Question: Feed forward control system is employed during the regulation of

Ans. (c) Temperature(Ref: UMP, 4th ed/RL Bijlani p.12)There is a control system in our body when no stimulus is required but still the system ANTICIPATES and makes corrective changes. Such a system is called Feed forward or Anticipatory or Adaptive ControlExamples of feed forward controlTemperature control - Thermoregulatory responses are initiated by hypothalamus BEFORE the changes in environmental temperature have succeeded in changing the body's core body temperatureCephalic phase of gastric secretion- Just thinking about food increases gastric acid productionThinking about exercise itself increases heart rate & respiratory rateRole of cerebellum in motor coordination


Question: Renin is secreted by

Ans. (d) Juxtaglomerular apparatus(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.672)Juxtaglomerular cells synthesize, store and release an enzyme called renin


Question: Kinemyography is used for

Kinomyography is used to moniter the neuromuscular functions In anesthesia neuromuscular blockage is monitered by this technique Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of Medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 76,77,78


Question: The reward or pleasure center is present in


Question: Delusion in delirium are

Delusion are only for sho time so transient in nature. It is the most characteristic feature of the delision. But they may be frightening in nature. So option A is the best answer.


Question: The parvocellular pathway from lateral geniculate body to visual coex carries signals for detection of

Parvocellular pathway carries signal for detection of colour vision, texture, shape, fine detail. Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 193


Question: Centre for anxiety, fear and emotions is

Amygdala is the centre for anxiety, aggression, fear and emotions


Question: Source of progesterone during normal menstrual cycle

Progesterone is a steroid sex hormone that is the principal progestational agent; it plays a major pa in the menstrual cycle. During the maturation of the secondary oocyte (ovum), estrogen, the principal female sex hormone, is produced at a high rate. At ovulation estrogen production is sharply reduced, and the ovary then creates within itself a special endocrine structure called the corpus luteum whose sole function is to produce progesterone.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-401


Question: Aldosterone mainly acts upon

Aldosterone is the main mineralocoicoid hormone secreted by the adrenal coex, the principal biological activity of which is the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by promoting the retention of sodium (and, therefore, of water) and the excretion of potassium; the retention of water induces an increase in plasma volume and an increase in blood pressure. Its secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II.Aldosterone is mineralocoicoid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal coex; its major action is to facilitate potassium exchange for sodium in the distal renal tubule, causing sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen loss.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-364


Question: A gamma nerve diameter is

A delta fibre diameter is 3-6 um. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 89; table 4-1.


Question: Von Willebrand factor is produced by

Von Willebrand factor is produced by platelets and endothelial cells Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 565


Question: Poiseuille's law is


Question: Pacemaker regulating the rate of respiration

The pre-Botzinger complex (preBotC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory group of the medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of the respiratory rhythm in mammals Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:370,371,372


Question: Serum prolactin levels are highest

Normaladult serum PRL levels are about10-25 mg/Linwomenand10-20 mg/L in men. PRL secretion is pulsatile, with the highest secretory peaks occurring during rapid eye movement sleep. Peak serum PRL levels (up to 30 mg/L) occur between 4:00 and 6:00 a.m. The circulating half-life of PRL is about 50 min.


Question: Cardiac output is determined by

Cardiac o/p=stroke volume*Hea rate Therefore cardiac o/p is collectively regulated by Stroke volume and Hea rate Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 514

Ratio of organ to total peripheral resistance


Question: Iron is absorbed actively in the

Most of the iron is absorbed in the upper pa of the small intestine: - Duodenum and adjacent jejunum contain most of the iron suitable for absorption. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition


Question: Normal AV delay of 0.1 seconds is due to

AV nodal fibers are small and have lesser gap junctions. This leads to AV nodal delay and slower conduction speed.


Question: In mature erythrocytes the major available anion is

In mature erythrocytes the major available anion is ClRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 523


Question: Visceral noxious stimuli is mediated by

Group C nerve fibers are one of three classes of nerve fiber in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The C group fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter and low conduction velocity. They include Postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV fiber). These fibers carry sensory information. Damage or injury to nerve fibers causes neuropathic pain. Capsaicin activates C fibers Vanilloid receptors, giving chili peppers a hot sensation.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 89


Question: Longest transit time in GIT is seen in

The transit time for Cecum- 4hrs, the first third of the colon -6hrs, the second third of the colon-9hrs, sigmoid colon-12hrs Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 499


Question: The quantity of water lost in expired air each 24 hrs is about


Question: The following special sense has no relay in hypothalamus

(D) Smell .> Axons from the olfactory sensory neurons converge in the olfactory bulb to form tangles called glomeruli (singular glomerulus). Inside the glomerulus, the axons contact the dendrites of mitral cells and several other types of cells.> Mitral cells send their axons to a number of brain areas, including the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, the medial amygdala, and the entorhinal cortex.


Question: Fuel for sperm motility


Question: Renal threshold value for glucose is

D. i.e. (180 mg%) (297-K- sembulingam 4th) (650- Gan 23rd) (710-711 - Ganong 22nd)* The renal threshold for glucose, the arterial blood level at which glycosuria (glucose inurine) is reached when the glucose concentration in venous plasma is usually about 180 mg /dL, but it may be higher if the glomerular filtration is low.* Tm value for glucose is 380 mg/minute in men 300 mg/min in women.* The predicted renal thresholdfor glucose would be approx 300 mg%. However, the actual renal threshold for glucose is about 200mg% of arterial plasma or 180 mg% of venous plasma (537-A.K. Jain 3rd).


Question: NO is secreted by

Nitric oxide, known as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), is biosynthesized endogenously from L-arginine, oxygen, and NADPH by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Reduction of inorganic nitrate may also serve to make nitric oxide. The endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels uses nitric oxide to signal the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, thus resulting in vasodilation and increasing blood flow. Nitric oxide is highly reactive (having a lifetime of a few seconds), yet diffuses freely across membranes. These attributes make nitric oxide ideal for a transient paracrine (between adjacent cells) and autocrine (within a single cell) signaling molecule.(Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 405)


Question: Circadian rhythm is controlled by

(A) Suprechiasmatic nuclei # CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS:> Most if not all living cells plants and animals have rhythmic fluctuations in their function that are about 24 hours in length - i.e., they are circadian.> Most of the cells in the body have circadian rythms.> In liver these are all other cells the rhythms are entrained by the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), one on either side, above the optic chiasm.> Have rhythmic fluctuations in their function that are about 24 hours in length--ie, they are circadian (L circa "about" + dia "day").> Normally they become entrained, ie, synchronized to the day-night light cycle in the environment.> If they are not entrained, they become progressively more out of phase with light-dark cycle because they are longer or shorter than 24 hours.> These nuclei receive information about the light-dark cycle via a special neural pathway, retinohypothalamic fibers that pass from the optic chiasm to the SCN.> Efferents from the SCN initiate neural & humoral signals that entrain a wide variety of well-known circadian rhythms. These include the rhythms in the secretion of ACTH and other pituitary hormones, the sleep-wake cycle, activity patterns, and the secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin.> Neurons in the SCN discharge rhythmically when removed from the body and cultured in vitro.> Genes in these neurons are activated diurnally, and their protein products enter the cytoplasm, where they modify cell function and thus neuronal discharge.


Question: Harmone associated with satiety is

α-MSH (α- Melanocyte Stimulating Harmone) is associated with satiety.
Orexin, Ghrelin, Neuropeptide-Y is associated with increased appetite.


Question: During 3rd month of gestation, hematopoiesis occurs in

From 3rd month of gestation liver and spleen become main site of hematopoiesis-Hepatic phaseSpleen makes smaller contribution compared to liverRef: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition page No:104


Question: Highest conduction rate in m/s is observed in


Question: Functions of cytoplasmic enzymes of RBC

Cytoplasmic enzymes of RBC are capable of metabolizing glucose and forming small amounts of adenosine triphosphate. Other functions of the enzymes: (1) Maintain the pliability of the cell membrane(2) Maintain membrane transpo of ions, (3) Keep the iron of the cells&; hemoglobin in the ferrous form rather than ferric form, and (4) Prevent oxidation of the proteins in the RBCs.Reference: Guyton Physiology; 13th edition; Page: 451

Maintain pliability of the cell membrane

Keeps the iron of the cells' hemoglobin in the ferric form rather than ferrous form

Causes oxidation of the proteins in the RBCs


Question: Tinel sign is indicative of

Tinel's sign : It records regeneration of nerve by Tapping on the nerve course from distal to proximal direction, tingling sensation is felt at the sprouting nerve ends till the distal course of the nerve (law of Projection)


Question: CO2 is primarily transported in the arterial blood as

CO2 in blood is mainly carried as bicarbonates.


Question: In the stomach, H+ ions are secreted in exchange for


Question: Heat loss from the body depends mostly on

The major factor effecting heat loss from the body are environmental conditions Radiation is the most common way by which heat is lost o the external environment Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:856,857,858


Question: Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia because

Hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin production

Oxygen carrying capacity of available haemoglobin is increased

Critical conc. Of Hb required to produce cyanosis is reduced


Question: In human body, the action of surfactant is done by

Dipalmitoylphoshatidylcholine is a phospholipid which along with proteins acts as surfactant.


