Question: Malaria is transmitted by

Ans. a (Female anopheles mosquito). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th/pg.l94)TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA IS BY THREE MODES:# Vector transmission--by female anopheline mosquito# Direct--IM, IV, blood transfusion, drug addicts# CongenitalEducational point:# Blood transfusion of a person in endemic region and who has had malaria should not be accepted as donor until 3 years later.


Question: Presence of infectious arthropod agent on clothes or dressing is termed

Infection: Entry of organism and its multiplication and/or development in host
Infestation: Lodgement, development and reproduction of arthropods on surface of body or clothes
Contamination: Presence of infectious organism on body or in clothings/beds/ toys/surgical instruments/dressings/ in-animate objects
Contagion: Transmission of disease from one person to another by direct or indirect contact


Question: Lecture method is type of


Question: "Critical path" in network analysis is

Critical path method: the longest path of the network is called critical path. If any activity along the path is delayed, the entire project will be delayed.Park 23e pg: 872


Question: Impoant indicator for socioeconomic health

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: World Tuberculosis day

World Tuberculosis Day, observed on 24 March each year, is designed to build public awareness about the global epidemic of tuberculosis and effos to eliminate the disease. Ref :


Question: Iron is maximum in


Question: Chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal meningitis


Question: Z score criteria applicable to


Question: Deficit in weiught fo height in a 3 year old child indicates

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: Zika virus is transmitted through

Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day. Symptoms are generally mild and include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache. Symptoms typically last for 2-7 days. Most people with Zika virus infection do not develop symptoms. Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations, known as congenital Zika syndrome. Infection with Zika virus is also associated with other complications of pregnancy including preterm bih and miscarriage. An increased risk of neurologic complications is associated with Zika virus infection in adults and children, including Guillain-Barre syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis. Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pg.301


Question: Silicosis occurs with


Question: Herd immunity is not seen in


Question: Presumptive count includes

Presumptive coliform test

In presumptive coliform test the most probable number of all coliform organisms (not only E.coh) are counted → Presumptive coliform count.

The methods are : -

Multiple tube method
Membrane filtration technique.

After analysing presumptive coliforrn count, E.coli count is confirmed by other tests, e.g., by Eijkman test or indole production..


Question: Sullivan's index indicates

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Life free of disability Sullivan's index Sullivan's index is the expectation of life free of disability. It is computed by subtracting from the life expectancy the probable duration of bed disability and inability to perform major activities. Sullivan's index = life expectancy-- Duration ofbed disability & Inability to perform minor work It is a direct indicator of health and well being in a community. t is one of the most advanced health indicators currently available.


Question: New RNTCP initiative for Tuberculosis surveillance using case based web based IT system is

(A) NIKSHAY[?]REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCUIOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME (RNTCP)oIn 1993, in order to overcome these lacunae, the Government of India decided to give a new thrust to TB control activities by revitalizing the NTP, with the assistance from international agencies.oThe Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) thus formulated, adopted the internationally recommended Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, as the most systematic and cost-effective approach to revitalize the TB control programme in India.oPolitical and administrative commitment, to ensure the provision of organized and comprehensive TB control services was obtained. Adoption of smear microscopy for reliable and early diagnosis was introduced in a decentralized manner in the general health services. DOTS was adopted as a strategy for provision of treatment to increase the treatment completion rates.oSupply of drugs was also strengthened to provide assured supply of drugs to meet the requirements of the system.oThe objectives of the RNTCP are:1. Achievement of at least 85 per cent cure rate of infectious cases of tuberculosis; through DOTS involving peripheral health functionaries; and2. Augmentation of case finding activities through quality sputum microscopy to detect at least 70 per cent of estimated cases.[?]New InitiativesoThe RNTCP has completed the feasibility study of introducing GeneXpert in RNTCP in 18 Tuberculosis Units in 12 states. RNTCP is currently using CB NAAT for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and MDT-TB in high risk population like HIV positive and paediatric groups.[?]NIKSHAY:oThe word is combination of two Hindi words NI and KSHAY meaning eradication of tuberculosis.owww.nikshav.gov.inNIKSHAY () is a web enabled application, which facilitates monitoring of universal access to TB patients data by all concerned.oTB surveillance using case based web based IT system-Central TB Division in collaboration with National Informatics Centre has undertaken the initiative to develop a case based web based application named Nikshay.-This software was launched in May 2012 and has following functional components.-Master management-User details-TB Patient registration and details of diagnosis, DOT provider, HIV status, follow-up, contact tracing, outcomes.-Details of solid and liquid culture and DST, LPA, CBNMT details.-DR-TB patient registration with details.-Referral and transfer of patients.-Private health facility registration and TB notification.-Mobile application for TB notification.-SMS alerts to patients on registration.-SMS alerts to programme officers.-Automated periodic reports: a. Case finding; b. Sputum conversion; c. Treatment outcome.ObjectivesAchievementsPromoting real time TB surveillance64425 notified TB Patients (up to 20.02.2014) in NikshayMinimizing patient default rate222 private health facilities have been registered & 908 TB patients notified by themLinking TB database with UIDOther Options[?]NIRBHAYA: Fund can be utilized for projects for women safety & security. Central Government ministry of women & child development is the nodal authority for appraising recommend the proposal schemes to be funded under Nirbhaya scheme.[?]Nischay-Home based pregnancy test kits- (PTKs) was launched under NRHM in 2008 across the country.oThe PTKs are being made available at sub-centres and to the ASHAs to facilitate the early detection and decision making for the outcomes of pregnancy.[?]Electronic DOT (eDOT) is an alternative method to in-person DOT in which a patient is remotely observed (E.g., over a smartphone) taking his or her TB medication


