opb": "Mosaicism", "opc": "Anticipation", "opd": "Nonpenetrance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "8bf1c0e5-e3c3-45f8-b5c1-cc6d5042791a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macular sparing is seen if the lesion is at", "exp": "Refer AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology,5thedition, pg no: 310-311)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Occipital lobe", "opb": "Frontal lobe", "opc": "Lateral geniculate body", "opd": "Optic tract", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "df409df8-6194-4f30-a009-922f87e5309f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multiple pulp stones are seen in", "exp": "Ehler Danlos syndromes:\nIncludes more than 10 different disorders involving a genetic defect in collagen and connective tissue synthesis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Down's syndrome", "opb": "Elites Danlos syndrome", "opc": "Marfan Syndrome", "opd": "Apert's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "99152757-a130-451c-a99a-e0381e877a8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sudden decrease in atmospheric pressure in deep sea divers resulting in \"bends\" and 'Chokes\" are features of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Air embolism", "opb": "Fat embolism", "opc": "Aspiration pneumonia", "opd": "Gangrene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ee74c8f-157d-4b12-a039-e3809dcbb84c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pain, muscle tenderness, clicking or popping noise in T.M joint and limitation of jaw motion are the four cardinal signs and symptoms of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Casten's syndrome", "opb": "Traumatic arthritis of TMJ", "opc": "Ostearthritis", "opd": "Myofacial pain dysfuction syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "28c35286-4688-465d-a372-525440c4ecb3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 56 year old Chronic smoker, mass in bronchus resected. Most useful immunohistochemical marker to make a proper diagnosis would be", "exp": "Cytokeratins are proteins of keratin-containing intermediate filaments found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue. The term \"cytokeratin\" began to be used in the late 1970s (for example, see \"Intermediate-sized filaments of human endothelial cells\" by Franke, Schmid, Osborn and Weber when the protein subunits of keratin intermediate filaments inside cells were first being identified and characterized. In 2006 a new systematic nomenclature for keratins was created and now the proteins previously called \"cytokeratins\" are simply called keratins. Cytokeratin Sites Cytokeratin 4 Non-keratinized squamous epithelium, including cornea and transitional epithelium Cytokeratin 7 A subgroup of glandular epithelia and their tumors Transitional epithelium and transitional carcinoma Cytokeratin 8 Glandular epithelia of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts, both endocrine and exocrine cells, as well as mesothelial cells Adenocarcinomas originating from those above Cytokeratin 10 Keratinized stratified epithelium Differentiated areas of highly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas Cytokeratin 13 Non-keratinized squamous epithelia, except cornea Cytokeratin 14 Basal layer of stratified and combined epithelia Cytokeratin 18 Glandular epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, both endocrine and exocrine cells, as well as mesothelial cells Adenocarcinomas originating from those above Cytokeratin 19 Glandular-type epithelia Does not react with hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma[ Cytokeratin 20 Glandular-type epithelia. Signet ring/round clear cells [ GI stromal tumor (Krukenberg)[", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytokeratin", "opb": "Vimentin", "opc": "Epithelial membrane cadherin", "opd": "Leucocyte common antigen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "3e43e0e8-842d-4a1d-9e6b-9fef8ea6b891", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "This technique of staining is used to detect", "exp": "A routine Wright-Giemsa stain of peripheral blood detects coarse basophilic stippling, which is pathognomonic for lead poisoning. In general, basophilic stippling refers to clumps of blue-staining ribosomes, most often seen in anemias with defects in hemoglobin synthesis (e.g., iron deficiency, the thalassemias, lead poisoning). The ribosomal clumps in lead poisoning are large because of the inactivation by lead of ribonuclease, which normally breaks down the ribosomes. In addition, a routine Wright-Giemsa stain specifically identifies Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants), malarial pigments, marrow reticulocytes (polychromatic cells or shift cells with a bluish-gray discoloration), and intraerythrocytic parasites (malaria, babesiosis). Special stains are necessary to identify Pappenheimer bodies (hemosiderin requires a Prussian blue stain), reticulocytes (supravital stain detects residual RNA), Heinz bodies (clumps of denatured hemoglobin in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency), and globin chain inclusions (excess a-chains) in severe thalassemia..", "cop": 3, "opa": "Peripheral blood reticulocytes", "opb": "Heinz bodies", "opc": "Coarse basophilic stippling", "opd": "Globin chain inclusions in sever - thalassemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d883e7e1-5b87-42c9-a356-b91475da8c9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Perimolysis is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Tooth wear due to gastric secretion", "opb": "Tooth wear due to bruxism", "opc": "Tooth wear due to dentifrices", "opd": "Peripheral blood cell destruction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "92bf609d-12e6-4630-bf3f-cd79d3c2d9a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not associated with coal tar", "exp": "(D) Leukaemia# Occupational exposure to coal tar or coal-tar pitch is associated with an increased risk of skin cancer.> Other types of cancer, including lung, bladder, kidney, and digestive tract cancer, have also been linked to occupational exposure to coal tar and coal-tar pitch.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bladder cancer", "opb": "Skin cancer", "opc": "Lung cancer", "opd": "Leukemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "3422e7ef-eed3-46ba-a0b8-a7527f23f7fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NGS stands for", "exp": "Newer DNA sequencing technology Capable of producing large amounts of sequence data in a parallel manner", "cop": 3, "opa": "Next Generation Sanger", "opb": "Next Genetic Sequencing", "opc": "Next Generation Sequencing", "opd": "Next Generation Spatial Separation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "47afe1df-9e27-400c-b1f1-5d02dba5d608", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Darlings disease is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Histoplasmosis", "opb": "Phycomycosis", "opc": "Actinomycosis", "opd": "Bleomycosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fee2c333-3141-449d-8a78-d73f31d6f8be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Alzheimer's disease associated chromosome is", "exp": "In familial Alzheimer disease and down syndrome. The gene encoding APP on chromosome 21 is involved.\nThe genitic locus on chromosome 19 that encodes apolipoprotein E (ADOE) has a strong inthences on the risk of developing AD.", "cop": 4, "opa": "2", "opb": "6", "opc": "12", "opd": "19", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc6a7940-35aa-4c0c-9938-46bcd0fc8578", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dohle bodies are seen in", "exp": "Dohle bodies are patches of dilated endoplasmic reticulum that appear as sky-blue cytoplasmic \"puddles.*. Seen in burns, infections, physical trauma, neoplastic diseases, May-Hegglin anomaly etc.*Multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom&;s macroglobulinemia- Both are plasma cells dyscrasias. These plasma cells may have intracytoplasmic inclusion called as Russel bodies and intranuclear inclusions called Dutcher bodies.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multiple myeloma", "opb": "May-hegglin anomaly", "opc": "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "100fefe3-f695-4ab7-8fe3-6ba0fc9ec153", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dissecting haematoma is a clinical complication occurring in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Marfan syndrome(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 491-492; 8th/pg 496-497, Harrison 18th ed 2063)Dissecting aneurysmWall of an artery rips (dissects) longitudinallyThis occurs because bleeding into the weakened wall splits the wall.Common in Marfan syndrome QThoracic aorta more affected Q", "cop": 4, "opa": "Turner's syndrome", "opb": "Klinefelter's syndrome", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Marfan syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "de50d3f7-7f69-4623-8dbc-6d439a9aca07", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intracellular calcification begins in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Golgi body", "opc": "Nucleus", "opd": "ER", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5c8988e7-c90d-49ce-a96e-9884cc855a45", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest type of emphysema is", "exp": "Centriacinar emphysema\n\nDestruction and enlargement of the central or proximal parts of acinus with sparing of distal alveoli.\nMost common type emphysema.\nUpper lobe and apices are predominant involvement.\nCommonly seen in heavy smokers and chronic bronchitis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Centriacinar", "opb": "Obstructed", "opc": "Irregular", "opd": "Panacinar", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e87bf2f-7b8d-4458-a525-4a6a19d96573", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mikulicz cell & Russell bodies are seen in", "exp": "(Refer: PL Dhingra, Textbook of Ear, Nose, Throat, 6thedition,pg no: 156)Granulomatous disease of the nose BacterialFungalUnspecified causeRhinoscleroma Syphilis TuberculosisLupusLeprosy RhinosporidiosisAspergillosis Mucormycosis CandidiasisHistoplasmosis Blastomycosis Wegner's granulomatosisNon-healing midline granuloma Sarcoidosis Churg Strauss syndrome Rhinoscleroma Agent - Klebsiella rhinoscleromatisSite - nose , nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi Atrophic stageFoul smelling purulent nasal dischargeGranulomatous stage Subdermal infiltration of lower pa of external nose & upper lip - woody feelRubbery nodules - Tapir nose Cicatricial stage Stenosis of nares Distoion of upper lip Adhesions of nose, nasopharynx , oropharynx Subglottic stenosisNose deformity - Hebra nose Soft palate deformity - Gothic arch deformity Diagnosis Biopsy - infiltration of submucosa with plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, Mikulicz cells ( large foam cells with central nucleus & vacuolated cytoplasm containing causative bacilli ) &Russellbodies(homogenous eosinophilic inclusion bodies found in plasma cells)The culture of the organism Treatment - Streptomycin (1g/day) & tetracycline (2g/day) for 4 - 6 weeks", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rhinoscleroma", "opb": "Rhinophyma", "opc": "Rhinosporidiosis", "opd": "Plasma cel1 disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b6db78d4-acb7-4069-920c-abbf52dc03b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sudden onset of cough followed by increasing dyspnea is characteristic of", "exp": "PatientsMC presents with chest pain, often sharp and pleuritic and may lead to severe respiratory embarrassment or becomes dull and persistent.Dyspnea is the 2nd MC symptom.Less common symptoms include a nonproductive cough and ohopnea.Physical findings may be normal if the Pneumothorax is less than 25%.Characteristic physical finding includes diminished chest excursion and (Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2181, 2221, 3212)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pleural effusion", "opb": "Lobar pneumonia", "opc": "Myocardial infarct", "opd": "Pneumothorax", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a2526611-906c-4455-ac54-adffd8e24a35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cold abscess formation is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Presence of acute inflammation", "opb": "Formation of caseous pus with signs of acute inflammation", "opc": "Formation of caseous pus without signs of acute inflammation", "opd": "Infected cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a799d04-0bec-4117-abdd-b5111aebce72", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The microarray is used to", "exp": "Microarray - A type of hybridization technique which utilizes multiple oligonucleotide probes to study multiple genes within a sho period of time.(Ref: Robbins 8/e p174)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Study multiple genes", "opb": "Study disease", "opc": "Study organism", "opd": "Study blood group", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "1ee1bd19-18a4-46f7-8eb1-313dea72fa34", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Contraction of endothelial cytoskeleton in acute inflammation leads to", "exp": "Increased vascular permeability is the hallmark of acute inflammation.\n\nRemember\n\nEarly transient increase is due to = Endothelial cell contraction\nDelayed transient increase in permeability is due to = Direct endothelial injury\nDelayed permanent increase Endothelial cell retraction is due to = endothelial cell damage", "cop": 2, "opa": "Delayed transient increase in permeability", "opb": "Early transient increase in permeability", "opc": "Delayed permanent increase in permeability", "opd": "Early permanent increase in permeability", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8425000-fe3a-4f27-a056-25e3252e309d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osteomyelitis begins as an inflammation of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Cortical bone", "opb": "Periosteum", "opc": "Medullary bone", "opd": "Periosteum and inner cortex", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "215124f3-c49b-4478-b719-f09cefd35b61", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osteoporosis circumscripta is a finding seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pagets disease", "opb": "Osteosarcoma", "opc": "Multiple myeloma", "opd": "Osteomyelitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a98f378e-b5a0-4a42-9c68-b4edb67e2f28", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Primary hemostasis is disturbed in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Platelet disorder", "opb": "lupus anticoagulant", "opc": "hemophilia", "opd": "Liver disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48c294e9-49d4-4509-a035-fd107b765f25", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest type of necrosis is", "exp": "Ans. c (Coagulative). (Ref. Robbins, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th/pg.7-13)Caseation necrosis - Tubercular lymph nodesCoagulative necrosis - Myocardial infarction, sarcoidosisLiquefactive necrosis - Brain infarcts and infections (abscess).TYPE OF NECROSISCOMMMENTSCoagulative necrosis- is a form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved.- The affected tissues take on a firm texture.- Presumably the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes and so blocks the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, eosinophilic, anucleate cells may persist for days or weeks.- Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of infarcts (areas of ischemic necrosis) in all solid organs except the brain.Liquefactive necrosis- is seen in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections, because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest (\"liquefy\") the tissue.- For obscure reasons, hypoxic death of cells within central nervous system often evokes liquefactive necrosis.- If the process was initiated by acute inflammation, the material is frequently creamy yellow and is called pus.Gangrenous necrosis- It is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers.- When bacterial infection is superimposed, coagulative necrosis is modified by the liquefactive action of the bacteria and the attracted leukocytes (so-called wet gangrene).Caseous necrosis(term \"caseous\" = cheese-iike)- is encountered most often in foci of tuberculous infection.- On microscopic examination, the necrotic focus appears as a collection of fragmented or lysed cells with an amorphous granular appearance. Unlike coagulative necrosis, the tissue architecture is completely obliterated and cellular outlines cannot be discerned. Caseous necrosis is often enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border; this appearance is characteristic of a focus of inflammation known as a granuloma.Fat necrosis- Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritonea! cavity e.g. acute pancreatitis (fat saponification).- On histologic examination, the foci of necrosis contain shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fatty", "opb": "Caseous", "opc": "Coagulative", "opd": "Liquifactive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "65db4e28-3f55-4565-8d82-e2efc2afcbae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Trigeminal neuralgia", "exp": "Carbamazepine is the drug of choice in trigeminal neuralgia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Does not disturb the patient during sleep", "opb": "Can be treated with NSAID's", "opc": "Always bilateral in distribution", "opd": "Is a hereditary condition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "35547edc-3886-499d-b920-df1d990908b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "AKT1 E17K somatic mutation is associated with", "exp": "AKT1 is a member of the serine-threonine kinase class that plays a key role in cellular processes, including growth, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. It is a downstream mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase which, along with AKT1, is a key mediator of proliferation and survival pathways frequently activated in cancer .The single hotspot mutation AKT1 has been described in several cancers, with the highest incidence observed in breast cancer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gastric carcinoma", "opb": "Breast carcinoma", "opc": "Ovarian carcinoma", "opd": "Pancreatic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "0ee73f56-c6e5-476e-9618-bde95318b3fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pink disease is seen due to", "exp": "Pink disease (infantile acrodynia) was especially prevalent in the first half of the 20th century. Primarily attributed to exposure to mercury (Hg) commonly found in teething powders.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Internal resorption", "opb": "Mercury poisoning", "opc": "Arsenic poisoning", "opd": "Trauma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d49e5d95-466e-4fc2-8073-62f1fa18df11", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": ". Primary biliary cirrhosis is positive for", "exp": "Primary Biliary Cirrhosis(PBC) - A progressive autoimmune liver disease characterised by non suppurative, inflammatory destruction of intra hepatic bile ducts. Characteristic autoantibody detected in primary biliary cirrhosis is antimitochondrial antibody Consequences: bile duct destruction-impaired secretion of bile, cholestasis, and inflammatory reaction in the poal tract-hepatic damage, fibrosis- cirrhosis and liver failure. SYSTEMIC AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PG NO 461 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "PANCA", "opb": "Anti-mitochondrial antibody", "opc": "Anti nuclear antibody", "opd": "Anti-microsomal antibody", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "14ce60b5-fcd9-45bd-8aef-ff94bb828ae9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "60 year old diabetic female presented with burning sensation to spicy food. Intraoral examination revealed multiple periodontal abscess and keratotic area in a lace pattern with occasional erosive areas inside the lace pattern.\nHistological feature will be", "exp": "The histological features include hyperparakeratosis or hyperorthokeratosis,with thickening of granular layer, acanthosis with intracellular edema, saw tooth appearance of rete ridges, band like subepithelial mononuclear infiltrate, degenerating basal keratinocytes that form colloid known as Civatte, hyaline, cytoid bodies.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Elongated rete ridges", "opb": "Flattened rete ridges", "opc": "Saw tooth rete ridges", "opd": "Bulbous rete ridges", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7b77afda-7710-4790-bd70-7fd3bca10aa1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NPHS 1 gene codes for", "exp": "NPHS - 1 codes for Nephrin\nNPHS - 2 codes for Podocin.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Podocin", "opb": "Nephrin", "opc": "α - actinin 4", "opd": "α - actinin 3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c543108-c196-46d7-8048-eeacee1d336e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The chromosomal karyotype in patau syndrome is", "exp": "TRISOMY 13: PATAU SYNDROME Incidence: 1 in 15,000 bihs Karyotypes: Trisomy 13 type: 47,XX, +13 Translocation type: 46,XX,+13,der(13;14)(q10;q10) Mosaic type: 46,XX/47,XX, +13 (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 238)", "cop": 4, "opa": "47XX,+21", "opb": "46XX\\/47XX,+18", "opc": "45XX,der(14;21)", "opd": "47XX,+13", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "a766a7dd-3199-4ec6-846b-43b97ab92946", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Whiff test is useful in thediagnosis", "exp": "Bacterial vaginosis AMSEL criteriaNugnets criteriaThin, white, yellow, homogeneous discharge.Clue cells on microscopy.pH of vaginal fluid >4.5.Release of a fishy odor on adding alkali--10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution(Whiff test)At least three of the four criteria should be present for a confirmed diagnosis.Grade 1 (Normal): Lactobacillus morphotypes predominate.Grade 2 (Intermediate): Mixed flora with some Lactobacilli present, but Gardnerella or Mobiluncus morphotypes also present.Grade 3 (Bacterial Vaginosis): Predominantly Gardnerella and/or Mobiluncus morphotypes. Few or absent Lactobacilli.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trichomonas", "opb": "Bacterial vaginosis", "opc": "Candida", "opd": "PID", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2fce7409-2191-4270-a0c5-96e5e3974ec7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phantogeusia is", "exp": "Taste Dysfunctions\n1. Ageusia: Complete loss of all taste stimuli\n2. Hypogeusia: Impairment of the sense of taste or decreased sensitivity for all taste stimuli\n3. Dysgeusia or parageusia: A distortion or perversion in the perception of a taste\n4. Phantogeusia or gustatory hallucination: Perception of a taste in the absence of any recognized taste stimulus\nCacogeusia: Bad taste\nTorquegeusia: Twisted taste\n5. Hypergeusia: Increased sensitivity for all taste stimuli, some or a single stimulus\n6. Gustatory agnosia: Loss of the ability to classify, contrast or identify a given taste stimulus verbally\n7. Glossodynia: Painful tongue\n8. Glossopyroses: Painful pyrosis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Perception of pain in absence of any recognized stimuli", "opb": "Impairment of the sense of taste", "opc": "Painful tongue", "opd": "Painful pyrosis in absence of any recognized stimuli", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d199a66c-fe6a-4648-a554-af061764df9e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site for intraoral acanthosis nigricans is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Lips", "opb": "Buccal mucosa", "opc": "Tongue", "opd": "Floor of mouth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2fd4f81c-a780-446d-b25f-4d171b0e5342", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An obese woman with type 2 diabetes and hypeension is diagnosed with endometrioid type of endometrial carcinoma. The most likely gene defect in this patient is", "exp": "Type 1 endometrial cancer is associated with PTEN gene. Type 2 endometrial cancer is associated with p53 gene mutation. Type 1 Endometrial cancer Type 2 Endometrial cancer 55-65 years 65-75 years Unopposed estrogen Obesity Hypeension Diabetes Atrophy Thin physique Endometroid Serous clear cell Hyperplasia Serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinomas Indolent Aggressive", "cop": 2, "opa": "P53", "opb": "PTEN", "opc": "MSH2", "opd": "BRCA2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2017", "id": "832a4a6b-762a-4a01-b613-6aeae6d447ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene involved in medullary carcinoma thyroid is", "exp": "The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of extracellular signalling molecules.RET loss of function mutations are associated with the development of Hirschsprung's disease, while gain of function mutations are associated with the development of various types of human cancer, including medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasiastype 2A and 2B, pheochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ret Proto Oncogene", "opb": "Fap gene", "opc": "Rb gene", "opd": "BRCA 1 gene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "0a05a5d6-ac69-4ea9-832f-cd06f6fa4ff0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neoplastic transformation in leucopLakia is seen most commonly in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Buccal mucosa", "opb": "Floor of mouth", "opc": "Lateral border of tongue", "opd": "palate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "145b80d5-fdbe-443c-a8c9-4fa8e5abb6b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Translocation seen in Follicular lymphoma", "exp": "MalignancyTranslocationAcute myeloid leukemia (AML)(8;21)(q22;q22)(15;17)(q22;q21)Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)(9;22)(q34;q11)Burkitt lymphoma(8;14)(q24;q32)Mantle cell lymphoma(11;14)(q13;q32)Follicular lymphoma(14;18)(q32;q21)Ewing sarcoma(11;22)(q24;q12)Prostatic adenocarcinoma(7:21)(p22;q22)(17:21)(p21;q22)Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 7; Neoplasia; Page no:317; Table: 7-8", "cop": 4, "opa": "8;21", "opb": "8;14", "opc": "11;14", "opd": "14;18", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e0caa601-ce98-44ee-9980-b6fa5698ac71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromosome associated with ADPKD", "exp": "ADPKD Cytogenetic defect Chromosome 16 (85%): ADPKD-1 & Chromosome 4 (15%): ADPKD-2 ARPKD Cytogenetic defect Chromosome 6 Ref: HARSH MOHAN TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th ed. pg no: 659", "cop": 3, "opa": "14 and 16", "opb": "14 and 13", "opc": "16 and 14", "opd": "16 and 14", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "69a7ae52-ed34-44f4-9dae-36cfeeb51762", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypersensitivity reaction seen in immune thrombocytopenic purpura is", "exp": "Hypersensitivity Reactions Type 2 HSR Associated with Production of IgG, IgMwhich binds to antigen on target cell or tissue. Causing phagocytosis or lysis of target cell by activated complement or Fc receptors; recruitment of leukocytes. ITP is a type 2 HSR. Type 1 HSR Associated with Production of IgE antibodyleading to immediate release of vasoactive amines and other mediators from mast cells; later recruitment of inflammatory cells. Ex: Anaphylaxis; allergies; bronchial asthma Type 3 HSR Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes-complement activation - recruitment of leukocytesby complement products and Fc receptors -release of enzymes and other toxic molecules Ex: SLE, serum sickness, ahus reaction Type 4 HSR Associated with Activated T lymphocytes - (1) release of cytokines, Inflammation and macrophage activation; (2) Tcell-mediated cytotoxicity Ex: Type 1 DM, Contact dermatitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Hypersensitivity", "id": "eb2db3ef-a080-4107-81c7-d57b12784d18", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromosomal translocation in CML is", "exp": "Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalitiesType of malignancyCytogenetic and molecular abnormalities1.Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)2.B-cell ALL3.CML4.Follicular lymphoma5.Mantle cell lymphoma6.Burkitt lymphoma7.Myelodysplastic syndromet (15:17)t (2:8)t(9:22)t (14:18)t (11:14)t (2:8), t( 8:14), t (8:22)Monosomy 5& 7; del 5q , 7q &20q; Trisomy 8 (m/c is 5q-)(Ref: Robbins 8/e p608)", "cop": 2, "opa": "T(2,8)", "opb": "T(9,22)", "opc": "T(15,17)", "opd": "T(8,14)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "82831a73-9ff1-4141-9c16-8c4a87ab3b04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pipe stem appearance in barium enema is seen", "exp": "In UC, Transverse colon and left colon may show pipestem appearance on barium enema.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Crohns disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Schistosomiasis", "opd": "Carcinoma colon", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c8b66de-d4ad-4fc7-8ed1-694e0b7449a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Melanin pigmentation in pregnancy is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Melasma", "opb": "Melanoma", "opc": "Epulis", "opd": "Melanosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6b80815-52c2-4f67-b73e-c2c58fd04ee5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Perivascular lymphocytic and microglial nodules are seen in", "exp": "HIV encephalitis Chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by widely distributed microglial nodules, often containing macrophage-derived multinucleated giant cells; foci of tissue necrosis . Reactive gliosis are sometimes seen together with these lesions. Microglial nodules found near small blood vessels, show abnormally prominent endothelial cells and perivascular foamy or pigment-laden macrophages.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multiple sclerosis", "opb": "HIV encephalitis", "opc": "Bacterial meningitis", "opd": "CMV encephalitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunodeficiency Disorders", "id": "0c8c477a-7cc3-4ec9-b0da-80c14c81a295", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Colonic polyp that has maximum chance of malignant", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Adenomatous polyp", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyperplastic polyp", "opb": "Adenomatous polyp", "opc": "Juvenile polyp", "opd": "Polyp of Peutzeger syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0afbd981-270a-4dab-a6f1-77f33c0582bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following is transmitted as autosomal dominant disorder", "exp": "Hereditary spherocytosis (also known as Minkowski-Chauffard syndrome) is an autosomal dominant abnormality of erythrocytes. The disorder is caused by mutations in genes relating to membrane proteins that allow for the erythrocytes to change shape. The abnormal erythrocytes are sphere-shaped (spherocytosis) rather than the normal biconcave disk shaped. Dysfunctional membrane proteins interfere with the cell's ability to be flexible to travel from the aeries to the smaller capillaries. This difference in shape also makes the red blood cells more prone to rupture. Cells with these dysfunctional proteins are taken for degradation at the spleen. This shoage of erythrocytes results in hemolytic anemia.Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by a variety of molecular defects in the genes that code for the red blood cell proteins spectrin (alpha and beta), ankyrin, band 3 protein, protein 4.2, and other red blood cell membrane proteins", "cop": 3, "opa": "Albinism", "opb": "Sickle cell anemia", "opc": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "opd": "Glycogen storage disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "2bcb08b3-c89b-4dc6-810b-39f82d420a1c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Periapical granuloma is", "exp": "A direct lift from Cohen.\nBacteriological features of periapical granuloma:\n\nMajority of the studies have been based upon bacteriological cultures taken after the extraction of tooth\nPre extraction cultures have been made in a few instances through the root canal or the alveolar plate and these have been relatively free of actual contamination.\nThe microorganisms that have been isolated by such techniques were, generally found in oral cavity such as  s.viridans, s.albus, e.coli and pneumococci.\nSeldom can microorganisms actually be demonstrated histologically in the periapical granuloma.\n Some investigators have suggested that dental granuloma is usually a sterile lesion.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anaerobic infection", "opb": "Aerobic infection", "opc": "Mixed infection", "opd": "Sterile", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b314a6a6-5c55-4820-9718-8dfebc342acc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose — 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency causes", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hemophilia", "opb": "Hemolytic anaemia", "opc": "Aplastic anaemia", "opd": "Megaloblastic anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5f62f87-39c2-4d5e-b490-e04d5362019d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of Atherosclerotic aneurysm is", "exp": "i.e. (Abdominal aorta): (406-Harsh Mohan 6th) (507-509-Robbins & Cotran 8th)* Most common site of Atherosclerotic aneurysm is-Abdominal aorta*** Most common site of Syphilic (Luetic) aneurysm is - Thorasic aorta (especially ascending part)**Thoracic aortic aneurysms are most commonly associated with Hypertension other causes Marfan and Leoys Dietz syndromes* Most common site of Dissecting aneurysm and Cystic Medial Necrosis is - AortaMost common cause of aneurysm of aortic arch = Atherosclerosis* Aneurysm of Takayasu arteritis affect == Aortic arch* MYCOTIC ANEURYSM - resulting from direct trauma to a vessel with secondary infections Most commonly occur in femoral arteries and less commonly in arteries of of the neck (1237-CMDT-2011)* Saccular (Berry) aneurysm - is the most common type of intracranial aneurysm. About 90% of saccular aneurysm are found near major arterial branch points in the anterior circulation*** Most common site of rupture of Abdominal aortic aneurysm is - Laterally in the left retroperitoneum (Postero-lateral wall Cleft)**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aorta", "opb": "Abdominal aorta", "opc": "Thoracic aorta", "opd": "Arch of aorta", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "b1f42ea0-d310-4fe0-81c6-4821e2ae2d04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ASO Titres are used in the diagnosis of", "exp": "Rheumatic fever is an acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease that occurs after group A b-hemolytic streptococcal infections (usually pharyngitis, but also rarely with infections at other sites such as skin). Rheumatic hea disease is the cardiac manifestation of rheumatic fever. It is associated with inflammation of all pas of the hea. Although cultures are negative for streptococci at the time of symptom onset, serum titers to one or more streptococcal antigens (e.g., streptolysin O or DNAase) usually are elevated. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 392)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute rheumatoid ahritis", "opb": "Acute rheumatic fever", "opc": "Ankylosing spondylitis", "opd": "Osteoahritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2fcf06bd-f53d-42ca-98b8-97ff0580e899", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The characteristic alarm clock headache is a feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Auriculotemporal Neuralgia", "opb": "Trigeminal Neuralgia", "opc": "SphenopaLatine Neuralgia", "opd": "Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a2aaeaed-d312-40bc-89f2-25538c5b2b72", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Megaloblastic anaemia occurs due to deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Niacin", "opb": "Vitamin C", "opc": "Vitamin B1", "opd": "Vitamin B12", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "28eab617-8a95-4190-aa0b-dbdc1b79ada8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient with ameloblastoma of the jaw can best be treated by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Irradiation", "opb": "Excision", "opc": "Enucleation", "opd": "Surgical removal followed by cauterization", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "444c6714-6c59-4aa8-b4a7-d8804b32ff0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Red or brown discoloration of teeth is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Porphyra", "opb": "Internal resorption", "opc": "Nasmynth membrane", "opd": "Silver", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "76379061-c345-4317-a946-517d32a0a160", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The Common site of hematopoiesis in the fetus is", "exp": "*Hematopoiesis from 3rd month of gestation till bih: Liver*Hematopoiesis from bih up to pubey: Whole skeleton*Hematopoiesis after pubey: Axial skeleton(Ref: Robbins 8/e p590)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Bone marrow", "opd": "Gut", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "684efe43-421a-4353-b7c0-bf86334bd7f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oral ulceration resembling apthae are encountered in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Gluten enteropathy", "opb": "Chronic smokers", "opc": "Excess of B-complex", "opd": "Anti-malarial medication", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1fa6d8ab-6cca-4510-b4ac-71a66bca6a64", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marker of T lymphocyte", "exp": "In addition to CD3 and z proteins, T cells express several other proteins that assist the TCR complex in functional responses. These include CD4, CD8, CD28, and integrins. CD4 and CD8 are expressed on two mutually exclusive subsets of ab T cells. Approximately 60% of mature T cells are CD4+ and about 30% are CD8+. Most CD4+ T cells function as cytokine-secreting helper cells that assist macrophages and B lymphocytes to combat infections. Most CD8+ cells function as cytotoxic (killer) T lymphocytes (CTLs) to destroy host cells harboring microbes. During antigen recognition, CD4 molecules bind to class II MHC molecules that are displaying antigen and CD8 molecules bind to class I MHC molecules, and the CD4 or CD8 coreceptor initiates signals that are necessary for activation of the T cells.Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 6; 191The normal immune response", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD 8", "opb": "CD 19", "opc": "CD 20", "opd": "CD 45", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9015c8fc-a3bc-489f-81db-b396c2a49311", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient presented with trismus and opisthotonus. The probable causative organism is", "exp": "Clostridiumtetani:General characteristicsCultural characteristicsStrict anaerobe gram positive bacilliStately motilitySpherical terminal sporesDrum stick appearanceSwarming growth Blood agar - a hemolysis - b hemolysis Virulence factors Clinical featuresTetanospasmin , Tetanolysin Generalized tetanus Risus sardonicus, Opisthotonus, Respiratory muscle spasmTrismus - first signNeonatal tetanus - 8th-day diseaseDiagnosisTreatmentDirect culture of unheated material on blood agar incubated anaerobically DOC - Penicillin or MetronidazoleAlternative - Clindamycin or Erythromycin Mainstay of treatment - AntitoxinProphylaxisPreventionActive immunization - Antitoxin>0.01 IU/ml serumPassive immunization - Human tetanus Immunoglobulin7 cleans - Clean hand, Clean surface, Clean cord blade, Clean cord tie, Clean cord stump, Clean towel, Clean water(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p260-262)", "cop": 1, "opa": "C. tetani", "opb": "C. botulinum", "opc": "C. difficle", "opd": "C. perfringens", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0602c524-90e3-437f-8b61-17edcb3cfc35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common indication for liver transplantation in end stage liver disease is", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Wilson's disease", "opb": "Chronic hepatitis B", "opc": "Chronic hepatitis C", "opd": "Alcoholic liver injury", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e6393a5b-57e0-4c05-b87c-fdcfcd959256", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased number of autophagic vacuoles is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrophy", "opb": "Hypertrophy", "opc": "Hyperplasia", "opd": "Metaplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e694d877-5d2b-4996-a158-bd136819851f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lateral skull view of palatal tori is used to know", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Extent", "opb": "Pneurnatization", "opc": "Bone pattern", "opd": "Location", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2998dd23-39d0-4fa0-ab7a-0dc5a435ff12", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The characteristic finding in chronic myeloid leukemia is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Reduced score of alkaline phosphatase in granulocytes", "opb": "Reduced score of acid phosphatase in granulocytes", "opc": "Total lack of platelets", "opd": "Total lack of neutrophils", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "402975c7-5667-43c6-bd6b-c135e03d3761", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual coex is most sensi ve for the stimulus of", "exp": "Color contrast Parvocellular pathway - Color vision, texture, shape, fine detail Magnocellular pathway - Detection of movement, depth, flickers", "cop": 1, "opa": "Color contrast", "opb": "Luminance contrast", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Saccadic eye movements", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "93b8520f-9c68-4ec4-a187-8741767adabc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is an antiapoptotic gene", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. Bcl-X Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated intracellular programme in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cells own nuclear D.N.A and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.The cells plasma membrane remain intact but its structure is altered in such a way that apoptotic cell becomes an avid target for phagocytosis.The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out, and therefore cell death by this pathway does not elicit an inflammatory reaction in the hostApoptosis occurs normally in many situations, and serves to eliminate unwanted or potentially harmful cells and cells that have outlived their usefulness.It is also a pathological event in conditions when cells are damaged beyond repair, especially when the damage affect the cell's D.N.A. In these situations the irreparably damaged cell is eliminated.How does apoptosis start ?Normally growth factors and other survival signals stimulate the production of antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.There are more than 20 proteins in this family, all of which function to regulate apoptosis.The two main antiapoptotic ones are Bcl-2 and BcL-X.These antiapoptotic proteins normally reside in the mitochondrial membranes and cytoplasm and prevents apoptosis.When cells are deprived of survival signals or subjected to stress, Bcl-2 and Bcl-X are lost from the mitochondrial membranes and are replaced by proapoptotic members o/the family such as Bak, Bax and Bim.This leads to increased permeability of mitochondrial membrane and the release of certain proteins which activate caspases which carries on the process of apoptosis.Proapoptic factorsAnti-apoptic factorsApaf-1 (Apoptosis activating factor -1)Cytochrome CBakBaxBimAIFP53 geneCaspasesTNFRIFas FADD (Fas associated death domain)BH3 only proteins (Bim, Bid, Bad)Smac/DIABLOBcl-2/BCl-X *FLIP *Mcl-1IAPs", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bax", "opb": "Bad", "opc": "Bcl-X", "opd": "Bim", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Apoptosis", "id": "b0755b82-7174-4d73-abda-23d7601f683a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peripheral giant cell granuloma occurs most commonly on the", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Gingiva", "opb": "Alveolar ridge", "opc": "Palate", "opd": "Floor of the mouth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f240f37-dfb5-4dd7-80e5-382d337d8254", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Goodpasteurs syndrome is", "exp": "Goodpasture Syndrome Goodpasture syndrome is an uncommon autoimmune disease in which lung and kidney injury are caused by circulating autoantibodies against ceain domains of type IV collagen that is intrinsic to the basement membranes of renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli. Morphology The lungs are heavy and have areas of red-brown consolidation due to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Microscopic examination shows focal necrosis of alveolar walls associated with intraalveolar hemorrhage, fibrous thickening of septa, and hyperophic type II pneumocytes. There is abundant hemosiderin due to earlier episodes of hemorrhage. The characteristic linear pattern of immunoglobulin deposition (usually IgG, sometimes IgA or IgM) that is the hallmark diagnostic finding in renal biopsy specimens also may be seen along the alveolar septa. Ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th ed Pg no: 519", "cop": 1, "opa": "Renal failure with lung hemorrhage", "opb": "Renal failure with brain hemorrhage", "opc": "Renal hemorrhage", "opd": "Renal failure", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "41a95e60-4ac5-4663-9462-88c07d0351a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hidradenitis suppurativa is a disease of", "exp": ".A chronic skin condition featuring lumps in places such as the armpits or groin. The skin lesions develop as a result of inflammation and infection of sweat glands causes: The cause of HS remains unknown, and expes disagree over proposed causes.The condition probably results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Lesions occur in any body areas with hair follicles, although areas such as the axilla, groin, and perianal region are more commonly involved. This theory includes most of the following potential indicators: Postpubescent individuals are more likely to exhibit HS. Plugged apocrine (sweat) gland or hair follicle Excessive sweating Androgen dysfunction Genetic disorders that alter cell structure Patients with more advanced cases may find exercise intolerably painful, which may increase the rate of obesity among sufferers. The historical understanding of the disease suggests dysfunctional apocrine gland] or dysfunctional hair follicles, possibly triggered by a blocked gland, create inflammation, pain, and a swollen lesion. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 2, "opa": "Eccrine sweat glands", "opb": "Apocrine sweat glands", "opc": "Kaposi sarcoma", "opd": "Hair follicles", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c5fccafc-3f28-414b-b2ff-966a98d5e114", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tensile strength of the wound stas and increase after", "exp": "Wound Strength Carefully sutured wounds have approximately 70% of the strength of normal skin When sutures are removed, usually at 1 week, wound strength is approximately 10% of that of unwounded skin this increases rapidly over the next 4 weeks Wound strength reaches approximately 70% to 80% of normal by 3 month ref:-basic pathology,robbins 9th ed , page 72", "cop": 3, "opa": "Immediate suture of the wound", "opb": "3 to 4 days", "opc": "7 to 10 days", "opd": "6 months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9ba75433-9e4c-40de-82fb-c0b4743421fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Systemic features of inflammation (fever & hypotension) are mediated by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipoxins", "opb": "Cytokines", "opc": "Histamine", "opd": "Leukotriene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "88e65a65-5615-4f38-b494-7784c329618f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Irreversible injury in myocardium occurs at", "exp": "Only severe ischemia lasting at least 20 to 40 minutes causes irreversible damage and myocyte death leading to coagulation necrosis. Withlonger periods of ischemia, vessel injury ensues, leading to microvascular thrombosis.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 377 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "2 minutes", "opb": "30 minutes", "opc": "2 hours", "opd": "5 hours", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c09bc69d-5022-491d-a9ed-b6c0ec6836d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Presence of epithelial pearls in spinous Layer of epithelium is characteristic of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Carcinoma", "opb": "Pre-cancer", "opc": "Dysplasia", "opd": "Metaplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc8f4a85-a96d-42a8-a997-b2141905f2ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nicoladoni sign is also known as", "exp": "In medicine, the Nicoladoni sign, also Branham sign and Nicoladoni-Israel-Branham sign, is the slowing of the hea rate in response to (manual) compression of an aeriovenous fistula. Robbins 9 th edition page no. 365 onwards", "cop": 1, "opa": "Branham sign", "opb": "Murray sign", "opc": "Frei's sign", "opd": "Darrier's sign", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "7ead44a4-64a5-43a7-9428-dd031d4c773a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hereditory spherocytosis is due to deficiency of", "exp": "HS is caused by diverse mutations that lead to an insufficiency of membrane skeletal components.\nThe pathogenic mutations most commonly affects ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, or band 4.2.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ankyrin", "opb": "Actin", "opc": "Selectin", "opd": "Integrin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f33b0fa-786e-4079-bee3-700bdea641aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multifactorial inheritance is most likely to play a role in", "exp": "Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as orofacial cleft, is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and both together (CLP).] A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. A cleft palate is when the roof of the mouth contains an opening into the nose. These disorders can result in feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, and frequent ear infections. Less than half the time the condition is associated with other disordersMultifacorial inheritance is the type of inheritance followed by traits that are determined by multiple factors both environmental and genetic. Environmental factors interact with many genes to generate a normally distributed susceptibiity.Some diseases for example myocardial infarction, congenital bih defects, cancer, diabetes, mental illnesses and Alzheimer diseases cause along with morbidity, premature moality in two out of three individuals during their lifetime. Many show clustering among families. However their inheritance pattern does not follow that of single gene disorders (Mendelian pattern of inheritance). These kind of diseases are thought to result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, i.e. multifactorial inheritance pattern.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cleft lip", "opb": "Marfan's syndrome", "opc": "Down's syndrome", "opd": "Erythroblastosis fetalis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "fe94a1f7-2fa1-416b-b5cd-a3f044b8057b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Huhle cell carcinoma is a variant of", "exp": "Cells with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm known as Huhle cell or oncocytic variant of follicular cytoplasm are present in follicular carcinoma. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1098 Ref img", "cop": 2, "opa": "Papillary carcinoma", "opb": "Follicular carcinoma", "opc": "Lymphoma", "opd": "Anaplastic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "bae01f35-3715-4b1f-bd3f-1b4251546162", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Failure of descent of thyroid analage can be seen in the\ntongue", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "In anterior 2/3 of dorsal aspect", "opb": "In posterior 1/3 of dorsal aspect", "opc": "Near the base of tongue close to foramen caecum", "opd": "In anterior 2/3 of inferior surface", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "93dcd308-669d-4704-ab9c-14e62625fe40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Leiden mutation is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Mis-sense mutation Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation is a mis-sense type of point mutation in the gene for clotting factor V. As a missense substitution of base G to base A, it changes the protein's amino acid from arginine to glutamine.It has autosomal dominant inheritance and is the most common cause of inherited thrombophilia.Factor V is one of the essential clotting factors in the coagulation cascade.FVL mutation causes activated protein C resistance, hence leading to the hypercoagulable state.It is associated with increased risk of DVT 6, recurrent miscarriages", "cop": 2, "opa": "Non sense mutation", "opb": "Mis-sense mutation", "opc": "Frame shift mutation", "opd": "Tri nucleotide repeat mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a56d5118-c237-458f-b9db-4276cd844ff7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The HLA class III region genes are important elements in", "exp": "*HLA class III region contains genes for early complement components C2 and C4 of classical pathway.\n*Deficiency of these early components of the classical pathway viz C1, C2 and C4 is associated with autoimmune diseases like SLE and other collagen vascular diseases.\n• These genes are thus, important in regulating susceptibility to autoimmune disease\n• Class III genes do not participate in MHC restriction or graft rejection components.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Transplant rejection phenomenon", "opb": "Antigen presentation and elimination", "opc": "Immune surveillance", "opd": "Governing susceptibility to autoimmune diseases", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3524e265-5c87-43c8-8dff-6b4574301a0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multiple myeloma has been seen commonly after exposure to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Radioactive isotopes", "opb": "Gold", "opc": "Asbestos", "opd": "Organic dyes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "570b02cc-bfe7-48dc-9187-0122f360f439", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In HbM the position of point mutation", "exp": "Ans. (b) a chain, 87th codon, Histidine - Tyrosine(Ref: Wintrobes 12th ed 1060-1070)M (met) hemoglobins are characterized by heme-iron oxidation and result in cyanosis.HbM Iwate (HBA 87th position his - tyr)", "cop": 2, "opa": "b chain, 87th codon, Histidine - Tyrosine", "opb": "a chain, 87th codon, Histidine - Tyrosine", "opc": "b chain, 6th codon, Glutamine - Valine", "opd": "b chain, 6th codon, Glutamine - Lysine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "30b21153-8d89-45ae-8b16-f633909c89a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Psamomma bodies is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Metastatic calcification", "opb": "Dystrophic calcification", "opc": "Apoptosis", "opd": "Necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd1e4b64-da86-46b0-8c61-bdcc1f51750e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nasopalatine cyst arises from", "exp": "Nasopalatine cyst is also known as incisive canal cyst.", "cop": 1, "opa": "A Embryonic remnants of nasopalatine duct", "opb": "Cell rest of malassez", "opc": "Cell rest of serre", "opd": "Cell remnants of maxillary sinus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a721608-358e-4f56-9327-7325fb16f1d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fibroma combined with glandular tissue is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neurofibroma", "opb": "Fibroadenoma", "opc": "Fibrolipoma", "opd": "Fibromyoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "39f31b68-ec9d-4da9-b154-2e578a23ef0a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Collagen accumulated in space of Disse in case of liver cirrhosis are", "exp": "In the normal liver, ECM consisting of interstitial collagens(fibril forming collagen types I, II, V and XI) is present only in the liver capsule, in poal tracts and around central veins. In cirrhosis, types I and III collagen and other ECM components are deposited in the space of disse. ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE 607", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 and 4", "opb": "2 and 4", "opc": "1 and 3", "opd": "2 and 3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8201bbff-cf0b-4e61-8492-66e990b2d2f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adeno lymphoma refers to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Adeno carcinoma", "opb": "Adeno cystic lymphoma", "opc": "Warthin's tumour", "opd": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f7b43d9-2683-46ee-ab30-9fa680cebcbe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The earliest hematologic manifestation of megaloblastic anemia is", "exp": "Microcytic anemiaMacrocytic anemiaSideroblastic anemiaIron deficiency anemiaThalassemiaAnemia of chronic disease Liver disease Hypothyroidism Folic acid & vitamin B12 deficiency Cytotoxic drugs Megaloblastic anemiaTriad - Oval macrocyte , Howel Jolly bodies , Hypersegmented neutrophilsBone marrow - hypercellular bone marrow with megaloblast along with the presence of abnormal granulocytic precursors ( giant metamyelocyte & band forms ) and large megakaryocytes with bizarre multilobate nuclei Peripheral smear - pancytopenia with presence of macrocyte (MCV>100 fl) lacking central pallor ; large hypersegmented neutrophils ( >5 lobes )(Refer: Robbins & Cotran's - Pathologic Basis of Disease, SAE, 1st edition, Vol I-pg no: 643-648)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase in MCV", "opb": "Hypersegmented polymorphs", "opc": "Thrombocytopenia", "opd": "Leukopenia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "72c382c1-fcd6-4798-8a9f-bc4a179c3769", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Last to recover in spinal anaesthesia", "exp": ".It may be that preganglionic sympathetic fibers are more resistant to local anesthetic block than previously thought. Anesthesiologists often assume that, when a motor block is present during spinal or epidural anesthesia, sympathetic nerve transmission is blocked. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 346", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pain", "opb": "Motor", "opc": "Proprioception", "opd": "Preganglionic sympathetic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "65b69bdd-ca3b-41f9-8095-3f221216f718", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pain during inflammation is mediated by", "exp": "Ans. (c) Bradykinin(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 65, 89)Functions of bradykinin:Increases vascular permeability, vasodilationSmooth muscle contraction and pain when injected into the skin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nitric oxide", "opb": "Leukotriene B4", "opc": "Bradykinin", "opd": "Chemokines", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "bf28775c-403b-48c9-a5ba-07f1217f17e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common leukocytoclastic vasculitis affecting children is", "exp": "Henoch Schonlein PurpuraSystemic vasculitis syndrome involving small and medium size vesselsUsually seen in children (in fact it is the most common small vessel vasculitis in children)Vasculitis is caused by immune complex depositionSystemic manifestationSkinJointsAbdominal visceraRenal vasculatureTypical palpable purpuric skin lesionMost common over buttocks and exterior surface of legs and armsAhralgiaColicky abdominal pain associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea/constipation Melena or HematemesisProteinuria Microscopic hematuria with RBC cast in urine (Glomerulonephritis) Nephrotic syndromeMost common antibody seen in these immune complexes is IgA (IgA levels are elevated)Platelet count is normal or elevated Serum complements levels are normalPrognosis is excellent and disease is self-limiting. Lasts about six weeks and resolve without sequelae.Treatment involves administration of glucocoicoids(Prednisolone).(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2797)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Takayasu disease", "opb": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease)", "opc": "Henoch Schonlein purpura", "opd": "Polyaeritis nodose", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2663f1fe-75ce-4149-9562-9a89c9c182ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tigered effect in myocardium is due to", "exp": ".It is intracellular deposits of fat, which create grossly apparent bands of yellowed myocardium alterations with bands of darker, red-brown, uninvolved myocardium(tigeredeffect) It happens in Prolonged mod hypoxia and in Diptheretic myocarditis. Ramdas Nayak 2nd edition page no. 391", "cop": 2, "opa": "Malignant change", "opb": "Fat deposition", "opc": "Seen in rheumatic fever", "opd": "Associated with myocarditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8246a67d-1ab8-4685-8862-ea844259c4c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Principal cell in granuloma is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Histiocyte Granuloma is characteristic ofgranulomatous inflammation. o The major cell of granuloma is epitheloid cell which is a modified tissue macrophage (histiocyte) that has been transformed into epithelium like cell.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lymphocyte", "opb": "Histiocyte", "opc": "Langhyans", "opd": "Giant cell", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "68b28744-7d23-413a-b6b5-0fc208a5942c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Myasthenia gravis, antibodies are present against", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 800,heading=Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is caused by autoantibodies that block the function of postsynaptic acetyl choline nicotinic receptors at motor end plates, which results in the degradation and depletion of the receptors. ref img :", "cop": 2, "opa": "Muscarinic receptor proteins", "opb": "Nicotinic receptor proteins", "opc": "Protein actin", "opd": "Protein myosin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "15595320-b4af-4ca3-a816-6ea76ef16962", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypersensitivity vasculities seen in", "exp": "The term cutaneous vasculitis is defined broadly as inflammation of the blood vessels of the dermis. Due to its heterogeneity, cutaneous vasculitis has been described by a variety of terms including hypersensitivity vasculitis and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis. The typical histopathologic feature of cutaneous vasculitis is the presence of vasculitis of small vessels. Postcapillary venules are the most commonly involved vessels; capillaries and aerioles may be involved less frequently. ( Harrison&;s principle of internal medicine,18th edition,pg no. 2798)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Capillaries", "opb": "Aerioles", "opc": "Post capillary venules", "opd": "Medium sized vessels", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "9b39b11e-36c3-4e21-843f-1d10386a746f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The expression of the following oncogene is associated with a high incidence of Medullary carcinoma of thyroid", "exp": "(C) RET proto oncogene # p53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53), is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53 gene.p53 is crucial in multicellular organisms, where it regulates the cell cycle and, thus, functions as a tumor suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer. As such, p53 has been described as \"the guardian of the genome\", the \"guardian angel gene\", and the \"master watchman\", referring to its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation.> HER2/neu (also known as ErbB-2) stands for \"Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2\" and is a protein giving higher aggressiveness in breast cancers. It is a member of the ErbB protein family, more commonly known as the epidermal growth factor receptor family. HER2/neu has also been designated as CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340) and p185. It is encoded by the ErbB2 gene.> Both familial and sporadic medullary forms demonstrate activating RET mutations. Sporadic medullary carcinomas, as well as FMTC, occur in adults, with a peak incidence in the fifth to sixth decades.> In humans, the protein is encoded by the RB1 gene located on 13q14.1-q14.2. If both alleles of this gene are mutated early in life, the protein is inactivated and results in development of retinoblastoma cancer, hence the name Rb", "cop": 3, "opa": "P53", "opb": "Her 2 neu", "opc": "RET proto oncogene", "opd": "Rbl gene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "1f2ecb1f-883a-49e4-9e65-98b4abf3891d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The feulgen reaction is used to test", "exp": "*Feulgen stain is a staining technique to detect DNA *In this procedure, the specimen is exposed to warm HCL which causes hydrolysis of DNA to produce aldehyde. Then Schiff reagent is added which reacts with aldehyde to impa red colour.", "cop": 3, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "tRNA", "opc": "DNA", "opd": "rRNA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "20b08673-6828-435c-889f-a8c72b8d3a87", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common coagulation disorders haemophilia A and Von WilLebrand's disease are due to", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Factor IX deficiency", "opb": "Vitamin K deficiency", "opc": "Factor X deficiency", "opd": "Factor VIII deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "56d1bd85-c92c-4b0c-baf3-dac848a95a68", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cyst arising from dental lamina", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Radicular cyst", "opb": "Paradental cyst", "opc": "Eruption cyst", "opd": "Glandular odontogenic cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5079fccb-6fe2-4031-8b48-eca9af42b26f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ghon’s focus is found in", "exp": "Ghon’s focus\n\nIn primary tuberculosis when inhaled tubercule bacilli implanted in the distal air spaces of the lower part of an upper lobe or upper part of the lower lobe, close to the pleura. This area is about 1 to 1.5 cm with caseating necrosis known as Ghon’s focus.\nGhon’s focus is one of the components of Ghon’s complex (primary complex), which consists of 3 components: -\n\ni) Ghon’s focus (subpleural caseating lesion)\nii) Caseating hilar lymph node\niii) Draining lymphatics. \nNote - Due to early bacteremia (bacillemia) seeding of tubercle bacilli may occur at the apex to produce Simon’s focus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Leprosy", "opb": "Pulmonary tuberculosis", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Asbestosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6190358-85bb-4dad-ac5c-083a8c3098d5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resection of the adjacent gut is most often required in", "exp": "Chylolymphatic cystEnterogenous cystUsually congenital as a result of sequestration of lymphaticsDerived from diveiculum of mesentric border that has become sequestrated The cyst wall is thin, lacks muscular wall, not lined by mucosa Thick wall lined by mucosa Usually solitary,often unilocular with clear lymph or chyleContent is mucinousMost frequently seen in the mesentery of ileum Independent blood supplyCommon blood supply as adjacent bowel Enucleation is enoughResection anastomosis needed(Refer: Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9th edition, pg no: 2010)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chylolymphatic cyst", "opb": "Enterogenous cyst", "opc": "Mesenteric dermoid cyst", "opd": "Simple cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "76b124f2-7d5f-4f9e-bca7-def97f2f39c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Leucopenia is characteristic of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Appendicitis", "opb": "Enteric fever", "opc": "Meningitis", "opd": "Myocardial Infarction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "16be78e5-0eea-4c61-9fa8-4c918960f518", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most reliable investigation for amyloidosis is", "exp": "Amyloidosis*A disease due to the accumulation of abnormal proteins which are formed due to abnormal protein misfolding. *Light microscopy: Amorphous, eosinophilic, hyaline, extracellular substance that causes atrophy of adjacent cells*Congored stain: Pink or red color to amyloid deposits*Congored under polarized microscopy: Apple green birefringence*To differentiate primary amyloidosis from secondary amyloidosis: Treat with potassium permanganate and then perform congo red stain. Congo red stain shows positive in primary amyloidosis but negative in secondary amyloidosis due to potassium permanganate treatment. (Primary-persists) *Electron microscopy: Continous non-branching fibril with a diameter of 7.5 to 10nm*X-ray crystallography and Infrared spectroscopy- cross beta-pleated sheet conformation*Most common organs involved: Kidney and Hea *Most common test performed to diagnose amyloidosis: Abdominal fat pad aspiration*Most reliable test performed to diagnose amyloidosis: Tissue biopsy *Most rapid test to diagnose amyloidosis: Scintigraphy with radiolabelled serum amyloid O component*Test used in treatment follow up: Scintigraphy with radiolabelled serum amyloid O componentRef: Robbins 8/e p249", "cop": 4, "opa": "Abdominal fat pad aspirate", "opb": "USG", "opc": "Urine examination", "opd": "Kidney biopsy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c9583b79-fd74-45ac-a988-b4aa437555da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Apoptotic bodies are", "exp": "In H&E-stained tissue sections, the nuclei of apoptotic cells show various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation and, ultimately, karyorrhexis; at the molecular level, this is reflected in fragmentation of DNA into nucleosome-sized pieces. The cells rapidly shrink, form cytoplasmic buds, and fragment into apoptotic bodies composed of membrane-bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 18 )", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clumped chromatin bodies", "opb": "Pyknotic nucleus without organelles", "opc": "Cell membrane bound with organelles", "opd": "No nucleus with organelles", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bc8bf572-84ff-41b8-bc09-83dec7816984", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "T11/2 of Haptoglobin complex is", "exp": "Answer- D. 10 minutesHemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared from circulation monocytes and tissue macrophages CDl63 receptors 15.Free haptoglobin has a half-life of 5 days, whereas hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes have a half-life of l6minutes.", "cop": 4, "opa": "5 days", "opb": "3 days", "opc": "10 days", "opd": "10 minutes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e9318804-68a9-4aa9-a921-67786a39f73d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Patient suffering form Eagle's syndrome complains of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "burning sensations in mouth", "opb": "excessive salivation.", "opc": "Glossodynia", "opd": "Dysphagia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9f3d16f9-0bca-4ea2-8eea-04aab936395c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common gene associated with renal cell carcinoma is", "exp": "Renal cell carcinoma *Renal cancers are mostly sporadic, except for a 4% cases which appear familial *Familial renal cancers are due to mutation of VHL and MET genes*98% of all renal cancers (sporadic and familial) are due to VHL mutation encoded in chr3p*Most common cause of familial papillary renal cell carcinoma (rare disease) is MET protooncogene*Most common risk factor for all renal cancers- Tobacco*Most common type of renal cell carcinoma is clear cell carcinoma , which is followed by papillary carcinoma, chromophobe carcinoma and collecting duct carcinoma*Most common type of renal cancer in patients who develop dialysis associated cystic disease - Papillary carcinoma*VHL is a tumour suppressor gene. Mutation of both the VHL genes causes angiogenesis (by increasing expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1) and cell growth (by increasing expression of insulin like growth factor -1)*Renal cell carcinoma mostly affects the poles Microscopic findings:*Classic clinical features of renal cell carcinoma - Costoveebral pain, palpable mass and hematuria*Clear cell carcinoma -Cells with clear cytoplasm containing glycogen and lipids, delicate capillaries*Papillary carcinoma - Papillary formations, foam cells in interstitium, psammoma bodies*Collecting duct carcinoma - irregular channels lined by atypical cells and show hobnail pattern*Chromophobe cell carcinoma - cells with abundant cytoplasm impaing blue colour in Hale's colloidal iron stain(Ref: Robbins 8/e p964)", "cop": 3, "opa": "WT 1", "opb": "BRCA 1", "opc": "VHL", "opd": "PATCH", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "7e82d800-08a7-4bce-9fb6-689fb37adbf3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diveiculum most common site is", "exp": "Sigmoid diveiculitis Diveicular disease refers to acquired pseudo diveicular outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa. Rare below 30yrs but prevalence approaches 50% beyond 60yrs. Diveicula generally are multiple and the condition is referred to as diveiculosis. PATHOGENESIS Colonic diveicula tend to develop under conditions of elevated intraluminal pressure in the sigmoid colon TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.586 IMAGE REF: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION FIG: 14-25 PAGE 586", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sigmoid colon", "opb": "Ileum", "opc": "Ascending colon", "opd": "Transverse colon", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "a8d7aa5c-ddf4-4091-b912-61fe207915ee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The four \"Pyrole rings\" in hemoglobin molecule are joined together by", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Disulphide bridges", "opb": "Methylene bridges", "opc": "Hydrogen bonds", "opd": "Alpha bonds", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f5e57dc4-66ec-489c-b4eb-4150ec7eab76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neurofibromomatosis I is", "exp": "Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Familial hypercholesterolemia Marfan syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Hereditary spherocytosis Neurofibromatosis, type 1 Adult polycystic kidney disease Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Cystic fibrosis Phenylketonuria Tay-Sachs disease Severe combined immunodeficiency a- and b-Thalassemias Sickle cell anemia X-linked Recessive Inheritance Hemophilia A Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy Fragile X syndrome (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 219)", "cop": 1, "opa": "AD", "opb": "AR", "opc": "X linked recessive", "opd": "X linked dominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "2dc8d8ef-7c8b-4fdd-8fb8-b179a9b0ec85", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aplastic anaemia is common with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Chloramphenicol", "opb": "Cephalosporin", "opc": "Tetracycline", "opd": "Penicillin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3965851f-3090-4671-912b-7665b052e09d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "IgA deposition in mesangial cells arr seen in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 923 IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease) IgA nephropathy, characterized by the presence of prom- inent IgA deposits in the mesangial regions and recurrent hematuria, is the most common type of glomerulonephri- tis worldwide. The disease can be suspected by light microscopic examination, but the diagnosis is made only by the detection of glomerular IgA deposition (Fig. 20-19). Mild proteinuria is usually present, and the nephrotic syndrome may occasionally develop.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Good Pasteur syndrome", "opb": "Berger syndrome", "opc": "Cresentic glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Alpo syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "f33c3e8b-6696-4415-b34a-b167965bed72", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most striking haematological finding in agranulocytosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased absolute neutrophil count", "opb": "Increased absolute easinophil count", "opc": "Decreased absolute hasophil count", "opd": "Increased absolute monocyte count", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3fe255b5-2297-44e0-8063-fbca1abb02b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type of infarct seen in hea is", "exp": "Infarcts are classified according to color and the presence or absence of infection; they are either red (hemorrhagic) or white (anemic) and may be septic or bland. White infarcts occur with aerial occlusions in solid organs with end-aerial circulation (e.g: hea, spleen, and kidney), and where tissue density limits the seepage of blood from adjoining capillary beds into the necrotic area.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 4; Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock; Page no: 130", "cop": 2, "opa": "Red infarcts", "opb": "White infarcts", "opc": "Septic infarcts", "opd": "Bland infarcts", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "2d03be97-e3c8-412c-ab64-2af315bc24ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping", "exp": "The left side of the heart is slightly more muscular to have the power and strength to pump blood up through the aorta and round to the rest of the body", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxygenated blood to the body", "opb": "Oxygenated blood to the lungs", "opc": "Deoxygenated blood to the body", "opd": "Deoxygenated blood to the lungs", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cab2b648-657c-47e0-9132-8fa2f9d1e297", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microalbuminemina is defined as protein level of", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no Pg1120 The earliest manifestation of diabetic nephropathy is the apperacne of low amounts low amounts of albumin in the urine.. Greater than 30mg/day but less than 300 mg/day that is microalbuminuria", "cop": 3, "opa": "100-150mg/dl", "opb": "151-200mg/d", "opc": "30-300mg/d", "opd": "301-600mg/d", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "b9e2c9c6-c3fd-44ad-989f-20cee309a88f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The gene suppresses apoptosis is", "exp": "Atni apoptotic Genes: BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1. Pro apoptotic Genes: BAX and BAK. Sensors: BAD, BIM, BID, Puma and Noxa.", "cop": 1, "opa": "BCL - 2", "opb": "BAK", "opc": "BAX", "opd": "BAD", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Apoptosis", "id": "b24dd85c-04cc-47ef-8c4f-52fdcf903312", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The pigment associated with hemochromatosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Bilirubin", "opb": "Haemosiderin", "opc": "Methernoglobin", "opd": "myoglobin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1291324-fbd5-45fb-a257-66f486cb9124", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kimmelsteil wilson nodules are pathognomonic of", "exp": "Nodular glomerulosclerosis also called Kimmelstein wilson nodules are Pathognomonic of Diabetic Nephropathy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "HIV associated FSGS", "opb": "Malignant hypertension affecting kidney", "opc": "Diabetic nephropathy", "opd": "HCV associated nephropathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce864054-c278-4b77-ba85-c996fd75c9cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Endogenous wear and tear pigment is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Melanin", "opb": "Haemosiderin", "opc": "Bilirubin", "opd": "Lipofuscin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3d454bb4-8d94-4217-addf-b10076b67e9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caspases are associated with", "exp": "Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease; 8th edition, Chapter I, Pg: 3Explanation:Caspases play a vital role in all the four options. But, most approximate answer would be apoptosis.Caspases, or cysteine-aspartic proteases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases are a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammationBiochemical Features of ApoptosisActivation of Caspases.A specific feature of apoptosis is the activation of several members of a family of cysteine proteases named caspases.The term caspase is based on two properties of this family of enzymes: the \"c\" refers to a cysteine protease (i.e., an enzyme with cysteine in its active site), and \"aspase'' refers to the unique ability of these enzymes to cleave after aspartic acid residues.The caspase family, now1 including more than 10 members, can be divided functionally into two groups--initiator and executioner-- depending on the order in which they are activated during apoptosis. Initiator caspases include caspase-8 and caspase-9.Several other caspases, including caspase-3 and caspase-6, serve as executioners.Like many proteases, caspases exist as inactive pro-enzymes, or zymogens, and must undergo an enzymatic cleavage to become active.The presence of cleaved, active caspases is a marker for cells undergoing apoptosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Cell injury", "opc": "Necrosis", "opd": "Inflammation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Apoptosis", "id": "908536f4-9c71-4ba6-b7e4-13e7bd5020ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A developmental abnormality characterized by the presence of fewer than the usual number of teeth is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Anodontia", "opb": "Oligodontia", "opc": "Microdontia", "opd": "Dens in dente", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e67a2800-ef7e-4a69-8b4e-252e8b7de6c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 40 year old lady is diagnosed to have brain tumor in frontal lobe. The lesion is characterized by focal necrosis surrounded by ring like enhancement", "exp": "Ans. (a) Glioblastoma multiforme(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1307, Journal of Neuro-Oncology 108 (1): 11-27)When viewed with MRI, glioblastomas often appear as ringenhancing lesions. The appearance is not specific, however, as other lesions such as abscess, metastasis, tumefactive multiple sclerosis, and other entities may have a similar appearance. But necrosis with ring enhancement Is a f/o Glioblastoma multiforme.Oligodendroglioma usually shows calcifications.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glioblastoma multiforme", "opb": "Oligodendroglioma", "opc": "Ependymoma", "opd": "Astrocytoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Central Nervous System", "id": "0d59eccf-5510-4728-823b-b9f000bf4e7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The largest gene expressed in cardiac and smooth muscle is", "exp": "DMD, the largest known human gene, provides instructions for making a protein called dystrophin. This protein is located primarily in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and in hea (cardiac) muscle. Small amounts of dystrophin are present in nerve cells in the brain. In skeletal and cardiac muscles, dystrophin is pa of a group of proteins (a protein complex) that work together to strengthen muscle fibers and protect them from injury as muscles contract and relax. The dystrophin complex acts as an anchor, connecting each muscle cell's structural framework (cytoskeleton) with the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell (extracellular matrix). The dystrophin complex may also play a role in cell signaling by interacting with proteins that send and receive chemical signals. Little is known about the function of dystrophin in nerve cells. Research suggests that the protein is impoant for the normal structure and function of synapses, which are specialized connections between nerve cells where cell-to-cell communication occurs.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dystrophin gene", "opb": "Semiphorin gene", "opc": "Tumor suppressor gene", "opd": "Huntington gene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "3bce4935-9b04-4474-8b6d-aa8efdbe5ba2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common development cyst of jaws is", "exp": "Most common odontogenic cyst is periapica/l Radicular cyst\nMost common developmental odontogenic cyst is dentigerous cyst", "cop": 4, "opa": "Periapical cyst", "opb": "Eruption cyst", "opc": "Calcifying odontogenic cyst", "opd": "Dentigerous cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bb301b1-ae1f-4d94-8ebe-2de61ac102be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gamma Gandy bodies contain hemosiderin and", "exp": "Gamna-Gandy bodies\nSeen in CVC of spleen is characterised by calcific deposits admixed with haemosiderin on fibrous tissue.", "cop": 2, "opa": "K+", "opb": "Ca2+", "opc": "Mg2+", "opd": "Li+", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7f4da805-4f15-4523-b990-07a85e8d4ec8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acute viral hepatitis", "exp": "In severe acute hepatitis, confluent necrosis of hepatocytes is seen around central veins Other options are features of chronic viral hepatitis. \"The defining histologic feature of chronic viral hepatitis is mononuclear poal infiltration.\" There is often interface hepatitis The hallmark of severe chronic liver damage is scarring Continued scarring and nodule formation leads to the development of cirrhosis. REF: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE: 613 IMAGE REF: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION FIG: 15-7 PAGE 612", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mononuclear poal infiltration", "opb": "Scarring", "opc": "Interface hepatitis", "opd": "Necrosis around central veins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "443f042b-fc76-42fa-bbf0-2ffab01dea3e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest variety of acute inflammation is", "exp": "Ans. (c) Catarrhal inflammation(Ref: Chandrasoma taylor: 3ed: 45)Catarrhal inflammationCommonest type of inflammation QIncreased mucus secretionSeen in common cold", "cop": 3, "opa": "Purulent inflammation", "opb": "Serous inflammation", "opc": "Catarrhal inflammation", "opd": "Necrotic inflammation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "84fe6814-9db0-4ef5-9e7b-acca9771fa85", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The granuLomatous tissue that is responsible for destruction of articular surfaces of TMJ in rheumatoid arthritis is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Pannus", "opb": "Pulse granuloma", "opc": "Baker's cyst", "opd": "Immune granuloma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ed7fa418-a86a-46e8-abd0-066c2bb9a8a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 30 years old female, RBC Counts 4.5 million, MCV 55fl, TC 8000, no history of blood transfusion", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Iron deficiency anemia", "opb": "Thalassemia major", "opc": "Thalassemia minor", "opd": "Megaloblastic anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1fc5902-d54e-4356-a37e-59ea2bca0a5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "According to FAB classification, the minimum blast cells for diagnosis of AML are", "exp": "(30): (362- Harsh mohan 6th edition)* According to revised FAB classification system a leukaemia is acute if the bone marrow consist of more than 30% blasts* WHO classification for AML has revised and lowered the cut of percentage of marrow blasts to 20% from 30% in the FAB classification for making the diagnosis of AML", "cop": 2, "opa": "20", "opb": "30", "opc": "10", "opd": "40", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "8d45159e-b96d-430d-a7f3-513b8ec57910", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Visceral aneurysm is most commonly seen in", "exp": "Splenic Aery Aneurysm The splenic aery is a blood vessel that supplies blood to the spleen. The spleen is an organ involved in regulating the immune system. Aneurysms of the splenic aery are the third most common type of aneurysm, but their prevalence is still low. Their overall incidence is about .1 percent. Splenic Aery Aneurysm Risk Factors Splenic aery aneurysms are more common in women than men, and these are also noted to occur in younger patients with an average age of 52 years. Other risk factors include: Lupus Multiple pregnancies Pancreatitis Polyaeritis nodosa Poal hypeension Trauma Splenic Aery Disease Symptoms", "cop": 1, "opa": "Splenic", "opb": "Renal", "opc": "Hepatic", "opd": "Coronary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bf0c51b1-81b2-4ddb-9203-7cce1d129812", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chancre redux is a clinical feature of", "exp": "Chancre- primary lesion in syphilis (hard chancre)Chancre redux is the relapse of the chancre lesions in the early stage of syphilisSecondary syphilis-Cutaneous lesionsRoseolarsyphilidePapularsyphilidePsoriasiform lesion CondylomataMalignant syphilidePalm & sole lesion ( Coppery red lesion )Mucosal lesions Mucous patches Snail track ulcers Lymphadenopathy Generalized symmetrical rubbery lymphadenopathy Systemic involvement Periostitis, Ahritis Iridocyclitis, Uveitis, ChorioretinitisNephritic syndrome Late or teiary syphilis- cardiovascular lesions and tabes dorsalis seen(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p372)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Early relapsing syphilis", "opb": "Late syphilis", "opc": "Chancroid", "opd": "Recurrent herpes simplex infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a5cf35e9-25b1-44fb-8061-6bd6542be144", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "DAX 1 gene Mutation is associated with", "exp": "Ans. C. Congenital adrenal hypoplasiaExplanationDAX1 mutation is seen in congenital adrenal hypoplasia.DAX1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1) is a nuclear receptor protein encoded by the NROBlgene.DAX1 plays an important role in the normal development of several hormone-producing tissues.The adrenal glands,The pituitary gland andHypothalamusThe testes and ovariesMutations in this gene result in both X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cushing's disease", "opb": "Hashimoto's disease", "opc": "Congenital adrenal hypoplaisa", "opd": "Addison's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrine", "id": "72e06faa-e3aa-42f0-a8df-25f6c4607f65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Id reaction is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "apthous ulcer", "opb": "herpetic stomatitis", "opc": "syphilis", "opd": "candidiasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3fee4a50-948d-4884-8c40-2c972ea5c3da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Generalised hyper cementosis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypophosphatasia", "opb": "Pagets disease", "opc": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opd": "Cherubism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "53e7f8de-0e39-4344-bf18-51b75faa0ef6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During an epidemic of hepatitis E, Fatality is maximum in", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Infants", "opb": "Adolescents", "opc": "Pregnant women", "opd": "Malnourished male", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "14c06001-acbf-4859-bfda-c725f20c714d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "One of the following is not a malignant feature", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Aplasia", "opb": "Anaplasia", "opc": "Abnormal mitosis", "opd": "Pleomorphism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8571bd33-3bf2-490f-836d-6425b44f0d12", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest carcinoma of the with multifocal origin is", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 1057 DCIS can be divided into two major architectural subtypes, comedo and noncomedo (Fig. 23-17). Some cases of DCIS have a single growth pattern, but most are comprised of a mixture of patterns. Nuclear grade and necrosis are better predictors of local recurrence and progression to invasion than architectural type. Comedo DCIS may occasionally produce vague nodularity, but more often it is detected on mammography as clustered or linear and branching areas of calcification (Fig. 23-17A). It is defined by two features: (1) tumor cells with pleomorphic, high- grade nuclei and (2) areas of central necrosis (Fig. 23-17B). Noncomedo DCIS lacks either high-grade nuclei or central necrosis. Several patterns may be seen. Cribriform DCIS may have rounded (cookie cutter-like) spaces (Fig. 23-17C) within the ducts, or a solid DCIS pattern. Micropapillary DCIS pro- duces bulbous protrusions without a fibrovascular core, often arranged in complex intraductal patterns (Fig. 23-17D). In other cases, DCIS produces true papillae with fibrovascular cores that lack a myoepithelial cell layer. Calcifications may also be seen in noncomedo forms of DCIS in association with focal necrosis or intraluminal secretions.