Question: Group B nerve fibres are situated in

Types of nerve fibers
fibers are fast fibers.
-        Aα- Somatic motor to extrafusal fibers of muscle spindle, proprioception
-        Aβ- Kinesthetic, pressure and touch
-        Aγ- Motor to intrafusal fibers of muscle spindle
-        Aδ-  Pain, temperature, touch and pressure
-        B fibers- Autonomic preganglionic (Myelinated)
-        C fibers- Pain, temperature, autonomic postganglionic (mainly sympathetic)


Question: In the following diagram closure of Aoic valves if indicated by alphabet

At the end of DE segment which denotes slow ejection phase, ventricular systole ends and intraventricular pressure drops to less than the pressure in the aoa, at this point aoic valves close to prevent the backflow of blood into the left ventricle from aoa, this also produces S2 Ref : Ganong 25th ed/page 540


Question: Normal pH of human semen

Normal pH range of semen is: 7.35-7.50Ref: Ganong Review to medical physiology edition. 23 pg No:405


Question: Impulse generated in the tastebuds of the tongue reach the cervical cortex via the

A. i.e. (Thalamus) (189- Ganong 22nd) (224- Ganong 23rd)* All the afferent from the tongue, both of taste and general sensibility, travel along the same pathway to the thalamus and sensory cortex.TASTE PATHWAYS - Receptors for taste sensation are the type III cells of taste bud's* Third order neurons are in the posteroventral nucleus of the thalamus. The axons from the third order neurons project in to parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex* Taste center in the opercular insular cortex i.e. in lower part of post central gyrus* Recently Umami a fifth taste sense has been added to the four classical taste modalities {sweat, salt, sour and bitter.) This taste is pleasant and sweat but differs from the standard sweet taste.

Dorsal roots of the first cervical spinal nerve


Question: Herring Breuer reflex is an increase in

The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex, named for Josef Breuer and Ewald Hering, is a reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung. Pulmonary stretch receptors present on the wall of bronchi and bronchioles of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:365,366,367


Question: Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen due to

Ans is 'a' i.e. Decreased 2, 3 DPG concentration The unique feature of fetal hemoglobin is that it has higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.O2 saturation of the maternal blood in the placenta is so low that the fetus might suffer hypoxic damage if fetal redCells did not have a greater O2 affinity than adult red cells.This difference in O2 affinity between the two is because, fetal hemoglobin binds to 2, 3 DPG less effectively than adult hemoglobin.Binding of 2-3, DPG to the hemoglobin decreases its affinity for oxygen i.e., it shifts the O2dissociation curve to right.HbF reacts less with 2, 3 -DPG and so is able to bind O2 more tenaciously, accounting for the left shifted O2 dissociation curve at birth.Concentration of fetal hemoglobin at birth HbF - 70-80 % of total hemoglobin HbA - 30% of total hemoglobin

Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to right


Question: Contraction of muscle can be caused by

The process by which the contraction of muscle is brought about is a sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments. STEPS INCLUDE: Discharge of motor neuron.Release of transmitter (acetylcholine) at motor end-plateIncreased Na+ and K+ conductance in end-plate membraneGeneration of end-plate potential.Inward spread of depolarization along T tubulesRelease of Ca2+ from terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum and diffusion to thick and thin filaments Formation of cross-linkages between actin and myosin and sliding of thin on thick filaments, producing movement.(REF.GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY -23rd EDITION. Page No-100)


Question: "Air crescent" sign is seen in

"Air crescent" sign is seen in fungal ball or aspergilloma in a tubercular cavity. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 765


Question: A man working under conditions of high temperature should increase his intake of


Question: Calcium is stored in

Calcium is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum in the skeletal and cardiac muscles Calcium plays a major role in muscle contraction Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 85 ,86,87


Question: Memory needed for repetitive skills is

Implicit memory is subdivided into 4 types. Procedural memory includes skills and habits, which once acquired becomes unconscious and automatic. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:290.


Question: Peristalsis of ureter depends on

D i.e. Pacemaker activity in smooth muscles of renalcalycesWalls of renal calyces & pelvis contain specialized smooth muscle with inherent pacemaker activityQ. Urine flowing from collecting duct into renal calyces stretches it and increases their inherent pacemaker activity which inturn initiates peristaltic contractionsQ that spread to renal pelvis & then downwards along the length of ureter.Walls of ureter contain smooth muscle and are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves as well as by intramural plexus of neurons. As with other smooth muscles, peristaltic contractions in ureter are enhanced by parasympathetic stimulation & inhibited by sympathetic stimulationQ

Pacemaker in smooth muscle of renal calyces


Question: The diameter of Type C fibers is

Unmyelinated fibers carrying pain, itch, temperature, and crude touch sensations (0.5 to 2 micrometers in diameter; they are type C fibers in the generalclassification).Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 47 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information


Question: The principal site of acidification of urine is

The cells of the proximal and distal tubules secrete hydrogen ions. Acidification also occurs in the collecting ducts. The reaction that is primarily responsible for H+ secretion in the proximal tubules is Na+-H+ exchange. Na is absorbed from the lumen of the tubule and H is excreted. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:504,505,506


Question: Fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for O2 due to

Oxygen dissociation curve shifted to right


Question: Most diffusible ion across the membrane is

The resting membrane potential is close to the Nernst potential for K+, the ion to which the membrane is most permeable. .


Question: The parvocellular pathway, from die lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual coex, carries signals for the detection of

From the lateral geniculate nucleus, a magnocellular pathway and a parvocellular pathway project to the visual coex. The parvocellular pathway, from layers 3-6, carries signals for color vision, texture, shape, and fine detail. The parvocellular pathway also carries color opponent data to the deep pa of layer 4.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition


Question: Chemoreceptor reflex primarily causes

Peripheral aerial chemoreceptors in the carotid and aoic bodies have very high rates of blood flow. These receptors are primarily activated by a reduction in paial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), but they also respond to an increase in the paial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and pH. Chemoreceptors exe their main effects on respiration; however, their activation also leads to vasoconstriction. Central chemoreceptors - rise in blood pressure causes a reflex decrease in hea rate the aerial baroreceptors. This is why bradycardia rather than tachycardia. Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 593


Question: The transition temperature of lipid bilayers of the cell membrane is increased by

The temperature at which the crystalline or gel-like state of membrane structures turns into fluid-like the state is known as Transition temperature. Higher the transition temperature, lower the fluidity of the membrane. The transition temperature is increased maximum by the more saturated fatty acids which interact with each other through their long chains strongly and results in lesser fluidity.


Question: Breast milk has more............. in comparison to cow&;s milk

CONSTITUENTS BREAST MILK COW&;S MILKProteins 11 gm/L 33 gm/LNon protein 0.3 gm/L 0.32 gm/LLipid 35 gm/L 35 gm/LCarbohydrates70 gm/L 50 gm/L Lactose 62 gm/L50 gm/L Nitrogenous oligosaccharides 8 gm/L0Minerals2 gm/L 8 gm/LCalcium 0.33 gm/L1 gm/LPhosphorus 0.15 gm/L1 gm/LIron 0.4-1.5 mg/L0.3-0.5 mg/L Vitamin C60 mg/L20 mg/LVitamin D50 Ul25 UI Energy 720 kcal650 kcal


Question: 3rd hea sound is d/t

A soft, low-pitched third sound is heard about one-third of the way through diastole in many normal young individuals. It coincides with the period of rapid ventricular filling and is probably due to vibrations set up by the inrush of blood. Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page:542 first sound-beginning of systole- Causes- sudden closure of av valves. Rapid increase in tension in the ventricular muscles during isometric contraction acting on filled ventricles. Turbulence created in the blood due to ventricular contraction. second sound-end of clinical systole - closure of semilunar valves. Rush of blood into the ventricles due to opening of AV valves contributes. Third sound- vibration setup in the ventricle during the early period of rapid ventricular filling. fouh sound- causes-atrial contraction. Vibration setup within the ventricle due to inflow of blood produced by atrial systole.


Question: Clamping of the carotid aeries below (proximal) the carotid sinus is likely to produce

Ans. a. Increased HR & BPDue to increased vasomotor center activity.

Increase in blood pressure and increase in hea rate

Decrease in blood pressure and decrease in hea rate

Increase in blood pressure and decrease in hea rate

Decrease in blood pressure and increase in hea rate


Question: Menopausal hot flushes occur due to

Hot flashes (also known as hot flushes) are a form of flushing due to reduced levels of estradiol.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-400


Question: In the stomach, H+ ions are secreted in exchgHjjii for

H+ ions are generated inside parietal cells from metabolic CO2 & H2O present in cell in the presence of enzyme carbonic anhydrase. -The enzyme accelerates the formation of H2CO3 which dissociates to release H+ & HCO3-. -The H+ ions generated are then secreted into the lumen of the canaliculi in exchange for K+ by a primary active transpo mediated by a H+-K+-AT Pase pump. Ref: Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana


Question: Outer membrane action potential is maintained by influx of

Outer membrane action potential is maintained by influx of K+ Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:66,67,68


Question: Eagle effect is seen in

Some microbes demonstrate a curious response to b-lactam antibiotics known as Eagle-effect. Eagle-effect positive enterococci exhibit their greatest bactericidal response to penicillins at a concentration just above the MIC of the antibiotic, as concentration of P is increased above this value,bactericidal effect against enterococci is decreased. It is their unusual resistance to antibiotics - single outstanding characteristics.


Question: Left lobe is responsible for


Question: Measurement of anatomic dead space is by

The anatomic dead space can be measured by analysis of the single-breath N2 curves. From mid-inspiration, the subject takes as deep a breath as possible of pure O2, then exhales steadily while the N2 content of the expired gas is continuously measured. The initial gas exhaled (phase I) is the gas that filled the dead space and that consequently contains no N2. This is followed by a mixture of dead space and alveolar gas (phase II) and then by alveolar gas (phase III). The volume of the dead space is the volume of the gas expired from peak inspiration to the midpoion of phase II.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 600


Question: Surfactant synthesis stas after about

Surfactant is synthesized and secreted by Type II alveolar epithelial cells, also called pneumocytes, which differentiate between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation in the human Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:312,313,314


Question: Normal acid level in stomach is


Question: Resting membrane potential of Myocytes is


Question: Elimination of waste product from a normal person requires minimal amount of urine of

Ans. (b) 500 ml(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.685)A normal 70kilogram human must excrete about 600mOsm of solute every dayWe know that the maximum concentrating ability of kidney is 1200mOsmSo, the minimal volume of urine that must be excreted is 600/1200=0.5L/day or 500 ml/dayThis 500 ml/day is needed to excrete 600mOsm of solute


Question: Pacemaker regulating the rate of respiration is

Pre-Botzinger complex initiates the respiratory rhythm, consists of six group of neurons that functions as "central pattern generator " for initiation of respiration. Located in the ventrolateral medulla. Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 655


Question: Vestibulo ocular reflex concerned with

Flocculonodular lobe is phylogenetically the oldest pa of cerebellum has vestibular connections and is concerned with equilibrium and eye movements ie vestibulo ocular reflex.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:257.