Question: Probability of a person with positive test result having the disease is given by

Sensitivity:- It is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly all those who have the disease (True positives) Specificity:- It is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease (True Negatives) Diagnostic power of the test . Positive predictive value:- Indicates the probability of a person with a positive test result having the disease. It depends on sensitivity, specificity of the test and prevalence of the disease. It is directly propoional with the prevalence of the disease. Negative predictive value:- Probability a person with a negative test result not having the disease Ref:- K Park, 24th ed; pg num:- 149-150


Question: MCH care is assessed by


Question: Under the national population policy 2000, it is aimed to reduce the maternal moality ratio to below

Reduce the infant moality rate to below 30 per 1,000 live bihs;Reduce the maternal moality ratio to below 100 per 100,000 live bihs


Question: Disease rate is

Attack rate (case rate or diesease rate):it is an incidence rateusually expressed in percentused only when population is exposed to risk for a limited period of time such as during an epidemicattack rate = (no. of new cases of a specified disease during a specified time interval / total population at risk during the same interval) x 100ref: Park&;s 23rd edition pg 61

Disease occurrence in a specified time period


Question: After applying a statistical test, an investigator gets the ‘P value’ as 0.01. it means that

The probability of finding a significant difference is 1%

The probability of declaring a significant difference is 1%

The difference is not significant 1% times and significant 99% times


Question: Certificate for vaccination during international travel is required in case of


Question: Belief is


Question: Dose of Nevirapine to Newborn for Prevention of Mother to child transmission of HIV is

Bih Weight NVP daily dose(in mg) NVP daily dose(in ml) Duration Infants with bih weight <2000gm 2 mg/kg once daily 0.2 ml/kg once daily Upto 6 weeks irrespective of exclusively breast fed or exclusive replacement fed Bih weight 2000 -2500gm 10 mg once daily 1 ml once daily Bih weight more than 2500gm 15 mg once daily 1.5 ml once daily


Question: Waste water from kitchen is


Question: Janani Suraksha Yojana includes

JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA:- Launched on 12th April 2005. Objectives- To reduce maternal moality and infant moality through encouraging delivery at health institutions, and focus on institutional care among women in below povey line families. Salient features: 100% centrally sponsored scheme. Under NRHM, it integrates cash assistance with institutional care during antenatal, delivery and immediate postpaum care. The benefit is given to all women, both rural and urban, belonging to below povey line household and aged 19 years and above, upto first two live bihs. In low-performing states, the benefit will be extended to the third child if the mother chooses to undergo sterilization in the health facility where she delivered, immediately after delivery. ASHA worker acts as a link health worker between poor pregnant women and public sector health institution. Reference-park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.455


Question: Virulence of a disease is indicated by

CASE FATALITY RATIO Case fatality rate represents the killing power of a disease. It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases. The time interval is not specified. Case fatality rate is typically used in acute Infectious diseases (e.g., food poisoning, cholera, measles). Its usefulness for chronic diseases is limited, because the period from onset to death is long and variable. The case fatality rate for the same disease may vary in different epidemics because of changes in the agent, host and environmental factors. Case fatality is closely related to virulence. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 66


Question: Causative toxin for endemic ascites is

It was noticed in the Kusmi block of Sarguja district of Madhya Pradesh during the years 1973 and 1976. There was an outbreak of rapidly progressing ascites and jaundice among the tribals. Moality rate was 40%. Investigation by the National Institute of Nutrition concluded that this outbreak was due to intake of Millet seeds contaminated with Crotalaria seeds which form their main diet. Crotalaria occured as a weed in areas of millet (Panicum miliare) cultivation. Crotalaria seeds contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are hepatotoxic. The methods suggested for preventing this were deweeding of farmlands and seiveing of millet seeds before use, as Crotalaria seeds were much smaller Ref : internet