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Schirrhous carcinoma", "opb": "Adenocystic carcinoma", "opc": "Lobular carcinoma", "opd": "Ductal carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "477fa7d3-95f8-46d8-8593-f863565f83de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A lady in the second trimester underwent a hemogram and her hemoglobin was found to be 6mg%. The gynaecologist suggested for IV transfusion of packed red cells to improve the level.\n\nThe most common oral change due to nutritional anemia is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Enlarged tongue", "opb": "Atrophic glossitis", "opc": "Generalized osteolysis", "opd": "Focal marrow expansion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5b7fa8df-8ab4-4ec5-9cc4-152552637cf9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The quantity of globin chain synthesis is reduced in", "exp": "Heme Synthesis. Heme is synthesized in a complex series of steps involving enzymes in the mitochondrion and in the cytosol of the cell (Figure 1). The first step in hemesynthesis takes place in the mitochondrion, with the condensation of succinyl CoA and glycine by ALA synthase to form 5-aminolevulic acid (ALA) Ref Robbins 9/e pg 413", "cop": 2, "opa": "HbS", "opb": "Thalassemia", "opc": "HbC", "opd": "HbF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "86abd2a7-e1ab-42d9-b5ec-ed548909bd3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung cancer", "exp": "Paraneoplastic syndromes are signs or symptoms that occur as a result of organ or tissue damage at locations remote from the site of the primary tumor or metastases. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer can impair various organ functions and include neurologic, endocrine, dermatologic, rheumatologic, hematologic, and ophthalmological syndromes, as well as glomerulopathy and coagulopathy (Trousseau's syndrome). The histological type of lung cancer is generally dependent on the associated syndrome, the two most common of which are humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in squamous cell carcinoma and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer. The symptoms often precede the diagnosis of the associated lung cancer, especially when the symptoms are neurologic or dermatologic. The proposed mechanisms of paraneoplastic processes include the aberrant release of humoral mediators, such as hormones and hormone-like peptides, cytokines, and antibodies. Treating the underlying cancer is generally the most effective therapy for paraneoplastic syndromes, and treatment soon after symptom onset appears to offer the best potential for symptom improvement. In this aicle, we review the diagnosis, potential mechanisms, and treatments of a wide variety of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer.", "cop": 3, "opa": "SIADH", "opb": "Cushings syndrome", "opc": "Hypercalcemia", "opd": "Polycythemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "44fe61fe-d45a-4810-b10c-0d6aafbc886c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperophy is a result of", "exp": "Hyperophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, that results in an increase in the size of the affected organ. The hyperophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells. The increased size of the cells is due to the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular structural components.HyperophyResult of increased production of cellular proteinsHyperplasiaResult of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cellsAtrophy Results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cellsMetaplasiaResult of a reprogramming of stem cells that are known to exist in normal tissuesRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic; 9th edition; Chapter 2; Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death; Page no: 34", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased production of cellular proteins", "opb": "Growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells", "opc": "Reprogramming of stem cells", "opd": "Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "144dbef5-b72b-4e56-99e6-33b7441158a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA B27 is NOT seen in", "exp": "Seronegative spondyloahropathies PAIR Psoriatic ahritis Ankylosing spondylitis Inflammatory bowel disease Reactive ahritis (Reiter's syndrome) Features Absence of serum autoantibodies Associated with HLA B27 Onset before 40 years Presence of uveitis, spine/large joint peripheral ahritis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ankylosing spondylitis", "opb": "Reiter's syndrome", "opc": "Rheumatoid ahritis", "opd": "Psoriatic ahritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "2c524031-1f28-4a62-bc7d-754cb59949a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristic histological finding in benign hypertension", "exp": "Ans. (c) Hyaline arteriosclerosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 490, 938-939; 8th/pg 495)a. Also called obliterative endarteritis seen in syphilis/TB/radiation, poisoning, etcb. Malignant MTc. Benign HTd. MC in marfan syndrome", "cop": 3, "opa": "Proliferative end arteritis", "opb": "Necrotizing arteriolitis", "opc": "Hyaline arteriosclerosis", "opd": "Cystic medial necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "e298af5e-711a-4d32-9a5a-7820152759d3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A pathologist examines a renal biopsy from a 45 year old man with nephrotic syndrome and requested a congo red stain to confirm the nature of an amorphous acidophillic extracellular hyalin substances localized within the mesengial matrix of the glomeruli A positive test confirms the presence of", "exp": "The answer is B. A positive congo red test confirms the presence of amyloid. Apple green birefringence is abserved under polarized light.", "cop": 2, "opa": "α 1 - antitrypsin", "opb": "Amyloid", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2fc0d4b1-0333-422d-bea1-9bbbd119c9cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Marked reduction in the amount of dentin, widening of predentin layer, presence of large areas of interglobular dentin is a characteristic feature of", "exp": "In ground sections, the thickness of the enamel varies, resulting in an irregular surface. The prism structure of the enamel is irregular or lacking, with a laminated appearance. The dentin contains clefts scattered through a mixture of interglobular dentin and amorphous material. Globular areas of poorly organized tubular dentin and scattered cellular inclusions often are seen. The pulp tissue contains free or attached stones that may exhibit tubules or consist of laminated calcification. The follicular tissue surrounding the crown may be enlarged and typically exhibits focal collections of basophilic enamel-like calcifications called enameloid conglomerates. This pattern of calcification is not specific for regional odontodysplasia and has been seen in other processes with disturbed enamel formation, such as amelogenesis imperfecta. Scattered islands of odontogenic epithelium and other patterns of intramural calcification also are seen.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dentinogenesis imperfecta", "opb": "Amelogenesis imperfecta", "opc": "Regional odontodysplasia", "opd": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "83058905-a6ea-4a14-8040-d04ac941013d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest sites of intraabdominal abscess", "exp": "The eight functional compaments in the peritoneal cavity include the following: Pelvis, Right paracolic gutter, Left paracolic gutter, Right infradiaphragmatic space ,Left infradiaphragmatic space, Lesser sac Hepatorenal space (Morrison space), Interloop spaces between small intestine loops. The paracolic gutters slope into the subhepatic and subdiaphragmatic spaces superiorly and over the pelvic brim inferiorly. In a supine patient, the peritoneal fluid tends to collect under the diaphragm, under the liver, and in the pelvis. More localized abscesses tend to develop anatomically in relation to the affected viscus. For example, abscesses in the lesser sac may develop secondary to severe pancreatitis, or periappendiceal abscesses from a perforated appendix may develop in the right lower quadrant. Small bowel interloop abscesses may develop anywhere from the ligament of Treitz to the ileum. An understanding of these anatomic considerations is impoant for the recognition and drainage of these abscesses. REFERANCE.MEDSCAP .COM", "cop": 3, "opa": "Subphrenic", "opb": "Paracolic", "opc": "Pelvis", "opd": "Retropeioneal", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "cef88ad1-2217-40f7-932c-0d7de6e3a50c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type B gastritis is", "exp": "Type B gastritis mainly involves the region of antral mucosa (hence antral predominant not body predominant.) and is more common. It is also called hypersecretory gastritis due to excessive secretion of acid, commonly due to infection with H. pylori. These patients may have associated peptic ulcer. Unlike Type A gastritis, this form of gastritis has no autoimmune basis nor has an association with other autoimmune diseases. Type A is body predominant. Type AB gastritis effects the mucosal region of A as well as B types. This is the most common gastritis in all age groups. It is also called environmental gastritis, mixed gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY HARSH MOHAN 6TH EDITION PAGE NO:547", "cop": 2, "opa": "Body predominant", "opb": "H. pylori associated", "opc": "Autoimmune gastritis", "opd": "Environmental gastritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b07944cc-4026-4799-926b-e15e120ef6ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The antibody seen in drug induced SLE is", "exp": "(A) Anti histone antibody # Lupus erythematosus (LE): is an autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, heart, lungs, kidneys, and brain. Drug-induced LE (DILE) is a variant of autoimmune disease that resolves within days to months after withdrawal of the culprit drug in a patient with no underlying immune system dysfunction.> Drugs such as procainamide, chlorpromazine, and quinidine cause the production of antinuclear antibodies against the histone dimer H2A-H2B.> Hydralazine forms antinuclear antibodies to H1 and the H3-H4 complex.> In persons with DILE, the antibodies also tend to attack histones (proteins typically found in cell nuclei); antihistone antibodies are indicated by a homogeneous pattern of antinuclear antibodies.> They are present in more than 75% of patients with DILE induced by hydralazine and procainamide.> One example of an antihistone antibody that is often implicated in DILE is immunoglobulin G (anti- DNA).> Antihistone antibodies are much more likely to indicate DILE; however, they can also appear in up to 50% of patients with SL.E.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anti histone antibody", "opb": "Anti nuclear antibody", "opc": "Anti SM antibody", "opd": "Anti centromere antibody", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "9ea71b9c-bae6-487c-aaf0-e1f48291dd51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy is inherited as", "exp": "X-linked Recessive Inheritance Hemophilia A Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy Fragile X syndrome (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 219)", "cop": 1, "opa": "X linked", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "Autosomal recessive", "opd": "Codominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "4a538d2b-0513-4dcb-9feb-ba630d0f6376", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heart failure cells are present in", "exp": "(A) Alveoli# HEART FAILURE CELLS are siderophages (hemosiderin-containing macrophages) generated in the alveoli of patients with left heart failure or chronic pulmonary edema, when the high pulmonary blood pressure causes red cells to pass through vascular wall.> Siderophages are not specific of heart failure. They are present wherever red blood cells encounter macrophages.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alveoli", "opb": "Myocyte", "opc": "Heaptocyte", "opd": "Astrocyte", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "fc07116c-8f35-4636-a063-9dbf1b0dcf21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best investigation for diagnosing amyloidosis", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rectal biopsy \"The most definitive investigation for Amyloidosis is biopsy\".For many years rectal biopsy was the first procedure of choice.An important clinical advance was the recognition that the capillaries in the subcutaneous fat are often involved in patients with systemic amyloidosis and can often provide sufficient tissues for the diagnosis of amyloidosis.Thus, biopsy of the organ with the most severe clinical involvement is often unnecessary.For example in cardiac amyloidosis, the definitive diagnosis of the type of amyloid can be made using an endomyocardial biopsy specimen with Congo red and immunologic staining of the tissue sample.Alternatively, when a noninvasive testing suggests cardiac amyloidosis - A specific diagnosis is often made by studying a subcutaneous fat aspiration instead of endomyocardial biopsy there by avoiding an invasive procedure.When the subcutaneous fat aspiration biopsy does not provide information to reach a firm diagnosis, biopsy samples can be collected from other organs.In addition, an advantage to performing biopsy of an involved organ (e.g., kidney heart) is thatit definitively establishes a cause and effect relationship between the organ dysfunction and amyloid.It is important to realize that not all biopsy sites offer the same sensitivity.The best sites of biopsy are: -Abdominal fat pad and (90% sensitivity)Rectal mucosa (73% - 84% sensitivity)Other sites that are often sampled but have poor sensitivity for the diagnosis of amyloid include: -Salivary glandsSkinTongueGingivaStomachBone marrow", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rectal biopsy", "opb": "Colonscopy", "opc": "CT scan", "opd": "Upper GI endoscopy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Intracellular Accumulations", "id": "3bada56e-02d5-480b-aa9e-9dd9a337a3bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "This is a specimen of stalk resection of pedunculated bony swelling. Diagnosis is", "exp": "Osteochondroma, also known as an exostosis, is the most common benign bone tumor; about 85% are solitary.It is a benign cailage-capped tumor that is attached to the underlying skeleton by a bony stalk. The cap is composed of benign hyaline cailage varying in thickness and is covered peripherally by perichondrium. The coex of the stalk merges with the coex of the host boneRef: Robbins Pathology; 9th edition; Page no: 1200", "cop": 1, "opa": "Osteochondroma", "opb": "Chondroma", "opc": "Osteoid osteoma", "opd": "Osteoclastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9fbb6fda-2245-4fc8-86c3-830b89476b55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kupffers cells in liver are", "exp": "A. i.e. (Macrophages) (54- Basic pathology 8th)Kupffer cells belonging to the reticuloendothelial systemsMarophages the dominant cells of chronic inflammation, are tissue cells derived from circulating blood monocytes, macrophages also found in(i) Liver - Kupffer cells(ii) Spleen and lymph node - Sinus histiocytes(iii) CNS - Microglial cells(iv) Lungs - Alveolar macrophages* The half life of circulating monocytes is about 1 day* Mean life of RBC's in transfused blood is - 80 days*** Langerhans cels are antigen presenting in nature*** Epitheloid cells and granular giant cells are formed by Monocyte - macrophages*** Antigen presenting cells are - Langerhan's cells Dendritic cells, B. cells, Macrophages", "cop": 1, "opa": "Macrophages", "opb": "Lymphocytic", "opc": "Complimentary proteins", "opd": "Coagulation proteins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Liver & Biliary Tract", "id": "77c4228f-92d5-43da-96e0-50fb638f6725", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Forensic Identification utilizes", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lip prints", "opb": "Lip Schutz bodies", "opc": "Lip pits", "opd": "Lip reading", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6e94f80d-23e7-4eb2-861b-2537ad93abc2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In thin basement membrane disease, the defect is in", "exp": "TBM disease (also known as benign familial hematuria and thin basement membrane nephropathy) is, along with IgA nephropathy, the most common cause of blood in the urine without any other symptoms. The only abnormal finding in this diseaseis a thinning of the basement membrane of the glomeruli (filters) in the kidneys. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 2, "opa": "a1 and a2 chains of type IV collagen", "opb": "a3 and a4 chains of type IV collagen", "opc": "a1 and a2 chains of type VI collagen", "opd": "a3 and a4 chains of type VI collagen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "197c922c-6f02-4ff8-9629-2e82f40864a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitamin deficiency causing Spinocerebellar degeneration is", "exp": "VitaminFunctionsDeficiency syndromesVitamin EMajor antioxidant; scavenges free radicalsSpinocerebellar degenerationRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 9; Environmental and Nutritional Diseases; Page no: 442; Table 9-9", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin D", "opc": "Vitamin E", "opd": "Vitamin B12", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "8c009baa-aafc-4313-b4c0-89c65a3936b6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "0steomas, adenomatous polyps of intestine & periampullary carcinomas are seen in", "exp": "Gardner's Syndrome Gardner's syndrome is combination of familial polyposis coli and ceain extra-colonic lesions such as multiple osteomas (paicularly of the mandible and maxilla), sebaceous cysts and connective tissue tumours. mnemonics: GARDEN In FOREST Gardener syndrome Familial polyposis coli, Osteoma Retinal epithelium hyperophy Supernumerary Teeth TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:585,586 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cowden syndrome", "opb": "Peutz Jegers syndrome", "opc": "FAP", "opd": "Gardener syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "adf72e18-fb18-4391-9372-2ee1c755432d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In cystic fibrosis the most frequent pulmonary pathogen is", "exp": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa species, in particular, colonize the lower respiratory tract, first intermittently and then chronically.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Klebsiella", "opb": "Enterococci", "opc": "Staphylococci", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "610e8d26-d94c-4f63-8811-5408de52e82e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A specimen from a lung biopsy reveals occasional plexiform lesions within pulmonary aerioles. This abnormality is most characteristic of", "exp": ") Pulmonary vascular sclerosis refers to the vascular changes associated with pulmonary hypeension. Elevation of the mean pulmonary aerial pressure is the result of endothelial dysfunction and vascular changes. The vascular changes vary with the size of the vessel. The main aeries have atheromas that are similar to systemic atherosclerosis, but are not as severe. Medium-sized aeries show intimal thickening and neomuscularization. Smaller aeries and aerioles show intimal thickening, medial hyperophy, and reduplication of the internal and external elastic membranes. A distinctive aeriolar change, a plexiform lesion, consists of intraluminal angiomatous tufts that form webs. This pattern is thought to be diagnostic of primary hypeension The changes of pulmonary vascular sclerosis may be primary or secondary. Primary pulmonary vascular sclerosis almost always occurs in young women, who develop fatigue, syncope (with exercise), dyspnea on exeion (DOE), and chest pain. Secondary sclerosis may occur at any age, and symptoms depend on the underlying cause. Possible causes include ceain types of hea disease, such as mitral valve disease, left ventricular failure, and congenital valvular disease with left-to-right shunt, as well as ceain types of pulmonary disease, such as chronic obstructive or interstitial lung disease and recurrent pulmonary emboli. Pulmonary hypeension is also associated with diet pills (Redux and Fen-Phen), while \"exotic\" causes include Crotalaria spectabilis (\"bush tea\") and adulterated olive oil Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Churg-Strauss syndrome", "opb": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome", "opc": "Wegener's granulomatosis", "opd": "Pulmonary hypeension", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "a7e9ea72-b4ac-4121-b916-f7e54de42f75", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prion disease is cuased by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Misfolding of proteins", "opb": "Denaturation of protein", "opc": "Reduced formation of proteins", "opd": "Excess formation of proteins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a5c1408-8745-4a72-875c-d8a5a681a4af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Psoralane Ultra Violet A (PUVA) therapy is advised in", "exp": "According to Rook and Colleagues the extra corporeal photochernotherapy for drug resistant pemphigus vulgaris include administration of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by exposure of peripheral blood to ultraviolet radiation. It is also used for vitiligo and graft versus host disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pemphigus vulgaris", "opb": "Apthous ulcers", "opc": "Carcinoma in situ", "opd": "ANUG", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b33ee74b-ac01-4a85-bfcf-35d373786287", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diabetic patient with liver cirrhosis and hyperpigmentation, diagnosis is", "exp": "Clinical Features :Males predominate (in a ratio of 5 to 7 : 1), with slightly earlier clinical presentation, paly because physiologic iron loss (with menstruation or pregnancy) retards iron accumulation in women. In the most common forms, caused by HFE mutations, symptoms usually first appear in the fifth and sixth decades of life in men and later in women. The principal manifestations include hepatomegaly, skin pigmentation (paicularly in sun-exposed areas), deranged glucose homeostasis or frank diabetes mellitus from destruction of pancreatic islets, cardiac dysfunction (arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy), and atypical ahritis. In some patients the presenting complaint is loss of libido and impotence. The classic clinical triad of cirrhosis with hepatomegaly, skin pigmentation, and diabetes mellitus may not develop until late in the course of the disease. Death may result from cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or cardiac disease. TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.630", "cop": 2, "opa": "Wilson's disease", "opb": "Hemochromatosis", "opc": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis", "opd": "Hepatitis B", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "cbee1b9e-a3d2-4408-abc4-41438e60aafb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Starch is considered to be less cariogenic than monosaccharides and disaccharides because it", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Does not diffuse through plaque", "opb": "Is rapidly hydrolysed in the mouth", "opc": "Enhances remineralisation", "opd": "Raises the pH in the oral cavity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12e14811-8457-43f3-b0ba-2f0bd8e94a62", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The least radio sensitive tissue is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bone", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nervous tissue", "opb": "Bone", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Thyroid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b12f8fca-ef5d-4b20-a318-a08c84253c48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histamine is formed by of histi dine", "exp": "D i.e. Carboxylation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Methylatin", "opb": "Reduction", "opc": "Oxidation", "opd": "Carboxylation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "075e24c3-1be5-4e88-8e1f-9e660b35b934", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Daily loss of Iron per day in a healthy adult male is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "0.06 mg", "opb": "0.6 mg", "opc": "60 mg", "opd": "600 mg", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3c60f05-6e90-4e51-972c-214bf57febf8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a granuloma epithelioid cells are giant cells and derived from", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "T lymphocytes", "opb": "Monocyte-macrophages", "opc": "B lymphocytes", "opd": "Mast cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f973efb-a919-420f-9e3e-c782a1ff2473", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mutation in COL4A5 chain the diagnosis", "exp": "Ans. a. Alpo's syndrome", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alpo's syndrome", "opb": "Good pasture's syndrome", "opc": "Hereditary Non-polyposis Colon Cancer", "opd": "Xeroderma Pigmentosum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "80bafa0c-5000-447a-b111-1cb5a24e8838", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cytochrome C in apoptosis acts by", "exp": "After releasing of cytochrome in cytosol, they binas to Apart 1 protein which leads to formation of a complex apoptosome. This complex binds to caspase-9 which is a critical initiator caspase of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.\nAlso Know\nMost critical organ for apoptosis = Mitochondrion\nMost characteristic feature of apoptosis = Chromatin condensation\nMarker for apoptosis = Annexin V\nMolecular marker for apoptosis = CD 95", "cop": 4, "opa": "IL 10", "opb": "Bcl-2", "opc": "FADD", "opd": "Apaf 1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e0c41d28-08f7-466d-ab70-deede9c2ff70", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 25 years female presents with rubbery movable nodule in left breast during menstrual cycle. Most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "B. i.e. (Fibroadenoma) (742- Basic pathology 8th)F1BRQ ADENOMA - common in young age 15-30 years of age* Solitary, discrete, freely mobile nodule with in the breast* They may enlarge late in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy After menopause they may regres and calcify* Fibroadenomas almost never become malignant**PHYLLOIDES TUMOUR - Leaf-like gross appearance, 30-70 years of age, massive size distending the breast round to oval, bosselated* Phyllodes tumour resembles fibroadenoma except for enhanced stromal cellularity*** Most ominous change is the appearance of increased stromal cellularity with anaplasia and high mitotic activity, accompanied by rapid increase in size, usually with invasion of adjacent breast tissue by malignant stroma**INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA - neoplastic papillary growth within a duct, solitary, found within the principal lactiferous ducts or sinuses. Most common in 3 - 4 decades1. Appearance of serous or blood nipple discharge**2. Presence of a small sub areolar tumour a few millimeters in diameter3. Rarely nipple retractionInvasive lobular carcinoma - breast tumour is bilateral **", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phylloides tumour", "opb": "Fibroadenoma", "opc": "Intraductal papilloma", "opd": "Carcinoma of the breast", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "9d4ac537-2d6e-4462-bdfd-f7c4c03e34de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ENaC mutation is associated with", "exp": "ENac (Epithelial sodium channel)*ENac is a sodium transpo channel that is produced in the apical surface of all exocrine epithelial cells (All tracts and ducts)*The channel absorbs sodium from the luminal secretions and sent it back to the circulation thus maintaining the sodium level in blood and hence normal blood pressure.*Mutation of this ENaC channel will cause loss of sodium through luminal secretions and causes hyponatremia and hypovolemia. This in turn stimulates Renin angiotensin system causing hypeension through aldosterone. This condition is called \"Liddle syndrome\"*ENac is downregulated by CFTR gene in normal individuals. In cystic fibrosis, loss of CFTR causes increased expression of ENaC in all the tracts and ducts except sweat ducts. In sweat ducts, the function of ENaC channel is impaired causing \"salty sweat\" ( Ref: Robbins 8/e p493)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liddle syndrome", "opb": "Gordon syndrome", "opc": "Baer syndrome", "opd": "Giltleman syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4bc57bcb-b525-472e-adad-7fbece67dbc0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The decrease in cell size refers to", "exp": "Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance is known as atrophy\n◆ Although atrophied cells have diminished its function, they are not dead", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrophy", "opb": "Metaplasia", "opc": "Hyperplasia", "opd": "Hypertrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aa75434d-85cd-44cd-ab8e-924e28a85b23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronic Active Hepatitis is most reliably distinguished from chronic Persistent hepatitis by the presence of", "exp": "Minimal chronic hepatitis (previously called chronic persistent hepatitis).\nThe portal chronic inflammation is mild and is restricted to the portal triads without extension into the Liver lobule across the limiting plate.\nChronic active hepatitis → characterized by continuing necrosis of Liver cells. The severe inflammation disrupts the limiting plate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Extrahepatic manifestation", "opb": "Significant titre of antismooth muscle antibody", "opc": "Characteristic liver histology", "opd": "Hepatitis B surface antigen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1689e6b0-255f-4847-bd24-a87f1f931823", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rootless teeth refer to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Dentin dysplasia", "opb": "Amelogenesis imperfecta", "opc": "Dentinogenesis imperfecta", "opd": "Regional odontodysplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f473a785-02ed-4e60-ab2b-fb9227929ed0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is characterized by defective", "exp": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia - It is an autosomal recessive disorder due to deficiency/dysfunction of glycoprotein Ilb-IIla (Gp Ilb/IIIa).\nThus there is defective platelet aggregation.\nPlatelet aggregation is normal to ristocetin(ln constant to Bernard Soulier syndrome) but no aggregation occurs in response to standard agonists (collagen, A DP, thrombin). Other differentiating features include normal platelet count and morphology. BT is prolonged. VWF is normal.\nThe disease manifests at birth with increased bleeding from umbilical cord stump.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gp IB/IX", "opb": "Gp IIB/IIIA", "opc": "Gp IB/IIIA", "opd": "Gp IIB/IX", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ae25c595-9717-400a-b99f-5719a28867e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperacute graft rejection is", "exp": "In this case preformed circulating antibody binds to graft endothelial HLA and also activates complement system.\nHence, this is Type II HS.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type I hypersensitivity", "opb": "Type II hypersensitivity", "opc": "Type III hypersensitivity", "opd": "Type Iv hypersensitivity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f9c02bb4-fd03-454a-80c9-083cb49198dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Replacement of columnar epithelium of respiratory tract to squamous epithelium is", "exp": "Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial/mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type. Often seen in response to chronic irritation. Makes the cells able to withstand stress. Metaplasia is thought to arise by reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway. May result in reduced function or increased propensity for malignant transformation Two types - squamous metaplasia & columnar metaplasia. Squamous metaplasia: The normal columnar epithelial cells are focally or widely replaced by squamous epithelial cells. Eg: Chronic smokers - to survive the noxious chemicals in cigarette smoke Squamous metaplasia - columnar epithelial changes to squamous type. Eg: In chronic gastric reflux, the normal stratified squamous epithelium of lower oesophagus undergoes metaplastic transformation to gastric or intestinal type columnar epithelium. Metaplasia may also occur in mesenchymal cells but in these situations, it is generally a reaction to some pathologic alteration not an adaptive response to stress. Epithelial metaplasia is exemplified by the squamous change that occurs in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers (Fig. 1-5). The normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi are focally or widely replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The rugged stratified squamous epithelium may be able to survive the noxious chemicals in cigarette smoke that the more fragile specialized epithelium would not tolerate. Although the metaplastic squamous epithelium has survival advantages, impoant protective mechanisms are lost, such as mucus secretion and ciliary clearance of paiculate matter. Epithelial metaplasia is therefore a double-edged sword. Moreover, the influences that induce metaplastic change, if persistent may predispose to malignant transformation of the epithelium In fact, squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium often coexists with lung cancers composed of malignant squamous cells. It is thought that cigarette smoking initially causes squamous metaplasia, and cancers arise later in some of these altered foci. Since vitamin A is essential for normal epithelial differentiation, its deficiency may also induce squamous metaplasia in the respiratory Refer robbins 9/e p5", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyperplasia", "opb": "Metaplasia", "opc": "Hypoplasia", "opd": "Atrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "336becc5-3b8c-4518-a09b-4b61609c63fe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal serum, Ca and alkaline PO4 are in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cherubisnri", "opb": "Hypothyroidism", "opc": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opd": "Paget's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f4ce2f0d-e160-45bf-bc71-5197853e18c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Megaloblasticanemia occur due to deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Iron deficiency", "opb": "Folate deficiency", "opc": "Protein deficiency", "opd": "Vitamin C deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6f76af2e-c1b8-4b85-98a6-46d5a697faa8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypopigmentation, gray streaks of hair, degranulation defect of neutrophils and neuropathy are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "aleukemic Leukemia", "opb": "chronic granulocytic leukemia", "opc": "Lazy leukocyte syndrome", "opd": "Chediak higashi syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "18322270-2b38-4913-a6c6-ed66674ae6fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common antibody in autoimmune hepatitis is", "exp": "Autoimmune hepatitis Indistinguishable from chronic viral hepatitis. Responds to immunosuppressive therapy Female predominance(70%) Absence of serogical evidence of viral infection Presence of other forms of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid ahritis, thyroiditis, sjogren syndrome and ulcerative colitis. Most patients found to have circulating anti- nuclear antibodies, anti-smooth muscle antibiodies, liver/kidney microsomal antibody, anti-soluble liver/pancreas antigen. ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE 620", "cop": 3, "opa": "u1RNP", "opb": "Anti-5m", "opc": "ANA", "opd": "Anti-LKM", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c1b9e912-2643-4c7e-a8f0-abc4817a82b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The position of the hip in a patient with posterior dislocation of hip", "exp": "Position and attitude of hip pathology Flexion, Abduction, External rotationFlexion, Adduction, Internal rotation1st stage of TB hip Anterior dislocation of hip Fracture shaft of femur Polio hipHip joint effusion 2nd and 3rd stage of TB hip Posterior dislocation of hip Traumatic hip dislocation (Refer: Watson Jones Textbook of Ohopedics & Trauma, 6thedition, pg no: 901-935)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Extension, abduction, internal rotation", "opb": "Flexion, adduction, internal rotation", "opc": "Flexion, abduction, internal rotation", "opd": "Flexion, abduction, external rotation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f2489afc-1d08-4dd2-9bff-1b95a262777e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most characteristic finding in diabetic nephropathy is", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 1118 Almost all patients with Type I diabetes develop some evidence of functional change in the kidneys within two to five years of the diagnosis. About 30 to 40 percent progress to more serious kidneydisease, usually within about 10 to 30 years. Diabetic nephropathy (diabetic kidney disease) is kidney damage that results from having diabetes. Having high blood glucose levels due to diabetes can damage the pa of the kidneys that filters your blood. The damaged filter becomes 'leaky' and lets protein into your urine.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diffuse glomerusclerosis", "opb": "Nodular glomerulosclerosis", "opc": "Diffuse coical sclerosis", "opd": "Renal atherosclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "99ed8e10-c3c6-4c9d-96a5-cbfd5631259d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypersensitivity vasculitis is seen in", "exp": "The term cutaneous vasculitis is defined broadly as inflammation of the blood vessels of the dermis. Due to its heterogeneity, cutaneous vasculitis has been described by a variety of terms including hypersensitivity vasculitis and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis. The typical histopathologic feature of cutaneous vasculitis is the presence of vasculitis of small vessels. Postcapillary venules are the most commonly involved vessels; capillaries and aerioles may be involved less frequently. ( Harrison&;s principle of internal medicine,18th edition,pg no. 2798)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Postcapillary venules", "opb": "Aerioles", "opc": "Veins", "opd": "Capillaries", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "afdc8817-9dbd-42ad-9e70-c086cb74e2df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least cariogenic among these", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Raw starch", "opb": "Cooked starch", "opc": "Sucrose", "opd": "Fructose", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "baa85c15-26dd-49e7-9613-e02d0d05c4cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "It is a type of nerve cell that protects CNS from infection and become phagocytic in response to inflammation", "exp": "C: Microglia helps remove bacteria and cell debris from the CNS.\nA: Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around axons, or enclose unmyelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system.\nB: Ependymal cells line ventricles of the brain, circulate cerebrospinal fluid; some form choroid plexuses, which produce CSF.\nD: Astrocytes serves as the major supporting tissue in the CNS and contribute to the blood-brain barrier.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Schwann cells", "opb": "Ependymal cells", "opc": "Microglia", "opd": "Astrocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "112a4089-c4a1-405e-b33e-988618342c12", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common type of lupus nephritis", "exp": "Diffuse proliferative nephritis (DPN) or glomerulonephritis (DPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis that is the most serious form of renal lesions in SLE and is also the most common, occurring in 35% to 60% of patients. Most of the glomeruli show endothelial and mesangial proliferation affecting the entire glomerulus, leading to diffuse hypercellularity of the glomeruli, producing in some cases epithelial crescents that fill Bowman's space. Here in this diffuse proliferation of lupus nephritis is most common. Ref: emedicine.medscape.com", "cop": 4, "opa": "Memberanous", "opb": "Mesangial", "opc": "Focal proliferative", "opd": "Diffuse proliferatione", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "db3a2ba1-d47a-45ac-ad03-69fb23574348", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Berbeck's granules are seen in", "exp": "Ans. a (Langerhan cells). (Ref. Robbins, Pathologic Basis of Disease 6th/pg.685)HISTIOCYTOSIS# Histiocytosis represents clonal proliferation of antigen- presenting dendritic cells.# It is of two types:- Localized histiocytosis (70%) i.e. Eosinophilic granuloma. It is the most benign variety of langerhans cell histiocytosis.- Disseminated histiocytosis (30%)i. Hand - Schuller - Christian disease (chronic)ii. Letterer-Siwe disease (fulminant)# Age: 5-10 years most common# Location: Bone (in children) or lung (in adults) most commonly involved.# Sites of infection:- Flat bones: calvarium > mandible > ribs > pelvis > vertebrae- Long bones- Skull: Diplopic space of parietal bone (most common) affected.i. Round/ovoid punched out lesion with beveled edge ('Hole within hole' appearance) with sharply marginated without the sclerotic rim with \"button sequestrum\" with soft tissue mass overlying lesion (geographic skull).- Jaw: Floating tissue mass overlying lesion- Vertebra plana- Painful diaphyseal expansile lytic long bone lesions.# Pathology:- Birbeck's granules/HX bodies are characteristic pathologic feature of histiocytosis X, noted in cytoplasm of Langerhan cells.- On electron microscope they have 'tennis-racket' appearance.- These tumor cells typically express HLA-DR and CDla.DISEASESCELLULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LESIONSTREATMENTClass 1(Langerhans cell histiocytosis )Langerhans cells (CDla positive) with Birbeck granulesLocal therapy for isolated lesions; chemotherapy for disseminated disease.Class II(Infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome)Morphologically normal reactive macrophages with prominent erythrophagocytosisChemotherapy; allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.Class III (Malignant histiocytosis)Neoplastic proliferation of cells with characteristics of monocytes/ macrophages or their precursors iAntineoplastic chemotherapy, including - methotrexate, vincristine, etoposide, imatinib....are being tried.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Langerhan cells", "opb": "Lymphocytes", "opc": "Neutrophils", "opd": "Basophils", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "55b6bc83-2e1f-442f-8845-8eb7a425ec36", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Simplex type of Epidermolysis Bullosa involves mutations in", "exp": "Simplex type of Epidermolysis Bullosa involves mutations in in keratin 5 or 14.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Keratin 5", "opb": "Lamina lucida", "opc": "Type vII collagen", "opd": "Dystrophin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a42ef3c-139e-487d-b28a-e5982d080396", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell involved in the immediate phase of wound healing", "exp": ". Platelets", "cop": 1, "opa": "Platelets", "opb": "Fibroblasts", "opc": "Basophils", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "820dce55-bf83-4b8f-aa53-d73be360127d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rosenthal fibres in astrocytoma is composed of", "exp": "Well-differentiated astrocytomas are poorly defined, gray, infiltrative tumors that expand and disto the invaded brain without forming a discrete mass (Fig. 22-28, A). Infiltration beyond the grossly evident margins is always present. The cut surface of the tumor is either firm or soft and gelatinous; cystic degeneration may be seen. In glioblastoma, variation in the gross appearance of the tumor from region to region is characteristic (Fig. 22-28, B). Some areas are firm and white, others are soft and yellow (the result of tissue necrosis), and still others show regions of cystic degeneration and hemorrhage. Well-differentiated astrocytomas are characterized by a mild to moderate increase in the number of glial cell nuclei, somewhat variable nuclear pleomorphism, and an intervening feltwork of fine, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytic cell processes that give the background a fibrillary appearance. The transition between neoplastic and normal tissue is indistinct, and tumor cells can be seen infiltrating normal tissue many centimeters from the main lesion. Ana- plastic astrocytomas show regions that are more densely cellular and have greater nuclear pleomorphism; mitotic figures are present. Glioblastoma has a histologic appearance similar to that of anaplastic astrocytoma, as well as either necrosis (often with pseudopalisading nuclei) or vascular proliferation ref Robbins 9/e p 842", "cop": 3, "opa": "Heat shock proteins", "opb": "Fibrillar proteins", "opc": "GFAP", "opd": "Globulins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "55c04c6c-e653-463c-a8bb-7a53d8d79d09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A reactant generated by neutrophils that plays an impoant role in bacterial killing is", "exp": "Superoxide anion is generated when oxygen is reduced by cytoplasmic NADPH. The reduction is carried out by the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which is not a reactant but a catalyst activated in cells responding to bacteria.", "cop": 4, "opa": "NADPH oxidase", "opb": "Hexose monophosphate shunt", "opc": "G proteins", "opd": "Superoxide anion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e1558d0d-5c0a-42c8-985f-73097848bdae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRAF gene mutation is seen in", "exp": "Somatic activating mutations in the proto-oncogenes BRAF or NRAS are observed in a high propoion of melanomas. These mutations, which promote cellular proliferation and survival by activating the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway, generally are mutually exclusive, since BRAF functions downstream of RAS. (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 867)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Breast carcinoma", "opb": "Melanoma", "opc": "Osteosarcoma", "opd": "Prostate carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "1218dac6-d041-4841-b522-3e5153b3a396", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Investigation of choice to confirm sickle cell disease", "exp": "HPLC is the investigation of choice to confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tandem mass spechrometry", "opb": "Gel Electrophoresis", "opc": "High performance liquid chromatography", "opd": "Naked eye single Tube Red Cell Osmotic Fragility test", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ffdb7230-483e-42e4-92dc-4c4126cbf8e5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arterial thrombosis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Homocysteinemia", "opb": "Protein S deficiency", "opc": "Protein C deficiency", "opd": "Antithrombin III deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "45b78421-1010-48ee-ab01-d39132975f3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperplastic aeriolitis is seen in", "exp": "Malignant hypeension, defined as blood pressure usuallygreater than 200/120 mm Hg, andoccurs in only about 5% of persons with elevated blood pressure.The basis for this turn for the worse in hypeensive subjectsis unclear, but the following sequence is suggested: The initialevent seems to be some form of vascular damage to thekidneys. This most commonly results from long-standinghypeension, with eventual injury to the aeriolar walls. Theresult is increased permeability of the small vessels to fibrinogenand other plasma proteins, endothelial injury, and plateletdeposition. This leads to the appearance of fibrinoidnecrosis of aerioles and small aeries and intravascularthrombosis. Mitogenic factors from platelets (e.g., plateletderivedgrowth factor) and plasma cause intimal hyperplasiaof vessels, resulting in the hyperplastic aeriolosclerosistypical of organizing injury of malignant hypeension and ofmorphologically similar thrombotic microangiopathies (seelater) and fuher narrowing of the lumina.Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.539", "cop": 3, "opa": "Buerger's disease", "opb": "Benign hypeension", "opc": "Malignant hypeension", "opd": "Diabetes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "f2dc7c56-0dbd-4c75-aef6-b6493dc1dc51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterised by", "exp": "HUS is a disease characterised by\n\nHemolytic Anemia (Microangiopathic hemolytic Anemia)\nUremia\nLow platelet count", "cop": 1, "opa": "Microangiopathic hemolytic Anemia", "opb": "LDH decreased", "opc": "Thrombocytopenia", "opd": "Renal failure", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "350bf244-525c-4a64-9fc0-aa543af81bf1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Programmed cell death\" is known as", "exp": "(A) Apoptosis # Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms.> Apoptosis is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD), and involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death.> It involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events which lead to a variety of morphological changes, including blebbing, changes to the cell membrane such as loss of membrane asymmetry and attachment, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation and chromosomal DNA fragmentation.> Apoptotic process is executed in such a way as to safely dispose of cellular debris.# Cells that are induced to commit suicide:> Shrink> Develop bubble-like blebs on their surface;> Have the chromatin (DNA and protein) in their nucleus degraded> Have their mitochondria break down with the release of cytochrome c;> Break into small, membrane-wrapped, fragments.> The phospholipid phosphatidylserine, which is normally hidden within the plasma membrane, is exposed on the surface.> This is bound by receptors on phagocytic cells like macrophages and dendritic cells which then engulf the cell fragments.> The phagocytic cells secrete cytokines that inhibit inflammation (E.g., IL-10 and TGF-b)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Cell necrosis", "opc": "Aplasia", "opd": "Phagocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2e755dcd-8efb-4fb2-8cdf-287c830099e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of dry mouth in adults is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Tranqulizers", "opb": "Antihistaminics", "opc": "Insulin", "opd": "Birth control pills", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0afd0271-1995-4a64-a3d1-14726efbebc0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cryoprecipitate is rich in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Factor II", "opb": "Factor V", "opc": "Factor VII", "opd": "Factor VIII", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "51b4fc39-8685-4175-838a-dae9ee5553a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myocarditis is caused bya) Pertussisb) Measlesc) Diptheriad) Scorpion sting", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "bc", "opb": "c", "opc": "ac", "opd": "ad", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ffd899a-4d4b-4216-b8ac-6e16a4b0daa1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Troponin T is marker of", "exp": "A troponin test measures the levels of troponin T or troponin I proteins in the blood. These proteins are released when the hea muscle has been damaged, such as occurs with a hea attack. The more damage there is to the hea, the greater the amount of troponin T and I there will be in the blood", "cop": 4, "opa": "Renal disease", "opb": "Muscular dystrophy", "opc": "Cirrhosis of liver", "opd": "Myocardial infarction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ae19ce7c-cda9-4e3c-a4fb-5b878cb32df6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA associated with psoriasis", "exp": "Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease which is characterized by patches of abnormal skin.] These skin patches are typically red, itchy, and scaly. They may vary in severity from small and localized to complete body coverage. Injury to the skin can trigger psoriatic skin changes at that spot, which is known as the Koebner phenomenonType 1 has a positive family history, stas before the age of 40, and is associated with the human leukocyte antigen, HLA-Cw6. Conversely, type 2 does not show a family history, presents after age 40, and is not associated with HLA-Cw6. Type 1 accounts for about 75% of persons with psoriasis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "HLA-B27", "opb": "HLA-DR4", "opc": "HLA-CW6", "opd": "HLA-B8", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "65f10f1e-b37a-409a-a7d0-5e39cfd2a5fe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brown tumor of bone is seen in", "exp": "Primary hyperparathyroidism traditionally has been associated with a constellation of symptoms that included painful bones. Brown tumors are lesions that arises in settings of excess osteoclast activity. It is not a true neoplasm.It most commonly affects the maxilla and mandible, though any bone may be affected. Brown tumours are radiolucent on x-ray. Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 737,Yellow box (morphology) Brown tumors of hyperparathyroidism.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Hypoparathyroidism", "opc": "Hypo-thyroidism", "opd": "Hypehyroidism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "758632b8-966e-4de5-bd9b-54311989b160", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest reliable enzyme to increase in AMI", "exp": "Ans. a (CPK-MB). (Ref. Harrisons, Medicine, 18th/ Chapter 246.)#Earliest enzyme elevated after AMI:hFABP and Myoglobin#Most specific enzyme:Troponin T (returns nomal in 5-14 dys)#Enzyme imp in Reinfarction:CPKMB (returns nomal in 2-3 dys)#Most common cause of death in AMI:VT leading to VF#Post-AMI autoimmune pericarditis (7 dys later):Dressier syndrome#Time after AMI when cardiac muscle is most subjected to rupture: 3-7 dys#Microscopic changes after AMI: - Neutrophils:1-3 dys of AMI - Lymphocytes:4-7 dys of AMI - Grabulation tissue:7-14 dys of AMIDIAGNOSIS OF AMI# In first six hours ECG is gold standard.# Changes include ST elevation (transmural ischemia) and Q waves (transmural infarct)- CPK-MB is test of choice in first 24 hours of AMI- Cardiac troponin I is used within the first 4 hours upto 7-10 days. More specific:- LDH is elevated from 2 to 7 post Ml day. LDH decrease is specific for cardiac muscles.# Radioisotope Thallium-201 scanning is used to distinguish ischemic from non-ischemic myocardium/ to detect reversible ischemia.# Radioactive stannous pyrophosphate is used to distinguish normal from damaged myocardium.# 2D-ECHO is best initial modality for assessment of valvular abnormalities, wall motion & ventricular ejection fraction (i.e. ventricular function).", "cop": 1, "opa": "CPK-MB", "opb": "LDH", "opc": "SGOT", "opd": "CKP-MM", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "C.V.S", "id": "dbfd7074-a5ed-40c4-9375-72f8b1f61148", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of breast carcinoma characterized by a pushing border", "exp": "Medullary carcinoma is a rare subtype of carcinoma, accounting for less than 1% of breast cancers. These cancers consist of sheets of large anaplastic cells with well circumscribed, \"pushing\" borders Clinically, they can be mistaken for fibroadenomas ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-712", "cop": 4, "opa": "Invasive ductal", "opb": "Invasive lobular", "opc": "Mucinous", "opd": "Medullary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "d27b307f-5bc5-465d-8316-9f3083b51aba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microarray is", "exp": "A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. Each DNA spot contains picomoles (10-12 moles) of a specific DNA sequence, known as probes (or repoers or oligos). These can be a sho section of a gene or other DNA element that are used to hybridize a cDNA or cRNA (also called anti-sense RNA) sample (called target) under high-stringency conditions. Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of fluorophore-, silver-, or chemiluminescence-labeled targets to determine relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences in the target. The original nucleic acid arrays were macro arrays approximately 9 cm x 12 cm and the first computerized image based analysis was published in 1981. Ref Robbins 9/e p263", "cop": 1, "opa": "Study of multiple genes", "opb": "Study of disease", "opc": "Study of organisms", "opd": "Study of blood group", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "705832f2-6d57-4ce0-ae54-7af3c897585b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caseating necrosis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Leprosy", "opb": "TB", "opc": "Sarcodiosis", "opd": "Infarct", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "de27adc1-9512-4424-b03a-009c5980e066", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oral ulcers that are painless are associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Secondary herpes", "opb": "Primary syphilis", "opc": "Tuberculosis", "opd": "Primary herpes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c34b2b3-1533-4a2f-bb92-2e94fe867c15", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Making of impressions", "opb": "Dental extraction", "opc": "Replantation of tooth", "opd": "Gingivectorny", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9ad7a22-c6f8-4caf-ad3c-a92e0560f78b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neointimal hyperplasia causes vascular graft failure as a result of hyperophy of", "exp": "Vascular injury leading to endothelial cell loss or dysfunction stimulates smooth muscle cell growth and associated matrix synthesis. Healing of injured vessels involves the migration of smooth muscle cells or smooth muscle cell precursor cells into the intima. Here these cells proliferate, and synthesize ECM in much the same way that fibroblasts fill in a wound, forming a neointima that typically is covered by an intact endothelial cell layer. This neointimal response occurs with any form of vascular damage or dysfunction, including infection, inflammation, immune injury, physical trauma (e.g., from a balloon catheter or hypeension), or toxic exposure (e.g. oxidized lipids or cigarette smoke). Thus, intimal thickening is a stereotypical response of the vessel wall to any insult ( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition, page 334 )", "cop": 3, "opa": "Endothelial cells", "opb": "Collagen fibers", "opc": "Smooth muscle cells", "opd": "Elastic fibers", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "9c01d5d9-32c0-47d5-930c-4a66cab39afc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Onion peeling of renal vessels is seen in", "exp": "In cases of malignant Hypertension, Concentric hyperplasia of smooth muscles will give rise to onion peel appearance.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Malignant Hypertension", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "Diabetic nephropathy", "opd": "Renal artery stenosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1c666793-fdbd-44d1-ad99-04889a9af099", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Birbeck granules are seen in the cytoplasm of", "exp": "Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)*Langerhans cell is a dendritic cell which is an antigen presenting cell*LCH is a clonal histiocytic disorder*Birbeck granules are present in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cell.Characteristic features of LCHPresence of Birbeck granules - Electron microscopy ( Tennis racquet appearance)Presence of enzymes like 1. a- Naphthyl Acetate Esterase 2. a- Naphthyl Butyrate Esterase 3. Acid phosphatasePresence of markers S-100, CD1a positivity HLA- DR expressionThree clinicopathological entities1.Acute disseminated LCH2.Multifocal LCH3.Unifocal LCH *Earlier Histiocytosis x term was used. This includes-Letterer-Siwe disease (generalized disease)-Hand - Schuller- Christian disease-Eosinophilic granuloma (localized lesion) However now the term LCH is preferred.Acute disseminated LCH ( Letterer- Siwe disease) - Affects children < 2 yrs-Seborrhoeic type of skin rash on front & back of trunk and scalp-Moderate hepatomegaly-Few palpable lymph nodes-Pulmonary lesions- uncommon-Bone- Lytic lesions (> 80%)-Moderate degree fever-Otitis media & mastoiditis may be seen-CNS involvement due to contiguous spread-Hematologic findings: Pancytopenia-Bone marrow: Infiltration by histiocytesMultifocal LCH - Multiple lesion involving multiple systems-Prognosis better than disseminated LCH-Fever & rash-Involvement of posterior pituitary- Diabetes insipidus-Typical Hand- Schuller Christian disease= Triad of exopthalmus+ diabetes insipidus+ calvarial defectUnifocal LCH*Focal lytic lesion in bone*Excellent prognosis(Ref: Robbins 8/e p631, 7/e p701, 702)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mast cells", "opb": "Langerhans cells", "opc": "Thrombocytes", "opd": "Myelocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "d805fbde-986b-43fe-b187-c78749f3e077", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intestinal angiodysplasia involves", "exp": "Colonic aeriovenous malformation (AVM) is one of the causes of lower GI bleeding. Unlike small vascular ectasia or angiodysplasia, colonic AVM tends to be solitary, large in size, and identified endoscopically as flat or as an elevated bright red lesion. REFERANCE.MEDSCAP.COM", "cop": 1, "opa": "AV malformation", "opb": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opc": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opd": "Malignant tumor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "557e0407-cee3-49f0-9176-9071569297c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Undisplaced fracture of zygoma is managed by", "exp": "Zygoma is the second most common bone to be fractured after the nasal bone. Direct trauma is the usual cause. Treatment is required only for the displaced fractures. Open reduction and internal wire fixation is the best option.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Closed reduction", "opb": "Open reduction", "opc": "No specific treatment", "opd": "Wiring to frontal bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "14949e4f-f2e6-4d52-b44d-70825586c3c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest histological finding in benign hypertension is", "exp": "(C) (Hyaline arteriosclerosis) (495, 96- Robbins 8th) (678- Harshmohan 7th)* Hyaline arteriosclerosis consists of homogenous pink hyaline thickening of the wall of the arterioles with loss of underlying structural detail.* Encountered frequently in elderly patients whether normotensive, or hypertensive hyaline arterioscleroses is more generalized and more severe in patents with hypertensionQ* It is also common in diabetesQ as a part of the characteristic microangiopathy.Pathogenesis* The lesion reflects leakage of plasma components across vascular endothelium and excessive extra cellular matrix production by smooth muscle cells secondary to the chronic hemodynamic stress of hypertension or a metabolic stress in diabetes that accentuates endothelial cell injury.Also knowHyperplastic arteriosclerosis* It is characteristic of malignant hypertensionQ.* There is concentric laminated thickening of arteriolar wall - onion thickening0.* There is mucinous intimal thickening and fibrous intimal thickening.* There may be accompanied fibrinoid deposite with necrosis of the vessel wall - fibrinoid necrosisThe characteristic histological finding in Benign Hypertension is Hyaline arteriosclerosisBenign NephrosclerosisMalignant NephrosclerosisThis term is used do describe the charges in kidney associated with benign phase of hypertensionThis term is used to describe the changes in kidney associated with malignant or accelerated hypertensionGrossGross* Kidney size is normal 0 or may be moderately reduced 0* Kidnev size is variable0 mav be smaller in size0 (when superimposed on benign nephrosclerosis) or Larger in size (enlarged)0 than normal (patents who develop malignant hypertension in pure form* Grain leather appearance0. The cortical surface has a fine even granularity* Flen bitten appearance0The cortical surface may show multiple small peticheal haemorrhages0 from rupture of arterioles or glomerular capillariesMicroscopic (vascular changes & parenchymal (changes)Microscopic (cascular changes & parenchymal changes)* Hvaline Arteriosclerosis0 Narrowing of the lumens of arterioles and small arteries caused by thickening and hyalinization of the walls* Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles (Necrotizing arteriolitis0)The vessel wall showa fibrinoid necrosis.Represents an acute event and necrosis is usually not accompanied by intense inflammation* Fibroelastic Hyperplasia, In the intima (intimal thickenningQ). duplication of elastic lamina and hypertrophy of the 'media'* Hyperplastic intimal sclerosis /onion - Skinning Concentric laminae of proliferated smooth muscle cells collagen and basement membrane (producing intimal thickening)* Parenchymal chances (due to ischaemic) Variable degree of Atrophy of parenchyma & due to ischaemia* Parenchymal chances (due to ischaemia)Variable degree of atrophy of parenchyma due to ischaemia infarction necrosis distalQ abnormal vessels may be seen* Fibroid necrosis may be seen in- Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)- Aschoff's nodule- Malignant hypertension", "cop": 3, "opa": "Proliferative endarteritis", "opb": "Necrotizing arteriolitis", "opc": "Hyaline arteriosclerosis", "opd": "Cystic medial necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "8bb5296e-eb37-4862-a7b1-81ddf0504101", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Definite markers for hepatoblablastoma is", "exp": "Hepatoblastoma is a rare malignant tumour arising from primitive hepatic parenchymal cells. It presents before the age of 2 years as progressive abdominal distension with anorexia, failure to thrive, fever and jaundice. It is more common in boys. The concentration of serum AFP is high. Microscopy: two variants, epithelial type and mixed epithelial and mesenchymal type. TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PGNO.637", "cop": 2, "opa": "LDH", "opb": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)", "opc": "hCG", "opd": "Alkaline phosphatase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "93a5b1d4-f949-406a-9f6d-53ebf56e6ff8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "M.C. site of Ca esophagus is", "exp": "tumors of oesophagus usually occurs in distal third of oesophagus and may invade gastric cardia ROBBINS TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY 9TH EDITION PD NO.662", "cop": 3, "opa": "Middle 1/3 rd", "opb": "Upper 1/3 rd", "opc": "Lower 1/3rd", "opd": "Lower end of esophagus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "88706912-7296-4f3c-a15a-efa594026c7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clara cells are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Alveoli", "opb": "Bronchus", "opc": "Trachea", "opd": "Bronchiole", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c52486e-301f-4c6e-904b-c00e900bb822", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Magenta tongue is found in the deficiency of the vitamin", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Riboflavin", "opb": "thiamine", "opc": "nicotinic acid", "opd": "pyridoxine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "98a51a93-235d-4cdd-b3ba-a974928d7d99", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kissing disease is also known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Scarlet fever", "opb": "Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis", "opc": "Glandular fever", "opd": "Rubella", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb114220-13b2-4702-b359-4f670688b514", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptors of LDL is/are", "exp": "The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide) that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich LDL. It is a cell-surface receptor that recognizes the apoprotein B100, which is embedded in the outer phospholipid layer of LDL paicles. The receptor also recognizes the apoE protein found in chylomicron remnants and VLDL remnants (IDL). In humans, the LDL receptor protein is encoded by the LDLR gene on chromosome 19. It belongs to the Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. It is most significantly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and adrenal gland and coex tissue. Ref Robbins 9/e p264", "cop": 1, "opa": "B1OO", "opb": "B48", "opc": "APO A1", "opd": "APO A11", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bf47b393-2a43-423e-8d10-41272160d991", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Macropolycyte\" in peripheral smear is a feature of", "exp": "(D) Megaloblastic anaemia # Certain morphologic features are common to all forms of MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA.> The peripheral blood reveals marked variation in the size & shape of red cells (Anisocytosis), which are nonetheless normochromic.> Many erythrocytes are macrocytic & oval (macroovalocytes), with mean corpuscular volumes above 100 mm3 (normal, 82 to 92).> Neutrophils too are larger than normal (macro polymorphonuclear) & are hypersegmented, that is, have five to six or more nuclear lobules.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "opb": "Iron deficiency anaemia", "opc": "Sickle cell anaemia", "opd": "Megaloblastic anaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "8da0f643-660a-4ec2-befb-780db3d21989", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The typical appearance of 'Granulation tissue' is due to", "exp": "The term granulation tissue derives from its pink, so, granular appearance on the surface of wounds, and the characteristic histological features include the formation of the new vessels (angiogenesis) with budding ends of capillaries and proliferation of fibroblast.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thrombosed capillaries", "opb": "Budding ends of capillaries", "opc": "Densely packed collagen", "opd": "Chronic inflammatory cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "36cdda96-0d7c-482c-b0c8-c6aba464c62c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type I RPGN is seen in", "exp": "Type I RPGN is anti - GBM mediated and it is seen in Goodpasture's syndrome.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cryoglobulinemia", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "Goodpasture's syndrome", "opd": "Wegner's granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0297e7f0-4705-4b8d-9289-98ec58229859", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronic subdural haematonia is caused by", "exp": "(C) Rupture of bridging veins # Subdural hematoma also known as a subdural haemorrhage (SDH), is a type of hematoma, usually associated with traumatic brain injury.> Blood gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.> Usually resulting from tears in bridging veins which cross the subdural space, subdural hemorrhages may cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), which can cause compression of and damage to delicate brain tissue.> Subdural hematomas are often life-threatening when acute.> Chronic subdural hematomas, however, have a better prognosis if properly managed.> A remarkable macroscopic characteristic of an organized subdural hematoma is that the lesion is firmly attached by fibrous tissue only to the inner surface of the dura and is not at all adherent to the underlying smooth arachnoid, which does not contribute to its formation.> Lesion can eventually retract as the granulation tissue matures.> Lesions that evolve to this stage of healing are referred to as chronic subdural hematomas.> A common finding in subdural hematomas, however, is the occurrence of multiple episodes of re-bleeding, presumably from the thin-walled vessels of the granulation tissue.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fracture skull bones", "opb": "Hypertension", "opc": "Rupture of bridging veins", "opd": "Subarachnoid haemorrhage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "22300a98-e2d5-4248-b423-6a2f7f9a4a44", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Splenic macrophages in Gaucher's disease differ from those in ceroid histiocytosis by staining positive for for", "exp": "Gaucher disease results from mutation in the gene that encodes glucocerebrosidase. This deficit leads to an accumulation of glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism, in the mononuclear phagocytic cells and their transformation into so-called Gaucher cells. Gaucher cells contain abundant lipid-laden granular cytoplasm. (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 231)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lipids", "opb": "Phospholipids", "opc": "Acid fast stain", "opd": "Iron", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "d48d1615-06e5-44d8-a5e5-346abd1d332d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A chromosomal aberration that results in a disturbance in the normal gene balance is termed", "exp": "Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division. There are three forms of nondisjunction: failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis. Nondisjunction results in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy). Calvin Bridges and Thomas Hunt Morgan are credited with discovering nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster sex chromosomes in the spring of 1910, while working in the Zoological Laboratory of Columbia University.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Non-disjunction", "opb": "Euploidy", "opc": "Aneuploidy", "opd": "Breakage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "8ab75507-bfe8-4ee2-a3fd-fa3b0ecb2aae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rheumatoid factor is directed against", "exp": "Rheumatoid factor is IgM directed against Fc portions of IgG", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgD", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgM", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af6965ee-f059-4200-be81-2191f3ce30df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bence Jones proteinuria is not seen in", "exp": "Ans: b (Chronic interstitial nephritis)Ref: Henry's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods, 21st ed Pg. 399Bence Jones proteinuria:1. Refers to urinary excretion of monoclonal light chains.1. It occurs due to exclusive production of one light chain, being in excess.2. Free light chain - diffuse freely to extracellular compartment - filtered through glomeruli - reabsorbed in PCT by receptor mediated endocytosis - appear in urine when the metabolising capacity of the nephron is exceeded.3. BJP - low molecular weight protein- Screening - sulphosalicylic acid test- Not detected by dip stick test- Alpha 2 mobility on electrophorectic techniques.BJP is produced in:1. Multiple myeloma2. AL amyloidosis3. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia4. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia5. Papular mucinosis.Electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis methods are the best detection and quantification methods respectively.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multiple myeloma", "opb": "Chronic interstitial nephritis", "opc": "Macroglobulinemia", "opd": "Non-Hodgkins lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "ee2b9569-e1ae-4f3c-a29d-f31657b6d0bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene involved in Cowden syndrome is", "exp": "(B) PTENo\"Phosphatase and Tensin'' homolog (PTEN) - protein in humans encoded by the PTEN gene. Gene mutations promotes development of cancers.[?]Cowden's disease/Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome:-Part of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome-An autosomal dominant syndrome-Trichilemmomas - Numerous tumors of hair follicles in face-Multiple hamartomatous polyps in GI tract, Lipomas, Granulomas-Very high risk of breast, Follicular endometrail carcinoma & thyroid carcinomaoTreatment: Bilateral mastectomies recommended-Contraindicated are mammography & other radiation exposure of breast tissue.-Mean age at presentation <10 years-Very high risk of breast, follicular carcinoma of thyroid & Endometrial carcinomaoPTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue) is a membrane-associated phosphatase encoded by a gene on chromosome 10q23 that is mutated in Cowden syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder marked by frequent benign growths, such as skin appendage tumors, and an increased incidence of epithelial cancers, particularly of the breast, endometrium, and thyroid.oPTEN acts as a tumor suppressor by serving as a brake on the PI3K/AKT arm of the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.oPTEN gene function is lost in many cancers through deletion, deleterious point mutations, or epigenetic silencing.SELECTED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES & ASSOCIATED FAMILIAL SYNDROMES & CANCERS, SORTED BY CANCER HALLMARKS*Gene (Protein)Familial SyndromesAssociated CancersInhibitors of Mitogenic Signaling PathwaysAPC (Adenomatous polyposis coli protein)Familial colonic polyps and carcinomasCarcinomas of stomach, colon, pancreas; melanoma*. NF1 (Neurofibromin-1)Neurofibromatosis type 1 (neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors)Neuroblastoma, juvenile myeloid leukemia*. NF2 (Merlin)Neurofibromatosis type 2 (acoustic schwannoma and meningioma)Schwannoma, meningioma*. PTCH (Patched)Gorlin syndrome (basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, several benign tumors)Basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma*. PTEN (Phosphatase and tension homologue)Cowden syndrome (variety of benign skin, GI, and CNS growths; breast, endometrial, and thyroid carcinoma)Diverse cancers, particularly carcinomas and lymphoid tumors*. SMAD2, SMAD4 (SMAD2, SMAD4)Juvenile polyposisFrequently mutated (along with other components of TGFb signaling pathway) in colonic & pancreatic CaInhibitors of Ceil Cycle Progression*. RB Retinoblastoma (RB) proteinFamilial retinoblastoma syndrome (retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, other sarcomas)Retinoblastoma; osteosarcoma carcinomas of breast, colon, lung*. CDKN2A p16/INK4a & pU/ARFFamilial melanomaPancreatic, breast, and esophageal carcinoma, melanoma, certain leukemiasInhibitors of \"Pro-growth\" Programs of Metabolism and Angiogenesis*. VHL (Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein)Von Hippel Lindau syndrome (cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, renal cell carcinoma)Renal cell carcinoma*. STK11 (Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) or STK11)Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (GI polyps, GI cancers, pancreatic carcinoma and other carcinomas)Diverse carcinomas (5%-20% of cases, depending on type)*. SDHB, SDHD (Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunits B & D)Familial paraganglioma, familial pheochromocytomaParaganglioma", "cop": 2, "opa": "P53", "opb": "PTEN", "opc": "RB", "opd": "Ras", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "c55a313a-5fd4-479d-9513-944926fede44", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Crescent forming Glomerulunephritis is", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 9/e 912kidneys are enlarged and pale, often with petechial hemor- rhages on the coical surfaces. Depending on the underlying cause, the glomeruli often show focal and segmental necrosis, and variably show diffuse or focal endothelial proliferation, and mesangial proliferation. Segmental glomerular necrosis adja- cent to glomerular segments uninvolved by inflammatory or proliferative changes is the feature most typical of pauci- immune RPGN. The histologic picture, however, is dominated by distinctive crescents (Fig. 20-10). Crescents are formed by proliferation of parietal cells and by migration of monocytes and macrophages into the urinary space. Neutrophils and lym- phocytes may be present. The crescents may obliterate the urinary space and compress the glomerular tuft. Fibrin strands are frequently prominent between the cellular layers in the crescents;", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute GN", "opb": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis", "opc": "Membranous glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "b15a99eb-7f39-4df7-a61e-c3ef47f08845", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fish hook pattern of capillaries is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Hemangiopericytoma(Ref: Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 5th Edition, table 511)HemangiopericytomaTumor derived from pericytes Q - perivascular cells that wrap around blood capillariesThese tumors most commonly arise from pelvic retroperitoneum Q or the limbs Q (particularly thighs).Capillaries are arranged in 'fish-hook pattern;' Q seen best with silver stains Q", "cop": 4, "opa": "Capillary hemangioma", "opb": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opc": "Angiosarcoma", "opd": "Hemangiopericytoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "b3622b72-f0b5-45aa-91f7-0e37dc997302", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Programmed cell death is known as", "exp": "Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells' own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Fragments of the apoptotic cells then break off, giving the appearance that is responsible for the name (apoptosis, \"falling off\"). The plasma membrane of the apoptotic cell remains intact Apoptotic cell death does not elicit an inflammatory reaction in the host ( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition, page 18 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytolysis", "opb": "Apoptosis", "opc": "Necrosis", "opd": "Proptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "6c1b96fa-141f-4f86-be48-41d408b2fc5e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The anticoagulant of choice for anticoagulation testing is", "exp": "MOA - Removes calcium Preferred uses - platelets studies, coagulation studies, ESR Advantages - preserves labile coagulation factors", "cop": 4, "opa": "Heparin", "opb": "EDTA", "opc": "Sodium oxalate", "opd": "3.2% trisodium citrate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "600187d1-8f7b-41f4-8571-47412875168a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metastatic calcification is most commonly seen in", "exp": "Metastatic calcification may occur in normal tissues whenever there is hypercalcemia. Metastatic calcification may occur widely throughout the body but principally affects the interstitial tissues of the gastric mucosa, kidneys, lungs, systemic aeries, and pulmonary veinsReference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 2; Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cornea", "opb": "Extensor tendons", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Renal tubules", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "6b3f923c-68fb-4ba1-882b-f4e17a8dcf9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Turners tooth is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "enamel hypoplasia due to hypocalcemia", "opb": "enamel hypoplasia due to birth injuries", "opc": "enamel hypoplasia due to congenital syphilis", "opd": "enamel hypoplasia due to local infection or local trauma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5856a99-9981-48cc-b3ab-fdf7a15dd2c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Canker sore' is otherwise commonly known as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Recurrent apthous ulcer", "opb": "Recurrent herpetic gingivitis", "opc": "Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis", "opd": "Recurrent herpes labialis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11574c1b-a776-4501-ae46-d159c696e773", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mucin is not secreted by", "exp": "Paneth cells are a specific type of cell within the crypts of Lieberkuhn.\nThese cells have atypically oriented bright eosinophilic granules containing a variety of antimicrobial proteins and play a role in mucosal immunity (and not mucin secretion)\n\nBrunner's glands: are sub-mucosal mucus gland within the duodenum.\nGoblet cells: are mucin-secreting cells.\nCrypts of Lieberkuhn: are lined by goblet cells besides other cell types.\n\nThese are thus also involved in mucin secretion.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Goblet cell", "opb": "Paneth cell", "opc": "Brunner's gland", "opd": "Crypts of Lieberkuhn", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ababd1e-224d-43bd-8d3a-17c051c483b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ash leaf macules are characteristic of", "exp": "Ash leaf macules are hypopigmental off - white coloured macules 1 - 3 cm in zise.It is seen is tuberous sclerosis (also known as Bournville's disease).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Von Recklinghausen disease", "opb": "Bournviller disease", "opc": "Von Hipple -Lindau disease", "opd": "Sturge - Weber syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a8f65ba-e4d5-46cd-b8ad-10bf741243d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RBC's appear to have bite of cytoplasm (\"Bite cells\") in", "exp": "Ans. d (G-6PD deficiency) (Ref. Harrison's medicine 18th/ch. 106)The most typical feature is the presence of bizarre poikilocytes with red cells that appear to have unevenly distributed hemoglobin (hemighosts) and red cells that appear to have had parts of them bitten away (bite cells or blister cells).G6PD deficiency# In G6PD deficient individuals, acute HA can develop as a result of three types of triggers:(1) Fava beans,(2) Infections, and(3) Drugs.# Typically, a hemolytic attack starts with malaise, weakness, and abdominal or lumbar pain.# After an interval of several hours to 2-3 days, the patient develops jaundice and dark urine, due to hemoglobinuria.# The anemia is moderate to extremely severe, usually normocytic and normochromic, and due partly to intravascular hemolysis; hence, it is associated with hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and low or absent plasma haptoglobin.# The blood film shows anisocytosis, polychromasia, and spherocytes with typical bite cells.# A classic test, now rarely carried out, is supravital staining with methyl violet, which, if done promptly, reveals the Heinz bodies, consisting of precipitates of denatured Hb and regarded as a signature of oxidative damage to RBCs.# LDH is high and so is the unconjugated bilirubin, indicating that there is also extravascular hemolysis.# The most serious threat from acute HA in adults is the development of ARF (exceedingly rare in children).# Once threat of acute anemia is over, and with no comorbidity, full recovery from acute HA asso with G6PD is the rule.Peripheral SmearAssociated DiseaseBiconcaveNormal1Ring sideroblastsMyelodysplasia2NormoblastsIDA, hemolytic anemia, anemia of chronic disease like CRF3MicrocytesIDA, Thalassemia4MacrocytesMegaloblastic anemia5Burr cellsAplastic anemia, azotemia6Spur cellsSevere hemolytic anemia with cirrhosis7ElliptocytesHereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, thalassemia, SCA8EchinoctesSevere renal disease9StomatocytesHereditary stomatocytes, ethanol abuse10Target cellsThalassemia, HbC disease, liver disease11Howell Jolly bodiesPernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, sprue, leukemia, after splenectomy12Cabot's ringSevere megaloblastic anemia13Heinz bodiesDrug-induced hemolytic anemia, splenectomy, HMP deficiency14Dohle bodiesSevere infections, thermal burns, cytotoxic drugs15Auer rods in myeloblastsAML type 316Punctate basophiliaLead poisoning,megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia17Rod like, spectacle likePelger Huet anomaly of granulocytes18Alder Reilly anomalyGorgoylism19SpherocytesHereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolysis20Macro-ovalocyteMegaloblastic anemia (also hypersegmented PMNs), marrow failure21Helmet cell, schistocyteDIC, traumatic hemolysis22Bite cellG6PD deficiency23Teardrop cellMyeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis24AcanthocyteSpiny appearance in abetalipoproteinemia25Target cellHbC diseaseAspleniaLiver diseaseThalassemia26PoikilocytesNonuniform shapes in TTP/HUS, microvascular damage, DIC27Burr cellTTP/HUS28Basophilic stipplingThalassemiasAnemia of chronic diseaseIron deficiencyLead poisoningEducational Points:Drugs that Carry Risk of clinical Hemolysis in Persons with G6PD Deficiency Definite RiskPossible RiskDoubtful RiskAntimalarialsPrimaquineChloroquineQuinine Dapsone/ chlorproguanil SuiphamethoxazoleSulfasalazineSulfisoxazole DapsoneSulfadimidineSulfadiazineAntibacterial antibioticsCotrimoxazoleNiridazoleCiprofloxacinChloramphenicolNalidixic acidNitrofurantoinNorfloxacinp-Aminosalicylic acidAntipyreticsAcetanilidePhenazopyridine (Pyridium)Acety Isa 1 icy lie acid high dose (<3 g/d)Acetylsalicylic acid<3 g/dAcetaminophen,PhenacetinOthersNaphthaleneMethylene blueVitamin K analoguesAscorbic acid >1 gRasburicaseDoxorubicinProbenecid", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sickle cell hemoglobinopathy", "opb": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "opc": "Thalassemia", "opd": "G-6-P deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "6fa067a8-5bbe-452d-ab18-6172423a2172", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The second costochondral joint is a", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fibrous joint", "opb": "Synol joint", "opc": "Synchondrosis", "opd": "Syndesmosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "90af2700-d390-4c51-b5ea-ba44c8c93482", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma is attributed", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Presence  of an incomplete capsule", "opb": "Mixed origin", "opc": "Absence of capsule", "opd": "Perineural spread", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "85b0a675-d67f-4aa5-bfd2-bbdaf325a9ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tumour suppressor gene p53 induces cell arrest at", "exp": ". G1 aEUR\" S phase", "cop": 4, "opa": "S - phase", "opb": "S- G2 phase", "opc": "G2 - M phase", "opd": "G1 - S phase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b39e9ed-1a8f-4aa5-97a8-c8b8b7b88c70", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eosinophil production is increased by", "exp": "TH1 cells produce the cytokine IFN-g, which activates macrophages in the classical pathway. TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which recruit and activate eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activation TH17 cells secrete IL-17 and other cytokines that induce the secretion of chemokines responsible for recruiting neutrophils and monocytes into the reaction. TNF induces acute inflammation by acting on neutrophils and endothelial cells. ref robbins 9th ed page 55", "cop": 3, "opa": "IL-1", "opb": "IL-6", "opc": "IL-5", "opd": "TNF-A", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "04ed8b52-0735-4644-b2c1-20cca83f7387", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ewing's sarcoma is associated with", "exp": "(A) CD-56 # Tumor cells in Ewing's sarcoma show diffuse membrane positivity for CD-56. Tumor cells are also positive for neuron-specific enolase.