Question: Due to epidemiological reasons chemoprophylaxis is most impractical in the control of


Question: The usual incubation period for typhoid fever is


Question: Thiamine deficiency causes

Ans: a (Beri Beri)Ref: Park, 20th ed. Pg. 534, Davidson Principles and Practice of Medicine, 20th ed.Recommended name (alternative name)SourcesDeficiencyExcessInvestiga-tionsFAT-SOLUBLEVitamin ALiver, milk, butter, cheese, fish oilsXerophthalmia, almia, night blindness, keratomalacia, follicular hyperkeratosisLiver damage, bone damage, teratogenesisSerum retinolVitamin DMainly manufactured in skin under the influence of sunlightRickets, osteomalaciaHypercal- caemiaPlasma 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH) 2 DVitamin EVegetables, seed oilsHaemolytic anaemia, ataxia Plasma vitamin EVitamin KGreen vegetables, dairy productsCoagulation disorder Coagula-tion assay (e.g. proth-rombin time) +- plasma vitamin KWATERSOLUB LE Thiamine (Vitamin Bl)Cereals, grains, bean, porkBeri-beri, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome RBC trans-ketolase or whole blood vitamin B 1Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2)MilkGlossitis, stomatitis RBC glutat-hione reductase or whole blood vitamin B 2Niacin (Nicotinic acid, vitamin B 3) metabolitesMeat, cerealsPellagra Urinary nicotin- amide,Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine)Meat, fish, potatoes, bananasPolyneuropathyPolyneu-ropathyPlasma pyridoxal phosphate or eryth ro-cyte trans-aminase activation coefficient Biotin Dennatitis, alopecia, paraesthesiae Liver, egg yolk, cereals, yeastWhole blood or urine biotinFolateLiverAnaemiaRBC folateVitamin B 12 (Cobalamin)Animal productsAnaemia, neurological degenerationPlasma B 12Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)Fresh fruit and vegetablesScurvyPlasma ascorbic acid (daily intake) Leucocyte ascorbic acid (tissue stores)


Question: Threshold level of herd immunity for Peussis is

Ans. is 'c' i.e., 90% Advantage of herd immunity o It is not necessary to achieve 100% immunization to control a disease by providing herd immunity. o When a ceain percentage of population, is vaccinated, the spread of disease is effectively stopped. o This critical percentage is referred to as herd immunity threshold. Disease Herd immunity threshod Diphtheria 85% Measles 83-94% Mumps 75-86% Peussis 92-94% Polio 80-86% Rubella 80-85% Small pox 83-85% Limitation of Herd immunity o Only a small fraction of the population (or herd) can be left un-vaccinated for this method to be effective.


Question: The mean of the 25 patients' plasma volumes is 12.5 litres. Standard detion is 0.25. Calculate standard error


Question: Recommended number of population per PHC in tribal area

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed

Health care of community & international health


Question: At a PHC, vaccine storage is done in

- At PHC level vaccine is stored in small ILR & small deep freezer ILR Cold chain components & level in India STORAGE LEVEL STORAGE DEVICES DURATION OF STORAGE STATE/ REGIONAL LEVEL walk in cold rooms walk in freezer 3 months CHC/ DISTRICT LEVEL Large ILR Large deep freezer 1 month PHC Small ILR Small deep freezer 1 month SUBCENTER LEVEL Vaccine carriers 24-48hrs VILLAGE LEVEL Ice packs 2-4hrs


Question: The primary goal of Human Genome Project has been

Human Genome Project: HGP is an international scientific research project.
Primary goals were to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up dNA and to identify the approximately 25,000 genes of the human genome.

Introduction of a gene sequence into a cell to modify its behavior

Identify genes and sequence of base pairs in dNA of human genome

Development of new diagnostic techniques such as restriction enzymes


Question: The association between oral cancer and tobacco chewing was found to be as follows


Question: Insecticide of choice for phlebotamus argentipes


Question: Population growth is rated explosive if annual growth rate exceeds

Relation between Annual growth rate(AGR) and population Rating Annual GR Population doubling Time Stationary population None - Slow growth <0.5 >139 years Moderate growth 0.5-1.0 139-70 Rapid growth 1.0-1.5 70-47 Very rapid growth 1.5-2.0 47-35 Explosive growth 2.0-2.5 35-28 Explosive growth 2.5-3.0 28-23 Explosive growth 3.0-3.5 23-20 Explosive growth 3.5-4.0 20-18 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 532


Question: The best parameter for assessment of chronic malnutrition is

Height is a stable measurement of growth as opposed to body weight. Whereas weight reflects only the present health status of the child, height indicates the events in the past also. Low height for age: Also known as nutritional stunting or dwarfing. It reflects past or chronic malnutrition.Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 544


Question: ICDS does not include


Question: Most common detion used in social medicine is

The standard detion : Most frequently used measure of detion Defined as "Root -Means -Square -Detion " Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 848


Question: ICDS stands for

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme- Under ICDS scheme, there is an anganwadi worker for every 400-800 population- The beneficiaries include nursing mothers, pregnant women, other women (15-45 years), children below the age of 6 years and adolescent girls.Park 23e pg: 903

International child development services

Health care of community & international health


Question: Not included in 5 cleans in conduct of delivery is


Question: Results of a test were given as very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, it representes

Scales can be: Qualitative: Categorical scales: Nominal : eg: names of countries . Dichotomous : eg: yes/no, presence/absence. Ordinal : severity of disease: mild/moderate/severe.eg: staging of cancer, kuppusamy socioeconomic class. Quantitative: Metric scales: Interval Ratio


Question: Epidemic typhus cause and vector is

Epidemic Typhus Is a type of rickettsial disease of typhus group : Recrudence form of Epidemic typhus : Brill Zinsser Disease Was the 'most formidable rickettsial disease in past' Causative agent: R.prowazekii Vector : Louse (p.capitis,p.corporis) Mode of Transmission: (Not by Louse bite) Scratching and inoculation with infected louse faeces Crushing infected louse on body Inhalation of infected louse faeces or dust Clinical picture : Prolonged febrile illness, Vasculitis Drug of choice : Tetracycline Under International Health Regulations (IHRs), "Louse borne typhus is a disease under surveillance" Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 316


Question: Crude bih rate is a simplest measure of feility because it includes

Crude bih rate : Number of live bihs in a year per 1000 mid-year population CBR is simplest indicator of feility : Total mid-year population is not exposed to Child bearing thus it doesnot give true idea of feility Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 539


Question: A research team conducted a nation wide survey of Industries and factories. While arranging the data they observed that the most common occupational cancer was


Question: To study the incidence of malaria, according to various age and sex groups, in a village, we need to undeake

Descriptive studies are concerned with observing the distribution of disease or health-related characteristics - When is the disease occurring, where is it occurring, who is getting the disease.Park 23e pg: 63


Question: Secondary attack rate of chicken pox is

Chicken pox Agent- Human alpha herpes virus 3 Primary infection causes chicken pox Recovery from primary infection is commonly followed by establishment of latent infection in cranial nerves, sensory ganglia, spinal dorsal root ganglia When the cell mediated immunity wanes, the virus may reactivate in 10-30% cases Incubation period -15 days Distribution of rash:- Centripetal; Axilla affected; Rash seen mostly over flexor aspect Characteristics of rash:- Superficial; Unilocular-dew drops like appearance Rash pleomorphic- different stages of rash evident at one time An area of inflammation seen around vesicle Evolution of rash : very rapid Scab begins to form 4-7 days after the rash appears Fever- temperature rises with each fresh crop of rash Secondary attack rate-90% Reference: Park&;s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 23rd edition; Page no.144


Question: Epidemic typhus is caused by

(D) Rickettsia prowazekii # Epidemic typhus is caused by R. prowazekii.> R. prowazekii named after von Prowazek, who had contracted fatal typhus fever while investigating the disease. Amongst the options provided 'Louse' is the insect vector only for Rickettsia Prowazakii.# RICKETTSIAL INFECTION INSECT VECTORS:> Louse: Rickettsia Prowazekii (Epidemic typhus) Bartonella quintana (Trench fever)> Mites: Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus) Rickettsia akari (Rickettsial pox)> Ticks: Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) Rickettsia conori (Ticky Typhus, Tick Fever) Rickettsia australis (Tick typhus) Rickettsia sibrica (Tick typhus)> Fleas: Rickettsia typhi (Endemic typhus)> Q Fever: Human infection occurs from inhalation of dust (No insect vectors) Etiological agent is Coxiella burneti Insect vector is None


Question: Immunization is

Primary prevention is action taken prior to the onset of disease which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur.It includes actions taken for the protection of health by personal and community effos, such as enhancing nutritional status, providing immunizations and eliminating environmental risks (sanitation...etc)Park 23epg: 43


Question: Amount of calories and protein given to a pregnant women under ICDS is


Question: World bank gives loans for

Cobalt therapy of radiotherapy department

Purchase of microscope for tuberculosis investigation


Question: Incubation period of syphilis

Ans. a (9-90 days). (Ref. Harrison, Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th /Chapter 169. Syphilis)SYPHILIS# T. Pallidum enters foetal circulation after 20th week of gestation with disappearance of cytotrophoblast in villi.0# Basic pathology is obliterative endarteritis.# Placenta becomes bulky and spirochaete can hardly be found in placenta.# Spirochaete can however be detected from maculopapular rash in baby.# Irrespective of the serology, treatment should be repeated in subsequent pregnancies.# Incubation period of syphilis is 9-90 days


Question: Recommendation of daily moderate exercise for an adult is

Physical activity for all These recommendations are relevant to all healthy adults aged 18-64 years unless specific medical conditions indicate to the contrary. They are applicable for all adults irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or income level. They also apply to individuals in this age range with chronic noncommunicable conditions not related to mobility such as hypeension or diabetes. These recommendations can be valid for adults with disabilities. However adjustments for each individual based on their exercise capacity and specific health risks or limitations may be needed. There are multiple ways of accumulating the total of 150 minutes per week. The concept of accumulation refers to meeting the goal of 150 minutes per week by performing activities in multiple shoer bouts, of at least 10 minutes each, spread throughout the week then adding together the time spent during each of these bouts: e.g. 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity 5 times per week. Pregnant, postpaum women and persons with cardiac events may need to take extra precautions and seek medical advice before striving to achieve the recommended levels of physical activity for this age group. Inactive adults or adults with disease limitations will have added health benefits if moving from the category of "no activity" to "some levels" of activity. Adults who currently do not meet the recommendations for physical activity should aim to increase duration, frequency and finally intensity as a target to achieving them. Ref: World Health Organisation