Question: Lecture Method of teaching is a type of

Flow of communication is one way
– from communicator to audience
– Disadvantages of one way communication:
- Knowledge is imposed and learning authoritative
- Little audience participation and no feedback
- Does not influence human behaviour
- Makes no attempt at removing misconceptions and misunderstandings
- Communicates message even if unintelligible or unacceptable - Autocratic process


Question: Rickettsial agent of Epidemic typhus isRickettsial agent of Epidemic typhus is


Question: Calculate degree of freedom Material Location X Y Glass 8 23 Cupboard 56 3 Metal 1 14

Degree of freedom = (C-1) (R-1) Given rows = 3 ; columns = 2 DOF = (2-1) (3-1) = 1x2 = 2


Question: First requisite before conducting an interview is

Steps of interview: Establishing contact: First requisite before conducting an interview Staing an interview Securing rappo Recall Probe questions Encouragement Guiding the interview Closing the interview Repo Ref: Park 25th edition &; pgno: 732

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Antisera is obtained from

Antisera (Antitoxins): Materials prepared in animals; non-human sources like horses


Question: Under National Program for Control of Blindness, District blindness control society is headed by


Question: Health promotion includes

Ref: 25th Ed K.Park's Textbook Of Preventive and Social Medicine


Question: Hepatitis A virus shedding in faeces is

One week before the symptoms and one week thereafter

Two weeks before the symptoms and two week thereafter


Question: Treatment of lepromatous leprosy is

Ans. c (Rifampicin + Dapsone + Clofazimine); (Ref. Park PSM 22nd/pg. 296)Recommended regimens of chemotherapy for Leprosy in adultsFORM OF LEPROSYMORE INTENSIVE REGIMENWHO RECOMMENDED REGIMENLepromatous(multibacillary)Rifampin (600 mg/d) for 3 years plus dapsone (100 mg/d) indefinitelyDapsone (100 mg/d self-administered) plus clofazimine (300 mg once monthly for 1-2 yrs supervised; and 50 mg/d self-adm); and rifampin (600 mg once monthly undersupervision). Note: Clofazimine is unacceptable owing to discoloration of the skin, its replacement by 250-375 mg self-adm daily ethionamide or propionamide has been suggested.Tuberculoid (paucibacillary)Dapsone (100 mg/d) for 5 years Dapsone (100 mg/d, unsupervised) plus rifampin(600 mg/month, supervised) for 6 months.# ******** Duration of Rx for Multibacillary leprosy = MB blisterpacks for 12 months, within 18 months.# ******* Duration of Rx for Paucibacillary leprosy = PB blisterpacks for 6 months, within 9 months# ******Rifampin is considered the most active agent for the treatment of leprosy.# *****Dapsone inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis & is now considered the second most active drug (after rifampin) in the treatment of leprosy.# ****Clofazimine is useful in treating dapsone-resistant leprosy and may lessen the severity of ENL.# ***Thalidomide is now approved by the FDA for treatment of ENL. This drug is sedating and extremely teratogenic and should never be taken by anyone who is or may become pregnant.# **Ethionamide with rifampin (600 mg/d) is used to treat dapsone-resistant leprosy for who cannot accept the skin- pigmentation of clofazimine.# The newer macrolide antibiotics (particularly clarithromycin), minocycline (a long-acting tetracycline), and a number of fluoroquinolones (including ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and pefloxacin) have shown promising bactericidal activity against M. leprae. Ofloxacin and minocycline are being investigated with rifampin in short-course regimens for lepromatous disease.


Question: Phlebotomus argentipes is killed by

DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-tricholoro ethane) Organo-chlorine Synthesized by Zeidler (1874); Insecticidal propeies discovered by Noble prize winner Paul Miller (1939) Techincal DDT : 70-80% para-para isomer (most active form) Mechanism of action : Contact (Nerve) poison (hours to kill) (Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) DDT had 'No repellant action' but 'redidal action for 18 months' Dosage : 100-200 mg per sq.ft Sandflies (phlebotamus) has not demonstrated resistance to DDT Ref : Park 25th edition Pgno : 812-813


Question: Measure of communicability of a disease

Secondary attack rate : SAR is defined as “the number of exposed persons developing the disease within the range of incubation period, following exposure to primary case. SAR = No of exposed persons developing disease within the range of the incubation period ——(Total number of exposed/susceptible contact) x 100
The important features of SAR are:-

The primary case is excluded from both the numerator and denominator.
Denominator is restricted to susceptible contacts of primary case.
In denominator, person should be susceptible → Immune person (to disease) are not susceptible to develop the disease, So they are excluded.
Disease should develop within the range of incubation period.

SAR is an important measure of communicability. Higher secondary attack rate means, more numbers of susceptible contacts are developing the disease after exposure to primary case.
So, higher the SAR higher is the communicability (infectiousness) of disease.