Question: In renal glycosuria, the renal threshold for glucose

A i.e., LowTranspo Maximum (T.)For most substance that are actively reabsorbed or secreted there is a maximum rate at which the solute can be transpoedQ ofter k/a transpo maximum. This limit is d/t saturation of specific transpo system.Tm for kidney in practice is less than calculated value (i.e.,threshold of substance is less than its Tm) because, not all nephrons have the same Tm and some of the nephron excrete substance before others have reached their TmQ. It is impoant to know that overall Tm of substance for kidney is reached when all nephrons have reached their capacity to reabsorb or secrete that substance.Tm for glucose in normal adult is - 375 mg/minQ, whereas its filtered load is only 125mg/min (GFR x Plasma glucose = 125 ml/min x 1 mg/ml). With large increase in plasma glucose &/or GFR, which increase the filtered load above 375 mg/min, the excess glucose filtered is not reabsorbed & passes into urine. However, even when the plasma glucose concentration rises above 200 mg/100m1 (2mg/m1) (so filtered load is 250 mg/min, which is less than Tm), a small amount of glucose appears in urine. This is known as threshold of glucose. So renal threshold of substance is the plasma level at which it first appears in urine in more than the normal minute volumes.Substances that do not exhibit Tm Substances that are passively reabsorbed do not demonstrate Tm, because their rate is determined by electrochemical gradient, permeability, & time that solute remains within tubule eg. are urea, chlorideQ, water Some actively transpoed substance also have electrochemical gradient- time transpo. e.g. is Na reabsorption in PCTQ. However in DCT (where epithelium has much tighter junction & so transpoing only small amounts of Na+) sodium reabsorption exhibits Tm.


Question: The repolarization phase of an action potential is due to

There is a decrease in sodium permeability (inactivation of the sodium channels) and a delayed increased in potassium permeability during the repolarization phase of the action potential. The pump plays no direct role in the action potential.

Increasing sodium permability and increasing potassium permeability

Increasing sodium permeability and decreasing potassium permeability

Decreasing sodium permeability and an immediate increasing potassium permeability

Decreasing sodium permeability and a delayed increase potassium permeability


Question: Cardiac output is increased in

Conditions that increase cardiac output exercise Anxiety Emotion and excitement Increased environmental temperature After eating Pregnancy Conditions that decrease cardiac output standing from lying posture Excessive sweating. Conditions that do not change cardiac output sleep Mild to moderate change in environmental temperature Ref: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GK PAL VOLUME 2 PAGE 788


Question: On spirometry decreased fevl normal FVC, increased TLC , decreased DLco2 diagnosis is

(B) (Emphysema) (431 -A-K-Jain 5th (735-sembulingam 6th (653-Davidson 224)How to interpret respiratory function abnormalities AsthmaChronic bronchitisEmphvsemaPulmonary fibrosisFEV1|||||||VC||-|||FEV1/VC|||-/|TL co--||||K co-/|-|-/|TLC-/|||||RV-/|||||(RV=Residual Volume; see text for other abbreviations)Bronchial Asthma -Residual volume andfunctional residual capacity (FRC) are increased* There is reduction in1. Tidal volume2. Vital capacity3. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEVj)4. Alveolar ventilation5. Partial pressure of oxygen in blood* Carbon dioxide accumulates, resulting in acidosis, dyspnea and cyanosisDiffusing capacity (DLco) useful for assessing disease affecting the alveolar-capillary bed or pulmonary vascular (1591-92-H 17th)A. Decreased DLco1. Interstitial lung disease2. Emphysema3. Pulmonary vascular disease (recurrent pulmonary emboli or primary pulmonary hypertension)B. Increased DLco1. Congestive heart failure2. Alveolar haemorrhage in good pasture syndromePulmonary compliance increased in express the distensibility (expensibility) of the lung and chest wall)* Emphysema* Ageing* Increased surfactants (|surface tension)* Dead space measured by- Nitrogen washout method* Measurement of functional Residual capacity (FRC)A. Open circuit method-Nitrogen washout methodB. Closed circuit method- Helium Dilution Technique* Diffusion capacity of lung Is measured by- carbon monoxide method


Question: Main organ for biological clock is

Hypothalamic control of circadian rhythm: A large number of physiologic rhythms ( body temperature, sleep-wakefulness, coisol secretion among a host of others ) in the body run to a cyclic pattern that is approximately 25 hours long. These rhythms are entrained to 24 hours due to environmental signals such as light and darkness. These signals are called zeitgebers. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to be responsible for the rhythmicity of these circadian cycles(Ref: Guyton & Hall Textbook of medical physiology- a south Indian edition 2014 pg no: 812)


Question: ICG angiography is primarily indicated in

We recommend ICG with some enthusiasm for identifying feeder vessels in age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascular membranes, chronic central serous retinopathy, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, vasculitis, acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 643


Question: Heschl's gyrus in the brain contains

Answer: c) Primary auditory cortex.* Area 41 is the primary auditory cortex; area 42 is the associative (secondary) auditory cortex.* Together, these areas are referred to as Heschl's gyrus.* They receive input (via the auditory radiations) from the medial geniculate.* The surrounding temporal cortex (area 22) is the auditory association cortex. In the posterior part of area 22 (in the posterior third of the superior temporal gyrus) is Wernicke's area, which plays an important role in the comprehension of language.* The remaining temporal areas are multimodal association areas.BRODMANN AREA* Primary motor. A- precentral gyrus -Area 4* Premotor area- Area 6* Primary visual area-Area 17* Visual association area- Area 18,19* Primary auditory area - Area 41* Auditory association area- Area 22 (Wernicke's Area), Area 42,* Frontal eye field- Area 8 & 6* Broca's area- Area 44* Primary sensory area- -Area 3,1,2* Somato sensory association area (posterior parietal cortex)- area 5,7


Question: Core body temperature is closest to

(A) Rectal [Ganong22-251; 19th*-239/# Rectal temperature is representative of the temperature at the core of the body and varies least with changes in environmental temperature. Oral temperature is normally 0.5 degC lower than the rectal temperature, but it is affected by many factors, including ingestion of hot or cold fluids, gum-chewing, smoking, and mouth breathing.


Question: &;V' wave in JVP is due to

The V wave mirrors the rise in atrial pressure before the tricuspid valve opens during diastole.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 25th edition.Pg no. 542


Question: In cardiac cycle, opening of mitral valve occurs at the

At the end of isovolumetric relaxation, when right atrial pressure becomes more than right ventricle, mitral valve opens.


Question: Respiration stops in the last stage of expiration, in forced expiration because of

There is dynamic compression of the small airways during forceful expiration.


Question: Total lung capacity depend on

Lung compliance TLC is the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible inspiratory effo. TLC = IRV +TV + ERV+RV Q= IC + RV Q


Question: Greatest stimulator for ADH secretion

Antidiuretic hormone is the hormone secreted by cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior pituitary for release as necessary; it stimulates contraction of the muscular tissues of the capillaries and aerioles, raising the blood pressure, and increases peristalsis, exe some influence on the uterus, and influences resorption of water by the kidney tubules, resulting in concentration of urine. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-313


Question: The blobs of the visual coex are associated with

The visual coex has six layers. The axons from the LGB neurons end on pyramidal cells in layer 4 which in turn project primarily to more superficial layers (layers 2 and 3). These layers contain &;clusters&; of cells, called blobs which contain high concentration of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase. These are concerned with colour vision.Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition


Question: Nerve fibres involved in proprioception


Question: Maximum potassium ions secretion is seen in

Saliva Maximum potassium secretion are: (1) Colon & rectum = 85 meq/l (2) Saliva = 25 meq/l (3) Others = 5 meq/l Now if we look at the total secretions: Colonic secretions = 200 ml/day so Potassium = 17 meq/day Salivary secretions = 2 litres/day so potassium = 50 meq/day Others = 5-6 litres/day so potassium = 25-30 meq/day But since colon excretes body fluids and saliva secretes body fluids: Max daily potassium secretion is Saliva Max daily potassium excretion is Colon. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 400,401,402


Question: Tone of LES is maintained by

Acetylcholine and tachykinins are involved in the LOS contraction acting through acetylcholine M3 and tachykinin NK2 receptors. Nitric oxide can also be involved in the regulation of LOS contraction. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:443,444,445


Question: Phantom limp sensation are best described by

Ans. (d) Law of projection(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.171)Law of projection:This law states that "No matter where a particular sensory pathway is stimulated along its course to the cortex, the conscious sensation produced is referred to the location of the receptor"This law explains phantom pain wherein Some of these patients may complain of pain and proprioceptive sensations in the absent limb following amputation


Question: In cell membrane, on the basis of mass, proteins and lipids are present at a ratio of

According to 'Principles of Medical Physiology', "The cell membrane contains proteins and lipids in 50:50 ratios. This refers to the ratio of their masses and not numbers".