Question: According to Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969, the birth and death are to be registered, respectively in


Question: Random is Randomization Implies


Question: Gap in the time interval of between the onset of primary and secondary case is

Ans. a (Serial interval) (Ref. Park Textbook of PSM 22nd/pg. 96)TermDefinition1.Serial Interval# Time gap between onset of primary and secondary case. It is the measure of incubation period.2.Lead Time# It is advantage gained by screening, i.e., period between diagnosis by early detection and diagnosis by other means.# It is period between the possible time of detection and possible time of diagnosis.3.Latent Period# Latent period is the period from disease initiation to disease detection or It is time between exposure to a risk factor and subsequent development of clinical manifestations of a particular disease.4.Screening Time# Interval between first clinical detection and final critical point.5.Primary case# First case in community6.Index case# First case detected in community. May or may not be primary case.7.Incubation period# The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease.8.Generation time# The interval of time between receipt of infection by a host and maximal infectivity of that host.9.Communicable period# The time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected animal to man, or from infected man to an animal including arthropod.10.Secondary attack rate# The number of exposed persons developing the disease within the range of the incubation period, following exposure to primary case.11.Median incubation period# The time required for 50% of the cases to occur following exposure.


Question: Chicken pox is infective

2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance

2 days before and 2 days after rash appearance

4 days before and 4 days after rash appearance

4 days before and 5 days after rash appearance


Question: Folic acid supplementation during lactation period is


Question: For an epidemiological study, every 10th person is selected from a population. This type of sampling is known as


Question: 'Course of a disease process without any intervention' is the definition of

Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment Spectrum of disease signifies that the health of an individual is not static Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 34


Question: Infections transmitted from vertebrate animals to man is known as


Question: The standard normal distribution

Normal Distribution:

Is also known as ‘Gaussian distribution’ or ‘Standard distribution’
Type of distribution: Is the distribution of values of a quantitative variable such that they are symmetric with respect to a middle value with same mean, median and mode, and then the frequencies taper off rapidly and symmetrically on both sides – ‘bell shaped distribution’.


Question: Willem Einthoven got Nobel Prize for

List of Nobel Laureates

Willem Einthoven : ECG.
Sir Alexander Fleming : Penicillin.
Paul. H. Muller : DDT.
Sir Godfrey N.Hounsfield : Human blood groups.
Karl Landsteiner : Human blood groups.
Paul Ehrlich : Immunity.
Sir Peter Mansfield : MRI.


Question: A convalescent case of cholera remains infective for


Question: Under RMNCH program peripheral level of planning is done at

The RCH phase 1 was launched in 1997 and phase 2 in 2005 which was extended till 2012. thereafter 2013 with expanded strategy in conjunction with NRHM, it was renamed as Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, child & Adolescent Health (RMNCH-A) RCH 1 included maternal components, child component, family planning and sexually transmitted infections prevention and control in some selected districts. Categorization of districts based on crude bih rate and female literacy rate for 3 consecutive years. It uses differential approach to all districts. Ref:- K Park, 24th ed; pg num:- 472-474


Question: Persuasive communication was deliberately employed to manipulate feelings, attitudes and beliefs of people regarding smoking, this method is known as


Question: Incidence of TB in a community measured by


Question: Long term fluctuation is seen with


Question: Father of Evidence Based Medicine is

Wrote the following books:
1. Clinical Epidemiology
2. Evidence Based Medicine


Question: Sorghum contains excess of

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Leucine o Jowar (Sorghum) contains excess of leucine which can cause niacine deficiency and pellagra.


Question: A good indicator of the availabilty, utilization and effectiveness of health care services in a country is

Infant Moality Rate It is one of the most universally accepted indicators of health status of not only infants but also of the whole population and socioeconomic conditions under which they live. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 24


Question: Modified plan of operation for Malaria is based on

Modified Plan of Operation is based on Annual Parasite Incidence (API). In 1977, the Modified Plan of Operation (MPO) was implemented with the immediate objectives of preventing deaths due to malaria and reducing morbidity due to malaria. The programme was also integrated with the primary health care delivery system. Under the MPO, the indoor residual spray was recommended in areas with Annual Parasite Incidence (API) >= 2 in addition to early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 416


Question: Under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program, drug used for chemoprophylaxis in children is

TB preventive therapy in children: The dose of INH for chemoprophylaxis is 10mg/kg administered daily for 6 months and it can be provided to (1) All asymptomatic cases of smear-positive (2) All HIV infected children who either have known exposure to an infectious TB case or tuberculin test positive but have no active TB (3) All tuberculin skin test positive children who are receiving immunocompromised therapy (4) A child born to a mother who was diagnosed to have TB in pregnancy should receive prophylaxis for 6months, provided congenital TB should be ruled out. Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition.


Question: Post exposure, Measles vaccine must be given within

- IP of measles - 10 days - IP of vaccine induced measles - 7 days - For providing protection vaccine requires only 6-7 days. - So, vaccine should be used within 3-4 days of exposure.


Question: Highest protein content is in

Soya bean is richest among pulses. It contains 43.2 % proteins (other pulses contain 17 - 25 % proteins)
100 gms Soya bean contain 43 gms proteins, 20 gms fat and 4 gms minerals
Limiting amino acid in soya bean is methionine
NPU of soya bean is 55.
Soyabean also has higher fats, calcium, iron, vitamin B1/B2/B3 than other pulses.


Question: International Red cross is in

Health Agencies

Headquarters

WHO
			FAO
			UNICEF
			ILO

Geneva, Switzerland
			Rome, Italy
			New York, USA
			Geneva, Switzerland


Question: HIV prevalence can be assessed by

HIV Surveillance: 1) HIV Sentinel surveillance 2) HIV Sero-surveillance 3) AIDS case surveillance 4) STD Surveillance 5) Behavioral surveillance and 6) Integration with surveillance of other diseases like tuberculosis, etc. Ref: Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24th edition, Page no. 452


Question: Colostrum has in compared to normal milk


Question: Eradication of polio type 2 done on


Question: In crude death rate, the population is taken as on

The mid-year population is considered.
Hence July 1st is taken.


Question: Killed vaccine is

Hepatitis vaccine-2 types Formaldehyde inactivated vaccine Live attenuated vaccine -administered as a single subcutaneous dose (refer pgno:212 park 23 rd edition)


Question: Rabies free country is


Question: Not a feature of hard water is


Question: The maximum ozone concentration in the polluted atmosphere is dependent on the concentration and ratio of nitrogen oxides and

Ozone is formed by the photochemical reaction of sunlight with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides from vehicles, industrial emissions and volatile organic compounds. The highest level of ozone pollution occurs during periods of sunny weather. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 794


Question: Perinatal moality rate includes

Perinatal moality rate = Lare fetal deaths (28 weeks + of gestation) + postnatal deaths (first week) in a year / Live bihs in a year x 1000Park 23e pg: 562

Aboions, still bihs and deaths within first week of life

Deaths from 28weeks to within first week of life


Question: Under Insecticide Treated Bed N ets Program me, insecticide used is

Inseccide Treated Bed Nets (ITBN) Programme (esp. deltamethrin) has resulted in significant decline in malaria incidence and API Average decline in anopheline mosquito density - 68% Average decline in cuicine mosquito density - 50%
Chemicals used in ITBN Programme : Synthec pyretheroids Deltamethrin : 2.5% in dosage of 25 mg/m2 Cyfluthrin: 5% in dosage of 50 mg/m2 Other inseccides used : Permethrin, Lambdacyhalothrin, Etofenprox, Cypermethrin
Effecveness of pyrethroids: For 6-12 months (Retreatment every 6 months)
Long-lasng inseccidal mosquito nets (LLINs) :

Also use pyrethroid inseccides, and a chemical binder that allows the nets to be washed > 20 mes, allowing use for > 3 years.


Question: The color code of plastic bag for disposing microbial laboratory culture waste

Ans. is `b' i.e., Red o Microbial laboratory culture wastes are category No. 3. o Category 3 wastes have color code Fellow or red.


Question: Human’s breast milk is essential for the newborn as it contains

Breast milk contains higher amounts of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)


Question: Denominator of negative predictive value is

Predictive value reflects the diagnostic power of the test. It&;s accuracy depends on sensitivity, specificity and disease prevalence. Predictive value of a negative test = d/(c+d)x100 Ref: 25th edition, Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 152


Question: Cronbach alpha is a measure of

Cronbach alpha / Guttman's lamdba 3 :

Is measure of internal consistency.
Value lies between 0 to +1.
Value +0.7 or more is considered satis factory.