Question: 40 years old Bank officer was told to be having illeocecal Tuberculosis (Bovine after thorough investigation. He told the physician that he had no body infected with tuberculosis in the family, but he was told by the Doctor that he acquired this infection from


Question: Effective to change health behaviour and attitudes of people

Group discussion is considered a very effective method of health communication. It permits the individuals to learn by freely exchanging their knowledge, ideas and opinions. Where long-term compliance is involved (cessation of smoking) group discussion is considered valuable. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 680

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Toxin causing endemic ascites


Question: Purest water in nature is

Rain : Is the prime source of all water and is the ‘purest form of water in nature.’
Chemically, it is very soft water : contains traces (0.0005%) of solids Gibraltar depends on rain water as a source of supply.


Question: Pharmaceutical waste includes

Pharmaceutical waste: Pharmaceuticals that are expired or no longer needed; Items containing or contaminated by pharmaceuticals.Genotoxic waste: Waste containing substances with genotoxic propeies Ex: cytostatic drugs (often used in chemotherapy)Chemical waste: Lab reagents, film developer, solvents, disinfectants Park 23e pg: 789

Waste containing body pas, blood, and other body fluids

Waste containing expired pharmaceuticals

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: Level of prevention that includes specific protection

Specific protection targets a type or group of diseases and complements the goals of health promotion. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 48


Question: Inhalation of sugarcane dust could cause

Bagassosis occurs due to occupational exposure to fibrous residue of sugarcane (bagasse); Bagassosis has been shown to be due to Thermoactinomyces sacchari
Bagasse contains a percentage of silica, innumerable fungal spores and micro-organisms; Bagasse dust blocks bronchioles thus leading to bronchitis and bronchopneumonia
Prevention and Bagasse control measures:

– Keeping moisture content > 20%
– Spraying bagasse with 2% propionic acid (fungicide).


Question: Tomatoes are rich in


Question: Multi load device refers to


Question: Vitamin A prophylaxis to a child is

Ans. is 'b' i.e. Specific protection Vitamin A prophylaxis is a form of specific protection against vitamin A deficiency resulting in xerophthalmiaSpecific protection is an interventional strategy for primary prevention in a disease process.Disease process, prevention & interventions can be summarised as below:* Health education is a part of health promotion Levels of preventionPrimordial prevention - Prevention of the development or emergence of Risk Factors in population groups in which they have not yet appeared Primary prevention - Action taken prior to the onset of disease which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. It signifies intervention in the pathogenesis phase of the disease.Secondary prevention - Action which halts the progress of disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications i.e. early diagnosis & treatment.Tertiary treatment - Intervention in the late pathogenic phase all measures to reduce or limit impairments, Disabilities and handicap Specific protection:Specific protection is possible in a limited number of cases.The interventions available areImmunizationUse of specific nutrients (For e.g. Vit. A, Iron & FA)ChemoprophylaxisProtection against occupational hazardsProtection against accidentsProtection from carcinogensAvoidance of allergensControl of environmental hazards e.g. air pollution, noise control etc.


Question: Purest water is

Rainwater by nature is purest and soft. it gets contaminated when passing through the atmosphere by dust and microorganisms Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 767


Question: Cycle that is seen in RBC's in malaria is

Human cycle of plasmodium Pre-erythrocytic Schizogony Development of sporozoites in liver parenchyma Liberated merozoites are called as "Cryptozoites" No clinical manifestations ; No pathological change Blood is sterile Erythrocytic Schizogony Parasite resides inside RBCs; Passes through stages of Trophozoite, Schizont, Merozoite Parasitic multiplication brings clinical attack of malaria Gametogony Some merozoites develop in RBC's of spleen and bone marrow to form 'Gametocytes' Exo-Erythrocytic Schizogony Persistence of late tissue phase in liver Seen in P.vivax and P.ovale Cause of relapses in Vivax and ovale Malaria. Liberated merozoites are known as 'Phanerozoites' Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 281-286


Question: A 3 yr old completely unimmunised child comes to an immunization clinic at PHC for the firsr time, He should receive

BCG, DPT, DPT-1, OPV-1, Measles, Vitamin - A


Question: Under MCH programme, iron and folic acid tablets to be given daily to mother has

An adult tablet of IFA contains: 100 mg elemental Iron and 500 mcg Folic acid (to be given for 100 days minimum in pregnancy).
A pediatric tablet of IFA contains: 20 mg elemental Iron and 100 mcg Folic acid (to be given for 100 days minimum every year till 5 years age of child).


Question: ‘Dipstick Test’ for rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum is based on

‘Dipstick Test’ is used for the rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)
– Is a ‘rapid whole blood immuno-chromatographic test’
– Uses 2 antibodies specific for ‘Pf Histidine Rich Protein II Antigen’
– Is a ‘antigen capture assay’ – Colloidal gold is used in the test card
– Gives results in 3 – 5 minutes
– Specificity and negative predictive value is 99%
– Not as effective when parasite levels < 100 parasites/ml of blood
• Rapid tests for diagnosis of Pf:
– Dipstick test (Pf Histidine rich protein II – HRP II)
– Leishman stain
– Field’s stain
– Acridine orange.