# Ewing's sarcoma (or Endothelial sarcoma of bone):> It is a highly malignant tumour, occurring between the age of 10-20 years.> Multicentric in origin.> Cytogenetic abnormalities associated with Ewing's sarcoma is the reciprocal translocation of the long arm of chromosomes 11 and 22> It arise in the diaphysis of long bone> Subperiosteal bone formation> Histopathologically -- Pseudo rosette formation.> The tumour grow fast and metastasises through the blood stream to the lungs and to other bones.# Clinical Features -- Pain, swelling and Fever, so it may be confused with osteomyelitis> X-Ray show - Onion peel appearance> Treatment - Highly radio sensitive tumour, so Radiotherapy is highly effective for control of the local tumour and chemotherapy for control of the metastasis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD-56", "opb": "CD-38", "opc": "CD-117", "opd": "CD-139", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "087f3716-f8ad-43c0-b60d-6dd525853c66", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The congenital abnormality of the ileum illustrated below", "exp": "Meckel's diveiculum occurs in the ileum, usually within 30 cm of the ileocecal valve, and is present in approximately 2% of normal persons. It represents incomplete involution of the vitellointestinal duct and always arises from the antimesenteric border of the intestine. Heterotopic gastric or pancreatic tissue may be present in about one-half of cases. Peptic ulceration, which occurs as a result of acid secretion by heterotopic gastric mucosa, is usually located in the adjacent ileum. Complications include perforation, ulceration, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, and neoplasms, including carcinoid tumors. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Is present in approximately 20% of normal persons", "opb": "Is lined by heterotopic gastric mucosa in less than 2% of cases", "opc": "Often shows mucosal ulceration", "opd": "Is related to persistence of the vitellointestinal duct", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "2ce414f3-0807-4563-92da-fb3578989287", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Terminal stage of pneumonia is", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Resolution In the usual course of pneumonia, final stage is resolution. However, in some neglected cases following complications may develop - Abscess formation Pleural effusion, pleuritis Empyema Becteremic dissemination Brain abscess, endocarditis, meningitis, Organization supurrative ahritis. Pathological changes of bacterial pneumonia A.Lobar pneumonia Large confluent area of the lung or entire lobes are consolidated. The lower lobes are affected most commonly. There are four stages of the inflammatory response (Laennec's stages) ? 1. Stage of congestion (initial phase) The affected lobe is enlarged, heavy, dark red and congested. Cut surface exudes blood-stained frothy fluid. There is dilatation and congestion of alveolar capillaries. There are few neutrophils and numerous bacteria in the alveolar fluid. 2. Stage of red hepatization (early consolidation) The term hepatization refers to liver-like consistency of the affected lobe on cut section. The affected lobe is red and firm. The edema fluid of preceding stage is replaced by strands of fibrin. There is marked cellular exudate of neutrophils with extravasation of red cells. 3. Stage of gray hepatizatioa (late consolidation) The affected lobe is grayish brown, firm and dry. The fibrin strand are dense and more numerous. There is progressive disintigration of red cells and neutrophils. The macrophages begin to appear in the exudate. The organisms are less numerous and appear as degenerated forms. 4. Resolution The previously solid and fibrinous constituent is liquefied by enzymatic action. Granular and fragmented strands of fibrin in the alveolar spaces are seen due to progressive enzymatic digestion. There is progressive removal of fluid content as well as cellular exudate from the air spaces, resulting in restoration of normal lung parenchyma with areation. B.Bronchopneumonia Patchy areas of red or grey consolidation, more often multilobar and frequently bilateral and basal (lower zones) because of tendency of secretions to gravitate into lower lobes.. There is suppurative exudate, consisting chiefly neutrophils, filling bronchi, bronchioles and adjacent alveolar spaces. Alveolar septa thicken due to congested capillaries and leucocytic infiltration.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Congestion", "opb": "Red hepatization", "opc": "Gray hepatization", "opd": "Resolution", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fef07fef-b52e-4ba4-8241-45b7c08e2d03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperacute graft rejection is seen within", "exp": "(A) 24 hoursTRANSPLANT REJECTION TypeOnsetMechanism & Vessel HistologyType of HypersensitivityHost vs GraftHyperacuteImmediatePreformed antibodies directed against the donor tissue. Caused by accidental ABO blood type incompatibility which is very rare. Presents while still in surgery with thrombosis and occlusion of graft vessels.II AcuteWeeks to monthsT-cell mediated immune response directed against the foreign MHC. Inflammation & leukocyte infiltration of graft vessels results. Most common typeIV ChronicMonths to yearsT-Cell mediated process resulting from the foreign MHC 'looking like' a self MHC carrying an antigen. Results in intimal thickening & fibrosis of graft vessels as well as graft atrophy.III & IVGraft vs HostVariesDonor T-cells in the graft proliferate and attack the recipient's tissue. Most commonly seen in bone marrow transplants. Presents with diarrhea, rash & jaundice.IVThe most important thing to remember is the time-frame for the onset of symptoms as you can often determine what type of rejection it is based on time alone.[?]Hyperacute Rejection:oThis form of rejection occurs within minutes or hours after transplantation & can be recognized by the surgeon soon after the graft vasculature is anastomosed to the recipient's.oHyperacutely rejecting kidney rapidly becomes cyanotic, mottled & flaccid and may excrete few drops of bloody urine.oThis form of rejection is due to the presence of preformed antidonor Ab's in the host circulation.oThis form of rejection is rarely seen in today's practice.Hyperacute Transplant Rejection Antibody-Mediated Type II Hypersensitivity ReactionHyperacute Transplant Rejection Antibody-Mediated Type II Hypersensitivity ReactionMost dramatic form of tissue incompatibility, begins within minutes to hours.Blood Group Antigens are expressed by endothelial cells of blood vessels (solid vascularized organs).Antibodies (IgM) - Complement Fixation - Neutrophil, Platelet activation - Intravascular consulation - Irreversible Ischemic Necrosis. Cannot be reversed, should be avoided.Today, Hyperaucte rejection by anti-ABO antibodies is extremely rare. HLA I is expressed on vascular endothelium cells, preexisting antibodies (IgG) against HLA class I variants can also cause hyperacute rejection.[?]Transplant Rejection Mechanism[?]Antibody-Mediated Reactions:[?]Ab's produced against donor Ag can also mediate rejection through two forms:oHyperacute rejection: Immediate rejection soon after transplantation.-Occurs when preformed antidonor Ab's are present in the circulation of the recipient.", "cop": 1, "opa": "24 hours", "opb": "1 week", "opc": "1 Month", "opd": "1 year", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "0127f7b0-0c1a-4dec-8ec5-3974352d9ac7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A manual labourer moves in March from Kashmir to Delhi and becomes acclimatized by working outdoors for a month. Compared with his responses on the first few days in the Delhi, for the same activity level after acclimatize on one would expect higher", "exp": "The classic changes observed in heat acclimatization are lower hea rate during exercise; an increased sweating response; a lower core temperature during exercise, which is due to both the increased sweating response a lower thermoregulatory set point.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Core temperature", "opb": "Hea rate", "opc": "Sweating rate", "opd": "Sweat salt concentration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0d48ff8a-0b8d-41c2-a290-68297bd8cb95", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The enzyme glucosyl transferase secreted by Streptococcus mutans synthesizes glucans from", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Fructose", "opc": "Sucrose", "opd": "Lactose", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb3a29ae-bae0-493c-8ce9-30371100e1bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Electron dense deposits in the region of hyalinosis and sclerosis with diffuse loss of foot processes seen in electron microscope are featurea of", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 919By light microscopy the focal and segmental lesions may involve only a minority of the glomeruli and may be missed if the biopsy specimen contains an insufficient number of glom- eruli (Fig. 20-14A). In the sclerotic segments there is collapse of capillary loops, increase in matrix and segmental deposition of plasma proteins along the capillary wall (hyalinosis), which may become so pronounced as to occlude capillary lumens. Lipid droplets and foam cells are often present (Fig. 20-14B). Glomeruli that do not show segmental lesions usually appear normal on light microscopy but may show increased mesangial matrix. On electron microscopy both sclerotic and nonsclerotic areas show diffuse effacement of foot processes, and there may also be focal detachment of the epithelial cells and denu- dation of the underlying GBM. By immunofluorescence micros- copy IgM and C3 may be present in the sclerotic areas and/or in the mesangium. In addition to the focal sclerosis, there may be pronounced hyalinosis and thickening of afferent aerioles. With the progression of the disease, increased numbers of glomeruli become involved and sclerosis spreads within each glomerulus. In time, this leads to total (i.e., global) sclerosis of glomeruli, with pronounced tubular atrophy", "cop": 4, "opa": "Minimal change disease", "opb": "Membranous Glomerulonephritis", "opc": "Membranoproliferative Gn", "opd": "Focal segmental Glomerulunephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "0108d9ce-de8f-45b7-b220-9debb873c8ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metaplasia arises from reprograming of", "exp": "Ans. (a) Stem cells(Ref: 9th/pg 36; 8th/pg 8)Mechanism of metaplasia: Reprogramming of stem cellsQ in normal tissues or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue.Q", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stem cells", "opb": "Stellate cells", "opc": "Squamous cells", "opd": "Columnar cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "e8e40ca6-067c-424f-b0f2-675131e3ebbd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PAN is associated with", "exp": "Polyaeritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic vasculitis of small or medium-sized muscular aeries that typically involves the renal and visceral vessels and spares the pulmonary circulation. There is no association with ANCAs, but a third of the patients have chronic hepatitis B infection, which leads to the formation of immune complexes containing hepatitis B antigens that deposit in affected vessels. The cause is unknown in the remaining cases. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no.352)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepatitis A", "opb": "Hepatitis B", "opc": "Hepatitis C", "opd": "Hepatitis E", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "c904d71b-2d6a-421c-b10a-7046ec568889", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Red velvety appearance of stomach mucosa is seen in the poisoning of", "exp": "(Refer: Rajesh Bardale - Principle of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 1st edition, pg no: 430)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lead", "opb": "Arsenic", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Mercury", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4b5b9ff9-6ea9-4894-9879-3c38e073f1de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sago spleen is a feature of", "exp": "Ans. c (Amyloidosis). (Ref. Robbin, Pathology 6th ed., 255)# Amyloidosis is deposition of a pathologic proteinacieous substance between cells in various tissues of the body.# In spleen it is characterized by splenomegaly, sagospleen (deposit largely limited to splenic follicles, producing tapioca-like granules on gross inspection), lardaceous spleen (2nd pattern in which amyloid appears to spare the follicles and instead involves the wall of splenic sinuses and connective tissue framework in red pulp, giving rise to large fused map-like areas of amyloidosis). Important pathologic featuresCondition1Lardaceous & Sago spleenAmyloidosis2\"Onion skin\" spleenSLE3Shrinking lungSLE4Nutmeg liverChronic passive congestion5\"Flea bitten\" kidneyLocal GN6Thyroidization of kidneyChronic pyelonephritis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chronic congestion of spleen", "opb": "Malaria", "opc": "Amyloidosis", "opd": "Pneumocystis carinii", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "9f7e3ba2-b202-42f1-aaf1-396a6966a739", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Saddle embolus causes sudden death by blocking", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Coronary arteries", "opb": "Cerebral arteries", "opc": "Pulmonary arteries", "opd": "Renal arteries", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a83b7f1c-2739-4e4a-bb0d-a5945ea27b01", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Renal papillary necrosis is seen in", "exp": "Necrotizing papillitis (or papillary necrosis): It is one special pattern of acute pyelonephritis and is much more frequent in diabetics Hyaline aeriolosclerosis narrows blood vessels -> reduces the blood supply to the renal medulla -> ischemia ->causes necrosis of the tips of papillae (papillary necrosis). Causes of necrotizing papillitis: Diabetes mellitus Sickle cell anemia Analgesic nephropathy Obstructive uropathy. Ref: RAM DAS NAYAK EXAM PREPARATORY MANUAL FOR UNDERGRADUATES 2nd ed. pg no: 615", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sickle cell disease", "opb": "Gouty nephropathy", "opc": "Chronic glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Tumor necrosis syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "f010acc8-f13c-468e-b9b3-f6ca65c880e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Finnish of nephrotic syndrome is caused by defect in following protein aEUR'", "exp": "Nephrin The glomerular capillary wall is a filtering membrane and consists of the following structures i) Endothelial cells ii) Glomerular basement membrane iii) Visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) iv) Mesangial cells The visceral epithelial cell known as podocyte is impoant for the maintenance of glomerular harrier function. They are structurally complex cells that possess interdigitating foot processes (pedicels). The adjacent foot processes are separated by 20-30 nm wide filtration slits. The filtration slit or slit diaphragm maintains glomerular barrier function. They present a size selective distal diffusion harrier to the filtration of proteins and it is the cell type that is largely responsible for the synthesis of GBM components. Proteins located in the slit diaphragm control glomerular permeability. Impoant proteins have been identified in this regard Nephrin - Podocin - CD2 associated protein and - Actin cytoskeleton The impoance of these proteins in maintaining glomerular permeability is demonstrated by the observation that mutations in the gene encoding them give rise to nephrotic syndrome sclerosis . The mutations in these genes commonly lead to focal segmental glomerulosilerosis. Gene Chromosome in Prote encoded Disease NPHS1 19q13 Nephrin Congenitial nephritic syndrome of the finnish type NPHS2 lq 25-31 Podocin Steroid resistant nephritic syndrome 30% cases Mutations in the podocyte action-binding protein a actinin 4 also produce FSGS 96.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nephrin", "opb": "Podocin", "opc": "Alpha actinin", "opd": "CD2 activated protein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4bae6004-ba27-4e33-9822-b8ca15f62b61", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Interleukin 2 is produced by", "exp": "A) T helper -1 (TH1) secretes → IL-2 and interferon - γ\nB) T helper - 2 (TH2) secretes → IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13", "cop": 3, "opa": "T helper cells 2", "opb": "Natural killer cells", "opc": "T helper cells 1", "opd": "Basophils", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3f27819-41ef-495a-ac88-6f9b08990210", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Linitis plastica is seen in", "exp": "(Carcinoma stomach) (557-Harsh Mohan 6th ,786-Robbin-Pathologic-Basis of disease 8th)Leather bottle appearance termed linitis plastica seen in gastric adenocarcinoma. Breast and lung cancers that metastasize to the stomach may also creat a linitis plastica- like appearanceSCIRRHOUS CARCINOMA (Linitis plastica) - the stomach wall is thickened due to extensive desmoplasia giving the appearance as 'leather-bottle stomach' or 'linitis plastica, The lumen of the stomach is reduced. There are no ulcer but rugae are prominent (mother-of-pearl in appearance)* Gastric carcinoma is most commonly located into region of gastric canal (prepyloric region)**_* Ulcerative carcinoma*** is the most common pattern* Most common complication of gastric cancer is haemorrhage (haematemesis or melaena)* Pre malignant changes in gastric mucosa(i) Hypo or achlorhydria in atrophic gastritis of gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia***(ii) Adenomatous (neoplastic) polyp of the stomach(iii) Chronic gastric ulcer (Ulcer-cancer) and its association with achlorhydria(iv) Stump carcinoma in patients who have undergone partial gastrectomy* Superficial spreading or 'early' gastric cancer-confined to the mucosa or sub mucosa (with or without lymph node metastasis) are associated with an excellent prognosis* Trossier's si2n - The metastasis through lymphatic spread presents as left supraclavicular lymphnode enlargement* The depth of invasion and the extent of nodal and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis remain the most powerful prognostic indicators for gastric cancers (786- Robbins- Basis of disease 8th)* Most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in India is - Carcinoma stomach*** Sister Mary Joseph nodule (Metastatic involvement of the para umbilical nodes*** is most commonly seen with stomach carcinoma)* Early gastric cancer. Defined as a primary lesion confined to the mucosa and submucosa with or without lymph node metastasis*** There is one dictum that \"Anterior ulcer perforates & posterior ulcer bleeds\"* Stomach reveal fat-laden cells in post gastrectomy**** Watermelon stomach is seen in Scleroderma* Blood group A is associated with(i) Carcinoma stomach, cervix, salivary gland & pancreas(ii) Pernicious anemia(iii) Thrombosis in OCP users", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma of liver", "opb": "Carcinoma stomach", "opc": "Carcinoma lung", "opd": "Carcinoma esophagus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "2c102093-2f7f-4c1c-9258-24cf0245c7a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The main cause of congenital hyperbilirubinemia is", "exp": "Hereditary hyperbilirubinemiaIndirect hyperbilirubinemiaDirect hyperbilirubinemiaCrigler Najjar types 1 and 2 Gilbe syndrome Dubin Johnson syndrome Rotor's syndrome (Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Paediatrics, 19thedition, pg no:1389)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Crigler-Najjar Syndrome", "opb": "Rotor's Syndrome", "opc": "Dubin-johnson Syndrome", "opd": "Gilbe's Syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c6f9032c-6cfc-4bff-a096-2f1fcd4851d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vasculitis involving the Aoic arch is", "exp": "Takayasu aeritis classically involves the aoic arch. This is a granulomatous vasculitis of medium and larger aeries characterized principally by ocular disturbances and marked weakening of the pulses in the upper extremities (hence the name pulseless disease). Takayasu aeritismanifests with transmural fibrous thickening of the aoa-- paicularly the aoic arch and great vessels--with severe luminal narrowing of the major branch vessels.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 11; Blood vessels; Page no: 508", "cop": 1, "opa": "Takayasu aeritis", "opb": "Polyaeritis nodosa", "opc": "Kawasaki disease", "opd": "Churg-Strauss syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "27dbfbeb-573f-474d-8635-81a90c5297a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Syphilis becomes seropositive in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Chancre (primary syphilis)", "opb": "Muco patches (secondary syphilis)", "opc": "Gurnma (tertiary syphilis)", "opd": "Congenital syphilis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9d2a00c-c073-4f4b-8978-09e7a9a519fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cilastatin is given along with", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Imipenem", "opb": "Amoxycillin", "opc": "Erythromycin", "opd": "Ampicillin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "61f2ebcb-190b-4ff0-9946-c74a8b526545", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene responsible for pathogenesis of H pylori", "exp": "Cytotoxic: products of two genes namely cytotoxin- associated gene A(cagA) and vacuolating agent(vacA) gene cause gastritis, peptic ulceration and cancer GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK FIRST EDITION PAGE 379", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cag A", "opb": "Cag B", "opc": "Tax A", "opd": "Hbx", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6813bebd-8421-4f0d-b71a-2b8162ef85e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Skin cancers develop due to sunlight exposure induced by", "exp": "Ultraviolet radiation is of 3 types; UV-A, UV-B and UV-C.\n• UVA causes melanin oxidation with transient immediate darkening. Repeated exposure to UV radiation cause degenerative changes in elastin and collagen leading to wrinkling increased laxity and a leathery appearance. It is however used therapeutically in PUVA therapy for the management of vitiligo, psoriasis and cutaneous T cell lymphomaQ.\n• UVB can cause skin damage by formation of reactive oxygen species and formation of pyrimidine dimmers between adjacent pyrimidines on the same DNA strand. The latter can cause double base substitutions in the p53 resulting in\nthe development of skin cancers. So, it is the most dangerous for humans. Exposure to UV rays also induces DNA repair, apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. The absence of this protective mechanism is seen in patients of Xeroderma pigmentosum causing high incidence of skin cancers.\n• UVC is not reaching earth because it gets filtered by the protective ozone layer.", "cop": 4, "opa": "UVA rays", "opb": "UVD rays", "opc": "UVC rays", "opd": "UVB rays", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8acb1146-7ee6-4ea8-9e83-f4c2f0601c5b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Copper is mainly transpoed by", "exp": "Normally, dietary copper is more than body's requirement. Excess copper so absorbed through the stomach and duodenum is transpoed to the liver where it is incorporated into a2-globulin to form ceruloplasmin, which is excreted by the liver bile normally. Most of the plasma copper circulates as ceruloplasmin. Only minute amount of copper is excreted in the urine normally. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:628", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ceruloplasmin", "opb": "Albumin", "opc": "Haptoglobin", "opd": "Globulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "0a266f11-75ce-4ff1-bd51-74c370e8c995", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In alveolar variant of rhabdomyosarcoma , the resultant fusion protein is believed to function as", "exp": "In Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, there is frequently fusion of the FOXO1 gene to either the PAX3 or the PAX7 gene, rearrangements marked by the presence of (2;13) or(1;13) translocations, respectively. PAX3 is a transcription factor that initiates skeletal muscle differentiation, and it appears that the chimeric PAX3-FOXO1 fusion protein interferes with the gene expression program that drives differentiation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Activated growth factor receptor", "opb": "Chimeric transcription factor", "opc": "Constitutively active kinase", "opd": "Novel growth factor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2019", "id": "8aa0bd32-3fe1-414a-a80c-2c8ac81d801d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Senile cardiac amyloid associated protein is", "exp": "Transthyretin (TTR) is a normal serum protein that binds and transpos thyroxine and retinol. Several distinct mutant forms of TTR (and its fragments) are deposited in a group of genetically determined disorders referred to as familial amyloid polyneuropathies. Normal TTR is also deposited in the hea of aged individuals (senile systemic amyloidosis)Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 6; Diseases of the Immune System", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transthyretin", "opb": "ANP", "opc": "Beta 2 microglobulin", "opd": "Gelsolin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "299425c7-53fe-4dfc-b992-9b034a87f8b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Colovesical fistula", "exp": "Colovesical fistulaA colovesical fistula is the presence of a communication between the lumen of the CausesDiveiculitis:Crohn&;s disease: ~ 10%RadiotherapyTraumaClinical presentationRadiographic featuresIn most instances, the diagnosis is suspected clinically due to pneumaturia, faecaluria, recurrent urinary tract infections, or passage of urine rectally.In some cases, it will be first diagnosed radiologically at the time of investigation for the primary diseaseCT scan - Presence of gas within the lumen of the bladder. Contrast may be instilled into the rectum &;on table&; prior to the acquisition of images in order to demonstrate a fistulaFluoroscopy Treatment and prognosisSurgical resection of the fistula and abnormal segment of bowel is usually required for cure, although in the setting of malignancy this suggests advanced disease (T4) making surgery complex.In such cases, if palliation only is required then de-functioning colostomy, colonic stent placement or a nephrostomy may be required.(Refer:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Most commonly presents with pneumaturia", "opb": "More common in females", "opc": "Most commonly caused by colon cancer", "opd": "Readily diagnosed on barium enema", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "219f25f9-a2e8-489c-981a-71bb8f2ef5ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Uterine blood flow at term", "exp": "Uterine blood flow is increased from 50 ml per minute in non-pregnant state to about 750 ml near term.", "cop": 4, "opa": "50-75 ml/min", "opb": "150-200 ml/min", "opc": "350-400 ml/min", "opd": "500-700 ml/min", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a9b1b4f4-778d-48fa-91b8-b027bfe96223", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macrophage, granuloma, erythrophagocytosis are found ina)  Ulcerative colitisb) Necrotising enterocolitisc)  Regional ileitisd)  Typhoid", "exp": "There is confusion between option c & d because macrophage and granuloma are seen in crohn's disease (Regional ileitis), while erythrophagocytosis is seen in typhoid fever.\n- Regional Ileitis or crohn's disease has the histological features of transmural inflammatory cell infiltrate consisting of chronic inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells & macrophges) which is the classical microscopic feature. Noncaseating, sarcoid like granulomas are present in all the layers of the affected bowel wall in 60% of cases & may even be seen in the regional lymph nodes. There is also patchy ulceration of the mucosa which may take the form of deep fissures, widening of submucosa due to edema & foci of lymphoid aggregates.\n- In typhoid fever, there is hyperemia, edema and cellular proliferation consisting of phagocytic histiocytes, lymphocytes & plasma cells. There is phagocytosis of RBC → erythrophagocytosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "ab", "opb": "bc", "opc": "cd", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "821874b3-c785-42b0-a0f6-c2baad84222e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glossodynia is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Pain in the tongue", "opb": "Burning of the tongue", "opc": "Swelling of the tongue", "opd": "White patch on tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fdd78ece-f205-448d-90cd-4c70fc33aab7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kveim Slitzbach test is useful in the diagnosis of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Tuberculosis", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "Leprosy", "opd": "Cat scratch disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c061ee25-c8e1-44d0-ad47-51cfef2f6e39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Streptococcus mutans produces an adhesive poLymer from sucrose, known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Levans", "opb": "Lectins", "opc": "Glucans", "opd": "Polyfructans", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4845a5af-fb57-446c-aaa7-823241f5e27a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common salt can be used as a chemical antidote for washing the stomach in case of oral poisoning by", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mercuric sulphide", "opb": "Silver nitrate", "opc": "Copper sulphate", "opd": "Lead bicarbonate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "852c88cd-67be-4694-9a7b-dcc5542d774b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common variant of RCC is", "exp": "Types of renal cell carcinomaFrequency1.Clear cell carcinoma2.Papillary renal cell carcinoma3.Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma4.Collecting duct carcinoma70-80%10-15%5%1% (Ref: Robbins 8/e p965)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clear cell", "opb": "Papillary", "opc": "Chromophobe", "opd": "Collecting duct", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "24e85dea-9036-4da1-92b3-0da57b02df36", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Relative risk can be obtained from", "exp": "Strength of association in Coho study Strength of associationFormulaRelative risk (Risk ratio)RR = Incidence among exposed Incidence among non exposed RR > 1Positive association RR = 1 No association RR < 1Negative association Attributable riskAR = Incidence among exposed-Incidence among non exposedIncidence among exposed x 100Population attributable risk PAR = = Incidence among total -Incidence among non exposedIncidence among total x 100(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 83, 93)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Case study", "opb": "Coho study", "opc": "Case control study", "opd": "Experimental study", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e408a100-0eea-43c1-ae18-b9d25c79c4b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene instability associated with malignancy is seen in", "exp": "Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT or A-T), also referred to as ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome or Louis-Bar syndrome, is a rare, neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disease causing severe disability. Ataxia refers to poor coordination and telangiectasia to small dilated blood vessels, both of which are hallmarks of the disease. A-T affects many pas of the body: It impairs ceain areas of the brain including the cerebellum, causing difficulty with movement and coordination. It weakens the immune system, causing a predisposition to infection. It prevents repair of broken DNA, increasing the risk of cancer.A-T is caused by a defect in the ATM gene, which is responsible for managing the cell's response to multiple forms of stress including double-strand breaks in DNA. In simple terms, the protein produced by the ATM gene recognizes that there is a break in DNA, recruits other proteins to fix the break, and stops the cell from making new DNA until the repair is complete.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Klippel fiel syndrome", "opb": "Ataxia telangiectasia", "opc": "Marfan's syndrome", "opd": "EDS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e7985951-1b7e-48a3-8439-86963d4d4961", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRAF mutation is seen in", "exp": "BRAF mutation Ser/Thre protein kinase Belongs to MAPK family HCL, melanoma, benign nevi, ca colon", "cop": 3, "opa": "LCH", "opb": "Colon ca", "opc": "Hairy Cell Leukemia", "opd": "AML", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "77e0e39a-44bb-4fc5-855a-82a9efb7a9cc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The feature that differentiate a follicular carcinoma from a follicular adenoma of thyroid is", "exp": "Follicular adenomas and carcinomas both are composed of well - differentiated follicular epithelial cells;the latter are distinguished by evidence of capsular and/or vascular invasion. They both have fairly uniform cells forming small follicles containing colloid. So there is no reliable cytological difference between them. (ref:ROBBINS Text book of pathology) REf img :", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nuclear pleomorphism", "opb": "Huhle cell change", "opc": "Capsular invasion", "opd": "Absence of colloid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "d7284631-542f-4e00-b079-ed7aac5ef63c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NARP is", "exp": "Neuropathy, Ataxia, Retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome is a rare disorder with mitochondrial inheritance pattern", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lipid storage disorder", "opb": "Glycogen storage disorder", "opc": "Mitochondrial disorder", "opd": "Lysosomal storage disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9b63474a-2e37-40ad-85ce-eb10ecf56cf5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not seen in children", "exp": "Answer- D. SeminomaChildhood malignancies areLeukemia (AML' ALL)Brain tumorsSoft tissue sarcoma - RhabdomyosarcomaLymphomaNeuroblastomaWilm's tumorBone tumorRetinoblastomaHepatoblastoma", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Hepatoblastoma", "opd": "Seminoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5facd703-68b2-41e9-98c4-397b426600c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metaplasia is induced from", "exp": "Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell typeMetaplasia is thought to arise by reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway rather than a phenotypic change (transdifferentiation) of already differentiated cells( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 3 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Totipotent cells", "opb": "Stem cells", "opc": "Neoplastic cells", "opd": "Necrotic cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b374c91d-9d20-47ee-b4b8-c81f4c3c52a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adult Polycystic kidney disease is inherited by", "exp": "Polycystic kidney disease (PKD or PCKD, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome) is a geneticdisorder in which the renal tubules become structurally abnormal, resulting in the development and growth of multiple cysts within thekidney.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autosomal dominant", "opb": "Autosomal recessive", "opc": "X linked", "opd": "Mitochondrial", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "b36096e0-76d8-4fe3-ab95-f9dcff8566f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Site of biopsy in amyloidosis", "exp": "Ans. (d) Rectum(Ref': Robbins 9th/pg 257-260)Sites of biopsy for diagnosis of Amyloidosis:Rectal biopsy-Most specific and best siteAbdominal fat aspirateGingival biopsyOrgan specific biopsy for localized amyloidosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Abdominal fat", "opc": "Lip", "opd": "Rectum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "702c4afc-fde1-49eb-bbfc-08f095de138d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thalassaemia major manifests in", "exp": "Beta thalassemia major manifests 6 to 9 months after bih as Hb synthesis switches from HbF to HbA. Beta thalassemia is caused by the mutation that diminishes the synthesis of beta globin chain seen in HbA. The red cells may completely lack HbA or contain small amounts. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease.South Asia Edition,-9 volume 1.page no. 638-639", "cop": 1, "opa": "Childhood", "opb": "Pubey", "opc": "Adolescence", "opd": "Middle age", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "9eeefdc5-14ab-4874-b78f-c6e63ddbdf14", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site for gastrinoma", "exp": "Majority of gastrinomas occur in the wall of the duodenum. may be benign or malignant. Gastrinomas are associated with peptic ulcers at usual sites such as the stomach, first and second pa of the duodenum, or sometimes at unusual sites such as in the oesophagus and jejunum. About one-third of patients have multiple endocrine neoplasia--multiple adenomas of the islet cells, pituitary, adrenal and parathyroid glands. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:829 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Pylorus", "opc": "Antrum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "58459ef2-1903-4ed0-bb08-a765b84122bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common primary malignant tumour of parotid gland", "exp": "- Most common primary malignant tumor of parotid gland is Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Malignant neoplasm of variable biological aggressiveness Composed of a mixture of squamous, mucous secreting & intermediate cells.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Wahin tumour", "opb": "Mucoepidermoid Cancer", "opc": "Acinic cell Cancer", "opd": "Adenoidcystic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Salivary Glands", "id": "239c565d-afc9-4b33-bfc2-fa7140b9c482", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gleason's classification is used for", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no Grading and Staging. Grading is of paicular impoance in prostatic cancer, because grade and stage (discussed below) are the best prognostic predictors. Prostate cancer is graded using the Gleason system, which stratifies pros- tate cancer into five grades on the basis of glandular pat- terns of differentiation. Grade 1 represents the most well differentiated tumors, in which the neoplastic glands are uniform and round in appearance and are packed into well-circumscribed nodules (Fig. 21-38A). In contrast, grade 5 tumors show no glandular differentiation, with tumor cells infiltrating the stroma in the form of cords, sheets, and nests (Fig. 21-38C). The other grades fall in between these extremes. Most tumors contain more than one pattern; in such instances, a primary grade is assigned to the dominant pattern and a secondary grade to the second most frequent pattern.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma breast", "opb": "Carcinoma Prostrate", "opc": "Carcinoma pancreas", "opd": "Carcinoma rectum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "855f90fc-2d09-43b9-b7f1-81fd4137eed1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The best investigation for the diagnosis of amyloidosis is", "exp": "Diagnosis Microscopic examination - biopsies from kidney, gingiva, rectum Congo red staining on abdominal fat aspirates Serum & urine protein electrophoresis Bone marrow aspiration - to r/o plasmacytosis Scintigraphy with radiolabelled serum amyloid P (SAP) component", "cop": 2, "opa": "Colonoscopy", "opb": "Rectal biopsy", "opc": "Upper GI endoscopy", "opd": "CT scan", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f4ea15bb-6032-4917-b9ad-a66a7402d1aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient aged 50 years presented with a history of jaw expansion and enlargement of maxilla", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Paget's disease", "opb": "Acromegaly", "opc": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opd": "Hyperparathyroidism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "50cf4fc0-9104-4b58-8d6f-6efe15795667", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In comparison to hyperplasia, hypertrophy is", "exp": "Hypertrophy: Increase in size of cells. There are no new cells just bigger cells containing an increased amount of structural proteins and organelles \nHyperplasia: Increase in cell number \nBoth results in enlarged organ \n\nHyperplasia occurs in cells capable of replication\nHypertrophy occurs in cells which have limited capacity to divide", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase in cell size and number", "opb": "Increase in cell size without increase in number", "opc": "Increase in cell number without increase in size", "opd": "Increase in cell size and decrease in number", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "50e89301-5612-4790-99b7-4dc109c2aa27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Angulated body cells are found in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Granular cell myoblastoma", "opb": "Hodgkins disease", "opc": "Pemphigus vulgaris", "opd": "Hurler’s syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b9338a9-68da-47d6-8d26-c4c1a0434b40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important role in apoptosis by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "SER", "opb": "Golgi complex", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "RER", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "767bc81d-85f7-42ab-8293-3436d91c7958", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Storiform pattern of fibrous tissue is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibrosarcoma", "opb": "Malignant fibrous histiocytoma", "opc": "Neruofibroma", "opd": "Ameloblastic fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "58dd511e-c23a-49a4-9ce0-16d63e1a70cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dystrophic gene mutation leads to", "exp": "Mutation in the Dystrophin gene leads to Duchene muscular dystrophy.\nBecker’s muscular dystrophy is also caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene.\nMore questions on Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy\n\nIt is X-linked recessive disease\nClinical manifestation starts at 3-5 years of age\nLoss of muscle strength is progressive with a predilection for proximal limb muscles.*\nGowers' manoeuvre*\nOn getting up from the door the patient uses his hand to climb up himself.\nPseudohypertrophy of calf muscles is seen\nThe term pseudohypertrophy is used because it is not true hypertrophy of muscles (the muscle is replaced by fat\nand connective tissues)\nIntellectual impairment is common in Duchenne muscular dystrophy\nSerum creatinine phosphokinase levels are invariably elevated to 20-100 times normal.\nMuscle biopsy shows muscle fibres of varying sizes.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myasthenia gravis", "opb": "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy", "opc": "Motor neuron disease", "opd": "Poliomyelitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c8ce7c81-acce-4143-b050-d7b24a25647b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A bacterial disease with oral manifestations is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Herpes", "opb": "measles", "opc": "Diphtheria", "opd": "Leishmaniasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1dc9c2c5-66a1-4d47-978b-04be1e1c5fde", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Two siblings with osteogenesis imperfect, but their parents are normal. Mechanism of inheritance is aEUR'", "exp": "Germ line mosaicism In some autosomal dominant disorders examplifled by osteogenesis imperfecta, phenotypically normal parents have more than one affected child. - This clearly violates the law of inheritance. Studies indicate that gonadal mosaicism may be responsible for such unusual inheritance. Mosaicism It means than an individual has 2 or more different cell lines derived from a single Zygote. - The persons body' is made up of a combination of cells with and without mutation for a paicular disease. - Because the mutation remains limited to a small poion of all of the body's cells, these individuals show no sign of the disease. Germline mosaicism Germline mosacism results from a mutation that occurs postzygotically during early embryonic development. In these a poion of the egg or sperm cells of a parent carries the mutation. - Because the mutation affects only cells destined to form the gonads the gametes carry the mutation but somatic cells of the individual are completely normal. - A phenotypically normal parent who has germ line mosaicism can transmit the disease causing mutation to the offspring through the mutant gamete. - Because the progenitor cells of the gamete carry the mutation there is a definite possibility that more than one child of such a parent would be affected. - Obviously, the likelihood of such an occurrence depends on the propoion of germ cells carrying the mutation. Anticipation The signs and symptoms of some genetic conditions tend to become severe and appear at an earlier age as the disorder is passed from one generation to the next. - This phenomenon is called anticipation. Anticipation is most often seen with ceain genetic disorders of the nervous system such as Huntington's disease, Fragile x-syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Anticipation typically occurs with disorders that are caused by an unusual type of mutation called a \"trinucleotide repeat expansion\". - A trinucleotide repeat is a sequence of three DNA building blocks (nucleotide) that is repeated a number of times in a row. - DNA segments with an abnormal number of these repeats are unstable and prone to errors during cell division. - The number of repeats can change as the gene is passed. from parent to child. - If the number of repeats increases it is known as trinucleotide repeat expansion. - In some cases the trinucleotide repeat may expand until the gene stops functioning normally,. - This expansion causes the feature of some disorders to become severe with each successive generation. Genomic imprinting People inherit two copies of their genes - one from their. father and one from their mother. Usually both copies of each gene are active or \"turned on\" in cells. But with genomic imprinting however, only one of the two copies is normally turned on. Which copy is active depends upon the parent of origin. Some genes are normally active only when they are inherited. from a person's. father, others are active only when inherited from a person's mother. These genes are called \"imprinted genes\" because the gene was epigenetically silenced or marked in either the egg or sperm. Silencing or imprinting usually happens through the addition of methyl groups during egg or sperm formation. An individual normally has one active copy of an imprinting gene. Improper imprinting can result in individual having two active copies or two inactive copies. - This can lead to severe developmental anomalies, cancer and other problems e.g., - Prader willi - Angelman syndrome - They are both linked to same imprinting region of chromosomes 15.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anticipation", "opb": "Genomic imprinting", "opc": "Germ line mosaicism", "opd": "New mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "011b1158-cf14-4ebd-8d10-5e7f71d5dd31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypersensitivity vasculitis affects", "exp": ". Post-capillary venules", "cop": 1, "opa": "Post-capillary venules", "opb": "Aerioles", "opc": "Veins", "opd": "Medium-sized aeries", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "465c4eaa-001a-4443-9721-43f16e193a55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient presents with Ahritis, hyperpigmentation of skin and hypogonadism, likely diagnosis is.", "exp": "Answer is A (Hemochromatosis):The association of Ahritis, hyperpigmentation of skin and hypogonadism suggests the diagnosis of hematochromatosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemochromatosis", "opb": "Ectopic ACTH secreting tumour of the lung", "opc": "Wilson's disease", "opd": "Rheumatoid ahritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "449d6278-3734-4fcb-b39c-9608781cfd7c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coombs test is used for diagnosing", "exp": "The Coombs test, which is used to detect antibodies or complement bound to red cells in suspected cases of antibody-mediated hemolytic anemia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thalassemia", "opb": "Antibody-mediated hemolytic anemia", "opc": "Sickle cell anemia", "opd": "G6PD deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3b68c9b-8cc1-4181-9d94-48ff533b905d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fistula is most common in", "exp": "Clinical features Fibrosing strictures, paicularly of terminal ileum is common and requires surgical resection. Fistulas develop between loops of bowel and may also involve the urinary bladder, vagina, and abdominal or perianal skin. Perforations and peritoneal abscesses are common. TEXT BOOK O F ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.590", "cop": 1, "opa": "Crohn's disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Infective entero colitis", "opd": "Coeliac sprue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6ae4dc31-b929-43c9-b81c-c9320c4846a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least concentration of human immunodeficiency virus is seen in", "exp": "Viral load of HIV is maximum in blood, genital secretions like semen, and CSF\n\nIt also found in breast milk, saliva, lymphocytes, cell-free plasma, cervical secretions, saliva, tears, & minimal in urine\n\nSaliva can contain fibronectin & glycoproteins, which prevent transmission of the virus.\nA salivary protein called secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor also has anti-HIV activity", "cop": 1, "opa": "Saliva", "opb": "CSF", "opc": "Blood", "opd": "Semen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5c5bc70b-d728-4dae-a897-ddec93460b73", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "With regard to the malignant behavior of leiomyosarcoma, the most impoant criterion is", "exp": "Option 4 is correct=the number of mitosis per high power field Leiomyosarcomas typically take the form of soft, hemorrhagic, necrotic masses. The diagnostic features of ove leiomyosarcoma include tumor necrosis, cytologic atypia, and mitotic activity. Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 694,heading=leiomyosarcomas..box=Morphology ref img", "cop": 4, "opa": "Blood vessel penetration by tumor cells", "opb": "Tumor cells in lymphatic channels", "opc": "Lymphocyte infiltration", "opd": "The number of mitoses per high power field", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "0ad73f37-daf5-4eb9-877e-ba9d75a05e5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Subepithelial deposits with M spike is seen in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 915 Pathogenesis. Membranous nephropathy is a form of chronic immune complex-mediated disease. In secondary membranous nephropathy, the inciting antigens can some- times be identified in the immune complexes. The antigens may be endogenous or exogenous. The endogenous anti- gens may be renal or non renal. For example, membranous nephropathy in SLE is associated with deposition of complexes of self nuclear proteins and autoantibodies.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis", "opb": "Membranous glomerulonephritis", "opc": "Minimal change disease", "opd": "RPGN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4a76780d-a857-4ade-9a0f-2755071923fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Collagen affected in Osteogenesislmperfecta", "exp": "Ans, is 'a' i.e., Type I o Osteogenesis imperfecta also known as brittle bone disease, or \"Labstein syndrome\" is a congenital bone disorder.o People with OI are bom with defective connective tissue, or without the ability to make it, usually because of a deficiency of Type-1 collagen.o This deficiency arises from an amino acid substitution of glycine to bulkier amino acids in the collagen triple helix structure.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "f6cf7938-cb57-4c77-89e5-536292a57615", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRCA1 gene is associated with", "exp": "Ans is 'b' i.e. Mucinous carcinoma \"Medullary carcinomas and mucinous carcinomas histological types are more commonly found in BRCA1 carrier\". -- Robbings 1134Familial breast cancero About 25% offamilial cancers (or around 3% of all breast cancer) can be attributed to two highly penetrant autosomal dominant genes BRCA-1 on chromosome 17 (52%) and BRCA-2 on chromosome 13 (32%).o Germ line mutation in p53 also increases the risk of breast cancer along with cancers of colon, leukemia, sarcoma and brain tumors (Li fraumeni syndrome)o Somatic mutation in p53 - Sporadic breast cancero Germ line mutation in BRCA-1, BRCA-2, and p53 - Familial breast cancer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lobular carcinoma", "opb": "Mucinous carcinoma", "opc": "Tubular carcinoma", "opd": "Papillary carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Carcinogenesis", "id": "5aac0b97-53b6-4057-b298-83a5ec5fcac9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Psammoma bodies in a thyroid lesion or the adjacent metastatic lymph nodes increase the possibility of", "exp": "Ans. a (Papillary carcinoma) (Ref. Robbin's pathology 7th ed., 1180)D/d o/Psammoma bodies: Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules seen in:1.Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroidPapillary (thyroid)2.Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovarySerous (ovary)3.MeningiomaMeningioma4.Malignant mesotheliomaMesotheliomaEducational Points:Adenomas# Follicular adenoma is most common; may cause pressure symptoms, pain and rarely thyrotoxicosis# Pathology: usually small, well-encapsulated solitary lesionsPapillary# Most common thyroid carcinoma# Incidence higher in women# Pathology: papillary branching pattern; 40% have tumors containing psammoma bodies# Cells with characteristic empty-appearing nuclei are characteristic.# Cells obtained by FNAC may characteristically show intranuclear inclusions# Spread to local nodes in common; hematogenous spread rare# Resection curative in most casesFollicular carcinoma# More malignant than papillary cancer# Pathology: may be encapsulated, with penetration through the capsule; colloid sparse# Local invasion and pressure dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness, cough# Hematogenous metastasis to lungs or bones commonAnaplastic carcinoma# Rapid growing, aggressive with poor prognosis, affects older patients# Pathology: tumors usually bulky and invasive with undifferentiated anaplastic cells# Clinical: early, widespread metastasis and death within 2 years", "cop": 1, "opa": "Papillary carcinoma", "opb": "Follicular carcinoma", "opc": "Anaplastic carcinoma", "opd": "Hurthle cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrine", "id": "2bed820d-ef54-4ebb-af1c-1341ca9456c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Atropine is contraindicated in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Narrow angle glaucoma", "opb": "Open angle glaucoma", "opc": "Congenital glaucoma", "opd": "Steroid induced glaucoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c3d6a859-b4b1-4f1a-bcd9-185b737a6657", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Flea bitten appearance of the kidney is seen in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 9/e 939The kidney size varies depending on the duration and severity of the hypeensive disease. Small, pinpoint petechial hemor- rhages may appear on the coical surface from rupture of aerioles or glomerular capillaries, giving the kidney a peculiar \"flea-bitten\" appearance. Two histologic alterations characterize blood vessels in malignant hypeension", "cop": 1, "opa": "Malignant hypeension", "opb": "Benign hypeension", "opc": "Chronic pyelonephritis", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "5b5d3f49-940c-4d3d-818c-8fc08fa3437b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient with nephritic syndrome will not haveSeptember 2009", "exp": "Ans. D: Normal RBC", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hematuria", "opb": "Mild to moderate proteinuria", "opc": "Hypeension", "opd": "Normal RBC", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "47d3bc6d-86e7-4d58-8c65-4783082b83a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common parotid tumor", "exp": "Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign salivary gland neoplasm characterised by neoplastic proliferation of parenchymatous glandular cells along with myoepithelial components, having a malignant potentiality. It is the most common type of salivary gland tumor and the most common tumor of the parotid gland. Refer robbins 9/e p556", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opb": "Adenocystic carcinoma", "opc": "Epidermoid tumor", "opd": "Adenocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "62019b43-d8c0-49e2-b49a-d718121dffa0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most impoant cytokine responsible for the synthesis of acute phase protein", "exp": "IL 6 is responsible for the synthesis of acute phase proteinsWintrobe 13th e", "cop": 2, "opa": "IL-1", "opb": "IL-6", "opc": "IL -11", "opd": "TNF alpha", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "34228f64-a1cf-4f39-9278-14b8e584d4eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Interleukin secreted by macrophages, stimulating lymphocytes is", "exp": "IL1> IL6\n\nMacrophages release IL – 1 which stimulates the T – helper cells.\nThe T – cells in response proliferate and release IL – 2 which in turn further stimulates T – cell proliferation and B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.\nPlease note that even IL-6 (produced by macrophages) acts on late stages of B cell differentiation enhancing antibody formation. Still, IL-1 being the most important cytokine having systemic effects of inflammation has been chosen as the answer here in preference to IL-6.", "cop": 3, "opa": "IFN alpha", "opb": "TNF alpha", "opc": "IL-1", "opd": "IL-6", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b311cd7-647e-4787-9cc9-e7d5b54a1bd1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Study the following carefully.Read the pedigree. Inheritance pattern of the disease in the family is", "exp": "X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males (who are necessarily hemizygous for the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome) and in females who are homozygous for the gene mutation, see zygosity. X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype, although differences in X chromosome inactivation can lead to varying degrees of clinical expression in carrier females since some cells will express one X allele and some will express the others Ref Robbins 9/e p 145", "cop": 4, "opa": "Autosomal recessive type", "opb": "Autosomal dominant type", "opc": "X-Linked dominant type", "opd": "X-linked recessive type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f892cd6a-9724-4312-bbc9-95449e7a62f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mural thrombi are thrombi \nin", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Heart chamber", "opb": "Valve cusp", "opc": "Vein", "opd": "Arteries", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "247448c4-a2dd-4d79-8403-925b7f4fa34b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cystic medial necrosis responsible for aoic dilatation and rupture is seen in", "exp": "In Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder of autosomal dominant inheritance, the basic biochemical abnormality is a mutation affecting fibrillin. Most serious, however, is the involvement of the cardiovascular system. Fragmentation of the elastic fibers in the tunica media of the aoa predisposes affected patients to aneurysmal dilation and aoic dissection . These changes, called cystic medionecrosis, are not specific for Marfan syndrome. Similar lesions occur in hypeension and with aging. Loss of medial suppo causes dilation of the aoic valve ring, giving rise to aoic incompetence. Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.221", "cop": 4, "opa": "Syphilitic aneurysm", "opb": "Takayasu aeritis", "opc": "Atherosclerosis", "opd": "Marfan syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8796dec3-2dfa-46b2-ad1d-8c4d44b0d4ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardinal event of acute inflammation", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vasoconstriction", "opb": "Stasis of Circulation", "opc": "Vasodilatation and| vascular permeability", "opd": "Margination of leukocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "25725871-3325-4661-b5ba-8e4dabed591d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In children, Superior quadrantanopia is due to", "exp": "(Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology,5thedition,pg no: 310-311)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pituitary lesion", "opb": "Temporal lobe lesion", "opc": "Optic neuritis", "opd": "Migraine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ba771e72-0a37-4721-8aba-fbb422b94760", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liquefaction foci of Miller is a histopathoLogical observation in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Cemental caries", "opb": "Early enamel caries", "opc": "c)\tAdvanced enamel caries", "opd": "d)\tAdvanced dentinal caries", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48f84048-76a6-467c-b6a7-b2204ec76b81", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common thyroid Cancer is", "exp": "Papillary carcinoma of thyroid: - constitutes >85% of all thyroid carcinoma - occurs due to mutation of genes encoding: *RET gene *NTRK1 receptor tyrosine kinases *BRAF gene These tumours may be solitary or multivocal. On microscopy: - branching papillae with fibrovascular stalk lined by cuboidal epithelium - nuclei of cells are optically clear with dispersed chromatin and has Orphan Annie eye nuclei (Ref : ROBBINS Text book of pathology) REF IMG", "cop": 1, "opa": "Papillary carcinoma", "opb": "Follicular carcinoma", "opc": "Medullary carcinoma", "opd": "Anaplastic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9b4fda50-d2e0-4060-a86a-a30c481cb422", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most likely precursor to bronchiectasis is", "exp": "BronchiectasisAbnormal and permanent dilatation of bronchi.The bronchial dilatation of bronchiectasis of is associated with destructive and inflammatory changes in the walls of medium sized airways, often at the level of segmental or subsegmental bronchi.Types of bronchiectasisCylindrical bronchiectasis Varicose bronchiectasis Saccular (cystic) bronchiectasis Etiology & pathogenesisBronchiectasis is a consequence of inflammation and destruction of the structural components of the bronchial wall. Infection is the usual cause of inflammation.Adenovirus and influenza virusImpaired host defense mechanisms Carcinoid tumors or foreign body aspirationPrimary ciliary dyskinesia, Kaagener&;s syndrome and cystic fibrosis are also associated with bronchiectasis.Exposure to toxic substances like inhalation of toxic gases such as ammonia or aspiration of acidic gastric contentsClinical Manifestations:Radiographic findingsPersistent or recurrent cough and purulent sputum productionHemoptysis due to bleeding from friable, inflamed airway mucosa.Massive bleeding from hyperophied bronchial aeries.Physical examination includes crackles, rhonchi, and wheeze may be heard, all of which reflect the damaged airway containing significant secretions HRCT is investigation of choice When seen longitudinally, the airways appears as \"tram tracks\" ; when seen in cross-section, they produce &;ring shadows\" Bronchiectasis of relatively proximal airways suggests ABPA, whereas the presence of multiple small nodules (nodular bronchiectasis) suggest infection with M. avium complex(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2143-2144)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tuberculosis", "opb": "Carcinoma", "opc": "Bronchial adenoma", "opd": "Bronchopneumonia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "137dd0f1-c0aa-4cb6-9462-050aa4f7fa73", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ohngren's classification is used for", "exp": "Ohngren's classification: This is done using an imaginary line between medial canthus to the angle of mandible. Growth above this line have poor prognosis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ca maxillary sinus", "opb": "Ca nasopharynx", "opc": "Ca oropharynx", "opd": "Ca tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7f0254fe-5f12-4bbf-bd2f-8b94cdbc34be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The wasting syndrome associated in cancer is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Achalasia", "opb": "Cacchexia", "opc": "Atelexis", "opd": "Cacoguesia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "23bd0734-ad59-4ca6-9cb4-e108ff60ca77", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caseating granuloma is commonly seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Viral infections", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Typhoid", "opd": "Amoebiasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7da83a72-700b-41f0-8a02-e1fbca7582b1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histological finding of Reye's syndrome is", "exp": "please upload a reason for this question, if anyone..", "cop": 4, "opa": "Budding and branching of mitochondria", "opb": "Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Paranuclear microdense deposits", "opd": "Glycogen depletion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0acb7f11-7c36-4c5c-867e-489e2d5f8d14", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Overgrowth of the bile duct in a localized region is", "exp": "The term hamaoma refers to an excessive, focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs. Although the cellular elements are mature and identical to those found in the remainder of the organ, they do not reproduce the normal architecture of the surrounding tissue. Von Meyenburg complexes are small bile duct hamaomas. Occasional von Meyenburg complexes are common in otherwise normal individuals. When they are diffuse they signal the underlying, more clinically impoant fibropolycystic disease. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 18; Liver and Gallbladder", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hamaoma", "opb": "Choristoma", "opc": "Polyp", "opd": "Malignant tumor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "7806b970-b729-45ee-93d2-397d23f410e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PG responsible for fever in brain is", "exp": "(B) PGE2 [?]Fever:-An abnormally elevation of body temperature-Pyrexia, febrile-Results from trauma, infections, drug reactions, brain tumors and other causes.oFever is an adaptive defence mechanism, in moderation, does more good than harm-Promotes interferon activity-Elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair-Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses.oInitiation of fever by exogenous pyrogens - fever producing agents.-Glycolipids on bacterial and viral surfaces.-Attacking neutrophils & macrophages secrete endogenous pyrogens.-Stimulate neurons in anterior hypothalamus to secrete prostaglandin E2 .-PGE2 raises hypothalamic set point for body temperature.oStages of fever:-Onset, stadium, defervescence[?]Endogenous pyrogensoDerived from the macrophages, small molecule, can pass blood brain barrieroPyrogen cytokines trigger hypothalamus to release PGE2 resulting in resetting of thermostatic temperature, activation of vasomotor center, vasodilatation and heat production.[?]Fever pathogenesisoRegulated like body temperature, at a higher set pointoSet point is reset by endogenous pyrogens (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, TNF-b, and IFNg)oEndogenous Pyrogens stimulate Organum Vsculosum Laminae Terminalis (OVLT) surrounding the preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamus and septum palusolumoTriggered OVLT synthesis of PG (PGE2 ) - preoptic nucleus - fever", "cop": 2, "opa": "PGD2", "opb": "PGE2", "opc": "PGF2a", "opd": "PGI2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "0351753c-0551-4687-9337-0eb40cfcec67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multiple myeloma on radionuclide scanning presents as", "exp": "Hot spots' or | distribution is seen inBone tumor or cancerBone metastasis from breast, lung, prostate, thyroid & kidney.Fracture, when it cannot be seen on a regular X-ray Bone injections (osteomyelitis)Cause of bone pain.Metabolic disorders such as osteomalacia, renal osteodystrophy, primary hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, complex regional pain syndrome &Paget's disease.(Refer: Sutton's Textbook of Radiology & Imaging, 7th edition, pg no:1251-1255)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cold nodule", "opb": "Hot nodule", "opc": "Diffuse increased uptake", "opd": "Diffuse decreased uptake", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b7570ca4-7a82-42a0-80c2-fd2c0898ec97", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mini mental scale in Psychiatry Interview is", "exp": "Mini mental state examination The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to screen for cognitive impairmentUsed in medicine to screen for dementiaUsed to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time, thus making it an effective way to document an individual&;s response to treatment.Test FeaturesCategoryPossible pointsDescriptionOrientation to time5From broadest to most narrow. Orientation to time has been correlated with future declineOrientation to place5From broadest to most narrow. This is sometimes narrowed down to streets, and sometimes to floorRegistration3Repeating named promptsAttention and calculation5Serial sevens, or spelling \"world\" backward. It has been suggested that serial sevens may be more appropriate in a population where English is not the first languageRecall3Registration recallLanguage2Naming a pencil and a watchRepetition1Speaking back a phraseComplex commands6Varies. Can involve drawing figure shown.(Refer: Kaplan and Sadock&;s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th edition,pg no:187)(Refer: Niraj Ahuja- A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, 20thedition, pg no:13)", "cop": 4, "opa": "20 point cognitive test", "opb": "Psychiatric assessment", "opc": "Dose routinely in psychiatric interview", "opd": "30 point cognitive test", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "60fc93a6-41b6-4851-89aa-e8c5d4369966", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In parathyroid carcinoma", "exp": "In Parathyroid carcinoma there is excess release of parathormone which results in increased blood calcium levels and decreased bone calcium level. Cytolologic details are unreliable in its diagnosis whereas invasion of surrounding tissue and metastasis are only reliable. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1102", "cop": 2, "opa": "5-10% incidence", "opb": "Increased parathromone, decreased calcium in bone", "opc": "Cytology is diagnostic", "opd": "Metastasis is essential", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "1631db19-2ba6-4e9c-a6ea-bc63220dce48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Memory T Cells can be identified by using the following marker", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "CD 45 RA", "opb": "CD 45 RB", "opc": "CD 45 RC", "opd": "CD 45 RO", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "22845987-b046-4d22-9dfc-00d2d92dc154", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Basement membrane collagen is", "exp": "(IV): (170 Harsh mohan 6th edition)Basement membrane are PAS positive amorphous structures that lies underneath epithelia of different organs and endothelial cells, they consist of collagen type IVand laminin**", "cop": 1, "opa": "IV", "opb": "II", "opc": "V", "opd": "VI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "cdef369d-98a0-4e31-ae38-5e9f0c68aae9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histologic sections from a mass originating from the meninges would most likely reveal", "exp": "Meningiomas arise from arachnoid villi of brain or spinal cord and have a female/male ratio of 3:2. Although they are usually tumors of middle or later life, a small number occur in persons 20 to 40 years of age. They commonly arise along the venous sinuses (parasagittal, sphenoid wings, and olfactory groove). Although meningiomas are benign and usually slowgrowing, some have progesterone receptors and rapid growth in pregnancy occurs occasionally. The rare malignant meningioma may invade or even metastasize. The typical case, however, does not invade the brain, but displaces it, causing headaches and seizures. Histologically, many different patterns can be seen, but psammoma bodies and a whorled pattern of tumor cells are somewhat characteristic. In contrast, Antoni A areas with Verocay bodies are seen in schwannomas, endothelial proliferation and serpentine areas of necrosis are seen in glioblastoma multiformes, a \"fried-egg\" appearance of tumor cells is characteristic of oligodendrogliomas, and true rosettes and pseudorosettes can be seen in medulloblastomas. Meningioma Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antoni A areas and rare Verocay bodies", "opb": "A whorled pattern and rare psammoma bodies", "opc": "Endothelial proliferation and serpentine areas of necrosis", "opd": "\"Fried-egg\" appearance of tumor cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "1fa9b6d3-2f2e-48c0-b166-05f2d0abbe35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In multiple myeloma there is proliferation of", "exp": "Mulple myeloma  Mulple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by involvement of the skeleton at mulple sites,\nPlasma cells proliferate abnormally and the proliferated plasma cells infiltrate various organs, parcularly bone marrow,\nbut can also spread to lymph nodes and extranodal sites like skin,\n The proliferaon and survival of myeloma cells are dependent on several cytokines, IL-6 is parcularly important,\nThe neoplasc plasma cells secrete abnormally large amounts of immunoglobulin.\n The immunoglobulin secreted by neoplasc plasma cells are quiet different form the immunoglobulin normally present in the blood.\n The normal immunoglobulin consists of two heavy and two lights chains molecules and the producon of both chain is ghtly balanced.\n The immunoglobulin secreted in this condion may be : - Isolated light chain or heavy chain. May be an intact anbody molecule of any heavy chain subclass.\nMay be an altered anbody or fragment.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Basophils", "opb": "Eosinophils", "opc": "Plasma cells", "opd": "Neutrophils", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "42478dcc-5cba-4262-aa5c-b1f4cc3e01f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common benign tumor of heart in children", "exp": "Most common benign tumor of heart is Rhabdomyoma in children myxoma in adults.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rhabdomyoma", "opb": "Myxoma", "opc": "Fibroma", "opd": "Lipoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "50416b69-927e-4dcb-827f-1cb2e6578ff9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptor on neuronal memebrane that induces development of glioma", "exp": ". CD &; 133", "cop": 2, "opa": "CD -117", "opb": "CD - 133", "opc": "CD - 33", "opd": "CD - 45", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5b13a1ae-2044-4ca1-b0b5-0fe4e444bc39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MALT is most commonly present in", "exp": "Ans. (c) Ileum(Ref: Wheaters Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas 6th ed Pg 216)MALT is most commonly present in Peyer's patches in lamina propria of ileum & throughout small intestineComponents of MALT are sometimes subdivided into:GALTGut-associated lymphoid tissue; Eg Peyer's patches found in the lining of the small intestinesBALTBronchus-associated lymphoid tissueNALTNasal-associated lymphoid tissueCALTConjunctival-associated lymphoid tissueO-MALTOrganized mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue; Eg tonsils of Waldeyer's tonsillar ringD-MALTDiffuse mucosa-associated lymphatic tissueLALTLarynx-associated lymphoid tissueSALTSkin-associated lymphoid tissue", "cop": 3, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Stomach", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "7ed232f4-f93b-43f2-b6e1-4cb35d489c97", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In sickle cell anemia change in the amino acid is", "exp": "(A) valine instead of glutamic acid in the 6th position of beta chain# Molecular basis of Sickle cell hemoglobin:> In case of sickle cell disease, the hemoglobin (HbS) has two normal a chains and two abnormal b chains.> This is due to a difference in a single amino acid. In HbS, glutamate at 6th position b-chain of is replaced by valine.> This occurs due to a change (missense mutation) in the single nucleotide (thymine a adenine) of the b globin gene. This error causes the formation of altered codon (GUG in place of GAG) which leads to the incorporation of valine at the 6th position.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Valine instead of glutamic acid in the 6th position of b chain", "opb": "Glutamic acid instead of valine in the 6th position of b chain", "opc": "Valine instead of glutamic acid in the 6th position of a chain", "opd": "Glutamic acid instead of valine in the 6th position of a chain", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "136d49c8-8921-4f0d-9885-0cdff62d1ef7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antibodies against phospholipase A2 receptors are seen in", "exp": "Answer- A. Membranous GNMembranous glomerulonephritis, also known as membranous nephropathy, is a slowly progressive disease of the kidney.Primary (also called idiopathic) membranous nephropathy is considered to be an autoimmune disease linked to ceain HLA alleles such as HLA-DQA1 and caused in most cases by antibodies to a renal autoantigen. In many adult cases the autoantigen is the phospholipase A2 receptor.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Membranous GN", "opb": "Membrano proliferative GN", "opc": "Minimal change disease", "opd": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3f9cfbcf-ebf6-4efd-a394-24b1820fd44b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrombocytosis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Osteopetrosis", "opb": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation", "opc": "Haemolytic anaemia", "opd": "Thiazide therapy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6c4b232-454e-45e8-a669-92b560c4e965", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Huntington chorea the causative mutation in the protein huntingtin is a", "exp": "Expansion of trinucleotide repeats is an important genetic cause of human disease, particularly neurodegenerative disorders. There are three key mechanisms by which unstable repeats cause diseases:\n• Loss of function of the affected gene occurs in fragile X syndrome. In such cases the repeats are generally in noncoding part of the gene.\n• A toxic gain of function by alterations of protein structure as in Huntington disease and spinocerebellar ataxias. In such cases the expansions occur in the coding regions of the genes.\n• A toxic gain of function mediated by mRNA as is seen in fragile X tremor-ataxia syndrome. In this condition, the non coding parts of the gene are affected.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trinucleotide repeat expansion", "opb": "Gene deletion", "opc": "Frameshift mutation", "opd": "Point mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f20445fc-188c-412b-a1c6-ac3454e44dd7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common malignant bone tumor", "exp": "Primary bone tumors are considerably less common than bone metastases from other primary sites; metastatic disease is discussed at the end of this section. Primary bone tumors exhibit great morphologic diversity and clinical behaviors--from benign to aggressively malignant. ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-774", "cop": 2, "opa": "Osteogenic sarcotoma", "opb": "Secondaries", "opc": "Osteoma", "opd": "Enchondroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "4d5e6e0e-ca0b-448c-9372-28c7c2c5b0d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased permeability in acute inflammation is due to", "exp": "Formation of endothelial gaps in venules, i.e. immediate transient response is the most common mechanism causing increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation,\nMediators involved in this mechanism are\n\ni. Immediate (more important): Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, neuropeptide substance P.\nii. Somewhat delayed: IL-1, TNF, IFNγ", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histamine", "opb": "IL-2", "opc": "TGF-p", "opd": "FGF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7dadbaf6-dac9-4748-805a-c661a159d7b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most preferred technique for painless labour", "exp": "the lumbar epidural replaced caudal analgesia as the preferred technique. Compared with the caudal route, lumbar epidural analgesia is more comfoable for the patient and easier to perform. The technique required less local anesthetic.. Ideally, an epidural is staed when the woman is at least four centimetres dilated and in active labour (having strong and regular contractions) Ref Robbins 9/e pg 456", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lumbar epidural", "opb": "Sacral epidural", "opc": "Lumbar + sacral epidural (double catheter technique)", "opd": "Para cervical block", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bbc963df-a9ec-48f1-9888-8b5771ac15bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "TENS therapy is useful in", "exp": "Passive modalities such as ultrasound, laser and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are often used to reduce myofascial pain. TENS uses a low-voltage biphasic current of varied frequency and is designed for sensory counter stimulation for the control of pain. It is thought to increase the action of modulation that occurs in pain processing at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. Ultrasound relies on high-frequency oscillations that are produced and converted to heat as they are transmitted through tissue; it is a method of producing deep heat more effectively than the patient could achieve by using surface warming.", "cop": 1, "opa": "MPDS", "opb": "Trigeminal neuralgia", "opc": "Facial palsy", "opd": "Neurosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e10af077-bd46-4210-89cb-5237615ae09c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tooth discolouration due to high biLirubin secretion is seen in the", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Pink tooth of mummery", "opb": "Ochronosis", "opc": "Chlorodontia", "opd": "Leong teeth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce51c149-9745-498c-9303-480df6000f09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sialograhy of normal salivary gland reveals the ductal architecture as having an appearance of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Sausage string", "opb": "Fruit-Laden tree", "opc": "Leafless tree", "opd": "Bailin hand", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4dff9ee3-d8a1-4f29-bad7-9ab14e0e9e7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Premature exfoliation of deciduous teeth is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypophosphatasia", "opb": "Hypophosphaterria", "opc": "Hyper phosphtasia", "opd": "Hyperparathryroidism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8cef476d-2835-4b52-8a51-c90f46c5984d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glycogen containing cells is feature of", "exp": "Ans. a (Ewing's sarcoma). (Ref. Robbin, Pathology, 6th ed., 1244)EWING'S SARCOMA# Ewing's sarcoma constitutes -10-15% of all bone sarcomas# Is common in adolescence (peak incidence in the second decade of life).# It typically involves the diaphyseal region of long bones, Also has an affinity for flat bones.# X-ray: characteristic 6ionion peel\" periosteal reaction with a soft tissue mass (better seen by MRI).# The soft mass is composed of sheets of monotonous, small, round, blue cells and can be confused with lymphoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and small-cell carcinoma.# It is composed of sheets of uniform small, round cells that are larger than lymphocytes, rich in glycogen with Homer- Wright rosettes (tumor cells with PAS positive Glycogen-filled cytoplasm characteristic).# The presence of p30/32, the product of the mic-2 gene (which maps to the pseudoautosomal region of the X and Y chromosomes) is a cell-surface marker for Ewing's sarcoma (and other members of PNETs).# In approximately 85% of patients t (11;22) (q24;ql2) translocation is seen.# It is Undifferentiated--high grade tumor (Ewing's is always classed G4).# It is very aggressive, and it is therefore considered a systemic disease.# Common sites of metastases are lung, bones, and bone marrow.# Ewing's sarcoma can be curable, even in the presence of metastatic disease, especially in children <11 years.# Systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of therapy, often being used before surgery.# Local treatment for this tumor includes surgical resection, usually with limb salvage or radiation therapy.# More PNETs are known to arise in soft tissues; which include -- Peripheral neuroepithelioma,- Askin's tumor (chest wall), and- Esthesioneuroblastoma.Other small round cell tumors includeQ TumorClassic cytogenetic abnormality1.Wilm's tumor11p13deletion/mutation2.Lymphoblastic lymphoma (ALL)t (9;12)3.Rhabdomyosarcomat (2;13), llpdeletion4.Neuroblastomalpdeletion,N-myc amplification,DNA hyperploidy5.Medulloblastoma17q6.Retinoblastoma13q14deletion/mutation7.Ependymoblastoma 8.Burkit's lymphomat (11;22)9.Small cell carcinoma Note: Osteosarcoma is not a round cell tumor.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opb": "Chondromyxoid tumor", "opc": "Chondroblastoma", "opd": "Osteosarcomas", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Osteology", "id": "deaa29b9-fa4a-445d-84fa-8546a13ac7e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest histological finding in benign hypeension is aEUR'", "exp": "Hyaline aeriosclerosis Hyaline aeriosclerosis consists of homogenous pink hyaline thickening of the wall of the aerioles with loss of underlying structural detail. Encountered .frequently in elderly patients whether normotensive or hypeensive, hyaline aeriosclerosis is more generalized and more severe in patients with hypeensiondeg. It is also common in diabetesdeg as a pa of the characteristic microangiopathy. Pathogenesis The lesion reflects leakage of plasma components across vascular endothelium and excessive extracellular matrix production by smooth muscle cells secondary to the chronic hemodynamic stress of hypeension or a metabolic stress in diabetes that accentuates endothelial cell injury. Also know Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis It is characteristic of malignant hypeensionQ. There is concentric laminated thickening of aeriolar wall onion thickenine There is mucinous intimal thickening and fibrous intimal thickening. There may be accompanied .fibrinoid deposite with necrosis of the vessel wall --,vfibrinoid necrosisQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Proliferative endaeritis", "opb": "Necrotizing aeriolitis", "opc": "Hyaline aeriosclerosis", "opd": "Cystic medial necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "db2ee9cd-80d3-430f-95db-32a05c63cf5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cystosarcoma phylloides is tumor of", "exp": "Ans. a (Breast). (Ref. Baily & Love, Surgery, 22nd/pg.552)CYSTOSARCOMA PHYLLOIDES# is benign tumor of the breast.# It presents as a huge mass in breast.# Its histological pattern is variegated.# Its a misnomer as its relatively benign, but potentially malignant tumor.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Breast", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Uterus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "1cf7025c-9f8b-4fd8-8d57-f939254c7e67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Streak gonads are seen in", "exp": "Most patients have primary amenorrhea, and morphologic examination reveals transformation of the ovaries into white streaks of fibrous stroma devoid of follicles.the ovaries are reduced to atrophic fibrous strands, devoid of ova and follicles (streak ovaries).It is the defective development of the gonads in an embryo, with reproductive tissue replaced with functionless, fibrous tissue, termed streak gonads. ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-240", "cop": 1, "opa": "Turner syndrome", "opb": "Klinefelter's syndrome", "opc": "Klinefelter's syndrome", "opd": "Down's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "5daf1361-2e6a-41e1-bdae-79dab81e6ea6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Homer Wright rosettes are seen in", "exp": "Examples of tumors containing these are neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, Pinealoblastoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of bone(Ewing sarcoma). Refer robbins 9/e p844", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Nephroblastoma", "opc": "Ependymoma", "opd": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0976a483-adda-4d8d-afcc-4e572839c970", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drug used in case of Herpetic lesions", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Acyclovir", "opb": "Penicillin", "opc": "Tetracycline", "opd": "Ciprofloxacin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "956ae8e9-4ddf-4982-8bd2-d351fbf271c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RBC cast in the microscopic examination of the urine is an indicator of", "exp": "(A) Acute glomerulonephritis THE GLOMERULAR SYNDROMEAcute nephritic syndromeHematuria, azotemia, variable proteinuria, oliguria, edema, and hypertensionRapidly progressive glomerulonephritisAcute nephritis, proteinuria, and acute renal failureNephrotic syndrome>3.5 gm proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduriaChronic renal failureAzotemia uremia progressing for yearsAzotemia uremia progressing for yearsGlomerular hematuria; subnephrotic proteinuria", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute glomerulonephritis", "opb": "Acute pyelonephritis", "opc": "Chronic glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Nephrotic syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "c21e9c93-2115-449c-a45f-9a41f926a9bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heck's disease is another name for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia", "opb": "Fibromatosis gingiva", "opc": "Oral melanotic macule", "opd": "Hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe33ee6b-4ba7-4511-947a-518b9d5f0e29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type of inheritance in MEL ASAI", "exp": "MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis an stroke) is a mitochondrial disease", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mitochondrial", "opb": "AD", "opc": "AR", "opd": "X-linked", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec97312f-8aa4-4caa-b0cf-3a626956181e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest site of liquifactive necrosis is", "exp": "Ans. a (Brain). (Ref. Robbins, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th/pg.7-13)NECROSIS# Enzymatic degradation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury.# Characterized by enzymatic digestion and protein denaturation, with release of intracellular components.# Morphologically occurs as coagulative (heart, liver, kidney), liquefactive (brain), caseous (tuberculosis), fat (pancreas), fibrinoid (blood vessels), or gangrenous (limbs, GI tract).# Kidney infarct exhibiting coagulative necrosis will be seen with loss of nuclei and clumping of cytoplasm but with preservation of basic outlines of glomerular and tubular architecture.