Question: 5 percent dextrose is

Dextrose is a white soluble sweet-tasting crystalline solid that is the dextrorotatory isomer of glucose, occurring widely in fruit, honey, and in the blood and tissue of animals. Formula: C6H12O6. Also called: grape sugar or dextroglucose. Administering a 5% sugar solution peri- and postoperatively usually achieves a good balance between starvation reactions and hyperglycemia caused by sympathetic activation. D5W (5% dextrose in water), which consists of 278 mmol/L dextroseRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition


Question: HCI Secretion in gastric phase is increases by

Ans. (c) Gastrin(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.457)Three major factors that increase gastric acid secretion are,#Histamine - paracrine factor (released from a nearby ECL cell)#Gastrin - Endocrine factor (Released by G cells into blood that reaches parietal cells)#Acetylcholine - Neurocrine factor (released by vagal nerve endings)


Question: The most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice and may occur in up to 15% to 25% of hospitalized patients.


Question: Lysozymes are found in

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles formed from Golgi complex. They are released at the site of inflammation to digest cellular debris. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY)


Question: Nonshivering thermogenesis is due to

Non-shivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) that is present in all eutherians (swine being the only exception currently known). Brown adipose tissue has a unique uncoupling protein (thermogenin, also known as uncoupling protein 1) that allows the uncoupling of protons moving down their mitochondrial gradient from the synthesis of ATP, thus allowing the energy to be dissipated as heat. It is due to norepinephrine. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:885,886,887


Question: The main site of bicarbonate reabsorption is

Ans. (a) Proximal convoluted tubule(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.679)Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs,2/3rd (67%) of filtered sodium chloride (NaCl)2/3rd (67%) of filtered water2/3rd (67%) of filtered potassium (K+)2/3rd (67%) of filtered urea70 % of filtered calcium80 % of Filtered phosphate and bicarbonate100% of filtered glucose and amino acids


Question: Iodine uptake is seen in the following organs

Ans. B Thyroida. Iodine Trapping (Iodine pump)b. Iodide uptake is a critical first step in the thyroid hormone synthesis by the thyroid.c. Iodide uptake from circulation, is mediated by Na+/I- symporter (NIS), which is expressed at the basolateral membrane of the thyroid follicular cells. It is an example of secondary active transport.d. The rate of iodide trapping by the thyroid is influenced by several factors, the most important being the cone of TSH (i.e. TSH stimuliltes iodide uptake)e. Low Level of NIS are also present in the salivary glands, lactating breast and placenta.f. "The salivary glands, the gastric mucosa, the placenta, the ciliary body of the eye, the choroid plexus. And the mammary glands also transport iodide against a concentration gradient but their uptake is notg. affected by TSH. Diiodotyrosine is formed in mammary tissues but T4 and T3 are not".h. Low Iodine levels increase the amount of NSI and stimulate uptake, whereas high iodine levels suppress NIS expression and uptake.i. Excess iodide transiently inhibits thyroid iodide organification, a phenomenon known as theWOLFF-CHAIKOFF-EFFECT.Another iodide transporter, PENDRIN, is located on the apical surface of thyroid cells and mediates iodine EFFLUX into the lumen. Mutation of the PENDRIN gene causes Pendred syndrome , a disorder C/B a. defective organification of iodide b. goiter, and c. SN deafness.


Question: Myoglobin binds with

Myoglobin is specialized for sustained muscular contraction. It has only one heme group and does not show Bohr effect.


Question: Thirst is activated bya) Increased Angitension II levelb) Extracellular hyperosmolarityc) Increaed ANP levelsd)  Increased Renin levels

When plasma osmolarity increases, the Osmoreceptors are activated which results in increased thirst. Similarly, when hypovolemia occurs, Renin-Angiotensin mechanism gets activated which causes increase in Angiotensin II that stimulates the satiety centre.


Question: Least amount of co2 is in

Ans. (a) Anatomical dead space-end inspiration phase(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.630)Anatomical dead space containing atmospheric air at the end of inspiration will have the least amount of CO2 - because atmospheric air has negligible CO2 Anatomical dead space-end expiration phase: Here alveolar gas rich in CO2 occupies the Anatomical dead space dead space areaAlveolar air contains a mixture of O2 from the inspired air and CO2 which is continuously added to it to exhale out


Question: Secretin is secreted by

Secretin is secreted by 'S' cells that are located deep in the glands of the mucosa of the upper portion of the small intestine (especially, in the mucosa of duodenum and jejunum). On liberation into portal venous blood via systemic circulation, it reaches pancreatic tissue to stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice.
Note: Secretin is secreted in duodenum, but acts on duct cells of pancreas to stimulate alkaline pancreatic juice secretion.


Question: Striatum damage affects priming

Implicit memory is subdivided into 4 types. Procedural memory includes skills and habits, which one acquired become unconscious and automatic. Priming is facilitation of recognition of words or objects by prior exposure to them. Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 290


Question: Binding of O2 to hemoglobin reduces its affinity for CO2 by

Haldane effectBecause deoxyhemoglobin binds more H+ than oxyhemoglobin does and forms carbamino compounds more readily, binding of O2 to hemoglobin reduces its affinity for CO2The decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls is called the Bohr effect and is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)CHLORIDE SHIFT: Because the rise in the HCO3- content of red cells is much greater than that in plasma as the blood passes through the capillaries, about 70% of the HCO3- formed in the red cells enters the plasma. The excess HCO3- leaves the red cells in exchange for Cl- Ref: 23rd Edition of Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology page no: 612


Question: Thrombosthenin is a/an

Ans. is 'b' is Contractile protein Thrombosthenin is a contractile protein found within platelets. It helps the platelets to contract during clot formation.Other contractile proteins found within platelets are-Actin andMyosin molecules

Protein for regulating platelets production


Question: Citrate is a useful anticoagulant because of its ability to

Buffer basic groups of coagulation factors


Question: Pulmonary circulation differs from systemic circulation

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), also known as the Euler-Liljestrand mechanism, is a physiological phenomenon in which small pulmonary aeries constrict in the presence of alveolar hypoxia (low oxygen levels). Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 354,355,356


Question: Prolactin is synthesized in

Prolactin- a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the growth of breast tissue and stimulates and sustains milk production in postpaum mammals, and shows luteotropic activity in ceain mammals. Called also lactogenic hormone and mammotropin.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-416


Question: Starling’s law of the heart

Starling pointed this out when he stated that the “energy of contraction is proportional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fiber” (Starling’s law of the heart or the Frank–Starling law ).
For the heart, the length of the muscle fibers (ie, the extent of the preload) is proportional to the end-diastolic volume.
The relation between ventricular stroke volume and end diastolic volume is called the Frank–Starling curve.

Explains the increase in heart rate produced by exercise.

Explains the increase in cardiac output that occurs when venous return is increased.


Question: Normal intraabdominal pressure is

The abdomen behaves as a hydraulic system with a normal IAP of about 5-7 mmHg, and with higher baseline levels in morbidly obese patients of about 9-14 mmHg. Measuring IAP the bladder in the supine position is still the accepted standard method, but in patients in the semi-recumbent position (head of the bed elevated to 30 degrees and 45 degrees ), the IAP on average is 4 and 9 mmHg, respectively. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology


Question: Maximum pressure in right ventricle seen is

Peak pressures in the left and right ventricles are about 120 and 25 mm Hg, respectively.Reference: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology; 25th edition; Page no: 538


Question: The enzyme primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery is

Three different deiodinases act on thyroid hormones: D1, D2, and D3. All are unique in that they contain the rare amino acid selenocysteine, with selenium in place of sulfur, which is essential for their enzymatic activity. D1 is present in high concentrations in the liver, kidneys, thyroid, and pituitary. It appears primarily to be responsible for maintaining the formation of T3 from T4 in the periphery. D2 is present in the brain, pituitary, and brown fat. D3 is also present in the brain and in reproductive tissues. It acts only on the 5 position of T4 and T3 and is probably the main source of 3 in the blood and tissues.


Question: Tachycardia is caused by hypoxia due to

Tachycardia and vasodilation occur secondary to hyperventilation in cases of hypoxia. Central chemoreceptors do not have a role in hypoxia. Activation of peripheral chemoreceptors excites medullary vagal centre and causes Bradycardia.

Reflexly through peripheral chemoreceptors


Question: Brodmann&;s area number for somatosensory area

The cerebral hemisphere is divided into several areas, called Brodmann Areas. Each cerebral hemisphere contains a total of &;47&; such areas. The area between central sulcus and postcentral sulcus is called postcentral gyrus; the sensory area of the brain (area 3, 1, 2).(Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition)


Question: Concentration of sodium channel in nerve in per square foot is

In myelinated neurons most sodium channels are present at nodes of ranvier Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:72,73


Question: Bicarbonate is absorbed

Ans. (c) Indirectly PCT(Ref: Ganongy 25th ed/p.679)For every H+ ion secreted out, one bicarbonate ion is resorbed indirectly in PCT


Question: Ablation of the `somatosensory area I' of the cerebral cortex leads to

Somatosensory cortex lesion - proprioception and tactile sensations are lost while pain and temperature sensations are preserved.