Question: For optimum utilization of health services in a hospital, Bed turnover interval should always be

Ans. (a) Slightly positive* Bed turn over interval: Amount of time beds at hospital are unoccupied until next patients' admission following a patients' discharge- Negative values: Indicate over 100% occupancy, scarcity of beds, over-utilization of services- Positive values: Indicate vacant beds, underutilization of services due to defective admission process or poor quality medical care- Slight positive values: Indicate optimum utilization of services


Question: Sir Alexander Fleming got Nobel Prix for

List of Nobel Laureates

Willem Einthoven : ECG.
Sir Alexander Fleming : Penicillin.
Paul. H. Muller : DDT.
Sir Godfrey N.Hounsfield : Human blood groups.
Karl Landsteiner : Human blood groups.
Paul Ehrlich : Immunity.
Sir Peter Mansfield : MRI.


Question: The histogram is used as a method of group presentation for


Question: Carriers  of avirulent organism is known as


Question: A person has lost his hand at work in a factory and is not able to wear his clothes


Question: Maximum Power of destruction of a disease is measured by

Case fatality rate represents the killing power of disease. It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases.Used in acute infectious diseases.Case fatality is closely related to virulence.Park 23e pg:59


Question: Patients are categorized on the basis of chances of survival in Disaster management;

Triage Consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of severity of their injuries and on the likelihood of their survival with prompt medical intervention First come first serve is NOT followed in emergencies Triage yields best results when carried out at the site of disaster COLOR CODING: RED YELLOW GREEN BLACK high priority treatment or transfer medium priority ambulatory patients dead/moribund patients


Question: Rickettsial agent of Epidemic typhus is

(R-prowazekii) (239-PK) (262- Park 20th)DiseaseRickettsial agentInsect vectorsMammalian reservoirsITyphus group a. Epidemic typhusR. prowazekiiLouseHumansb. Murine typhusR. typhiFleaRodentsc. Scrub typhusR. tsutsugamushiMiteRodentsIISpotted fever group a. Indian tick typhusR. conoriiTickRodents, dogsb. Rocky Mountain spotted feverR. rickettsiiTickRodents, dogsc. Rickettsial poxR. akariMiteMiceIIIOthers a. Q-feverC. burnetii-Cattle, sheep, goatsb. Trench feverRochalimaeaquintanaLouseHumans


Question: Mass approach includes

Home visits, Personal letters, personal contact are individual approachTelevision, radio, newspaper, folk methods, internet are mass approaches.Lectures, Demonstrations, Discussion methods (Symposium, conferences, roleplay..etc) are group methods.Park 23e pg: 862


Question: Recommended daily intake of fibre in diet


Question: Amino acid deficient in pulses


Question: In defining General Feility Rate, the denominator is

General feility rate is the number of live bihs per 1000 women in the reproductive are group ( 15-44 or 49 years) in a given year GFR = Number of live bih in an area during the year X 1000 / mid year female population age group 15-44 (or 49) in the same area in same year Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 488

Population between 15 to 49 years of age


Question: Maternal antibodies do not occur for

Infants are susceptible to Pertussis infection from birth because maternal antibody does not appear to give them protection.


Question: Ergotism is due to toxic alkaloids produced by fungus


Question: Diphtheria carrier are diagnosed by


Question: Three doses of tetanus vaccine provides immunity for


Question: Demographic gap attains its maximum limit is

Demographic cycle The history of world population since 1650 suggests that there is a . demographic cycle of 5 stages through which a nation passes: (1) FIRST STAGE (High stationary) This stage is characterized by a high bih rate and a high death rate which cancel each other and the population remains stationary. India was in this stage till 1920. (2) SECOND STAGE (Early expanding) The death rate begins to decline, while the bih rate remains unchanged. Many countries in South Asia, and Africa are in this phase. Bih rates have increased in some of these countries possibly as a result of improved health conditions, and shoening periods of breast-feeding (3) THIRD STAGE (Late expanding) The death rate declines still fuher, and the bih rate tends to fall. The population continues to grow because bihs exceed deaths. India has entered this phase. In a number of developing countries (e.g., China, Singapore) bih rates have declined rapidly. (4) FOUH STAGE (Low stationary) This stage is characterized by a low bih and low death rate with the result that the population becomes stationary. Zero population growth has already been recorded in Austria during 1980-85. Growth rates as little as 0.1 were recorded in UK, Denmark, Sweden and Belgium during 1980-85. In sho, most industrialized countries have undergone a demographic transition shifting from a high bih and high death rates to low bih and low death rates. (5) FIFTH STAGE: (Declining) The population begins to decline because bih rate is lower than the death rate. Some East European countries, notably Germany and Hungary are experiencing this stage. Demographic cycle is based on : Demographic gap DG = Crude Bih Rate (CBR) - Crude death rate DG stas increasing : Early stage II (Early expanding phase) DG is Maximum : Late stage II (Early expanding phase) DG stas declining : Early stage III (Late expanding PHASE) DG is negative : Stage V (Declining phase) DG is Narrow : Stage I (high Stationary) ; Stage IV (Low Stationary) Ref: Foundations of community Medicine, GM Dhaarb& I Robbani, 1st edition Park 25th edition Pgno : 530