# Liquefactive necrosis in the kidney can be caused by fungal infection, which will be seen filled with white cells and cellular debris, creating a renal abscess that obliterates the normal architecture.IRREVERSIBLE INJURY AND CELL DEATHMORPHOLOGIC PATTERNCHARACTERSTICSCOAGULATIVE NECROSISMost common type (e.g. Heart, liver, kidney)LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSISAbscesses, brain infarcts, pancreatic necrosisCellular destruction by hydrolytic enzymesCASEOUS NECROSISSeen in tuberculosisCombination of coagulation and liquefaction necrosis soft, friable, and \"cottage-cheese-like\" appearanceFAT NECROSISCaused by the action of lipases on fatty tissue (e.g. with pancreatic damage)Chalky white appearanceFIBRINOID NECROSISEosinophilic homogenous appearance - resembles fibrinGANGRENOUS NECROSISCommon sites: lower limbs, gallbladder, Gl tract and testesDry gangrene - coagulative necrosisWet gangrene - liquefactive necrosisAPOPTOSISA specialized form of programmed cell death, an active process under genetic control.Executed in mitochondria.Mediated by a cascade of caspases (digest nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins and active endonucleases).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "40dacf03-d7e8-45a4-945c-094f30a1abb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasmacytoid lymphomas may be associated with an increase in", "exp": "*Lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas are otherwise called as plasmacytoid lymphomas or immunocytomas. *It is a mature B cell neoplasm of older adults (60-70years)*Bone marrow shows small lymphoid cells and admixed plasma cells*These plasma cells secrete monoclonal IgM*IgM can cause a hyperviscosity syndrome called Waldenstrom&;s macroglobulinemia.(Ref: Robbins 8/e p612)", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "65876770-b276-4e5a-a4f6-d45dd4e0e4b6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Creeping fat is a feature of", "exp": "fat may encircle around antimesentric serosal surface producing a pattern known as creeping fat. mnemonic: FIND CASH Fissures Ileum Non-caseating granuloma Distoion of mucosal architecture Creeping fat, Crypt abscess, Cobblestone appearance. Aphthous ulcer Skip lesions Hose pipe like bowel SYSTEMIC AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PG NO.406", "cop": 1, "opa": "Crohn's disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Celiac disease", "opd": "Tropical sprue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "dd0d15d5-3deb-46a3-ab08-9793a4ff6e02", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasminogen domain resembles", "exp": "REF: ROBBINS pathology 10th edition Phylogeny of the serine proteinase domains and analysis of intron-exon boundaries and Kringle sequences indicate that hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), hepatocyte growth factor-like/macrophage stimulating protein (HGFVMSP), plasminogen, and apolipoprotein (a) have evolved from a common ancestral gene. The name Kringle comes from the Scandinan pastry that these structures resemble them", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fibrinogen", "opb": "LDL receptor", "opc": "Apolipoprotein a", "opd": "Prothrombin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "56f80651-7070-49fd-a18d-120468c6ac52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mrs. X had a femur fracture following A. On day 3, suddenly she developed tachypnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia and progressed to delirium and coma. Diagnosis is", "exp": "Microscopic fat globules can be found in the pulmonary vasculature after fractures of long bones or, rarely, in the setting of soft tissue trauma and burns. Fat embolism syndrome is the term applied to the minority of patients who become symptomatic. It is characterized by pulmonary insufficiency, neurologic symptoms, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, and is fatal in about 5% to 15% of cases. Typically, 1 to 3 days after injury there is a sudden onset of tachypnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia; irritability and restlessness can progress to delirium or coma.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 4; Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock; Page no: 128", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acute respiratory distress syndrome", "opb": "Deep vein thrombosis", "opc": "Fat embolism", "opd": "Infarction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c3f93c4b-30a0-468f-897f-c0ed65134505", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a complication of peussis", "exp": "Complications of Peussis Pneumonia (most frequent) Atelectasis Subcutaneous emphysema Bronchiectasis Otitis media Reactivation of tuberculosis Convulsions Coma Epistaxis Subconjunc val hemorrhage Rupture of diaphragm Umbilical hernia Rectal prolapse Melena Inguinal hernia Dehydration Ulcer of tongue Protein-energy malnutrition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pneumonia", "opb": "Convulsions", "opc": "Cerebellar ataxia", "opd": "Subconjuncti val hemorrhage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0e57c042-7e16-4a44-acce-6802c87cc559", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most dreadful complication of Kawasaki disease is", "exp": "Kawasaki disease is an acute, febrile, usually self-limited illness of infancy and childhood (80% of the patients are younger than 4 years of age) associated with an aeritis of mainly large to medium-sized vessels. Its clinical significance stems from the involvement of coronary aeries. Coronary aeritis can cause aneurysms that rupture or thrombose, resulting in myocardial infarction. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.352)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rash", "opb": "Lymph node", "opc": "Cardiac involvement", "opd": "Thrombocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "110d1286-fd91-4349-a698-29a20b59deee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initiation of dental caries depends upon", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "formation of large amount of acid", "opb": "Availability of carbohydrate food", "opc": "Viscosity of saliva", "opd": "Localization of acid over tooth surface", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ef15146a-b63c-4f5a-a5d2-e919d757e5d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromosomal translocation characteristic in acute promyelocytic leukemia is", "exp": "In AML with the + (15;17) acute promyelocytic Leukemia (M3 stage), auer rods present (most common stage associated with DIC).\n+ (8;21) AML with maturation stage (M2 Stage)\n+ (16;16) associated with best prognosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "+ (15;17)", "opb": "+ (22;9)", "opc": "+ (21;17)", "opd": "+ (8;21)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c2a4af62-5291-4d80-815a-e8434716a779", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lysosomal transpo defect is seen in", "exp": "Answer- A. CystinosisTwo disorders are caused by a proven defect in carrier-mediated transpo of metabolites: cystinosis end the group of sialic acid storage disorders (SASD).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cystinosis", "opb": "Goucher's disease", "opc": "Metachromatic leukosytrophy", "opd": "Tay Sach's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "78af5124-72b0-4a14-87e8-cb8990aec9fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Onion Skin' appearance of radiographs is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "fibrous dysplasia", "opb": "osteosarcorna", "opc": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opd": "Chondrosarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "147487de-e76a-430e-8291-5de0c39d65fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PAF does not cause", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Brochoconstriction", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Decreased vascular permeability", "opd": "Vasodialation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2af932ca-ffe0-4022-8b70-2089265b5736", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Perleche is caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "decreased interdental space", "opb": "increased interdental space", "opc": "Lack of Vit-C", "opd": "Trauma to the corners of the mouth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bd05304b-f22d-4808-bb89-6f8729182819", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pathologic calcification is seen in", "exp": "Systemic sclerosis:\n\nCharacterized by ultimate induration and atrophy of skin and fixation of epidermis to deeper subcutaneous tissues. The skin becomes hardened and atrophic and cannot be wrinkled or picked up because of its firm fixation to the deep connective tissue. This contracture of skin gives a mask-like appearance to the face of claw-like appearance to hands.\nScleroderma can be circumscribed (morphea) or linear (Coup de sabre).\nThe tongue becomes stiff and board like, causing the patient difficulty in eating and speaking.\nReduced opening of mouth and fixation of jaw as a result of involvement of the peritemporo mandibular joint tissues making dental care very difficult.\nSome times deposition of calcium in affected areas is also found.\n\nRadiographic features:\n-     Extreme widening of PDL, two to four times normal thickness is diagnostic.\n-    Bone resorption of angle of mandibular ramus and partial or complete resorption of condyles and/or coronoid processes of the mandible are also seen.\n\nOverall, increased collagen in tissues is characteristic feature of systemic sclerosis or scleroderma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Scleroderma", "opb": "Lichen planus", "opc": "Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa", "opd": "Lupus erythematosus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "78b9320b-760a-4344-ba07-3c32e0818461", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ladder pattern of DNA electrophoresis in apoptosis is caused by the action of following enzyme", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Endonuclease", "opb": "Transglutaminase", "opc": "DNAse", "opd": "Caspase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "67c427a8-4b7f-4715-b0a0-1b34becf41bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Definitive diagnosis of oral cancer is made by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Complete radiographic survey", "opb": "Biopsy", "opc": "Exfoliative cytology", "opd": "Pantograph", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "191cab10-5c0e-4f43-bca1-e1c02e95c11f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metastasis is least common with", "exp": "Also known as endodermal sinus tumor, yolk sac tumor is of interest because it is the most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age. In this age group it has a very good prognosis. In adults the pure form of this tumor is rare; instead, yolk sac elements frequently occur in combination with embryonal carcinoma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Embryonal cell carcinoma", "opb": "Endodermal sinus tumor", "opc": "Taeratocarcinoma", "opd": "Spermatocytic Seminoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "ee1c9b18-c293-4973-bcea-45d0fad81802", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antithrombin is protein produced by", "exp": "(Liver): (459- 992 H 18th edition)ANTI THROMBIN (or anti thrombin III) is the major plasma protease inhibitor of thrombin and the other clotting factors in coagulation. Synthesized in the liver and circulating in plasma at a concentration of 2.6 + 0.4mm antithrombin acts as suicide substrate for its target enzymes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "6af9c762-41e7-4b82-a7a3-904e8ff50d4d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Periglomerular fibrosis is considered typical of", "exp": "Chronic pyelonephritis is defined here as a morphologic entity in which predominantly interstitial inflammation and scarring of the renal parenchyma are associated with grossly visible scarring and deformity of the pelvicalyceal system. Chronic pyelonephritis is an impoant cause of chronic renal failure. It can be divided into two forms: chronic obstructive pyelonephritis and chronic reflux-associated pyelonephritis Refer robbins 9/e p545", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chronic pyelonephritis", "opb": "Chronic glomerulonephritis", "opc": "Aerionephrosclerosis", "opd": "Malignant hypeension", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "e60e1faa-c9eb-45af-b039-3d9323687902", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The swollen degenerating epithelial cell due to acantholysis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Anitschow cell", "opb": "Tzanck cell", "opc": "Ghost cell", "opd": "Prickle cell", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cd8330a7-0904-4db6-8d5b-ec37b7c96846", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The protein found in the amyloid deposits in senile systemic amyloidosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "AL protein", "opb": "â2 microglobulin", "opc": "â-amyloid protein", "opd": "Transthyretin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3e90be1-6499-4b02-ada2-7aec95db5500", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common infectious agent associated with chronic pyelonephritis is", "exp": "In most urinary tract infections, the infecting organisms are derived from the patient's own fecal flora. The most common is E.coli, followed by Proteus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. Ref: Pathologic basis of disease Robbins, volume 2, Pg no:930", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proteus vulgaris", "opb": "Klebsiella pneumonia", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Escherichia coli", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "870de1d1-e4b7-4669-aae7-9627ac42179c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Helmet Cells are characteristic of", "exp": "Schistocytes are typically irregularly shaped, jagged, and have two pointed ends. A true schistocyte does not have central pallor.\nHelmet cells are also known as schistocytes / triangle cells / burr cells are a Feature of microangiopathic diseases including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic microomgiopathies (TTP), mechanical artificial heart valves and hemolytic Uremic syndrome (HUS).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome", "opb": "Polysplenia", "opc": "Spherocytosis", "opd": "Acanthocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3941f530-4ec6-4be6-af7d-a132197c625e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eosinophils are activated by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "IL1", "opb": "IL5", "opc": "IL4", "opd": "IL6", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62f70ed4-cebc-4e17-8000-bf58120439f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is not a features of  Alzheimer's disease", "exp": "Lewy bodies are commonly found in Parkinsonism.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neuro fibrillory tangles", "opb": "Senile (neuritic) plaques", "opc": "Amyloid angiopathy", "opd": "Lewy bodies", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d70e595-e388-478e-bd22-0ba5800bb5e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Proliferation of nasal masses in Rhinoscleroma produces characteristic configuration typical of the disease", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hebra nose", "opb": "Scrofula", "opc": "Nose root deformity", "opd": "Mongolian nose", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "807fdb4e-1a2a-4575-9f1b-3de31ae2efe1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fetal and maternal blood can be differentiated by", "exp": "Apt testKleihauer-Betke testSource of SampleMaternal or NeonatalMaternalPrincipleAdding 1% NaOH destroys adult HbA but not fetal HbFAdding acid destroys adult HbA but not fetalHbFAssessment TypeQualitativeQuantitativeResultPositive means blood is of fetal originRepoed in estimated milliliters of fetal bloodNote:When fetal blood needs to be differentiated from maternal bloodApt Test is used (Qualitative estimation)When the amount of fetal blood needs to be estimatedKleihauer-Betke test is used(Quantitative estimation)Approximate volume of fetal blood entering into the maternal circulation is to be estimated by Kleihauer-Betke test using acid elution technique to note the number of fetal red cells per 50 low power fields.If there are 80 fetal erythrocytes in 50 low power fields in maternal peripheral blood films, it represents a transplacental hemorrhage to the extent of 4ml of fetal blood.(Refer: Mudaliar and Menon&;s Clinical Obstetrics, 11th edition, pg no:227)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kleihaurbetke test", "opb": "Apt test", "opc": "Bubbling test", "opd": "Osmotic fragility test", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6bd16a82-bf65-4771-867e-24cbafdc6522", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is an activator of LCAT", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apo AI", "opb": "Apo E", "opc": "Apo B 48", "opd": "Apo B 100", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3701724d-455c-42b2-aacd-89b2f912f917", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anaplasia characterized by", "exp": "(B) Complete loss of Differentiation[?]When a tumor cell loses its differentiation it gradually gains features of Dysplasia.oDysplacia is a process of gradual loss of differentiation.oIt is an abnormal growth which may precede malignancy.oComplete loss of differentiation = Anaplasia[?]Anaplasia:oIt implies dedifferentiation or loss of structural & functional differentiation of normal cells.oEg., Malignant tumours formed of undifferentiated cells are called anaplastic tumours, anaplasia is a marker of cancer.[?]Differentiation & Anaplasia:oDifferentiation refers to the extent to which the tumour cells resemble their normal counterpart, both morphologically & functionally.oWell-differentiated tumours, whether benign or malignant, tend to retain the functional characteristics of their counterparts such as the product on of hormones in tumours of endocrine origin or keratin in squamous epithelial tumours. Anaplastic tumours have no specialized functional activity.[?]Differentiation & Anaplasia:oDysplasia = disorderly (dys-) growth (-plasia)o'Dysplasia' is used to describe disorderly changes in non-neoplastic epithelial cells.oGraded as mild, moderate or severe.-Mild-moderate: Usually reversible-Severe: Usually progresses to carcinoma in situ (CIS).oNext step after CIS: Invasive carcinomaoAnaplasia = a state of complete un-differentiationoLiterally, 'toform (-paisa) backwards (ana-)'oMisnormer! Cells don't de-differentiate.oJust means cells are very poorly-differentiated.oAlmost always indicates malignancy.[?]Differentiation is defined as the extent of morphological and functional resemblance of parenchyma tumour cells to corresponding normal cells.oIf the deviation of neoplastic cell in structure and function is minimal as compared to normal cell, the to is known as \"well differentiated\" e.g. Benign tumour.oPoorly differentiated or undifferentiated or de-differ is poor structural and functional resemblance to corresponding normal cell.oAnaplasia is defined as lack of differentiation and is a characteristic feature of most malignant tunoRefers to a lack of differentiation in neoplastic cells.oWell-differentiated tumors resemble their tissue of originoPoorly-differentiated or undifferentiated (anaplastic) tumor cells appear primitive and lack specialization along any particular cell line.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Irregular shape and size of cells", "opb": "Complete loss of Differentiation", "opc": "Nuclear hyperchromatism", "opd": "Changing one type of epithelium to another", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2dfc2034-6ca8-4fca-9eb9-19a10f90d910", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Annexin V is a marker of aEUR'", "exp": "Apoptosis Annexin V assays provides simple and effective method to detect apoptosis at a very early stage. This assay makes advantage of the fact that phosphatidylserine (PS) is translocated from the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer (cell surface) leaflet soon after the induction of apoptosis and that the annexin V protein has strong specific affinity for phosphatidyl serine. Phosphatidyl serine on the outer leaflet is available to bind labelled annexin V providing the basis for a simple staining assay. All of the annexin proteins share the propey of binding calcium and phospholipids. Annexin V is a cause of syndrome called antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Annexin V normally forms a shield around ceain phospholipid molecules that blocks their entry into coagulation (clotting) reactions. In the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; the formation of the shield is disrupted by the abnormal antibodies. Without the shield, there is an increased quantity of phospholipid molecules on cell membranes speeding up coagulation reactions and causing the abnormal blood clotting characteristic of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Necrosis", "opc": "Aherosclerosis", "opd": "Inflammation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2bc78bd5-542e-4668-8f14-f03b20c32015", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest site for extragonadal germ cell tumor", "exp": "Reference Robbins page no 475 Extragonadal germ cell tumors form from developing sperm or egg cells that travel from the gonads to other pas of the body. ... These are more common than malignantextragonadal germ cell tumors and often are very large. Malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors are divided into two types, nonseminoma and seminoma In adults, the mediastinum is the most common extragonadal site for the development of germ cell tumors.229-233 The most common tumor in this site is mature teratoma.234 This diagnosis can be suggested by the presence of a large circumscribed anterior mediastinal mass with normal serum HCG and a-fetoprotein. Management of mature teratoma is surgical, and there is no role for chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Although these tumors histologically are benign, removal is often difficult. The tumors are commonly adherent to adjacent structures, such as the pericardium, lung, and great vessels.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pineal gland", "opb": "Mediastinum", "opc": "Retroperitoneum", "opd": "Sacrococcyygeal region", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "1ff34a90-f11e-4a55-b29c-59894a7724b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient has asymptomatic painless burrowing ulcer in the palate. He might be suffering from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Syphilis", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Histoplasmosis", "opd": "Actinomycosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "246917a7-76b1-4bfa-bb21-5cbadf8993f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Triad of leukoerythroblastosis, tear drop erythrocytes and large platelets is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Primary myelofibrosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 620/630)The most characteristic peripheral blood finding in PMF is myelophthisis, defined by the presence of leukoerythro- blastosis (presence of nucleated red blood cells, metamyelocytes, myelocytes, myeloblasts, and megakaryocytes) and dacryocytosis (Tear drop RBCs)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Essential thrombocytosis", "opb": "Primary myelofibrosis", "opc": "Myelodysplastic syndrome", "opd": "Langerhan cell histiocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "7c48e19a-fece-4186-ba15-fb00fc162be8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chubby cheeks, eyes are blue and staring at the sky is a feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cherubism", "opb": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opc": "Ectodermal dysplasia", "opd": "Sicca syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d47752cc-16ff-4e46-907e-dd40656f9ad9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The sensitive indicator for assessment of Iodine deficiency is", "exp": "Epidemiological assessment of Iodine deficiency Prevalence of goiterPrevalence of cretinism Urinary iodine excretion Measurement of thyroid function by determination of serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and pituitary thyrotropic hormone (TSH)Prevalence of neonatal hypothyroidism Neonatal hypothyroidism is a sensitive indicator of environmental iodine deficiency Serum T4 level is a more sensitive indicator of thyroid insufficiency than T3(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 662, 663, 681)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neonatal hypothyroidism", "opb": "Serum T4 level", "opc": "Urinary Iodine excretion", "opd": "TSH", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ebb4c8da-59b5-40a5-a13f-204cef5ff8c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of oral leukoplakia is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "angle of mouth", "opb": "cheek mucosa", "opc": "Soft palate", "opd": "Gingiva", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5995dfef-e42e-4dfb-b7a3-e0021e1a995a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA is located on", "exp": "Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. * HAL located on sho arm of chromosome no 6", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sho arm of chr-6", "opb": "Long arm of chr-6", "opc": "Sho arm of chr-3", "opd": "Long arm of chr-3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "3e1591a8-fec6-4a18-8980-61cb36c2a6a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spalding's sign occurs because of", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mummification", "opb": "Hanging", "opc": "Maceration", "opd": "Drowning", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "495700ce-4cda-4a29-b7b4-b0ca0a6ec060", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Splitted papule at corner of mouth", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Recurrent herpes labialis", "opb": "Recurrent herpetic stomatitis", "opc": "Increased vertical dimension", "opd": "Secondary syphilis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09fe5db1-3bbf-4217-8555-d3a3391e69f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amino acids that promote healing includes", "exp": "(B) Arginine > Adequate dietary protein is absolutely essential for proper wound healing, and tissue levels of the amino acids Arginine and Glutamine may influence wound repair & immune function.> Healing of wounds, whether from accidental injury or surgical intervention, involves the activity of an intricate network of blood cells, tissue types, cytokines, and growth factors.> This results in increased cellular activity, which causes an intensified metabolic demand for nutrients.> Nutritional deficiencies can impede wound healing, and several nutritional factors required for wound repair may improve healing time and wound outcome.> Vitamin A is required for epithelial and bone formation, cellular differentiation, and immune function. Vitamin C is necessary for collagen formation, proper immune function, and as a tissue antioxidant.> Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant in the skin; however, the effect of vitamin E on surgical wounds is inconclusive.> Bromelain reduces edema, bruising, pain, and healing time following trauma and surgical procedures. Glucosamine appears to be the rate-limiting substrate for hyaluronic acid production in the wound", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Arginine", "opc": "Glutamate", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "803aea49-d0c5-4cf5-bb9e-3a0d79c77b31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best indicator for coronary aery disease", "exp": "Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for development of atheroscerosis The main cholesterol component associated with increased risk is LDL (bad cholesterol) Robbins 9th edition page no. 336", "cop": 2, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chlomicron", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "72ec70ec-fc38-4ec8-9afb-e620b942c3d4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Activities of daily living to MR child can be taught by", "exp": "Self -Instruction is used in substance abuse where the person keeps on instructing oneself for not taking the substance,Cognitive Behaviour therapy is based on correcting the faulty cognitive distoions and faulty ideas and belief ,,All needing normal IQ. Token economy is a component of Contingency management, wherein the Consequence is contingent upon the action done in aicular manner.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Self instruction", "opb": "Cognitive therapy", "opc": "Contingency management", "opd": "Cognitive remediation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "090847b1-95b9-4773-86a5-50e64467ea67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Platelet adhesion to collagen occurs", "exp": ". Von-Willebrand factor", "cop": 3, "opa": "Factor VIII", "opb": "Factor IX", "opc": "Von-Willebrand factor", "opd": "Fibronectin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5be4b3ac-b337-4855-9631-be4aa3839ae0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins is", "exp": "The laying down of connective tissue occurs in two steps: \n\nMigration and proliferation of fibroblasts into the site of injury.\nDeposition of ECM proteins produced by these cells. \n\nThese processes are orchestrated by locally produced cytokines and growth factors, including PDGF, FGF-2 and TGF-β.\nTGF-β is the most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins.", "cop": 3, "opa": "PDGF", "opb": "FGF-2", "opc": "TGF-β", "opd": "MMP", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d90293c7-364f-4e68-a5f7-8cb0d8dee742", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A most characteristic feature of acute in", "exp": "Acute inflammation has three major steps: -\nAmong these three major steps “The hallmark of acute inflammation is increased vascular permeability leading to escape of protein-rich fluid (exudates) into the extravascular tissue”.\nMechanism of increased vascular permeability\ni. Formation of endothelial gaps in venules\nii. Direct endothelial injury resulting in endothelial cell necrosis and detachment.\niii. Delayed prolonged leakage\niv. Leucocyte mediated endothelial injury.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vasoconstriction", "opb": "Vascular stasis", "opc": "Margination of leucocytes", "opd": "Vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6302bbfd-3ea6-4ae3-8b6e-c43f486e798b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common antibody in sjogren syndrome", "exp": "Ans. (d) Anti-Ribonucleoprotein(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg218; 8th/pg213)Autoantibodies in Sjogren's syndrome:Anti SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La) Q: Most important, present in 90% patients;High titers of Anti SS-A - more likely to have early disease onset, longer disease duration, and extra- glandular manifestations (eg cutaneous vasculitis and nephritis)Rheumatoid factor (an antibody reactive with self IgG): in 75% Q, ANA: in 50% to 80%", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anti-DNA topoisomerase", "opb": "Anti-Centromere", "opc": "Anti-RNA polymerase", "opd": "Anti-Ribonucleoprotein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "f69ffdc7-3e76-4fa1-a761-06b03f330a9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most impoant adhesion molecule for diapedesis", "exp": "CD31 or PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule). is the most impoant molecule for diapedesisRobbins 9the p.76 -77", "cop": 1, "opa": "PECAM", "opb": "Selectin", "opc": "Integrin", "opd": "Mucin like glycoprotien", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "62ec62ea-f6a1-4dfa-8a28-0810f4903548", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromophilic Renal Cell Carcinoma is associated with", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "3p", "opb": "Trisomy 7 and 17", "opc": "6q", "opd": "t(3, 11)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "62286f9e-4a81-4f2e-b3f6-0ed9c9b7e80c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inheritance pattern of ABO blood group system and HLA system", "exp": "\"The genes that determine the A and B phenotypes are found on chromosome 9p and are expressed in a Mendelian codominant manner.\"", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pseudodominance", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "Autosomal recessive", "opd": "Codominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f7c1b902-a525-4b6f-8186-1753ec79db14", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Excessive sunlight exposure can cause", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "BCC", "opb": "Melanom", "opc": "SCC", "opd": "Leukemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7900db87-5168-4e14-b55a-8856f20dbe17", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Triad of biotin deficiency is", "exp": "(Dermatitis, glossitis, Alopecia) (407-H) (314-Basic pathology 8th)(Biotin deficiency) - clinical features -Adult = Mental changes (depression, hallucination), paresthesia, anorexia, nausea, A scaling, seborrheic and erythematous rash may occur around the eye, nose, mouth, as well as extremities (407-H)Infant = hypotonia, lethargy, apathy, alopecia and a characteristic rash that includes the ears.Symptoms of biotin deficiency includes - Anaemia, loss of apepite dermatitis, glossitis (150- U. Satyanarayan) Symptoms of biotin deficiency - Dermatitis \"spectacle eyed\" appearance due to circumocular alopecia, pallor of skin & membrane, depression, Lassitude, somnolence, anemia and hypercholesterolaemia - (173-Rana Shinde 6th)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dermatitis, glossitis, Steatorrhea", "opb": "Dermatitis, glossitis, Alopecia (314-Basic 8th)", "opc": "Mental changes, diarrhoea, Alopecia", "opd": "Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhoea", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Environment & Nutritional Pathology", "id": "96aecd5f-d167-481f-9b42-b884051f969d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HER2/neu receptor plays a role in", "exp": "Friends, direct quote from Robbins….’HER2/neu overexpression is associated with poorer survival but its main importance is as a predictor of response to agents that target this transmembrane protein (examples trastuzumab or lapatinib).’\n• The overexpression is due to amplification of the gene HER2/neu located on 17q21. Ackerman writes…. HER2/new encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity and its overexpression is a good predictor of response to herceptin (trastuzumab) but not a good predictor of response to chemotherapy or overall survival.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Predicting therapeutic response", "opb": "Diagnosis of breast cancer", "opc": "Screening of breast cancer", "opd": "Recurrence of tumor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09a96ea5-619e-47e6-961d-805ddd6c0f4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metastatic calcification is most often seen in", "exp": "Metastatic calcification can occur in normal tissues whenever there is hypercalcemia.Metastatic calcification can occur widely throughout the body but principally affects the interstitial tissues of the vasculature, kidneys, lungs, and gastric mucosa.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 26 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lymphnodes", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Liver", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "12c70ac7-fa92-4d52-afe0-3b9c8fa8194f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anti thyroglobulin antibodies seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hashimoto thyroiditis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hashimoto thyroiditis", "opb": "Graves disease", "opc": "De quervain thyroiditis", "opd": "Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b61de4c4-1942-43a7-b5c9-fbe8a7e892b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Proliferating breast mass is", "exp": "the proliferating epithelium projects as multiple small papillary excrescences into the ductal lumen (ductal papillomatosis). The degree of hyperplasia, judged in pa by the number of layers of intraductal epithelium, can be mild, moderate, or marked. Occasionally, hyperplasia produces microcalcifications on mammography, raising concern for cancer. ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-706", "cop": 4, "opa": "Duct ectasia", "opb": "Fibroadenoma", "opc": "Adenosis", "opd": "Papilloma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "31099813-44ac-43ad-9736-50b42d8dd585", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcium dependant cell adhesion molecule is", "exp": "Answer- A. CadherinThe cadherins are calcium-ilependent adhesion molecules. The three most common cadherins are neural (N)-cadherin, placental (P) cadherin, and epithelial (E)-cadherin. All three belong to the classical cadherin subfamily. There are also desmosomal cadherins and proto-cadherins. Cadherins are intimately involved in embryonic development and tissue organization. They exhibit homophilic adhesion. The extracellular domain consists of several cadherin repeats, each is capable of binding a calcium ion. When calcium is bound, the extracellular domain has a rigid, rod-like structure.Following the transmembrane domain, the intracellular domain is highly conserved. The intracellular domain is capable of binding the alpha, beta, gamma catenins.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cadherin", "opb": "ICAM-1", "opc": "L-selectin", "opd": "Integrin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7db56319-7c58-4d17-a2b2-f7fbbd2fb63a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest site of lytic lesion in multiple myeloma is", "exp": "The bones most commonly affected in multiple myeloma in descending order of frequency are veebral coloumn,ribs, skull, pelvis, femur, clavicle and scapula Ref:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease.South Asia Edition volume 1.Page no.599", "cop": 1, "opa": "Veebral column", "opb": "Femur", "opc": "Clavicle", "opd": "Pelvis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "4784ec8d-c17e-4e95-b377-4bfadf018d20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Treatment for recurrent ranula is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Incision", "opb": "Excision", "opc": "Excision with adjacent glands", "opd": "Marsupialization", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b0393d70-2d4c-4968-9069-b7c236dd8fa8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histological finding in Reye&;s syndrome is", "exp": "Reyes syndrome characterised by mitochondrial injury and decreased synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes in liver. Which leads to rise in blood ammonia and accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY HARSH MOHAN 6TH EDITION PAGE 602", "cop": 4, "opa": "Budding and branching of mitochondria", "opb": "Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Para nuclear micro dense deposits", "opd": "Glycogen depletion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9a41dbe7-cfea-4a68-8cf8-8cef3725dcaf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Starry sky appearance is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Pagets disease", "opb": "Cherubism", "opc": "Garrey's osteomyelitis", "opd": "Burkitts lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "46c63747-328e-4815-9b2d-65d8e1d1f1a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fibrinogen degradation products help in detection of", "exp": "DIC - Disseminated intravascular coagulation\n\tMultiple coagulation factors are consumed and are therefore deficient\nPlasminogen bound to platelet-fibrin thrombi is converted to plasmin by plasminogen activators\nPlasmin cleaves fibrinogen as well as fibrin to generate fibrin degradation products.", "cop": 1, "opa": "DIC", "opb": "Hemophilia", "opc": "TTP", "opd": "ITP", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c46e998b-1bb0-4452-a79a-e45eecec57a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient with nephritic syndrome will not have September 2009", "exp": "Ans. D: Normal RBC", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hematuria", "opb": "Mild to moderate proteinuria", "opc": "Hypeension", "opd": "Normal RBC", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b7d6c50b-262f-4a30-a633-d06e5ad1f82d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA associated with rhaumatoid ahritis", "exp": "HLA-DR4 (DR4) is an HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number of moderate frequency alleles spread over large regions of the worldDR4 is associated with extraaicularrheumatoid ahritis, hydralazine-induced female systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigoid gestationis, pemphigus foliaceus, obstructive hyperophic cardiomyopathy, IgA nephropathy, 'shared syndrome'-systemic sclerosis/rheumatoid ahritis and polymyalgia rheumatica", "cop": 2, "opa": "HLA-B27", "opb": "HLA-DR4", "opc": "HLA-CW6", "opd": "HLA-B8", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b623c5ab-11af-48fa-b403-6adbab4e36b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "First to be blocked by muscle relaxants", "exp": "First muscles to be blocked by muscle relaxants (both depolarizing and non-depolarizing type) are central muscles i.e., muscles of head and neck (face, jaw, pharynx, larynx), respiratory, abdominal muscles and muscles of trunk. After the central muscles, muscles of limbs (peripheral muscles) are blocked.muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to allete symptoms such as muscle spasms, Ref Robbins 9/e 456", "cop": 1, "opa": "Laryngeal muscles", "opb": "Diaphragm", "opc": "Thenar muscles", "opd": "Intercostals", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e1fbaf91-aea7-4094-a625-f1ebd01f90b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Red fluorescent fluid is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Pamphigus", "opb": "Erythema multiforme", "opc": "Lichen Planus", "opd": "Porphyra", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "42c3a2e7-b8af-41f0-8977-55e9ee9242c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caspases are involved in", "exp": "Apoptosis results from the activation of enzymes called caspases (so named because they are cysteine proteases that cleave proteins after aspaic residues). The activation of caspases depends on a finely tuned balance between production of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Two distinct pathways converge on caspase activation: the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 19 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Pain pathway", "opc": "Cell necrosis", "opd": "Phagocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "7bba8b93-d871-40e7-9127-133afef3eb33", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mutation seen in malignant melanoma is", "exp": "CDKN2A is a complex locus that encodes three different tumor sup- pressors, p15/INK4b, p16/INK4a, and p14/ARF. Of these, loss of p16/INK4a is clearly implicated in human melanoma, and experimental evidence also suppos a role for loss of p14/ARF. As already mentioned, p16/ INK4a inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), thus reinforcing the ability of the RB tumor suppressor to block cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. By contrast, p14/ARF enhances the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor by inhibiting MDM2, an oncoprotein that stimulates p53 degradation. CDKN2A is mutated in approximately 10% of sporadic melanomas, and these mutations uniformly abolish the production of p16/INK4a and more variably affect p14/ ARF. However, it is suspected that these mutations are the tip of the \"oncogenic iceberg\" with respect to molec- ular lesions affecting the G1 checkpoint. For example, 30% to 70% of melanomas show loss of p16/INK4a expression though varied mechanisms, and other famil- ial and sporadic melanomas have mutations in CDK4", "cop": 3, "opa": "N-MYC", "opb": "RB gene", "opc": "CDKN2A", "opd": "p53", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "85576357-e227-41da-b188-1c4b1fd547a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eosinophilic granuloma results from the proliferation of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Histiocytes", "opb": "eosinophils", "opc": "Lymphocytes", "opd": "fibroblast", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62909d8c-0e64-43fe-8b83-e53165de04fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "DIC in association with giant hemangiomas is seen in", "exp": "An unusual form of DIC occurs in association with giant hemangiomas (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome), in which thrombi form within the neoplasm because of stasis and recurrent trauma to fragile blood vessels.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 14; Red Blood Cell and Bleeding Disorders; Page no: 664", "cop": 2, "opa": "Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome", "opb": "Kasabach-Merritt syndrome", "opc": "Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome", "opd": "Type 2 von Willebrand disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "01e5e88f-2517-4bca-859e-c8cdf1d51fda", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mutation in GNAS 1 gene is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opb": "Ossifying fibroma", "opc": "Focal cementoosseous dysplasia", "opd": "Periapical cementoosseous dysplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "40b31618-874b-4f51-9340-4fdd5cf83c7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Borrelia recurrentis in transmitted by", "exp": "Louse-borne infections include: 1.Pediculosis 2.Epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) 3.Relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis) 4.Trench fever (Rochlamia Quintana)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mite", "opb": "Louse", "opc": "Tick", "opd": "Mosquito", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6b3b745a-7b93-4513-bc74-061640fda3e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Magenta tongue is found in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Riboflavin deficiency", "opb": "Scarlet fever", "opc": "Familial dysautonomia", "opd": "Median rhomboid glossitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "77986437-6b49-4ab1-99c1-408053d2ce65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In apoptosis, permeabilization of the membrane occurs in", "exp": "Mitochondria contain several proteins that are capable of inducing apoptosis; these proteins include cytochrome c and other proteins that neutralize endogenous inhibitors ofapoptosis. When cells are deprived of growth factors and other survival signals, or are exposed to agents that damage DNA, or accumulate unacceptable amounts of misfolded proteins, a number of sensors are activated. These sensors are members of the Bcl-2 family called \"BH3 proteins\" (because they contain only the third of multiple conserved domains of the Bcl-2 family). They, in turn, activate two pro-apoptotic members of the family called Bax and Bak, which dimerize, inse into the mitochondrial membrane, and form channels through which cytochrome c and other mitochondrial proteins escape into the cytosol.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 18 )", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nuclear membrane", "opb": "Cytoplasmic membrane", "opc": "Lysosome", "opd": "Mitochondrial membrane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "60795bac-b623-4cb7-8ff5-25a3ed2db5e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diagnosis of falciparum", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., HRP II", "cop": 2, "opa": "HRP I", "opb": "HRP II", "opc": "HRP III", "opd": "HRPIV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ef878bf-b80c-4d0d-850b-f5a3c397ced1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mechanism of secretion of macro molecules by cell in the manner of fusion with vesicle is", "exp": "(A) Phagocytosis # Phagocytosis:> Phagocytosis is the cellular process of phagocytes and protists of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria, and is therefore distinct from other forms of endocytosis such as the vesicular internalization of various liquids.# Pinocytosis> In cellular biology, pinocytosis (\"cell-drinking\", \"bulk-phase pinocytosis\", \"nonspecific, non-adsorptive pinocytosis\", \"fluid endocytosis\") is a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell suspended within small vesicles which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles.# Exocytosis> Exocytosis is the durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane.# Endocytosis> Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) from outside the cell by engulfing it with their cell membrane. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma membrane or cell membrane. The process opposite to endocytosis is exocytosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phagocytosis", "opb": "Pinocytosis", "opc": "Exocytosis", "opd": "Endocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "80239df5-d851-48e0-80a4-d7a9ed280eed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Delayed eruption of teeth occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Craniofacial dysostosis", "opb": "Hyperthyroidism", "opc": "Cleidocranial dysostosis", "opd": "Osteitis deformans", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36895e78-2fe1-4b4d-a962-e81432a20da2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumors metastatic to the jaw bones are most likely to be found in the", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mandibular condyle", "opb": "Posterior moral region", "opc": "Anterior maxilla", "opd": "Maxillary tuberosity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be33c3f5-e6bc-4636-a397-26e8c0e65615", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pseudobronchiectasis is seen in", "exp": "PseudobronchiectasisCondition in which a bronchiectasis like pattern appears in the bronchogram of the paially atelectatic pulmonary segments when the larger bronchi have become shoened and broadened in outline. These reversible changes do not indicate destruction of the bronchial walls.(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2200)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lung abscess", "opb": "Atelectasis", "opc": "Bronchopneumonia", "opd": "Emphysema", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3d507da6-12d9-462f-beb7-a8e55b4fff4d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "After entering a radiolucent lesion in a 30 year old man, hollow cavity without epithelial lining is seen, the most probable diagnosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Aneurysmal bone cyst", "opb": "Static bone cavity", "opc": "Hemorrhagic bone cyst", "opd": "Ameloblastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ef025b54-42ed-4570-b1db-13c1297b896e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The interaction of histamine with its H2 receptor in the parietal cell results in", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "An increase in intracellular sodium concentration", "opb": "An increase in intracellular cAMP production", "opc": "An increase in intracellular cGMP production", "opd": "A decrease in intracellular calcium concentration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e6c2b991-dc7d-4160-bd27-d1244f6ad0f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common histologic type of carcinoma of the oral cavity is", "exp": "Carcinoma of the oral cavity accounts for approximately 5% of all human malignancies. More than 90% of oral carcinomas are of the squamous cell type. Precursor lesions include leukoplakia (dysplastic leukoplakia) and erythroplasia, with transformation rates of approximately 15 and 50%, respectively. Oral carcinoma is more common in males. Smoking, tobacco chewing, chronic irritation, heat exposure, and irradiation are all thought to contribute to carcinogenesis. The lower lip is the most common site, followed by the floor of the mouth, the anterior tongue, the palate, and the posterior tongue. Prognosis varies according to site but is best for lesions of the lip and worst for lesions in the floor of the mouth.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adenocarcinoma", "opb": "Clear cell carcinoma", "opc": "Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma", "opd": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "c70833d8-ef38-437c-a7f7-44852931a534", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mesothelioma marker is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "CK 7", "opb": "CK 12", "opc": "CK 22", "opd": "CK 24", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02868ffa-6471-4344-8f8a-374d24ecc381", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest mutations that are associated with GIST are in", "exp": "Approximately 75% to 80% of all GISTs have oncogenic, gain-of-function mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. (C-KIT or CD 117)Approximately 8% of GISTs have mutations that activate a closely related receptor tyrosine kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor a (PDGFRA).Some GISTs without mutated KIT or PDGFRA have mutations in other genes that function in these pathways (NF1, BRAF, HRAS, or NRAS).Ref: Robbins Pathology; 9th edition; Page no: 775", "cop": 2, "opa": "Platelet-derived growth factor receptor a", "opb": "Tyrosine kinase KIT", "opc": "BRAF", "opd": "NRAS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "4bddea15-7a84-4b7d-8eed-1c16b487ca7c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Subclan steal syndrome is due to", "exp": "Subclan steal syndrome refers to steno-occlusive disease of the proximal subclan aery with retrograde flow in the ipsilateral veebral aery and associated cerebral ischaemic symptoms.CausesClinical presentationIpsilateral upper limbNeurological, radiationCongenital Weak or absent pulseDecreased blood pressure (>20 mmHg)Arm claudication (rare due to collateral perfusion)DizzinessVeigoSyncopeAtaxiaVisual changesDysahriaWeaknessSensory disturbancesRadiographic featuresUltrasoundCT angiographyMR angiographyRetrograde flow in ipsilateral veebral aeryEarly changes prior to reversal of flow: decreased velocity, biphasic flow (in veebral aery)Changes can be augmented with arm exercise or inflation of BP cuff above systolic pressureProximal subclan aery usually can't be seen well enough to assessDistal subclan aery shows parvus-tardus waveform and monophasic waveformSubclan aery stenosis or occlusion easily identifiedDelayed enhancement of ipsilateral veebral aeryDirection of flow in veebral aery cannot be determinedOther intracranial or extracranial cerebral vascular lesions can be identifiedSubclan aery stenosis or occlusion easily identifiedDelayed enhancement of ipsilateral veebral aeryRetrograde direction of flow in ipsilateral veebral aeryOther intracranial or extracranial cerebral vascular lesions can also be identifiedTreatmentEndovascular: angioplasty & stent inseionSurgical: bypass surgery", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blockage of first pa of subclan aery", "opb": "Blockage of second pa of subclan aery", "opc": "Blockage of third pa of subclan aery", "opd": "Thrombosis of subclan vein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e94ea92f-3d1b-4f02-949c-e37f05e38d4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "10 Weeks pregnant lady, best method of aboion is", "exp": "Vacuum evacuation is the most efficient method of termination upto 12 wks of pregnancy.Vacuum AspirationDone under paracervical block, cervical os is dilated through hegar's dilators. Instrument used is Karman suction cannula. Suction pressure is 60-70cms of Hg. End point of suction is when:No more material is sucked outGripping of cannula by contracting smaller uterus Grating sensationAppearance of bubbles in cannulaMerits: OP procedureLow failure rate-<1%Complications like bleeding, perforation, infection are <2%Moality <2%(Refer: Mudaliar and Menon&;s Clinical Obstetrics, 11th edition, pg no: 494)(Refer: Shaw&;s Textbook of Gynaecology, 15th edition, pg no: 245)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Misoprostol + mifepristone", "opb": "Diatation and curettage", "opc": "Vaccum aspiration", "opd": "Methotrexate and misprostol", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "169672f8-b116-47ba-b723-39bbe44acfef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parents are carrier of an autosomal recessive disorder. Chances of offspring to get affected", "exp": "To have an autosomal recessive disorder, you inherit two mutated genes, one from each parent. These disorders are usually passed on by two carriers. Their health is rarely affected, but they have one mutated gene (recessive gene) and one normal gene (dominant gene) for the condition. Two carriers have a 25 percent chance of having an unaffected child with two normal genes (left), a 50 percent chance of having an unaffected child who also is a carrier (middle), and a 25 percent chance of having an affected child with two recessive genes", "cop": 4, "opa": "1:01", "opb": "1:02", "opc": "1:03", "opd": "1:04", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e1092a5c-3783-4c53-b227-491fc38441cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Atheromatous plaque does not contain", "exp": "The main components of atherosclerotic plaques are 1.Cells: Smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, T cells2.Extracellular matrix: Collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans3.Intra and extracellular lipids(Ref: Robbins 8/e p502)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cholestrol crystals", "opb": "Neutrophils", "opc": "Smooth muscle fibres", "opd": "Monocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "7429cae8-500e-420e-b9e4-43fc291c3ccd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A child is diagnosed with osteosarcoma based on Sunray appearance seen on X ray.\nThis is because of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Periosteal reaction", "opb": "Calcification along the blood vessels", "opc": "Calcification along the periosteum", "opd": "Soft tissue invasion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ad1729ae-5705-4427-b176-1d089233e8e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aplastic crisis in sickle cell anemia as compared to haemolytic crisis leads to", "exp": "Aplastic crisis is an acute event caused by sudden decrease in red cell production. This is usually triggered by infection of erythroblasts by parvovirus B-19.\nHemolytic crisis is associated with hyperbilirubinemia and compensatory reticulocytosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased blood volume", "opb": "Total leucocyte count decreased", "opc": "Decrease in reticulocytes", "opd": "Same findings", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f3d5699-5bb0-48e2-a49d-18e20ee69843", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Selenium is a cofactor in following enzyme", "exp": "Selenium21st amino acid = Selenocysteine RDA = 50 - 100 mcg/daySelenium as a co-factorSelenium deficiencySelenium toxicityGlutathione peroxidaseDeiodinase Thioredoxin reductase Keshan's cardiomegaly Kashin-beck disease Peripheral neuropathy Garlic odor to breathDermatitis (Refer: DM Vasudevan, Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, pg no: 523)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutathione peroxidase", "opb": "Cytochrome oxidase", "opc": "Cytochrome reductase", "opd": "Xanthine oxidase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6daaf43b-391b-4a99-b081-6e2bc67a77df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell matrix adhesions are mediated by", "exp": "Integrins\nHave alpha (CD11) and beta (CD18) subunits and play a role in cell-ECM interactions as well as in leucocyte-endothelial cell interaction.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cadherins", "opb": "Integrins", "opc": "Selectins", "opd": "Calmodulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3750f37-d3a9-4113-8e03-b474d86d4732", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRAF mutation is seen in 60% of cancers of", "exp": "Point mutation of BRAF seen in 60% of malignant melanoma and 80% of benign nevi.Category of oncogenes:1)Growth factors *Overexpression of HGF - Thyroid cancer2)Growth factor receptors *EGFR -Squamous cell carcinoma of lung and glioblastoma*Her2/neu- Breast cancer *FLT3 - Breast cancer, ovarian cancers, and myeloid leukemia*KIT- GIST3)Proteins involved in signal transduction*KRAS-Colon, lung and pancreatic cancers*HRAS- Bladder cancers, kidney tumors*NRAS - Melanoma*ABL -Chronic myelogenous leukemia*BRAF- Melanoma*Beta-catenin- Hepatoblastoma and Hepatocellular carcinoma4)Nuclear regulatory proteins *C-MYC- Burkitt lymphoma*N-MYC- Neuroblastoma, Small cell carcinoma of the lung*L-MYC - Small cell carcinoma of the lung5)Cell cycle regulators*Cyclin D - Mantle cell lymphoma(Ref: Robbins 8/e p281, 283)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Malignant melanoma", "opb": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opc": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Teratoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c60f0bae-6257-46f5-a051-82daf6fc9540", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrombocytopenia due to increased platelet destruction is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Aplasti anemia", "opb": "Cancer chemotherapy", "opc": "Acute leukemia", "opd": "Systemic lupus erythematosus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8e9d97f-6a55-4727-988c-2213a0dad26e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Copper penny bodies are seen in", "exp": "Ans: a (Chromoblastomycosis)Ref: Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 21st ed.Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic infection of the skin and soft tissue.Characterized by the presence of muriform fungal structures called sclerotic bodies (copper penny bodies) within the infected tissues.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromoblastomycosis", "opb": "Phaeohyphomycosis", "opc": "Histoplasmosis", "opd": "Cryptococcosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Skin", "id": "503bfb75-ab3e-426c-a023-72148115be48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a feature of Venal keratoconjunctivitis is", "exp": "Fascicular ulcer is seen in Phlyctenular keratoconjunc vi s.", "cop": 3, "opa": "More common in summers", "opb": "Cobble stone appearance", "opc": "Fascicular corneal ulcer", "opd": "Keratoconus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4e44648a-106e-45d5-9dc6-fe9a8c2667fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour is most commonly found in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior mandible", "opb": "Posterior maxilla", "opc": "Anterior maxilla", "opd": "Ramus of mandible", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "244bff97-1380-41bc-a8a0-1c96ccf437ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caissons disease is caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Amniotic fluid embolism", "opb": "Hyper coagulability", "opc": "Air or gas embolism", "opd": "Tumour embolism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f0ed7181-a98c-4594-ae37-171a42bb17a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "a1 antitrypsin deficiency is seen in", "exp": "i.e. (Emphysema): (486-Basicpathology 8th) (1638-H17th)Panacinar (Pan lobular) emphysema is associated with a-lAT deficiency which has a predilection for the lower lobesPatients with severe a 1-antiprotease (a 1-antitrypsin) deficiency are recognized by family history and the appearance of panacinar bibasilar emphysema early in life usually in the third or fourth decade; hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma may occur (258-CMDT 11th)Panacinar emphysemaCentriacinar emphysema* Acini are uniformly involved from level of respiratory bronchiole to terminal blind alveoli* Central or proximal parts of acini formed by respiratory bronchioles are affected whereas distal alveoli are spared* Lesions are more common in lower zone and bases* Lesions are more severe and common in upper lobes* Occurs in association with a1 antitrypsin deficiency* Occurs predominantly in smokers*** Is the commonest pattern", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bronchial asthma", "opb": "Emphysema", "opc": "Bronchiectasis", "opd": "Lung carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiration", "id": "73391dc0-ea20-422c-a341-698ec33bd189", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nuclear cytoplasmic ratio in malignant cells is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "1:06", "opb": "1:05", "opc": "1:01", "opd": "6:04", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "68b4d883-1fe1-4949-9198-6bd3a8c7b091", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tram track appearance on histopathology of kidney is seen in", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 920PHOLOGY The glomeruli are large and hypercellular. The hypercellu- larity is produced both by proliferation of cells in the mesangium and so-called endocapillary proliferation involving capillary endothelium and infiltrating leukocytes. The glomeruli have an accentuated \"lobular\" appearance due to the proliferating mesangial cells and increased mesangial matrix (Fig. 20-16). The GBM is thickened, and often shows a \"double- contour\" or \"tram-track\" appearance, especially evident in silver or PAS stains. This is caused by \"duplication\" of the basement membrane (also commonly referred to as splitting), usually as the result of new basement membrane synthesis in response to subendothelial deposits of immune complexes. Between the duplicated basement membranes there is inclu- sion or interposition of cellular elements, which can be of mesangial, endothelial, or leukocytic origin. Such interposition also gives rise to the appearance of \"split\" basement mem- branes", "cop": 2, "opa": "Membranous nephropathy", "opb": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis", "opc": "IgA nephropathy", "opd": "Cresentric glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "f34f0dee-60ec-44ca-9235-ef4c03980a04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pedigree chart description of", "exp": "(A) Autosomal recessive# AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE> Appears with equal frequency in both sexes> Trait tend to skip generations> Affected offspring are usually born to unaffected parents> If both parents are heterozygous, approximately % of the progeny will be affected> Appears more frequently among the children of consanguine marriages.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X linked recessive", "opd": "X linked dominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "67652255-66bf-4efc-8cfb-d53122c2d48c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common translocation in follicular lymphomas.", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., 14 : 18 o The hallmark of typical follicular lymphoma is a 14 : 18 translocation that juxtaposes the IgH locus on chromosome 14 and the BCL2 locus on chromosome 18.", "cop": 1, "opa": "14 << 18", "opb": "17 << 19", "opc": "11<<14", "opd": "22<", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "862faf7e-b452-4167-9a21-4a27a12dfe5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Nulliparous, cervical opening is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Longitudinal", "opb": "Circular", "opc": "Transverse", "opd": "Fimbriated", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "fcf48acd-89a8-4ede-99b8-726ae845d16e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hereditary nephritis is seen in", "exp": "Hereditary nephritis refers to a group of heterogeneous Heriditary familial diseases associated primarily with glomerular injury. These are Alpos syndrome Thin membrane disease Refer Harrison 17/1794 Robbins 7/988", "cop": 3, "opa": "Analgesic nephropathy", "opb": "Balkan nephropathy", "opc": "Alpos syndrome", "opd": "Eosinophillic nephrits", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4c81208d-8716-4852-ab18-7deb2886b5ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An Inflammed capillary hemangioma of the oral cavity\nlooks similar to a", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Nevus", "opb": "Neurofibronia", "opc": "Pyogenic granuloma", "opd": "Angiosarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7b0277d3-0a60-415d-9710-4df9c0b096a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Schwannoma, the marked area represents", "exp": "Schwannoma Well circumscribed, encapsulated masses that are attached to a nerve but can be separated from it (Whereas neurofibromas are unencapsulated, an ill circumscribed mass that presents within the nerve and expanding them, hence the tumor cannot be separated from the nerve)Microscopic findings :Two patterns - Antoni A and Antoni B patterns Antoni A - Cellular with spindle cells showing nuclear palisades. There is an alternate array of nuclear palisades and nuclear-free zones were together called \"Verocay bodies\"Antoni B - Less densely cellular and consists of a loose meshwork of cells, microcysts, and myxoid stroma.Ref: Robbins 8/e p1340", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myxoid tissue", "opb": "Antony A pattern - Verocay bodies", "opc": "Antony B pattern -Verucoy bodies", "opd": "Antony C pattern", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0e6750d1-fda5-4b54-97ea-33700ed9d573", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 24 year old male complained of recurrent attacks of sore throat since 2 years. The total leucocyte count was 3000/ μl. A differential count revealed severe neutropenia. The diagnosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Subleukemicleukemia", "opb": "Agranulocytosis", "opc": "Infectious mononucleosis", "opd": "Leukoerythroblasticanemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "329fb8a4-1832-4837-81f0-b057bce2598c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Endotoxin shock is initiated by aEUR'", "exp": "Cytokines action Septic shock is caused by vasodilation and peripheral pooling of blood as a pa of systemic immune reaction to bacterial or fungal infection. Septic shock was earlier also known as endotoxic shock because it was believed to be most commonly associated with endotoxin secreted due to gram negative bacteria. Currently, septic shock is most .frequently triggered by grain positive bacterial infections followed by gram negative bacteria and fungi. Hence the older synonym of \"endotoxic shock\" is not appropriate. Septic shock may be caused by either gram positive or gram negative bacteria. The microbial triggers for septic shock are different in different bacterias :- - Grain negative bacteria --> * Lipopolysaccharide entotoxin - Gram positive bacteria * Lipoteichoic acid Cell wall murantyl peotide 'Superantigens Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin The primary initial event in endotoxic shock is release of cytokines irrespective of whether it is caused by gram positive or gram negative organism -The sequence of events leading to the production of primary cytokines is different in gram negative and grain positive bacterias but the result is the same i.e. both the gram (-ye) and gram (+ve) bacterias leads to production of same mediators of inflammation i.e. TNFa and IL-1. The sequence of events after the release of primary mediators of inflammation is same in both the types of bacteria. - Once the primary cytokines i.e. TNFa and IL-1 are released they activate endothelium and leucocytes to release secondary mediators. - The secondary mediators cause vasodilatation, vascular leak and endothelial damage. So two mechanisms are impoant in septic shock :- i) Release of primary mediators of inflammation TNFa and IL-1. ii) Activation and damage to endothelium Damage to endothelium leads to systemic inflammatory response which causes vasodilation and permeability leading to septic shock. But the initial primary event is the release of primary mediators of inflammation cytokines as a result of interaction between bacterial cell wall components and host cell. The endothelium is subsequently activated and damaged by these mediators (cytokines). Therefore cytokine release is the primary initiating factor in endotoxic shock.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Endothelial injury", "opb": "Peripheral vasodilation", "opc": "Increased vascular permeability", "opd": "Cytokines action", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8f46345-23d0-4df8-99bc-47f593f0ebaa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not Mesodermal in origin is", "exp": "Respiratory system* develops from foregut and is endodermal", "cop": 1, "opa": "Respiratory Tract Lining", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Hea", "opd": "Occipital bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6fab95f6-3e02-49d3-979e-7ec1ea5758f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Breast CA with best prognosis", "exp": "Ans. (a) Mucinous(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1064-65)*Histological type: Invasive ductal carcinoma (no special type; NST) carries poor prognosis.*Tubular, mucinous, lobular, papillary, adenoid cystic has better prognosis#Metaplastic carcinoma or micro-papillary carcinoma have a poorer prognosis QRemember mucinous > lobular", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mucinous", "opb": "Medullary", "opc": "Invasive ductal", "opd": "Lobular Ca", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "0e2241bb-e3a4-4864-ae5e-9d991a333434", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oral hairy leukoplakia occurs in", "exp": "Hairy leukoplakia is a distinctive oral lesion that is usually seen in immunocompromised patients. Approx 80% of patients with hairy leukoplakia are infected with HIV; the presence of this lesion sometimes calls attention to the existence of HIV infection. However rest 20% are seen in Immunocompromised due to cancer therapyor transplant immunosuppression. ref:Robbins pathologic basis of disease; Edition 8 ;pg;743.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carcinoma tongue", "opb": "Oral cardidiasis", "opc": "HIV-AIDS", "opd": "Infectious mononucleosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "a1fa1306-79bd-46d7-b958-2e159e38ef46", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Poly arteritis nodosa does not involve", "exp": "Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic vasculitis of small or medium sized muscular arteries, typically involving renal and visceral vessels but sparing the pulmonary circulation.      \nP  A  N -----\n* Pulmonary  artery not involved.\n*P ANCA -negative", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pulmonary artery", "opb": "Bronchial artery", "opc": "Renal artery", "opd": "Cerebral artery", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1241dba-cb1a-4575-a61f-56e846b0c682", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paternal 15 chromosome deletion is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Angelman syndrome", "opb": "Prader willi syndrome", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Tarner syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "97c432a5-b551-421b-8da6-8d1e6f6fa253", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hepatitis B infectivity is indicated by", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anti-HBsAg", "opb": "HBsAg + HBeAg", "opc": "Anti-HBsAg - Anti-HBc", "opd": "Anti-HBeAg + Anti-HBs Ag", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d39069aa-b14f-448d-bb33-11bdc30ce3a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tooth most commonly involved in chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Maxillary second molar", "opb": "Maxillary third molar", "opc": "Maxillary first molar", "opd": "Mandibular first molar", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d021a8a1-6d47-4a18-8d18-459525b0a471", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Baclofen is used for", "exp": "Baclofen is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Baclofen is a muscle relaxer and an antispastic agent. Baclofen is used to treat muscle symptoms caused by multiple sclerosis, including spasm, pain, and stiffness. Baclofen is sometimes used to treat muscle spasms and other symptoms in people with injury or disease of the spinal cord. Baclofen is used to treat muscle spasms caused by ceain conditions (such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury/disease).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Schizophrenia", "opb": "Depression", "opc": "Anxiety", "opd": "Spasticity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal system", "id": "efe0291b-f0c6-4ae5-93ee-468c9a6f2cd9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Periportal necrosis of liver is seen in", "exp": "Periportal necrosis is seen in eclampsia, phosphorus poisoning.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Shock", "opb": "Yellow fever", "opc": "Phosphorus poisoning", "opd": "Viral hepatitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fac67910-157a-437a-908b-14b03d1d8a83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In postmenopausal women, estrogen is metabolized mostly into", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Estriol", "opb": "Estrone", "opc": "Estradiol", "opd": "Androstenedione", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4321bdbb-6347-4e91-bffb-f853c7f14e3e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Toll like receptors, recognize bacterial products and stimulates immune response by,", "exp": "The Toll-like receptors are membrane proteins that recognize a variety of microbe-derived molecules and stimulate innate immune responses against the microbes.\nThe Toll-like receptors are expressed on many different cell types that participate in innate immune responses including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, mucosal epithelial cells and endothelial cells.\nSignalling by Toll like receptors results in the activation of transcription factors. notably NF-K0 and AP-L\nThe genes that are expressed in response to TLR signalling encode proteins important in many different components of innate immune response.\nThese include\nInflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-2)\nEndothelial adhesion molecules (E-selection) and\nProteins involved in microbial killing mechanisms.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Perforin and granzyme mediated apoptosis", "opb": "Transcriptions of nuclear factor mediated by NFKP which recruits cytokines", "opc": "FADD ligand apoptosis", "opd": "Cyclin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cbbadb63-c23a-4460-88c6-be973631b0f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The transition from G2 to M phase is controlled by", "exp": "The cell cycle is regulated by activators and inhibitors. Cell cycle progression is driven by proteins called cyclins. cyclin D-CDK4, cyclin D-CDK6, and cyclin E-CDK2 regulate the G1-to-S transition by phosphorylating the Rb protein (pRb). Cyclin A-CDK2 and cyclin A-CDK1 are active in the S phase. Cyclin B-CDK1 is essential for the G2-to-M transition.Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 1; The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rb gene product", "opb": "P53 protein", "opc": "Cyclin E", "opd": "Cyclin B", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "d95a4d9d-0255-4612-b59b-6bc698b7bf3b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "macrophage in the brain is", "exp": "Answer is option 4 Microglia are considered the resident macrophages of the brain given that they are the only myeloid cells present in the CNS parenchyma. Microglia perform both homeostatic and immune-related functions and constitute about 5-20% of all cells in the CNS. Ref of img :", "cop": 4, "opa": "Schwann cells", "opb": "Oligodendrocytes", "opc": "Astrocytes", "opd": "Microglia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "402a1d9d-41ce-4cce-9c4c-89c27978c0db", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common malignancy in HIV is", "exp": "Most common malignancy/tumor in I IIV is - Kaposi sarcoma\nSecond most common malignancy in HIV is - Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas\nMost common oral manifestation of HIV — Oral candidiasis Second most common oral manifestation of HIV — Oral hairy leukoplakia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymphoma", "opb": "SCC", "opc": "Adenocarcinoma", "opd": "Fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "903f8050-ab4c-45a2-b3e0-6b6376e8aead", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most reliable criteria in Gustafson's method of identification is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Cementum apposition", "opb": "Transparency of root", "opc": "Attrition", "opd": "Root resorption", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d5da19b-2546-457e-94b6-e4ccb51d9912", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myocaditis can be caused by", "exp": "In the United States, viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis, with coxsackieviruses A and B and other enteroviruses accounting for a majority of the cases. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, and others are less common pathogens. Toxoplasma gondii (household cats are the most common vector) also can cause myocarditis, paicularly in immunocompromised persons. Trichinosis is the most common helminthic disease with associated cardiac involvement. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no.401,402)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Schistosomia", "opb": "Ankylostoma duodenale", "opc": "Trichuris trichura", "opd": "Trichinella spiralis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b32b3bde-2c4a-497b-b68d-05e5218fc58a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multifactorial inheritance is seen in", "exp": "*The multifactorial disorders result from the combined actions of environmental influences and two or more mutant genes.*Some disorders of multifactorial inheritance are cleft lip/palate, congenital hea disease, coronary hea disease, hypeension, gout, diabetes, pyloric stenosis etc.*Note: Most of the congenital diseases are multifactorial. In our question \"cardiac septal defect\" is the only congenital disease.(Ref: Robbins 7/e p170)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neurofibroma", "opb": "Haemophilia", "opc": "Cardiac septal defects", "opd": "Hypophosphatemic rickets", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "14ce4ccd-a66e-4dc7-bc39-4c943f37db59", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following lesion is a doubtful premalignant lesion for oral malignancy", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Leukoplakia", "opb": "Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis", "opc": "Erythroplakia", "opd": "Oral lichen planus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0f2edf39-78a3-48b3-a8ec-628a1882aedc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Warty\" or \"Cauliflower\" like growth is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Papilloma", "opb": "fibroma", "opc": "Lipoma", "opd": "Torus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "91b23bfa-9a30-44c0-8227-2e3a3be117bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stain used for melanin is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Alizarin red S", "opb": "Von Kossa", "opc": "Masson Fontana stain", "opd": "PAS stain", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e212dad-24fc-4f07-af36-7d6fd8e595a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cytoprotective agent used for the prevention of xerostomia in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Valacyclovir", "opb": "Amifostine", "opc": "Glycopyrrolate", "opd": "Naproxen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a80bad9-dc8b-4b63-b419-406baa67f016", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrombosis is initiated by", "exp": "ref : robbins 10th ed", "cop": 2, "opa": "platelet activation", "opb": "endothelial damage", "opc": "Coagulation cascade", "opd": "vasoconstriction of vessels", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3913032f-884a-4390-ada5-c30cab7939f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Indirectly cytopathic viruses kill cells by provoking an", "exp": "In contrast to directly cytopathic viruses, which cause cell death by damaging the cell membrane indirectly, cytopathic viruses produce antigenic proteins that are inseed into the cell membrane and are capable of evoking an immune response. Attack by immune lymphocytes, which recognize the viral protein as foreign, destroys the cell membrane.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Injury to DNA", "opb": "Immune response", "opc": "Injury to the cell membrane", "opd": "Influx of potassium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "50ec4c5e-05b5-4ae4-b23d-ad8312ce6e40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In marfan syndrome, the defect is in", "exp": "Marfan syndrome\no Marfan syndrome results from an inherited defect in an extracellular glycoprotein fibrillin - 1 on a chromosome -15.\no It has autosomal dominant inheritance,\no Pathogenesis\no A defect in fibrillin affects the elastic recoil of extracellular connective tissue.\n\nElastic fibers consist of a central core made up of elastin, surrounded by a peripheral network of microfibrils that consists largely fibrillin.\nThe defect in fibrillin causes the defective function of elastic fibers.\nMicrofibrils (containing fibrillin) are mainly distributed to Aorta, ligaments of joint and ciliary zonules of lens → So, in Marfan syndrome these tissues are primarily of elected", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fibrillin II", "opb": "Collegen", "opc": "Fibrillin I", "opd": "Elastin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ba8c667-b235-4a61-ae82-52692f3c9f4d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Laminated concretions of calcium and proteins are", "exp": "*Schaumann bodies : Laminated concretions of calcium and proteins in giant cells. Seen in *sarcoidosis*Asteroid bodies : Stellate inclusions seen in giant cells which is composed of microfilaments, *microtubules and centrioles. Seen in sarcoidosis.*Asbestos bodies : Shish cabab appearance of asbestos fibre with ferritin in macrophages. Seen in *asbestosis.*Ferruginous bodies - Linear arrays of ferritin without asbestos fibres in macrophages. Seen in asbestosis.*Gamna gandy bodies - Siderosclerotic bodies seen in chronic venous congestion of spleen( Ref: Robbins 8/e p700-703)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Schaumann bodies", "opb": "Ferruginous bodies", "opc": "Asteroid bodies", "opd": "Gamma gandy bodies", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "836648d9-8242-4d9b-a44a-724ba7afb52d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Russel bodies seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Lymphocytes", "opb": "Neutrophils", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Plasma cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "596f9eb2-e9e7-4ae1-9ec6-6e9e3ddce3be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is seen commonly on", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lips", "opb": "Buccal mucosa", "opc": "Tongue", "opd": "Palate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c75513da-d79e-449e-94be-b997b1a085da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best prognosis in Carcinoma stomach is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Superficial spreading type(Ref: R 9th/pg 771)The depth of invasion and the extent of nodal and distant metastases at the time of diagnosis remain the most powerful prognostic indicators in gastric cancer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Superficial spreading type", "opb": "Ulcerative type", "opc": "Linitis plastic type", "opd": "Polypoidal type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "817f12ff-d3a8-4554-9200-1e8774d41c86", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hematuria with dysmorphic RBC are seen in", "exp": "Acute pyelonephritis, a common suppurative inflammation of the kidney and the renal pelvis, is caused by bacterial infection. It is an impoant manifestation of urinary tract infection (UTI), which can involve the lower (cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis) or upper (pyelonephritis) urinary tract, or both. As we shall see, the great majority of cases of pyelonephritis are associated with infection of the lower urinary tract. Such infection, however, may remain localized without extending to involve the kidney. UTIs constitute an extremely common clinical problem. Refer robbins 9/e p911", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute glomerulonephritis", "opb": "Renal TB", "opc": "Renal calculi", "opd": "Chronic renal failure", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "158a3364-6c3c-4122-9618-691d3444a9aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Negri bodies are seen in", "exp": "Ans. b (Rabies). (Ref Robbin, Pathology, 7th ed., 137)PATHOGENESIS OF RABIES# The first event in rabies is the inoculation of virus through the skin, usually through a bite that delivers virus-laden saliva.# Initial viral replication appears to occur within striated muscle cells at the site of inoculation.# The peripheral nervous system is exposed at the neuromuscular and/or neurotendinous spindles of unmyelinated sensory nerve cell endings, with neurotransmitter receptors such as acetylcholine implicated in viral attachment and internalization.# The virus then spreads centripetally up the nerve to the CNS, probably via peripheral nerve axoplasm, at a rate of 3 mm/ h.# Once the virus reaches the CNS, it replicates almost exclusively within the gray matter and then passes centrifugally alone autonomic nerves to other tissues--- The salivary glands,Adrenal medulla,Kidneys,Lungs,- Liver,Skeletal muscles,Skin, andHeart.# The incubation period of rabies is exceedingly variable, from 7 days to 1 year (mean, 1 to 2 months)/# Rates of infection and mortality are highest from bites on the face, intermediate from bites on the hands and arms, and lowest from bites on the legs.# The neuropathology of rabies resembles that of other viral diseases of the CNS:- Hyperemia,- Varying degrees of chromatolysis,- Nuclear pyknosis, and- Neuronophagia of the nerve cells;- Infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells of the Virchow-Robin space;- Microglial infiltration; and- Parenchymal areas of nerve cell destruction.# The most characteristic pathologic finding of rabies is the eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions called Negri bodies within neurons. Each measures 10 nm and is made up of fibrillar matrix and virus particles.# Negri bodies are distributed throughout the brain, particularly in:- Ammon's horn,- Brainstem,- Hypothalamus, and- Purkinje cells of the cerebellumCerebellar,cerebral cortex,Dorsal spinal ganglia.# Negri bodies are not demonstrated in at least 20% of cases of rabies, and their absence from brain material does not rule out the diagnosis.RFFIT is valuable test to diagnose rabies.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Prion disease", "opb": "Rabies", "opc": "Measles", "opd": "Herpes encephalitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Infectious Disease", "id": "f72fa680-d512-4e54-a183-dad064854272", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feature of Apoptosis", "exp": "Features of Necrosis and ApoptosisFeatureNecrosisApoptosisCell sizeEnlarged (swelling)Reduced (shrinkage)NucleusPyknosis - karyorrhexis - karyolysisFragmentation into nucleosome-sizefragmentsPlasmamembraneDisruptedIntact; altered structure,especially orientation of lipidsCellularcontentsEnzymatic digestion;may leak out of the cellIntact; may be released inapoptotic bodiesAdjacentinflammationFrequentNoPhysiologic orpathologicroleInvariably pathologic(culmination ofirreversible cellinjury)Often physiologic, means ofeliminating unwanted cells;may be pathologic after someforms of cell injury, especiallyDNA damageRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 2; Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cell is enlarged", "opb": "Karyorrhexis", "opc": "Plasma membrane intact", "opd": "Enzymatic digestion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b36131b7-dfe7-4de0-ba0b-37e25e5c46d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cellular swelling with blebs and myelin Figures are the changes seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Reversible cell injury", "opb": "Irreversible cell injury", "opc": "Metaplasia", "opd": "Anaplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "312ce181-60dd-49d5-b2ef-254391a6b1f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lisch nodules (Pigmented Iris hamartomas) are seen in", "exp": "Ans. b (Neurofibromatosis) (Ref. Harrison's Internal Medicine 17th ed., Chapter 374; RRM 7th ed., p.316)# Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma) and Optic gliomas = NF-1.