Loss of tactile localization but not of two point discrimination

Loss of tactile localization and two point discrimination


Question: Massage and the application of liniments to painful area in the body relieves pain due to

Ans. (d) Inhibition by large myelinated afferent fibers(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.172)Massaging and applying counterirritants over the injured area relieves pain. The reason being gate-control mechanism of pain modulation

Stimulation of endogenous analgesic system

Release of endorphins by the first order neurons in the brain stem

Release of glutamate and substance P in the spinal cord


Question: Daily salivary secretion is

The amount of saliva that is produced in a healthy person per day; estimates range from 0.75 to 1.5 litres per day while it is generally accepted that during sleep the amount drops to nearly zero. In humans, the submandibular gland contributes around 70-75% of secretion, while the parotid gland secretes about 20-25% and small amounts are secreted from the other salivary glands. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 400,401,402


Question: Baroreceptor stimulation would result in

Baroreceptor stimulation would result in decreased sympathetic discharge to hea.. The baroreceptors are stretch receptors in the walls of the hea and blood vessels. Baroreceptor stimulation, by distension of the structures they are located in, inhibits the tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves and excites the vagal innnervation of the hea. Thus leading to: Vasodilatation and venodilatation Hypotension Bradycardia Decrease in cardiac output Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition PGno: 577,578


Question: Interaction of histamine with  H2 receptor in parietal cell results in

Increase in intracellular Na+ concentration

Increase in intracellular CAMP production

Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration


Question: Adequate oxygen is delivered to the tissues in

- In hypoxic, anemic, and stagnant types of hypoxia, oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced. In histotoxic hypoxia, oxygen delivered to tissues is normal; however, tissues are unable to utilize the oxygen.


Question: Bainbridge reflex is due to

Ref:- Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 13th ed; pg num:- 268


Question: The principle that is the spinal cord dorsal roost are sensory and the ventral roots are motor is known as

Ans. (b) Bell-Magendie Law(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.229)Bell-Magendie law:#This law states that "Spinal dorsal roots contain sensory fibers and ventral roots contain motor fibers"


Question: Salivary secretion is by

Salivary secretion is by Na+, Cl– reabsorption  and K+, HCO3– secretion.


Question: Nerve Conduction is slowest in

Ans. (a) C fibers(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.94)A a - highest conduction velocity (70 - 120 m/s)C fibers - slowest conduction velocity (0.5 - m/s)


Question: In the mucosal cells, triglycerides are formed primarily in the

Golgi apparatus is directed at proper glycosylation of proteins and lipids. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, PAGE NO - 46)


Question: Role of Vitamin K for activation in clotting cycle

Vitamin K is an essential factor to a liver carboxylase that adds a carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on five of the impoant clotting factors: prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, and protein C. Upon adding the carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on the immature clotting factors, vitamin K is oxidized and becomes inactive. Another enzyme, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKOR c1), reduces vitamin K back to its active form.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:490


Question: Erythropoietin secretion decreases in

(Highly crushed renal disease) (677-Ganong 23rd) (459-60-GN) (422-23-Guyton 11th) (72-A.K. Jain 3rd)ERYTHROPOIETIN is a glycoprotein, secreted by peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The principal site of inactivation of erythropoietin is the liver.* * Hypoxia is the main stimulant for the secretion of erythropoitin* Secretion of the hormone is fascilitated by alkalosis that develops at high altitudes* Both norepinephrine and epinephrine and several of the prostaglandins stimulate erythropoietin production (385-Gyton 10th)Anemia in CRF caused by decreased erythropoietin secretion (376-Gyton 10th)Patients with severe CRF, (when renal mass is reduced) or nephrectomy, almost always develop anaemia. The most important cause of this is decreased renal secretion of erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. If the kidneys are seriously damaged, they are unable to form adequate quantities of erythropoietin, which leads to diminished red blood cell production and consequent anemia.Factors affecting Erythropoietin productionIncreaseDecrease1. Hypoxia due to haemorrhage, high altitude, Cardio respiratory disturbance methaemoglobin excess2. Vasoconstrictor agent (Catecholamines) due to renal hypoxia3. Nucleotides eg cAMP NAD an NADP4. Products of RBC destruction called haemolysates5. Hormones - Thyroxine, Anterior pituitary hormone, androgens6. Others Cobalt salts1. Oestrogena. Decrease hepatic synthesis of globinb. Depress the erythropoietic response to hypoxiaThis is why in female, RBC count is less as compared to males2. Chronic renal disease3. Protein deficiency4. Cirrhosis of liver5. Chronic inflammatory diseases


Question: The exchange of gases between plasma and tissue fluid is a function of


Question: Synaptic conduction is mostly ohodromic because

Chemical mediator is located only in the presynaptic terminal An axon can conduct the impulse in either direction. When an action potential is initiated in the middle of an axon, 2 impulses traveling in opposite directions are set up by electronic depolarization on either side of the initial current sink. In living animals, impulses normally pass in one direction only Q (from synaptic junctions or receptors along axons to their termination). Such conduction is called ohodromic. Conduction in the opposite direction is called antidromic. Q Since synapses, unlike axons, permit conduction in 1 direction only, any antidromic impulse that they set up fail to pass the first synapse they encounter and die out at that point Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:675,676,677

Once repolarized, an area cannot be depolarized

The strenhth of antidromic impulse is less


Question: Anion gap is mostly due to

Anion gap is mainly caused by plasma albumin.


Question: Motor area of Bradman is area


Question: The lateral zones of cerebellum are associated with

Dentate nucleus is associated with Cerebrocerebellum which correspond to lateral zone of cerebellum Ref: Ganong , 25th edition/ page 248


Question: Calculate the filtration,if GFR = 125 ml / min and renal plasma = 625 ml / min


Question: The cell bodies of orexinergic neurons are present in

Brains from humans with narcolepsy often contain fewer hypocretin (orexin) producing neurons in the hypothalamus. hypothalamic neurons release orexin to play a role inswitching between sleep and wakefulness Ganongs review of medical physiology;26rd edition;pg:268,273


Question: Neurophysiological defects due to damage of left hemisphere in left handed person includes

In left handed person, left hemisphere is the dominant or categorial hemisphere.
It damage leads to dyscalculia.


Question: Umami taste is evoked by

Glutamic acid is responsible for umami taste Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 713,714,715


Question: I cells secrete

-Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by cells in the mucosa of the upper small intestine. It has a plethora of actions in the gastrointestinal system, but the most impoant appear to be the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, the contraction of the gallbladder (the action for which it was named), and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, which allows both bile and pancreatic juice to flow into the intestinal lumen. -Gastrin is produced by cells called G cells in the antral poion of the gastric mucosa -Secretin is secreted by S cells that are located deep in the glands of the mucosa of the upper poion of the small intestine -Motilin is secreted by enterochromaffin cells Reference ; GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23RD EDITION Pg 745,746,747


Question: Gastric emptying sequence into duodenum

Food rich in carbohydrate leaves the stomach in a few hours. Protein-rich foods leave more slowly and emptying is slowest after a meal containing fat. Hyperosmotic contents in duodenum decrease gastric emptying. CCK is also an inhibitor of gastric emptying (Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 473)


Question: Collagen present in basement membrane


Question: Agnosia is caused by lesion of

Agnosia is the general term used for inability to recognise objects by a paicular sensory modality even though the sensory modality itself is intact. Lesions producing these defects are in parietal lobe especially when they are in the representational hemisphere. Ref:Ganongs Review of medical physiology;23 rd edition ; pg :296


Question: Sulfation factor is

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene.IGF-1 has also been referred to as a "sulfation factor" and its effects were termed "nonsuppressible insulin-like activity" (NSILA).Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor(SRIF)Gastric inhibitory polypeptide(GIP) Gastrin inhibitory peptide hormone is produced by the pancreas, that is secreted in response to oral- but not parenteral administration ofnutrients-eg, glucose and lipids. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP) a polypeptide hormone secreted most commonly by non-b islet cell tumors of the pancreas; VIP increases the rate of glycogenolysis and stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion; excess production causes copious watery diarrhea and fecal electrolyte loss, with hypokalemia and hypochlorhydria.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-327


Question: Kidney produces

In adults, about 85% of the erythropoietin comes from the kidneys and 15% from the liver.In most mammals, the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin. Aldosterone is synthesized by adrenal coex.Circulating angiotensinogen is found in the a2-globulin fraction of the plasma (Figure 39-6). It contains about 13% carbohydrate and is made up of 453 amino acid residues. It is synthesized in the liver with a 32-amino-acid signal sequence that is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition, page no: 277, 347, 670, 677


Question: Splenectomy is expected to cause

Splenectomy causes an increase in the platelet count (thrombocytosis).


Question: Normal duration of PR interval

The time between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex is the interval between the beginning of electrical excitation of the atria and the beginning of excitation of the ventricles. This period is called the P-Q interval. The normal P-Q interval is about 0.16 second. (Often this interval is called the P-R interval because the Q wave is likely to be absent.) Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:133


Question: Excess of growth hormone does not cause

Large amounts of growth hormone, leads to gigantism in children and to acromegaly in adults. Before pubey, the individual may grow to an extraordinary height. When the epiphyses are closed, linear growth is no longer possible. In this case, an overabundance of growth hormone produces the pattern of bone and soft tissue deformities known in humans as acromegaly. The sizes of most of the viscera are increased. The protein content of the body is increased, and the fat content is decreased. At least some forms of growth hormone are diabetogenic because they increase hepatic glucose output and exe an anti-insulin effect (insulin resistance) in muscle. Growth hormone is also ketogenic and increases circulating FFA levels. The ability of growth hormone to promote fat utilization, together with its protein anabolic effect, causes an increase in lean body mass (NOT OBESITY).


Question: Brain temperature is most accurately measured through

Core temperature can be estimated bymeasuring the temperature of the lower esophagus, pulmonary aery, nasopharynx, or tympanum . Brain temperature is usually considered a "central" temperature, and in the absence of intracranial pathology, it can be estimated by measuring tympanic or esophageal temperatures Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e


Question: The intrinsic factor of Castle is secreted by

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells produce pepsinogens and gastric lipase. Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete Histamine. G cells secrete gastrin hormone. Reference: Ganong's review of Medical Physiology, 25th ed, Page: 458


Question: Ion ligand receptors are

LikeGABA, glycine acts by increasing Cl- conductance.The ionotropic receptors of glutamate are ligand-gated ion channels that resemble nicotinic cholinergic receptors and GABA and glycine receptors. Catecholamines acting on b adrenergic receptors use cAMP mechanism.