Question: Parboiling is done for

Parboiling Parboiling (paial cooking in steam) is ancient Indian technique of preserving the nutritive quality of rice. There are many techniques of parboiling. The technique recommended by the Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore is known as the hot soaking process. The process stas with soaking the paddy (unhusked rice) in hot water at 65 to 70 deg. C for 3 to 4 hours, which swells the grain. This is followed by draining of water and steaming the soaked paddy in the same container for 5 to 10 minutes. The paddy is then dried and later homepounded or milled. During the steaming process, a greater pa of the vitamins and minerals present in the outer aleurone layer of the rice grain are driven into the inner endosperm. With subsequent milling, even to a high degree, the nutrients are not removed. During the drying process, the germ gets attached more firmly to the grain. In addition, the heat used in drying hardens the rice grain. It results in the grain becoming more *resistant to insect invasion and more suitable for storage than raw rice. The starch also gets gelatinized which improves the -keeping quality of rice. The serious disadvantage of parboiling is the development of a peculiar smell or "off flavour" which some consumers do not relish. Modern methods of parboiling rice have been developed by which the finished product does not give any bad odour. Ref : Park 25th edition Pgno : 665


Question: Reservoir of Tetanus infection is

Soil is the Reservoir of:

Tetanus
Anthrox
Coccidiomycosis
Mycetoma


Question: Standardised moality rate is stadardised for


Question: Best index of contraceptive efficacy is

Pearl index is defined as the number of failures per 100 woman years of exposure (HWY) Failure rate per Hundred Women Years = Total accidental pregnancies X 1200/ Total months of exposure Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 510


Question: Whisper is


Question: Confirmatory diagnostic test used in HIV


Question: CHC acts as a referral center for

Community Health Centre (CHC)

Secondary level of health care.
Located for population of 1,20,000 in plains.
Located for population of 80,000 in hilly areas.
Staff at CHC : 46-52
Acts as referral unit for 4 PHCS.
Bed strength : 30


Question: Presence of it indicates remote contamination of water


Question: White death is


Question: Maximum tolerated dose of a new drug is evaluated in

Phase 1 Clinical trials is used to evaluate Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a new drug


Question: Adjuvant used in DPT vaccine is

Ans. is 'b' i.e. Aluminium DPT vaccine is of two types : plain & adsorbedAluminium phosphate or Aluminium hydroxide is used as adsorbent.Adsorption increases the immunological effectiveness.WHO recommends use of only adjuvant DPT vaccines in immunization programmes?Also know - Pertussis component in DPT vaccine enhances the potency of the diphtheria toxoid.


Question: Flight range for Aedes Mosquito is

Flight range of impoant mosquito vectors in India: Mosquito vector Flight range Anopheles 3-5 Km Culex 11Km Aedes 100m (110 yards) Mansonia - Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 808


Question: The scatter plot is used to display

STATISTICAL MAPS When statistical data refer to geographic or administrative areas, it is presented either as "Shaded Maps" or "Dot maps" according to suitability. The shaded maps are used to present data of varying size. The areas are shaded with different colours, or different intensities of the same colour, which is indicated in the key. Scatter diagram shows the relationship between two variables, e.g., Fig. 10 shows a positive correlation between the intakes of fat and sugar in the average diets of 41 countries. Populations with more income are known to consume more protein, fat and also sugar If the dots cluster round a straight line, it shows evidence of a relationship of a linear nature. If there is no such cluster, it is probable that there is no relationship between the variables. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 846


Question: Provision of services at Suraksha Clinic include

Services expected at suraksha clinic (STD clinic) are related to I/STI. It includes - Diagnostic services - Treatment care - Preventive services


Question: Red cross society was staed by

The Red Cross is a non-political, non-official international humanitarian organization devoted to the service of mankind in peace and war. Founded by Henry Dunant.Park 23e pg: 925

Health care of community & international health


Question: The following does not suggest Under Five Care in the community

Deaths due to diarrhoeal disease between 1-5 years


Question: Fernandez Reaction in Lepromine test is


Question: 3 month's training in preventive and social medicine during internship is recommended by

(Bhore committee) (776- Park 20th)* Major changes in medical education which includes 3' months training in preventive and social medicine to prepare prepare "social physicians"-recommend by Bhore Committee 1946* "Health Survey and Planning Committee" popularily known as the Mudaliar committee* Chadah Committee - recommended that the "vigilance" operations is respect of the National malaria Eradication Programme should be the responsibility of the general health services i.e. primary health centres at the block level.