# Glaucoma = Sturge Weber syndome.# Retinal angiomas = VHL# GlaucomaNEUROFIBROMATOSIS# Autosomal dominant inherited disorder- pure neurofibromas (= tumor of nerve sheath with involvement of nerve, nerve fibers run through mass)- neurilemmomas (= nerve fibers diverge and course over the surface of the tumor mass)(a) localized neurofibroma (most common, 90%)(b) diffuse neurofibroma (mostly solitary + not associated with NF1)(c) plexiform neurofibroma (PATHOGNOMONIC of NF1)Peripheral Neurofibromatosis (90%) = NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 = von Recklinghausen disease# autosomal dominant with abnormalities localized to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17.- CLASSIC TRIAD:- Cutaneous lesions- Skeletal deformity- CNS manifestations# CNS and ocular MANIFESTATIONS- Lisch nodules= melanocytic iris hamartomas <2 mm in size- Optic pathway glioma- Hydrocephalus (Aqueductal stenosis)- Vascular dysplasia= occlusion / stenosis of distal ICA, proximal MCA/ACA- Plexiform neurofibromas are PATHOGNOMONIC for NF1- Erosion of bony elements with marked posterior scalloping# SKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS (in 25-40%)- Harlequin appearance to orbit (empty orbit) = partial absence of greater and lesser wing of sphenoid + orbital plate of frontal bone- Sharply angled focal kyphoscoliosis (50%) in lower thoracic + lumbar spine- Pseudarthrosis after bowing fracture (particularly in tibia) in 1st year of life# Others:- Cafe-au-lait spots= pigmented cutaneous macules >6 in number, >5 mm in greatest diameter; Coast of California.; Freckling.- Progressive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis with lower lung field predominance (up to 20%)- Pheochromocytoma- Renal artery stenosis: very proximal- Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor - most common malignant abdominal tumor in NF1", "cop": 2, "opa": "Niemann Pick disease", "opb": "Neurofibromatosis", "opc": "Ochronosis", "opd": "Glycogen storage disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Central Nervous System", "id": "fa145bc3-1bdd-4945-ab10-067066f0d703", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chance of having cystic fibrosis if only one parent is affected and other is normal", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., 50%", "cop": 2, "opa": "25%", "opb": "50%", "opc": "70%", "opd": "80%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9abc95f1-68b4-465b-a360-4d28c92f50f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following condition is associated with brown skin pigmentation, hypoplasia of kidney and spleen, absent or hypoplastic thumb or radius, microcephaly and mental and sexual retardation", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Aplastic Anemia", "opb": "Pernicious Anemia", "opc": "Sickle Cell Anemia", "opd": "Megaloblastic Anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5651840f-2f79-446f-b7a6-2be00b87fbd6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common type of bladder cancer is", "exp": "Types of bladder cancers*Epithelial tumours: (95%)*Urothelial ( Transitional ) carcinomas- Most common*Squamous cell carcinoma*Adenocarcinoma Rare types*Small cell carcinoma*Mesenchymal tumours: (5%)*Sarcomas", "cop": 2, "opa": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Urothelial carcinoma", "opc": "Adenocarcinoma", "opd": "Carcinoid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "412e78ac-6944-4086-ab81-2483dee8883b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The size of the red blood cells is measured by", "exp": "(MCV) (361 - HM) (422- Basic pathology 8th)* Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) =PCV in L/L---------RBC count / L= Normal value is 85 +-8 pg (77 - 93 p1)* Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) =Hb/L---------RBC count / L= normal range is 29.5 +- 2.5 pg (27 - 32 pg)* Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) =Hb/dl-------DCV in L/ L * Normal value is 32.5 +- 2.5 g / dL (30 - 35 g/dL)* Since MCHC is independent of red cell count and size", "cop": 1, "opa": "MCV", "opb": "MCHC tumour", "opc": "ESR tumour", "opd": "MCH", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "6adea32a-f302-4bac-8515-a0c66323414c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Linear deposition of the immunoglobulins", "exp": "(Good-Pasteur syndrome): (485- Robbins-basic 7th edition)Linear pattern of immunoglobulin deposition (usually IgG, sometimes IgA or IgM) that is the hallmark diagnostic finding in renal biopsy in Good pasture syndromeLUPUS NEPHRITISClass I: Minimal lesionsDeposits within the mesangium which consist of IgG and C3Class II: Mesangial lupus nephritis* Increase in the number of mesangial cells and of the mesangial matrix* Granular mesangial deposits of IgG and C3 sometimes IgA and IgMClass III: Focal segmental LN* Haematoxylin bodies of gross may be present* Subendothelial and subepithelial deposits of IgG often with IgM or IgA and C3 are seenClass IV: Diffuse proliferative LN* Most severe and most common form of LN*** Diffuse proliferation of endothelial, masangial and sometimes epithelial cells involving most or all glomeruliClass V: Membranous LN* Resemble those of idiopathic membranous GN* Diffuse thickening of glomerular capillary wall on light microscopy and show sub endothelial deposits of immune complexes* Mesangial hypercellarity**Class VI: Sclerosing LN* End stage kidney of SLE akin to chronic GN* Most glomeruli are sclerosed and hyalinised", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lupus nephritis", "opb": "Good Pasteur syndrome", "opc": "Diabetic nephropathy", "opd": "Renal vein Thrombosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "7540d76f-ecc2-4215-b9fe-27ac0ff75019", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Patau syndrome due to", "exp": "<p>PATAU SYNDROME:- Trisomy 13 47 XX Characteristic features:- 1. Microcephaly and mental retardation. 2. Microphthalmia 3. Cleft lip and palate. 4. Cardiac and renal defects 5. Umbilical hernia 6. Rocker bottom feet {Reference:Robbins basic pathology 9E pg no.248}</p>", "cop": 4, "opa": "Trisomy 21", "opb": "Trisomy 18", "opc": "18 P", "opd": "Trisomy l3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "932d3005-4ebe-436f-8c00-4031da024d17", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A defect in xeroderma pigmentosum", "exp": "Explanation:\nTypes of defects in DNA-repair systems and conditions associated", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nucleotide excision repair", "opb": "Mismatch repair", "opc": "Base excision repair", "opd": "Double strand break repair", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "002069fc-9b6f-4b1e-a000-6716c487bc2f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Medulloblastoma most commonly metastasize to", "exp": "Spread through the CSF is common, may present as nodular masses anywhere in the CNS. Metastases to the cauda equina are sometimes termed drop metastases. Refer robbins 9/e 844", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "CSF", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6d67bf38-03dc-4068-b7f5-a3db3786a4a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "F body is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Y chromatin(Ref: Emery Genetics)Quinacrine, a fluorescence dye, binds strongly to the Y chromosome forming a bright fluorescent spot (F body). This is clearly visible in stained interphase cells from various tissues from the human male and in mature spermatozoa", "cop": 1, "opa": "Y chromatin", "opb": "X chromatin", "opc": "Chromosome 1", "opd": "Chromosome 21", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "e2957ada-da8f-47bb-a74f-544a504e07db", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pagets disease of the nipple is", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 1057 Paget disease of the nipple is a rare manifestation of Breast cancer that presents as a lateral erythematous eruption with a scale crust.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Infection", "opb": "Dermatitis", "opc": "Neoplasia", "opd": "Hypopigmentation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "8e101bf0-bb15-4b8f-80a3-a20847a177df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common primary in brain metastasis is from", "exp": "Brain metastases occur when cancer cells spread from their original site to the brain. Any cancer can spread to the brain, but the types most likely to cause brain metastases are lung, breast, colon, kidney and melanoma. Brain metastases, or secondary brain tumors, occur in 10 to 30 percent of adults with cancer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Breast carcinoma", "opb": "Lung carcinoma", "opc": "Gastric carcinoma", "opd": "Colo-rectal carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e159ffb4-e5a1-4a92-9ca2-0a2d9594c487", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deficiency of enzyme hexosaminidase, n subunit causes", "exp": "Tay-Sachs disease, by far the most common of all gangliosidoses, is characterized by a mutation in and consequent deficiency of the b subunit of theenzyme hexosaminidase A, which is necessary for the degradation of GM2. More than 100 mutations have been described; most affect protein folding or intracellular transpo. The brain is principally affected Type II glycogenosis (Pompe disease) is caused by a deficiency of lysosomal acid maltase and so is associated with deposition of glycogen in viually every organ, but cardiomegaly is most prominent. MPS type I, also known as Hurler syndrome, is caused by a deficiency of a-L-iduronidase. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 229)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tay-Sachs disease", "opb": "Hurler syndrome", "opc": "Fabry disease", "opd": "Pompe disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "42bff942-96af-4a7d-bf82-cb05793ceba3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary arises", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., From surface coelomic epithelium", "cop": 2, "opa": "From cystic teratoma", "opb": "From surface coelomic epithelium", "opc": "From sex cord stomal cells", "opd": "From ectopic mucin secreting glands", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "15229a5a-f93b-4449-81d9-e82c64486a0c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The causative agent for \"Oculoglandular syndrome of Parinoud\" is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Arachnia propionica", "opb": "Bartonella henselae", "opc": "Bifidobacterium dentium", "opd": "Mycobacterium leprae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c507a92-2d59-4de3-af41-42da0f09f326", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "List the odd one out among the following", "exp": "Trisomy 18 is Edward syndrome & not Noonan syndrome. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype(46,XX and 46,XY). Refer to the image below.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trisomy 18 (Noonan syndrome)", "opb": "Trisomy 21 (Downs syndrome)", "opc": "Trisomy 18 (Edwards synd.)", "opd": "Trisomy 13 (Patau synd.)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Single Gene Disorders", "id": "23f0133c-c14f-4ca1-9e69-f3cb4672aca3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Premalignant lesion of the vulva is", "exp": "Leukoplakia of vulva means white plaque which may indicate : -\n\n\nBenign Lesions\nPremalignant Lesions\nMalignant Lesions", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kraurosis", "opb": "Leucoplakia", "opc": "Condyloma accuminata", "opd": "Localised scleroderma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "08e97650-1508-4532-affd-09ab049e00c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bohn's nodules are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cystic swellings in neonates", "opb": "Cysts associated with soft palate", "opc": "Cysts of gingiva in growing children", "opd": "Warts on the tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ffc8ab89-0698-4078-b977-9a3f689faf88", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best test to detect benign form malignant thyroid is", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no, 729, Answer is option 3,excision Ultimately it is the morphological evaluation of a given thyroid nodule by fine needle aspiration, combined with histological study of surgically resected thyroid parenchyma, that provides the most defenitive information about its nature.", "cop": 3, "opa": "FNAC", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "Excision", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "46eb375f-96c8-4226-99a2-d24734ff576e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest thyroid tumor in MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia)", "exp": "Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Medullary carcinoma is a less frequent type derived from parafollicular or C-cells present in the thyroid and comprises about 5% of thyroid carcinomas. It is equally common in men and women. There are 3 distinctive features which distinguish medullary carcinoma from the other thyroid carcinomas. They are : its familial occurrence, secretion of calcitonin and other peptides, and amyloid stroma. 1. Familial occurrence. Most cases of medullary carcinoma occur sporadically, but about 10% have a genetic background with point mutation in RET-protooncogene located on chromosome 10q. The familial form of medullary carcinoma in association with pheochromocytoma and parathyroid adenoma (multiple endocrine neoplasias, MEN II A), or with pheochromocytoma and multiple mucosal neuromas (MEN II B). 2. Secretion of calcitonin and other peptides. Like normal C-cells, tumour cells of medullary carcinoma secrete calcitonin, the hypocalcaemic hormone. In addition, the tumour may also elaborate prostaglandins, histaminase, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ACTH. These hormone elaborations are responsible for a number of clinical syndromes such as carcinoid syndrome, Cushing's syndrome and diarrhoea. 3. Amyloid stroma. Most medullary carcinomas have amyloid deposits in the stroma which stains positively with usual amyloid stains such as Congo red. The amyloid deposits are believed to represent stored calcitonin derived from neoplastic C-cells in the form of prohormone. Most cases of medullary carcinoma present as solitary thyroid nodule but sometimes an enlarged cervical lymph node may be the first manifestation. Most medullary carcinomas are slow-growing. Regional lymph node metastases may occur but distant organ metastases are infrequent. The prognosis is better in familial form than in the sporadic form: overall 10-year survival rate is 60-70%. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th EDITION - HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:813-814", "cop": 4, "opa": "Follicular", "opb": "Papillary", "opc": "Anaplastic", "opd": "Medullary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "cc7e6312-20cb-4848-a615-0e5f7734f43e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Deficiency of folic acid leads to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Pernicious anemia", "opb": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opc": "Iron deficiency anemia", "opd": "Thalassemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "171df9e5-e283-4fe0-a3a9-2555610d65fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most ideal explanation for recurrence of odontogenic keratocyst is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased mitotic activity of the epithelial lining", "opb": "Friability of the epithelial lining", "opc": "Presence of satellite cysts or daughter cysts", "opd": "Continued proliferation of rests of dental lamina", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea2b92d7-e16d-4229-9f52-fe6d69487a16", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phlegmon is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "STD", "opb": "Type of cellulitis", "opc": "Type of osteomyelitis", "opd": "Veneral disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d192838-8d26-4bc6-b156-3e6c8d5f5cb5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anti GBM antibodies are seen in", "exp": "Goodpasture syndrome (GPS), also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure. It is thought to attack the alpha-3 subunit of type IV collagen, which has therefore been referred to as Goodpasture's antigen.Goodpasture syndrome may quickly result in permanent lung and kidney damage, often leading to death. It is treated with medications that suppress the immune system such as coicosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and with plasmapheresis, in which the antibodies are removed from the blood", "cop": 1, "opa": "Good pasture syndrome", "opb": "RPGN", "opc": "Membrane GN", "opd": "Minimal change disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4b38f9e3-d604-4fe6-900b-9606ceebeec3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cells most frequently found in a granuloma are", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Mast cells", "opb": "Giant cells", "opc": "Lymphocytes", "opd": "Neutrophilis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a874d5f-9034-45f4-98b0-238a6324205f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Serotonin syndrome the most characteristic feature is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sweating", "opb": "Myoclonic jerks", "opc": "Palpitation", "opd": "Anxiety", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "dec8b829-e410-47dd-8b9f-d7053a723bd7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An ovarian neoplasm in a 15l4 year old girl is most likely to be", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 1029 Benign teratomas are bilateral in 10% to 15% of cases. Characteristically they are unilocular cysts containing hair and sebaceous material (Fig. 22-38). Sectioning reveals a thin wall lined by an opaque, gray-white, wrinkled epidermis, frequently with protruding hair shafts. Within the wall, it is common to find grossly evident tooth structures and areas of calcification. Microscopically, the cyst wall is composed of stratified squa- mous epithelium with underlying sebaceous glands, hair shafts, and other skin adnexal structures (Fig. 22-39). In most cases tissues from other germ layers can be identified, such as cailage, bone, thyroid, and neural tissue. Dermoid cysts are sometimes incorporated within the wall of a mucinous cystad- enoma. About 1% of the dermoids undergo malignant transformation, most commonly to squamous cell carci- noma, but also to other cancers as well (e.g., thyroid carcinoma, melanoma)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Germ cell tumor", "opb": "Epithelial tumor", "opc": "Seoli Leydig cell tumor", "opd": "Granulosa cell tumor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "756a6002-33f5-43ec-bbc3-9555408e0523", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The condition commonly involving V1 is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Trigeminal Neuralgia", "opb": "Trotter’s syndrome", "opc": "Post herpetic neuralgia", "opd": "Hunt’s syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "044ccbf8-f37a-43fa-a76d-6bfb641d0d8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Crescentic glomerulonephritis seen in", "exp": "RPGN presents with an acute reduction in renal function resulting in acute renal failure in a few weeks or months. It is characterized by the formation of 'crescents'(crescentic GN)outside the glomerular capillaries (extracapillary GN).' crescents' are formed from the proliferation of parietal epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule with contribution from visceral epithelial cells and the invading mononuclear cells. The stimulus for crescent formation appears to be the presence of fibrin in the capsular space. From HARSH MOHAN 7th edition, pg no:654", "cop": 4, "opa": "PSGN", "opb": "MPGN", "opc": "Membranous GN", "opd": "RPGN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "1bc06828-7297-4b6e-8eaf-e02d93b5fb10", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils is", "exp": "H2O2-MPO-halide system is the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils H2O2 is not able to efficiently kill microbes by itself. the azurophilic granules of neutrophils contain the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), in the presence of a halide such as Cl-, conves H2O2 to hypochlorite(OCl2-) which is a potent antimicrobial agent that destroys microbes by halogenation (in which the halide is bound covalently to cellular constituents) or by oxidation of proteins and lipids (lipid peroxidation). Robbins 9th ed page 79", "cop": 1, "opa": "H2O2-MPO-Halide", "opb": "NADPH oxidase", "opc": "Lysozyme", "opd": "Reactive nitrogen species", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b5951cd5-a670-43eb-a2e3-72e29e62df1f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased IgA levels are seen in", "exp": "Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is characterised by increasing levels of immunoglobulins. Increased levels of IgA was observed in alcoholic cirrhosis. REFERENCE: NCBI.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alcoholic hepatitis", "opb": "Alcoholic cirrhosis", "opc": "Microvesicular fatty change", "opd": "Macrovesicular fatty change", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "f7bd1b3f-7296-4e7a-bb43-25def3e618ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ITGCN is seen in", "exp": "ITGCN is seen adjacent to all germ cell tumors in adults except for spermatocytic seminoma and epidermoid and dermoid cysts. With rare exceptions, it is also not seen in pediatric tumors (teratomas, yolk sac tumors... Robbins 7th edition page 1096) ITGCN is seen with a high frequency in the following conditions: a. Cryptorchidism b. Prior germ cell tumors c. Strong family history of germ cell tumor d. Androgen insensitivity syndrome e. Gonadal dysgenesis syndrome. Ref: gradestack.com", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pediatric yolk sac tumor", "opb": "Pediatric teratoma", "opc": "Seminoma", "opd": "Adult spermatocytic seminoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4e79d9fa-3a28-4874-8d72-aef8828cc404", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Jack in the box\" phenomenon is because of", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Loss of accommodation", "opb": "Reduced visual acuity", "opc": "Prismatic effect", "opd": "Spherical aberration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5dfd119b-dc00-4c4e-8b4a-bb9ff4e8efe8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Michalis Gutmann bodies are seen in", "exp": "Malakoplakia *Etiology : Inflammation due to chronic bacterial infection, mostly by E.coli and proteus.*Common in immunosuppressed individuals*Pathogenesis : Disturbed phagocytic activity due to overloaded bacteria within macrophages*Sites : Urinary bladder, Colon, Lungs,Bones, Kidneys, prostate and epididymis *Microscopic findings : Sheets of macrophages, giant cells and michaelis-gutmann bodies *Michaelis gutmann bodies - Laminated mineralized concretions resulting from deposition of calcium In enlarged lysosomes of macrophages (Ref: Robbins 8/e p975)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis", "opb": "Malakoplakia", "opc": "Nail patella syndrome", "opd": "Chronic pyelonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "2f79d57e-54b7-49f5-9b5e-ffabe36c3103", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common neuroendocrine tumour in MEN 1 is", "exp": "Most common neuroendocrine tumor of MEN1 is Gastrinoma where there is over production of Gastrin. MEN1 associated gastrinomas are frequently multifocal whereas sporadic ones are single. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1122 A gastrinoma is a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. There is hypersecretion of HCl acid into the duodenum, which causes the ulcers", "cop": 3, "opa": "Insulinoma", "opb": "Glucaganoma", "opc": "Gastrinoma", "opd": "VIPoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b7647212-c188-41ff-968e-9f2d3a0af6eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reagent used in Apt test", "exp": "Alkali denaturation test (Apt-Downey test / apt test)Used to detect differentiate Fetal or neonatal blood from maternal blood (Qualitative).PrincipleMethodFetal hemoglobin (alpha 2 gamma 2 subunits) is resistant to alkali (basic) denaturation, whereas adult hemoglobin (alpha2 beta 2 subunits) is susceptible to such denaturation.Exposing the blood specimen to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) will denature the adult but NOT the fetal hemoglobin.The fetal hemoglobin will appear as a pinkish color under the microscope while the adult hemoglobin will appear as a yellow-brownish colorThe blood is mixed with sterile water to cause hemolysis of the RBCs, yielding free hemoglobin,The 5 ml pink hemoglobin-containing supernatant is then mixed with 1 mL of 1% NaOH.Fetal hemoglobin will stay pink and adult hemoglobin will turn yellow-brown.Adult hemoglobin changes color because it is less stable and will conve to hematin.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sodium hydroxide", "opb": "Sodium chloride", "opc": "Potassium Chloride", "opd": "Sodium bicarbonate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "99f8d5a8-8158-4cd9-a073-cb5d8fc7663d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Comment on the histopathological specimen", "exp": "Ref: Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology, 3rd ed. pg. 356* Teratomas are made up of a variety of parenchymal cell types representing more than 1 germ layer and often all 3 germ layer.* Cells differentiate along various germ lines, essentially recapitulating any tissue of the body. Examples include hair, teeth, fat, skin, muscle, and endocrine tissue.* Arising from totipotential cells, these tumors typically are midline or paraxial.* The most common location is sacrococcygeal (57%).* Because they arise from totipotential cells, they are encountered commonly in the gonads (29%).* The most common gonadal location is the ovary, although they also occur somewhat less frequently in the testes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyoma", "opc": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opd": "Neuroblastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Head & Neck", "id": "bbe0a15c-70fc-46bc-8f6a-9d91609041c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptor of joint capsule and ligaments is", "exp": "Receptors can be classified into rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors and slowly adapting (tonic) receptors.Rapidly adapting receptorsSlowly adapting receptorsCutaneous mechanoreceptors such as:Meissner corpuscles (respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations)Pacinian corpuscles (respond to deep pressure and fast vibration)Cutaneous mechanoreceptors such as:Merkel cells (respond to sustained pressure and touch)Ruffini endings (respond to sustained pressure)ProprioceptorsNociceptors (free nerve endings - respond to thermal, chemical and thermal noxious stimuli)(Refer: Ganong&;s Review of Medical physiology 24th edition,pg no: 158)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Slow adapting", "opb": "Fast adapting", "opc": "Different to slow and fast adapting", "opd": "Non adapting", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "39099ba9-cd4b-4113-b82e-0e3b441d5f9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myotonic dystrophy is inherited in chromosomes", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., 19 o Myotonic dystrophy is associated with a trinucleotide CTG repeat expansion on chromosome 9. o This expansion affects the mRNA for the dystrophila myotonia protein kinase (DMPK). Myotonic dystrophy' o The characteristic feature of myotonic dystrophy is myotonia, i.e., the sustained involuntary contraction of group of muscles. o Of all the dysdrophies, only myotonic dystrophy shows pathological changes in the intrafusal fibres of the muscle spindles. o Extra-muscular abnormalities are : - Cataract Frontal baldness Gonadal atrophy o DM Dementia Decreased IgG", "cop": 3, "opa": "21", "opb": "20", "opc": "19", "opd": "24", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bfff9fde-8958-4dcf-bc66-20a28bee451c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spindle cell tumor is", "exp": "Alveolar soft pa sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, poor prognosis neoplasm of unknown histogenesis with a distinctive histology, specific molecular characteristics, and unique clinical behaviors. ASPS generally develop in younger patients. Unlike other soft tissue sarcomas, ASPS also metastasizes to the brain. Ramdas Nayak 2nd edition page no. 371", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leiomyoma", "opb": "Schwannoma", "opc": "Fibrous histiocytoma", "opd": "Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "5be037de-7803-4274-8654-a69921ee8101", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most consistent and persistent feature of Ca Bladder", "exp": "Hematuria is the most consistent and Persistent feature of Ca Bladder.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Frequency", "opb": "Dysuria", "opc": "Lump", "opd": "Hematuria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "993e99fe-1e35-4102-b9d0-65f945e8b234", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common reported oral malignancy in HIV infection is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Sguamous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Verrucous carcinoma", "opc": "Multiple myeloma", "opd": "Kaposi sarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd54f391-07bd-43ce-a5ef-d99e4f13bbf8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "At a constant blood flow, an increase in the number of perfused capillaries improves the exchange between blood and tissue because of", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Greater surface area for the diffusion of molecules", "opb": "Faster flow velocity of plasma and red blood cells in capillaries", "opc": "Increased permeability of the microvasculature", "opd": "Decreased concentration of chemicals in the capillary blood", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8a3d247b-f8bc-40bf-b071-53f094e6eae5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Invasion of perineural space is a feature of", "exp": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma Most common location -Parotid & submandibular glands are M/E - Small cells having dark, compact nuclei & scant cytoplasm. Pattern : Tubular, solid, or cribriform patterns reminiscent of cylindromas arising in adnexa of skin Slow growing, adenoid cystic carcinomas are unpredictable tumors with tendency to invade perineural spaces & are stubbornly recurrent.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opb": "Wahin's tumor", "opc": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma", "opd": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Salivary Glands", "id": "3ebee70a-396b-4cbb-b974-48c266764186", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MCV is", "exp": "(82-92 FL) (283-Harsh mohan 6th/(439-CMDT-10)Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) =PCV in L/L--------RBC count / L* The normal values is 85 + 8fL (77-93-fL)* MCH normal values - 26-34 pg* MCHC normal values - 31 - 36g/dL* A severely microcytic anemia (MCV < 70 fL) is due to iron deficiency or thalassemia* MCV in infants of 1 month of age is = 90- 110fl**** A severely macrocytic anemia (MCV > 125 fL) is almost always due to either megaloblastic anemia or myelo dysplasia* Aplastic Anemia - Hallmark of aplastic anemia is pancytopenia**, Decreased reticulocytosis, macrocytosis,Neutrophils and platelets are reduced in number, no abnormal cells seen, Hypocellular bone marrow**B12 deficiency MCV is usually strikingly elevated between 110 and 140 fL Vitamin B12 deficiency | ||HaematologicalNeurological manifestations* Megaloblastic anemia(due to demyelination)* Macrocytic anemia||| ||||CerebrumSpinal cordCranial nervePeripheral nerve|||DementiaMyelopathyOptic neuritis| (SACD)/optic atrophyPeripheral neuropathy* Megaloblastic anemia should be treated with both folic acid and vitamin B12 because - folic acid alone causes improvement of hematologic symptoms but worsening of neurological symptoms*** Megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency is commonly due to- Inadequate dietary intake or increased metabolic demand**. The deficiency of cobalamine is almost always due to malabsorption*** Megaloblastic, anemia in blind loop syndrome is due to Bacterial over growth*** Intrinsic factor of castle is secreted by parietal cells in gastric glandsSCHILLING-TEST - measures cobalamine absorption by measuring urine radioactivity after an oral dose of radioactive cobalamine.The test is useful in demonstrating that the anemia is caused by an absence of intrinsic factor schilling test may be abnormal (usually defined as <10% excretion in 24 hr) in pernicious anemia, chronic pancreatitis, blind loop syndrome, and ileal diseaseFalse positive Schilling test - results are observed in patients with incomplete 24 hour urine collections or renal insufficiency**** Cells are macrocytic, hyperchromic, anisocytosis, hypersegmented neutrophils* ** Bone marrow have decreased myeloid: erythroid ratio (Normal 3:1)* In megaloblastic anemia - nuclear maturation lags behind cytoplasmic maturation* BM shows hypercellularity, erythrocyte precursors at different stages of development is found. Increased megaloblast causes ineffective erythropoisis*** Elevated levels of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in the serum (This is more sensitive than serum levels of vitamin BI2)*** FIGLU test for Folate deficiency (F for F)* The gene responsible for folic acid transport is situated on chromosome 21***", "cop": 1, "opa": "Normal value is 82-92 FL", "opb": "Increased in aplastic anemia", "opc": "Decreased in B12 deficiency", "opd": "Normal in Iron deficiency anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "f4d6259e-96a6-44a0-96f9-66a1227f1a64", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oval cells are seen in the stem cells of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Cornea", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "26069817-a8f1-498b-a0d0-59340b15ba4b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common vascular tumour in AIDS", "exp": "(Kaposi - sarcoma) (256 - R) (164- Basic pathology 8th)* Patients with AIDS have a high incidence of certain tumours especially Kaposi-sarcoma, non hodgkins B-cell lymphoma, cervical cancer in women and anal cancer in men* Kaposi - sarcoma is a vascular tumour that is otherwise rare in US is the most common neoplasm in patients with AIDS* The lesion of kaposi sarcoma are characterised by the proliferation of spindle cells that express markers of both endothelial (vascular or lymphatic) and smooth muscle lineages. There is also a profusion of slit -like vascular spaces, suggests that the lesions may arise from primitive mesenchymal precursors of vascular channels", "cop": 1, "opa": "Kaposi - sarcoma", "opb": "Angiosarcoma", "opc": "Lymphangioma", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "2212aadd-cb21-4c0b-8239-e7159455764b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lack of differentiation of cell is known as", "exp": "Anaplasia: Lack of differentiation is called anaplasia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anaplasia", "opb": "Hypertrophy", "opc": "Dysplasia", "opd": "Metaplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3f0e2a2c-0c1f-41df-9508-b175040d928b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "To prevent exercise induced bronchial asthma drug used is", "exp": "Sodium cromoglycate (Mast cell stabilizing agent)Inhibit degranulation of mast cells, thereby preventing the release of the chemical mediators of anaphylaxis.Improves lung function, reduce symptoms, and lower airway activity in persons with asthma.Most effective in patients who have either seasonal disease or perennial airway stimulation.Steroids have no role in exercise-induced asthma.(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2106-2115)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sodium cromoglycate", "opb": "Ipratropium bromide", "opc": "Terbutaline", "opd": "Epinephrine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "cc8602d7-d4e2-42cb-aca5-d33557c5507c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bilateral Renal cell carcimoma is seen in", "exp": "VHL syndrome: Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome, characterized by: Cerebellar hemangioblastomas Retinal angiomas Clear cell RCC Pheochromocytoma Cysts in various organs. Patients of VHL disease have germline mutations of tumor suppressor VHL gene located on chromosome 3p, commonly as homozygous loss of the VHL gene. About 35% of cases of VHL develop RCC. Ref: Ram Das Nayak 2nd edition page no: 633", "cop": 3, "opa": "Eagle Barett's syndrome", "opb": "Beckwith Weideman syndrome", "opc": "Von Hippel Lindau disease", "opd": "Bilateral Angiomyolipoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "1302b5fe-ad1b-41a4-8cb8-1a0449cd039c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oncocytes are modified form of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Nucleolus", "opb": "ER", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8cf72ad7-30e7-4ff9-97ee-f44c4e6f98a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Atheromatous plaque do not contain", "exp": "Atherosclerotic plaque have 3 principal components: 1. Cells including smooth muscle cells,macrophages and T cells 2. Extra cellular matrix including collagen,elasticfibers,proteoglycans 3. Intracellular and extracellular lipid Robbins 9th edition page no. 341", "cop": 2, "opa": "Platelets", "opb": "Neutrophils", "opc": "Smooth muscle fibres", "opd": "Monoctyes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "11990136-0f1b-466f-a334-22138b44d37a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following condition is not a single gene disorder", "exp": ". Dilated cardiomyopathy", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy", "opb": "Hyperophic cardiomyopathy", "opc": "Dilated cardiomyopathy", "opd": "Mitral valve prolapsed", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6f93b0c-fbd6-4336-bf59-a2382fd16a9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cause of oedema in Nephritic syndrome is", "exp": "(Sodium and water retension) (80, 522 - R) (100, 683 - HM) (554- Basic pathology 8th)Patho Physiologic categories of EDEMAIncreased Hydrostatic pressureReduced plasma Osmotic pressure(Hypo proteinemia)Increased venous return* CHF* Constrictive pericarditis* Ascites (liver cirrhosis)* Venous obstruction or compression* Thrombosis* External pressure (e.g. mass)* Lower extremity inactivity with prolong dependancy* Arterioler dilation- Heat- Neuro humoral dysregulation- Protein losing glomerulopathies (Nephroticsyndrome)- Liver cirrhoses (ascitis)- Malnutrition- Protein losing gastro enteropathySODIUM RETENSION* Excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency* Increased tubular reabsorption of sodium- Renal hypoperfusion- Increased renin - angio tension aldosterone secretion* Reduced plasma osmotic pressure can result from excessive loss or reduced synthesis of albumin, the serum protein most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure. An important cause of albumin loss is the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME characterized by a leak glomerular capillary wall and generalized edema* Nephritic syndrome - oedema is due to excessive reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubules via renin angiotensin - aldosterone mechanism", "cop": 4, "opa": "Decreased in plasma protein concentration", "opb": "Increased in plasma protein concentration", "opc": "Reduced plasma osmotic pressure", "opd": "Sodium and water retension", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "c2b38fd4-caf0-4f14-b185-50e042ef9df2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of leukocoria in newborn is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Congenital cataract", "opb": "Toxocara infection", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "CMV infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c3486349-0243-4b8a-9e17-abb9922727a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Giant cells seen", "exp": "Giant cell tumors of bone also known as osteoclastomas are relatively common bone tumors, usually benign which are arising from metaphsis and typically extending into epiphysis of the long bones. Young adults of ages 20-40 are more prone to these conditions. In a x ray we can find soap bubble appearance . >aicles > REF OF IMG:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Osteoclastoma", "opb": "Chondroblastoma", "opc": "Chordoma", "opd": "Osteitis fibrosa cystisca", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "216b722c-01cb-4032-be2e-32fbfdf9beb2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lowest in the hierarchy of specialisation", "exp": "Ans b: (Ref:Ganong)The bone marrow contains multipotent uncommitted stem cells otherwise called pluripotent stem cells Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into one or other type of committed stem cells otherwise called Progenitor cellsBut pluripotent stem cells are derived from uncommitted totipotent stem cells that can be stimulated to form any cell in the body.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Unipotent stem cells", "opb": "Totipotent stem cells", "opc": "Multipotent uncommitted stem cells", "opd": "Committed stem cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "c49502fd-5e9b-454e-b855-3fce1b52268d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cachexin is", "exp": "In patients with advanced cancers, this inflammatory reaction can be so extensive as to cause systemic signs and symptoms such as Cachexia, or wasting due to cancer, manifests with weakness, weight loss, anorexia, anaemia, and infection. The principal cytokine responsible for such manifestations is tumour necrosis-a (TNF-a) IL-12 Increased production of IFN-g IFN-g Activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumour cells) IL-2 growth factor for T cell ref robbins 9th ed page 315, 101", "cop": 4, "opa": "IL-2", "opb": "IL-12", "opc": "INF-gamma", "opd": "TNF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "84f08e3d-6414-4f42-b8ed-001cd05a6dcc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Preformed antibodies cause", "exp": "Rejection- Antibody mediated Humoral or hyperacute rejection When preformed antidonor antibodies are present in circulation of recipient Previous rejection of a transplant Multiparous women Prior blood transfusions Mechanisms of injury - complement dependent cytotoxicity, inflammation, ADCC. Target is graft vasculature - rejection vasculitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperacute rejection", "opb": "Acute rejection", "opc": "Chronic rejection", "opd": "Acute humoral rejection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0c605814-1436-4705-9dfc-860bf9f8ed22", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mycosis fungoides is a", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Papillitis", "opb": "Fungal infection", "opc": "T cell Lymphoma", "opd": "Paracytic infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e4ee8012-ea9e-4bf7-82d0-4a5f25eb37ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronic granulomatous disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "(Oxydase): (153- Baveja 4th Microbiology)Chronic Granulomatous disease (CGD) is fatal genetic disorder, deficiency of NADPH oxidase. In these patients polymorphonuclear leucocytes phagocytose invading bacteria normally but are unable to kill ingested micro organism because engulfment of bacteria is not followed by activation of oxygen-dependent killing mechanism. The bacteria involved in the recurrent infections are catalase positive organisms such as staphylococci and coliforms Leucocytes from these patients fail to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) during phagocytosis. This property has been used (NBT test) for diagnosis of CGD", "cop": 2, "opa": "Opsonization", "opb": "Oxydase", "opc": "Lysozyme", "opd": "Cytokines", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "555f0b74-e417-4381-9d8a-d7b6bd52c1b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath Is", "exp": "Giant cell tumours of tendon sheath are benign tumours, occurs as discrete nodules on a tendon sheath along wrist and fingers. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is the second most common tumor of the hand after ganglion cysts (1,2). It is a slowly growing, usually painless benign lesion of soft tissues. Robbins basic pathology. 7tyh edition. chapter - joints and soft tissue tumours. Page no 1315. REF IMG answer is option 4.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Traumatic", "opb": "Infective", "opc": "Malignant tumor", "opd": "benign tumor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "0c143995-5898-4750-a833-dbcd513cedb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Severe hereditary spherocytosis is seen due to the defect of the following protein", "exp": ". Spectrin", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spectrin", "opb": "Ankyrin", "opc": "Band 3", "opd": "Band 4.2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "185a269d-b520-418e-bbc4-0a985aee0530", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caseous necrosis is seen in", "exp": "Caseous necrosis is encountered most often in foci of tuberculous infection. Caseous means \"cheese-like,\" referring to the friable yellow-white appearance of the area of necrosis.Unlike with coagulative necrosis, the tissue architecture is completely obliterated and cellular outlines cannot be discerned. The area of caseous necrosis is often enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border; this appearance is characteristic of a focus of inflammation known as a granuloma.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 10)", "cop": 1, "opa": "TB", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "Cryptococcal infection", "opd": "Gangrene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "89a8b351-37c9-40fa-a331-eb5e23fafb6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Proopiomelanocoin is released from", "exp": "Proopiomelanocoin (POMC) is the pituitary precursor of circulating melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH), adrenocoicotropin hormone (ACTH), and b-endorphin released from hypothalamus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypothalamus", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Adrenal", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b231eb26-a62d-4d6c-a2b7-cc95a6ed6fa6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The combination of rest pain, colour changes, oedema and hyperaesthesia", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Gangrene", "opb": "Pregangrene", "opc": "Necrosis", "opd": "Vasculitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07817cb3-3ad3-4fcb-9608-996dff884856", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Highest molecular weight immunoglobulins are", "exp": "Ref: Ananthanarayan and Paniker's, 8th ed. pg. 100Immunoglobulins and their salient featuresImmuno-globulinsSalient featuresIgG* Most abundant Ig, makes as about 80%* Marker of chronic infection* Only Ig that can cross placentaIgA* 2nd most abundant, 10-13%* Found in glandular secretion like saliva, tear, ileum, and mucosal secretion like bronchial secretionIgM* 5-8% of total Ig; aka pentameric Ig - has highest molecular weight* First Ig to be synthesized by fetus (20 weeks AOG)* Marker of acute infectionIgD* Present mostly intravascular* Serve as recognition receptor for antigensIgE* Mostly extravascular in distribution* Highly elevated levels in case of type-I HPS reaction* Produced chiefly in the linings of respiratory and intestinal tractsImmunoglobulin and their effective valencyAntibodyEffective valency* IgM5* IgG2* IgD2* IgE2* IgA2,4* Ig having maximum molecular weight: IgM* First antibody produced by newborn: IgM* All immunoglobulins are heat stable except: IgE* Ig present in breast milk: IgA* Ig with maximum half-life: IgG* Ig with minimum half-life: IgE* Ig having maximum serum concentration: IgG* Ig having least serum concentration: IgE", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "f3b40fe2-81d9-493e-9367-c8263939c0f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GNAS mutation is associated with malignancy of", "exp": "GNAS encodes for alpha subunit of stimulatory G-protein , Gsalpha . Oncogenic activation of GNAS constitutively activates Gsalpha leading to Growth hormone(GH) adenomas. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1076", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lactotrophs", "opb": "Somatotrophs", "opc": "Thyrotrophs", "opd": "Coicotrophs", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "6db766d6-9bf6-4c23-abe1-7f59fce3d10e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sweat chloride in cystic fibrosis", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 226, An increase in sweat chloride concentration is a major criteria for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Page no 223: the primary defect in cystic fibrosis is abnormal function of an epithelium chloride channel protien encoded by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene at chromosome locus. Thus the epithelium membrane become impermeable to chloride channels", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased", "opb": "Increased", "opc": "No change", "opd": "May increase or decrease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "23cebcd2-af8f-4e7d-97b4-1d492a83da5b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microarray is used to", "exp": "A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface Summery of Microarry; Within the organisms, genes are transcribed and spliced to produce mature mRNA transcripts (red). The mRNA is extracted from the organism and reverse transcriptase is used to copy the mRNA into stable ds-cDNA (blue). In microarrays, the ds-cDNA is fragmented and fluorescently labelled (orange). The labelled fragments bind to an ordered array of complementary oligonucleotides, and measurement of fluorescent intensity across the array indicates the abundance of a predetermined set of sequences. These sequences are typically specifically chosen to repo on genes of interest within the organism's genome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Study multiple genes", "opb": "Study disease", "opc": "Study organism", "opd": "Study blood group", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bd60756d-5a0c-4da0-8d4a-220684dd085e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MYD88 L265P mutation is seen in", "exp": "Ans. A. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemiaExplanationMYD88L 265P is expressed in 90 to 95% of WM cases when more sensitive allele-specific PCR has been employed.Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM):It is a IgM-secreting lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL).Clinical manifestations:Cytopenia resulting from bone marrow infiltration by lymphoplasmacytic cells,Paraprotein-related cryoglobulinemia,The cold agglutinin syndrome,Demyelinating neuropathySymptomatic hyperviscosity.Oncogenic basis: not been defined.Familial clustering of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and other B-cell disorders suggests that genetic factors play a role in certain patients.IgM monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) is characterized by the presence of a monoclonal IgM protein and the absence of bone marrow disease involvement on histologic examination. IgM MGUS can progress to Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia or other B-cell lymphoproliferative disordersMYD88 L265P is a commonly recurring mutation in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia that can be useful in differentiating Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and non-IgM LPL from B-cell disorders that have some of the same features.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia", "opb": "Multiple myeloma", "opc": "Burkitts lymphoma", "opd": "B cell disorders", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "a7d1be1b-1d41-44c3-9e1b-8d1f529653a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antibiotic stomatitis is the other name for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute atrophic Candidiasis", "opb": "Chronic atrophic Candidiasis", "opc": "Chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis", "opd": "Acute pseudomembranous Candidiasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a9130fcb-6204-462c-b3f1-7048f0e0d884", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Wegener's granulomatosis cytoplasmic anti neutrophilic antibodies are directed against", "exp": "Wegener granulomatosis is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by a specific triad of findings: * Granulomas of the lung and/or the upper respiratory tract (ear, nose, sinuses, throat) * Vasculitis of small to medium-sized vessels (capillaries, venules, aerioles, and aeries), most prominently in the lungs and upper respiratory tract * Glomerulonephritis PR3-ANCAs are present in almost 95% of cases and probably drive the subsequent tissue injury; they also are useful markers of disease activity. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.353)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Proteinase 1", "opb": "Proteinase 2", "opc": "Proteinase 3", "opd": "Proteinase 4", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "9188b908-a773-4a9f-9a5d-69e98560e897", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Internal resorption is characterised by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Pain on percussion", "opb": "Slow dull continuous pain", "opc": "No characteristic feature, symptom free", "opd": "Increased pulpal pain when lying down", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1b2f722c-a09e-41bc-8e5e-83699751a903", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "First enzyme to be raised in MI is", "exp": "The laboratory evaluation of MI is based on measuring blood levels of macromolecules that leak out of injured myocardial cells through damaged cell membranes these molecules include myoglobin, cardiac troponins T and I (TnT, TnI), creatine kinase (CK) (specifically the myocardial isoform, CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase. Troponins and CK-MB have high specificity and sensitivity for myocardial damage. (Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.382)", "cop": 3, "opa": "CPK-MB", "opb": "LDH", "opc": "Myoglobin", "opd": "Troponin-I", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "875ef62b-6e36-42e4-b059-8585e17bba80", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is not a feature of malignant transformation by cultured cells", "exp": "Malignant cells do not require stimulation by growth signals. they have capacity to proliferate without it.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased cell density", "opb": "Increased requirement for growth factors", "opc": "Alteration of cytoskeletal structures", "opd": "Loss of anchorage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "82e8c552-27cc-43df-b65d-cd0f175a1747", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sideroblastic anemia is seen in chronic poisoning of", "exp": "Ans. (a) Lead(Ref: Wintrobe's 12th/pg837)Sideroblastic anemia is seen in:*. Alcoholism*. Lead poisoning*. Drugs (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, chloramphenicol)*. Copper deficiency (zinc ingestion, copper chelation, nutritional, malabsorption)*. Hypothermia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lead", "opb": "Arsenic", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Mercury", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "a9bed671-c2a2-4f29-b51f-9b6db5e07b7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The layer responsible for the strength of an intestinal anastomosis is", "exp": "Mechanical propeiesThe mechanical propeies of intact intestine in axial and transversal directions were different. The mechanical strength of the intact intestinal wall was conditioned by the submucosa and muscularis, while the serosa and mucosa showed no significant strength. Comparison of axial specimens&; mechanical propeies of the intact intestinal wall and intestinal wall with all layers sutured through determined that only the submucosa supplies mechanical strength to anastomosis.Other layers contribute no significant force to anastomotic strength. The strength applied to the thread during knot tying does not change the paicipation of the intestinal layers in supplying suture-holding capacity for 8 and 12 mm stitch depth. (Refer:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mucosa", "opb": "Submucosa", "opc": "Muscularis propria", "opd": "Serosa", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "afc689c2-3f13-4755-85db-2f8517baf55b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dilated cardiomyopathy is due to", "exp": "Option a: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular hypertrophy\nOption b: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy\nOption d: Left ventricular hypertrophy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Defective desmosomes", "opb": "Mutated β myosin heavy chain", "opc": "Mutated titin", "opd": "Mutated osteoglycin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e51d1a3b-d0bf-4fff-b298-8954a1ea540a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The single most important predictor of survival in multiple myeloma", "exp": "Ans. (d) Serum b2 -microglobulin(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 598-602/8th 608-612)b2-M concentration is the strongest and most reliable prognostic factor for multiple myeloma. It depends not only on tumor burden but also on renal function. Elevated b2-M values predict early death", "cop": 4, "opa": "IL-6 levels", "opb": "Bence jones proteinuria", "opc": "CD 138 positivity", "opd": "Serum b2-microglobulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "28bebe6e-fe69-4ddc-88d9-b973a37a549c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sentinel node biopsy for Carcinoma breast is for", "exp": "Sentinel node biopsy is a surgical procedure used to determine whether cancer has spread beyond a primary tumor into your lymphatic system. It's used most commonly in evaluating breast cancer and melanoma. The sentinel nodes are the first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Early diagnosis of cancer", "opb": "For staging the tumors", "opc": "Frozen section", "opd": "Occult disease detection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9a66901b-fda2-4f04-b05e-d3b7c6a6bdc5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary cause of acantholysis in pemphigusvulgaris is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "auto immunity", "opb": "intercellular oedema", "opc": "intra epithelial oedema", "opd": "chronic alcoholism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1196a21-d8c9-435c-b6bf-b30b64389f5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The probable interval between throat infection and onset of rheumatic fever is", "exp": "Rheumatic fever is an acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease that occurs after group A b-hemolytic streptococcal infections (usually pharyngitis, but also rarely with infections at other sites such as skin). Acute rheumatic fever occurs most often in children; the principal clinical manifestation is carditis. Neveheless, about 20% of first attacks occur in adults, with ahritis being the predominant feature. Symptoms in all age groups typically begin 2 to 3 weeks after streptococcal infection, and are heralded by fever and migratory polyahritis. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.391)", "cop": 3, "opa": "2-4 hours", "opb": "2-4 days", "opc": "2-4 weeks", "opd": "2-4 months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "93574400-04c8-4aa0-8cf8-bcc4c5d78097", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Crescents are characteristic of", "exp": "Crescents are histological characteristic of RPGN.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Membranous nephropathy", "opb": "PSGN", "opc": "MPGN", "opd": "RPGN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "28982986-69c7-4abb-8326-964d9eaf5fbb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RB gene is located on", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' 13q14Retinoblastoma is a prime example of a tumour which is associated with loss of heterozygosity.The mutations required to produce retinoblastomas involve the RB genelocated on chromosome 13 q14.", "cop": 1, "opa": "13q14", "opb": "14g13", "opc": "13p14", "opd": "14p13", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1fcfec19-2f86-4be1-bd93-c8f3e9172543", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Toxic megacolon is most commonly associated with", "exp": "inflammation and inflammatory mediators can damage the muscularis propria and disturb neuromuscular function leading to colonic dilation and toxic megacolon TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.590-591", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ulcerative colitis", "opb": "Crohn's disease", "opc": "Whipple's disease", "opd": "Reiter's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6a375571-0a85-42b6-bab2-ea595f63f510", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Autophagy is the function of", "exp": "Autophagy refers self eating (lysosomal digestion) of cell's own components during nutrient deprivation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ribosomes", "opb": "Centrosomes", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab0a97a2-9066-47c6-8056-2ec8c08dbd3e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The principle cell in granuloma", "exp": "Ans. (b) Epithelioid cell(Ref: Anderson 10th ed pg 583)Macrophages (also known as histiocytes) are the cells that define a granulomaThe macrophages in granulomas are often referred to as \"epithelioid\"Epithelioid macrophages differ from ordinary macrophages in that they have elongated nuclei that often resemble the sole of a slipper or shoe.These changes are thought to be a consequence of \"activation\" of the macrophage by the offending antigen.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibroblast", "opb": "Epithelioid cell", "opc": "Giant cell", "opd": "Plasma cell", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "c379659b-5e7c-442a-b349-fa4951e0dd99", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Turner no of chromosomes", "exp": "Turner syndrome, characterized by primary hypogonadism in phenotypic females, results from paial or complete monosomy of the sho arm of the X chromosome. With routine cytogenetic methods, the entire X chromosome is found to be missing in 57% of patients, resulting in a 45,X karyotype Clinical features Low posterior hairline Sho stature Coarctation of aoa Cubitus valgus Streak ovaries, infeility, amenorrhea Peripheral lymphedema at bih Webbing of neck Broad chest and widely spaced nipples Pigmented nevi (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 240)", "cop": 1, "opa": "45", "opb": "47", "opc": "46", "opd": "42", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "33901198-9bc6-472b-9f0d-4ba1da27c2aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important for diapedesis", "exp": "Diapedesis or Transmigration-process of leukocyte recruitment is migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium.\n\nMost important for diapedesis is PECAM- 1 and CD31 molecules", "cop": 1, "opa": "PECAM", "opb": "Selectin", "opc": "Integrin", "opd": "Mucin like Glycoprotein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c88b58e8-7a13-4527-a195-3e700e17ef7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common nerve injury associated with thyroid surgery", "exp": ".The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is at risk of injury during thyroid operations when dissection of the superior pole and ligation of the superior thyroid vessels (STV) are carried out. From that perspective, EBSLN injury poses a threat to handicap all patients undergoing thyroid operations. ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 4, "opa": "Right recurrent laryngeal", "opb": "Left recurrent laryngeal", "opc": "Right internal laryngeal", "opd": "External branch of superior laryngeal nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "82e67ce7-d356-4bda-99fe-722a3702cb2c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a feature of multiple myeloma", "exp": "Answwe is option 4, elevated alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase only increase if there is a bone fracture along with multiple myeloma Bone-specific ALP may increase in Paget's disease, osteosarcoma, bone metastases of prostatic cancer (high/very high ALP values), other bone metastases, fractured bones, multiple myeloma (only when associated with fractures), osteomalacia, rickets, vitamin D deficiency (moderate rise), malignant tumors (ALP originating from tumors), renal disease (secondary hyperparathyroidism), and primary hypothyroidism", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypercalcemia", "opb": "Anemia", "opc": "Hyperviscosity", "opd": "Elevated alkaline phosphatase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "455d0ee7-1f16-4e54-adf6-03b3b809ae39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The risk of sarcoma developing in a fibroid uterus is approximately", "exp": "Though uterine sarcoma is rare--with the annual incidence of leiomyosarcomas at approximately 0.4 to 0.64 per 100,000 women--it has been estimated that approximately 1:8300 to 1:352 women undergoinguterine surgery for presumedfibroids have unsuspected sarcoma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "<1%", "opb": "<10%", "opc": ">30%", "opd": ">50%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "8407a7b9-f4b7-4584-9126-3a29d84d9540", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MI is a type of", "exp": "Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the underlying tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days. The affected tissues take on a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes, thereby blocking the proteolysis of the dead cells; Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of infarcts (areas of ischemic necrosis) in all of the solid organs except the brain.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 10 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Liquefactive necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fat necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "a2ba5ea2-8588-4b1f-8795-1762d16c0b12", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron is absorbed from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Stomach", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60c23f57-e5ec-4445-bc7a-e165b4c773d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In amyloidosis of tongue, the amyloid is deposited primarily in the", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Stromal conncective tissue", "opb": "Cells of the surface epithelium", "opc": "Nuclei of the striated muscle cells", "opd": "Cytoplasm of the striated muscle cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9578cd5b-9578-4146-ac2c-9a6cc9e5ba9d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a sequelae of cellular events in atherosclerotic infarction", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neutrophilic infiltration", "opb": "Astrocytes", "opc": "Ingress of macrophages", "opd": "Intense eosinophilia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9485e30e-4100-4a0c-961f-8c3853d92af0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Migratory thrombophlebitis is caused by", "exp": "Carcinomas of the pancreas typically remain silent until theirextension impinges on some other structure. Pain usually is thefirst symptom, but by that point these cancers are oftenbeyond cure. Obstructive jaundice can be associated withcarcinoma in the head of the pancreas, but it rarely drawsattention to the cancer soon enough for timely intervention.Weight loss, anorexia, and generalized malaise and weaknessare manifestations of advanced disease. Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau syndrome) occurs in about 10% of patients and is attributable to the elaboration of platelet aggregating factors and pro-coagulants from the tumor or its necrotic products.Robbins Basic pathology, 9th edition, pg no.654", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pancreatic carcinoma", "opb": "Colonic carcinoma", "opc": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma", "opd": "Meningioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "32444741-4981-4360-826c-376ab50f5926", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Swiss cheese pattern endometrium is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Metropathia hemorrhagica(Ref: Textbook of gynecology by Rao:65)Metropathia hemorrhagicaAnovulatory DUB associated with endometrial hyperplasia with acyclical bleedingOvergrowth of endometrial stroma and glands producing swiss cheee appearance", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma endometrium", "opb": "Metropathia hemorrhagica", "opc": "Hydatidiform mole", "opd": "Halban's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Female Genital Tract", "id": "bbf6d63b-2b12-42a4-b503-ba5774b4e3ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acanthosis means", "exp": "HISTOPATHOLOGIC TERMS Before describing the pathology of common skin diseases, the following pathologic terms in common use need to be defined for the understanding of Dermatopathology: Acanthosis: Thickening of the epidermis due to hyperplasia of stratum Malpighi. Acantholysis: Loss of cohesion between epidermal cells with formation of intraepidermal space containing edema fluid and detached epithelial cells. Dyskeratosis: Abnormal development of epidermal cells resulting in rounded cells devoid of their prickles and having pyknotic nuclei. Dyskeratosis is a feature of premalignant and malignant lesions and is rarely seen in benign conditions. Hyperkeratosis: Thickening of the horny layer. Parakeratosis: Abnormal keratinization of the cells so that the horny layer contains nucleated keratinocytes rather than the normal non-nucleate keratin layer. Spongiosis: Intercellular edema of the epidermis which may progress to vesicle formation in the epidermis. Pigment incontinence: Loss of melanin pigment from damaged basal cell layer so that the pigment accumulates in the melanophages in the dermis. Ref: Textbook of pathology (Harsh Mohan)6th edition, page no.769", "cop": 3, "opa": "Loss of intracellular connections", "opb": "Abnormal premature keralinization", "opc": "Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia", "opd": "Thickening of stratum corneum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "83a7be38-a067-421a-95d0-7ff2232ae4bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common mutation in hereditary spherocytosis", "exp": "Ans. (b) Ankyrin(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 632; 8th/pg 642)Most common mutation:Hereditary spherocytosis is Ankyrin>Band-3>spectrinHereditary elliptocytosis is Spectrin", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spectrin", "opb": "Ankyrin", "opc": "Glycophorin A", "opd": "Band 3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "42d42c58-ec38-4666-9b1d-77b8cbdd6ad4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inhalational agent of choice for Pediatric Anaesthesia ina child with congenital hea disease", "exp": "Anaesthetic agent of choice in Pediatric age group Inhalational agentIV anaestheticsNM blockersIM anaestheticsSevoflurane, Nitrous oxide Thiopentone, Propofol Rocuronium, Atracurium, Mivacurium, Succinylcholine Ketamine ( Reserved drug )(Refer: Morgan's Clinical Anaesthesiology, 4th edition, pg no: 922-938)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sevoflurane", "opb": "Isoflurane", "opc": "Halothane", "opd": "Enflurane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b613b89d-d5f7-45bc-8375-9ac3b5d0be68", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MHC class III genes encode", "exp": "*HLA class III contains genes for\n• Complement components C2 and C4 of classical pathway (Not C3)\n• Properdin factor B of alternate pathway\n• Tumor necrosis factor: Alpha and Beta\n• Heat shock protein 70 \n• Enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase\n• Genes for MHC (also known as HLA) are located on short arm of chromosome 6.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Complement component C3", "opb": "Interleukin 2", "opc": "Tumor necrosis factor", "opd": "Beta 2 microglobulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec232c5b-06c3-4690-8ea9-d49a34d78e7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Telomerase activity is expressed in", "exp": "Telomeres are sho repeated sequences of DNA present at the ends of linear chromosomes that are impoant for ensuring the complete replication of chromosome ends and for protecting the ends from fusion and degradation. When somatic cells replicate, a small section of the telomere is not duplicated and telomeres become progressively shoened. As the telomeres become shoer, the ends of chromosomes cannot be protected and areseen as broken DNA, which signals cell cycle arrest. Telomere length is maintained by nucleotide addition mediated by an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase is a specialized RNA-protein complex that uses its own RNA as a template for adding nucleotides to the ends of chromosomes. Telomerase activity is expressed in germ cells and is present at low levels in stem cells, but it is absent in most somatic tissues.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 2; Cellular aging; Page no: 67", "cop": 4, "opa": "Myocytes", "opb": "Keratinocytes", "opc": "Osteocytes", "opd": "Germ cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e7d3cedc-e851-4f3f-bf45-ce96909e2018", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common condition of inherited blindness to mitochondrial chromosomal anomaly is", "exp": "(Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy) Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) * Which is result of maternal mitochondria] DNA mutations 34660, 14484, 1778 and 15257) * The majority of patients are males in their twenties with the 11778 mutation, which carries worst prognosis * Diagnosis of any patients with bilateral] optic neuritis, painless visual loss * Telangiectatic female relatives", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinopathy of prematurity", "opb": "Leber's Hereditary optic neuropathy", "opc": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opd": "Retinal detachment", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5877ea47-3188-4f12-bcd7-d5842394415b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene for Wilm’s tumor is located on", "exp": "Easiest way to remember that info….. count the number of letters in Wilms tumour..yea it is exactly 11…the location ofboth genes associated with Wilms tumour \nSo, the two genes associated with Wilms tumour WT1 gene (located on chr 11p13)and WT2 gene (located on chr 11p15).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chromosome 1", "opb": "Chromosome 11", "opc": "Chromosome 10", "opd": "Chromosome 12", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be5292b8-0e8b-49a7-acef-10734dcdc89a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pioneer bacteria in dental caries are in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Enamel", "opb": "Dentin", "opc": "Pulp", "opd": "Cernenturn", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "812abd75-6f4a-449d-a13e-5520f38c3b47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "You expect a patient in the oliguric phase of renal failure to have a 24 hour urine output less than", "exp": "Oliguria is defined as urine output of less than 400ml/24hours", "cop": 2, "opa": "200ml", "opb": "400ml", "opc": "800ml", "opd": "1000ml", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "643e9ffd-2b7b-4b64-bb4e-0f7d503bcf50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Herpes simplex is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "< 10 yrs. of age", "opb": "12-15 yrs. of age", "opc": "25-30 yrs. of age", "opd": "55-60 yrs. of age", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebc60c3c-1be7-448a-b385-18c377172f7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pyogenic infection and brain infarction associated with", "exp": "(Liquefactive necrosis) (10- Basic- Robbins 8th) (52-(i) Coagulative necrosis - Infarcts in all solid organs (heart, kidney , splen) Except brain(ii) Liquefactive necrosis - Bacterial or fungal infection and brain infarctions(iii) Caseous necrosis - Tuberculosis(iv) Fat necrosis - Acute pancreatic necrosis and traumatic necrosis commonly in breasts(v) Fibrinoid necrosis - Immune complex vasculitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Liquefaction necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fat necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "2e78bd38-214e-4f31-9d57-8eca5ba4dbd6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Forcheimer sign is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Infectious monocucleosis", "opb": "Scarlet fever", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Rubeola", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbbd3632-5b69-4e98-a2c7-d924302b88ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Trinucleotide repeat seen in Fragile X syndrome is", "exp": "Examples of Trinucleotide-Repeat DisordersDiseaseRepeatFragile X syndromeCGGFriedreich ataxiaGAAMyotonic dystrophyCTGSpinobulbar muscular atrophy(Kennedy disease)Huntington diseaseSpinocerebellar ataxiaCAGRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 5; Genetic Disorders; Page no: 168", "cop": 1, "opa": "CGG", "opb": "CTG", "opc": "CAG", "opd": "GAA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f022d79e-5270-4086-8c8f-5ba6342fc8e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not seen in children is", "exp": "Seminoma, the most common GCT in adults, does not occur before 5 years of age. seminoma is considered a postpubeal tumor.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Hepatoblastoma", "opd": "Seminoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "c7fa5b72-9f2e-4eaa-a848-8063beac2f7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a specimen of kidney, fibrinoid necrosis is seen and onion peel appearance is also present. Most probable pathology is", "exp": "Ans. b. Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis Aeriolosclerosis Hyaline Aeriolosclerosis with associated luminal narrowingdeg. These changes stem from plasma protein leakage across injured endosthelial cells, and increased smooth muscle cell matrix synthesis in response to chronic hemodynamic stressdeg. Although the vessels of elderly persons (either normo- or hypeensive) also frequently show hyaline aeriosclerosis, it is more generalized and severe in individuals with hypeensiondeg. Major morphologic characteristic of benign hypertensiondeg Also a common feature of diabetic microangiographydeg; in that case the underlying etiology is hyperglycemia-induced endothelial cell dysfunctiondeg. In nephrosclerosis due to chronic hypeension, the aeriolar narrowing of hyaline aeriosclerosis causes diffuse impairment of renal blood supply and causes glomerular scarringdeg Hyperplastic Aeriolosclerosis Occurs in severe (malignant) hypeensiondeg Vessels exhibit \"onion-skin lesions,\" deg characterized by concentric, laminated thickening of the walls and luminal narrowing. The laminations consist of smooth muscle cells with thickened, reduplicated basement membranesdeg In malignant hypeension they are accompanied by fibrinoid deposits and vessel wall necrosisdeg (necrotizing aeriolitis)deg, paicularly in the kidney. Characteristic of malignant hypeension", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyaline degeneration", "opb": "Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis", "opc": "Glomerulosclerosis", "opd": "Fibrillary glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d20d1ad-f17d-4364-b427-2cc2e30c4019", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anti GDla", "exp": "Immunopathological studies suggest that the target of immune attack is different in the subtypes of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). In acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), the attack appears directed against the axolemma and nodes of Ranvier. In acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), the attack appears directed against a component of the Schwann cell. However, the nature of the antigenic targets is still not clear. We prospectively studied 138 Chinese GBS patients and found that IgG anti-GD1a antibodies were closely associated with AMAN but not AIDP. With a cutoff titer of greater than 1:100, 60% of AMAN versus 4% of AIDP patients had IgG anti-GD1a antibodies; with a cutoff titer of greater than 1:1,000, 24% of AMAN patients and none of the AIDP patients had IgG anti-GD1a antibodies. In contrast, low levels of IgG anti-GM1 antibodies (> 1:100) were detected in both the AMAN and the AIDP forms (57% vs 35%, NS). High titers of IgG anti-GM1 (>1:1,000) were more common in the AMAN form (24% vs 8%, NS). Serological evidence of recent Campylobacter infection was detected in 81% of AMAN and 50% of AIDP patients, and anti-ganglioside antibodies were common in both Campylobacter-infected and noninfected patients. Our results suggest that IgG anti-GD1a antibodies may be involved in the pathogenesis of AMAN.", "cop": 2, "opa": "AIDP", "opb": "ASMAN", "opc": "AMAN", "opd": "Fisher syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "41de5972-4b7b-413e-9c11-8b6fbccb0c35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myelofibrosis leading to a dry tap on bone marrow aspiration is seen with ach of the following condition", "exp": "Ans. c. Acute megakaryocytic leukemia Bone marrow maybe difficult to aspirate in Acute megakaryocytic leukemia and more than 2/3rd of patients have significant fibrosis caused by release of fibrogenic cytokine Erythroleukemia (M6) FAB Bone marrow findings: Usually hypercellular with megaloblastic changesdeg - Erythroid precursors commonly have multicentricity (65%), karyorrhexis (53%), morulae (25%) and cytoplasmic inclusionsdeg. MC immunophenotypic marker for erythroleukemia: Glycoprotein 7 and transferring receptor (CD-71 Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemia (M7) FAB Bone marrow findings: Bone marrow maybe difficult to aspirate and more than 2/3' of patients have significant fibrosisdeg caused by release of fibrogenic cytokine Burkitt's Lymphoma Bone marrow findings: When the bone marrow is involved, aspirates reveal tumor cells with slightly clumped nuclear chromatindeg, 2-5distinct nucleoli and royal blue cytoplasm containing clear cytoplasmic vacuole Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia (M4) FAB Bone marrow findings: Ultra-structures are present in association with monocytosis and myeloblastic/monoblastic infiltration of bone", "cop": 3, "opa": "Burkitt's lymphoma", "opb": "Acute erythroleukemia", "opc": "Acute megakaryocytic leukemia", "opd": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6366362c-8536-44d3-bbcd-443ee355f4fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia", "exp": "Ans. (b) The fusion gene bcr-abl forms a protein with tyrosine kinase activity(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 616-618)a. FALSE, as ABL gene is on chr9q while BCR is on chr22qb. The fusion gene bcr-abl forms a protein with tyrosine kinase activity: TRUEc. FALSE; Massive splenomegaly is a feature of CMLd. FALSE; as response to Imatinib is good in patients with Philadelphia chromosome +ve", "cop": 2, "opa": "ABL gene on Chr. 22 is trans-located to BCR gene on Chr.9", "opb": "The fusion gene bcr-abl forms a protein with tyrosine kinase activity", "opc": "Splenomegaly is unusual", "opd": "Philadelphia chromosome positive patients respond poorly to Imatinib", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "f4209cdf-80cc-4cf4-9547-c6d228ad8db8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eruption fails in this bone disease, as there is no bone resorption", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Primary hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Phantom bone disease", "opc": "Paget's disease", "opd": "Osteopetrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "841baa97-fd89-4aa2-be19-6ac4c36997cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most friable vegetation is seen in", "exp": "Vegetations on hea valves are the classic hallmark of IE; these are friable, bulky, potentially destructive lesions containing fibrin, inflammatory cells, and bacteria or other organisms (Figs. 12-24 and 12-25). The aoic and mitral valves are the mostsites of infection, although the valves of the right hea may also be involved, paicularly in intravenous drug abusers. Vegetations can be single or multiple and may involve more than one valve; they can occasionally erode into the underlying myocardium and produce an abscess (ring abscess; Fig. 12-25B). Vegetations are prone to embolization; because the embolic fragments often contain virulent organisms, abscesses frequently develop where they lodge, leading to sequelae such as septic infarcts or mycotic aneurysms. The vegetations of subacute endocarditis are associated with less valvular destruction than those of acute endocarditis, although the distinction can be subtle. Microscopically, the vegetations of subacute IE typically exhibit granulation tissue at their bases indicative of healing. With time, fibrosis, calcification, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate can develop.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Infective endocarditis", "opb": "Libman sacks endocarditis", "opc": "Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis", "opd": "Rheumatic hea disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "69c2fc92-89c6-4ee1-a8c6-75b59b969e01", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Wireloop' lesions in kidney are seen in", "exp": "Ans. b (SLE) .(Ref. Robbins, Pathology, 6th/pg.221)SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)# Connective tissue disorder associated with HLA B8 and DR3.# 'Onion skin' lesions in spleen occur.# 'Wire-loop' lesions in kidneys are seen.- Photosensitive erythematous butterfly rash on the face/discoid rash, lupus profundus, livido reticularis.- Transient, migratory or seronegative chronic arthritis.; Bony erosions- Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegaly, Alopecia- Pericarditis/myocarditis/Libmann Sack's verrrucous endocarditi- Pleurisy, ILD, fibrosing alveolitis, shrinking lung syndrome- Kerato-conjunctivitis sicca, episcleritis, retinal vasculitis, soft exudates- CNS features# Treatment; antimalarials, immunosupressants and steroids.# Congenital lupus erythematosus is characterized by- Complete heart block- Lupus erythematosus rash# Drug induced lupus- Procainamide, hydralazine, phenothiazines, OC pills, anticonvulsants implicated.- Anti-histones abs +- Absent anti dd DNA abs- Renal and CNS lesions.", "cop": 2, "opa": "DM", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "PAN", "opd": "Scleroderma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "b60afe54-eceb-4e4b-a86d-53e402521d74", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Berry aneurysm most commonly occurs due to", "exp": "Ref: Harrison 20th, P 2084As an aneurysm develops, it typically forms a neck with a dome. The length of the neck and the size of the dome vary greatly and are important factors in planning neurosurgical obliteration or endovascular embolization. The arterial internal elastic lamina disappears at the base of the neck. The media thins, and connective tissue replaces smooth- muscle cells. At the site of rupture (most often the dome), the wall thins, and the tear that allows bleeding is often <=0.5mm long. Aneurysm size and site are important in predicting risk of rupture. Those>7mm in diameter and those at the top of the basilar artery and at the origin of the posterior communicating artery are at greater risk", "cop": 2, "opa": "Endothelial injury of vessel due to HTN", "opb": "Muscle intimal elastic lamina layer defect", "opc": "Endothelial layer defect", "opd": "Adventitia defect", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "dec8644f-b84b-4f84-ab73-767e496b2e4a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nut meg liver occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Jaundice", "opb": "Chronic venous congestion", "opc": "Cirrhosis", "opd": "Hepatocellular carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bbf2ed3-9fa2-4001-8389-e1847fda1bdd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The diagnostic procedure not done in case of ph eochromoc ytoma.", "exp": "FNAC \"Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of chromallin tumors is contraindicated; indeed, pheochronwcytoma should be considered before adrenal lesions are aspirated.\" -Harrison \"Catastrophic hypeensive crisis and fatal cardiac arrhythmias can occur spontaneously or may be triggered by intravenous contrast dye or glucagon injection, needle biopsy of the mass, anesthesia, and surgical procedures.