Question: Shakir&;s tape is a useful method to measure

Non-stretch MUAC tapes, known as Shakir's tape, were used to measure Mid-arm circumference. Mid-arm circumference yields a relatively reliable estimation of body&;s muscle mass, the reduction of which is one of the most striking mechanisms by which body adjusts to inadequate energy intakes. It cannot be used before the age of one year, between ages one and five, it hardly varies.An arm circumference exceeding 13,5cm is a sign of a satisfactory nutritional status, between 12.5 and 13.5cm it indicates mild to moderate and below 12.5cm severe malnutrition. Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 640


Question: In primary health care, ABC and VED are related to

Of all the inventory control systems ABC and VED matrix is most suitable for medical stores. Hence the coupling of ABC and VED matrix for drug inventory in a hospital.ABC analysis is popularly known as "Always Better Control" is a very useful approach to material management based on Pareto&;s principle of "Vital few and tril many" based on the capital investment of the item. According to Pareto&;s theory O10% items consume about 70 % of the budget (Group A). OThe next 20% consume 20 % of financial resources (Group B) andOremaining 70 % items account for just 10% of the budget (Group C). VED analysis is based on the criticality of an item. O"V" is for vital items without which a hospital cannot function, O"E" for essential items without which an institution can function but may affect the quality of the services andO"D" stands for desirable items, unavailability of which will not interfere with functioning.(Refer: style="font-family:Cambria;font-size:13px;"> and Immunization Handbook for medical officers)

National program evaluation at PHC level

Vaccination coverage assessment in PHC area


Question: Blood pressure of 2000 Randomly selected persons from a population was plotted in a graph it is most likely to be a

(A) Normal Distribution # Normal Distribution or Gaussian Distribution or Normal Curve is an important concept in statistical theory.> When we collect Blood Pressure values of a very large number of people and make a frequency distribution with narrow class intervals, we are likely to get a smooth, symmetrical curve. Such a curve is called a normal distribution or normal curve.> Shape of the curve will depend upon the mean and standard deviation which in turn will depend upon the number and nature of observations.> Poisson distribution or Poisson law of large numbers is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a number of events occurring in a fixed period of time if these events occur with a known average rate and independently of the time since the last event. The Poisson distribution can also be used for the number of events in other specified intervals such as distance, area or volume.


Question: Diet given to pregnant lady under ICDS is

In ICDS supplementary nutrition is given to children below 6 years, nursing and expectant mothers from low-income group.Each child 6-72 months of age get 500 Cal and 12-15Gm of proteinSeverely malnourished child 6-72 months of age get 800 Cal and 20-25Gm of proteinEach pregnant and nursing women to get 600 Cal and 18-20Gm of proteinPark 23e pg: 591


Question: The function of grit chamber in modern sewage plants is


Question: The flying range of Aedes aegypti is

Flight range studies suggest that most female Ae. aegypti may spend their lifetime in or around the houses where they emerge as adults and they usually fly an average of 400 metres. This means that people, rather than mosquitoes, rapidly move the virus within and between communities and places. * Different sources may have given a different distance, WHO mentions it as 400 meters Ref: Park 23rd edition Pgno : 771


Question: A nurse was diagnosed to have HBeAg and HBsAg in serum. Most likely she is having

HBsAg plus HBEAg in serum
• Acute hepatitis B
• Active and Infectious hepatitis B
• Chronic hepatitis B with Active viral replication (high infectivity)

Active and infectious Hepatitis B disease


Question: Chikungunya is transmitted by

Aedes aegypti primarily, also Culex and Mansonia transmit Chikungunya

VBDs, Arboviral & Viral Infections, Surface Infections


Question: Best index for measuring contraceptive efficacy is

Life table analysis : Calculates a failure rate for each month of use Cumulative failure rate can then compare methods of any specific length of exposure Women who leave a study for any reason other than unintended pregnancy are removed from analysis, contributing their exposure until the time of exit Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 510


Question: Development of national blindness control program is assisted by

DANIDA (Danish international development agency) is providing assistance for the development of services under National Blindness Control Programme.Park 23e pg: 924

Health care of community & international health


Question: Most common complication of IUCD

The commonest complaint of women fitted with an IUCD is increased vaginal bleeding The bleeding may be greater in volume during menstruation or a longer periods or mid cycle bleeding Reference: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 498


Question: A concept directed against prevention of risk factors of coronary artery disease is

Levels of prevention
Primordial prevention - Prevention of the development or emergence of Risk Factors in population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Primary prevention - Action taken prior to the onset of disease which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. It signifies intervention in the pathogenesis phase of the disease.
Secondary prevention - Action which halts the progress of disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications i.e., early diagnosis & treatment.
Tertiary treatment - Intervention in the late pathogenic phase all measures to reduce or limit impairments, disabilities and handicap


Question: Purpose of sentinel surveillance is

A method for identifying the missing cases and there by supplementing the notified cases is required. This is known as sentinel surveillance. The sentinel data is extrapolated to entire population to estimate the disease prevalence in entire population


Question: Association of two variables explained by third variable

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Linoleic acid is maximum in


Question: A new screening test for the breast cancer is approved. Calculate sensitivity and specificity, based on the findings given below.


Question: Positive predictive value of a test does not depends upon


Question: A person with IQ of 55 is


Question: Daily dose of Fe for adult man


Question: Life expectancy as per 2015 estimate is

Life expectancy at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the moality pattern prevalent in that country According to estimates of 2015, the life expectancy at bih for males is 66.90years and that of females is 69.90years. So the life expectancy of population is 68.3years approximately. Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no: 486,487


Question: Risk of damage to the fetus by maternal rubella is maximum if a mother gets infected in

The first trimester of pregnancy is the most disastrous time - results in abnormalities in the infant in 85% of cases.16% in the second trimester.Bih defects uncommon after 20 weeks of gestation.Park 23e pg: 145


Question: According to ICMR the ‘Cereals and pulses’ requirement for a sedentary strict vegetarian male is


Question: Drawback of ozone as water disinfectant is


Question: Rural health scheme introduced by

Rural health scheme 1977The most impoant recommendation of the shrivastav committee was that primary health care should be provided within the community itself through specially trained workers so that the health of the people is placed in the hands of the people themselves. Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 875


Question: the value between ist pentile and 4th pentile includes

Pentile divides the whole set of values into 5 equal pas Each with 20% P1= 20%:80% P2= 40%:60% P3= 60%:40% P4= 80%:20% So, between P1 and P4 : 80%-20% = 60%


Question: For studying the complete amino acid sequence of two polypeptide chains of Insulin, Nobel Prize was awarded to

LIST OF FEW NOBEL LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

Sir Ronald Ross: Life cycle of Plasmodium
I.P. Pavlov: Physiology of digestion
Robert Koch: Discoveries in Tuberculosis
Paul Ehrlich: Immunity
F.G. Banting & J.J.R. McLeod: Insulin
Willem Einthoven: ECG
Karl Landsteiner: Human blood groups
Sir Alexander Fleming: Penicillin
Paul H. Muller: DDT
S.A. Waksman: Streptomycin (First antibiotic, against TB)
Har Gobind Khorana: Interpretation of genetic code
Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield: CT scan
J.E. Murray & E.D. Thomas: Organ and cell transplantation
Sir Peter Mansfield: MRI
B.J. Marshall & J.R. Warren: H. pylori; its role in peptic ulcer disease
H.Z. Hausen: HPV causing cervical cancer
F.B. Sinnoussi & L. Montagnair: HIV
Robert G. Edwards: In-vitro fertilization


Question: USHA  workers are proposed to work for population of

Health personnel

Norm suggested

Doctor

1 per 1000

Nurse

3 per 1 doctor

ASHA

2 per 1000

Health workers male and female

Plain area - 1 per 5000
			Willy area - 1 per 3000

Anganwadi worker

Plain area - 1 per 400-800
			Hilly area - 1 per 300-800


Question: Pellagra in Jowar eating population is due to

High consumption of milk and milk products


Question: Accidents happening during weekends is


Question: Secondary prevention is applicable to

Secondary prevention includes early diagnosis and treatment, so it aims at preventing a disease progressing to complications Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine; 23rd edition; Pg no: 42


Question: Antiretroviral prophylaxis decrease the chance of transmission of HIV to fetus during pregnancy of HIV to fetus during pregnancy by


Question: Best indicator of Cardiovascular Disease risk


Question: Following index measures average achievement in basic dimensions of human development

HDI reflects achievements in the most basic human capabilities like leading a long life, being knowledge and enjoying a decent standard of living. HDI includes Knowledge, income and life expectancy at bih. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno 17


Question: In a slow sand filter ,the element responsible for yielding bacteria freewater is the

SLOW SAND OR BIOLOGICAL FILTERS Slow sand filters were first used for water treatment in 1804 in Scotland and subsequently in London. During the 19th century their use spread throughout the world. Even today, they are generally accepted as the standard method of water purification. Elements of a slow sand filter Essentially these consists of : (1) supernatant (raw) water (2) a bed of graded sand (3) an under-drainage system; and (4) a system of filter control valves. Vital layer : When the filter is newly laid, it acts merely as a mechanical strainer, and cannot truly be considered as "biological". But very soon, the surface of the sand bed gets covered with a slimy growth known as "Schmutzdecke", vital layer, zoogleal layer or biological layer. This layer is slimy and gelatinous and consists of threadlike algae and numerous forms of life including plankton, diatoms and bacteria. The formation of vital layer is known as "ripening" of the filter. It may take several days for the vital layer to form fully, and when fully formed it extends for 2 to 3 cm into the top poion of the sand bed. The vital layer is the "hea" of the slow sand filter. It removes organic matter, holds back bacteria and oxidizes ammoniacal nitrogen into nitrates and helps in yielding a bacteria-free water. Until the vital layer is fully formed, the first few days filtrate is usually run to waste. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 751


Question: Method of choice for purification of highly polluted water on a large scale is

Super chlorination followed by dechlorination


Question: Vagabond disease transmitted by


Question: Relative humidity is determined by


Question: Chimney Sweeper cancer is the other name for

Ref: Park's textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: The following set of words can be used synonymously in epidemiology

in latent infection the host does not shed the infectious agent which lies dormant within the host without symptoms.the subclinical cases are referred to as inapparent,cove,missed or aboive cases.they are equally impoant as sources of imfections.the term primary case is the first case of a communicable disease and index case refers to the first case that comes to the attention of an investigator.ref;parks textbook ,22 nd ed,pg no 92

Latent infection and subclinical infection


Question: Asha scheme is associated with

Creation of a cadre of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) is associated with National rural health mission. Ref: PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition pg 449


Question: In random sampling chance of being picked up is

Ans. is 'a' Same & known a Most samples used in biomedical research are probability samples, samples in which the researcher can specify the probability of each population element being included"There are four basic kinds of probability samples:Simple random samplesStratified random samplesCluster samplesSystematic samplesSimple random sample is the simplest probability samples, it is a sample drawn so that every element in the population has an equal probability of being includedThus reading these above quoted lines, make it clear that the probability of being included (ie chance of being picked up) is same and the researcher can specify it (ie the probability in known).