Question: Cardiac index ratio is determined by


Question: 15 million sperm/ml of semen with total 15% motile sperm signifies

Aspermia - Lack of secretion or expulsion of semen following ejaculation.Asthenozoospermia - Loss or reduction of mobility of sperms, frequently associated with infeility. Oligozoospermia - low spermatozoon countOligoasthenozoospermia is a combination of:Asthenozoospermia (reduced sperm motility)Oligozoospermia (low spermatozoon count)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-427


Question: The cause of death in cyanide poisoning is

Anoxic anoxia: caused by a complete lack of oxygen to the brain. It occurs when a person is in an environment without enough oxygen, such as at high altitudes.Anemic anoxia: Anoxia due to anemia is not severe at rest unless hemoglobin deficiency is marked. However anemic patients may have considerable difficulty during exercise due to limited ability to increase oxygen delivery to active site.Histotoxic Anoxia: Hypoxia due to inhibition of tissue oxidative processes occurs due to cyanide poisoning. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase. Methylene blue or nitrites are used to treat cyanide poisoning.Stagnant Anoxia: Occurs due to slow circulation and is a problem in organs like kidneys and hea during shock. It is also known as hypoperfusion anemia. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 12th edition(South Asia), page: 621


Question: Assuming a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, calculate the minute ventilation.

Minute ventilation is VT x respiratory rate. VT from the graph is 500 milliliters. Therefore, minute ventilation = 500 x 12 = 6 L/min


Question: Maximum iron absorption occurs in

Iron is absorbed from upper small intestine mainly duodenum. In diet, iron occurs in two forms, haem iron and inorganic (non-haem) iron.

Haem iron is better absorbed than inorganic iron, but the major fraction of diet is inorganic iron. Inorganic iron is mostly in ferric form; needs to be reduced to ferrous form because iron is absorbed in ferrous form.

After absorption, ferrous form is once again oxidized to ferric form inside enterocytes.

A fraction of absorbed iron is rapidly delivered to plasma transferrin.
However, most of the iron is deposited in the enterocytes as ferritin,
some to be transferred more slowly to plasma transferrin, and some to be lost when senescent mucosal cells (enterocytes) are sloughed into the intestine.

Iron absorption is regulated according to the demand, e.g., when there is iron deficiency, absorption increases.

This regulation is mediated by “iron metabolism regulatory hormone”, i.e., hepcidin that inhibits iron absorption. When there is iron deficiency, the concentration of hepcidin falls and there is increase iron absorption. Hepcidin also decreases the release of iron from storage sites.


Question: Function of ubiquitin

Ubiquitin plays a major role in protein destruction. (Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.10)


Question: Posterior perforation of peptic ulcer drain into

Posterior perforation of a gastric ulcer is a rare condition. ... However, ~5-8% of ulcers lie in the posteriorwall of the body of the stomach . When posterior gastric ulcerperforates, it usually penetrates into the lesser sac behind the stomach which is a omental bursa Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p654


Question: Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is produced by

Mullerian inhibiting substance a glycoprotein produced by the Seoli cells of the fetal testis that acts in the males to suppress the mullerian ducts, consequently preventing the development of the uterus and fallopian tubes, thus helping to control the formation of the male phenotype.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 392


Question: The pattern of fingerprint demonstrated here is

Loop Fingerprint patterns and their relative frequency: Loop - 67% Whorls - 25% Arches - 6-7% Composite - 1-2%


Question: Calcitonin levels increased in

Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by increased serum calcium concentration and calcitonin protects against the development of hypercalcemia. Ref:- Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;


Question: PR interval corresponds to ECG changes as

C. i.e. (Atrial - depolarization and conduction through AV node) (551 - Ganong 22nd) (494- Ganong 23rd)ECG IntervalsIntervalNormal Durations (S)Events in the heart during intervalAverageRangePR interval0.180.12-0.20**Atrial depolarization and conduction through AV nodeQRS duration0.08to 0.10Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarizationQT interval0.40to 0.43Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarizationST interval (QT minus QRS)0.32 Ventricular repolarization* QRS complex denotes - ventricular depolarization*** The normal direction of mean QRS vector is generally said to be - 30 to + 110 on the coordinate system*** U wave - It is due to slow repolarization of papillary muscle* TP segment - It represents polarized state of whole heart* J-point - point between 'S' wave and ST segment. It is a point of "no" electrical activity (305-A.K Jain 3rd)

Ventricular depolarization and atrial rcpolarization


Question: Stimulation of baroreceptors results in


Question: Plateau phase of action potential of cardiac muscle starts with

Plateau phase (Phase 2) starts with entry of Ca2+
Ca2+ entry is counterbalanced by efflux of K+. Hence, Plateau is maintained.


Question: Residual bodies are

lysosomes Residual bodies are nothing but secondary lysosomes with undigested wastes. The digested materials are diffused into the cell cytoplasm through the lysosomal membrane. (Ref: www.sivabio.50web.com)


Question: RBC transketolase deficiency is seen in

(A) Thiamine deficiency# TRANSKETOLASE is an enzyme of both the pentose phosphate pathway.> Transketolase activity is decreased in deficiency of thiamine, which in general is due to malnutrition. Two diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency: beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.> Red blood cell transketolase activity is used in the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy and other B1-deficiency syndromes if the diagnosis is in doubt.


Question: Renshaw cell inhibition

Neurons may also inhibit themselves in a negative feedback manner (negative feedback inhibition). For instance, a spinal motor neuron emits a recurrent collateral that synapses with an inhibitory interneuron, which then terminates on the cell body of the spinal neuron and other spinal motor neurons. This paicular inhibitory neuron is sometimes called a Renshaw cell after its discoverer. Impulses generated in the motor neuron activate the inhibitory interneuron to secrete the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine, and this reduces or stops the discharge of the motor neuron.


Question: Haldane effect

Because deoxyhemoglobin binds more H+ than oxyhemoglobin does and forms carbamino compounds more readily, binding of O2 to hemoglobin reduces its affinity for CO2 (Haldane effect).Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 612


Question: Luteal phase dominant hormone

Luteal phase is the third phase of the human menstrual cycle when the ovarian follicle that has recently discharged an ovum ruptures and transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. Progesterone acts on the endometrium to build up tissue with a supply of blood for nourishment of the potential embryo. If feilization and conception do not take place, the estrogen level falls and the menstrual phase begins.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-403


Question: Earliest reflex to reappear after spinal shock

Delayed plantar reflex is the 1st reflex to recover more often followed by bulbocavernos reflex Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:775,776,777


Question: Vitamin B12 is absorbed in

Most vitamins are absorbed in the upper small intestine, but vitamin B 12 is absorbed in the ileum.This vitamin binds to IF and this complex is absorbed across the ileal mucosa.Vitamin B12 and folate absorption are Na independent.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 458)


Question: Rate of impulse generation is maximum in

SA node is located at the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atriumEven though Av node Bundle can produce impulse rate of impulse production is higher in SA nodeRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:490


Question: Chloride shift is due to

Chloride shift (also known as the Hamburger phenomenon or lineas phenomenon, named after Haog Jakob Hamburger) is a process which occurs in a cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride (Cl-) across the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:360,361,362


Question: Relaxation of mesangial cells of the kidney is brought about by

Substances causing relaxation of mesangial cells
-        ANP
-        Dopamine
-        PGE2
-        cAMP
Substances causing contraction of mesangial cells
-        Endothelin
-        Vasopressin
-        PGF2
-        Angiotensin II
-        Norepinephrine
-        PAF
-        PDGF
-        Thromboxane A2
-        Leukotrienes C4, D4
-        Histamine


Question: Semen is released by

Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male can feilize female ova. In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa: proteolytic and other enzymes, as well as fructose, are elements of seminal-fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa and provide a medium through which they can move or "swim".Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle, which is located in the pelvis. The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-422


Question: "Inflation of lungs induces further inflation" is explained by

"Inflation of lungs, under certain conditions, enhances inspiratory activity.
This called Head's paradoxical reflex".— Understanding medical physiology


Question: Volume of air taken into the lungs in normal respiration is known as

Vital Capacity: Amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effo after maximum inspiration. It is used to assess the strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function. Timed Vital Capacity: The fraction of the vital capacity expired during the first second of a forced expiration.Tidal volume: The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration). Inspiratory reserve volume: The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effo in excess of the tidal volume.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, page: 593


Question: Countercurrent mechanism in the kidney is responsible for

Ans. (c) Osmotic gradient in medulla(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.685)Loop of Henle plays an important role in concentration of urine by creating medullary hyperosmolarity through countercurrent mechanism


Question: Cortical area for control of emotion is situated in

(C) Limbic area # Prefrontal cortex (area no. 9, 10, II, 12) is the highest cortical area for emotional control and social behavior lesion of which causes lack of initiation and antisocial behavior Stimulation of Limbic Cortex produces autonomic effects. It also affects behavior & emotional response,> Papez circuit is formed by connections oflimbic system.