Healthcare of the Community & International Health


Question: The age and sex structure of a population may be best described by a

The age and sex distribution of a population is best represented by population pyramid
In countries with high birth rates as ours, it is broad based conical pyramid because of high birth rate and tapering of population with increase in age.
In developed countries with low birth rate, the pyramid swells in the middle and is narrow at the base and is not so conical at the top. (dumb bell shaped).

Utility of population pyramid
Shape of population pyramid indicates fertility pattern

Broad base, Narrow top (upright triangle): High proportion of younger population (developing countries)
Bulge in Middle: High proportion of adults (developed countries)

Span (height) of population pyramid indicates life expectancy

Taller pyramid: Higher life expectancy (developed countries)
Shorter pyramid: Lower life expectancy (developing countries)

Symmetry of population pyramid indicates sex ratio

Symmetric pyramid: ideal sex ratio ( developed countries)
Asymmetric pyramid: unfavorable sex ratio <1000 (developing countries)


Question: Green STD kit contains


Question: Reservoir of hookworm

.man is the only impoant reservoir of human hookworm infection.faeces containing the ova of hookworms is the infective material.as long a sthe person harbours the parasite ,the infectivity of the disease continues. ref:park&;s textbook,ed 22,pg no 221


Question: Under ICDS, nutrition given for children < 1 year is,


Question: Long term fluctuation is


Question: Daily calcium requirement of infants is


Question: A community has a population of 10,000 and a birth rate of 36 per 1000. 5 maternal deaths were reported in the current year. The MMR is


Question: The drug of choice for chempprophylaxis in contacts of a patient of penumonic plague is

Cholera: Tetracycline or furazolidone for household contacts Bacterial conjunctivitis: Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment Diphtheria: Erythromycin Influenza: Oseltamivir Meningitis, meningococcal: Ciprofloxacin, and minocycline Plague: Tetracycline for contacts of pneumonic plague Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 137


Question: 'Ring vaccination' is

Ring vaccination is a strategy to inhibit the spread of disease by vaccinating only those who are most likely to be infected.

Given around 100 yards of a case detected


Question: Protein requirement of an adult is

Protein requirement of an adult:

0.7 gm/kg/day in terms of Egg protein or
1.0 gm/kg/day in terms of mixed vegetable protein (NEW GUIDELINE: 0.83 g/kg/d)

Egg protein has the highest NPU of 96.
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has recommended 1.0 gm protein per kg of body weight for an Indian adult, assuming a NPU of 65 for dietary proteins.

0.7 gm/kg in terms of Egg protein & 0.7 gm/kg in terms of mixed vegetable protein

1.0 gm/kg in terms of Egg protein & 1.0 gm/kg in terms of mixed vegetable protein

0.7 gm/kg in terms of Egg protein & 1.0 gm/kg in terms of mixed vegetable protein

1.0 gm/kg in terms of Egg protein & 0.7 gm/kg in terms of mixed vegetable protein


Question: Test of significance for comparing means of 2 group is

Paired student t - test ⇒ Comparision of means in paired data of 1 group.
Un - Paired student t - test ⇒ Comparision of means between 2 group.
ANOVA test ⇒ Comparision of means if ≥ 3 groups.


Question: The distinct golden colour in transgenic Golden rice is due to presence of

Golden rice:
Variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to boisynthesize beta carotene, a precursor of vitamin A.
The distinct golden colour is due to the beta carotene content.
It is indented to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A.
Golden rice differs from its parenteral strain by the addition of three beta carotene biosynthesis gene.


Question: If the prevalence is very low as compared to the incidence for a disease, it implies

Prevalence = Incidence * Duration of illnessIf incidence is high and prevalence is low compared to the incidence, it means the duration of illness is low.Duration can be low if the disease is fatal or disease is easily curable.Park 23e pg: 62

Disease is very fatal and/or easily curable

Calculation of prevalence & incidence is wrong

Nothing can be said, as they are independent


Question: Best statistical data diagram to depict incidence change over a period of tissue is


Question: The book "Airs, Water and Places" considered a treatise on social medicine and hygiene is a work of

Hippocrates distinguished between diseases which are epidemic and those which are endemic. His book &; Airs, Water and places are considered a treatise on social medicine and hygiene. The Hippocratic concept of health and disease stressed the relation between man and his environment.Park 23e pg: 3


Question: Shoest incubation period is seen in

Influenza Causative Agent: Ohomyxovirus, 3 types : A, B, C Type A: MC cause of outbreaks/Epidemics ; Only cause of Pandemics Type B. Type C: Not circulating currently Incubation period : 18-72 hours Period of Infectivity : 1-2 days before to 1-2 days after onset of symptoms Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Edition Pgno : 167-172


Question: 3 months old infant, no chest indrawing with respiratory rate 52/minute. Diagnosis is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pneumonia This infant has:? Fast breathing (.. 50 per minute between 2 months to 1 years). No chest indrawing. Diagnosis is Pneumonia.