\" -", "cop": 3, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "FNAC", "opd": "MIBG scan", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1b5bbf5-1072-421e-87da-846c05e52a85", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The only Species of Shigella that produces exotoxin", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Shigella sonnei", "opb": "Shigella flexneri", "opc": "Shigella boydii", "opd": "Shigella dysenteriae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b70ec7e3-5da7-4e71-b70d-d2016a542b37", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pleomorphic adenoma arises from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Myoepithelial cells", "opb": "Acinar cells", "opc": "Connective tissue", "opd": "Stem cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "66ab1d67-6ab7-48ed-966f-8cece71d28bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following chemical mediator is a product of arachidonic add metabolite by cyclo oxygenase pathway", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "LxA4", "opb": "LxB4", "opc": "5-HETE", "opd": "PGH2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "895b054f-dd1d-48a5-b4f2-5e92b5372921", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum IMR is seen in", "exp": "State (2014)IMR / 1000Tamil Nadu20Orissa/Odisha49Maharashtra22Kerala12Madhya Pradesh52(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no:604)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tamilnadu", "opb": "Orissa", "opc": "Maharashtra", "opd": "Kerala", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "675d3f90-1b08-4834-840f-a9d3c96cfee1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lymphocytic colitis", "exp": "The characteristic feature of LC is an infiltration by lymphocytes into the colonic epithelium. Collagenous colitis (CC) shares this feature but additionally shows a distinctive thickening of the subepithelial collagen table. LC and CC have been suggested to represent different phases of a single pathophysiologic process, with LC possibly being a precursor or earlier phase of CC; however, this has not been proven. REFERANCE. MEDSCAP.COM IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bloody diarrhea", "opb": "Intra epithelial lymphocytes", "opc": "Lymphocytes is stools", "opd": "Through Ileoscopy look for payer's patches", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "88aef4f8-4bb8-449a-be92-ad4b98a5d58d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Bing test, on alternately compressing and releasing the external acoustic meatus, the sound increases and decreases. This indicates", "exp": "Tests for bone conduction TestPrincipleMethodImpressionBing test Examines the effect of occlusion of ear canal on hearing Tuning fork placed on mastoid while examiner alternatively closes & opens the ear canal by pressing on the tragus inwards Patient hears louder when the ear canal is occluded & softer when the ear canal is open - Normal persons or sensorineural deafness ( Bing + ve )No change in ear canal opening or occlusion - conductive deafness ( Bing - ve )Gelle's test Examines the effect of increased air pressure in ear canal on hearing Placing a vibrating fork on mastoid while changes in air pressure in the ear canal are brought about by Siegel&;s speculum Positive - normal persons or sensorineural deafnessNegative - ossicular chain fixed or disconnected(Refer: PL Dhingra, Textbook of Ear, Nose, Throat, 6thedition, pg no: 21,22,23)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Otosclerosis", "opb": "Sensorineural deafness", "opc": "Adhesive otitis media", "opd": "Chronic suppurative otitis media", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9e659639-b8e0-4395-879d-0d3be6c0a992", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amino acid that is high in root dentin used for age estimation is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Tyrosine", "opb": "Serine", "opc": "Aspartic acid", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "081e6fde-b593-4cf1-97fe-9101b62c57d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inheritance pattern of Familial hypercholesterolemia is", "exp": "Mutations involving single genes follow one of three patterns of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Familial hypercholesterolemia Huntington disease Marfan syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Hereditary spherocytosis Neurofibromatosis, type 1 Adult polycystic kidney disease Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial hypercholesterolemia is among the most common mendelian disorders; the frequency of the heterozygous condition is 1 in 500 in the general population. It is caused by a mutation in the LDLR gene that encodes the receptor for low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the form in which 70% of total plasma cholesterol is transpoed. A brief review of the synthesis and transpo of cholesterol follows. Normal Cholesterol Metabolism. Cholesterol may be derived from the diet or from endogenous synthesis. Dietary triglycerides and cholesterol are incorporated into chylomicrons in the intestinal mucosa, which drain by way of the gut lymphatics into the blood. These chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by an endothelial lipoprotein lipase in the capillaries of muscle and fat. The chylomicron remnants, rich in cholesterol, are then delivered to the liver. Some of the cholesterol enters the metabolic pool (to be described), and some is excreted as free cholesterol or bile acids into the biliary tract. The endogenous synthesis of cholesterol and LDL begins in the liver (Fig. 6-2). The first step in the synthesis of LDL is the secretion of triglyceride-rich very- low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) by the liver into the blood. In the capillaries of adipose tissue and muscle, the VLDL paicle undergoes lipolysis and is conveed to intermediate- density lipoprotein (IDL). In comparison with VLDL, the content of triglyceride is reduced and that of cholesteryl esters enriched in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), but IDL retains on its surface two of the three VLDL- associated apolipoproteins B-100 and E. Fuher metabo- lism of IDL occurs along two pathways: Most of the IDL paicles are directly taken up by the liver through the LDL receptor described later; others are conveed to cholesterol- rich LDL by a fuher loss of triglycerides and apolipopro- tein E. In the liver cells, IDL is recycled to generate VLDL. Two thirds of the resultant LDL paicles are metabo- lized by the LDL receptor pathway, and the rest is metabo- lized by a receptor for oxidized LDL (scavenger receptor), to be described later. The LDL receptor binds to apolipo- proteins B-100 and E and thus is involved in the transpo of both LDL and IDL. Although the LDL receptors are widely distributed, approximately 75% are located on hepatocytes, so the liver plays an extremely impoant role in LDL metabolism. The first step in the receptor-mediated transpo of LDL involves binding to the cell surface receptor, followed by endocy- totic internalization inside so-called \"clathrin-coated pits\" (Fig. 6-3). Within the cell, the endocytic vesicles fuse with the lysosomes, and the LDL molecule is enzymatically degraded, resulting ultimately in the release of free cholesterol into the cytoplasm. The cholesterol not only is used by the cell for membrane synthesis but also takes pa in intracel- lular cholesterol homeostasis by a sophisticated system of feed- back control: * It suppresses cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthetic pathway. * It stimulates the formation of cholesterol esters for storage of excess cholesterol. * It downregulates the synthesis of cell surface LDL recep- tors, thus protecting cells from excessive accumulation of cholesterol. The transpo of LDL by the scavenger receptors, alluded to earlier, seems to take place in cells of the mononuclear- phagocyte system and possibly in other cells as well. Monocytes and macrophages have receptors for chemically modified (e.g., acetylated or oxidized) LDLs. The amount catabolized by this \"scavenger receptor\" pathway is directly related to the plasma cholesterol level. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 219)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X-linked dominant", "opd": "X-linked recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "65f33222-8ead-41f2-8166-26518039e316", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ARDS is due to a defect", "exp": "Ans. d. Endothelial cells The alveolar capillary membrane is formed by two separate barriers: Microvascular endothelium and Alveolar epithelium. In ARDS the integrity of this barrier is compromised by either endothelial or epithelial injury or, more commonly, both.\" ARDS is a clinical syndrome associated with pathological findings including pneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia, and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Of these, the pathology most commonly associated with ARDS is DAD, which is characterized by a diffuse inflammation of lung parenchyma. The triggering insult to the parenchyma usually results in an initial release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators secreted by local epithelial and endothelial cells.\"-http://en.wikipedia.otg/wiki/Acute_respiratory_ distress syndrome \"The intimal lining of all blood vessels is a single layer of functionally and structurally heterogeneous endothelial cells depending on organ and vascular bed location. Pulmonary microvascular endothelium is a metabolically active organ essential for maintaining adequate pulmonary and systemic cardiovascular homeostasis. Noxious stimuli compromise pulmonary endothelial functional and structural integrity leading to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and parenchymal inflammation. Thus, pulmonary endothelium has a key role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). \"- Curr Opin Crit Care 14:22-30 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Pathogenesis: The alveolar capillary membrane is formed by two separate barriers: Microvascular endothelium Alveolar epithelium. In ARDS the integrity of this barrier is compromised by either endothelial or epithelial injury or, more commonly, both. Markers of endothelial injury and activation such as endothelin and von Willebrand factor can be detected at high levels in the serum of patients with ARDS. The acute consequences of damage to the alveolar capillary membrane include increased vascular permeability and alveolar flooding, loss of diffusion capacity, and widespread surfactant abnormalities caused by damage to type II pneumocytesQ Endothelial injury also triggers the formation of microthrombi that add the insult of ischemic injury. Hyaline membranes so characteristic of ALI/ARDS result from inspissation of protein rich edema fluid that entraps debris of dead alveolar epithelial cellsQ.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type 1 pneumocytes", "opb": "Type 2 pneumocytes", "opc": "Clara cells", "opd": "Endothelial cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e37f57f-2b16-4aea-8d29-0521d7d4b1d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Free radical scavanging system enzyme is", "exp": "Answer-B. Glutathione peroxidaseAntioxidant mechanisms1. Non-enzymatic systemAntioxidants (Vit E , Vit A, Vit C, glutathione and Cysteine)Tissue proteins (transferrin, ferritin, laetofeftifl, and ceruloplasmin).2. Enzymatic systemCatalaseSupuoxide damutase (SOD)3. Glutathione peroxidasePresent in mitochondria & cytosol.It catalyzes free radical breakdown.H2O2 + 2 G S H - G S S G + 2 H2O2OH + 2 G S H - G S S G + 2H2O", "cop": 2, "opa": "NADPH oxidase", "opb": "Glutathione peroxidase", "opc": "Endonuclease", "opd": "Phospholipase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "499cbe58-353a-487e-9f60-a1826195bbf0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salivary gland tumor exclusively seen in parotid gland", "exp": "Answer-A. Wahin's tumor\"Wahin's tumor arises only in the parotid gland\" - Textbook of surgery\"Wahin's tumor arises almost exclusively in the parotid gland (the only tumor viually restricted to the parotid)\"Salivary gland tumor seen only it parotid gland- Wahins'tumor.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Wahin's tumor", "opb": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opc": "Mucoepidermoid Ca", "opd": "Adenoid cystic Ca", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a36ce22-2d2a-41bc-8cbf-1df76c61d9b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Herpetic Whitlow is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fingers", "opb": "Lymph nodes", "opc": "Bone", "opd": "Tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a4871803-ea34-4f2b-90a0-70e80ffd3142", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MC site of composite complex odontoma", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Posterior Jaw", "opb": "Anterior maxilla", "opc": "Maxillary canine", "opd": "Maxillary molar", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bad9d49c-60a0-41be-b08e-35c351ed8339", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with the proliferation of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "T- cell", "opb": "B — cell", "opc": "Lymph vessels", "opd": "Lymph nodes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c3250b17-c262-453d-a216-7ce3b22437e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Long thyroid stimulating agent is", "exp": "Answer is option 2, antibody to thyroid receptors. Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies that stimulate the thyroid (TSAb) cause Graves' hypehyroidism and TSHR antibodies which block thyrotropin action (TBAb) are occasionally responsible for hypothyroidism. Unusual patients switch from TSAb to TBAb (or vice versa) with concomitant thyroid function changes. We have examined case repos to obtain insight into the basis for \"switching.\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antibody to thyroid globulin", "opb": "Antibody to thyroid cell receptors", "opc": "Antibody to thyroxine", "opd": "Antibody to thyroid cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "80e64981-fab4-4f2d-bbfe-23f5dd405386", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common gene associated with renal cell carcinoma", "exp": "Both sporadic and familial RCC is associated with: Loss of sequence on chromosome 3 either by translocation (3:6, 3:8, 3:11) or deletion. This region harbours the VHL gene. Familial RCC is associated with:- Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Ref: RAM DAS NAYAK EXAM PREPARATORY MANUAL FOR UNDERGRADUATES 2nd ed. pg no: 633", "cop": 3, "opa": "WT1", "opb": "BRCA 1", "opc": "VHL", "opd": "PATCH", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "909c8fb1-0708-4a7a-bfc1-8101bbe38217", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Struma ovarii is", "exp": "Struma ovarii is the most common type of specialised teratoma.\nIt is composed of mature thyroid tissue and may present as hyperthyroidism.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Teratoma of ovary", "opb": "Thyroid gland tumor in pregnancy", "opc": "May present as hypothyroidism", "opd": "Ovarian stromal hyperplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "777366ea-d1d7-4017-a5ec-254d6a4af12c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The division of a single tooth resulting in one normal and one supernumerary tooth is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Gemination.", "opb": "Fusion.", "opc": "Twinning.", "opd": "Concrescence.", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "386f9560-ca11-41cb-878e-02815f97c4b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Yellowish discolouration of oral mucous membrane, skin and sclera of eye is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Pernicious anemia", "opb": "Sickle cell anemia", "opc": "Chloromycin therapy", "opd": "Carotinemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02c46e0a-5379-4416-98c4-185f37cf85ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Abtropfing affect is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Junctional nevus", "opb": "Pennphigus", "opc": "Apthous ulcer", "opd": "Erythema multiformae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e8caead-cae3-42f6-a0f3-e7a8dac98d28", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fibrin degradation product help in detection of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "haemophilia", "opb": "DIC", "opc": "Thrombocytopenic purpura", "opd": "Thrombasthenia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f373ebe9-7445-4080-8e64-8a8c09369376", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ most likely to result in a palpable abnormality in the breast is", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no necrosis DCIS can be divided into two major architectural subtypes, comedo and noncomedo (Fig. 23-17). Some cases of DCIS have a single growth pattern, but most are comprised of a mixture of patterns. Nuclear grade and necrosis are better predictors of local recurrence and progression to invasion than architectural type. Comedo DCIS may occasionally produce vague nodularity, but more often it is detected on mammography as clustered or linear and branching areas of calcification (Fig. 23-17A). It is defined by two features: (1) tumor cells with pleomorphic, high-grade nuclei and (2) areas of central", "cop": 4, "opa": "Apocrine DCIS", "opb": "Neuro endocrine DCIS", "opc": "Will -differentiated DCIS", "opd": "Comedo DCIS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4fa03eef-b8aa-4a7e-a8fa-a40a7b849464", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Squamous cell carcinoma spreads commonly", "exp": "In SCC, when deep invasion leads to eventual metastasis.Local and regional lymph nodes are the most common sites of metastasis.AJCC 8E pg: 171", "cop": 3, "opa": "Implantation", "opb": "Hematogenous spread", "opc": "Lymphatic spread", "opd": "Trancoelomic spread", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b6b83c62-ab86-4689-9df6-b83c37fc63ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Complement complex that attacks cell membrane is", "exp": "The complement complex attacking the cell membrane is membrane attack complex having a composition of C56789\nAction of this complex leads to entry of fluid and ions inside the cells leading to cell lysis.\n\tComplement system has three main function\n\t1. Inflammation\n\t2. Opsonization\n\t3. Cell lysis", "cop": 4, "opa": "C12345", "opb": "C23456", "opc": "C34567", "opd": "C56789", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ed3fa42c-1d5e-46ac-824d-9f53d16d22ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feulgen reaction is used to test", "exp": "DNA should be stained red. The background, if counterstained, is green. The Feulgen reaction is a semi-quantitative technique. If the only aldehydes remaining in the cell are those produced from the hydrolysis of DNA, then the technique is quantitative for DNA.", "cop": 3, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "tRNA", "opc": "DNA", "opd": "SnRNA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "2b7907b1-584f-4201-92a9-d2ad98071d91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "60 year old diabetic female presented with burning sensation to spicy food. Intraoral examination revealed multiple periodontal abscess and keratotic area in a lace pattern with occasional erosive areas inside the lace pattern.\n\nProvisional diagnosis for this lady will be", "exp": "Oral lichen planus is a common mucocutaneous disease, characterised by bilateral white striations, papules, plaques on the buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva. Erosive form may present as erosions or frankly ulcerated lesions, with characteristic radiating striae on the periphery of the individual lesions. Grinspan's syndrome is an interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oral hairy Leukoplakia", "opb": "Oral lichen planus", "opc": "Oral squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Oral pemphigus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6441f04-bc25-48d4-9d2f-73743a0f60cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liquefaction necrosis is commonly seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Lung", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6d3cccf-fbd5-4308-b536-cf4ff4283a3c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ca 125 is used for", "exp": "Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. ☆ CA 125 is a tumor marker of ovarian cancer. Most commonly used for follow up of ovarian cancer. ☆ pancreas tumor marker CA 19-9.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Follow up of ovarian cancer", "opb": "Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer", "opc": "Diagnosis of stomach cancer", "opd": "Diagnosis of ovarian cancer", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b1a7412-24ec-4208-b8ef-e779bbc253a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Person having heterozygous sickle cell trait is protected from infection of", "exp": "Ans. a. P. falciparum", "cop": 1, "opa": "P. falciparum", "opb": "P. vivax", "opc": "neumococcus", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37ece523-733c-4847-ac00-bbe9a01f1143", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An enzyme that protects the brain from free radical injury is", "exp": "Reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced in small amounts in all cells during redox reactions that occur during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. In this reaction, molecular oxygen is reduced by addition of four electrons to generate water. As this reaction is incomplete, toxic intermediates are produced.These intermediates include superoxide, which is conveed to H2O2 spontaneously by the action of enzyme superoxide dismutase. MPO: myeloperoxidase Conves H2O2 to highly reactive compound hypochlorite. Present in leucocytes. Refer robbins 9/e p39", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myeloperoxidase", "opb": "Superoxide dismutase", "opc": "MAO", "opd": "Hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "160295ad-7e35-4d46-85ee-75da33c4650a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Food interferes with absorption of", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candesaan", "opb": "Valsaan", "opc": "Telmisaan", "opd": "Irbesaan", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bf48fd86-19aa-4558-b812-9f204963442e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Proofreading\" is the role of", "exp": "\"Polymerase II (pol II) is mostly involved in proofreading and DNA repair. Polymerase I (pol I) completes chain synthesis between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA primase", "opb": "DNA Polymerase", "opc": "Exonuclease I", "opd": "Restriction endonuclease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1db5d03a-4ebb-4575-9bad-48bf68a8af5f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On rectal examination, a patient is found to have a large, fungating mass protruding into the rectal lumen. Biopsy of this mass demonstrates an invasive malignant tumor composed of glandular structures. The development of this condition is most strongly associated with", "exp": "The disease is adenocarcinoma of the colon. Predisposing conditions include inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis more than Crohn's disease) and adenomatous polyps occurring either as an isolated finding or as pa of familial syndromes including familial polyposis coli, Gardner syndrome, and Turcot syndrome. Western diets high in fat and protein and low in fiber are also thought to predispose for colon cancer. Diveiculitis (inflamed diveicula) and diveiculosis (presence of diveicula in colon) do not appear to predispose for colon cancer. Neither juvenile polyposis syndrome , in which the polyps consist of mucus-filled tubules, nor Peutz-Jeghers syndrome , in which polyps form around an arborizing tree of connective tissue and smooth muscle, predisposes for colon cancer. Ref: Wyatt C., Butterwoh IV J.F., Moos P.J., Mackey D.C., Brown T.G. (2008). Chapter 14. Gastrointestinal Pathology. In C. Wyatt, J.F. Butterwoh IV, P.J. Moos, D.C. Mackey, T.G. Brown (Eds), Pathology: The Big Picture.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Diveiculitis", "opb": "Diveiculosis", "opc": "Juvenile polyposis syndrome", "opd": "Ulcerative colitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a786ea4-7bea-4f19-a9a2-f9c7f0e90c9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Werner syndrome is", "exp": "Patients with Werner syndrome show premature ageing due to the defect in DNA helicase enzyme, a protein involved in DNA replication and repair and other functions requiring DNA unwinding.Wermer syndrome is MEN-1 (note the spelling)Robbins 9th edition 66", "cop": 3, "opa": "MEN-I", "opb": "MEN-II", "opc": "Premature ageing", "opd": "Defective sirutins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "28382d78-99aa-4815-b306-e00220931443", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hepatolenticular degeneration is seen with deposition of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "cadmium", "opb": "Lead", "opc": "aluminium", "opd": "copper", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f5dbe386-0761-4480-99d8-0af427369fa9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "42 years old female presents diagnosed as iron deficiency anemia was staed on oral iron therapy and her Hb condition during review was 8 g%. The cause for failure of treatment is", "exp": ". Poor compliance to oral iron", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acquired sideroblastic anemia", "opb": "Inadequate iron dosage", "opc": "Poor compliance to oral iron", "opd": "Folate deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a53546c7-1ea7-46bd-b171-8bb4e763ce9e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intestional absorption of Calcium is decreased by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "Lactose", "opc": "Phytic Acid", "opd": "Acidity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c99ab2e-0548-4d44-ab25-2211da541875", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feature of acanthosis nigricans is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Insulinoma, obesity & cutaneous hypopigmentation", "opb": "Insulin resistance, obesity, cutaneous hyperpigmentation", "opc": "Thickening of spinous Layer, insulin resistance, obesity", "opd": "Thickening of spinous layer, insulin resistance, lean", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca777e4b-7909-4f7c-afc6-fa76c2002780", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Agent responsible for increasing factor VIII activity in haemophilia is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "a)\tEpsilon amino caproic acid", "opb": "b)\tTranexamic acid", "opc": "c)\tAvitene", "opd": "d)\tDeamino D Arginine vasopressin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8ac4a14a-05e5-4bea-a19f-8f323a8217bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Juvenile polyp is a", "exp": "Ans: b) Hamartomatous polyp ( Ref: Robbins 7th ed / Pg 857 )All four options are non neoplastic (benign) lesions of intestine.Juvenile polyps:Focal hamartomatous malformations involving mucosal epithelium and lamina propriaUsually large rounded glistening lesions with stalks upto 2 cm in length.Usually in children < 5 years of age. Around 80% occurs in rectum.Peutz Jeghers polypsHamartomatous polyps involving mucosal epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa.Peutz Jeghers syndrome - AD disorder. Multiple polyps throughout GIT, mucocutaneous pigmentation.M/E: Arborizing network of connective tissue and well developed smooth muscle extends into the polyp and surrounds normal abundant glands lined by normal intestinal epithelium rich in goblet cells.- Increased chance of intussusception- No malignant potential of its own, but increased risk of Ca ovary, lung, pancreas, breast, uterus (adenoma malignum), sertoli cell tumors of testes.Bridge:Juvenile polyposis syndrome.AD disorder with risk of adenocarcinoma along with mutations in SMAD4 /DPC4 gene (encoding TGF beta)Mutations of STKII (LKbl ) on chromosome 19.Other hamartomatous polyposis1) Cowden syndromeAD, involving all 3 germ layers.Intestinal hamartomatous, facial trichilemmomas, acral keratosis, oral papillomasIncreased chance of thyroid and breast cancerMutation - PTEN gene on chromosome 10.2) Cronkhite Canada syndromeNm hereditary disorder; idiopathicGI hamartomatous polyps + ectodermal abnormalities (nail atrophy, alopecia)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypeplastic type", "opb": "Hamartomatous polyp", "opc": "Inflammatoyr polyp", "opd": "Lymphoid polyp", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "bab0f136-347b-4e21-aae0-ad26af4535b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "EBV infects B cells binding to", "exp": "CD21- EBV uses this receptor to bind and infect B cellsReference: Robbins; 9th edition; Volume I; Page no: 327", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD 21", "opb": "CD 40", "opc": "CD 79a", "opd": "CD 23", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "b1735c36-6392-40e9-8f84-9daf3b76e6c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site of osteoma", "exp": "Bone forming tumor Osteomas are benign lesions most commonly encountered in the head and neck, including the paranasal sinuses, but which can occur in elsewhere also. Hence the most apt answer is skull. Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 775,heading", "cop": 4, "opa": "Femur", "opb": "Humerous", "opc": "Tibia", "opd": "Skull", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "6ffed34a-79ae-426f-bb18-d6a432a5f359", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The teeth that erupt prematurely after 30 days of birth are known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Neonatal teeth", "opb": "Natal teeth", "opc": "Early infancy teeth", "opd": "Early childhood teeth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "027b3e76-b345-422e-ad9f-6cf381f164a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blashco's lines are present along the", "exp": "Blaschko's Lines: a. The lines of Blaschko were delineated over 100 years ago. b. First described by Blaschko in 1901. The pattern is attributed to the lines of migration and proliferation of epidermal cells during embryogenesis (i.e., the bands of abnormal skin represent clones of cells carrying a mutation in a gene expressed in the skin).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nerves", "opb": "Lymphatics", "opc": "Vessels", "opd": "Lines of development", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9c3b3a58-20cf-4207-b058-0ab04103be31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Patient with blood group O receive plasma from", "exp": "Persons with a given antigen do not make antibodies against their own antigen, but will against the other antigens in that group. For example, if a person has type A blood, he (or she) will make antibodies against the B antigen, but not against the A antigen. That means that if this person is given either type B red blood cells or type AB red blood cells, his or her antibodies will attack and destroy the foreign red cells possessing the B antigen, causing a transfusion reaction. Similarly, a person having the RhD antigen will not make antibodies against RhD antigen, but the RhD negative person will make antibodies against blood with RhD positive red cells. Recipient Blood Type Matching Donor Blood Type A+ A+, A-, O+, O- A- A-, O- B+ B+, B-, O+, O- B- B-, O- AB+ Compatible with all blood types AB- AB-, A-, B-, O- O+ O+, O- O- O- Antibodies in the plasma of donors with different blood types cause a reverse situation. For example, since a person with Type AB blood makes no antibodies against Type A or Type B cells, his or her plasma can be given to a person with Type A, Type B, Type AB, or Type O blood", "cop": 4, "opa": "Group A only", "opb": "Group B only", "opc": "Group AB only", "opd": "From Group A,B, AB", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0c349181-dbbc-4dd5-8b85-18d225e9c282", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osteomalacia is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "defective osteoid + normal mineralization", "opb": "normal osteoid + defective mineralization", "opc": "abnormal osteoid + abnormal mineralization", "opd": "normal osteoid an demineralization", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af1cf2f7-762f-4c76-9c28-af2f7e9c38a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Venous air embolism during surgery is seen with", "exp": "Venous air embolismEntrapment of air or medical gases into the venous system causing symptoms and signs of pulmonary vessel obstruction. Medical gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous dioxide, nitrogen, and helium can also cause or aggravate this condition.Numerous studies on VAE have been repoed in medical or surgical procedures and trauma. Neurosurgery performed in a sitting position has a high risk of VAE, with an incidence of 76% in posterior fossa surgery but 25% or 7% in cervical laminectomy whereas, neurosurgical procedures in lateral, supine or prone position showed an incidence of 15% to 25%VAE is also repoed in total hip replacement surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic procedures, lung & abdominal trauma.(Refer: Morgan's, Clinical Anaesthesia, 4thedition, pg no:638-639)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Supine position", "opb": "Sitting position", "opc": "Prone position", "opd": "Lateral position", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c6cb9a77-c666-4366-8aee-0bd274460b06", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gain of function mutation in RAS gene is equal to loss of function mutation in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Rb", "opb": "Bcr-tyrosine kinase", "opc": "Bcl-2", "opd": "GAP protein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0959b11b-1f53-464b-acbe-633d8e728f68", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A critical factor in the regulation of craniofacial development", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sonic hedgehog (SHH)", "opb": "Fibroblast Growth factor (FGFz)", "opc": "Wingless Drosophila melanogaster segment — Polarity gene (Wnt)", "opd": "Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "14f11d2a-2696-46f7-b268-08d505dd57fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RBC casts seen in", "exp": "RBC casts are a feature of glomerular damage .Normally <3 RBC/HPF are going to leak. But in the case of glomerular damage the number of RBC in the urine will exceed the limit mentioned above and these RBC get impinged on Tamm horsefall protein. The resultant RBC casts can be seen under microscopic examination of urine. Refer robbins 9/e p912", "cop": 4, "opa": "Minimal change disease", "opb": "Renal vein thrombosis", "opc": "Bladder schistosomiasis", "opd": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "b746ebc7-72d0-49f9-9418-3a6a60e200ee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Radiation caries develops in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "3 weeks", "opb": "3 days", "opc": "3 months", "opd": "3 years", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e5fb532-2a0c-48db-aaef-e04367537a19", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Principle mediator of vasodilation in acute inflammation is", "exp": "Vasodilation is induced by chemical mediators such as histamine and is the cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow in acute inflammation.Histamine causes dilation of aerioles and increases the permeability of venules. Histamine is considered to be the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability, producing interendothelial gaps in venules. Its vasoactive effects are mediated mainly binding to receptors, called H1 receptors, on microvascular endothelial cells. The antihistamine drugs that are commonly used to treat some inflammatory reactions, such as allergies, are H1 receptor antagonists that bind to and block the receptor.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 3; Acute inflammation; Page no: 75", "cop": 3, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "IL-1", "opc": "Histamine", "opd": "TNF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b35f38a5-b5d9-4e30-b4ca-b346268928b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemophilia A due to deficiency of", "exp": "Hemophila A:- \n\nHemophilia A is due to deficiency of factor VIII\nHemophilia A is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait.\nFactor VIII is an intrinsic pathway component required for activation of factor X. \nClinical manifestations are due to defect in coagulation system : -\n\n\nLarge post traumatic ecchymoses or hematoma. Prolonged bleeding after a laceration or any form of surgical procedure.\nBleeding into weight bearing joints.\n\n\nPetechiae are characteristically absent (in contrast to platelet dysfunction where bleeding occur from small vessels of skin and mucous membrane, e,g.: petechiae). \nLaboratory findings :-\n\n□ ↑ PTT □ Normal BT □ Normal PT\nNormal platelet counts Remember \nHemophilia B (christmas disease) is due to deficiency of factor IX.\nHemophilia B has clinical features and laboratory findings similar to hemophilia A", "cop": 1, "opa": "Factor VIII", "opb": "Factor IX", "opc": "Factor X", "opd": "Factr XI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9a71db9d-4834-4549-95a2-8841b3ed10f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most reliable test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is", "exp": "Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms of chromaffin cells,which synthesize and release catecholamines. The lab diagnosis of this condition is based on demonstration of increased urinary excretion of free catecholamines and their metabolites; vanilylmandelic acid and metanephrines. (ref:ROBBINS Text book of pathology", "cop": 1, "opa": "24 hour urinary metanephrine", "opb": "Urinary catecholamines", "opc": "Urinary catecholamines", "opd": "Basal plasma catecholamines", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4abe1b6a-30a5-4ef9-9ac3-3eb24a8e13a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Leucocyte common antigen", "exp": "Antigen DesignationNormal Cellular DistributionCD14MonocytesCD15Granulocytes; Reed-Sternberg cells and variantsCD23Activated mature B cellsCD45All leukocytes; also known as leukocyte common antigen(LCA)Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 13; Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus; Page no: 590", "cop": 4, "opa": "CD 14", "opb": "CD 15", "opc": "CD 23", "opd": "CD 45", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "6f722557-2640-4d76-982d-dab781cc87b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis presents with", "exp": "Clinical Features The most common clinical presentation is acute nephritic syndrome. Edema and hypeension are common, with mild to moderate azotemia. Characteristically, there is gross hematuria, the urine appearing smoky brown rather than bright red due to oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Some degree of proteinuria is a constant feature, and, as mentioned earlier, it occasionally may be severe enough to produce the nephrotic syndrome. Serum complement levels are low during the active phase of the disease, and serum antistreptolysin O antibody titers are elevated in poststreptococcal cases. Ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th ed Pg no: 561", "cop": 2, "opa": "Asymptomatic hematuria", "opb": "Renal failure", "opc": "Massive anasarca", "opd": "Massive renomegaly", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "680726ee-e3af-4f8a-93fe-2db88f91e349", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ground glass hepatocytes are seen in", "exp": "Ground glass hepatocytes are liver cells which have eosinophilic, granular, glassy cytoplasm on light microscopy. It is due to HBs Ag accumulation inside the cells, seen in Hepatitis B virus infection.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepatitis A virus infection", "opb": "Hepatitis B virus infection", "opc": "Hepatitis C virus infection", "opd": "Hepatitis D virus infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5fd5c5d8-56f7-4cd4-a897-b819b13ac7a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ultrastructural finding of irreversible injury", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. Amorphous densities in mitochondria Reversible injuryIrreversible injuryGeneralized swelling of the cell and its organelleBlebbing of the plasma membraneDetachment of ribosome from the endoplasmic reticulumClumping of nuclear chromatingIncreased swelling of the cellSwelling and disruption of lysosomesPresence of large amorphous densities in the swollen mitochondriaProfound nuclear changes which include:Pyknosis (nuclear condensation)Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)Karyolysis (dissolution of nucleus)The earliest changes associated with various forms of cell injury are:decreased generation of A.T.P.loss of cell membrane permeabilitydefect in protein synthesiscytoskeletal damageDNA damageWithin limits the cell can compensate for these derangements and if injurious stimulus is removed, it will return to normality.Persistent or excessive injury, however causes cells to pass the threshold and cause irreversible injury.But the \"point of no return\" at which irreversible damage has occurred is still largely undetermined thus we have no precise cut off points to establish irreversibility.Actually, there is probably no single final common pathway by which cells die. It is therefore difficult to define the stage beyond which the cell is doomed for destruction.However, two phenomenon consistently characterize irreversibilityFirst is the inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction.The second is the development of profound disturbances in membrane function.Membrane damage leads to massive leak of intracellular enzymes and massive influx of calcium.Injury to lysosomal membranes results in leakage of hydrolysis in the cytoplasm, which degrade cytoplasmic and nuclear components.Massive influx of calcium and release of calcium from intracellular stores result in activation of enzymes that can catabolize membranes, proteins, ATP and nucleic acid and cause irreversible damage to the cells.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ribosomal detachment from endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Amorphous densities in mitochondria", "opc": "Formation of phagolysosomes", "opd": "Cell swelling", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Mechanisms of Cell Injury", "id": "fae692fa-f2a9-44e3-93d8-8562c7b7e958", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Familial amyloidosis is seen in", "exp": "Answer- B. Senile cardiac amyloidosisSystemic senile amyloidosis (Senile cardiac amyloidosis). Wild or non-mutant transthyretin amyloid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alzheimer's disease", "opb": "Senile cardiac amyloidosis", "opc": "Renal amyloidosis", "opd": "Splenic amyloidosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e534358-79ee-49bd-ba81-2de12b3b499e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Venous emboli are most often lodged in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Intestines", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Kidneys", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8fcfaaf6-3dee-4002-bd31-fc3f9e1e208d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Retinoblastoma gene regulates", "exp": "Tumor suppressor gene types (Based on the location in the cell):*Cell surface: TGF-beta, E-cadherin*Inner plasma membrane: NF-1*Cytoplasm: NF-2, APC/beta-catenin, PTEN, SMAD 2 and SMAD 4*Nucleus: RB1, P53, WT-1, BRCA1, and BRCA2Cell cycle :*Four phases of cell cycle in the following order: G1, S, G2, and M*There are classes of proteins that stimulates or suppresses cell cycle progression from one phase to another which are CDK (Cyclin dependent kinases), Cyclins and CDK inhibitors*There are 4 CDKs (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6) and 4 cyclins (Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Cyclin A and Cyclin B) involved in regulation of cell cycle.*2 Checkpoints in the cell cycle: G1-S checkpoint and G2-M checkpoint*Proteins that enhance cell cycle progression are CDKs which are helped by Cyclins*Proteins that cause cell cycle arrest are CDK inhibitorsFactors causing cell cycle progression at the G1-S checkpoint:uCyclinD-CDK4, CyclinD-CDK6, Cyclin E-CDK2. (Sholy D4, D6, E2)uGrowth factors (EGF, PDGF)uHyperphophorylated RB gene (E2F released from RB )Factors causing cell cycle arrest at G1-S check point:uHypophosphorylated RB (E2F binds to RB)uP53uCDK inhibitors- p15,p16,p18,p19 ( inhibits CyclinD-CDK4)uCDK inhibitors - p21,p27,p57 (inhibits both CyclinD-CDK6, CyclinE-CDK2)Factors causing cell cycle progression at the G2-M checkpoint:uCyclin B-CDK1 (B1)Factors causing cell cycle arrest at the G2-M checkpoint uCDK inhibitors - p21,p27,p57 (inhibits CyclinB-CDK1)uIonising radiationFactors causing cell cycle progression at S phase uCyclinA-CDK2 (A2)Factors causing cell cycle arrest at S phase uCDK inhibitors - p21,p27,p57 (inhibits CyclinA-CDK2) Note: D4 inhibited by p15, 16, 18 and 19 D6, E2, A2 and B1 inhibited by p21, 27 and 57.Key regulators of the cell cycle: Cyclin D, CDK4, RB, and p16.(Ref: Robbins 8/e p284-290)", "cop": 1, "opa": "G1-S phase", "opb": "G2- M phase", "opc": "G0 - S phase", "opd": "S- G2 phase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "ce24cee5-fd06-44a3-850b-a047e42d14b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Munro microabscesse are seen in", "exp": "PSORIASIS. It usually appears first between the age of 15 and 30 years. The lesions are characterised by brownish-red papules and plaqueswhich are sharply demarcated and are covered with fine, silvery white scales. As the scales are removed by gentle scraping, fine bleeding points appear termed Auspitz sign. In about 25% of cases, peculiar pitting of nails is seen. Psoriatic ahritis resembling rheumatoid ahritis is produced in about 5% of cases but the rheumatoid factor is absent.Histologically, the following features are observed in fully-developed lesions.i) Acanthosis with regular down growth of rete ridges to almost the same dermal level with thickening of their lower poion.ii) Elongation and oedema of the dermal papillae with broadening of their tips. iii) Suprapapillary thinning of stratum Malpighi.iv) Absence of granular cell layer.v) Prominent parakeratosis.vi) Presence of Munro microabscesses in the parakeratotic horny layer is diagnostic of psoriasis. Ref: Harsh Mohan - Textbook of Pathology, 6th Edition.page no.778", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Mycosis fungoides", "opc": "Psoriasis", "opd": "Eczema", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "ee3fbb6e-4032-4c84-b554-ba2e49632929", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronic periostitis in children is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Cherubisrn", "opb": "Garre's osteomyelitis", "opc": "Histiocytosis X", "opd": "Tuberculous osteomyelitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d534010-2371-4018-8427-27b5d47c9b53", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Botryomycosis is a ..................... disease", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fungal", "opb": "Bacterial", "opc": "Viral", "opd": "Parasitic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62214ed7-1200-4c34-8ca4-1da4642f668c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Substance playing a role in tumor metastasis cascade is", "exp": "Ans is 'a' i.e. Collagenase IVVarious steps of metastasis and molecules involvedDetachment of tumor cells - Down regulation of expression of either E-cadherins or cateninsAttachement to ECM (including basement membrane) - Tumor cells express integrins that helps in the attachement.Degradation of ECM - proteolytic enzymes (most impoant proteases are metalloproteinases (MMPs) including collegenase IV).Vascular dissemination and homing of tumor cells - Among adhesion molecule CD44 is of paicular interest.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Collagenase IV", "opb": "TNF-alpha", "opc": "CD99", "opd": "NM23", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60bb2e74-8370-4826-b0a1-d77661566371", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Indication for cryoprecipitate is", "exp": "Medical uses for giving cryoprecipitate include: Haemophilia - Used for emergency back up when factor concentrates are not available. von Willebrand disease - Not currently recommended unless the last reserve. ddAVP is the first line, followed by factor concentrates. Hypofibrinogenaemia (low fibrinogen levels), as can occur with massive transfusions Afibrinogenemia Bleeding from excessive anticoagulation - Fresh frozen plasma contains most of the coagulation factors and is an alternative choice when anticoagulation has to be reversed quickly. Massive hemorrhage - RBCs and volume expanders are preferred therapies. Disseminated intravascular coagulation Uremic bleeding tendency", "cop": 2, "opa": "DIC", "opb": "vWD", "opc": "Haemophilia b", "opd": "Severe plasma loss", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0f8c118d-ef41-4ed3-8445-741652e4477f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following is used to stain fungi", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "PAS", "opb": "Fontana stain", "opc": "Ferrous trichrome", "opd": "Pearls prussian blue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "edda2042-4ce7-49bf-8b78-c128ba93381d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common congenital defect of the face and jaws is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Macrostomia", "opb": "Fetal alcohol syndrome", "opc": "Cleft lip and palate", "opd": "Ectodermal dysplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "06f0f88b-c876-476f-bcbc-df194af66c2f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ring sideroblasts, with iron laden occurs in", "exp": "i.e. (Mitochondria) : (301-Harsh Mohan 6th ) (625-Robbins & Cotran-Pathologic basis of disease 8th)Ringed sideroblasts is characteristic of sideroblastic anemia /Myelodysplastic SyndromeRinged sideroblast in which haem synthesis is disturbed as occurs in sideroblastic anaemiasRinged sideroblasts containing numerous large granules, often forming a complete or partial ring around the nucleus. These ringed arrangement of these granules is due to presence of iron laden mitochondria around the nucleus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Nuclear membrane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "d72f1d0f-b091-48f0-8986-c1920d587db4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coagulative necrosis is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "TB", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "Gangrene", "opd": "Cryptococcal infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7f8ee29e-3ad0-4621-9c02-75d1d49e8653", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypertrophy is a type of", "exp": "Physiological adaptive responses include: \n\nHypertrophy - increase in cell size \nHyperplasia - increase in the number of cells \nAtrophy - decrease in cell size and number \nMetaplasia - reversible replacement of one cell type by another differentiated cell type", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell injury", "opb": "Cellular adaptation", "opc": "Carcinoma", "opd": "Cell aging", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca23e34f-517f-47c0-ba1f-9b18c6267cdd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Is a sex-linked disorder of bones that develop in cartilage", "opb": "manifests with blue sclera which are pathognomonic of this disease", "opc": "May be associated with deafness", "opd": "Has associations with amelogenesis imperfecta", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a416ccba-a1a3-4c20-8456-e93759bd8b61", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell injury occurs due to", "exp": "Cell injury occurs due to decreased generation of cellular ATP ATP is necessary for Na+--K+ ATPase pump and Ca pump action and many other cellular functions for the existence of the cell THE MORPHOLOGY OF CELL AND TISSUE INJURY It is useful to describe the structural alterations that occur in damaged cells before we discuss the biochemical mecha- nisms that bring about these changes. All stresses and noxious influences exe their effects first at the molecular or biochemical level. Cellular function may be lost long before cell death occurs, and the morphologic changes of cell injury (or death) lag far behind both (Fig. 1-7). For example, myocardial cells become noncontractile after 1 to 2 minutes of isch- emia, although they do not die until 20 to 30 minutes of ischemia have elapsed. These myocytes may not appear dead by electron microscopy for 2 to 3 hours, or by light microscopy for 6 to 12 hours. The cellular derangements of reversible injury can be corrected, and if the injurious stimulus abates, the cell can return to normalcy. Persistent or excessive injury, however, causes cells to pass the nebulous \"point of no return\" into irreversible injury and cell death. The events that determine when reversible injury becomes irreversible and progresses to cell death remain poorly understood. The clinical rele- vance of this question is obvious; if the biochemical and molecular changes that predict cell death can be identified with precision, it may be possible to devise strategies for preventing the transition from reversible to irreversible cell injury. Although there are no definitive morphologic or biochemical correlates of irreversibility, two phenomena con- sistently characterize irreversibility: the inability to correct mito- chondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation) even after resolution of the original injury, and profound disturbances in membrane function. As mentioned earlier, injury to lysosomal membranes results in the enzymatic dissolution of the injured cell, which is the culmination of injury progressing to necrosis. As mentioned earlier, different injurious stimuli may induce death by necrosis or apoptosis (Fig. 1-6 and Table Refer robbins 9/e p6", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased cellular ATP generation", "opb": "Cytosolic Ca++", "opc": "Membrane damage", "opd": "Intracellular K+", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "64658e9a-9034-42b1-99fe-aaad9cc2a587", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Incidence of most common malignant tumours in women is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Breast", "opb": "Lung", "opc": "Cervix", "opd": "Ovary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "94c68828-e7cc-4c51-bbc8-666fc9c4da3b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Platelet function can be assessed by", "exp": "Bleeding time is the time taken for bleeding to stop (time for platelet plug to form)\nBleeding time is a test of platelet function.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Prothrombin time", "opb": "Fibrinogen degradation products", "opc": "Clotting time", "opd": "Bleeding time", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2729cd78-0774-4b7b-8630-5641bbe62d7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paradoxical respiration is seen in", "exp": "Diaphragmatic palsy Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysisUnilateral diaphragmatic paralysisMost common cause of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis are:High spinal cord injuryThoracic trauma (cardiac surgery)Multiple sclerosisAnterior horn disease Muscular dystrophyMost patients present with hypercapnic respiratory failure, frequently complicated by cor pulmonale and right ventricular failure, Atelectasis and pneumonia.The degree of diaphragmatic weakness is best quantitated by measuring trans diaphragmatic pressures.Treatment of choice is assisted ventilation for all or pa of each day.If the nerve to the diaphragm is intact, diaphragmatic pacing may be a ble alternativeUnilateral palsy is MC than bilateral, MC cause is nerve invasion from malignancy, usually a bronchogenic carcinoma.Diagnosis is suggested by an elevated hemidiaphragm on the CXR.Confirmation is best established with the \"sniff test\"(when the patient is observed with fluoroscopy while sniffing, then paralyzed diaphragm will move paradoxically upward due to the negative intrathoracic pressure).Patients with unilateral paralyzed diaphragm are usually asymptomatic, vital capacity and total lung capacity is reduced about 25%.No treatment if CXR is normal and patient is asymptomatic(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2221)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multiple fracture ribs", "opb": "Diaphragmatic palsy", "opc": "Bulbar polio", "opd": "Severe asthma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3ff98111-521c-49d1-adbe-94a61f36b4e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Staining done for sebaceous cell carcinoma", "exp": "Ans. a. Oil Red 0 Histopathology of Sebaceous cell carcinoma Tumor is composed of lobules or sheets of cells separated by a fibrovascular stroma. The cell extend deeply and often involve the subcutaneous tissue and even the underlying muscle. The cells show various sebaceous differentiation, manifest as finely vacuolated or foamydeg rather than clear cytoplasm. There is more differentiation at the centre of the nest. Sometimes pseudoglandular formationdeg occurs. The vacuolated cells show abundant lipid, if a frozen section is stained with Oil Red '0' or Sudan Blackdeg. Sebaceous cell carcinoma Chlazion is tarsal or meibomian cyst and sebaceous cell carcinoma arises from the meibomian glands, so a recurrent chlazion should be subjected to histo-pathologic evaluation to exclude possibility of Sebaceous cell carcinomadeg. Usually presents as a nodule (which maybe mistaken for chlazion)deg, which then grows to form a big growth Surgical excision with reconstruction of the lids is the treatment of choicedeg", "cop": 1, "opa": "Red 0", "opb": "PAS", "opc": "Methamine silver", "opd": "KOH", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e4ce058f-9c0e-4fe7-9b6b-c21038bc7ddf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Autoantibodies Ani Ro and Anti La are completely absent\nin", "exp": "Decreasing order of frequency of finding Anti - Ra (or SSa) & Anti- La (or SSb) antibodies is Sjogren's syndrome, SLE, Systemic sclerosis. SSa antibodies may be occasionally found but SSb antibodies may be totally absent in rheumatoid arthritis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Systemic Lupus erythematosus", "opb": "Sjogren's syndrome", "opc": "Diffuse Scleroderma", "opd": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "66060ad3-30ef-405d-aece-58c9cfc18e01", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemophilia B is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease\nDeficiency of factor 9 X linked recessive\n\n\n\nDisorder\nDeficiency\n\n\nHemophilia A\n\t\t\t​Hemophilia B\n\t\t\tHemophilia C\nFactor 8\n\t\t\tFactor 9\n\t\t\tFactor 11", "cop": 1, "opa": "Factor IX", "opb": "Factor VII", "opc": "Factor XI", "opd": "Factor X", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "05d1de1a-9e98-4334-88f0-328b9792ce98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Alosetron is", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "5HT1 receptor antagonist", "opb": "5HT2 receptor antagonist", "opc": "5HT3 receptor antagonist", "opd": "Analogues of somatostatin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "28be8a71-3e50-4a37-9e55-8870e6f3171f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shelf life of gamma irradiated pRBC is", "exp": "Irradiation reduces RBC storage shelf life to not >28 days postirradiation depending on the time of irradiation relative to collection. Irradiation followed by refrigerator storage causes a higher concentration of in the product. To avoid wastage of RBC units, irradiation prior to issue is optimal. Ref baley and love 27 pg 17-18", "cop": 2, "opa": "21 days", "opb": "28 days", "opc": "35 days", "opd": "42 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "faa3f876-12c3-429f-941c-43b45d45a220", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Linear pattern of Ig deposition in glomerular basement membrane is seen in", "exp": "Ans: d (Good pasture s disease)Reference: Robbins, 8th ed pg. 912Renal InvolvementCharacteristic1. Post Streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)2. Membranous glomerulopathy3. IgA nephropathy4. Membrano proliferative glomerulo nephritis (MPGN)Enlarged hypercellular glomeruli Severe form - Crescent formation IF: Granular deposits of IgG, IgM, C3 along GBM E/M: \"Subepithelial humps\"Diffuse thickening of glomerular capillary wallE/M: electro denseSubepithelial deposit of IgSilver- \"Spike like projection\"Focal segmental or diffuseProliferation of mesangiumIF: IgA deposits in mesangiumE/M: Electron dense mesangial deposits Thickening of GBM with proliferation of glomerular cells & leukocytic infiltrationLight microscopy - Double contour or tram-track appearance - split basement membraneType 1 - Subendothelial depositsType 2 - Intramembranous deposits5. Lupus nephritis IF: Irregular mesangial & capillary loop deposits Subendothelial location6. Good Pasture Dense linear IgG staining of syndrome the GBM7. Diabetic Nephropathy Nodular Mesangial expansion \"Kimmelstal Wilson Nodule\" with increased mesangial matrix and cellularity & micro aneurysm formation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lupus nephritis", "opb": "Diabetic glomerulonephropathy", "opc": "Renal vein thrombosis", "opd": "Good pasture's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "0539285a-8975-4690-9406-dec89790af57", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasmacytoid lymphomas may be associated with increase in", "exp": "Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is a B-cell neoplasm composed of small lymphocytes, plasmacytoidlymphocytes, and plasma cells, which typically affects older adults. There is maturation to plasmacytoid cells, but lacking the features of other lymphomas (pseudofollicles, neoplastic follicles, monocytoid B cells). lymph nodes; the pattern is diffuse or interfollicular, sparing the sinuses. The infiltrate consists of small lymphocytes,plasmacytoid cells and plasma cells Immunoblasts, epithelioid histiocytes and mast cells may be present. bone marrow; diffuse, nodular or interstitial infiltration. The consensus panel requires bone marrow involvement for the diagnosis of WM4. There may be circulating neoplastic cells, but the count is lower than for CLL", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "22362a35-3598-4a88-9ef5-a033c8e05483", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Red infarct is seen in", "exp": "Ans. a (Lung). (Ref. Robbin, Pathology 6th ed., 1308) Hemorrhagic/ Red infarctNonhemorrhagic/pale/ bland/anaemic infarct1Ovarian torsionHeart2LungSpleen3Small intestineKidney", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lungs", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "34373910-797e-4e74-93b1-f7750ed26d98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In internal auditory meatus", "exp": "The facial nerve lies lateral to superior vestibular nerve. The IAM on either side face each other across the posterior fossa", "cop": 2, "opa": "The cochlear nerve is medial to inferior vestibular nerve", "opb": "The facial nerve is lateral to superior vestibular nerve", "opc": "The inferior vestibular nerve is inferior to the cochlear nerve", "opd": "The superior vestibular nerve is medial to the inferior vestibular nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a070978c-8c7c-4b52-8d65-0727f25c7606", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mulberry molars are characteristic features of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Severe fluorosis", "opb": "Trauma at the time of birth", "opc": "Congenital syphilis.", "opd": "Due to chronic suppurative abscess in over lying gingival tissue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12bc3cd7-03ad-4d75-927b-1d3851e9764c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microarray is best characterised by", "exp": "Microarrays are gene chips used to sequence genes or portions of genes.In this technique, short sequences of DNA(oligonucleotides) that are complementary to the wild-type sequence and to known mutations are “tiled” adjacent to each other on the gene chip, and the DNA sample to be tested is hybridized to the array. Before hybridization the sample is labeled with fluorescent dyes. The hybridization (and consequently, the fluorescent signal emitted) will be strongest at the oligonucleotide that is complementary to wild-type sequence if no mutations are present, while the presence of a mutation will cause hybridization to occur at the complementary mutant oligonucleotide.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Study of organisms", "opb": "Study of disease", "opc": "Study of multiple genes", "opd": "Study of blood group", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "febec198-ce37-489e-98a3-a176e2ccd849", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stony dull note on percussion is characteristic of", "exp": "Pleural Effusion - Percussion findings Stony dullness with increased resistance and no shifting dullness below the level of fluid.Skodaic resonance (boxy note) just above the effusionObliteration of Traube&;s space in left side effusionGrocco&;s triangle: Triangular area of dullness against veebral column, at the base of opposite lung, due to collapse&; of lungEllis&;S&; shaped curve(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2178-2180)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pleural effusion", "opb": "Consolidation", "opc": "Pleurisy", "opd": "Tuberculosis cavity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b8311f72-84a4-4549-b189-f263d83cfc19", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Generalised thickening of cortical and cancellous bones is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Osteopetrosis", "opb": "Pagets disease", "opc": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "opd": "Infantile hyperostosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ba7be74-d02c-464a-beab-eb016eab8ec3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common precancerous lesion for oral  malignancy is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "chronic hypertrophic candidiasis", "opb": "leukoplakia", "opc": "dental ulcers", "opd": "atrophic glossitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e80b4bdf-652a-4dcd-9598-4afe2cb692d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common nephropathy in the world is", "exp": "IgA nephropathy (nuh-FROP-uh-thee), also known as Berger's disease, is akidney disease that occurs when an antibody called immunoglobulin A(IgA) builds up in your kidneys. This results in local inflammation that, over time, can hamper your kidneys' ability to filter waste from your blood. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgA nephropathy", "opb": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis", "opc": "Minimal change disease", "opd": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "93576219-81d4-4963-bb0f-2be409069003", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Delayed dentition with multiple supernumerary teeth is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypoparathyroidism", "opb": "Cleidocranial dysplasia", "opc": "Pierre Robin Syndrome", "opd": "Mongolism (Down's Syndrome)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36a83d46-1c7e-4036-98c1-68a48049a29a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amyloidosis most commonly affects", "exp": "Amyloidosis*A disease due to an accumulation of abnormal proteins which are formed due to abnormal protein misfolding. *Light microscopy: Amorphous, eosinophilic, hyaline, extracellular substance that causes atrophy of adjacent cells*Congored stain: Pink or red color to amyloid deposits*Congored under polarized microscopy: Apple green birefringence*To differentiate primary amyloidosis from secondary amyloidosis: Treat with potassium permanganate and then perform congo red stain. Congo red stain show positive in primary amyloidosis but negative in secondary amyloidosis due to potassium permanganate treatment. (Primary-persists) *Electron microscopy: Continous non-branching fibril with a diameter of 7.5 to 10nm*X-ray crystallography and Infrared spectroscopy- cross beta-pleated sheet conformation*Most common organs involved: Kidney and Hea *Most common test performed to diagnose amyloidosis: Abdominal fat pad aspiration*Most reliable test performed to diagnose amyloidosis: Tissue biopsy*Most rapid test to diagnose amyloidosis: Scintigraphy with radiolabelled serum amyloid O component*Test used in treatment follow up: Scintigraphy with radiolabelled serum amyloid O componentRef: Robbins 8/e p249", "cop": 4, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Tongue", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Hea", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "ce909ba1-8794-4152-a2e8-2724e8654e8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperkeratosis", "opb": "Parakeratosis", "opc": "Acanthosis", "opd": "Erosion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c0eb17f-fb06-4bff-9f1a-447f4307ecf6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest site of endometriosis", "exp": "Endometriosis\n\nEndometriosis (ectopic endometrium) is the term used to describe the presence of endometrium (endometrial glands or stroma) in abnormal locations outside the uterus.\nIt occurs in following sites, in decreasing order of frequency -\n\n1. Ovary                       2. Uterine ligaments           3. Rectovaginal septum                     4. Pelvic peritoneum\n5. Laprotomy scar       6. Umbilicus, vagina, vulva or appendix.\n\nAdenomyosis is the presence of endometrial tissue in the uterine wall, i.e., in the myometrium.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vagina", "opb": "Ovary", "opc": "Urinary bladder", "opd": "Peritoneal cavity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bff990fd-be62-4958-8928-0faed0f5ec3d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "OsteoscLerosis of bone occurs due to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased host resistance", "opb": "Increase in the virulence of organisms causes infection", "opc": "Increased host response", "opd": "Occurs in immunocompromised patients", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b17bd4ab-a488-47e7-a654-383ef09bef3d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common cause of Addison's disease is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Autoimmune adrenalitis o Most common cause (60%-70%) of primary adrenocoicol insufficiency (Addison'discases) is autoimmune adrenelitis. o Other common cause are. Tuberculosis -*Most common cause of Addison's disease in India . AIDS Metastatic cancers", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autoimmune adrenalitis", "opb": "Meningococcal septicemia", "opc": "Malignancy", "opd": "Tuberculosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b69d6290-421f-4e2f-92ac-8714eca2cb7c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lacunar cells are seen in", "exp": "Hodgkins Lymphoma*Hodgkin lymphoma encompasses a group of lymphoid neoplasms*Arise almost invariably in a single lymph node or chain of lymph nodes and spread characteristically in a stepwise fashion to the anatomically contiguous nodes. Hence staging is impoant.*Its characterized by presence of noeplastic giant cells called as Reed-Sternbergs cell with two nuclear lobes, large inclusion-like nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm.Classification1.Nodular sclerosis2.Mixed cellularity3.Lymphocyte rich4.Lymphocyte depleted5.Lymphocyte predominanceCharacteristics of different subtypes of Hodgkin lymphomaSubtypeMorphology Background infiltrateImmunophenotypeNodular sclerosisLacunar cellsOccasional RS cellsT cells, esinophils, macrophages, plasma cellsCD15+ CD30+ EBV-Mixed cellularityMononuclear cells ( Hodgkin cell) & RS cellT cells, esinophils, macrophages, plasma cellsCD15+ CD30+ EBV+ (70%)Lymphocyte richMononuclear cells ( Hodgkin cell) & RS cellT cells richCD15+ CD30+ EBV+ (40%)Lymphocyte depletedFrequent RS cellsPaucity of background reactive cellsCD15+ CD30+ EBV+ (90%)Lymphocyte predominanceFrequent L&H (popcorn cells)Follicular dentritic cells and reactive B cellsCD15- CD30- EBV- CD20+Note: 1) L&H - lymphocytic and histiocytic variant of Hodgkin lymphoma seen in Lymphocyte predominant subtype. 2) CD 15 and 30 are the classical markers of Hodgkin lymphoma 3) Lymphocyte predominant is different from the other 4 subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Hence called as a NONCLASSICAL variant.4) Prognosis Excellent - Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte-rich, Lymphocyte predominant Less orable- Lymphocyte depleted(Ref: Robbins 8/e p618, 7/e p422-423)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lymphocyte predomninat HL", "opb": "Lymphcyte depleted HL", "opc": "Nodular sclerosis", "opd": "Mixed cellularity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "8f445d36-2edf-445f-b6c0-10a1a58b4866", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type of necrosis seen in Neervous tissue", "exp": "Different type of necrosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Coagulative", "opb": "Caseeous", "opc": "Fibrinoid", "opd": "Liquefactive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5fa8d970-e471-4089-9720-f5a47f51bc29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Popkorn cells are found in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hodgkins Lymphoma", "opb": "Non Hodgekins lymphoma", "opc": "Multiple myeloma", "opd": "Iron deficiency anaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "26fdaad3-3f6d-444e-aa1c-2e4f526f15e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Break up time (BUT) test is done in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sjogren's syndrome", "opb": "Multiple sclerosis", "opc": "SLE", "opd": "Myasthenia gravis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8176de09-d97e-480b-8643-816d27e82f02", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anti trans glutaminase antibodies are seen in", "exp": "- Celiac sprue is associated with Anti-tissue transglutaminase Ab Anti-endomysial Ab Anti-gliadin Ab OTHER OPTIONS: - Tropical sprue is infectious disease most commonly caused by E.coli involving complete small intestine resulting in iron, folic acid & vit B12 deficiencies - Crohn's disease is inflammatory bowel disease associated with Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibody - Familial adenomatous polyposis is autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutation in APC gene resulting in multiple polyps in GI tract.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Celiac sprue", "opb": "Tropical sprue", "opc": "Crohn's disease", "opd": "Familial adenomatous polyposis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Small Intestine Malabsorption disorders", "id": "ced8d7fe-f468-4fac-8719-9df34f3dd047", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ANCA is associated with", "exp": "• ANCA or antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies are formed against certain proteins in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. Out of the given options, Wegener’s granulomatosis is most strongly associated with ANCA.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Henoch-Schonlein Purpura", "opb": "Wegener’s granulomatosis", "opc": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "opd": "Goodpasture syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d0ff45ed-3b92-45c9-ac7e-e60a0d756c5f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Scar in lung tissue may get transformed into", "exp": "“Peripheral adenocarcinomas with a small central invasive component associated with scarring and a predominantly peripheral bronchioloalveolar growth pattern may have a better outcome than invasive carcinomas of the same size.”.. Robbins", "cop": 4, "opa": "Columnar cell carcinoma", "opb": "Oat cell carcinoma", "opc": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Adenocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04dc4a34-40ab-4d6b-b669-f5e892572cc7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "As a general rule, veins carry", "exp": "All veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart with the exception of the pulmonary vein\nwhich carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Urine", "opb": "Lymph fluid", "opc": "Oxygenated blood", "opd": "Deoxygenated blood", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1130ac3f-006b-444a-8eec-5630f3350828", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hea failure cells are found in", "exp": "It is seen characteristically found in lungs during left hea failure.The morphology of lung in LVH described by: Lungs. Rising pressure in the pulmonary veins is ultimately transmitted back to the capillaries and aeries of the lungs, resulting in congestion and edema as well as pleural effusion due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the venules of the visceral pleura. The lungs are heavy and boggy, and microscopically show perivascular and interstitial transudates, alveolar septal edema, and accumulation of edema fluid in the alveolar spaces. In addition, variable numbers of red cells extravasate from the leaky capillaries into alveolar spaces, where they are phagocytosed by macrophages The subsequent breakdown of red cells and hemoglobin leads to the appearance of hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages-- so-called hea failure cells--that reflect previous epi sodes of pulmonary edema. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no.367)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myocardium", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d3bc837d-eb02-40b4-be61-980473c8d334", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phagocytosis in brain is caused by", "exp": "Microglia is the nervous system counter- pa of the monocyte-macrophage system. Although the term 'microglia' is commonly used but it is inappropriate since these cells, unlike neuroglia, are not of neuroectodermal origin. Microglial cells (or Hoega cells) are not fixed but are mobile cells. These cells are found throughout the brain and are often present close to the blood vessels. Normally, microglial cells appear as small inconspicuous cells with bean-shaped vesicular nuclei, scanty cytoplasm and long cytoplasmic processes (Fig. 30.1,C). In response to injury or damage, however, these cells have capability to enlarge in size, proliferate and develop elongated nuclei, so called rod cells. Microglial cells may actually assume the shape and phagocytic function of macrophages and form gitter cells. The foci of necrosis and areas of selective hypoxic damage to the neurons are surrounded by microglial cells which perform phagocytosis of damaged and necrosed cells; this is known as neuronophagia. NEUROGLIA. The neuroglia provides suppoive matrix and maintenance to the neurons. It includes 3 types of cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells Neuroglia is generally referred to as glia; thetumours originating from it are termed gliomas, and reactive proliferation of the astrocytes being called gliosis. i) Astrocytes. The astrocytes are stellate cells with numerous fine branching processes. In routine haematoxylin and eosin stains, an astrocyte has round or oval vesicular nucleus, but unlike neuron, lacks a prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasm is generally scanty. The processes radiate from the cell body. Depending upon the type of processes, two types of astrocytes are distinguished: Protoplasmic astrocytes have branched processes and are found mostly in the grey matter. Fibrous astrocytes have long, thin processes and are present mainly in the white matter. Some astrocytic processes are directed towards neurons and their processes, which others surround capillaries by terminal expansions called foot processes. The astrocytic processes may not be visible by routine stains but can be demonstrated by phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (PTAH) stain. Ultrastructurally, these processes are composed of abundant intermediate filaments, mostly vimentin. The main functions of astrocytes in health are physio- logical and biochemical suppo to the neurons and interactions with capillary endothelial cells to establish blood brain barrier. In case of damage to the brain, astrocytes act like fibroblasts of other tissues. The astrocytes in respond to injury undergo hyperplasia and hyperophy termed 'gliosis' which is an equivalent of scar elsewhere in the body. Gemistocytic astrocytes are early reactive astrocytes having prominent pink cytoplasm. Long-standing progressive gliosis results in the development of Rosenthal fibres which are eosinophilic, elongated or globular bodies present on the astrocytic processes. Corpora amylacea are basophilic, rounded, sometimes laminated bodies, present in elderly people in the white matter and result from accumulation of starch-like material in the degenerating astrocytes. ii) Oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are so named because of their sho and fewer processes when examined by light microscopy with special stains (oligo=sho). In haematoxylin-eosin stained sections, these cells appear as small cells with a darkly-staining nucleus resembling that of small lymphocyte. The cytoplasm appears as a clear halo around the nucleus. Oligodendrocytes are present throughout the brain in grey as well as white matter and are most numerous of all other cells in the CNS. In grey matter, they are clustered around the neurons and are called satellite cells. In white matter, they are present along the myelinated nerve fibres and are termed interfascicular oligodendroglia. The major function of oligodendrocytes is formation and maintenance of myelin. Thus, in this respect they are counterpas of Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. Diseases of oligodendrocytes are, therefore, disorders of myelin and myelinisation such as inherited leucodys- trophies and acquired demyelinating diseases. iii) Ependymal cells. The ependymal cells are epithelium- like and form a single layer of cells lining the ventricular system, aqueduct, central canal of the spinal cord and cover the choroid plexus. They are cuboidal to columnar cells and have ciliated luminal surface, just beneath which are present small bodies termed blepharoplasts. The ependymal cells influence the formation and composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by processes of active secretion, diffusion, absorption and exchange. The function of cilia is not very clear but probably they play a role in the circulation of CSF. The ependymal cells respond to injury by cell loss and the space left is filled by proliferation of underlying glial fibres. Ref:TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th EDITION - HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:871-872 MICROGLIA.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Astrocytes", "opb": "Microglia", "opc": "oligodendrocytes", "opd": "Ependymal cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "5de496fe-8ae8-4188-9830-9a12da1beb50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Protein affected in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6", "exp": "Ans. (b) a1A-Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit(Ref: 19tha/pg 451)Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 is due to CACNA2A gene on chromosome 19pl3.3, which codes for a1A-Voltage- dependent calcium channel subunit protein.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ataxin", "opb": "a1A-Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit", "opc": "Atrophin", "opd": "Androgen receptor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "bbe69707-e906-46ef-9210-53ed82c4db26", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency is seen in the following disease", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Common variable immunodeficiency", "opb": "Severe combined immunodeficiency", "opc": "Chronic granulomatous disease", "opd": "Nezelof syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "08019e26-9ed8-4e88-84e3-baa42193243a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Low serum haptoglobin in hemolysis is masked by", "exp": "Bile duct obstruction llapatoglobin is a transpo glycoprotein synthesized by the liver. - It is a carrier, for.free Hb in plasma. - Its primary physiological. function is the preservation of iron. - Haptoglobin binds hemoglobin and carries it to the reticuloendothelial system. A decrease in haptoglobin (with normal liver function) is most likely to occur with increased consumption of haptoglobin due to increased intravascular activity. The concentration of haptoglobin is inversely related to the degree of hemolysis and to the duration of hemolytic episode. aiims pginee answers & explanations - Nov 2009 - Normal blood has sufficient haptoglobin to bind to about 100-200 mg of hemoglobin. As a result the hemoglobin released due to intravascular hemolysis binds to haptoglobin. The resulting hemoglobin complex is removed by hepatocytes. \"This result in decreased serum haptoglobin in individuals with hemolytic disease\". \"In biliary obstruction the serum haptoglobin level is increased this may mask the decrease in serum haptoglobin due to hemolysis\".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pregnancy", "opb": "Liver disease", "opc": "Bile duct obstruction", "opd": "Malnutrition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5384e5e-3917-46a7-9fe9-aa9ab02e6ce1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromosome on ABO blood group is", "exp": "Histo-blood group ABO system transferaseis an enzyme with glycosyltransferaseactivity, which is encoded by the ABO genein humans. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. ABO determines the ABO blood group of an individual by modifying the oligosaccharides on cell surface glycoproteins. The ABO gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9q34.2 and contains 7 exons. The ABO locus encodes three alleles. The A allele produces a-1,3-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase (A-transferase), which catalyzes the transfer of GalNAc residuesfrom the UDP-GalNAc donor nucleotide to the Gal residues of the acceptor H antigen, conveing the H antigen into A antigen in A and AB individuals. The B allele encodes a-1,3-galactosyl transferase (B-transferase), which catalyzes the transfer of Gal residues from the UDP-Gal donor nucleotide to the Gal residues of the acceptor H antigen, conveing the H antigen into B antigen in B and AB individuals.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ch1", "opb": "Ch 3", "opc": "Ch 6", "opd": "Ch 9", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "1bfc56df-372b-4af8-adff-4f17c435252d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Hodgkin's disease, the lymphoma cells seen are", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Eosinophils", "opb": "Plasma cells", "opc": "Reed-sternberg cells", "opd": "Giant cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bd430cb7-1215-4f43-b68e-f70263034f0a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome", "exp": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome: Caused by deficiencies of complement regulatory proteins or agents that damage endothelial cells, such as a Shiga-like toxin elaborated by E. coli strain O157:H7. The endothelial injury initiates platelet activation, platelet aggregation, and microvascular thrombosis. Ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th ed Pg no: 491", "cop": 2, "opa": "Most commonly caused by verocytogenic E.Coli", "opb": "Causes mild to severe coombs positive hemolytic anemia", "opc": "Recurrences rare", "opd": "Transient thrombocytopenia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "32fc55a1-5056-41da-9182-cb74f57e29fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The subtype of hodgkin lymphoma characterized by L and H cells", "exp": "L and H cells are seen in lymphocyte predominane type of Hodgkin&;s disease. It is also known as polyploid type or popcorn type RS (reed -sternberg) cells This type of RS cells is larger with lobulated nucleus in the shape of popcorn Reference: textbook of Pathology 6th edition Author Harsha Mohan page number 369", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nodular sclerosis", "opb": "Mixed cellularity", "opc": "Lymphocyte depletion", "opd": "Lymphocyte predominance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "3c8af7c1-0cfb-4286-b114-a5b37f35de31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lymphocytosis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fungal infections", "opb": "Viral infections", "opc": "Bacterial infections", "opd": "Protozoal infections", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "157ca08f-bc9c-4cef-a705-88a7d0640513", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In comparison to hyperplasia, hyperophy is", "exp": "* Hyperophy: increase in size of cells. There are no new cells just bigger cells containing increased amount of structural proteins and organelles * Hyperplasia: increase in cell number Both results in enlarged organ * Hyperplasia occurs in cells capable of replication * Hyperophy occurs in cells which have limited capacity to divide Refer robbins 9/e p3.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase in cell size and number", "opb": "Increase in cell size without increase in number", "opc": "Increase in cell number without increase in size", "opd": "Increase in cell size and decrease in number", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b6ba710a-cb16-4755-a8fd-2385878e9c61", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During a routine checkup a 70 year old mate is found to have Serum Alkaline Phosphatase three times the upper limit of norrnal. Serum Calcium, Serum Phosphorous and liver function tests are normal. The most likely diagonsis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Paget's disease of the bone", "opc": "Osteomalacia", "opd": "Metastatic bone disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa1146ec-158c-4d20-a1a9-46403fd91182", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Effective red cell diameter", "exp": "Answer: (C) Thalassemia minor anemia may present with normal RBC diameter (265-68-Hrshmohon 7th) (630= Rabbins- basis disease)Red blood cell distribution width (RDW or RCDW) is a measure of the variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6-8 pm in diameter. Certain disorders, however, cause a significant variation in cell size. Higher RDW values indicate greater variation in size. Normal reference range in human red blood cells is 11.5-14.5%. If anemia is observed, RDW test results are often used together with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) results to determine the possible causes of the anemia. It is mainly used to differentiate an anemia of mixed causes from an anemia of a single cause. Deficiencies of Vitamin Bl2 orfolate produce a macrocytic anemia (large cell anemia) in which the RDW is elevated in roughly two- thirds of all cases; however, a varied size distribution of red blood cells is a hallmark of iron deficiency anemia, and as such shows an increased RDW in virtually all cases. In the case of a mixed iron and B!2 deficiency, there will normally be a mix of both large cells and small cells, causing the RDW to be elevated. An elevated RDW (red blood cells of unequal sizes) is known as anisocytosis. An elevation in the RDW is not characteristic of all anemias; anemia of chronic disease,hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, aplastic anemia (anemia resulting from an inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells), and certain hereditary hemoglobinopathies (including some cases of thalassemia minor) all may present with a normal RDW* The human erythrocyte is a biconcave disc, 7-2 pm in diameter, and has a thickness of 2-4 pm at the periphery and 1 mm in the centre* More than 90% of the weight of erythrocytes consists of haemoglobin. The life span of red cell is 120 +- 30 day.* Range of normal red cell count in health in 5.5 +- 1.0 x1012/L in men and 4.8 +- l.0x 1012/l in women* Packed cell volume (PCV) or haematocrit- 0.47 + 0.07L/L (40-54%) in men- 0.42 +- 0.05 L/L (37-47%) in women* Reticulocyte count (%)0.5-l .5* Red cell distribution width-11.5-14.51. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) =PCV in L/LRBC Count/L Normal value is 85 +- 8fl (77-93 fl)2. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) =Hb/LRBC Count/L Normal range is 29.5 +2.5pg (27-32 Pg)3. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) =Hb /dlPCV in L/LNormal value is 32.5 +2.5 g/dl (30-35 g/dl)* The size of the RBC is measured by MCV. MCHC is independent of red cell count and size *** Monocyte is the largest mature leucocyte in peripheral blood* Flow cytometry is done on - Lymphocytes* The anticoagulant used in Wintrobe ESR- Double oxalate1. Alkaline phosphatase is specific to Neutrophils cells2. Acid phasphatase is found in all hematopoitic cells but the highest levels are found in macrophages and osteoclasts (Monocytes)* Anticoagalant of choice for coagulation test is 3.2% sodium citrate *** Potassium oxalate + sodium fluoride is anticoagulant used in collection of blood sugar.Increases Leucocyte Alkaline phosphateDecreased Leucocyte Alkaline phosphate* Infections* Leukamoid reactions* Polycythemia- vera* Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)* CMLBlood group A is associated with1. Carcinoma stomach, cervix salivary gland pancreas2. Pernicious anemia3. Thrombosis in OCP users", "cop": 3, "opa": "Different in males and females", "opb": "Diameter of 500 microns", "opc": "Thalassemia minor anemia may present with normal RBC diameter", "opd": "Mixed iron and folic deficiency anemia produce microcytic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "4600d02f-5965-4b62-8549-0626a3952919", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An acute inflammation would attract", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Monocytes", "opb": "Plasma cells", "opc": "Neutrophils", "opd": "Eosinophils", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a2b2de43-3320-4223-89d1-20c4507a0496", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Whipple's disease is caused by.", "exp": "Whipple disease is cause by bacteria called tropheryma whippli. It is responsible fot causing influx of lot of macrophages leading to compression of lacteals and impairment in absorption of nutrients. Rod shaped bacillis in macrophage is seen. Patient complains of malabsorption. Pas +ve diastase resistant is seen in macrophage. Treatment with antibiotic will show dramatic improvement.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bacteria", "opb": "Virus", "opc": "Protozoa", "opd": "Helminths", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "125a7e80-7f7d-4537-8afb-1780ca741c34", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Berger disease does not involve", "exp": "Ans. (d) Lymphatics(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 512; 8th/pg 517)Buerger's disease: Segmental, thrombosing, acute and chronic inflammation of medium-sized and small arteries, principally the tibial and radial arteries, with occasional secondary extension into the veins and nerves of the extremities", "cop": 4, "opa": "Artery", "opb": "Veins", "opc": "Nerve", "opd": "Lymphatics", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "4ceff79c-c531-4166-8921-77b445dd762f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anemia of chronic disorder is characterized by", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., T Bone marrow iron", "cop": 3, "opa": "T Sideroblast", "opb": "T TIBC", "opc": "T Bone marrow iron", "opd": "T Protoporphyrin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "45a872ef-f1a2-4b82-a459-4180e0e6a752", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia is due to", "exp": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia is an autosomal recessive disorder. There is a failure of primary platelet aggregation with ADP or collagen due to inherited deficiency of two platelets membrane glycoproteins. It is caused due to deficiency of glycoprotein IIb- IIa.