Question: At the end of isometric relaxation phase

Ans. (a) Atrioventricular valves openRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.539Isovolumetric relaxation ends by opening of Atrioventricular valves


Question: The cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) involved in neuronal synaptic developments during embryogenesis are

Cadherins (the Ca++-dependent CAMs) and Catenins (the cytosolic paners of cadherins) are known to be involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. It mediate cell-to-cell adhesion by homophilic reactions


Question: Resting membrane potential is generated by

Potassium ion is responsible for resting membrane potential. When concentration of potassium ion is varied in the extracellular fluid, resting membrane potential changes. But not with Na ion. (REF. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 23)


Question: Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors include

Vitamin K is an essential factor to a liver carboxylase that adds a carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on five of the impoant clotting factors: prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, and protein C.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 490


Question: Brodmann&;s area number for motor area

The cerebral hemisphere is divided into several areas, called Brodmann Areas. Each cerebral hemisphere contains a total of &;47&; such areas. The area between central sulcus and precentral sulcus is called pre-central gyrus; the motor area of the brain (Brodmann area 4).Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition


Question: In skeletal muscle, actin is bound to Z line by

Actinin binds actin to the Z lines. Titin connects the Z lines to the M lines and provides scaffolding for the sarcomere. Desmin adds structure to the Z lines in pa by binding the Z lines to the plasma membrane. Tropomyosin molecules are long filaments located in the groove between the two chains in the actin (Figure 5-3). (Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology 23rd Edition page no.96)


Question: Time taken for electrical conduct from SA node to AV node in ECG is

PR interval is the interval between beginning of p wave to the beginning of QRS. It indicates atrial depolarization and AV nodal delay. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY)


Question: Resting membrane potential of neuron is

The magnitude of resting membrane potential from tissue to tissue ranges from - 9 to - 100.RMP of nerve Fibre is - 70mV(REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO 22)


Question: The blobs of the visual cortex are associated with

Bobs in the visual cortex are associated with colour vision and definition.


Question: After first meiotic division, the primary oocyte remains arrested in

The dictyate or dictyotene is a prolonged resting phase in oogenesis. It occurs in the stage of meiotic prophase 1 in ootidogenesis. It stas late in fetal life and is terminated sholy before ovulation by the LH surge. Thus, although the majority of oocytes are produced in female fetuses before bih, these pre-eggs remain arrested in the dictyate stage until pubey commences and the cells complete ootidogenesis.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 401


Question: Most accurate for measurement of ECF volume

ECF volume is measured using inulin which is a polysaccharide.(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.61)


Question: Most reabsorption out of

Glucose is maximumly reabsorbed in normal condition.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 682


Question: Water content is maximum in

(A) ICF # INTRACELLULAR FLUID (2/3 of body water) is fluid contained within cells. In a body containing 40 liters of fluid (ie. about 72 kg total weight), about 25 liters is intracellular, which amounts to 62.5% (5/8), close enough to the 2/3 rule of thumb. Jackson's texts states 70% of body fluid is intracellular.> Extracellular fluid (1/3 of body water) is fluid contained in areas outside of cells. For a 40 litre body, about 15 litres is extracellular, which amounts to 37.5% Again, this is close to the 1/3 rule of thumb cited here.> Plasma (1/5 of extracellular fluid). Of the 15 liters of extracellular fluid, plasma volume averages 3 liters. This amounts to 20%, the same as per Netter's Atlas.> Interstitial fluid (4/5 of extracellular fluid)> Transcellular fluid (a.k.a. "third space," normally ignored in calculations) contained inside organs, such as the gastrointestinal, cerebrospinal, peritoneal, and ocular fluids.


Question: Cyclic GMP act on

Cyclic GMP is the secondary messager for ANP, nitric oxide Secondary messager is required for peptide hormones Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,pag number:540,541,542


Question: SHBG is decreased in

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG),a plasma b-globulin, produced by the liver, which binds testosterone and, with a weaker affinity, estrogen; serum levels of SHBG in women are twice those found in men; serum concentrations are increased in ceain types of liver disease and in hypehyroidism but are decreased with advancing age, by androgens, and in hypothyroidism.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-427


Question: Ceruloplasmin binds

Ceruloplasmin -Transpo of copper(table no32-6).(REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23rd EDITION page no.532)


Question: Ethanol increases urine output by

Alcohol inhibits the pituitary secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which acts on the kidney to reabsorb water. Alcohol acts on the hypothalamus/pituitary to reduce the circulating levels of ADH. When ADH levels drop, the kidneys do not reabsorb as much water; consequently, the kidneys produce more urine.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 667


Question: Function of CAMP

CAMP is a secondary messager, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effect of hormones like glucagon etc.it is involved in activation of protein kinase Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number 540 ,541,542


Question: Hyperventilation of lungs is prevented by

Hering Breuer reflex prevents overdistension of the lungs at larger tidal volume. Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 658


Question: The following protein acts cGMP

Atrial natriuritic peptide is produced by hea due to increased blood pressure, it acts enzyme guanylyl cyclase and produces cGMP Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 489,490


Question: Carbon dioxide in venous blood

Carbon dioxide molecules are transpoed in the blood from body tissues to the lungs by one of three methods: dissolution directly into the blood, binding to hemoglobin, or carried as a bicarbonate ion. ... Second, carbon dioxide can bind to plasma proteins or can enter red blood cells and bind to hemoglobin Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 359,360,361

Is transpoed mainly in the form of bicarbonate

Is conveed to bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrase in plasma


Question: In hippocampus EEG waves are

Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in deep meditation. Theta is our gateway to learning, memory, and intuition. In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals originating from within Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number818,819,820


Question: Charecteristic of smooth muscle cells in intestineMarch 2005

Ans. C: It contracts when stretched in the absence of any extrinsic innervationUnitary smooth muscle (as present in a walls of a hollow viscus) is characterized by the instability of its membrane potential and by the fact that it shows continuous, irregular contractions that are independent of its nerve supply. This maintained state of contraction is called tonus/ toneIt does have actin and myosin-II but they are not arranged in regular arrays to give striations as in skeletal and cardiac muscle.They require calcium for initiation of contraction like skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Does not require calcium for contraction


Question: Major surfactant is

Dipalmytol lecithin in is the major surfactant Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:311,312,313


Question: Least common ion in EOF is

Predominent ions in ECF are Na+ and Cl-predominent ions in ICF are K+ ,Mg+,phosphate Table1.3.3 of Textbook of physiology AK Jain 4th edition page no.27.


Question: Blood flow through a vessel varies directly with

Blood flow is directly proportional to
-        Pressure gradient
-        Radius
Blood flow is inversely proportional to
-        Viscosity
-        Length
-        Resistance


Question: Cutaneous vasocontriction is mediated by

Noradrenaline acts on vascular smooth muscles to cause vasoconstriction. This is mediated by adrenergic sympathetic fibers.


Question: Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in men is

(125 mi/min) (706-GN) (646- Ganong 23rd)* The normal value of GFR is 125 ml/min or 180 L/day* A rate of 125 ml/min is 7.5 L/hour or 180 L/day, whereas the normal urine volume is about 1 L/d. Thus 99% or more of the filtrate is normally reabsorbed.* At the rate of 125 ml/min, the kidneys filter in 1 day an amount of fluid equal to 4 times the total body water, 15 times the ECF volume, and 60 times the plasma volume* The normal filtration fraction varies from 15 to 20% (251-SL)* Blood flow to the two kidney is normally about 22% of the cardiac output or 1100 ml/min (281 -Gyton 10th)


Question: Hypertonic urine is excreted due to absorption of water in

Concentrated urine is formed due to the reabsorption of water in collecting ducts.


Question: Salivary centers are located in

The salivatory nuclei are located approximately at the juncture of the medulla and pons and are excited by both taste and tactile stimuli from the tongue and other areas of the mouth and pharynx. The salivary glands are controlled mainly by parasympathetic nervous signals all the way from the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem. Salivation can also be stimulated or inhibited by nervous signals arriving in the salivatory nuclei from higher centres of the central nervous system.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology.


Question: Isovolumic relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle ends with

Cardiac cycle events
1.    AV valves open –
a.     End of isovolumetric relaxation
b.    Start of rapid filling phase
c.     ECG- end of T wave
d.    JVP- Y wave (V-Y descent)
2.    AV valves closure-
a.     End of diastole
b.    Beginning of isovolumetric contraction
c.     ECG- R wave later half
d.    JVP- End of X descent
3.    Semilunar valves open
a.     End of isovolumetric contraction
b.    Ejection phase starts
c.     ECG- ST segment
d.    JVP- the peak of ‘c’ wave
4.    Semilunar valve closure
a.     Systole ends
b.    Isovolumetric relaxation starts
c.     ECG- T wave later half


Question: The amount of water absorbed in the intestine in a day is

In the intestine, about 8.8 litres of water is absorbed daily.


Question: Blood group antigen NAG transferase present but galactosyltransferase is absent in

A and B antigens are glycoproteins that differ in their terminal sugar.Under the influence of A or B genes, HAg is conveed into A or B antigen. Individuals with A gene express A transferase that catalyzes placement of a terminal N-acetylgalactosamine on H antigen to form A antigen.Those with B gene express B transferases that place a terminal galactose on the H antigen to form B antigen. Type AB individuals have both transferases.Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 3rd edition, page no. 134


Question: Nuclear bag fibers

The intrafusal fibers are positioned in parallel to the extrafusal fibers (the regular contractile units of the muscle) with the ends of the spindle capsule attached to the tendons at either end of the muscle. Intrafusal fibers do not contribute to the overall contractile force of the muscle, but rather serve a pure sensory function. There are two types of intrafusal fibers in mammalian muscle spindles. The first type contains many nuclei in a dilated central area and is called a nuclear bag fiber (Figure 9-2B). There are two subtypes of nuclear bag fibers, dynamic and static. Typically, there are two or three nuclear bag fibers per spindle. The second intrafusal fiber type, the nuclear chain fiber, is thinner and shoer and lacks a definite bag. Each spindle has about five of these fibers. There are two kinds of sensory endings in each spindle, a single primary (group Ia) ending and up to eight secondary (group II) endings. The Ia afferent fiber wraps around the center of the dynamic and static nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers. Group II sensory fibers are located adjacent to the centers of the static nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers; these fibers do not innervate the dynamic nuclear bag fibers. Ia afferents are very sensitive to the velocity of the change in muscle length during a stretch (dynamic response); thus they provide information about the speed of movements and allow for quick corrective movements. The steady-state (tonic) activity of group Ia and II afferents provide information on steady-state length of the muscle (static response). The top trace in Figure 9-2C shows the dynamic and static components of activity in an Ia afferent during muscle stretch. Note that they discharge most rapidly while the muscle is being stretched (shaded)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 158