Question: Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae infection is transmitted by the following animals

(A) Rats # Leptospiral infection Serotype: Icterohaemorrhage Disease: Weil's disease Clinical picture: Fever, jaundice, haemorrhages Animal reservoir: Rat Distribution: Worldwide> Several animals act as carriers for Leptospira.> Rats are particularly important for Leptospira as they are ubiquitous and carry most pathogenic serotype iceterohemorrhagiae.> Source of Infection of Leptospira : Leptospira are excreted in the urine of infected animals for a long time, often for an entire life time in cases of rodents> Animal Reservoirs: Leptospirosis affects wild and domestic animals worldwide especially rodents such as rats, mice and voles.


Question: Disinfecting action of chlorine on water is mainly due to


Question: Dose response relationship is a measure of

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Strength of association* Likehood of a causal relationship is increased by the presence of the following criteria :1. Temporal association# It implies that suspected cause preceds the observed effect. It is the most important criteria.2. Strength of association# It implies how strongly exposure is associated with disease. It can be determined by relative risk (in cohort study), odds ratio (in case-control study), dose response relationship. and cessation of exposure (reversibility).3. Consistency of association# The association is consistent if the results are replicated when studies in different settings and by different methods.4. Coherence of association# The causal association must be coherent (supported by) with relevant facts.5. Specificity of association# It is implies a 'one to one relationship'. It is the weakest and the most difficult criteria to establish.6. Biological plausibility# It implies biological credibility to the association, that is the association agrees with current understanding of the response of cells, tissues organs and system to stimuli.# For example, positive association of food intake with GI cancer is biological plausable (food enters GIT and causes cellular response), while positive association of food intake and skin cancer is not biological plausible.


Question: Used urine bags and catheters are disposed in


Question: Acute silicosis clinical manifestation is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Silicosis Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of cystalline silicon diaoxide (silica). o currently, it is the most prevalent occupational disease in the world. o There are three types of silicosis - i) Acute silicosis Results from sho-term exposure to a very large amounts of silica. A subset of acute silicosis is silicoproteinosis the chest radiographic appearance of which mimic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. A miliary picture with very small round opacities may also occur in lower lung fields. ii) Accelerated silicosis Occurs after exposure to large amounts of silica over a shoer period of time (4-8 years). Inflammation, scarring and symptoms progress faster than chronic silicosis. iii) Chronic silicosis Results from long term exposure (more than 20 years) of low amounts of silica dust. Nodules in upper zones of lung. Fibrotic lesions in hilar lymph node & pleura Progressive massive fibrosis increased susceptibility of TB --> silicotuberculosis


Question: Salk vaccine is a


Question: DALY is

(Disability Adjusted Life Year) (24-Park 19th) (26-Park 20th)DALY - (Disability Adjusted Life Year) - is a measure of the burden of disease in a defined population and the effectiveness of the interventions.* DALYs express years of life lost to premature death and years lived with disability adjusted for the severity of the disability. One DALY is "one lost year of healthy life"* DALYs are advocated as an alternative to QALY and claimed to be a valid indicator of health* HALE (health-Adjusted Life Expectancy)* DALE (Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy)


Question: The effective temperature of 'comfo zone is%


Question: For a given population, minimum no. of newborns to be examined for calculating percentage of LBW babies is

LBW is regardless of gestational age.
Depending on the population, the percentage of LBW be based on measurements of atleast 500 babies.
Goal for LBW in National Health Policy 1983: Reduce LBW to <10% by 2000.


Question: Auditory aids include

Audio-visual aidsNo health education can be effective without audiovisual aidsAuditory aids:Radio, tape-recorder, microphones, amplifiers, earphonesVisual aids:Not requiring projection: Chalkboard, leaflets, posters, chas, flannelgraph, exhibits, models, specimens etcRequiring projection: Slides, film stripsCombined A-V aids:Television; sound films, Slide tape combinationRef: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 863


Question: Child Pugh score is a type of

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: ‘Burning Sole Syndrome’ is seen in deficiency of

• Pantothenic acid is required by adrenal cortex.
• Pantothenic acid deficiency was thought to be cause of 'Burning Feet/Sole Syndrome' among PoW in WW II.


Question: Contraceptive efficacy expressed as

Contraceptive efficacy is assessed by measuring the number of unplanned pregnancies that occur during a specified period of exposure and use of contraceptive methods.Contraceptive efficacy is measured using Pearl index and life table analysis. Pearl index is number of failure per 100 woman-years of exposure (HWY) HWY=total accidental pregnancies/total months of exposure.*1200 Life table analysis measure failure rate per month of exposure. Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine.K Park. Edition 23.Pg no: 510


Question: Sullage consists of


Question: Not included in kuppuswamy scale


Question: CO2 in air is measured by


Question: Poverty index does not include deprivation of


Question: Claviceps fusiformis is responsible for

Ergot Unlike Aspergillus, ergot is not a storage fungus, but a field fungus. Foodgrains such as bajra, rye, sorghum, and wheat have a tendency to get infested during the flowering stages by the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea). Fungus grows as a blackish mass and the seeds become black and irregular and are harvested along with food grains. Consumption of ergot infested grain leads to ergotism. Sporadic outbreaks of ergot poisoning in human population have been repoed from time to time in areas where bajra is consumed as a staple. The symptoms are acute but rarelyfatal and include nausea, repeated vomiting, giddiness and drowsiness extending sometimes for periods upto 24 to 48 hours after the ingestion of ergoty grain. In chronic cases, painful cramps in limbs and peripheral gangrene due to vasoconstriction of capillaries have been repoed. However, the long-term effects of consuming small amounts of the Toxin are not known. A disquieting feature is that the recently introduced high-yielding varieties of bajra are more susceptible to infestation. Ergot-infested grains can be easily removed by floating them in 20 per cent salt water. They can also be removed by hand-picking or air floatation. The upper safe limit for the ergot alkaloids has been estimated to be 0.05 mg per 100 grams of the food material. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 694


Question: Safe period is calculated by

The safe period is calculated by the length of menstrual cycle The shoest cycle minus 18 days gives the first day of feile period and longest cycle minus 10 days gives the last day of the feile period The couple should abstain from coitus during feile period Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 507


Question: To eradicate measles the percentage of population to be vaccinated is at least............%


Question: IQ in mild mental retardation is


Question: Component of Human Development Life

Components of HDI: Life expectancy at bih Knowledge Standard of Living. HDI ranges between 0 to 1. Ref: Park 24th edition. Pg: 17


Question: Secular trend is demonstrated by


Question: The minimum recommended level of residual chlorine in the drinking water is for one hour


Question: Not seen in fecal pollution is

The primary bacterial indicator recommended for faecal contamination is the coliform group of organisms as a whole (E.Coli)Supplementary indicator organisms are faecal streptococci and sulphite-reducing clostridia.Park 23e pg: 720


Question: Present " total feility rates"

Total feility rate : As per 2017 census is 2.2 Ref : Census of India, GOI Park 25th edition Pgno : 540


Question: Kata thermometer measures

Kata thermometer measures ‘cooling power of air’: Cooling power of air comprises of

– Air temperature
– Humidity
– Air movement

Kata thermometer readings as indices of thermal comfort:

– Dry kata reading > 6 (Thermal comfort)
– Wet kata reading > 20 (Thermal comfort)

Nowadays it is used to record low air velocity.

Air temperature, humidity and air movement


Question: The standard definition of public health was given by

Chadwick worked on great cholera epidemic of 1932 and published " The sanitary conditions of the labouring population in Great Britan"Jon Snow studied the epidemic of choleraShattuck published a book on health conditions in Massachusetts.Winslow defined public health as" the science and a of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through organised community effo.Park 23e pg:9


Question: Inclusion body in neuron is seen in


Question: Measles vaccination is given at

MEASLES VACCINE:- Live attenuated vaccine Person to person transmission of measles vaccine strains has never been documented. Freeze dried product. Before use ,the lyophilised vaccine is reconstituted with sterile diluent. Diluent must be cooled before reconstitution but it should not be freezed.After reconstitution , vaccine must be stored in dark at 2-8 degree celcius and used within 4 hrs. Each dose if 0.5 ml contains > 1000 viral infective units of vaccine strain. Measles vaccine may also contain sorbitol and hydrolysed gelatin as stabilizers and neomycin but it doesn&;t have thiomersal. Age-before 9 months.The age can be lowered to 6 months if there is measles outbreak in community.For infants immunised between 6 and 9 months,second dose administered as soon as possible after the child reaches 9 months provided that at least 4 weeks have elapsed since the last dose. Route-subcutaneous/intramuscular. Immune response- both humoral and cellular. Contraindications- High fever,pregnancy, history of anaphylactic reaction to vaccine components, immunocompromised individuals, leukemia, lymphoma,severe HIV( early stage of HIV is not a contraindication), treatment with steroids, antimetabolites and serious malignancy. Adverse reactions:- TSS-toxic shock syndrome. Occurs when measles vaccine is contaminated or when the same l is used more than once on same day / next day. The vaccine should not be used after 4 hrs of reconstitution. Symptoms of TSS : severe watery diarrhoea, vomiting, high fever repoed within few hours after vaccination. TSS is totally preventable and reflects poor quality of immunisation. {Reference: park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.149}


Question: Education and motivation for healthy lifestyle is

Health promotion Health promotion is "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve health" . It is not directed against any paicular disease, but is intended to strengthen the host through a variety of approaches (interventions). The well-known interventions in this area are: i. health education ii. environmental modifications iii. nutritional interventions iv. lifestyle and behavioural changes Ref: Park 24th Edition Pgno: 47


Question: Highest level of health care is


Question: A dental surgeon appointed in a rural health centre reports an increased incidence of dental caries in the people of that area. Research team confirmed that water supply of that area is deficient in


Question: Number of air changes in a drawing room per hour should be at least


Question: Hospital waste product accounts

The average composition of hospital wastes in India is: - 15% rags -15% - 10% metals- 1% infectious wastes-1.5% -4% wastes-53.5% Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:790, table 2

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: Migration study is used to study