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased GpIb", "opb": "Decreased GpIIb/IIa", "opc": "Anti-GpIIb/IIIa antibodies", "opd": "Inhibition or deficiency of ADAMTS 13", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5eeff1eb-62ce-480a-a27f-d61cd173439d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The risk factor in cholangiocarcinoma", "exp": "Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of the biliary tree, arising from bile ducts within or outside the liver,\no Risk factors All risk factors for cholangiocarcinomas cause chronic inammation and cholestasis,\nwhich presumably promote the occurrence of somatic mutations or epigenetic alterations in cholangiocytes. Primary sclerosing cholangitis.\nHepatolithiasis. Congenital bro-polycystic disease of the biliary system (Caroli disease, choledochal cyst). Hepatitis B and C. Exposure to thorotrast.\nOpisthorchissinensis and clonorchiasis infection", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pancreatitis", "opb": "Ulcerave coltis", "opc": "Pyelonephritis", "opd": "Caroli disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cdd978e2-f662-4aa8-b30c-4cdb30e89273", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pauci immune glomerulonephritis is seen in aEUR'", "exp": "Microscopic polyangitis fRef Bobbin's Th/e p. 976] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis may be caused by number of different diseases, some restricted to the kidneys and others systemic. Although no single mechanism can explain all cases, there is little doubt that in most cases, the glomerular injury is immunologically mediated. Thus a practical classification divides rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis into three groups on the basis of immunological findings. RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS II Type RPGN Type I RPGN (anti GBM antibody) m (Immune (I complex) Type III RPGN (Pauci immune) * Idiopathic * Idiopathic * ANCA associated * Goodpasture * Post infectious * Idiopathic syndrome * Systemic lupus * Wegener erythematous granulomatosis * Henoch schnolein * Microscopic PAN purpura * Microscopic polyangitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "After transplant in alpos", "opb": "Microscopic polyangiitis", "opc": "Henoch-Schonlein nephritis", "opd": "Lupus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "008eb50a-c602-4908-9ff9-c9180d0e311b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasm derived from", "exp": "Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms composed of chromaffin cells, which synthesize and release catecholamines and in some instances peptide hormones. Pheochromocytomas that develop in extra-adrenal paraganglia are designated paragangliomas Robbins 9e pg: 1134 Ref img", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromaffin cells", "opb": "Paraganglia in neck", "opc": "An adrenal gland tumor due to nephrogenic rest", "opd": "Primitive totipotential cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "bce06e7c-7bbf-43d0-9eb1-23a159fae5b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Constant feature associated with a radicular cyst", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "An impacted tooth", "opb": "A missing tooth", "opc": "A non-vital tooth", "opd": "An anomalous tooth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a92955bf-d974-4b56-b301-4191aeaf780f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Collagen most abundant in Hyaline cailage", "exp": "Hyaline cailage is a unique connective tissue ideally suited to serve as an elastic shock absorber and wear-resistant surface It lacks a blood supply and does not have lymphatic drainage or innervation it is composed of water (70%), type II collagen (10%), proteoglycans (8%), and chondrocytes ref robbins 9th ed page 1208", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "5b7229a3-a399-4ea1-b597-433970fd6cbd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cancer in liver is", "exp": "Answer- C. MetastasisMost commonhqtatic neoplasm is metastasis.Most common primary benig nlesion of liver is cavernous hemangioma.Most common primary malignant lesion of liver is hepatocellular carcinoma.Most common primary hepatic tumor of children is hepatoblastoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Papilloma", "opb": "Hepatic adenoma", "opc": "Metastasis", "opd": "Cavernous Hemangioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c884578d-5666-4699-9603-7335fa544e66", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The gene involved in GIST", "exp": "Pathogenesis of GISTs\n\nApproximately 75% to 80% of all GISTs have oncogenic, gain-of-function mutations of the gene encoding the tyrosine kinase c-KIT.\nApproximately 8% of GISTs have mutations that activate a related tyrosine kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor a (PDGFRA).\nConstitutively active c-KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases activate RAS and P13K/AKT pathways and thereby promote tumor cell proliferation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "C-KIT", "opb": "BRAC-1", "opc": "p53", "opd": "BRAC-2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e2a98706-ad45-43bc-9730-f5ad7319cf41", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shoest acting synthetic opioid is", "exp": ".Remifentanil is a potent, sho-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is used for sedation as well as combined with other medications for use in general anesthesia Ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fentanyl", "opb": "Remifentanil", "opc": "Alfentanil", "opd": "Sufentanil", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b018d1b1-4c1d-433a-aca5-1bcaadcf69e1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ratio of fat cells and RBC in bone marrow", "exp": "Bone marrow contains two types of stemcells: hemopoietic (which can produce blood cells) and stromal (which can produce fat, cailage and bone). ... Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow; some white blood cells develop in yellow marrow", "cop": 1, "opa": "4:01", "opb": "1:01", "opc": "1:02", "opd": "2:01", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "e741bed5-1385-4be3-a679-73ae57915d57", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "KleihauerBetke test is used to detect", "exp": "Ans. (c) Fetomaternal blood leak(Ref: Oski's Pediatrics: Principles & Practice, chapter 66; Dacie 11th/pg 307)Ring sideroblasts are not seen in sickle cell anemia, but in Sideroblastic AnemiaPeripheral smear finding in sickle cell anemia:Ansiopoikilocytosis, polychromasia, Increased Retie %Irreversibly sickle RBCs and target cells (increased after autosplenectomy).Howell-Jolly bodies due to asplenia. Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ferning pattern in follicular phase", "opb": "Cephalopelvic disproportion", "opc": "Fetomaternal blood leak", "opd": "Sperm-cervical mucus interaction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "948e5f7d-99be-4c19-b147-3d2c2e8ceaeb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site of metastasis from the mandibular sarcoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "beb22bb2-1a7d-4980-8dff-69f11c59393d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is not a pyrogenic cytokine", "exp": "Ans. (c) Substance P(Ref: J Infect Dis. (1999) 179 (Supplement 2): S294-S304. doi: 10.1086/513856, Harrison 18th ed:2666.)IL1 AND TNF are well known pyrogenic cytokines In the hypothalamus, the prostaglandins, especially PGE2, stimulate the production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point at a higher level, hence pyrogenic", "cop": 3, "opa": "IL-1", "opb": "TNF", "opc": "Substance P", "opd": "Prostaglandins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "06e9eaab-ed28-49c7-a0a6-427ed49c85c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The incidence of bilaterality in a dermoid cyst is approximately", "exp": "Dermoid cyst is a benign germ cell tumour (very rarely malignant 1.7% typically in women older than 40 years). They are bilateral in 10% cases, usually unilocular with smooth surface, contains hair and sebaceousmaterial, lined in pa by squamous epithelium.", "cop": 1, "opa": "10%", "opb": "30%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "70%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "a01991f1-e591-4885-9fc6-41dab6e8a3bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Two siblings with ostegenesis imperfect, but their parents are normal. Mechanism of inheritance Is", "exp": "Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically within the gamete cells. Somatic mosaicism, a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells, and germline mosaicism can be present at the same time or individually depending on when the conditions occur. When the mosaicism is only found in the gametes and not in any somatic cells, it is referred to as pure germline mosaicism. Germline mosaicism can be caused either by a mutation that occurs after conception, or by epigenetic regulation, alterations to DNA such as methylation that do not involve changes in the DNA coding sequence. A mutation in an allele acquired by a somatic cell early in its development can be passed on to its daughter cells, including those that later specialize to gametes. It can also be caused by a sporadic mutation in a gamete cell. If the germline mosaicism causing mutation occurs in the somatic cell, it never results in pure germline mosaicism because it will be present in somatic cells as well.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anticipation", "opb": "Genomic impriting", "opc": "Germ line mosaicism", "opd": "New mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c9fd662b-bddc-4a4e-9c14-84a05b7b323e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Defect in xeroderma pigmentosum (Repeat)", "exp": "Ans: C (Nucleotide excision repair) Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition, Pg: 275 & Frosiius G Commentary: DNA base excision repair defects in human pathologies Free Radic Res. 2004 Oct:38(10): 1037-54.Explanation:Types of defects in DNA-repair systems and conditions associatedDNA Repair MechanismsDiseases associatedMismatch repair* Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome* Muir-Torre SyndromeNucleotide excision repair* Xeroderma pigmentosum* Cockayne's syndrome* T richothiodystrophyBase excision repair* Gross defects - Not compatible with life* Partial defects -Colorectal cancer & LungRecombinational repairCancers* Ataxia Telangiectasia (ATM gene, genome instability syndrome)* Bloom syndrome (RecQ DNA helicase; BLM gene)* Fancont anemia (BRCA-2)* Werner syndrome (WRNp protein- RecQ DNA helicase)Direct Repair-- DNA damaging agent X-raysoxygen radicals (internal/external) alkylating agents spontaneousUV-light oxygen radicals (internal/external)X-raysoxygen radicals (internal/external) UV-lightanti-tumor agentsreplicationerrorsnon-enzymatic methylation of DNA by cellular S-adenosyl- methionine||Lesions|||Uracilabasic site 8-oxoguanme single-strand break6-4 photoproduct bulky adducts cyclobutane pyrimidine dimerdouble-strandbreakinterstrand-crosslinkA-G mismatchT-C mismatch insertiondeletionO-6-methyl-guanine||Repairprocess|||Base excision repair (BER)Nucleotide excision repair (NER)Recombinational repair (HR/NHEJ)Mismatch repair (MMR)Direct reversal (DR)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mismatch repair", "opb": "Base excision repair", "opc": "Nucleotide excision repair", "opd": "Double strand break repair", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nature of Gene Abnormalities", "id": "5768d7d3-a3f0-4e4c-92ea-fe3a3234ed23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "&;Lacunar cells&; seen in the following histological type of Hodgkin&;s lymphoma", "exp": "WHO classification of Hodgkin's lymphoma Nodular sclerosisMixed cellularityLymphocyte richLymphocyte depletedLymphocyte predominantMost common type of HL Most common type of HL in India Associated with HIV M = FM > FM > FM > FM > FReed Sternberg cell variant in lacunar cell ( clear space surrounding cell)Has eosinophils & plasma cells and Reed Sternberg cell in maximum numbersMononuclear and Reed Sternberg cell in low numbers Reed Sternberg cell - pleomorphic , mummified & necrobiotic LH cells ( pop corn cells ) with absence of B cellCells are CD 15+ and CD 30+Cells are CD 15+ and CD 30+Cells are CD 15+ CD 30+and CD 20 -Cells are CD 15+ and CD 30+Cells are CD 15- , CD 30- , CD 20 +, BCL6+ and EMA+No association with EBV Associated with EBV Associated with EBV Associated with EBV No association with EBV Excellent prognosis Very good prognosis Good to excellent prognosis Poor prognosis Excellent prognosis Adolescent and young adult Biphasic incidence Old age group Old age group Young males (Refer: Robbins & Cotran's - Pathologic Basis of Disease, SAE, 1st edition, Vol I-pg no: 607-609)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nodular sclerosis", "opb": "Lymphocyte depleted", "opc": "Lymphocyte dominant", "opd": "Mixed", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f6c555fa-1673-4a82-ae27-cb670fc24981", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased osmotic fragility seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hereditary spherocytosisOsmotic fragility of Red blood cells.Red blood cell osmotic fragility is the resistance of RBC hemolysis to osmotic changes.Normally RBC maintains osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding medium i.e., with serum that has 0.9% NaCI.As the surrounding medium becomes hypotonic fluid will enter into the cell along osmotic gradiant, eventuallyunder very hypotonic conditions the cell will enlarge to capacity and rupture Osmotic lysis.Osmotic fragility is determined by measuring the degree of hemolysis in hypotonic saline. Normal red cell begins to lyse at 0.5% NaC1 and the hemolysis is complete at 0.3 NaCl.Red blood cells osmotic fragility is considered to be increased if hemolysis occur in a NaCI concentration > 0-5%.Osmotic fragility is considered to be decreased if the hemolysis is not complete in a 0-3% of NaCI.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alpha thalasemmia", "opb": "Beta thalassemia", "opc": "Sickle cell anemia", "opd": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1c3e162-a3e8-4422-8d4d-89745adf543a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kilnefelter no of chromosomes", "exp": "Klinefelter syndrome is best defined as male hypogonadism that develops when there are at least two X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes. Most affected patients have a 47,XXY karyotype. This karyotype results from nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis. The extra X chromosome may be of either maternal or paternal origin. (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 239)", "cop": 1, "opa": "47", "opb": "46", "opc": "45", "opd": "44", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e49b493d-e10b-4465-8541-39bab1ed11f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitochondrial chromosomal abnormaity leads to", "exp": "Diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes are rare. Because mitochondrial DNA encodes enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, diseases caused by mutations in such genes affect organs most dependent on oxidative phosphorylation (skeletal muscle, hea, brain). Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is the prototypical disorder in this group. This neurodegenerative disease manifests itself as progressive bilateral loss of central vision that leads in due course to blindness. Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes- Diseases Caused by Alterations of Imprinted Regions (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 243)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy", "opb": "Angelman syndrome", "opc": "Prader villi syndrome", "opd": "Myotonic dystrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "76ddc44c-b631-4394-9443-7d05acccba7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased levels of haemoglobin A2 is characteristic of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Sickle cell trait", "opb": "Beta-Thalassaemia trait", "opc": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency", "opd": "Alpha-Thalassaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a10dc640-55eb-416a-8c63-a49acb448c95", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salivary duct calculi", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Produce pain on eating", "opb": "Are commonest in the parotid ducts", "opc": "Are common cause of acute parotitis", "opd": "Are associated with hypercaleaemic states", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c81740f-a5b2-4fca-83c4-4f4a6cd829be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reactive oxygen free radical in lysosome is released by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "NADPH oxidase", "opb": "Superoxide dismutase", "opc": "Peroxidase", "opd": "Myeloperoxidase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3658352-35f1-481a-b55f-8e99e0634a25", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bronchopneumonia means", "exp": "Ans. b (Inflammatory involvement of the airways; the bronchus & the lung parenchyma).BRONCHOPNEUMONIA# It is multi focal, heterogenous inflammatory involvement of distal airways, thus distributed along the course of airways & patchy affection of lung parenchyma.# An Airbronchogram is usually absent & volume loss is common with occasional pneumatoceles.# Staphylococcus is a common bacteria causing bronchopneumonia.QLOBAR PNEUMONIA# It is usually unifocal & central in distal airspaces adjacent to the visceral pleura.# It spreads rapidly via the pores of Kohn across segmental boundaries producing a uniform consolidation in lung parenchyma.# It spares distal airways.# Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common organism causing lobar pneumonia.# Klebsiella pneumoniae:- Friedlander's pneumonia- Causes a only small proportion of cases of Community acquired pneumonia- Lobar pneumonia (\"bulging fissure\" sign)--- Predisposing factors:* Alcoholism,* Diabetes &* COPD.# Rx:- Given both the undesirability of treating the latter strains with penicillins or cephalosporins and the quinolone resistance, empirical treatment of serious or health care-associated Klebsiella infections with amikacin, carbapenems, or tigecycline is prudent.- Polymyxin B can be considered for use against highly resistant strains but is an agent of last resort because of its potential toxicities.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inflammatory involvement of a lobe of a lung", "opb": "Inflammatory involvement of the airways; the bronchus & the lung parenchyma", "opc": "Dilatation of the bronchioles", "opd": "Inflammatory involvement of the lymphatics", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiration", "id": "33a1cea1-4781-4e74-8824-db296fe901aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Sarcoidosis(Ref: R 9th/pg 507-8,510; 8th/pg 512-13)Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in PanAschoff Nodule, SLE, HIV and Malignant Hypertension", "cop": 4, "opa": "Polyarteritis nodosa", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "HIV", "opd": "Sarcoidosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "fede58ae-a793-4bdf-bf83-d6dce7f0b6ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The two pathogenic Neisseria species, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, differ from the nonpathogenic Neisseria species in that", "exp": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis are true human pathogens, surviving best in the human host. They are more fastidious in their nutritional requirement, requiring an enriched selective medium and temperature for growth. All Neisseria are oxidase positive. Normal flora (nonpathogenic) Neisseria will grow at room temperature on simple medium. Because of beta-lactamase production, sensitivities should be done to ensure proper antimicrobial selection for treatment. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 400", "cop": 3, "opa": "The former are less resistant to ceain antibiotics than the nonpathogenic species", "opb": "The pathogenic species are oxidase positive", "opc": "The pathogenic species grow well in enriched chocolate agar", "opd": "The pathogenic species do not grow well at room temperature", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6de09891-0cc0-49cc-80ba-bf0f89aa2ce4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person experiences throbbing pain at night. It is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute pulpal degeneration", "opb": "Acute periodontal abscess", "opc": "Chronic pulpitis", "opd": "Cellulitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64f96b89-1f2c-4a0a-944a-8fe05a5891d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lactobacilli are numerous in carious lesions because they", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Are the main causative agent", "opb": "Can produce insoluble extracellular polysaccharides", "opc": "Can attach to smooth enamel surfaces", "opd": "Are secondary invaders", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3647db32-f6dc-4978-ad0f-47e96b03f81a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paget's disease of bone is a chronic disease of the", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Prepubertal skeleton", "opb": "Pubertal skeleton", "opc": "Infantile skeleton", "opd": "Adult skeleton", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e98e441-8c75-41ad-96e3-eac41d3b1920", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromosomal translocation characteristic in acute promyclocytic leulamia", "exp": "In Aml with +(15;17), acute promyelocytic leulamia (M3 stage), auer rode present (most common stage associated with DIC).", "cop": 1, "opa": "+ (15;17)", "opb": "+ (22;9)", "opc": "+ (21;17)", "opd": "+ (9;22)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0524958a-a93f-470a-9443-f271c4568998", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coombs positive hemolytic anemia is associated with", "exp": "Amongst the collagen vascular diseases, SLE is most frequently associated with Coomb's positive hemolytic anemia.\nPAN can also cause Coomb's positive hemolytic anemia, but it is very rare.", "cop": 3, "opa": "TTP", "opb": "PAN", "opc": "SLE", "opd": "HUS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd625cee-4e46-441f-b6a3-6d9efa8cf7e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prolonged use of antibiotics in children can result in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Necrotising ulcerative gingivtis", "opb": "Candidiasis", "opc": "Actinomycosis", "opd": "Apthous ulcers", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "96452745-c2cb-4d44-987a-f531c6915c6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Annexin V is a marker of", "exp": "Ans. (d) Apoptosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 53; Robbins 9th/pg 29-30)Apoptotic cells express phosphatidylserine/thrombos - pondinQ on the outer layer of plasma membrane because of which these cells are recognized by the dye Annexin V", "cop": 4, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Gangrene", "opc": "Aging", "opd": "Apoptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "603127ef-a1e1-4f19-8a50-a65eb80b945e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feature common to carcinoma pancreas, lungs,stomach is,a) Retinoblastomab) Migratory thrombophlebitisc) Ascitesd) DIC", "exp": "Migratory or  recurrent thrombophlebitis and DIC may be seen in following Cancers-\n\nPancrease\nBreast\nLymbphomas\nLung\nStomach\nProstate\nBrain", "cop": 2, "opa": "acd", "opb": "abd", "opc": "abc", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "95bc7ff5-7f84-4551-8e42-0058889ad565", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peptic ulcer is caused by", "exp": "A. i.e. (H. pylori) (594 - Basic pathology 8th)PEPTIC ULCER - two conditions are key for the development of peptic ulcers1. H. pylori infection(i) 70 - 90% persons with duodenal ulcer(ii) 70% persons with gastric ulcers2. Mucosal exposure to gastric acid and pepsin* NSAIDs are the major cause of peptic ulcer disease in persons who do not have H. pylori infection", "cop": 1, "opa": "H. pylori", "opb": "Campylobacter jejuni", "opc": "Pneumocystis carinii", "opd": "Crypto sporidium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "334e83e9-cd7a-47c3-85e1-10ef5055dfda", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ladder pattern of DNA electrophoresis is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Apoptosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 53; R 9th/pg 29-30)DNA breakdown (Internucleosome cleavage by endonuclease into 200 bp oligonucleosomes is a characteristic)Q at specific sites can be detected by 'step ladder pattern' on gel electrophoresis or TUNEL (TdT mediated d-UTP Nick End Labelling) technique", "cop": 2, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Apoptosis", "opc": "Cytolysis", "opd": "Karyorrhexis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "04f76805-9d6c-4e68-b8c9-a3a283d88c8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Example of Type IV Hypersensitivity is/are", "exp": "Clinical examples of Type IV HS TB Sarcoidosis Temporal aeritis Contact dermatitis Lepromin test and PPD Patch test/contact HS Type I DM", "cop": 2, "opa": "Farmer's lung", "opb": "Contact hypersensitivity", "opc": "Immediate hypersensitivity", "opd": "Myasthenia gravis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "44722189-ef5c-4ed8-b93f-1fb3eca0987c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vertical measure in mm from granular cell layer to the deepest part of tumour used in Melanoma for prognosis is", "exp": "Breslow s thickness less than 1.7mm carries favorable prognosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Breslow s method", "opb": "Clarks s method", "opc": "Thomas method", "opd": "Ashpit s method", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "747f2499-ee21-4bdf-8039-ff8d13307ddd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The diagnostic procedure of applying pressure to a suspected lesion to visualize the evacuation of coloration of the lesion is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fluoroscopy", "opb": "Diascopy", "opc": "Arthroscopy", "opd": "Endoscopy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c6aa36b-001a-4d41-935c-1473682ca20d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy spares", "exp": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes(which provide suppo and insulation to axons in CNS) The term Leukoencephalopathy refers to all of the brain white matter diseases Toxic leukoencephalopathy or toxicspongiform leukoencephalopathy is a rare condition that is characterized by progressive damage (-pathy) to white matter (-leuko-) in the brain (-encephalo-), paicularly myelin, due to causes such as exposure to drug abuse, environmental toxins, or chemotherapeutic drugs", "cop": 4, "opa": "White matter of cerebrum", "opb": "White matter of parietal lobe", "opc": "White matter of periventricular area", "opd": "Spinal cord and optic nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "b3827c3d-e424-418f-a867-96bb939f7111", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The protein in the GBM responsible for charge dependent filtration is", "exp": "Glomerular basement membrane contains: a. Collagen type IV b. Laminin c. Polyanionic proteoglycans (responsible of charge-dependent filtration) d. Entactin e. Fibronectin f. Sialoglycoprotein coating on endothelial and visceral epithelial cells. Ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th ed Pg no: 551", "cop": 4, "opa": "Albumin", "opb": "Collagen type IV", "opc": "Fibronectin", "opd": "Proteoglycan", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "12f94e6e-10b3-44b0-bf3f-138ee297c7b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paroxysmal lacrimation during mastication occurs due to damage to", "exp": "Paroxysmal lacrimation (crocodile tears) is seen in patients exhibiting profuse lacrimation when food is eaten, particularly hot and spicy foods. It generally follows facial paralysis, either Bell's palsy type or the result of herpes zoster, head injury or intracraniaL operative trauma. This is thought to be due to the degeneration of autonomic nerve, when adjacent normal autonomic fibers will give sprouts that connect up with appropriate cholinergic or adrenergic endings, resulting in crocodile tears.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Facial nerve", "opb": "Auriculotemporal nerve", "opc": "Occulomotor nerve", "opd": "Mandibular nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ccafec3-9d0a-452d-b074-479bf916f5c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gluten free diet is use in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Celiac disease", "cop": 1, "opa": "Celiac disease", "opb": "Tropical sprue", "opc": "Ulcerative colitis", "opd": "Irritable bowel syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c363353a-202c-4337-912b-af608702f07e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Another name for encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Rendu-osler weber syndrome", "opb": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opc": "Beckwidth weidmann syndrome", "opd": "Cushing syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a4948fe-0355-4ab8-adbf-7218fa293ed6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nasal mucosa is supplied by", "exp": "Branch of external carotid aery supplying nasal mucosa are Sphenopalatine aery, Greater palatine aery, Superior labial aery (Branch of facial aery), while, the only branch of Branch of internal Carotid aery supplying nose is Anterior ethmoidal aery.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Only external carotid aery", "opb": "Only internal carotid aery", "opc": "Mainly internal carotid aery", "opd": "Mainly external carotid aery", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f815322c-74dc-4aad-b791-e1676ded949d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The activation of caspases is likely to lead to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptotic cell death", "opb": "Blood coagulation", "opc": "Mitotic cell division", "opd": "G1 to S phase of cell cycle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcc8e29b-1dc7-48f2-a449-612c85f4a80f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "White piedra is caused by", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Piedraia hoae", "opb": "Pityrosporum orbiculares", "opc": "Hoae werneckii", "opd": "Trichosporon beigelii", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7eca6156-ee88-4446-8f9c-5b835d721960", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HPV oncogene expression is", "exp": "The oncogenic potential of HPV can be related to production of two early viral genes E6&E7 Together they interact with variety of growth regulating proteins encoded by protooncogene and tumour suppressor genes E6- binds to and mediate the degradation of p53 E7-binds to Rb protein and release E2F transcription factor,also inactivates the CDKIs Robbins basic pathology 9th edition chapter 5 pageno. 202", "cop": 4, "opa": "E1E2", "opb": "E1E3", "opc": "E3E5", "opd": "E6E7", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "0261df1b-2fea-4392-9f81-c02726aa5f13", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decrease in cell size refers to", "exp": "* Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance is known as atrophy * Although atrophied cells have diminished its function, they are not dead Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance is known as atrophy. When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size, becoming atrophic (Fig. 1-4). Although atrophic cells may have diminished function, they are not dead. Causes of atrophy include a decreased workload (e.g., immobilization of a limb to permit healing of a fracture), loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, and aging (senile atrophy). Although some of these stimuli are physiologic (e.g., the loss of hormone stimulation in menopause) and others pathologic (e.g., denervation), the fundamental cel- lular changes are identical. They represent a retreat by the cell to a smaller size at which survival is still possible; a new equilibrium is achieved between cell size and dimin- ished blood supply, nutrition, or trophic stimulation. The mechanisms of atrophy consist of a combination of decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells. * Protein synthesis decreases because of reduced meta- bolic activity. * The degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Nutrient deficiency and disuse may activate ubiquitin ligases, which attach mul- tiple copies of the small peptide ubiquitin to cellular proteins and target them for degradation in protea- somes. This pathway is also thought to be responsible for the accelerated proteolysis seen in a variety of cata- bolic conditions, including the cachexia associated with cancer. * In many situations, atrophy is also accompanied by increased autophagy, with resulting increases in the number of autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy (\"self-eating\") is the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to survive. We describe this process later in the chapter. Refer robbins 9/e p4-5", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrophy", "opb": "Metaplasia", "opc": "Hyperplasia", "opd": "Hyperophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c23899ae-c492-412e-bcb4-1feb58eac9c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In hypodontia, the most commonly affected tooth is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Permanent third molar", "opb": "Permanent second premolar", "opc": "Permanent lateral incisor", "opd": "Permanent Canine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ac46cf4-81bd-4331-aad7-fb6871d11ac8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Koenen&;s tumour is seen in", "exp": "Tuberous sclerosis is a rare disease that causes tumors, or growths, in the brain and other organs. These growths can occur in the skin, kidneys, eyes, hea, or lungs. They are usually benign (non-cancerous). The first signs of tuberous sclerosismay occur at bih.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tuberous sclerosis", "opb": "Neurofibramatosis", "opc": "VHL syndrome", "opd": "Turcot syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "33f21194-00b0-4185-bb71-63d2aab83b90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stary sky\" appearance is seen in", "exp": "(A) (Burkitt's lymphoma) (456 - HM) (453- Basic pathology 8th)Burkitt's lymphoma - The tumour cells have a very high mitotic rate, and therefore high cell death. This features accounts for presence of numerous macrophages in the background of this tumour containing phagocytosed tumour debris giving it a \"starry sky appearance\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Burkitt's lymphoma", "opb": "Mantle cell lymphoma", "opc": "Extra nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type", "opd": "Chronic myeloid leukemia,", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "c415d361-b4cc-43b0-9f10-c43152c7247a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thorium dioxide causes", "exp": "Angiosarcoma of liver is a aggresive neoplasm associated with exposure to vinyl chloride ,arsenic or thorotrast GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PGNO.464 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lymphoma", "opb": "Lymphanfiosarcoma", "opc": "Angiosarcoma", "opd": "Hemangioendothelioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c0a9e99d-529d-4226-9c6e-47296af49be6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common gene associated with pancreatic cancer", "exp": "Ans. (a) KRAS(Ref Robbins 9th/pg 892-894)GeneChrPercentage KRAS12p90Most commonly involved Oncogene Qp16/CDKN2A9p95Most commonly involved Tumor suppressor gene QTP5317p50-70Involved in Response to DNA damageSMAD418q55TGF b pathwayBRCA213q10Germ-line mutation Q", "cop": 1, "opa": "KRAS", "opb": "SMAD", "opc": "P53", "opd": "Rb", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pancreas", "id": "4b9f7320-3fe5-4bc1-9e74-9e6bba32e87a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lacunar variant Reed Sternberg cells are Characteristic of", "exp": "SubtypeReed Sternberg cellsNodular SclerosisLacunar variantLymphocyte-richMononuclear variantsLymphocyte depletionReticular variantLymphocyte predominanceL&H (lymphocytic and histiocytic)Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 11; Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus; Page no: 609", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nodular Sclerosis type", "opb": "Lymphocyte-Rich type", "opc": "Lymphocyte depletion type", "opd": "Lymphocyte predominance type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "c8fbac5c-3a3e-469b-8233-69271b4e3a3d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Protector or inhibitor of Apoptosis", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "BCL-2", "opb": "BRCA", "opc": "RB", "opd": "TGF –β", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "451e5570-d4fb-4644-bb4c-a65ebd3c50c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Owl eye inclusion is seen in", "exp": "Owl's eye appearance is a pattern in medical radiology and histopathology, and may refer to: Owl's eye appearance of inclusion bodies, which is highly specific for cytomegalovirus infection. Owl's eye appearance of the entire nucleus - a finding in Reed-Sternberg cells in individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Owl's eye appearance of the Lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia on head CT scan images in individuals with cerebral hypoxia Ref: WIKIPEDIA", "cop": 2, "opa": "HSV", "opb": "CMV", "opc": "EBV", "opd": "Hepatitis B virus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "d2c55107-dcff-474a-bbf5-c18ad89ec68d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Serum amyloid associated protein is form in", "exp": "The AA  (amyloid associated) type of amyloid fibriprotein is derived from a unique non- Ieg protein madeby the liver.\nA fibrils are derived by proteolysis from a larger (12,000 daltons) percursorian the serum called SAA (serum amyloid - associated) protein that is synthesized in the liver and circustesbound to high density lipoproteins.\nThe production of SAA protein is increased in inflammatory states as part of the acute phase response, therefore, this form of amyloidosis associated with chronic inflammation, and isotten called secondary amyloidosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alzheimer's disease", "opb": "Chronic inflammatory states", "opc": "Chronic renal failure", "opd": "Malignant hypertension", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a64e991-59f4-4734-a680-d5717eee518b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Denominator in crude death rate is", "exp": "Crude death rate is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 estimated mid year population in one year, in a given place. Crude death rate = ( Number of deaths during the year / Mid year population ) x 1000CDR summaries the effects of two factors:population composition age specific death rates (reflects the probability of dying)(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 62)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mid-year population", "opb": "Mid-year females 15-44 years", "opc": "Mid-year married females 15-44 years", "opd": "Mid-year males 15-44 years", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9cca46f6-d0b3-4f7a-a941-7025d701ab55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Elephantiasis neuromatosa is a feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Von Recklinghausen's disease", "opb": "Neurilemmoma", "opc": "Paraganglioma", "opd": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "856f8d9b-da1a-475e-9aaa-477a51c12bb0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Wickham's striae are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Leukoplakia", "opc": "Leukoedema", "opd": "Erythema multiformae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5e904d7-25e2-4303-b74d-4065ee923f76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Low serum hepatoglobin in hemolysis is masked by", "exp": "In case of Bile duct obstruction, serum haptoglobin not excreted properly, so their levels falsely normal even in Intravascular hemolysis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pregnancy", "opb": "Liver Disease", "opc": "Bile duct Obstruction", "opd": "Malnutrition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b31ec64-9cad-475f-9b88-30010943df7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eosinophilia in necrosed tissue is due to", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Denaturation of protein Necrotic cells show increased eosinophilia in hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stains. It is due to - Loss of cytoplasmic RNA (or ribonucleoprotein/RNP) which binds the blue dye, hematoxylin. Denatured cytoplasmic proteins which bind the red dye, eosin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coagulation of proteins", "opb": "Denaturation of enzymes", "opc": "Denaturation of protein", "opd": "Mitochondrial damage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "972775ac-9ee0-4bbf-bf8c-3b705cf3301f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Florid duct lesions are diagnostic of", "exp": "Ans. (c) Primary biliary cirrhosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 858; 8th/pg 867)In Primary biliary cirrhosis: Interlobular bile ducts are actively destroyed by lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with or without granulomas (the florid duct lesion)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Klatskin tumor", "opb": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis", "opc": "Primary biliary cirrhosis", "opd": "Secondary biliary cirrhosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Liver & Biliary Tract", "id": "40a4a037-0436-4f17-b64e-ec97502e7545", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased amounts of calcium in the cytosol of an injured cell reflect a release of calcium from stores in the", "exp": "Increased amounts of calcium in the cytosol of an injured cell result from an influx from extracellular space, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Peroxisomes", "opb": "Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum", "opc": "Lysosomes", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "7c24b9ed-df7f-467d-b146-a1026ca332a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In an acute attack of migraine, the drug of choice", "exp": "Headaches are believed to be either vascular or muscular in origin. Migraine is most common of the vascular headaches, and it occasionally causes pain of the face and jaws. Migraine is due to vasoconstriction of intracranial vessels (that causes neurologic symptoms) followed by vasodilation that results in pounding headache. Basilar migraine is most common in young women.\nDrugs that are useful. in aborting migraine include ergotamine and sumatriptan. These drugs must be used cautiously since they may cause hypertension and other CNS problems. Methysergide or monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine can be used to manage difficult cases.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ergontamine tortrate", "opb": "Methysergide", "opc": "Propranolol", "opd": "Caffeine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "283a8192-b878-4b90-a113-e98863da6839", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Curshmann&;s crystals are seen in", "exp": "Ref: Textbook of pathology (Harsh Mohan) 6th edition, page No.484 MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES. The pathologic changes are similar in both major types of asthma. The pathologic material examined is generally autopsy of lungs in patients dying of status asthmaticus but the changes are expected to be similar in non-fatal cases. Grossly, the lungs are overdistended due to over-inflation. The cut surface shows characteristic occlusion of the bronchi and bronchioles by viscid mucus plugs. Microscopically, the following changes are observed: 1. The mucus plugs contain normal or degenerated respiratory epithelium forming twisted strips called Curschmann's spirals. 2. The sputum usually contains numerous eosinophils and diamond-shaped crystals derived from eosinophils called Charcot-Leyden crystals. 3. The bronchial wall shows thickened basement membrane of the bronchial epithelium, submucosal oedema and inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells with prominence of eosinophils. There is hyperophy of submucosal glands as well as of the bronchial smooth muscle. 4. Changes of bronchitis and emphysema may supervene, especially in intrinsic asthma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bronchial asthma", "opb": "Bronchiectasis", "opc": "Chronic bronchitis", "opd": "Wegners granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "73055050-b556-4236-bb16-c2d4a06205f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most accurate method to detect pregnancy at 6 weeks gestation is", "exp": "\"Most accurate and safest method to diagnose ble pregnancy at 6 weeks is USG for fetal cardiac activity.\" Ref: DaftaryFetal cardiac activity by Transvaginal USG can be picked as early as 6 weeks.Fetal cardiac activity by Transabdominal USG can be picked as early as 7 weeks.Doppler is most sensitive but not safe in early pregnancy.Doppler examination of fetal vessels in early pregnancy shouldn&;t be performed without a clinical indication. TAS can detect the fetal parameters in the following sequences:Gestational sac - 4-5 weeks of menstrual age.Fetal pole - 6th week.Fetal cardiac activity 7th week.CRL - 7th week.TVS detects the parameters 1 week earlier.(Refer: William's Obstetrics, 23rd edition)(Refer: Ultrasound Obstetric Gynaecology 2011; 37: 625-8)", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG fetal cardiac activity", "opb": "Doppler", "opc": "Urine HCG", "opd": "Clinical examination", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "85359376-303e-42fc-ad18-4f888141b0bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Loss of tooth surface because of chemomechanical action is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Abrasion", "opb": "Erosion", "opc": "Abfraction", "opd": "Attrition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8464bca3-e2c0-4a95-a529-5072f7fc8f1b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Uterine leiomyoma is least likely to undergoe", "exp": "Refer 9/e 1020 Leiomyomas are sharply circumscribed, discrete, round, firm, gray-white tumors varying in size from small, barely visible nodules to massive tumors that fill the pelvis. Except in rare instances, they are found within the myometrium of the corpus. Only infrequently do they involve the uterine ligaments, lower uterine segment, or cervix. They can occur within the myome- trium (intramural), just beneath the endometrium (submucosal) or beneath the serosa (subserosal) (Fig. 22-28A). Whatever their size, the characteristic whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles on cut section usually makes these lesions readily identifiable. Large tumors may develop areas of yellow-brown to red softening. Leiomyomas are typically composed of bundles of smooth muscle cells that resemble the uninvolved myometrium", "cop": 1, "opa": "Malignant change", "opb": "Hyaline change", "opc": "Calcification", "opd": "Red degeneration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "2ee6f45d-9773-48ce-b0a1-2d1ca3faa99f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dilation of the salivary duct secondary to epithelial atrophy as a result of repeated inflammatory or infectious process is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sialodochitis", "opb": "sialadenitis", "opc": "Sialolithiasis", "opd": "Mucocele", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c246c812-413a-499b-a6f6-29a79c59e6c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Crescents are derived from", "exp": "Crescents are feature of RPGN.\nThey are made up of parietal epithelial cells,\nfibrin and monocytcs / Macrophages.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mesangium + fibrin + macrophage", "opb": "Visceral epithelial cells + fibrin + macrophage", "opc": "Parietal epithelial cells + fibrin + macrophages", "opd": "Tubular epithelium + fibrin + macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0606f445-fef4-4e45-b367-ac5f5a1b0cec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The least extrapyramidal side effects are seen with the following phenothiazine", "exp": "Side effects of impoant CNS drugs Midazolam Ataxia , Blackouts in elderlyTolcapone Hepatotoxic Phenytoin Hirsuitism , Gingival hyperplasia , Osteomalacia , Teratogen , Megaloblastic anemia , Ataxia , Lymphadenopathy , Hyperglycemia , Arrhythmias , Vitamin K deficiency Valproate Irreversible hepatic necrosis in older children , Acute pancreatitis Zonisamide , Topiramate Renal stones VigabatrineIrreversible visual field defectsFelbamate Aplastic anemia Thioridazine Male sexual dysfunction , Retinal damage , Least extra pyramidal symptomsClozapine Agranulocytosis , Myocarditis Risperidone Extra pyramidal symptoms HaloperidolExtra pyramidal symptoms , Akathisia Olanzapine Risk of stroke and death Ziprasidone , Pimozide QT prolongation Quetiapine Cataract Iloperidone Ohostatic hypotension Lithium in expectant mothers Ebstein's anomalyFormic acid Retinal damage Opioids Tolerance & addiction", "cop": 4, "opa": "Clozapine", "opb": "Triflupromazine", "opc": "Fluphenazine", "opd": "Thioridazine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8f28e17d-8be0-4008-85b4-a327e25df568", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRCA 1 gene is located on chromosome", "exp": "A BRCA mutation is a mutation in either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are tumour suppressor genes. ... Women with harmful mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 have a risk of breast cancer that is about five times the normal risk, and a risk of ovarian cancer that is about ten to thiy times normal.", "cop": 2, "opa": "17p21", "opb": "17q21", "opc": "13p21", "opd": "13q21", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "dbf60196-6ce8-445e-8a2e-6cd45d71e822", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Benign tumour of voluntary muscle", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Leiomyoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyoma", "opc": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opd": "Leiomyosarcorna", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10755497-1152-40de-b015-9eb309909c26", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common metabolic abnormality predisposing patients to the renal stone formation is", "exp": "The most common metabolic abnormality predisposing patients to renal stone formation is hypercalciuria. Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones are the two most common stones. Hypercalciuria combined with decreased fluid intake is frequently associated with stone formation; thus, adequate hydration is impoant in the treatment of stones.Hyperuricemia can contribute to stone formation, but uric acid stones are not as common as calcium stones and most people with hyperuricemia do not have stones. Distal renal tubular acidosis can lead to calcium phosphate stones, but this disorder is not as common as stone formation in hypercalciuria. Increased urine volume and increased urine citrate concentration would both decrease the incidence of stones. In adequate concentrations, citrate binds to calcium and renders it unavailable for stone formation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyperuricemia", "opb": "Hypercalciuria", "opc": "Distal renal tubular acidosis", "opd": "Increased urine volume", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c536cf08-09c6-4268-93c0-37fce0a1504f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not an inherited disorder", "exp": "Antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS or APLS), or often known also as Hughes syndrome in the UK, is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antiphospholipid antibodies. APS provokes blood clots (thrombosis) in both aeries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as miscarriage, stillbih, preterm delivery, and severe preeclampsia. The diagnostic criteria require one clinical event, i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication, and two antibody blood tests spaced at least three months apa that confirm the presence of either lupus anticoagulant, or anti-b2-glycoprotein-I (since b2-glycoprotein-I antibodies are a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies, an anti-cardiolipin assay can be performed as a less specific proxy). Antiphospholipid syndrome can be primary or secondary. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs in the absence of any other related disease. Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs with other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In rare cases, APS leads to rapid organ failure due to generalised thrombosis; this is termed \"catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome\" (CAPS or Asherson syndrome) and is associated with a high risk of death.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Protein S deficiency", "opb": "Factor V leiden mutation", "opc": "Antiphospholipid antibody (APLAS)", "opd": "Proein 'c' resistance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f4ccd86c-75ae-4a21-b396-3a6666071b85", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cause of oedema in nephritic syndrome", "exp": "Robbins page no p922 Glomerular diseases presenting with a nephritic syn- drome are often characterized by inflammation in the glomeruli. The nephritic patient usually presents with hematuria, red cell casts in the urine, azotemia, oliguria, and mild to moderate hypeension. Proteinuria and edema are common, but these are not as severe as those encountered in the nephrotic syndrome, discussed later. The acute nephritic syndrome may occur in such multi- system diseases as SLE and microscopic polyangiitis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increase in plasma protein concentratn", "opb": "Decrease plasma protein concentratn", "opc": "Reduced plasma osmotic pressure", "opd": "Sodium and water retention", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "e8f17b12-1cdd-4ea4-9f5d-ef03a47d41ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Post spinal headache can be prevented by", "exp": "The most impoant causative factor for spinal headache is needle size, so use of small gauge needle is the best method to prevent post spinal headache. There is no evidence that any duration of bed rest after lumbar puncture has a role in preventing headache. Improving hydration by increased fluids (either oral or intravenous) has not been shown to prevent headache after lumbar puncture Ref Robbins 9/e pg 234", "cop": 1, "opa": "Use of thinner needle", "opb": "NSAIDs", "opc": "Preanesthetic medication", "opd": "Plenty of oral fluids", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3fec68c4-c10a-4cfe-a98b-88194dda76af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diagnosis is", "exp": "This is a specimen of linitis plastica, a diffuse type of gastric carcinoma.These infiltrative tumors often evoke a desmoplastic reaction that stiffens the gastric wall. When there are large areas of infiltration, diffuse rugal flattening and a rigid, thickened wall may impa a leather bottle appearance termed linitis plastica.Meitner&;s disease has hyperophic gastric folds.Ref: Robbins Pathology; 9th edition; Page no: 772", "cop": 3, "opa": "Atrophic gastritis", "opb": "Gastric ulcer", "opc": "Linitis plastica", "opd": "Meitner's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6860f29c-8505-4441-aed4-9b180d7bf387", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gamma gandy bodies are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f2d276ba-0746-4c11-aa56-84bed13b2b42", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oncogene was first identified in", "exp": "(D) Retrovirus > Cellular Protooncogenes were first discovered in their mutated or \"oncogenic\" forms as \"passengers\" within the genome of acute transforming retroviruses by the 1989 Nobel laureates Harold Varmus and Michael Bishop.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Epstein-Barr Virus", "opb": "Echovirus", "opc": "Adenovirus", "opd": "Retrovirus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "1d2a011b-f298-488a-b468-e270549d025d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histologic sections of the thymus that reveal reactive follicles with germinal centers are diagnostic of", "exp": "The thymus, derived from the third pair of pharyngeal pouches and inconsistently from the fouh pair, is divided into an outer coex and an inner medulla and is composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells. The lymphocytes are mainly T cells, which are immature (thymocytes) in the coex and are mature in the medulla, where they have phenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. The epithelial cells are mainly located in the medulla, forming Hassall's corpuscles. The thymus normally has a few neuroendocrine cells, which may give rise to carcinoid tumors or small cell carcinoma, and a few myoid cells, which are similar to striated muscle cells and may play a role in the autoimmune pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. The appearance of lymphoid follicles with germinal centers is diagnostic of thymic hyperplasia Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acute inflammation", "opb": "Chronic inflammation", "opc": "Thymic hyperplasia", "opd": "Thymic hypoplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a40e3e93-fb1a-44e2-baf7-755916d5fe37", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromosome involved in Myotonic Dystrophy is", "exp": "(A) Chromosome 19[?]Myotonic Dystrophy:oGenetics: Myotonic Dystrophy is caused by a triple nucleotide (triplet) expansion (CTG) in the non-coding region of the myotonin gene at chromosome 19q13.3.o3 Genetic loci:-DM1: 98% of families 1 Myotonin protein kinase (DMPK); chromosome 19q 13.3; Dominant-DM 2: 1 Zinc finger protein 9; Chromosome 3q21; Dominant-DM3: 1 Chromosome 15q21-q24; Dominant.-The condition is characterized by extreme variability, anticipation & differential expansion in the maternal & paternal germline.-4-37 repeats Normal->50 repeats affected[?]Inheritance Pattern:oTypical pattern is a heterozygous affected a parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.oEvery child has 1 chance in 2 of having the diseaseoBoth sexes are affected equally.[?]Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DMI):oCommonest form of adult muscular dystrophy (incidence 1:6000)oAge at onset late teensoInheritance autosomal dominant with anticipation[?]Myotonic Dystrophy (MD) is a trinucleotide repeat disease with multi-systemic involvement: muscle (myotonia & weakness), nerve, CNS (MR), heart (conduction problems), eyes (cataract), Hypersomnolence, Apathy, Cognitive impairments, Endocrine dysfunction etc.,oMyotonia refers to the slow/impaired relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation.GENETIC DISEASES & ASSOCIATED CHROMOSOMES*. Chromosome 1: Eliptocytosis, Rh Erythroblastosis, Porphyria cutanea tarda*. Chromosome 2: Protein C deficiency*. Chromosome 3: Protein S deficiency, Orotic aciduria*. Chromosome 4: Huntignton's disease*. Chromosome 5: Gardneris syndrome, Familial polyposis coli*. Chromosome 6: Haemochromatosis, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency)*. Chromosome 7: Cystic fibrosis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (one form), Osteogenesis imperfecta (one form)*. Chromosome 8: Nil*. Chromosome 9: Galactosemia, Nail-patella syndrome*. Chromosome 10: MEN type 2*. Chromosome 11: Syndrome of Wilm's tumor, aniridia, gonadoblas- toma, retardation, Beta-thalassemia, Sickle cell anemia, Acute intermittent porphyria*. Chromosome 12: Phenylketonuria, von Willebrand's disease.*. Chromosome 13: Retinoblastoma, Wilson's disease*. Chromosome 14: Nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency*. Chromosome 15: Prader-Willi syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease*. Chromosome 16: Alpha-Thalaseemia, Gout, LCAT deficiency*. Chromosome 17: Growth hormone deficiency (type 1A), von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis*. Chromosome 18: Nil*. Chromosome 19: Familial hypercholesterolemia, Familial type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia, Myotonic dystrophy; Complement C3 deficiency*. Chromosome 20: Adenosine deaminase deficiency*. Chromosome 21: Alzheimer's disease, Homocystinuria*. Chromosome 22: Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Hurler syndrome (MPS-I), Scheie's syndrome (MPS - V)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromosome 19", "opb": "Chromosome 20", "opc": "Chromosome 21", "opd": "Chromosome 22", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "a42e6bf1-35eb-4b19-b217-418d3d43b5bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pleural mesothelioma is associated with", "exp": "Ref:Textbook of pathology (Harsh mohan) 6th edition,page no.493 Asbestos exposure predisposes to a number of cancers, most impoantly bronchogenic carcinoma andmalignant mesothelioma . A few others are: carcinomas of oesophagus, stomach, colon, kidneys and larynx and various lymphoid malignancies. 1. Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common malignancy in asbestos workers. Its incidence is 5 times higher in non-smoker asbestos workers than the nonsmoker general population and 10 times higher in smoker asbestos workers than the other smokers. 2. pleural mesothelioma is an uncommon tumour but association with asbestos exposure is present in 30 to 80% of cases with mesothelioma. The exposure need not be heavy because mesothelioma is known to develop in people living near asbestos plants or in wives of asbestos workers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Asbestosis", "opb": "Berylliosis", "opc": "Silicosis", "opd": "Beryliosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "be53122a-0e83-41b6-95ba-227677365c4b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Submerged teeth are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Ankylosed teeth", "opb": "Unerupted teeth", "opc": "Impacted teeth", "opd": "Intruded teeth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc0d8cae-8aa7-449b-8558-b0b17a30e73e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HMB 45 is a tumor marker for", "exp": "Malignant melanoma expresses HMB45 ,S-100 and vimentin \nHMB 45 is present in melanosome and is more specific \nS-100 is more sensitive but is non specific (also present in LAngerhan's cell histiocytosis, neural tumors and sarcomas like Liposarcoma and Chondrosarcoma)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Neurofibroma", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Angiosarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c03eb547-b492-4394-95de-f961044d6ba8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Squamous cell carcinoma on tongue most common site is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Apex", "opb": "Base", "opc": "Lateral borders", "opd": "Dorsum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "786d23a7-7ed4-4f89-b62c-11ed1b16ad48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Soft exudates are most commonly associated with", "exp": "(Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology,5thedition,pg no: 527)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Background diabetic retinopathy", "opb": "Coat's disease", "opc": "Bale's disease", "opd": "Hypeensive retinopathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "77163ad9-3cb8-4aeb-a32a-668d5c66b7cc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most aggressive and destructive cyst is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Periapical cyst", "opb": "Dentigerous cyst", "opc": "Globulornaxillary cyst", "opd": "Nasopalatine cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1360e978-897e-4caa-8d8b-f86f8752d7a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secondaries are common in a/e", "exp": "Secondary cancers in the bone might also be called bone secondaries.Bone secondaries often develop in different bones in the body, and not all secondaries will cause symptoms or problems. Although any type of cancer can spread to the bone, the most common types that do are cancers of the: breast. Refer robbins 9/e breast", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skull", "opb": "Hand & feet bones", "opc": "Proximal limb bones", "opd": "Pelvic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "4644a6b7-aed0-4084-9466-00b6509c9c17", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tobacco induced squamous cell carcinoma doesn't involve mutation in", "exp": "Tobacco carcinogens induced cancers involve a mutation in the P53 pathway as well as proteins responsible for squamous differentiation . Conversely HPV associated squamous cell carcinomas overexpress P16.Reference: Robbins; 9th edition; Volume II; Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma molecular biology; Page no: 733", "cop": 2, "opa": "P53", "opb": "P16", "opc": "P63", "opd": "NOTCH 1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "d03d7a0f-085c-445d-8a88-aac1c7cfad86", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest change in atherosclerosis is", "exp": "A. i.e. (Fatty streaks) (385- 86 - Harsh Mohan 5th) (349 - Basic pathology 8th)ATHEROSCLEROSIS - is an intima- based lesion organized into a fibrous cap and an atheromatous (gruel- like) core and composed by smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells inflammatory cells, lipids and necrotic debris* Atherosclerosis is a slowly evolving lesion usually requiring many decades to become significant. However acute plaque changes {eg rupture, thrombosis or hematoma formation) can rapidly precipitate clinical sequalae (so-called - Clinical Horizon)* Early lesions in the form of diffusal internal thickening, fatty streaks and gelatinous lesions*** Earliest light microscopic changesin MI is- Waviness of the fibres***Morphological features, pathogenic events and clinical complications* Most common cause of aortic aneurysm is - Athero sclerosis*** Most common site for MI is - Anterior wall of left ventricles*** Granulation tissue appears in acute MI - At 1 weeks*** Calcification of the aortic valve is seen in - Aortic stenosis** Me - Collum's patch is diagnostic of - Rheumatic endocarditis*** Osier's node, Janueway and Roth spot seen in Subacute Bacterial endocarditis*** Most common change in atherosclerotic vessel is - Dystrophic calcification* Atherosclerosis LDL is present in LDL monocytes**", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fatty streaks", "opb": "Fibrofatty plaque", "opc": "Calcification", "opd": "Gelatinous lesions", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "b489644c-4245-4ad8-9ff5-d7f31f2d4d77", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lipofuscin is associated with", "exp": "o Deposition of lipofuscin in the heart is referred as brown atrophy", "cop": 1, "opa": "Brownatrophy", "opb": "White atrophy", "opc": "Red atrophy", "opd": "Black atrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2eadcedb-6c80-403b-83af-c99bea047b6a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A histologic evidence of widespread formation of globular hypocaLcified dentin and puLp horns reaching the dentinoenamel junction, absence of lamina dura around the tooth in radiograph are the characteristic features of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin-D resistant rickets", "opb": "Hypophosphatasia", "opc": "Hypervitaminosis-A", "opd": "Vitamin-A deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eba2a055-a12f-4932-b58a-0d3b5a314994", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Polygonal violaceous , well defined flat topped ,itchy papules are the primary lesions of", "exp": "Lichen planus lesions are classically violaceous well defined polygonal itchy papules.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Phemphigus vulgaris", "opc": "Lupus erythematous", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4dbe1bb6-ff85-4cdd-bde1-fefb18a86662", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cytogenetic abnormality in Multiple myeloma is", "exp": "Multiple myeloma/solitary plasmacytoma: Genotype: Diverse rearrangements involving IgH; 13q deletionsSalient Features: older adults with lytic bone lesions, pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, and renal failure; moderately aggressive Plasmacytoma: isolated plasma cell masses in bone or soft tissue; indolent Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 13; Disorders of white cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deletion 13q", "opb": "T", "opc": "T", "opd": "T", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "eba38aa9-1a5c-4247-8643-add9bcb5b37a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene of wilsons disease is", "exp": "In Wilson's disease, the initial steps of dietary absorption and transpo of copper to the liver are normal but copper accumulates in the liver rather than being excreted by the liver. The underlying defect in chromosome 13 is a mutation in ATP7B gene, the normal hepatic copper excreting gene. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:628 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "ATP 7A", "opb": "ATP 7B", "opc": "ADP 7A", "opd": "ADP 7B", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "4ae818eb-2eb4-451b-9b4d-42a4b8a43b04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cells seen after 72 hours in the infarcted area in MI are", "exp": "Light microscopic finding of infarcted area 3-7 days: Beginning disintegration of dead myofibers, with dying neutrophils; early phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages at infarct border. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.380)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neutrophils", "opb": "Lymphocytes", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Monocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "62ce587d-8f8d-4b90-9fdd-38d329b9abde", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Supratemporal lental subluxation is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Marfans", "cop": 2, "opa": "Weil's marchasani syndrome", "opb": "Marfans", "opc": "Hunters", "opd": "Homocystinuria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04e2f711-d720-40ef-889b-5d12c803af4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Renal calculi are commonly made up of", "exp": "There are four main types of kidney stones Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stones. They are usually made of calcium and oxalate (a natural chemical found in most foods), but are sometimesmade of calcium and phosphate. Uric acid stones form when your urine is often too acidic. Refer robbins 9/e p951", "cop": 1, "opa": "Calcium oxalate", "opb": "Magnesium ammonium phosphate", "opc": "Uric acid", "opd": "Cystine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "2fc2e520-52ba-4941-8360-95706f0c1259", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prodrornal symptoms precede 1 to 2 days before the onset of disease in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "viral fever", "opb": "erythema multiforme", "opc": "pemphigus", "opd": "pemphigoid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3930fa7f-ce72-4df8-ae2d-af36a10a72d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Pile of plates\" appearance on angiography suggests diagnosis of", "exp": "Angiography: \"string of beads\"/\"Pile of plates\" appearance of FMD is classically seen on angiography. Fibromuscular dysplasia most commonly causes small stenoses along a vessel with intervening areas of dilatation (small aneurysms), creating a \"string of beads\" appearance. Less commonly the stenosis has a smooth tapered appearance. Fibromuscular dysplasia also weakens the vessel wall which predisposes to dissection ref Robbins 9/e pg 678", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atherosclerosis", "opb": "Fibromuscular Dysplasia", "opc": "Takayasu's Disease", "opd": "Moya Moya disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e326be5f-66e8-4098-87a8-e48787354b09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "the study of neoplastic growths is referred to as", "exp": "Cancers are often managed through discussion on multi-disciplinary cancer conferences where medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and organ specific oncologists meet to find the best possible management for an individual patient considering the physical, social, psychological, emotional, and financial status of the patient.\nIt is very important for oncologists to keep updated with respect to the latest advancements in oncology, as changes in management of cancer are quite common. \nAll eligible patients in whom cancer progresses, and for whom no standard of care treatment options are available should be enrolled in a clinical trial", "cop": 3, "opa": "tetralogy", "opb": "anaplasia", "opc": "oncology", "opd": "neoplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d347f5fc-abd8-45d0-a50c-e48f68efbe04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Breast Ca is not a/w", "exp": "Frequently, in FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES the lining cells are large and polygonal with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and small, round, deeply chromatic nuclei. Such morphology is called apocrine metaplasia and viually always is benign. ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-705", "cop": 2, "opa": "BRCA 1 & BRCA 2", "opb": "Apocrine metaplasia", "opc": "Atypical ductal hyperplasia", "opd": "Moderate hyperplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "c8bb4469-5831-4d49-9dcd-97f420e55993", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Acrodermatitis enteropaihica\" is seen in deficiency of", "exp": "Ans. b (Zinc) (Ref. Robbins 7'h/461; Table 9.24; H-17th/ Table 71-2)Robbins 7th/p. 461Essential features of zinc deficiency are:# Distinctive rash, often around the eyes, nose, mouth, anus and distal parts.# Anorexia, often accompanied by diarrhoea# Growth retardation in children# Impaired wound healing# Hypogonadism with i reproductive capacity.# Altered immune function# Impaired night vision related to altered vitamin A metabolism# Depressed mental function# Increased incidence of congenital malformation in infants of Zn-deficient mothers.Micro and macroelementslementDeficiencyToxicityTolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake LevelBoronNo biologic function determinedDevelopmental defects, male sterility, testicular atrophy20 mg/d (extrapolated from animal data)CalciumReduced bone mass(osteoporosis)Renal insufficiency (milk-alkali syndrome), nephrolithiasis, impaired iron absorption2500 mg/d (milk-alkali)CopperAnemia, growth retardation, defective keratinization and pigmentation of hair, hypothermia, degenerative changes in aortic elastin, osteopenia, mental deteriorationNausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic failure, tremor, mental deterioration, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction10 mg/ d (liver toxicity)ChromiumImpaired glucose toleranceOccupational: renal failure, dermatitis, pulmonary cancerNDFluorideDental cariesDental and skeletal fluorosis, osteosclerosis10 mg/d (fluorosis)IodineThyroid enlargement, T4, cretinismThyroid dysfunction, acne-like eruptions1100 g/d (thyroid dysfunction)IronMuscle abnormalities, koilonychia, pica, anemia, work performance, impaired cognitive development, premature labor, perinatal maternal mortalityGastrointestinal effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation), iron overload with organ damage, acute systemic toxicity45 mg/d of elemental iron (GI side effects)ManganeseImpaired growth and skeletal development, reproduction, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism; upper body rashGeneral: Neurotoxicity, Parkinson-like symptoms Occupational: Encephalitis- like syndrome, Parkinson-like syndrome psychosis, pneumoconiosis11 mg/d (neurotoxicity)MolybdenumSevere neurologic abnormalitiesReproductive and fetal abnormalities2 mg/d extrapolated from animal dataSeleniumCardiomyopathy, heart failure, striated muscle degenerationGeneral: Alopecia, nausea, vomiting, abnormal nails, emotional lability, peripheral neuropathy, lassitude, garlic odor to breath, dermatitis Occupational: Lung and nasal carcinomas, liver necrosis, pulmonary inflammation400 g/d (hair, nail changes)PhosphorousRickets (osteomalacia), proximal muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, paresthesia, ataxia, seizure, confusion, heart failure, hemolysis, acidosisHyperphosphatemia4000 mg/dZincGrowth retardation, taste and smell, alopecia, dermatitis, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, failure to thrive, gonadal atrophy, congenital malformationsGeneral: Reduced copper absorption, gastritis, sweating, fever, nausea, vomitingOccupational: Respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis40 mg/d (impaired copper metabolism)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Molybdenum", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "Selenium", "opd": "Chromium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Environment & Nutritional Pathology", "id": "fc578860-76d8-4801-aa05-f60f348657d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The chemical nature of the amyloid deposited in immunocyte dyscrasias with amyloidosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Serum amyloid A (SAA)", "opb": "Immunoglobulin light chain (AL amyloid)", "opc": "Prealbumin", "opd": "Beta 2 microglobulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d9b4bd1d-f8e9-403e-aa88-5bc71eef800a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most successful application of tumor markers", "exp": "Answer: b) Effect of treatment and early detection( style=\"font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif\">)Tumor markers* Just an adjunct to diagnosis, and establishing a diagnosis on the basis of tumor markers alone (especially a single result) is associated with pitfalls because of the problem of non-specificity.* Clinical uses can be broadly classified into 4 groups: screening and early detection, diagnostic confirmation, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic response and monitoring disease and recurrence.* Serum levels, in certain situations, can be used in staging, prognostication or prediction of response to therapy.* Monitoring disease is, perhaps, the most common clinical use of serum tumor markers.* Rising trend in serum levels may detect recurrence of disease well before any clinical or radiological evidence of disease is apparent (\"biochemical recurrence\").", "cop": 2, "opa": "Screening in asymptomatic periodicity", "opb": "Effect of treatment and early detection", "opc": "Differentiating benign from malignant", "opd": "Staging the extent of disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "49a05ad5-f43b-4d82-b796-79b0eea384a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most mature normoblast is", "exp": "Development of the red blood cells take place in the following order: Erythroblast /Pronormoblast - Basophilic /Early Normoblast - Polychromatic/ Intermediate Normoblast - Ohochromic /Late normoblast - Reticulocyte - Red blood cell - Maturity increases & size decreases in the following order. - Thus, Ohochromic normoblast is most mature normoblast", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ohochromic Normoblast", "opb": "Pronormoblast", "opc": "Polychromatic Normoblast", "opd": "Basophilic Normoblast", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "RBC Development and Classification of Anemias", "id": "35862d65-aee1-4461-bf63-37fb4d632f08", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hamartoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neoplastic", "opb": "Non-neoplastic", "opc": "Afflicted by trauma", "opd": "Hormonal disturbance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e9b1c7e-4018-4744-b8b0-646affb63299", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Waardenburg syndrome is due to mutation of", "exp": "Ans. (b) PAX3 gene(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 140; 8th/pg 140)Waardenburg syndrome (WS):Autosomal dominant inherited conditionHypopigmentation of hair, skin, and/or iris of both eyes (partial albinism); and/or congenital deafness.4 types: Types I and II are the most common forms of Waardenburg syndrome, while types III and IV are rare.Mutations in the EDN3, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, SNAI2, and SOX10 genes can cause Waardenburg syndrome.", "cop": 2, "opa": "PAX2 gene", "opb": "PAX3 gene", "opc": "PAX6 gene", "opd": "PAX9 gene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "d4890eeb-e102-4907-ada4-a4d9bac2ee91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Taurodontism is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Klinefelter's syndrome", "opb": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Turner syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a652d3ae-bfcf-4b93-b632-c3b3afb5343a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Microvesicular steatohepatosis seen in", "exp": "Option a, c, d have macrovesicular steatosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "Reye syndrome", "opc": "LIpodystrophy", "opd": "Phosphorces intoxication", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7989f4e8-7cab-4a18-9215-af8eee15818f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dental caries is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "opb": "Streptococcus mutans", "opc": "Streptococcus bovis", "opd": "Streptococcus anginosus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "db873bb0-197e-4f6e-816a-9983c1c4a953", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Squamous papilloma is induced by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "EBV", "opb": "HSV", "opc": "HPV", "opd": "CMV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b5dd8184-2dee-4732-bcd1-335617326270", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An attack of cluster headache can be aborted by", "exp": "Cluster headache is unilateral and among the most painful of all headache disorders. Periorbital pain is commonly associated with autonomic symptoms including homoLateral lacrimation. Abortive medicines including the use of 100% oxygen at the outset of an episode, are often useful in confirming diagnosis. Oxygen inhalation results in rapid resolution of symptoms over 70% cases.\nTriptan therapy, short courses of glucocorticoids are also effective.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Morphine administration", "opb": "Breathing oxygen", "opc": "Aspirin administration", "opd": "Sublingual nitroglycerine administration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "65b3c901-aae4-4560-9f45-eea29258086e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carcinoma of lip", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "occurs mostly in females", "opb": "metastases easily", "opc": "occurs mostly in the lower lip", "opd": "is mostly basal cell type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5bed563-4ffe-4381-9696-d8b44390940a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Centrilobular necrosis of liver may be seen with", "exp": "CCl4 is hepatotoxic. Centrilobular necrosis seen in CVC liver. Causes: right sided hea failure. Mechanism: dilatation of central veins-Transmission of increased venous pressure to the sinusoids-dilatation of sinusoids-ischemic necrosis of hepatocytes in centrilobular region. Gross: congested centrilobular area appear dark red brown, peripoal region is better oxygenated hence appear pale Microscopy: centrilobular region: congestion, hemorrhage, thickening of Central veins and fibrosis, centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis. Peripoal region: fatty change in hepatocytes. GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PGNO.89", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phosphorus", "opb": "Arsenic", "opc": "ccI4", "opd": "Ethanol", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "790d9ae7-e77e-4c45-a105-4bab980ca67c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a chromosoal breakage syndrome", "exp": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is one of nine types of muscular dystrophy. DMD is caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact. Symptom onset is in early childhood, usually between ages 3 and 5. The disease primarily affects boys, but in rare cases it can affect girls.DMD has an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern and is passed on by the mother, who is referred to as acarrier.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fragile X syndrome", "opb": "Bloom syndrome", "opc": "Ataxia telangiectasia", "opd": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e70b985b-711e-42db-87c6-b4eb04942087", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The necrotic tissue and deposits of immune complexes, complement and plasma protein produce a smudy eosinophilic deposit is termed as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Fibrinoid necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fatty necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e66986c4-88e0-4f19-bb6b-d45ea60936c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aoic arch syndrome is due to", "exp": "Takayasu aeritis is a granulomatous vasculitis of mediumsized and larger aeries characterized principally by ocular disturbances and marked weakening of the pulses in the upper extremities. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.353) Takayasu's aeritis is an inflammatory and stenotic disease of mediumand large-sized aeries characterized by a strong predilection for the aoic arch and its branches. For this reason, it is often referred to as the aoic arch syndrome. (Harrison&;&;s principle of internal medicine,18th edition,pg no.)", "cop": 3, "opa": "PAN", "opb": "Temporal aeritis", "opc": "Takayasu aeritis", "opd": "Burger disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "64b09234-93cd-4933-83ec-033c3e97352c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phacolytic glaucoma arises commonly from", "exp": "Types of lens-induced glaucoma'sCausesMechanismPhacomorphicIntumescent cataract, Anterior subluxation or dislocation of LENs and spherophakia Swollen lens pushes iris forwards and obliterates the angle -secondary acute angle closure glaucoma-pupillary block and iris bombe formation Phacolytic Hypermature (Morgagnian) cataract Trabecular meshwork clogged by lens proteins and macrophages have phagocytosed the lens proteins -secondary open-angle glaucomaLens paicle glaucoma Lens paicles left after accidental. Planned ECCE, Following traumatic rupture of lens Trabecular meshwork blocked by lens paicles floating in aqueous humour-secondary open-angle glaucomaGlaucoma with phacogenic uveitis Uveitis Trabecular meshwork clogged by lens proteins and macrophages have phagocytosed the lens proteins -secondary open-angle glaucomaGlaucoma with phacoanaphylaxis Inflammatory reaction due to antigen-antibody reaction Trabecular meshwork clogged by lens proteins and macrophages have phagocytosed the lens proteins -secondary open-angle glaucoma(Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology, 5th edition, pg: 247-48)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Late mature cataract", "opb": "Immature cataract", "opc": "Hypermature cataract", "opd": "Intumescent cataract", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "87225a2f-446d-42c4-8364-030c4e8facfa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas may be associated with", "exp": "Ans. (b) IgM(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 598-602)Lymphoplasmacytic cell proliferation in marrow (Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma) with secretion of IgM", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "ef80da19-8d47-4150-a464-71b3ac0d260d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common Non Hodgkins lymphoma is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Diffuse large B cell lymphoma(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 595-596; 8th/pg 606-607)Most common Non Hodgkins lymphoma is Diffuse large B cell lymphomaDiffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diffuse large B cell lymphoma", "opb": "Follicular lymphoma", "opc": "Anaplastic large cell lymphoma", "opd": "Large T-cell leukemia/lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "97eddbe8-642e-4ada-9db7-f4d90abcdd32", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bone Pain, bone, cysts, fractures and renal stones are\ncharacteristics of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Cushing's syndrome", "opc": "Multiple myelonia", "opd": "Marfan's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f612452-2b37-42e6-bb76-3713fe9f65d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ram Devi presented with generalized edema sweating and", "exp": "The symptoms of the patient are d/t hypersensitivity type I reaction Type I is mediated by IgE and it flairs up within minutes.\nThe symptoms range from rashes to anaphylactic shock with vasodilatory hypotension and bronchiolar spasm.\nExamples of type I\nEczema*\nHay fever*\nAsthma*\nAnaphylactic shock*\nUrticaria*\nA cute dermatitis *\nTheobald Smith reaction *\nOther hypersensitivity reactions\nType II\nis characterized by an antigen-antibody reaction on the surface of a host cell*.\nMediated by IgG or IgM.\nExamples\n1. Blood transfusion reactions *\n2. Transplant rejection *\n3. Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia*\n4. Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura *\n5. Diabetes disease*\n6. Good pasture’s syndrome *\n7. Grave's disease*\n8. Myasthenia gravis*\n9. Pemphigus\n0. Pernicious anaemia*\n1. Rheumatic fever*\nType HI reactions\nMediated by antigen/antibody complex*.\nExamples\n1. PAN*\n2. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis*\n3. Rheumatoid arthritis*\n4. Systemic lupus erythematosus*\n5. Acute viral hepatitis*\n6. Penicillamine toxicity*\n7. Serum sickness*\n8. Arthus reaction*\nType IV reaction\nCell-mediated reaction (delayed hypersensitivity)*.\nExamples\n1. Tuberculosis*\n2. Sarcoidosis*\n3. Temporal arteritis\n4. Contact dermatitis* (not that acute dermatitis in type I)\n5. Lepromin test*\n6. Patch test*\n7. PPD*", "cop": 3, "opa": "T cell mediated cytotoxicity", "opb": "IgG mediated reaction", "opc": "IgE mediated reaction", "opd": "IgA mediated hypersensitivity reaction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6737b173-0d6f-4667-80a9-9b7c27462b20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypovolemic shock develops after loss of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "10% blood", "opb": "20% blood", "opc": "30% blood", "opd": "40% blood", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "577b53ac-6523-4158-8d3a-177d91d76636", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of acute myelogenous leukemia associated with a high incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute erythroleukaemia", "opb": "Acute promyelocytic leukaemia", "opc": "Acute megakaryocytic leukaemia", "opd": "Acute myelomonocytic leukaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "824f9f11-a384-4dc8-b0ea-1a4a3f09f4e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common supernumerary tooth form is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Tuberculated", "opb": "Conical", "opc": "Screw shaped", "opd": "Incisor shaped", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d6c01d9-6ac6-46f4-b9ec-42ea0408718d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron absorption is increased by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Ascorbic acid(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 649-652)Iron Absorption*. Site of iron absorption: duodenum and upper jejunum (proximal small intestine) Q.*. Ferrous form (Fe2+) of Iron is absorbed Q.*. Transport of Fe2+ into enterocyte occurs via DMT1 Q.Increased byDecreased by*. Acids Q*. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Q*. Amino acid containing SH-group*. Meat (these reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+)*. Alkalies*. Phosphates Q*. Phytates Q*. Tetracycline*. Presence of other food in stomach", "cop": 4, "opa": "Phytates", "opb": "Tannates", "opc": "Plant food", "opd": "Ascorbic acid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "699323eb-64cc-49b1-8dbb-e9b24e03f209", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hea failure cells are", "exp": "Rising pressure in the pulmonary veins is ultimately transmitted back to the capillaries and aeries of the lungs, resulting in congestion and edema as well as pleural effusion due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the venules of the visceral pleura. The lungs are heavy and boggy, and microscopically show perivascular and interstitial transudates, alveolar septal edema, and accumulation of edema fluid in the alveolar spaces. In addition, variable numbers of red cells extravasate from the leaky capillaries into alveolar spaces, where they are phagocytosed by macrophages The subsequent breakdown of red cells and hemoglobin leads to the appearance of hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages-- so-called hea failure cells--that reflect previous episodes of pulmonary edema. (Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.367)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipofuscin granules in cardiac cells", "opb": "Pigmented alveolar macrophages", "opc": "Pigmented pancreatic acinar cells", "opd": "Pigment cells seen in liver", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bc80b7cd-43cb-46f6-a0c5-a61148e34af8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following combination of drugs is best suited for daycare surgery", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atracurium, morphine, isoflurane", "opb": "Mivacurium, fentanyl, sevoflurane", "opc": "Atracurium, remifentanil, halothane", "opd": "Mivacurium, pethidine, desflurane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3a8b6b48-dcf2-4f23-90e7-75d729250470", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria results from acquired mutations in", "exp": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a disease that results from acquired mutations in the phosphatidylinositol glycan complementation group A gene (PIGA), an enzyme that is essential for the synthesis of ceain membrane-associated complement regulatory proteins.PNH blood cells are deficient in three GPI-linked proteins that regulate complement activity: (1) decay accelerating factor, or CD55; (2) membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis, or CD59; and (3) C8 binding protein.Of these factors, the most impoant is CD59, a potent inhibitor of C3 convease that prevents the spontaneous activation of the alternative complement pathway.Red cells deficient in these GPI-linked factors are abnormally susceptible to lysis or injury by complement and manifests as intravascular hemolysisRobbins pathology 9e pg: 642", "cop": 4, "opa": "PML-RARA", "opb": "BCL-2", "opc": "NOTCH1", "opd": "PIGA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "eabfb292-e2d8-4f1b-926c-484a70a904aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gingiva are enlarged in leukemia because of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Capillary dilation", "opb": "Erythrocyte engorgement", "opc": "Edema", "opd": "WBC infiltration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe07f5c1-ec42-49ff-9019-60a78dadcf48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common tumor in lateral hemisphere of brain", "exp": "Astrocytomas generally effect lateral hemispheres of brain. Astrocytomas are a type of cancer of the brain. They originate in a paicular kind of glial cells, star-shaped brain cells in the cerebrum called astrocytes. This type of tumor does not usually spread outside the brain and spinal cord and it does not usually affect other organs. Ref : Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg ; 1307", "cop": 1, "opa": "Astrocytoma", "opb": "Meningioma", "opc": "Ependymoma", "opd": "Medulloblastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e4cc6409-0da8-4993-8532-f50259bed4a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lifespan of transfused platelets is", "exp": "Transfused platelets have an expected life-span of 3-4 days. This may be significantly reduced due to immune refractoriness, consumption, or sequestration. Most platelet products are transfused into non-bleeding thrombocytopenic patients. Thetransfusion \"trigger\" or threshold fortransfusion of these patients is now generally accepted to be 10,000/mL based on the results of a number of studies Ref bailey and love 27th edition ; pg 17-22", "cop": 3, "opa": "<24 hours", "opb": "1-3 days", "opc": "3-5 days", "opd": "7-14 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "c5c09109-184e-455f-a533-cd1c67a7759d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Atrial myxoma commonly arises from", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Left atrium", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left ventricle", "opb": "Left atrium", "opc": "Right ventricle", "opd": "Right atrium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c32e0136-7479-4abc-b78e-ad4f6ddc2392", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "AML with worst prognosis", "exp": "AMLs with t (15;17)have best prognosis. AMLs with t (8;21)or inv (16) have relatively good prognosis with conventional chemotherapy. Poor prognosis for AMLs that follow MDS or genotoxic therapy or that occurs in adults. AMLs following MDS or exposure to DNA damaging agents have deletions or monosomies involving chromosomes 5 and 7.There fore monosomy 7 has the worst prognosis Ref:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease.South Asia Edition -9;volume 1.page no.614", "cop": 4, "opa": "8/21 translocation", "opb": "Inversion 16", "opc": "Normal cytogenetics", "opd": "Monosomy 7", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "ade09ed9-f279-4c2d-8d21-5e00e265ece6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MC gene involved in endometrial carcinoma", "exp": "PTEN - Phosphatase & tensin homologue Cowden syndrome - AD disorder with tumours of skin appendages & increased incidence of Breast, Endometrium, Prostate & thyroid cancer Acts as TSG by serving as a break in the pro-growth PI3K/AKT pathway (MCly mutated p/w in human ca) By phosphorylating a number of substrates like BAD and MDM2, AKT enhances cell survival.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PTEN", "opb": "BRAF", "opc": "KRAS", "opd": "Mismatch repair genes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "3f730aff-4518-4220-8edc-196684a1d2f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient with Carcinoma cheek has tumor of 2.5 cms located close to and involving the lower alveolus. A single mobile homotateral node measuring 6 cm is palpable. Based on these clinical findings TNM stage of the tumor is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "T1 N1 Mo", "opb": "T2 N2 Mo", "opc": "T3 N1 Mo", "opd": "T4 N2 Mo", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "86c3c027-dcde-445f-a25d-5282e02d4d52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kaposi's sarcoma is more commonly seen in patient with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "AIDS", "opb": "Amyloidosis", "opc": "Leukemia", "opd": "HSV infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5affc31-d1d5-4f34-b949-ca4423bd3384", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hereditary retinoblastomas develop the following chromosomal deletion", "exp": "(A) 13q 14# Deletion of a small number of tightly clustered genes result in a number of genetic disorders termed as microdeletion syndromes.> Some of the important ones that have been asked include: Wilm's tumor-Aniridia complex 2 (WAGR syndrome) IIpI36 Part of (deletion of short arm of chromosome 11 Retinoblastoma 13qI4.116 (deletion of part of long arm of chromosome 13) Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome6 15qII-136 (deletion of pa rt of long arm of chromosome 15) DiGeorge's syndrome, Velo-cardiofacial syndrome 22qII6 (deletion of part of long arm of chromosome 22)", "cop": 1, "opa": "13q 14", "opb": "13p 14", "opc": "14p 13", "opd": "14q 13", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "0ee825d6-7e9e-4ef5-8e47-7d304f3ea0fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secondary syphilis occurs after", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "6 weeks", "opb": "9 weeks", "opc": "13 weeks", "opd": "1 week", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a821f8eb-b917-4f9e-96a7-4432105c70f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inheritance pattern of dentinogenesis imperfecta is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Homozygous", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "Recessive", "opd": "X-linked recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8075c51d-73d1-485c-8e80-b42ec2b1eddc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A linear pattern of immunoglobulin deposition along the glomerular basement membrane that can be demonstrated by immunofluorescence is typical of", "exp": "In Goodpasture's syndrome, circulating antibodies reactive with the glomerular basement membrane bind in a linear pattern along the entire length of the glomerular basement membrane, which is their specific antigen. IgG is deposited in the basement membrane, along with complement. There are focal interruptions of the glomerular basement membrane as well, along with deposits of fibrin, as seen with electron microscopy Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lupus nephritiS", "opb": "Diabetic glomerulopathy", "opc": "Goodpasture's syndrome", "opd": "Renal vein thrombosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "36964526-b40b-444c-bd7e-7924b40ba008", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "One of the following is apoptosis inhibitor gene", "exp": "Anti-apoptotic genes are BCL -2, MCL -1, BCL -XL\"The pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK are required for apoptosis and directly promote mitochondrial permeabilization. Their action is inhibited by the anti-apoptotic members of this family, which are exemplified by BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1. A third set of proteins (so-called BH3-only proteins), including BAD, BID, and PUMA, sense death-inducing stimuli and promote apoptosis by neutralizing the actions of anti-apoptotic proteins like BCL2 and MCL1\"Robbins pathology 9e pg: 302", "cop": 2, "opa": "p53", "opb": "BCL -2", "opc": "Rb", "opd": "C -myc", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "1c6e2b87-e3b5-498a-8d98-0a69ccbfdcd0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Apoptosis is inhibited by", "exp": "The integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane is regulated by pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family of proteins. The pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK are directly promoting mitochondrial permeabilization. Their action is inhibited by the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL2 and BCL-XL. The third set of proteins, the so-called BH3-only proteins, which include BAD, BID, and PUMA, regulate the balance between the pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 189 )", "cop": 4, "opa": "p53", "opb": "N-myC", "opc": "RAS", "opd": "BCl-2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "60dd6b02-c26c-4b5f-a1d9-c732f461a3f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gene associated with superficial papillary urothelial neoplasm", "exp": "Answer- B. p16Chromosome deletions in 9p, which contains the tumor suppressor gene p16, are the only consistent finding in low grade papillary tumors and flat carcinomas in situ. Deletions in 17 p, the site of p53 gene, are often found in invasive bladder cancer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "p53", "opb": "p16", "opc": "p7", "opd": "KRAS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "694a546b-df0a-4c47-8770-21c79877c738", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Megaloblastic anaemia occurs due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Iron deficiency", "opb": "Folate deficiency", "opc": "Vitamin C deficiency", "opd": "Protein deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7899cf04-10a1-4986-b858-ecb9838a3575", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common ovarian tumor", "exp": "Ans. (a) Serous cystadenoma(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1023)*Most ovarian tumors are surface epithelial (65-70%)*Serous cystadenoma is the most common surface epithelial tumor", "cop": 1, "opa": "Serous cystadenoma", "opb": "Choriocarcinoma", "opc": "Teratoma", "opd": "Fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Female Genital Tract", "id": "98d72f63-ca49-42ac-a301-034db712388a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liquefactive necrosis occurs in", "exp": "i.e. (Brain): (45-Harsh mohan 6th) (15-129- Robbins & Cotran 8th)LIQUEFACTIVE (COLLIQUATIVE) NECROSIS - occurs commonly due to ischaemic injury and bacterial or fungal infections* It occurs due to degradation of tissue by the action of powerful hydrolytic enzyme.* Common examples are Infarct brain and abscess cavity* Duret hemorrhage is seen in Brain** (Duret haemorrhage is small area in bleeding in ventral & paramedian part of upper brain stem (midbrain & pons)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Brain", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "3d1f6763-48eb-4b69-8de4-f992784a61b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The common site of melanoma on the orofacial skin is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Lower lip", "opb": "Malar region", "opc": "Forehead", "opd": "Upper lip", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b93d3b7e-ed1a-427a-8120-8ba4e5da313f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Retinitis pigmentosa inheritance is by", "exp": ". Autosomal recessive. Digenic inheritance. Autosomal dominantExplanation :- Note: This question is ambiguous", "cop": 4, "opa": "X linked recessive", "opb": "Autosomal recessive", "opc": "Digenic inheritance", "opd": "Autosomal dominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "056137ef-936b-41b1-aaf8-33a9d3015a0f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oral Lesion associated with ulcerative colitis", "exp": "In pyostomatitis vegetans, the oral lesions are one part of the syndrome, in which the patients also manifest concomitantly ulcerative colitis or other gastrointestinal disturbances.\nThe oral lesions consist of large numbers of broad-based papillary projections, tiny abscesses or vegetations developing in areas of intense erythema. These lesions may occur in any area of the oral cavity, although tongue involvement appears to be uncommon.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Pyostomatitis Vegetans", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Dermatitis herpetiforrris", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "46b3e471-4e24-4846-93f6-b94df0971e9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcium blocking agents of use in the treatment of hypeension include", "exp": "Nifedipine The overriding action of Nifedipine is aeriolar dilation, t.p.r. decreases and BP falls.Doesn&;t depress SA node or A-V conduction.Reflex sympathetic stimulation of hea predominates leading to tachycardia, increased contractility and C.O., coronary flow is increased.Its use is associated with higher moality among post-MI patients.Relaxant effect on the bladder, Nifedipine can increase urine voiding difficulty in elderly malesContraindicationsSide effectsHea failure 2nd or 3rd-degree hea blockTachycardia, flushingGI disturbancesHyperkalemia, edema, headache(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2054-2057)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Prazosin", "opb": "Lidoflazine", "opc": "Captopril", "opd": "Nifedipine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "77c8d088-aa1e-47ac-ba0a-dcf7fa6aeb6f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common histological type of thyroid carcinoma is", "exp": "(B) Papillary type # Morphological variants of thyroid carcinoma and their approximate frequencies are: Papillary carcinoma 75-85% Follicular carcinoma 10-20% Medullary carcinoma 5% Anaplastic carcinoma < 5%> Histology type Incidence Papillary 80% Follicular 10% Medullary 5% Anaplastic 1 %> Papillary carcinoma thyroid: Commonest carcinoma of thyroid gland (80%) Commonest carcinoma in iodine sufficient area. More common in patients with previous exposure to radiation (past childhood) Commonest age 30-40 year. Multifocal (more common) Lymph node metastases more common (i.e., lymphatic spread) Distant metastasis uncommon commonest site - lung followed by bone, liver, brain. Prognosis excellent -10 years survival (95%)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Follicular type", "opb": "Papillary type", "opc": "Anaplastic type", "opd": "Medullary type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "ac085ab5-8ae3-4d2c-9866-f0021a4a16da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Councilman bodies are seen in", "exp": "In pathology, a Councilman body, also known as Councilman hyaline body or apoptotic body, is an acidophilic globule of cells that represents a dying hepatocyte often surrounded by normal parenchyma. They are found in the liver of individuals suffering from viral hepatitis, yellow fever, or other viral syndromes Refer robbins 9/e p614", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alcoholic cirrhosis", "opb": "Wilson's disease", "opc": "Acute viral hepatitis", "opd": "Autoimmune hepatitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "656d9870-431d-4901-b5c4-84d021540ff6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bismuth intoxication is manifested as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "pigmentation in areas of inflammation", "opb": "Burtonian line", "opc": "Gingiva", "opd": "Blackish line in the mucosa", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07b4f1a7-7b12-437c-9ecb-16f93473f324", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The nerve root blocked in pudendal nerve block", "exp": "Pudendal nerve block, blocks sacral segments (S2-4) thus provides perineal analgesia. The anesthesia is produced by blocking the pudendal nerves near the ischial spine of the pelvis. The pudendal block gets its name because a local anesthetic, such as lidocaine or chloroprocaine, is injected into the pudendal canal where the pudendal nerve is located. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 3, "opa": "L2-3", "opb": "L2-4", "opc": "S2-4", "opd": "L5, S1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "430f583c-60dc-456b-a050-bf82716f56eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site of metastases of osteosarcoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Lymph nodes", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0576c12c-81a9-4f68-be6b-a5d955988c3c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muddy brown casts are seen in", "exp": "Muddy brown casts made up of epithelial cells are pathognomonic for Acute tubular necrosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chronic renal failure", "opb": "Acute tubular necrosis", "opc": "Nephrotic syndrome", "opd": "Nephritic syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1b330d81-507d-44e9-af41-1533ffcfd030", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reilly bodies are inclusion bodies seen in hurler's disease within", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymphocytes", "opb": "Fibroblast", "opc": "RBC", "opd": "WBC", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a001426-e606-4576-ac11-d63bb8a69d3b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Russel bodies are seen in", "exp": "*Multiple myeloma is plasma cells disorder. These plasma cells may have intracytoplasmic inclusion called as Russel bodies and intranuclear inclusions called as Dutcher bodies.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lymphocytes", "opb": "Monocytes", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Plasma cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "b07e5e1c-a611-4d7d-beed-5494ef720bb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common organs involved in wegner's granulomatosis are", "exp": "Wegner gronulomatosis now known as, granulomatosis with polyangitis is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by a tried of.\n\nNecrotizing gronulomar of the upper respiratory tract (ear, nose, sinuses, throat) or the lower respiratory tract (lung) or both.\nNecrotizing or granulomatous vasculitis affecting small to medium - sized vessels (eg: capillorics, venuler, arterioles and arterier). Most prominent in the lungs and upper airways but involving other sites as wells.\nFocal necrotizing, often crescentic, glomerulonephritis Also know that \"limited\" forms of this disease may be restricted to the respirotory tract,", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin and nose", "opb": "Lung and kidney", "opc": "Heart and kidney", "opd": "Kidney and navour system", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff3962df-4f69-4fac-9218-d3bd36cfb9ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The 2nd common most supernumerary teeth is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mesiodens", "opb": "Distal to 3rd molar in maxilla", "opc": "Distal to mandibular 3rd molar", "opd": "Para molars", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0deab223-82ed-4794-89c2-d7657f00df49", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common aneuploidy compatible with life is", "exp": "Answer- A, Down syndromeMost common aneuploidy in which infant can survive is trisomy-21 (Down syndrome)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Down syndrome", "opb": "Turner syndrome", "opc": "Klinefelter's syndrome", "opd": "Patau syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4840bca4-3968-4d2f-8ade-0a9092fbb450", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In meiosis chromosome number is", "exp": ".Ans b: (Ref: NCERT text book)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Doubled", "opb": "Halved", "opc": "Reduced to one fourth", "opd": "Will not alter", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "44c7890c-90e0-43af-8445-fd1e6caa022e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Schiller Duval body is characteristic of", "exp": "Yolk Sac TumorThough rare, yolk sac tumor (also known as endodermal sinus tumor) still ranks as the second most common malignant tumor of germ cell origin. Similar to the normal yolk sac, the tumor cells elaborate a-fetoprotein. Its characteristic histologic feature is a glomerulus-like structure composed of a central blood vessel enveloped by tumor cells within a space that is also lined by tumor cells (Schiller-Duval body).Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 22; The Female Genital Tract; Page no: 1031", "cop": 1, "opa": "Yolk sac tumor", "opb": "Dysgerminoma", "opc": "Granulosa cell tumor", "opd": "Immature teratoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "a2fe3f69-e02b-448c-9d41-883781510373", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common age group affected with Infantile Colic is between", "exp": "Infantile colicRule of threeCrying > 3 hours/day---- > 3 days/week for > 3 weeks.Facial grimacing, drawing up of legs and passing flatus.An infant usually outgrows colic by 3 to 4 months of age(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Paediatrics 19thedition, pg no: chapter - 11)", "cop": 1, "opa": "0-3 months", "opb": "4-6 months", "opc": "7-9 months", "opd": "10-12 months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7ee2f6ea-ced8-4cab-9ba8-1205847517e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inflammasome is formed in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Pyroptosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 58-59)Pyroptosis: Promotes the activation of inflammasomewhich activates Caspase-1Q which releases biologically active form of IL^-1 from the precursor.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Apoptosis", "opc": "Necroptosis", "opd": "Pyroptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "ed1fc30d-534a-46e1-8176-68555600d747", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macropolycyte in peripheral smear is a feature", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Hereditary sherocytosis", "opb": "Iron deficiency anaemia", "opc": "Sickle cell anaemia", "opd": "Megaloblastic anaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bc8917d-aad9-4825-becd-1da64a62a149", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest site of carcinoma of tongue", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Posterior one third", "opb": "Ventral surface", "opc": "Tip of tongue", "opd": "Lateral margin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0902e98f-5a8f-420b-95c2-5287d2415f15", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arrange the following in increasing order for risk of malignancy1.Fibroadenoma2.Sclerosing adenosis3.Atypical ductal hyperplasia4.Lobular carcinoma is situ", "exp": "Lesion\nRelative risk\n\n\n\n\nFibroadenoma\n1%\n\n\nSclerosing adenosis\n1.5-2%\n\n\nAtypical ductal hyperplasia\n4-5%\n\n\nAtypical lobular hyperplasia\n8-10%", "cop": 2, "opa": "2, 1, 3, 4", "opb": "1, 2, 3, 4", "opc": "1, 2, 4, 3", "opd": "2, 1, 4, 3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "19ccfe02-d81f-43e8-b402-50108bf0053a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dyskeratosis", "exp": "dys*ker*a*to*sis (dis'ker-a-to'sis), 1. Premature keratinization in individual epithelial cells that have not reached the keratinizing surface layer; dyskeratotic cells generally become rounded and they may break away from adjacent cells and fall off. Dyskeratosis terms that abnormal premature keratinisation within cells below the stratum granulosum. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1143", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leukoplakia", "opb": "Hyperpigmentation", "opc": "Nail dystrophy", "opd": "Premature keratinisation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b04aeb9f-de02-4ac6-9b6d-c53636789416", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Irreversible injury is due to", "exp": "Irreversible Injury: Defect in membrane function in general, and plasma membrane in particular, is the most important event in irreversible cell injury in ischaemia. Oxygen deprivation causes shift of calcium from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. Increased level of calcium in the cytosol activates endogenous phospholipases from ischaemic tissue which degrade membrane phospholipids progressively which are the main constituent of the lipid bilayer membrane. An alternate hypothesis is decreased replacement-synthesis of membrane phospholipids due to reduced ATP.\nMyelin figures & cellular swelling are the changes seen in Reversible cell injury.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decrease in ATP", "opb": "Defective membrane function", "opc": "Myelin figures", "opd": "Cellular swelling", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8e8a40b-5f29-40f9-a7b1-b6e7cdeb1574", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The attachment of the Actinomyces species to the tooth surface is facilitated by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fimbriae", "opb": "Cilia", "opc": "Flagella", "opd": "Pseudopodia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "140f11bc-b297-4887-94e7-0061aaa8805b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The characteristic lesion of atherosclerosis is", "exp": "Atherosclerosis is a intima based lesion composed of a fibrous cap and an atheromatous core: the constituents of the plaque include smooth muscle cells, ECMs, inflammatory cells, lipids and necrotic debris Robbins 9th edition page no 343", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fibrinoid necrosis of the media", "opb": "Giant cell reaction in the retina and internal elastic lamina", "opc": "Organised thrombus in the affected segment", "opd": "'Fibro-fatty' lesion in the intima of the blood vessels", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "66340816-2e7e-4348-a8bb-3f9ac8842a2d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of death in ADPKD", "exp": "Hypertensive or coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death in ADPKD.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Renal failure", "opb": "Ruptured berry aneurysm", "opc": "Cardiovascular disease", "opd": "Sepsis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8a251a29-e7cb-4055-bb6a-b1e64e57cb13", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Growth Phase' of the hair", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anagen", "opb": "Metagen", "opc": "Metagen", "opd": "Telogen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0a4740ec-a772-4e09-8806-244cba99de48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hour glass deformity is seen in", "exp": "COMPLICATIONS. Acute and subacute peptic ulcers usually heal without leaving any visible scar. However, healing of chronic, larger and deeper ulcers may result in complications like Obstruction. Development of fibrous scar at or near the pylorus results in pyloric stenosis. In the case of healed duodenal ulcer, it causes duodenal stenosis. Healed ulcers along the lesser curvatures may produce 'hourglass' deformity due to fibrosis and contraction TEXT BOOK OF HARSH MOHAN SIXTH EDITION PAGE.553. IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma stomach", "opb": "Peptic ulcer", "opc": "Duodenal atresia", "opd": "CHPS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "17a03547-9c93-4ab4-9819-976e0938c39f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Classical pathway macrophage activating molecule", "exp": "Answer- A. IFN gammaThere are two major pathways of macrophage activation:Classical macrophage activation- induced by microbial products, which engage toll like receptors & other sensors, by T cell derived signals, impoantly the cytokine IFN-yAlternative macrophage activation - induced by cytokines III & ILl3 produced by T lymphocytes & other cells. Their main function is tissue repair & secrete growth factors which cause angiogenesis, activate fibroblasts & stimulate collagen synthesis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "IFN gamma", "opb": "IL 4", "opc": "IL 13", "opd": "ILI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11be8380-9a90-4d5d-a736-087048e45268", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Granuloma formation is seen in Hypersensitivity reaction type", "exp": "(IV): (74- Harsh Mohan 6th edition)Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity (Cell Mediated Reaction)Examples1. Reaction against mycobacterial infection eg tuberculin reaction, granulomatous reaction in tuberculosis, leprosy2. Reaction against virally infected cells3. Reaction against malignant cells in the body4. Reaction against organ transplantation eg transplant rejection, graft versus host reactionType I (Anaphylactic, atopic) Type II (Cytotoxic) Type III (Immune- Complex, Arthus reaction)1. Systemic anaphylaxis (administration of antisera(ATS) and drugs (Penicilline) 1. Cytotoxic antibodies to blood cells (Auto immune haemolytic anaemia, Transfusion reactions, Erythroblastosis foctalis, ITP, Leucopcnia, drug induced (penicillin, methyl dopa, rifampicin) I. Immune complex glomerulonephritisII. Goodpasture's syndromeIII. Collagen disease (SLE, RA)IV. PANV. Drug induced vasculitis2. Local anaphylaxis (hay fever, bronchial asthma, food allergy, cutaneous, angioedema) 2. Cytotoxic antibodies to tissue components (Gravis disease, M.gravis, male sterility, Type I DM, Hyper acute reaction against organ transplant)", "cop": 4, "opa": "I", "opb": "II", "opc": "III", "opd": "IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "42db8020-7e41-4198-aeb9-b01be7572033", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Proliferative glomerular deposits in kidney are found in", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amyloidosis", "opb": "IgA nephropathy", "opc": "Diabetes mellitus", "opd": "Membranous glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "506b6cf0-3b60-432e-95e3-a4f42ae5c7f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Preauricular pain, grating sensation and partial trismus are the symptoms of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "TMJ fibrous ankylosis", "opb": "TMJ bony ankylosis", "opc": "TMJ pain dysfurction symdnome", "opd": "Ear infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f46aba17-13a6-4796-a8b0-905cf53e5a86", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemodialysis associated with amyloid pattern", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Beta-2-microglobulin", "cop": 3, "opa": "AA", "opb": "AL", "opc": "Beta - 2- microglobulin", "opd": "ATTR", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48316584-7a6b-4923-abb7-03d66062bb7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bernard Soulier syndrome is due to defect in", "exp": "Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder that causes a deficiency of glycoprotein Ib(GpIb), the receptor for von Willebrand factor Causes Mutations in GP1BA, GP1BB and GP9 Diagnostic method Flow cytometry analysis Treatment Platelet transfusion", "cop": 1, "opa": "GP IB/IX", "opb": "GP IIB/IIIa", "opc": "Fibrinogen", "opd": "vWF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "5cb54e5d-2b65-48dc-8219-118cdb5c58d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common salivary gland malignant neoplasm in\nbones", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Plemorphic adenoma", "opb": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "opc": "Muceopidermoid carcinoma", "opd": "Aderrolymphorna", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2df44ddc-d05c-4664-ac2a-b3dc7ec1a250", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) most likely to result in a palpable abnormality in the breast is", "exp": "DCIS has a wide variety of histologic appearances. Architectural patterns often are mixed and include solid, comedo,n cribriform, papillary, micropapillary, and \"clinging\" types.The comedo subtype is distinctive and is characterized by cells with high-grade nuclei with extensive central necrosis ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-710 ref img", "cop": 4, "opa": "Apocrine DCIS", "opb": "Neuroendocrine DCIS", "opc": "Well differentiated DCIS", "opd": "Comedo DCIS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "39164c0d-f12f-416c-a6ec-cc6429621518", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pink's disease is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Toxicity of silver", "opb": "Toxicity of Mercury", "opc": "Toxicity of Lead", "opd": "Toxicity of Tetracycline", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "52fcf978-e5b8-4127-9b8d-0675d472a484", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "TB is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Caseous necrosis", "opb": "Coagulative necrosis", "opc": "Liquefactive necrosis", "opd": "Fibrinoid necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b33540b-b365-4499-b046-e1054ded95ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anticipation is seen in", "exp": "Ref: Robbin's Pathology, 9th ed. pg. 168* Anticipation is a phenomenon where by the symptoms of a genetic disorder become apparent at an earlier age as it is passed to next generation. In most cases, an increased severity of symptoms is also noted.* In triplet nucleotide repeat mutation, the DNA fragment is unstable and tends to expand further during cell division.So, in successive generations the expanded repeat increases and the manifestations of disease may worsen or may be observed at an earlier age; this phenomenon is referred to as anticipation.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Translocation", "opb": "Chromosome breaking", "opc": "Trinucleotide - repeat expansion", "opd": "Mitochondrial mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "b9160b74-d127-4f6f-b64a-08fba9d2f0b6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "60 year old diabetic female presented with burning sensation to spicy food. Intraoral examination revealed multiple periodontal abscess and keratotic area in a lace pattern with occasional erosive areas inside the lace pattern.\nSyndrome associated with this disease is", "exp": "Grinspan's syndrome is an interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Down's syndrome", "opb": "Grinspan syndrome", "opc": "Peutzjeghers syndrome", "opd": "Sjogren's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "741d3ceb-3ca3-4960-93b8-48a300f50a96", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Serum marker of rickets is", "exp": "Amongst the given options, alkaline phosphatase is best because it is raised in all type of rickets.\nThe primary (Basic) investigations in a child of rickets are :-\n\n\nSerum calcium\nSerum phosphorus\nAlkaline phosphatase\n\n\nIf the patient does not respond to calcium and Vit D therapy, secondary investigations are done:-\n\n\nVit D level\nSerum PTH\nUrinary calcium and phosphorus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acid phosphates", "opb": "Alkaline phosphatase", "opc": "Decreased serum calcium", "opd": "Urinary posphates", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6803e3e-c099-4d24-83ab-df4faafbc264", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MHC III codes for", "exp": "Ans. (a) TNF alpha(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 195; 8th/pg 191)MHC III: No direct role in immune system QCodes for:complement components C2, C4, properdin, factor B QTNF, HSP-70, Tyrosine hydroxylase", "cop": 1, "opa": "TNF alpha", "opb": "IL 1", "opc": "HLA A", "opd": "HLAB", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "8fb5b913-177e-46a3-8abf-a4c476c1671c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "+ve pathergy test is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Sarcoidosis", "opb": "Histoplasmosis", "opc": "Candidiasis", "opd": "Behcet's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6feca1da-db6d-4e23-98f6-952ce5694b33", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Standard treatment of ameloblastoma", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Segmental resection with 1 cm of normal bone", "opb": "Enbloc resection", "opc": "Enucleation", "opd": "Enucleation with cauterization", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a7c49fd9-ebd8-4442-bdfe-046015c45c29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In addition to ETEC another strain of E.coli that causes Travellers diarrhea is", "exp": ".Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a non-Shiga toxin-producing strain of E. coli that causes diarrhea an \"attaching and effacing\" mechanism on the surface of enterocytes . In adults, EPEC diarrhea presents as watery diarrhea (sometimes associated with vomiting) in association with a low-grade fever", "cop": 3, "opa": "EIEC", "opb": "EHEC", "opc": "EAEC", "opd": "EPEC", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a098ecb0-6192-48a6-9151-117529c55c9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HLA is located on aEUR'", "exp": "Sho arm of chr- 6 Human leucocyte antigen is so called because it was first discovered on the leucocytes. HLA is also called Major histocompatibility complex. The histocompatibility antigens (human leukocyte antigens - HLA) are cell surface antigens that induce an immune response leading to rejection of allogrufts. The principal physiologic function of the cell surface histocompatibility molecules is to bind peptide fragments of foreign proteins for presentation to antigen specific T cells. The histocompatibility antigens are encoded by a closely linked multiallelic cluster of genes, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or Human leukocyte antigens complex (HLA complex). - HLA complex of genes is located on the sho arm of chromosome 6. It consists of three separate clusters of genes: HLA Complex [MHC Responses of MHC molecules Class 1 MHC class I molecules bind and process peptide that are derived from proteins synthesized within the cells, e.g. viral protein in viral infected cells and antigen of cancerous cells. These cells (cancerous or virus infected) have a tendency to display unusual, non self antigens on their surface. After binding to MHC-I, these antigens are processed and presented to cytotoxic CD-8 T cells (MHC-I restricted). Cytotoxic CD-8 T cell - MHC I reaction cause -- Graft rejection - Cell mediated cytolysis of viral infected or tumor cells. Class II Class 11 molecules present exogenous antigen (e.g. extracellular microbes, soluble proteins). These antigens are first internalized and undergo proteolytic cleavage in lysosome. Peptide generated .from this proteolytic cleavage are presented by MHC - II to CD4-T cells (MHC-II restricted). Reactions are : - Graft versus host response - Mixed leukocyte reaction Class III \"The MHC class HI region contains many genes that are good candidates for the involvement in autoimmune disease\". Recent data suggest that quantitative and qualitative diversities of the MHC Ill linked C4 among different ethnic groups can be impoant in susceptibility to autoimmune disease like SLE. Note ? The pa of MHC complex that code for TNF a & /land heat shock protein, is also referred as class IV MHC.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sho arm of chr-6", "opb": "Long arm of chr-6", "opc": "Sho arm of chr-3", "opd": "Long arm of chr-3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "183ebfa1-45e2-435b-88f3-6495348915f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common CNS neoplasma in HIV patient 2", "exp": "Primary CNS lymphoma occurs very frequently in patients suffering AIDS and others immuno deficiency states.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Medulloblastoma", "opb": "Ependymoma", "opc": "Astrocytoma", "opd": "Primary CNS lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee6885cd-9a1c-4a4d-ac09-0a61c68ed39f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Leber hereditary optic neuropathy ELHUNI is caused by mutation in", "exp": "Answer- A. Mitochondrial DNAMitochondrial DNA is the only non-chromosomal DNA in human cells. Mitochondrial DNA is always maternally inherited.Thus diseases caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA are always inherited from mother to next generation.All children from affected mother will inherit the disease but it will not be tranmtitted from an affected father to his children", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mitochondrial DNA", "opb": "Nuclear DNA", "opc": "Non-coding DNA", "opd": "DNA dependent ribonucleosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2834faff-02b0-48e4-baad-2fe82e8b45aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum unsaturated fatty acid is seen in", "exp": "FatsPUFASafflower oil75Sunflower seed oil65Soya bean oil62Margarine 50Groundnut oil31Palm oil10Butter 3Coconut oil2(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 649)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mustard oil", "opb": "Groundnut oil", "opc": "Safflower oil", "opd": "Coconut oil", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "77b0c2b7-bc14-4bfd-bbe7-da2067060081", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cancerous involvement is seen with", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Chancre", "opb": "Mucous patch", "opc": "Syphilitic glossitis", "opd": "Gumma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e1417e0-ddda-4cce-9de3-ce2716b43dcd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Immune complex mediated reaction", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Type III reactions Type III hypersensitivity o Type III hypersensitivity reaction is antigen-antibody immune complex mediated that are deposited in postcapillary venules of various tissues with subsequent complement fixation. o Immune complexes produce tissue damage mainly be eliciting inflammation. Type III hypersensitivity may be of two types A. Systemic or generalized Immune complex disease (serum sickness) - It occurs in three phases :? Phase I --> Formation of antigen - antibody immune - complex in the blood. Phase II --> Traveling of immune complex through blood and deposition in various tissues. Phase III ---> Induction of inflammation by immune complex. Generally, common sites of deposition of immune complex incude - Skin Joints Lungs Kidney Blood vessels B. Localized immune complex disease (Ahus reaction) Ahus reaction is a localized area of tisue necrosis resulting from acute immune - complex vasculitis, usually elicited in the skin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a56cc2de-aeec-4683-929c-ff35a57af6b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Single gene disorder", "exp": "(A) Duchenne muscle dystrophy MENDELIAN DISORDERS/SINGLE GENE DISORDERSAutosomal DominantAutosomal RecessiveX-linked RecessiveX-linked DominantFAP of colonAchondroplasiaAcute intermittent porphyriaHyperlipoproteinemia1.2,3,4HemorrhagicHSHuntington's dsMarfan's syndromeNeurofibromatosisOsteogenesis imperfectaPolydactylyvWDRetinoblastomaPeutz Zeghers syndromeOsteosclerosisMost inborn error of metabolism e.g.AlbinismAlkaptonuriaAgammaglobulinemia(Swiss type)Cystic fibrosisMaple Syrup Urine dsHemochromatosisWilson's dsPKULysosomal storage dsGlycogenesis, Gaucher's ds., PK deficiency21-Hydoxylase def,CAHb-thalessemiaSickle cell anemiaHirschsprung's diseaseHemophiliaColor blindnessG-6-PD def.(incompletely dominant (expression)DICGDAgammaglobulinemia (Bruton's)Duchenne's and Becker'sMuscle dystrophyRPHydrocephalusOrnithine transcarbamylase deficiencyVit-D resistant/ hypophosphatemicRicketsAlport syndromeFamilialHypophosphatemiaBlood group XgIncontinentia PigmentiFabry's DS", "cop": 1, "opa": "Duchenne muscle dystrophy", "opb": "Down syndrome", "opc": "Turner syndrome", "opd": "Klinefelter syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "761a1a46-022e-4cce-a812-2ca0c4a22d1d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Multiple periapical radiolucencies are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Jawcyst basal cell Nevus Syndrome", "opb": "Odontogenic keratocyst", "opc": "Cherubisrn", "opd": "Thyroid disorders", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f90ae2e8-fdfd-415a-87aa-1cbcd58b1cff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The chief cells of the stomach secrete", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Intrinsic factor", "opb": "Hydrochloric acid", "opc": "Pepsinogen", "opd": "Gastrin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4f06e5c8-0f04-4c5d-a2a3-7bb311630c22", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Lock jaw' indicates", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Ankylosis", "opb": "Spasm of masseter muscle", "opc": "Inflammatory trismus", "opd": "Fracture of condyle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "73cacf1a-bb1e-4162-833f-aea6de6921c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The genetic inheritance of hemophilia is", "exp": "Robims basic pathology 6th edition chapter red cells and bleeding disorders. page no.639. Haemophilia is a sex linked(X-linked) recessive disorder . So disease manifests in all males and homozygous females.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sex linked dominant", "opb": "Sex linked recessive", "opc": "Autosomal dominant", "opd": "Autosomal recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "60a2fe40-fd5b-4a7a-a50e-5ad327547344", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MHC II is present on", "exp": "MHC I is present on all nucleated cells and platelets.\nMHC is present on immune cells like Macrophage, Langerhans cells, B cells.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Platelets", "opb": "RBC", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Endothelial cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c1a8a494-fe0a-49f4-be7c-11a78ccaacee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adult polycystic kidney disease is", "exp": "Ref: Robbins Pathology, 9th ed. pg. 946* ADPKD is autosomal dominant--Polycystic kidney disease.* Occurs due to mutation in PKD 1 and PKD 2 gene* MC type of mutation: PKD 1. (80-85%)* Pathological feature: Large multicystic kidney. It also involves commonly:# MC: Liver-Polycystic liver disease (40%)# Heart: Mitral valve prolapse (20-25%)# Brain: Berry aneurysm", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X-linked recessive", "opd": "X-linked dominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "510895ae-acd6-443f-8393-93a41f8e12bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Comment on the diagnosis.", "exp": "Ans. (a) Turner syndrome.Image source-", "cop": 1, "opa": "Turner syndrome", "opb": "Klinefelter syndrome", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Cridu-chat syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cytogenetic Disorders", "id": "efbe7726-7670-4a71-b868-b8a29e0c6dc3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Common site of hematopoiesis in fetus is", "exp": "Development of the Hematopoietic System. Primitive hematopoiesis is followed by definitive hematopoiesis in mice and humans. Embryonic hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and changes to definitive hematopoiesis in the fetal liver. The bone marrow becomes the principal site of hematopoiesis late in gestation Ref Robbins 9/e pg 138", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Bone marrow", "opd": "Gut", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "28b7675e-95bd-4732-a58a-e012eb3a6eb0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a characteristic feature of", "exp": "Infantile and Iuvenile forms are associated with congenital Hepatic fibrosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multicystic renal dysplasia", "opb": "ARPKD", "opc": "Familial juvenile nephronophthisis", "opd": "Medullary sponge kidney", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1cc9b83f-ecc5-4ef8-9b40-ff4ee326ba97", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitochondrial abnormality is seen in", "exp": "Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules of the kidney. The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals), or by adverse drug reactions. It results in various small molecules of metabolism being passed into the urine instead of being reabsorbed from the tubular fluid (for example, glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate). Fanconi syndrome affects the proximal tubules, namely, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), which is the first pa of the tubule to process fluid after it is filtered through the glomerulus, and the proximal straight tubule (pars recta), which leads to the descending limb of the loop of Henle. Different forms of Fanconi syndrome can affect different functions of the proximal tubule, and result in different complications. The loss of bicarbonate results in type 2 or proximal renal tubular acidosis. The loss of phosphate results in the bone diseases rickets and osteomalacia (even with adequate vitamin D and calcium levels), because phosphate is necessary for bone development in children and even for ongoing bone metabolism in adults.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Krabbe's disease", "opb": "Fabry disease", "opc": "Fanconi syndrome", "opd": "Fanconi syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "8d6b49ae-abca-4abf-8e08-0e6f99a6a5c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "MONRO's abscess are seen in", "exp": "MONRO'S abscesses are seen in psoriasis form of lesions, which include, Psoriasis, Reiter Syndrome, Benign migratory glossitis and ectopic geographic tongue.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pemphigus", "opb": "Lichen planus", "opc": "Leukoplakia", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "98248c80-94ee-4ea6-af7d-47c760a42f0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Accumulation of lipoproteins in atherosclerosis in the form of", "exp": "(Oxidised LDL) (499-Robbins-Pathologic basis of disease 8th)Accumulation of lipoproteins mainly LDL and its oxidized forms in the vessel wall OXIDIZED-LDL1. In ingested by macrophages through scavenger receptors distinct from the LDL receptor thus forming foam cells2. Increases monocytes accumulation in lesions3. Stimulates release of growth factors and cytokines4. Is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells5. Can induce endothelial cell dysfunctionPathogenic events in Atherosclerosis* Endothelial Injury - | vascular permeability leukocyte adhesion and thrombosis* Accumulation of lipoproteins (Mainly LDL and its oxidized forms) in the vessel wall* Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium - followed by migration into the intima and transformation into macrophages and foam cells* Plaelet adhesion* Factor release from activated platelets, macrophages and vascular wall-cells, inducing smooth muscle cell recruitment either from the media or from circulating precursors* Smooth muscle cell proliferation and ECMproduction* Lipid accumulation both extracellulary and within cells (macrophages and smooth muscle cells)Apo - B- 100 is responsible for the recognition of LDL receptor sites* Most important function of LDL is to supply cholesterol to this extrahepatic tissues. The LDL particles bind to the specific receptor pits (Identified as glycoprotein) on the cell membraneDeficiency of LDL receptors is observed in Type Ila hvperbetalipoproteinemia this disorder is associated with a very high risk of atherosclerosis (particularly coronary artery)IMPORTANT POINTS* Most common of ascending aortic aneurysm - cystic medial necrosis* Most common cause of descending aortic aneurysm and aneurysm aortic arch - Atherosclerosis.* Raised serum level of lipoprotein (a) is a predictor of Atherosclerosis (coronary and cerebro vascular disease)* In atherosclerosis, LDL is present in the LDL monocyte* In atherosclerosis, Increased LDL in monocytes- macrophages due to- LDL receptors on the macrophages* Most common cause of peripheral limb ischaemia in India is Atherosclerosis* Best predictor for future risk of cardiovascular events is hs CRP* Test for reversible cardiac ischemia is - Thallium scan* Most common change in atherosclerotic vessel is - Dystrophic calcification", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxidised LDL", "opb": "HDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Glycerides", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "3ebd752f-6b6f-49ee-a354-ff4f868d5669", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ground glass cells of Hadziyannis are seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Liver", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bone", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Thyroid", "opd": "Prostate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebd2addf-339c-4d1d-841f-16653e1b0659", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heart failure cells are", "exp": "Ans. (c) Hemosiderin laden macrophages(Ref: Robbin's 9th/pg 115)Chronic pulmonary congestion: shows Hemosiderinladen macrophages (heart failure cells) Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "Foam cells", "opb": "Lipid laden macrophages", "opc": "Hemosiderin laden macrophages", "opd": "Type 1 pneumocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Hemodynamics", "id": "4de79ede-4b39-43d8-aced-4f65990733e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Figlu test is done for", "exp": "(B) (Folic acid deficiency) (285- Harshmohan 7th)A. Test for Folate deficiency - forminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) urinary excretion1. Urinary excretion of FIGLU2. Serum folate assay3. Red cell folate assayNormal range of serum folate is 6-18 ng/ml (value 4 or Less is diagnostic)B Test for vitamin B12 deficiency1. Serum vitamin B12 assay2. Shilling test\" (Radio-isotop absorption test)3. Serum enzyme levelsC Thiamine deficiency - transketolase levels in blood", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cyanocobalamine deficiency", "opb": "Folic acid deficiency", "opc": "Thiamine deficiency", "opd": "Riboflavin deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Environment & Nutritional Pathology", "id": "528890e6-f399-4ad1-b659-eecb3cf36444", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gemination of teeth occur due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Division of a single tooth bud after calcification", "opb": "Division of a single tooth bud before calcification", "opc": "Fusion of two teeth before calcification", "opd": "Fusion of two teeth after calcification", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "116a0c3d-044b-4ef5-9920-ee30769ac514", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Durck granuloma is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Cerebral malaria(Ref: Malaria - Page 76)In malignant cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, brain vessels are plugged with parasitized red cells, causing ring hemorrhage which is accompanied by necrosis of surrounding parenchyma.The damage leads to formation of Durck's granuloma - collection of microglial cells surrounding area of demylienation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Congenital syphilis", "opb": "Cat scratch disease", "opc": "Histoplasmosis", "opd": "Cerebral malaria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "06d76fcb-5fb9-4be7-9e91-b2f7ed646a39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "DOC for Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy", "exp": "Chlamydial infections during pregnancyThe first line of treatment is erythromycin base 500mg orally, four times a day for 7 days, or amoxicillin 500mg orally three times a day for 7days. Azithromycin is an alternative; it is safe in pregnancy.(Refer: Mudaliar and Menon&;s Clinical Obstetrics, 11th edition, pg no: 253)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amoxicillin", "opb": "Metronidazole", "opc": "Cephazolin", "opd": "Clindamycin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c2de6490-c69d-420d-b40b-16298494c1ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Patient with hemophilia A have bleeding disorder because of", "exp": "Hemophilia A\nX - linked disorder\n\n90% cases - deficiency of factor 8\n10% cases functional defect of factor 8\n\nFactor VIII a complex is the most important activator of factor X required for conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lack of platelet count", "opb": "Lack of platelet adhesion", "opc": "Lack of factor VIII a during activation of factor X in coagulation coscade", "opd": "Release of thromboxane A2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7fa27c10-29c1-4840-b93a-191ec44a02a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Alveolitis sicca dolorosa is otherwise known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Trigeminal neuralgia", "opb": "Sicca Syndrome", "opc": "Dry socket", "opd": "Myospherulosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e0dcea5-371a-41c7-a5d1-fa363e93151a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Port wine stain is characteristic feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Peutz Jegers Syndrome", "opb": "Sturge Weber Syndrome", "opc": "Albright's Syndrome", "opd": "Lymphangioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "348dd68e-0f0e-4156-92cc-9378ca3994a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secondary granules in neutrophil is", "exp": "Neutrophils have two types of granules; primary (azurophilic) granules (found in young cells) and secondary (specific)granules (which are found in more maturecells). Specific granules are secretory vesicles found exclusively in cells of the immune system called granulocytes. It is sometimes described as applying specifically to neutrophils, and sometimes the term is applied to other types of cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lactoferrin", "opb": "Proteolytic enzymes", "opc": "Nucleotidase", "opd": "Catalase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "60e354e8-1e92-4b84-be10-1ab4c1f27c6a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In sickle cell anaemia, there is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "75 to 100% haemoglobin", "opb": "10 to 20% haemoglobin", "opc": "20 to 30% haemoglobin", "opd": "50 to 60% haemoglobin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a38f0d95-966d-4bde-bf69-b1f08854bb73", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important antigen initiating graft rejection", "exp": "the most important consequence of direct recognition is the activation of CD8+ T cells \nwhich recognise class I MHC molecules in the graft.Host CD4+ helper T cell may be triggered into proliferation and cytokine production by recognition of donor\nclass II MHC molecules  and drive an inflammatory response", "cop": 4, "opa": "MHC - molecule", "opb": "Polysaccharide", "opc": "DHA", "opd": "HLA - Antigen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6f6b556e-f891-46a5-9784-89f25ced3767", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Saw tooth retepegs are seen in", "exp": "Histology of Lichen planus:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Leukoplakia", "opc": "Pamphigus vulgaris", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3cc1129c-4aca-4335-82f6-1b44b618a56f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Minute 1 to 2mm hemorrhages are known as", "exp": "Petechiae 1 to 2 mm Purpura > 3mmEcchymoses 1 to 2 cmRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases; 9th edition; Chapter 4; Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock; Page no: 122", "cop": 1, "opa": "Petechiae", "opb": "Purpura", "opc": "Ecchymosis", "opd": "Bruises", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "93faacfc-740c-4dc7-a614-4a89245b50eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The protein in glomerular basement membrane responsible for charge dependent filtration is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Proteoglycan", "cop": 3, "opa": "Albumin", "opb": "Collagen type IV", "opc": "Proteoglycan", "opd": "Fibronectin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0f92ed85-cc66-4d65-9cca-4fc6a19f2cf2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest thyroid tumor in MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasi", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Medullary o Thyroid tumor is seen in MEN II, and is medullary carcinoma of thyroid.", "cop": 4, "opa": "- a) Follicular", "opb": "Papillary", "opc": "Anaplastic", "opd": "Medullary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Thyroid and Parathyroid", "id": "49eb67c2-6d1f-4ea0-b3b3-75aa0eb6388d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most pronounced effect on the oral microflora of reduction in rate of salivary flow is a", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Significant increase in number of oral bacteria", "opb": "Shift towards more acidogenic microflora", "opc": "Significant decrease in number of oral bacteria", "opd": "Shift towards more aerobic microflora", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e81c5bd0-8507-42ee-9e67-fda6f7353545", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common malignant tesicular neoplasm is", "exp": "Testicular neoplasms occur in roughly 6 per 100,000 males. Tumors of the testis are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that include germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors. In postpubeal males, 95% of testicular tumors arise from germ cells, and all are malignant. Most testicular tumors in postpubeal males arise from germ cell neoplasia in situ. Testicular germ cell tumors are subclassified into seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th Ed. pg no: 693 Most common tumor of the testis: Seminoma Mixed germ cell tumor Most common testicular tumor in infant and children up to 3 years: Yolk sac tumor Most common testicular tumor in prepubeal children: Teratoma Most common testicular tumor >60 years: Lymphoma Most common bilateral tumor Primary is seminoma Secondary is lymphoma Ref: RAM DAS NAYAK EXAM PREPARATORY MANUAL FOR UNDERGRADUATES 2nd ed. pg no: 651", "cop": 2, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Seminoma", "opc": "Choricocarcinoma", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "ed4c1aae-d240-4338-a810-75d0a41b09c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tzanck smear test is used in the diagnosis of", "exp": "Tzanck test is also used for diagnosis of viral diseases like Herpes Zoster.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pemphigus", "opb": "ANUG", "opc": "Apthous disease", "opd": "Lichen planus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d0d4147-ac12-4669-ad2d-2d7ab416eb8a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Burkitt's lymphoma arises from", "exp": "airway Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, paicularly B lymphocytes found in the germinal center. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, a surgeon who first described the disease in 1958 while working in equatorial Africa", "cop": 2, "opa": "T cell", "opb": "B cell", "opc": "Pre B cell", "opd": "NK cell", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "bfe688dd-f384-4b0e-b2f3-c9fa3a471098", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cyst in oral region is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Medial cyst", "opb": "Radicular cyst", "opc": "Follicular cyst", "opd": "Naso labial cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b9e30d1-49e7-46ad-91de-0f7213976909", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Asteroid bodies are seen in", "exp": "Sarcoidosis will show (characteristic but not pathognomonic).\n\nSchaumann bodies are laminated, calcified proteinaceous concretions.\nAsteroid bodies are stellate inclusions within giant cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sarcoidosis", "opb": "Syphilis", "opc": "Chromoblastomycosis", "opd": "Sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee398a0b-5ab6-44f2-97fa-b0a8ce6fb507", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "One of the following syndrome is characterized by an esophageal web with resulting dysphagia, atrophic changes in the mucous membranes of the mouth and a hypochromic microcytic anemia", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Marfan's syndrome", "opb": "Plummer-vinson syndrome", "opc": "Meckels syndrome", "opd": "Sjogren's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e86df31-37fb-49c0-bbf8-92091a618769", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salt loosing nephropathy seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Interstitial nephritis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amyloidosis", "opb": "Lupus nephritis", "opc": "Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Interstitial nephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12ca6a38-2554-4292-b2ed-38ab189ec8ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ahritis \"mutilans\" is a feature of", "exp": "Psoriasis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dermatomyositis", "opb": "Psoriasis", "opc": "SLE", "opd": "Tinea versicolor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "560dec69-274d-48e7-96a8-122ab1ce5eee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of cervical neoplasia is", "exp": "Human papilloma virus *Oncogenic DNA virus which are grouped into high and oncogenic risk HPVs*High oncogenic risk HPVs(HPV16 and 18) -main cause of cervical cancers and also vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, tonsillar and oropharyngeal carcinomas.*Low oncogenic risk HPVs (HPV 6 and 11) - causes vulvar, perineal and perianal condyloma accuminatum.*HPV produce two envelope proteins-E6 and E7. *E6 proteins inhibits p53, induce centrosome duplication, induce genomic instability and upregulates telomerase.*E7 promotes cell cycle by binding to RB and upregulates cyclin E, induce centrosome duplication and induce genomic instability (Ref: Robbins 8/e p1018)", "cop": 3, "opa": "HPV 6", "opb": "HPV 11", "opc": "HPV 16", "opd": "HPV36", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "7ab2ae0b-379a-44cf-8db7-3a801e3c2c83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mycosis fungoides mainly affects", "exp": "Ans. c (T-cells). (Ref. Robbin, Pathology, 6,h/656, 670, 1191 & Harrison's Medicine 18th/Table 12-8.)MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES (CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA) & /SEZARY SYNDROME# It is anindolent disorder of peripheral CD4+T-cells.# It is an indolent lymphoma with several years of eczematous or dermatitic skin lesions before the diagnosis.# The median age of onset is in the mid-fifties. It is more common in males and in blacks.# Patients are usually adults with cutaneous patches, plaques, nodules or generalized erythema.# Characteristically 3 phases are known:- Premycotic - plaque -tumor phase.# The skin lesions progress from patch stage to plaque stage to cutaneous tumors.# In advanced stages, the lymphoma can metastasize to lymph nodes and visceral organs.# Lymphoma involves erythroderma and circulating tumor cells is known as Se'zary's syndrome.# Localized early stage mycosis fungoides can be cured with RT, often total-skin electron beam irradiation# More advanced disease has been treated (palliative) with:- Topical glucocorticoids, Topical nitrogen mustard,- Psoralen with ultraviolet (PUVA), Phototherapy,- Interferon, Antibodies, Fusion toxins, and- Systemic cytotoxic therapy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "B-cells", "opb": "Plasma cells", "opc": "T cells", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "344cb584-0d50-422f-bd59-82da566c7146", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic changes in the apoptotic cells is due to", "exp": "(Caspases): (19, 189 Robbins 9th edition)Activation and Function of Caspases* The mitochondrial and death receptor pathway lead to the activation of the initiator caspases, caspase 9 and - 8, respectively. Active forms of these enzymes are produced and these cleave and thereby activate another series of caspases that are called the executioner caspases. These activated caspases cleave numerous targets culminating in activation of nucleases that degrade DNA and nucleoproteins. Caspases also degrade components of nuclear matrix and cytoskeleton, leading to fragmentation of cells.* Both extrinsic or intrinsic pathway result in activation of a proteolytic cascade of caspases that destroys the cell* Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization is regulated by the balance between pro-apoptotic (eg BAX, BAK) and anti-apoptotic molecules (BCL2, BCL-XL) BH-3 only molecules activate apoptosis by tilting the balance in favour of the pro-apoptosis molecules.* The role of BCL2 in protecting tumour cells from apoptosis* TP53 is an important gene that induces apoptosis in cells that are unable to repair DNA damages", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxygen free radicals", "opb": "Caspases", "opc": "Complement fixation", "opd": "ATP ases", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "4a5e4399-502c-4fb3-880d-cf0ba695bc8a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carcinosarcoma occurs in", "exp": "Carcinosarcoma is the rare combination of malignant tumour of the epithelium (carcinoma) and of mesenchymal tissue (sarcoma) such as in thyroid, lung, and uterus. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Uterus", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Breast", "opd": "Lungs", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0690b3ad-865f-45de-a0a3-4a537566f848", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In blood transfusion, blood group most impoant is", "exp": ". Kell", "cop": 1, "opa": "Kell", "opb": "Lewis", "opc": "Li", "opd": "Lutheran", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b252bd77-62af-4f9c-a7a8-90a55ebc4c07", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ASCOff'S bodies are seen in", "exp": "Acute rheumatic fever is characterized by discrete inflammatory foci within a variety of tissues. The myocardial inflammatory lesions--called Aschoff bodies--are pathognomonic for rheumatic fever (Fig. 10-19, B); these are collections of lymphocytes (primarily T cells), scattered plasma cells, and plump activated macrophages called Anitschkow cells occasionally punctuating zones of fibrinoid necrosis. (Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.391)", "cop": 2, "opa": "LIb-man sac endocarditis", "opb": "Rheumatic hea disease", "opc": "Bacterial endocarditis", "opd": "Marantic endocarditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "68e0ce58-dc12-402a-8389-5cf41231927c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Podocytes are seen in", "exp": "Reference Robbins page no Pg 900 Podocytes are cells6in the Bowman's capsule in the kidney s that wrap around the capillaries of the Glomerulus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bowman's capsule", "opb": "Proximal consulted tubule", "opc": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opd": "Collecting tubule of the kidney", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "aed7ab53-d648-41d1-b90e-17203faba2cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Irreversible cell injury is indicated by", "exp": "The hallmark of irreversible cell injury is a loss of integrity of cell membrane and lysosomal membranes Myelin figures are phospholipid deposits formed as a result of cell membrane integrity loss; Seen in the very late phase of reversible injury and irreversible injury. Necrosis Necrosis is the type of cell death that is associated with loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular contents cul- minating in dissolution of cells, largely resulting from the degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells. The leaked cellular contents often elicit a local host reaction, called inflammation, that attempts to eliminate the dead cells and sta the subsequent repair process (Chapter 2). The enzymes responsible for digestion of the cell may be derived from the lysosomes of the dying cells themselves and from the lysosomes of leukocytes that are recruited as pa of the inflammatory reaction to the dead cells. MORPHOLOGY Necrosis is characterized by changes in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the injured cells (Figs. 1-6, left, and 1-8, C). * Cytoplasmic changes. Necrotic cells show increased eosinophilia (i.e., pink staining from the eosin dye--the E in the hematoxylin and eosin stain), attributable in pa to increased binding of eosin to denatured cyto- plasmic proteins and in pa to loss of the basophilia that is normally impaed by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the cytoplasm (basophilia is the blue staining from the hema- toxylin dye--the H in \"H&E\"). Compared with ble cells, the cell may have a more glassy, homogeneous appear- ance, mostly because of the loss of glycogen paicles. Myelin figures are more prominent in necrotic cells than during reversible injury. When enzymes have digested cytoplasmic organelles, the cytoplasm becomes vacuo- lated and appears \"moth-eaten.\" By electron microscopy, necrotic cells are characterized by discontinuities in plasma and organelle membranes, marked dilation of mitochon- dria with the appearance of large amorphous densities, disruption of lysosomes, and intracytoplasmic myelin figures. * Nuclear changes. Nuclear changes assume one of three patterns, all due to breakdown of DNA and chromatin. The basophilia of the chromatin may fade (karyolysis), presumably secondary to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. A second pattern is pyknosis, characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia; the DNA con- denses into a solid shrunken mass. In the third pattern, karyorrhexis, the pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmen- tation. In 1 to 2 days, the nucleus in a dead cell may completely disappear. Electron microscopy reveals pro- found nuclear changes culminating in nuclear dissolution. * Fates of necrotic cells. Necrotic cells may persist for some time or may be digested by enzymes and disappear. Dead cells may be replaced by myelin figures, which are either phagocytosed by other cells or fuher degraded into fatty acids. These fatty acids bind calcium salts, which may result in the dead cells ultimately becoming calcified. Refer robbins 9/e p834", "cop": 2, "opa": "Accumulation of calcium in endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Myelin figures", "opc": "ATP depletion", "opd": "Shifting of Ribosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "eedf0294-f27c-4e55-8bb4-97cafae88f7f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The treatment for a child with cherubism is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "surgical excision", "opb": "cosmetic surgery after puberty", "opc": "radiation", "opd": "Enbloc dissection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1396001d-1606-4185-9338-20aea9759565", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ewing's sarcoma arises from", "exp": "Ans. d (Primitive neuroectodermal cells). (Ref. Robbin, Pathologic Basis of Diseases 5th/833)PNETs# Ewing's Sarcoma is the highly malignant primary bone neoplasm having specific cytogenetic analysis i.e. t (11,12), characterized by small round cells (pseudo-rossets) and is thought to be a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) with 75% patients being < 20 years age and having male predilection.# Other PNETs include- Medulloblastoma,- Pineoblastoma,- Neuroblastoma,- Askin tumor,- Retinoblastoma, etc.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Endothelial cells", "opb": "Osteocytes", "opc": "Mesoderm", "opd": "Primitive neuroectodermal cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Osteology", "id": "b16fd092-ca87-46cc-8c12-7a754e870db3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In Troisiers sign the lymph nodes involved are", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Right axillary nodes", "opb": "Left axillary nodes", "opc": "Right supraclavicular nodes", "opd": "Left supraclavicular nodes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "76c37921-1baa-4541-b998-2e4dfd81a593", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arrange the following tumours according to increasing age group A. Ewing's Sarcoma B. Osteosarcoma C. Osteoclastoma D. Chondrosarcoma", "exp": "Tumours according to increasing age group A. Ewing's Sarcoma B. Osteosarcoma C. Osteoclastoma D. Chondrosarcoma", "cop": 4, "opa": "B,D,A,C", "opb": "C,B,D,A", "opc": "D,A,C,B", "opd": "A,B,C,D", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Skin, Bones and Joints", "id": "4da5a3d3-e36c-4d4d-b943-e24de1b18781", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Naso Labial cyst is thought to arise from", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Remnants of cell rests of Serrae", "opb": "Remnants of cell rests of Malassez", "opc": "Remnants of cell rests of embryonic lacrimal duct", "opd": "Maxillary sinus lining epithelium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d33ed418-4498-4d0c-9399-6dd42986ca66", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromosome of RH gene is located in", "exp": "The Rh blood group antigens derive from 2 genes,RHD and RHCE, thatare located at chromosomal position 1p34.1-1p36 (chromosome 1, sho arm, region 3, band 4, subband 1, through band 6). In whites, a cde haplotype with a deletion of the whole RHDgene occurs with a frequency of approximately 40%. Refer robbins", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ch1", "opb": "Ch 3", "opc": "Ch 6", "opd": "Ch 9", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "eb1b0edb-bbec-4df6-bb4f-81a23e36f76d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The histological appearance of \"lava following around boulders in dentin dysplasia\" suggests", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Attempt to repair the defective dentin", "opb": "Abrupt arrest to dentin formation in crown", "opc": "Abnormal dentin formation in a disorganized fashion", "opd": "Cascades of dentin to form root", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "325b16cf-6400-439e-a16a-00a61f8b20c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pinpoint hemorrhages of < 1cm diameter are known as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Petechiae", "opb": "Ecchymoses", "opc": "Purpura", "opd": "Pustules", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9d4208b8-d9af-44df-85f7-f73ad3496484", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ham's test is used in Screening of", "exp": "Ham's test is the best screening test for paroxysmal nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "opb": "G6PD deficiency", "opc": "PNH", "opd": "Any hemolytic disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ba26731-403c-434e-89bc-e829fbf81f73", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diffuse mesangial and paramesangial dense deposits on electron microscopy are seen in", "exp": "Findings on electron microscopyMinimal change diseaseNo deposits are seenMPGN Type ISubendothelial dense depositsMPGN Type IIDense deposits on basement membraneIgA NephropathyType of diffuse mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with the involvement of mesangial cells and matrix without the involvement of capillary walls or luminaReference: Rosai and Ackerman's surgical pathology; 10th edition; Volume I; Page no: 1131", "cop": 3, "opa": "Minimal change disease", "opb": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis", "opc": "Ig A nephropathy", "opd": "Dense deposit disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "94af3b08-82c9-4681-b01c-8ccc5513a5e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Botryoid odontogenic cyst is a variant of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lateral periodontal cyst", "opb": "Apical periodontal cyst", "opc": "Gingival cysts of new born", "opd": "Gingival cysts of adult", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "34756a6f-26f6-46d5-81fb-f12b53fb4313", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "DNA repairs defect associated with aEUR'", "exp": "Xeroderma pigmentosum Genomic instability - enabler of malignancy The maintenance of integrity of information in D.N.A. molecule is of utmost impoance. Cells have developed elaborate mechanisms to monitor the integrity of the genetic material. A number of complex multisubunit enzyme systems are involved in repair of damaged DNA or to prevent any error during DNA synthesis. Despite the elaborate proofreading system employed during DNA synthesis, errors including base pairing or inseion of one to a few extra nucleotides can occur. In addition, DNA is constantly being subjected to environmental insults that cause the alteration or removal of nucleotide bases. - Base are also altered or lost spontaneously from mammalian DNA at a rate many thousands per cell per day. - If the damage is not repaired a permanent mutation (genomic instability) may be introduced that can result in any of a number of deleterious effects including loss of control over the proliferation of a mutated cell leading to cancer. Luckily cells are remarkably efficient at repairing damage done to their DNA. When there is a defect in DNA the cell cycle stops for a while, allowing the damaged DNA time for repair. If the DNA cannot be repaired it undergoes apoptosis. Most of the repair systems involve :? - Recognition of the damage on the DNA - Removal or excision of the damage - Replacement or, filling the gap left by excision using sister strand as template for DNA synthesis - Typically genomic instability occurs when both copies of the DNA repair gene are lost, however recent work has suggested that even a subset of these genes may promote cancer in haploinsufficient manner. Persons with defect in DNA repair continue to replicate damaged DNA rather than stopping to allow repair or undergoing apoptosis. -There are several inherited disorders in which genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair are defective. - Individuals born with such inherited defects in DNA repair proteins are at a greatly increased risk of developing cancer. - The defect in DNA repair protein leads to genomic instability which enables malignancy. - DNA repairing genes themselves are not oncogenic but their abnormalities allow mutations in other genes during the process of normal cell division. Three types of DNA repair defects contributes to different types of cancers Mismatch repair Nucleotide excision repairQ Recombination repair", "cop": 1, "opa": "Xeroderma pigmentosum", "opb": "Icthyosis", "opc": "Mosaicism", "opd": "??", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6be13dd-5d35-4ac7-931f-20f67074cb65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histological clefts in Lichen planus are", "exp": "In Lichen Planus, there is degeneration of keratinocytes of stratum basale (stratum germinativum) and disruption of anchoring elements of the epithelial basement membrane and basal keratinocytes (eg: Hemi desmosomes, filaments, fibrils). This weakens the epithelial-connective tissue interface resulting in formation of histologic clefts (i.e., Max-Joseph spaces).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Civatte bodies", "opb": "Wickham's Striae", "opc": "Max - Joseph spaces", "opd": "Auspitz's sign", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d17c09b7-4ac9-4ae7-913c-4159bb92964d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Wermer syndrome is", "exp": "Wermer syndrome is otherwise known as Multiple Endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). It is characterised by primary hyperparathyroidism,endocrine tumours of pancreas, and abnormalities of pituitary (primarily prolactinoma). It is due to germline mutation of MEN1 tumour suppressor gene,which encodes a protein called menin. (Ref :ROBBINS text book of pathology)", "cop": 1, "opa": "MEN1", "opb": "MEN IIA", "opc": "MEN IIB", "opd": "AIP", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b6471a2e-37d5-48c8-b393-462b3cb96e48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of renal papillary necrosis is", "exp": "Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla. Lesions that characterize renal papillary necrosis come from an impairment of the blood supply and from subsequent ischemic necrosis that is diffuse. In terms of cause, almost any condition that involves ischemia can lead to renal papillary necrosis. A mnemonic for the causes of renal papillary necrosis is (POSTCARDS: pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urogenital tract, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver, analgesia/alcohol abuse, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and systemic vasculitis.) Often, a patient with renal papillary necrosis will have numerous conditions acting synergistically to bring about the disease. Refer robbins 9/e936", "cop": 3, "opa": "Analgesic nephropathy", "opb": "Sickle cell disease", "opc": "Diabetes mellitus", "opd": "Chronic pyelonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "16bd5493-e24a-4d03-9118-29c666212ff5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ameloblastoma most frequently occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Mandibular molar region", "opb": "Maxillary molar region", "opc": "Mandibular premolar region", "opd": "Maxillary premolar region", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be69caae-4421-46fd-921d-01504e215c4b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA1 prevent tumorigenesis by acting as", "exp": "Answer: d) DNA repair factors (ROBBINS 9th ED, P-291)Tumor suppressor geneFamilial syndromesSporadic cancers Inhibitors of mitogenic signaling pothwaysAPCFamilial colonic polyps and carcinomasCarcinomas of stomach, colon, pancreas melanomaNF1Neurofibromatosis type 1Neuroblastomas juvenile myeloid leukemiaNF2Neurofibromatosis type 2 (Acoustic schwannomas, Meningiomas)Schwannomas MeningiomasPTCH (Patched)Gorlin syndrome (basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma)Basal cell carcinoma MedulloblastomaPTEN (Phosphatase and tensin)Cowden syndromeMany carcinomas and lymphoid tumorsSMAD2, SMAD4Juvenile polyposis syndromeColon and pancreatic cancerInhibitors of cell cycle progressionRBFamilial Retinoblastoma syndromeRetinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma Ca of breast, colon, lungCDKN2AFamilial melanomaPancreatic, breast, and esophageal carcinoma, melanoma Inhibitors of \"Pro-growth\" Programs of Metabolism and AngiogenesisVHLVHL syndromeRenal cell carcinomaSTK11Peutz-Jeghers syndromeVariety of cancersSDHB, SDHDFamilial paraganglioma Familial pheochromocytomaParagangliomaInhibitors of Invasion and MetastasisCDH1 (E-cadherin)Familial gastric cancerGastric cancer, Lobular breast cancerEnablers of Genomic StabilityTP53 (p53)Li-Fraumeni syndromeMost human cancers DNA Repair Factors BRCA1Familial breast and ovarian carcinoma; carcinomas of male breast; (but lower than BRCA2), Cancers of prostate, pancreas, fallopian tubeRareBRCA2Familial breast and ovarian carcinoma chronic lymphocytic leukemia male breast cancer, cancer of prostate, pancreas, stomach, gallbladder, bile duct, pharynx, melanoma,RareMSH2, MLH1, MSH6HNPCCColon and endometrial cancer Unknown mechanisms WT1Wilm's tumorWilm's tumorMEN 1Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1Pituitary, pancreatic, parathyroid tumors", "cop": 4, "opa": "Inhibitors of mitogenic signaling pathways", "opb": "Inhibitors of ceil cycle progression", "opc": "Inhibitors of Invasion and Metastasis", "opd": "DNA repair factors", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "8bfe7e4a-e05d-4db9-b117-dc3f5dd445bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Crushmann's spirals are seen in", "exp": "Bronchial asthma will show \n\nCurschmann's spirals : whorled mucus pluge in shape of tracheal ring.\nCharcot - Leyden crystals : crystalloid eosinophoil granule made up of eosinophilic protein called galectin-10.\nCreola bodies : These are individual epithelial cells in the sputum.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bronchial asthma", "opb": "Bronchiectasis", "opc": "Chronic bronchitis", "opd": "Wegner's granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7093364a-aac4-4b6f-917a-06b01290ffec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peripoal fatty infiltration of liver is seen with", "exp": "MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES. The pathologic features are common to both HBV and HCV infection and include the following lesions 1.Piecemeal necrosis. Piecemeal necrosis is defined as peripoal destruction of hepatocytes at the limiting plate (piecemeal = piece by piece). Its features in chronic hepatitis are as under: i)Necrosed hepatocytes at the limiting plate in peripoal zone. ii)Interface hepatitis due to expanded poal tract by infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. iii)Expanded poal tracts are often associated with proliferating bile ductules as a response to liver cell injury. 2.Poal tract lesions. All forms of chronic hepatitis are characterised by variable degree of changes in the poal tract. i)Inflammatory cell infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages (triaditis). ii)Proliferated bile ductules in the expanded poal tracts. iii)Additionally, chronic hepatitis C may show lymphoid aggregates or follicles with reactive germinal centre TEXT BOOK OF HARSH MOHAN SIXTH EDITION PAGE.611 IMAGE REF: TEXTBOOK OF HARSH MOHAN SIXTH EDITION FIG:21-13 PAGE 612", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alcoholism", "opb": "Viral hepatitis", "opc": "Malnutrition", "opd": "Tetracycline", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "272af7f7-d14e-4d0e-a171-2edf05820529", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Half life of IgG is", "exp": "Half-life of different immunoglobulins –\nIgG - About 22 to 25 days\nIgA - About 6 to 8 days\nIgM - About 5 days\nIgE - About 2 to 8 days\nIgD - About 3 days", "cop": 4, "opa": "1-5 days", "opb": "2-8 days", "opc": "6 days", "opd": "20-23 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "34458ddb-118d-42ea-97c0-a87ce363020f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The procedure done in cases of clinical suspicion of amyloidosis is", "exp": "The diagnosis of amyloidosis is confirmed by the presence of amyloid deposition in tissue biopsy specimen. A skin punch biopsy from the lesion is the preferred confirmatory procedure. The next best choice is needle biopsy from the abdominal subcutaneous fat from the clinically normal-appearing skin may be performed. The skin and abdominal fat biopsy provide positivity in 86% to 95% of amyloidosis cases, depending upon the type of amyloidosis.In case of clinical suspicion, congo red staining of abdominal fat or other tissue is advised.Ref: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 137 Amyloidosis; Page no: 720", "cop": 1, "opa": "Congo red staining of abdominal fat", "opb": "Renal biopsy", "opc": "Urine electrophoresis", "opd": "Serum immunoelectrophoresis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bc938929-be2c-4f6e-8dd7-2d6a0ea745ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Granular cell myoblastoma of tongue is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Benign tumor", "opb": "Malignant tumor of the tongue", "opc": "Lymphatic enlargement of the tongue", "opd": "Developmental anomaly of the tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "57dfa793-989d-4ab9-908b-2aefe885cf67", "choice_type": "single"}