Question: Lysozyme is present in

There are numerous defense proteins present in the saliva. Some of these defense proteins, like salivary immunoglobulins, and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPA, are involved in both innate and acquired immune activation . Salivary cationic peptides and other salivary defense proteins, like lysozyme, BPI, BPI-like and PLUNC proteins, salivary amylase, cystatins, proline-rich proteins, Ref: <a href="


Question: A known patient with renal stone disease developed pathological fractures along with abdominal pain and ceain psychiatric symptoms. He should be investigated for

Hyperparathyroidism causessmooth-muscle atony, with upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heaburn and constipation. ... The digestive manifestations of parathyroid malfunction are often overlooked and serum calcium level must be included in the routine workup forabdominal symptoms. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e


Question: In coagulation pathway, "FIBRINSTABILIZINGFACTOR" is

Clotting Factor SynonymsFibrinogenFactor IProthrombin Factor IITissue factorFactor III; tissue thromboplastinCalciumFactor IVFactor VProaccelerin; labile factor;Factor VII Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA); proconvein; stable factorFactor VIIIAntihemophilic factor (AHF); antihemophilic globulin (AHG); antihemophilic factor AFactor IXPlasma thromboplastin component (PTC); Christmas factor; antihemophilic factor BFactor X Stua factor; Stua-Prower factorFactor XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA); antihemophilic factor CFactor XII Hageman factorFactor XIII Fibrin-stabilizing factorPrekallikreinFletcher factorHigh-molecular-weightkininogen Fitzgerald factor; HMWK (high molecular weight kininogen)Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 484


Question: During the cardiac cycle the opening of the aortic valve takes place at the

Ans. (b) End of isovolumetric contractionRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.540Isovolumetric contraction#To eject blood into aorta and pulmonary artery, ventricles must open aortic and pulmonary valve#The sole purpose of this phase is to open these valves#The ventricle contracts against the closed valves (both AV valves and semilunar valves are closed)#This means that ventricular blood volume won't change (isovolumetric) but the pressure generated by the ventricle tremendously rises.#Once the pressure rises above 80 mm Hg, aortic valve opens. Similar changes also happen in right ventricle which opens the pulmonary valve


Question: Root value of ankle jerk

The ankle jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. This reflex is mediated by the S1 spinal segment of the spinal cord. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 774,775,776


Question: Nissl bodies in neurons are

Nissl bodies are basophilic bodies or granules composed of many thin, parallelly arranged, membrane-bounded cavities or cisternae which are covered by many minute paicles consisting of Ribose nucleoproteins i.e. RNA with proteins. Granule&;s size and number vary with physiological condition of the cell. For example, fatigue, ceain poisons, and sectioning of axon cause Nissl granules to disintegrate into fine dust and which finally disappears.Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition.


Question: Tropomyosin

The active site of actin in skeletal muscles is where myosin binds. This is covered by Tropomyosin.


Question: Inhibin is secreted by

Inhibin is one of several proteins that paicipate in differentiation and growth. Two glycoproteins, inhibin A and inhibin B, are secreted by Seoli cells in the testis and granulosa cells in the ovary, inhibiting FSH secretion by direct action on the pituitary.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-427


Question: Pepsinogen is secreted by

Chief or zymogen or peptic cells secrete pepsiongens.Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.These cells are located in the body of stomach, including the fundus.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 431)


Question: Spermatogenesis occurs at

Spermatogenesis is the process in which spermatozoa are produced from spermatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis and meiosis. The location is specifically impoant as the process of spermatogenesis requires a lower temperature to produce ble sperm, specifically 1deg-8 degC lower than normal body temperature of 37 degC (98.6 degF).Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-420

Temperature lower than core body temperature

Temperature higher than core body temperature


Question: Reward centre is located in

The mesolimbic dopamine pathway is thought to play a primary role in the reward system. It connects the ventral tegmental area (VTA), one of the principal dopamine-producing areas in the brain, with the nucleus accumbens, an area found in the ventral striatum that is strongly associated with motivation and reward Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 810,811,812


Question: Pacemaker cells of respiration are located in

Pacemaker cells are in Pre - Botzinger complex which is a part of Ventral Respiratory Group.


Question: Cell junction in smooth muscle is

Adjacent muscles fiber of smooth muscle is connected by gap junctions so that action potential from one cell can quickly pass into the neighbouring cells. (Ref: Textbook of medical physiology-Geetha)


Question: Delta cells of pancreas secretes


Question: Kussmaul's breathing is seen in

Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, paicularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition


Question: Prothrombin to thrombin conversion need

Calcium needed in all the steps of the clotting EXCEPT: first two steps of intrinsic pathway under stimulatory effect of HMW kininogen & prekallikren


Question: Secretory basket cells are located

Secretory basket cells are found in salivary gland acini and are also called myoepithelial cells. The name implies that they are epithelial cells with muscle-like contractile propeies. They are found between secretory cells and the basal lamina and exe pressure on the secretory cells to release their secretions.

Between secretory cells and the basal lamina


Question: The fibers from contralateral nasal hemiretina project to the following layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus

Ganong's review of Medical Physiology, 25th ed, p 190


Question: In hippocampus EE


Question: The relaxation of smooth muscle is associated with a reduction in free intracellular calcium ion concentration. The effect of the reduction is

Due to relaxation of smooth muscle, dephosphorylation of myosin by myosin light chain phosphatase.

Reestablishment of inhibition of actin-myosin interaction

Deactivation of enzymatic activity of the individual actin molecules

Decreased phosphorylation of myosin molecules

Reduced contractile interaction by blocking the active sites of the myosin molecules


Question: Stability of alveoli is maintained by

SURFACTANT The low surface tension when the alveoli are small is due to the presence in the fluid lining the alveoli of surfactant, a lipid surface-tension-lowering agent. Surfactant is a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins (Table 35-2). If the surface tension is not kept low when the alveoli become smaller during expiration, they collapse in accordance with the law of Laplace. In spherical structures like the alveoli, the distending pressure equals two times the tension divided by the radius (P = 2T/r); if T is not reduced as r is reduced, the tension overcomes the distending pressure. Surfactant also helps to prevent pulmonary edema. It has been calculated that if it were not present, the unopposed surface tension in the alveoli would produce a 20 mm Hg force oring transudation of fluid from the blood into the alveoliRef: Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 23rd edition Page no: 597


Question: Stapedius is supplied by

There are two intratympanic muscles Tensor tympani - nerve supply is from the motor division of the trigeminal nerve , Stapedius - supplied by facial nerve


Question: Smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with

Cyanide can be a colorless gas, such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or cyanogen chloride (CNCl), or a crystal form such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassiumcyanide (KCN). Cyanide sometimes is described as having a "bitter almond" smell, but it does not always give off an odor, and not everyone can detect this odor. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p143


Question: Goblet cells secrete

Apa from comprising the epithelial lining of various organs, production of large glycoproteins and carbohydrates, the most impoant function of goblet cells is the secretion of mucus. This mucus is a gel-like substance that is composed mainly of mucins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates.Ref: <a href="


Question: Volume of air taken in and given out during normal respiration is referred to as

Ans. (b) TV(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.628)Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired with each breath during normal quiet breathing. It is 500- 750 ml


Question: High oxygen tension in alveoli is due to


Question: Thin filament is mainly composed of

The thick filaments are made of myosin molecules. The thin molecules are made of actin.(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.38)


Question: A 50 years old male patient travels alone in a remote village of Rajasthan was not on any food or water for the past 24 hours. Urine osmolality is 1150 mOsm/Kg. The major site of water reabsorption is

Answer: a) Proximal tubuleWater Transport along the NephronSegmentPercentage of Filtrate ReabsorbedMechanism of Water ReabsorptionHormones That Regulate Water PermeabilityProximal tubule67%PassiveNoneLoop of Henle15%Descending thin limbonly; passiveNoneDistal tubule0%No water reabsorptionNoneLate distal tubule and collecting duct~8%-17%PassiveADH, ANP, BNP*Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides inhibit antidiuretic hormone-stimulated water permeability


Question: Kussmaul respiration occurs in response to


Question: Blood brain barrier is formed by

(C) Astrocytes # Blood Brain Barrier: Astrocytes form the structural framework for the neurons and control their biochemical environment.> Astrocyte foot processes are closely associated with the blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier.# Oligodendrocytes are responsible for the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath, which surrounds axons and is essential for the rapid transmission of action potentials by solitary conduction.> Microglia are blood-derived mononuclear macrophages> Astrocyte foot processes are closely associated with the blood vessels to form the blood - brain barriers oligodendrocytes forms myelin sheath which surrounds axons.> Microglia are blood derived non nuclear macrophages.# Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function.> BBB is composed of endothelial cells, which are packed very tightly in brain capillaries.> This higher density restricts passage of substances from the bloodstream much more than endothelial cells in capillaries elsewhere in the body.> Astrocyte cell projections called astrocytic feet (also known as "glial limitans") surround the endothelial cells of the BBB, providing biochemical support to those cells.> BBB is distinct from the similar blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, a function of the choroidal cells of the choroid plexus.


Question: The function of the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Functions of Hypothalamus
-        Thermoregulation- Preoptic region

Anterior hypothalamus- Heat response
Posterior hypothalamus- Cold response

-        Satiety centre- ventromedial nucleus
-        Feeding centre- Lateral nucleus
-        Circadian rhythm- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
-        Sleep
-        Sex drive-  Anterior hypothalamus, Posterior hypothalamus.
-        Hypophysis regulation


Question: Most impoant stimulus to peripheral chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated by changes in the paial pressure of oxygen and trigger respiratory drive changes aimed at maintaining normal paial pressure levels.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 562