Large-scale migration of human populations from one country to another provides a unique oppounity to evaluate the role of the possible genetic and environmental factors in the occurrence of disease in a population.Migration studies can be carried out in 2 ways -a) Comparision of disease and death rates for migrants with that kin who have stayed at home. (Genetically similar groups living in different environmental conditions)b) Comparision of migrants with the local population of the host country. (genetically different groups living in the same environment)Park 23e pg: 67

Sociodemographic reasons for migration of a population

Environmental and genetic factors in a disease in population


Question: Schmutzdecke refers to the following

Algae, plankton, diatoms and bacteria on surface of sand bed filter

Alum flocculate on surface of sand bed filter


Question: BCG is

Ans. a (Live attenuated vaccine). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th ed., 148)VACCINESLive attenuated vaccinesInactivated or killed vaccines1.BCG1.Typhoid2.Typhoid oral2.Cholera3.Plague3.Pertussis4.Mumps4.C.S. Meningitis5.Measles5.Plague6.Rubella6.Rabies7.Yellow fever7.Influenza8.OPV8.KFD vaccine9.Influenza9.Salk (Polio)10.Epi. typhus10.Hepatitis B 11.Japanese Encephalitis


Question: The mean radiant temperature is measured by

Instruments used in Air temperature Instrument Measures Dry bulb thermometer Air temperature Wet bulb thermometer Air temperature Maximum thermometer Air temperature Minimum thermometer Air temperature Six's maximum and minimum thermometer Air temperature Silvered thermometer Air temperature Globe thermometer Mean radiant temperature Wet Globe thermometer Environmental heat Kata thermometer Cooling power of Air; Low air velocities Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 783-784


Question: New family mean couples under


Question: The most important function of sentinel surveillance is

Sentinel Surveillance

It estimates disease prevalence in a population.
It is a method for identifying the missing cases and thereby supplementing the notified cases.

To determine the trend of disease in a population

To find the total amount of disease in a population


Question: Obstetric care will mostly effect

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, following is at the top of pyramid

Social Pathology : Is the study of social problems which undermine the social, psychological or economical health of the populations; it is used to describe relationship between disease and social conditions.
Social pathology is uncovered by 'Social surveys'.


Question: Zoonotic disease among the following


Question: For diagnosis of TB under RNTCP guidelines, minimum number of sputum specimens taken


Question: The most sensitive indicator of environmental iodine deficiency is


Question: Respirable dust for pneumoconiosis


Question: Mudaliar committee is also know as

Bhore committee : Health surgery and Development committee.
Mudaliar committee : Health survey and Planning committee.
Jungalwalla committee : Committee on Integration of health survives.
Kartar signs committee : Committee on multipurpose workers under health and family planning.


Question: Bacterial Index deals with

In leprosy, Bacterial Index is the only objective way of monitoring the benefit of treatment. 0 No bacilli in any of 100 oil immersion fields1+ 1-10 in 1002+ 1-10 in 103+ 1-10 in each field4+ 10-1005+ 100-10006+ more than 1000It is calculated for each site examined an average is taken.Park 23e pg: 314


Question: Vaccine preventable neonatal disease is


Question: Visible spectrum of light

Ans. is 'a' i.e., 370-740 nm o As perceived by the human eye; light consists of those wavelengths of electromagenatic radiation (approximately 400-700 mm) which are capable of eliciting retinal response.


Question: Population covered by Anganwadi in tribal area is


Question: UNDP works as

The main source of funds for child health

The main source of funds for technical assistance

The Source of funds for research and development

Education source for developing countries


Question: IQ is calculated by

IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100Idiot: 0-24Imbecile: 25-49Moron: 50-69Borderline: 70-79Low normal: 80-89Normal: 90-109Superior: 110-119Very superior 120-139Near genius 140 and over Park 23e pg: 679

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: The breeding ground for the vectors of Japanese B virus is

Japanese encephalitis JE is a mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by group B arbovirus (Flavivirus) and transmitted by culicine mosquitoes. Zoonotic disease. Transmission occurs principally in rural agricultural location where flooding irrigation is practiced. Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition


Question: In a community of 5000 people, the crude bih rate is 30 per 1000 people. The number of pregnant females is

No. of Pregnancies = number of bihs + number of aboions + estimated total fetal lossespregnancy wastage = number of aboions+ estimated total fetal losses is taken as 10% (as per Indian demographic data)pregnancy rate = 30*5 + 10% 0f 30*5 = 150+ 15 = 165


Question: The denominator in General feility rate

General feility rate (GFR) : Number of live bihs per 1000 women in the reproductive age group 15-49 years in a given year Denominator : Takes 'mid-year population' of 15-49 years age females into account Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 539

Reproductive women in the age group 15-45 mid year population


Question: Emporiatrics deals with the health of

Emporiatrics : it is the term coined to describe the science of health of travellers . Ref : parks textbook of PSM 24th edition page no :135


Question: The health indicator obtained by dividing height by cube root of weight is

Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition. ponders index= height (cm)/cube root of body wgt quetelet's index= wgt (kg)/height square. Brocca index =height -100 Corpulence index= actual wgt/ desirable wgt


Question: Putting profit ahead of health as a cause of disease is provided by theory of sociology


Question: Infectivity of an organism is measured by

Infectivity of an organism is measured by incidence rate Incidence rate: It is the number of new cases occuring in a defined population during a specified period of time Prevalence rate: It is the number of new and old cases existing in a population during a specified period of time Case fatality rate: It is the ratio of total number of deaths due to a paicular disease to total number of cases due to same disease Secondary attack rate: It is defined as the number of exposed person developing the disease within the range of the incubation period following exposure to a primary case Ref : Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine; 24th edition; Pg no 60


Question: The number of live birth per 1000 women in the reproductive age group in a year refers to


Question: Alfred Grotjahn is famous for

In 1911, the concept of social medicine was revived by Alfred Grotjahn (1869-1931) of Berlin who stressed the impoance of social factors in the aetiology of disease, which he called "social pathology". Others called it geographical pathology and population pathology. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 8

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: The growth pattern of a population with an annual growth rate of 1.5% to 2.0% is

When crude death rate is substracted from crude bih rate ,the net residual is current annual grow rate , exclusive of migration. If the annual growth rate is increased from 1.5% to 2.0%, then it is rated as very rapid growth. Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Pg no:481, table5


Question: The father of modern epidemiological surveillance is

William Farr is often referred to as the father of modern epidemiological surveillance. Textbook on Public Health and Community Medicine pg: 14.


Question: Prevention of emergence of risk factor is

Primodial prevention aims at preventing emergence of risk factors Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition


Question: Mass prophylaxis not done in


Question: Compared to cow&;s milk, human milk has

Cow&;s milk and human milk are dissimilar in many aspects. The differences may be seen as great as the difference between brain and brawn.Protein: Human milk contains low protein, 3times less than cows milk. Human milk contains more cysteine, essential for prematures and less methionine than cows milk. Human milk is viually a living fluidFats: Mothers milk is especially rich in fats, which represent between 30-50 percent of total energy value. Carbohydrates: Human milk contains more lactose than most other milks. It may be especially useful for growing brainsVitamins and Minerals: Human milk is rich in Vitamin D, C, A etcAnother factor which is supposed to be deficient in human milk is iron but again recent work has shown that iron contained in breast milk has a high level of bioavailability.Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 540


Question: Most peripheral laboratory under RNTCP


Question: Best in primary prevention of tuberculosis and leprosy

No preventive campaign is complete without health education Health education aims at helping people develop attitude and behaviour by their own actions and effos and seeking professional help when needed Health education should be directed towards patient and his family for better patient compliance with the drug regimen and to reduce high dropout rates and the general public to remove superstition and wrong belief and the social stigma associated with the disease Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition; Page no 328


Question: Unit of study in Randomised control trial is


Question: Vaccine administered by following route is


Question: The depth of water seal in RCA latrine is

RCA latrine TRAP Latrine pan The trap is a bent pipe, about 7.5 cm in diameter and is connected with the pan. It holds water and provides the necessary 'water seal'. The water seal is the distance between the level of water in the trap and the lowest point in the concave upper surface of the trap. The depth of the water seal (AB) in the RCA latrine is 2 cm ( 3/4 in.). The water seal prevents the access by flies and suppresses the nuisance from smell. Ref : Park 25th edition Pgno : 796


Question: Best site for measuring skin fold thickness


Question: IQ value of Imbecile according to weehsler Intelligence scale


Question: Glycosylated haemoglobin reflects the mean blood glucose level of previous


Question: Disinfection of sputum is done by

Sputum is best received in gauze or paper handkerchief and destroyed by burning. If the amount is considerable it may be disinfected by boiling or autoclaving for 20 minutes at 20 lbs pressure. Alternatively, the patient may be asked to spit in a sputum cup half-filled with 5 percent creosol. When the cup is full it is allowed to stand for an hour and the contents may be emptied and disposed off. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 143


Question: Focus group discussion should have


Question: Acceptable fluoride concentration in drinking water is


Question: Best level of prevention for Breast cancer

Ans. (b) Early diagnosis and treatmentRef. Park 25/e p416]Screening of Breast Cancer* Tests: Mammography, USG, Thermography, Breast self-examination (BSE), Palpation by Physician/Surgeon, MRI* Level of prevention: Secondary (Early diagnosis)


Question: Pearl Index is expressed


Question: Most common side effect of IUDs

Most common side effect : Increased vaginal bleed.
2nd most common side effect : Pain.


Question: Target couple is;

The definition of a target couple includes- Couples who have had 2-3 living children, and family planning was largely directed to such couples Fuher, definition has been gradually enlarged to include families with one child or even newly married couples to develop acceptance of the idea of family planning.

Currently married couple where the wife is in reproductive age (15-49 year)

Couple that is eligible for practicing family planning


Question: The organism most commonly causing genital filariasis in most parts of Bihar and Eastern U.P. is

• Problem statement of Lymphatic filariasis: –
Global: Affects 120 million people in 120 countries; 1.1 billion people live in areas with risk of infection.
SEAR: 600 million live in endemic areas; 60 million infected.
India: Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem in India with 553 million people at risk in 233 districts; heavily endemic in UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat.


Question: Immunoglobulins found maximum in secretions

(IgA): Ref: (100-Park 20th)IMMUNOGLOBULINSIgG:-* Major immunoglobulins of serum (85%)* IgG is transported across placenta (extra vascular)* Antibodies to gram positive pyogenic bacteria, antiviral and antitoxic antibodies are found exclusively among. IgGlobulinsIgM: -* It represents antibody that is promptly formed with exposure to antigen* Its presence may be indicative of recent infection* IgM antibody has high agglutinating and complement fixing abilityIgA: -* IgA is found relatively in large quantities in body secretions eg saliva, milk, colostrums, tears, bronchial secretions, nasal mucosa, prostatic fluid, vaginal secretions and mucous secretion of the small intestine* It provides the primary defence mechanism at the mucous membrane against local infectionIgE:-* IgE is concentrated in submucous tissues,


Question: A Female health worker has to teach women in Urban slum about ORS preparation. Best method will be

Demonstration -Is a carefully planned presentation where idea is to show ' how to perform' a skill/procedure Two principles : 1. Seeing is believing 2. learning by doing


Question: Arrange the following stages of family cycle in chronological sequence

A normal family cycle is conceived as having 6 phases: Phases of family cycle Events in charcterising Description Begining of Phase End of Phase I Formation Marriage Bih of 1st Child II Extension Bih of 1st child Bih of last child III Complete Extension Bih of last child 1st child leaves home IV Contraction 1st child leaves home Last child leaves home V Complete contraction Last child leaves home 1st spouse dies VI Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivor (extinction) Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 720

Formation, Extension, Complete extension, Dissolution, Contraction, Complete contraction

Formation, Extension, Contraction, Complete extension, Complete contraction, Dissolution

Formation, Contraction, Complete contraction, Extension, Complete extension, Dissolution

Formation, Extension, Complete extension, Contraction, Complete contraction, Dissolution

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Most important strategy for control of malaria in endemic area


Question: Oral iron pills or iron injections must be taken along with


Question: Most undesirable mineral in water is

Iron in water leads to discolouration and failure of metal pipings. Zinc leads to an undesirable astringent taste and greasy film while boiling Copper stains laundry like Iron Chronic consumption of water with lead causes plumbism Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 780


Question: Infant mortality rate is

o IMR is defined as the number of death of child of less than 1 years of age per 1000 live births. It is a rate.
IMR

Death of infants per 1000 pregnent women


Question: IY1MR vaccine is a type of

(C) Live attenuated vaccine IMMUNIZING AGENTSLive vaccinesKilled vaccinesBacterialBCGTyphoid Typhoid oralCholera PlaguePertussis C.S. Meningitis PlagueViralOral PolioRabies Yellow fever MeaslesSalk (polio) RubellaInfluenza MumpsHepatitis B InfluenzaJapanese encephalitis Epi. typhusKFD Toxoids BacterialDiphtheria Tetanus


Question: Mean hemoglobin of a sample of 100 pregnant women was found to be 10 mg% with a standard error of 1.0 mg%. The standard error of the estimate would he

0.1 Standard error of mean = Standard detion / lisample size = 1/ V100 = 1/10 = 0.1


Question: Normal curve

Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 849 Stadardised normal curve : Smooth, bell-shaped, perfectly symmetrical curve based on an infinitely large number of observations . Total area of the curve= 1 Mean= 0 Standard detion = 1 Mean, median and mode all coincide.


Question: Marker for infectivity of serum in Hepatitis B is

Markers of Hepatitis B infection (in order of appearance in serum) : HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface antigen ): Also known as &;Australian antigen&; First antigen to appear in serum- &;first evidence of infection&; &;Epidemiological marker of Hepatitis B infectionHBcAg (Hepatitis B core antigen) Alone doesnot appear in serum HBeAg (Hepatitis B envelope antigen) Is secretory form of HBcAg Indicates active viral replication Is a marker of infectivity for Hepatitis B Persistence beyond 3 months: Increased likelihood of chronic Hepatitis B. AntiHBc (Antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen) First antibody to appear in serum IgM Anti-HBc indicates a diagnosis of acute Hepatitis B IgG Anti-HBc persists indefinitely Anti-HBe (Antobody to Hepatitis B envelope antigen) Signals &;stoppage of active viral replication Indicates end of period of infectivity Anti-HBs (Antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen) Last antibody to appear in serum Signals &;recovery, end of period of communicability&; Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 235


Question: Highest amount of Vitamin D is present in

Sources of Vitamin D Vitamin D is unique because it is derived both from sunlight and foods (a) Sunlight : Vitamin Dis synthesized by the body by the action of UV rays of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is stored in large abundance in the skin. Exposure to UV rays is critical; these can be filtered off by air pollution. Dark-skinned races such as Negros, also suffer from this disadvantage because black skin can filter off up to 95 per cent of UV rays. (b) Foods : Vitamin D occurs only in foods of animal origin. Liver, egg yolk, butter and cheese, and some species of fish contain useful amounts. Fish liver oils, although not considered to be a food, are the richest source of vitamin D. Human milk has been shown to contain considerable amounts of water-soluble vitamin D sulphate. Other sources of vitamin D are foods aificially foified with vitamin D, such as milk, margarine, vanaspati and infant foods. Dietary sources of vitamin D are as given in Table Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 653


Question: Biochemical oxygen demand is determined by

Ans. is 'a' . Organic matter & Bacteria. "The strength of sewage is expressed in terms ofBiochemical oxygen demandChemical oxygen demandsSuspended solids demand""Biochemical Oxygen demand -It is the most important test done on sewage. It is defined as the amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage during a specified period, generally 5 days, at a specified temperature, generally 20 deg. G, for the aerobic destruction or use by organic matter and living organisms. BOD value ranges from about 1 mg per litre for natural waters to about 300 mg per litre for untreated domestic sewage. If the BOD is 300 mg/I and above, sewage is said to be strong ; if it is 100 mg/l, it is said to be weak."

Agriculture fertiliser content in water.


Question: Most sensitive indicator of recent transmission of malaria of


Question: Isolation in patient with Salmonellosis is done


Question: Classical dengue fever is transmitted by


Question: Most heat sensitive vaccine is

Most Thermolabile vaccine: Reconstituted BCG
Most Thermostable vaccine: TT


Question: Case control study estimates

Case-control studies is basically a comparison study. Cases and control must be comparable with respect to known "confounding factors "such as age, sex occupation, social status etc. The questions asked relate to personal characteristics and antecedent exposures which may be responsible for the condition studied. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 79

Relative risk, attributable risk, population attributable risk

Incidence, Relative risk, and attributable risk


Question: Bacteria is not shed in


Question: A family consists of 2 parents & 6 children susceptible to measles. There occurs a primary case of measles and 3 secondary cases within a short period of time. Secondary attack rate is


Question: The population covered by an ASHA

In NRHM Cadre of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) is created ASHA must be a women resident of the village, preferably 25-45 years with formal education up to 8th standard 1 ASHA for 1000 population. In tribal, hilly and dese areas the norm could be relaxed to 1 ASHA per habitation.Park 23e pg: 449

Health care of community & international health


Question: Histogram is used to describe

Histogram: - Is graphical presentation for 'continuous quantitative data' Continuous groups are marked on X-axis (abscissa) while frequencies are marked on y -axis (ordinate).

Quantitative data of a group of patients

Statistical Graphs, Correlation, Locations


Question: “Multibacillarv" is a spectrum of disease, seen in


Question: Disability Limitation is pa of

Disability limitation When a patient repos late in the pathogenesis phase, the mode of intervention is disability limitation. The objective of this intervention is to prevent or halt the transition of the disease process from impairment to handicap. The intervention in disability will often be social or environmental as well as medical. While impairment which is the earliest stage has a large medical component, disability and handicap which are later stages have large social and environmental components in terms of dependence and social cost. Disability prevention Another concept is "disability prevention". It relates to all the levels of prevention: (a) reducing the occurrence of impairment, viz. immunization against polio (primary prevention); (b) disability limitation by appropriate treatment (secondary prevention); and, (c) preventing the transition of disability into handicap (teiary prevention) The major causes of disabling impairments in the developing countries are communicable diseases, malnutrition, low quality of perinatal care and accidents. These are responsible for about 70 per cent of cases of disability in developing countries. Primary prevention is the most effective way of dealing with the disability problem in developing countries Ref: Park 24th Edition. Pg: 48


Question: Most important in diagnosing Acute Hepatitis B is


Question: Resource person for Training ofASHA are

Ans. is 'b i.e., AWW and ANM o Angan-Wadi Workers (AWW) and Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) act as resource persons far training of ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist).


Question: Active search for disease in an apparently healthy individual is k/a

Ans. is 'c' i.e. screening Screening is defined as 'the search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests, examination or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals."Other termsCase finding : is the use of clinical and/or laboratory tests to detect disease in individuals seeking health care for other reasons for example ELISA for HIV in pregnant women.Monitoring : is performing and analysing routine measurements to detect changes in the health status of population or changes in the environment for eg. monitoring of air pollution, water quality, growth and nutritional status etc.Sentinel surveillance : As no routine notification system can detect all cases of infection or disease, sentinel surveillance is a method to identify the missing cases.


Question: In T.B/ a ‘case’ is”


Question: A 37 weeks pregnant woman attends an antenatal clinic at a Primary Health Centre. She has not had any antenatal care till now. The best approach regarding tetanus immunization in this case would be to

Give a dose of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) and explain to her that it will not protect the new born and she should take the second dose after four weeks even if she delivers in the meantime

Do not waste the TT vaccine as it would anyhow be of no use in this pregnancy

Given one dose of TT and explain that it will not be useful for this pregnancy

Give her anti-Tetanus Immunoglobulin along with the TT vaccine


Question: Multidrug resistance in TB is defined as resistance to

Multidrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB): Resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin “with or without resistance to other drugs‘

Treatment of MDR-TB must be done on the basis of sensitivity testing
Directly observed therapy certainly helps to improve outcomes and should be considered an integral part of the treatment of MDR-TB.

Extensive Drug Resistant TB (XDR–TB): Resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid as well as to any member of the quinolone family and at least one of the following second-line TB.
TB treatments: kanamycin, capreomycin, or amikacin.


Question: Statistical method of calculate death rate among two population with different age groups

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Standardized death rate Standardization (or adjustment) of rates is used to unable the valid comparison of groups that differ regarding an impoant health determinant (most commonly age). For example, if we want to compare the death rates of two different populations with different age composition, the crude death rate is not right yardstick because rates are only comparable if the populations upon which they are based are comparable. To remove this confounding effect of different age structure, adjustment or standardization is done. Two major approaches to standardization have been used :? Direct standardization Indirect standardization


Question: An investigator finds out that 5 independent factors influence the occurrence of a disease. Comparison of multiple factors that are responsible for the disease can be assessed by

• ANOVA: Analysis of Variance is a parametric test used for polyotomous independent variable
• Chi-square test: Is non-parametric test used for testing association between 2 or more qualitative variables
• Multiple linear regression: Is used if the target variables are dimensional having multiple possible values (e.g. blood pressure, serum cholesterol, body temperature)
• Multiple logistic regression: Is used if the target variables are binary having only two possible values (e.g. hypertension, smoking, geriatric age group)


Question: Konkan integrated development project is developed by

CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) is helping in following projects: Integrated nutrition and health project; Better health and nutrition project; Anaemia control project; Improving women&;s health project; Improved Healthcare for Adolescent Girls project; Child survival project; Improving women's reproductive health and family spacing project; Konkan Integrated Development project ..etcPark 23e pg: 924

Health care of community & international health


Question: Highest amount of vit. C is found in


Question: Society is

Systems of relations between individuals

Inter-relation between person and society

A group of people with geographical boundaries


Question: Most sensitive test for sanguinarine is


Question: The micronutrient, helping to increase the absorption of iron from the diet

Dietary composition affects the biologic availability and use of nutrients. For example, the absorption of iron may be impaired by large amounts of calcium or lead; likewise, non-heme iron uptake may be impaired by a lack of ascorbic acid and amino acids in the meal.Ref: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 95e; Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment


Question: Diabetes mellitus is best diagnosed by

The WHO recommendations for the diagnostic criteria for diabetes:Fasting plasma glucose: >/= 126mg/dlor2-hour plasma glucose: > 200mg/dlRef: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 395

Fasting blood sugar > 100mg/dl and post prandial blood sugar > 140mg/dl

Fasting blood sugar > 126mg/dl and post prandial blood sugar > 199mg/dl


Question: MDR defined as

(INH & Rifampicin): (180-Park 22nd/ edition; K. Park 20th/ed p-173. K. Park21st/ed p 178-79, New RNTCP Module, www.tbcindia.org)WHO defines a multi drug resistant (MDR) strain as one that is at least resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, with or without resistant to other anti TB drugsMultidrug Resistant TB - is defined by WHO as tuberculosis disease where the bacilli is resistant to Isonaiazid (H) and Rifampicin (R). with or without resistance to other drugs- Most common cause - Irregular consumption & frequent interruption in antitubercular treatment- In India 2-3% in new cases and 14%-17% in re-treatment cases - Estimated 99,000 cases every year- Prevention of MDR-TB is given priority under RNTCP rather than its treatmentManagement of MDR-TB is preferably undertaken at DOTS Plus site with experience, expertise and availability of required diagnostic and treatment facilities.Criteria for Identification of MDR-TB suspects:- A new smear positive patient remaining smear positive at the end of fifth month- A new smear negative patient becoming smear positive at the end of fifth month- A patient treated with regimen for previously treated remaining positive at fourth month- Smear positive contacts of an established / confirmed MDR-TB caseDiagnosis - Culture & drug susceptibility testing from a quality- assured laboratoryMDR - TB treatment regimen* Intensive Phase - 6-9 months, Comprises of 6 drugs (Kanamycin ), Levofloxacin (Ivx) Ethionamide , Pyrazinamide , Ethambutol and Cycloserine .* Continuation Phase - 18 months. Comprises of 4 drugs (Ivx, Eto, E and Cs) p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is a substitute drug if any of the bactericidal drug (Kanamycin / Ethonamide) is not tolerated.* Dosages of the drugs are based upon three weight bands * II patients receive drugs under direct observation on 6 days of the week. On the 7th day (Sunday), the oral drugs will be administered unsupervised and kanamycin will be omitted* If intolerance occurs to the drugs, ethionamide, cycloserine and PAS may be split into two dosages and the morning dose administered under DOT. The evening dose self - administered* The empty blister packs of the self -administered doses will be checked the next morning during DOT* 100 mg of pyridoxine is administered to all patients on the RNTCP MDR-TB treatment regimen.* If a patient gains at least 5 kg weight during treatment & crosses the weight- bands range, DOTS - plus site committee may consider moving the patient to higher weight-band drug dosages, whenever the patient is due for next 3-monthly supply of drugs in normal course of treatment .Follow-up schedule - Smear examination should be done monthly during IP and at least quarterly during CP.Culture examination should be done at least at 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of treatmentExtensively Drug Resistant TB (XDR-TB)Q - is a subset of MDR- TB* TB bacilli, in addition to being resistant to R and H, are also resistant to fluoroquinolones and any one of the 2nd line injectable drugs (namely Kanamycin, Capreomycin, or Amikacin).* XDR-TB has been reported in India


Question: Mother friendly bih initiative was launched in

Baby friendly hospitals initiatives It was launched in USA by combined effos of WHO & UNICEF Since 1993 WHO's effos to improve infant and young child nutrition have focused on promoting breast feeding. It has been calculated that breast feeding could prevent deaths of at least one million children a year. A new "baby-friendly hospital initiative" (BFHI), created and promoted by WHO and UNICEF, has proved highly successful in encouraging proper infant feeding practices, staing at bih. BFHI is suppoed by the major professional medical and nursing bodies in India. The global BFHI has listed ten steps which the hospital must fulfil. This includes: (1) Have a written breast-feeding policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff; (2) Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy; (3) Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breast- feeding; (4) Help mothers initiate breast-feeding within one half-hour of bih; (5) Show mother, how to breast-feed and maintain lactation, even if they should be separated from their infants; (6) Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk, not even sips of water, unless medically indicated; (7) Practice rooming-in that is, allow mothers and infants to remain together 24 hours a day; (8) Encourage breast-feeding on demand; (9) Give no aificial teats or pacifiers (also called dummies or soothers) to breast-feeding infants; and (10) Foster the establishment of breast-feeding suppo groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from the hospital or clinic. The "Baby friendly" hospitals in India are also expected to adopt and practice guidelines on other interventions critical for child survival including antenatal care, clean delivery practices, essential newborn care, immunization and O Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 568


Question: During a disaster, rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of likelihood of their survival with prompt medical intervention, is a part of

Triage:
Consists of rapidly classifying the injured ‘on the basis of severity of their injuries and likelihood of their survival’ with prompt medical intervention.


Question: Maximum working hours duration including overtime for a person working in a factory as per the factories act 1948 is

Factories Act* The act prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years and declares that age between 15 to 18 as adolescents.* Adolescents should be duly certified by the Certifying surgeons.* Adolescent s employees are allowed to work only between 6 AM and 7 PM.* Prescribes a maximum of 48 hours per week not exceeding 9 hours per day with 1/2 hr rest after 5 hours of continuous work.* The total number of hours of work in a week including overtime shall not exceed 60 hrs.

Hospital waste, disaster management and occupational health


Question: PE and critical path methods are employed in

PE and CPM are pa of network analysis, a management technique.


Question: Holding time for Hot air oven with temperature of 1800C


Question: Black color in triage

Triage

When the quantity and severity of injuries overwhelm the operative capacity of health facilities, a different approach to medical treatment must be adopted.
The usual principle of first come, first treated”, is not followed in mass emergencies.
Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured and the likelyhood of their survival with prompt medical intervention.

3 Higher priority is granted to victims whose immediate or long-term prognosis can be dramatically affected by simple intensive care.

Moribund patients who require a great deal of attention, with questionable benefit have the lowest priority.
The most common triage classification system used international is four colour code system.

Red → High priority treatment or transfer
Yellow → Medium priority
Green → Ambulatory patients 4. Black → Dead or moribund patients


Question: The ‘acceptable’ noise level is


Question: BCG is given


Question: Vaccine contraindicated during Pregnancy is

- All live vaccines (except Yellow fever vaccine) are contraindicated in pregnancy. - Pregnancy is a immunocompromised state. Hence, CI for live attenuated vaccines, unless the risk of infection exceeds risk of harm to fetus. Classification of vaccines: Live vaccines BCG, OPV, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Yellow fever vaccine, Varicella, Typhoral, JE live vaccine, H1N1 live, Rotaviral vaccine Killed vaccines Peussis , Rabies vaccine, IPV, Hep-A vaccine, Meningococcal vaccine, KFD, JE killed vaccine , H1N1 killed vaccine Toxoids Diphtheria, Tetanus Proteinaceous vaccines Acellular peussis, Anthrax Polysaccharide vaccines Typhim-vi, Pneumococcal vaccine, Meningococcal vaccine, Hib Glycoconjugate vaccines Pneumococcal vaccine, Meningococcal vaccine, Hib Combination vaccines MMR, MR, DPT, Pentavalent Recombinant vaccines Hepatitis -B , HPV


Question: Raltegravir belongs to

More than 25 antiretrovirals (ARV) drugs in six mechanistic classes are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for treatment of HIV infection. These six classes include the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), a fusion inhibitor (FI), a CCR5 antagonist, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). In addition, two drugs, ritonavir (V or r) and cobicistat (COBI or c) are used solely as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers (or boosters) to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of some ARV drugs (e.g., PIs and the INSTI elvitegravir ).Dolutegravir , Elvitegravir , Raltegravir are integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs).


Question: Home delivery of contraception is carried out by


Question: First in sequence

Ans. b (Disease). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th ed., 36)Concept of health and diseaseThe sequence of events leading to disability and handicap is: Disease -impairment -disability -handicap-rehabilitation.WHO definitions:ImpairmentAny loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure of function.DisabilityAny restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in manner or within range considered normal for human.HandicapA disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfillment of role that is normal for that individual.RehabilitationIt is intervention at the level of psychological, vocational and medical.


Question: Ideal cholesterol level should be below


Question: Post exposure prophylaxis schedule of rabies vaccine in a previously immunized person

Ans. (c) Day 0, 3, 7Ref: K. Park 23rd ed. / 279-80Schedule of Prophylaxis Rabies vaccineTypes of prophylaxisSchedulePre-exposureDay 0, 7, 28Post- exposureDay 0, 3, 7,14, 28, 90Post- exposure in vaccinatedDay 0, 3, 7

Principles of Immunization and Vaccination


Question: LD (50) (30) is the radiation required to

Ans) a (Kill 50% of the ...30days) Ref park 20th edThe median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "Lethal Dose, 50%"), LC50 (Lethal Concentration, 50%) or LCt.50 (Lethal Concentration & Time) of a toxic substance or radiation is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population. LD50 figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity.The related quantities LD50/30 or an LD50/60 are used to refer to a dose that without treatment will be lethal to 50% of the population wiihin (respectively) 30 or 60 days. These measures are used more commonly withinRadiation Health Physics, as survival beyond 60 days usually results in recovery.


Question: Relationship between the disease and social conditions


Question: Janani shishu suraksha karyakram includes

JANANI SHISHU SURAKSHA KARYAKRAM The government of India launched this programme on 1st June 2011. The National initiative for better facilities for mother and child. Major initiatives:- All pregnant women delivering in public health institutions to have absolutely free and no expense delivery including caesarean section. The entitlements include free drugs and consumables, free diet upto 3 days during normal delivery and 7 days for caesarean section, free diagnostics, free blood, free transpo from home to the institution. Similar entitlements have been put in place for all sick newborns assessing public health institutions for treatment till 30 days after bih. The scheme has now been extended to cover complications during ANC, PNC and also sick infants. The scheme motivates institutional deliveries. Reference-park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.456

Free treatment to newborn till 45 days of delivery

Free treatment to newborn till 40 days of delivery


Question: Power of study can be increased by

Power of a Test:
– Is probability of rejecting a Null hypothesis when a predetermined clinically significant difference is indeed
present
– Measures the ability to demonstrate an association, when one really exists
– Power of a statistical test: 1 – b ( 1 – probability of Type II error)
– Power of a statistical test is complimentary to b (probability of Type II error)
– Power of a statistical test is a numeric representation of: Sensitivity
– Power of a statistical test can be increased by:
1. Increasing the no. of subjects in a trial (sample size)
2. Reducing b (probability of Type II error)
3. Increasing sensitivity
– Power of a statistical test is also used for calculation of sample size for a study


Question: Diagnosis of Filariasis is confirmed most commonly done by

Standard/definitive method for diagnosing active Filariasis infection is the identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic examination. Microfilariae that cause Lymphatic Filariasis circulate in the blood at night (Nocturnal periodicity) Blood collection (20 cu.mm) should be done at night to coincide with the appearance of the microfilariae, and a thick smear should be made and stained with Giemsa or haemayoxylin and eosin For increased sensitivity, concentration techniques can be used Serological techniques provide an alternative to microscopic detection of microfilariae for the diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis Patients with active filarial infection typically have elevated levels of antifilarial IgG4 in the blood and these can be detected using routine assays Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 298


Question: Prophylaxis for anthrax


Question: The best measure of burden of disease in a defined population is


Question: 2 snake bite cases found in Bihar, it is


Question: Communicability of disease is assessed by


Question: Natural history of a disease is studied with

Longitudinal studies are in which observations are repeated in the same population over a prolonged period of time by means of follow-up examination. They are useful in1) to study the natural history of the disease and its future outcome2) for identifying risk factors for disease3) For finding out incidence rate or rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease in the community.Park 23e pg: 70


Question: Communicability is best measured by

SAR is defined as the number of exposed persons developing the disease within the range of the incubation period, following exposure to the primary case. Hence it shows the communicability.


Question: Concentration of diethylcarbomazine in DEC medicated salt in endemic filariasis is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., 2-4 gm/kg o The use of DEC-medicated salt is a special form of mass treatment using very low doses of drug over a long period of time. o Common salt medicated with 1-4g of DEC per kg has been used for filariasis control in endemic areas of W. bancrofti and B malayi, paicularly in Lakshadweep islands. o Treatment should be continued for at least 6-9 months.


Question: Most reliable test for the screening of diabetes mellitus among the following is

The measurement of glucose levels in random blood samples is considered unsatisfactory for epidemiological useThe fasting value alone is considered less reliable since true fasting cannot be assured and spurious diagnosis of diabetes may readily occur.For epidemiological purposes, the 2-hour value after 75gm oral glucose may be used either alone or with the fasting value.Park 23re pg: 395


Question: Epidemiology of cholera in England was clasified by

An english epidemiologist John Snow studied the epidemiology of cholera in London from 1848 to 1854. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition


Question: Disease not included under International surveillance

Disease under international surveillance

Rabies
Malaria
Relapsing fever
Human Influenza
Salmonellosis
Typhus fever (Louse borne)
Poliomyelitis


Question: Frequently occurring value in a series is known as

Ans. (d) ModeRef : K. Park 23rd ed. / 847-88THE MODE* The mode is the commonly occurring value in a distribution of data. It is the most frequent item or the most fashiionable" value in a series of observations. For example, the diastolic blood pressure of 20 individuals was:85, 75 79, 71, 95, 75, 75, 77, 75, 9071, 75, 79, 95, 75, 77, 84, 75, 81, 75* The mode or the most frequently occurring value is 75.

Measures of Central Tendency and Distribution


Question: Rubella is caused by

Family Togaviridae includes Genus Alphavirus --> Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) , Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) , Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) and Chikungunya fever (CGF) Genus Rubivirus --> Rubella Rubella: Aka German measles. I.P - 14-21 days Source : cases Mode of transmission : Respiratory / air droplets Period of communicability: 1 week before symptoms & 1 week after rash. Vaccine: Live attenuated; RA 27/3 strain


Question: IT Based TB monitoring


Question: The breeding ground for the vectors of Japanese


Question: In endemic area, most sensitive indicator of recent transmission of malaria is


Question: Employee's contribution to Employee State Insurance

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: ICD 10

ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) Medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO); Revised every 10years Consists of 21chapters The ICD-10 consists of: Tabular lists containing cause-of-death titles and codes (Volume 1) Inclusion and exclusion terms for cause-of-death titles (Volume 1) Description, guidelines, and coding rules (Volume 2) and An alphabetical index to diseases and nature of injury, external causes of injury, table of drugs and chemicals (Volume 3) Ref : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine; 23rd edition


Question: Amniocentesis in early pregnancy for genetic disorders is a kind of

As it is a diagnostic test, it comes under secondary prevention. It is a diagnostic test done in the 2nd trimester (only after completion of 12wks). it can detect many abnormalities like Down's, Neural tube defects Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 578


Question: Sullivan&;s index is indicator of

SULLIVAN&;S INDEX also known as Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) is a method to compute life expectancy free of disability. *It is calculated by formula:L Lifeexpectancy {\displaystyle -} duration of disability . Health expectancy calculated by Sullivan's method is the number of remaining years, at a paicular age, that an individual can expect to live in a healthy state. It is computed by subtracting the probable duration of bed disability and inability to perform major activities from the life expectancy. The data for calculation is obtained from population surveys and period life table. The Sullivan&;s index collects moality and disability data separately, and this data is almost often readily available. The Sullivan health expectancy reflects the current health of a real population adjusted for moality levels and independent of age structure. Ref: 25th edition Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 26


Question: Didactic method of communication is

One-way communication is also known as a didactic method.Ex: Lecture in classroomsDrawbacks are: Knowledge is imposed, learning is authoritative, Little audience paicipation, no feedback, does not influence human behaviour.Two-way communication is called a Socratic method.Park 23e pg: 855


Question: Maternal Mortality Rate is calculated by

Maternal Mortality rate (MMR): Maternal deaths expressed as per 100,000 live births, where a ‘maternal death’ is defined as ‘death of a woman while pregnant or during delivery or within 42 days (6 weeks) of termination of pregnancy,
irrespective of duration or site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.’
Maternal deaths expressed as per 100,000 live births (earlier it was expressed per 1000 live births but that yielded fractions like 4.08 maternal deaths per 1000 LB; so denominator was extrapolated to 100,000 to make MMR value more sensible.)


Question: Pellagra

• RDA is often higher than the recommended minimum requirement: RDA includes both daily requirement and some additional requirement for periods of growth or illness.


Question: Fat content is highest in


Question: During post disaster period most commonly reported disease is


Question: ORS should be discarded


Question: JNC 8 guidelines related to

The Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) recently released evidence-based recommendations on treatment thresholds, goals, and medications in the management of hypeension in adults.In the general population of adults 60 years and older, pharmacologic treatment should be initiated when the systolic pressure is 150 mm Hg or higher, or when the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg or higher. Patients should be treated to a target systolic pressure of less than 150 mm Hg and a target diastolic pressure of less than 90 mm Hg.In the general population younger than 60 years, pharmacologic treatment should be initiated when the systolic pressure is 140 mm Hg or higher, or when the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg or higher. The target systolic pressure in this population is less than 140 mm Hg, and the target diastolic pressure is less than 90 mm Hg.


Question: Headquaers of FAO is located in

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) established in October 1945 with the objective of eliminating hunger and improving nutrition and standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity. The FAO coordinates the effos of governments and technical agencies in programs for developing agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and land and water resources. Headquaered in Rome, Italy, the FAO maintains offices throughout the world. The organization, which has more than 180 members, is governed by the biennial FAO conference, in which each member country, as well as the European Union, is represented. The conference elects a 49-member Council. Ref: 25th edition Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 986


Question: In interview, first stage is to


Question: Not a component of DOTS

Components of DOTS

Accountability
Political commitment
Uninterrupted drug supply
Good quality sputum microscopy
Directly observed treatment.