Question: The time interval between reception of infection and maximum infectivity of the host is known as


Question: “Hundred day cough” is the name of

Cough due to respiratory syncytial virus


Question: Recommended vaccination strategy for rubella is to vaccinate first and foremost

Priority groups for rubella vaccination in India:
1st PRIORITY:
15 – 49 years reproductive age group females
2nd priority: All children 1 – 14 years age
3rd priority: Routine universal immunization of all children aged 1


Question: Infant moality rate does not include

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Therapeutic aboion was accepted by

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Declaration of Oslo (1970)


Question: Pearl index of male condom


Question: Consumer Protection Act was passed in

Ref: 25th Ed K.Park's Textbook Of Preventive and Social Medicine


Question: Fibers are maximum in

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Corn Wheat bran42.2Oat bran22.2Soy bran70.0Corn bran82.3Rice bran38.0Barley bran70-0


Question: If each value of a given group of observations is multiplied by 10, the standard deviation of the resulting observations is


Question: The definitive host in Toxoplasmosis is

(A) Cat> Toxoplasmosis, a protozoal infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, can result from ingestion of raw or undercooked meat infected by the organism or from contact with infected cat feces.> The incidence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women is estimated to be 1 in every 150 to 700 pregnancies. Infection early in pregnancy may cause abortion; later in pregnancy, the fetus may become infected. A small number of infected infants develop involvement of the central nervous system or the eye; most infants who have the disease, however, escape serious clinical problems.> Toxoplasma gondii, -- result from ingestion of raw or undercooked meat infected by the organism or from contact with infect cat feces


Question: Old contamination of water is indicated by


Question: Maximum damage to Napoleon’s army during his march to Moscow was done by


Question: Dose of Rifampicin per month for adult multibacillary leprosy

Treatment of adult multibacillary leprosy Rifampicin 600mg once monthly, supervised Dapsone 100mg daily, self-administered Clofazimine 300mg once monthly supervised; and 50 mg daily, self-administered. Ref: PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition pg 323


Question: ‘Smoking’ is not associated with the following respiratory lesion


Question: Most important Essential Fatty Acid is

Essential Fatty Acids (EFA): Are those that cannot be synthesized in human body; they can only be derived from the food
The most important EFA is Linoleic Acid, which serves as a basis for production of other EFA

Dietary sources of EFA:


Question: Delinking Malaria activity from Family planning was under the recommendation of

Chadah committee recommended that the vigilance operations in respect of the national malaria eradication programme should be the responsibility of the general health services ie primary health centres. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 874


Question: MDR/XDR treatment given for

As Guidelines on Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB (PMDT) in IndiaRegimen for MDR-TB This regimen comprises of 6 drugs - Kanamycin, Levofloxacin, Ethionamide, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol and Cycloserine during 6-9 months of the Intensive Phase and 4 drugs Levofloxacin, Ethionamide, Ethambutol and Cycloserine during the 18 months of the Continuation Phase.Regimen for XDR TBThe Intensive Phase (6-12 months) will consist of 7 drugs - Capreomycin (Cm), Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), Moxifloxacin (Mfx), High dose-INH, Clofazimine, Linezolid, and Amoxyclav The Continuation Phase (18 months) will consist of 6 drugs - PAS, Moxifloxacin (Mfx), High dose-INH, Clofazimine, Linezolid, and Amoxyclav


Question: Under NPCB, screening of school children is first done by

Ans. is 'a' i.e. School teachers Under the National Programme for Control of Blindness, all children aged 10-14 years will be screened for refractive errors by trained teachers.Children who cannot read the 6/9 line with any eye are then sent to the ophthalmic assistant of the CHC for refraction test.Children needing spectacles are then provided free spectacles by opticians who have been contracted by the NPCB.


Question: “Eugenics” is

A feeling of well-being or elation, may be drug related

the humane destruction of an animal accomplished by a method that produces rapid unconsciousness and subsequent death without evidence of pain or distress, or a method that utilizes anaesthesia produced by an agent that causes painless loss of consciousness and subsequent death

the study of hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding

A state of being carried away by overwhelming emotion


Question: Egg yields about K cal of energy

Ans. is 'c' i.e., 70 o An egg weighing 60 grams contains. i) 6 gm of protein ii)6 gm of fat iii) 30 mg of calcium iv) 105 mg of iron v) 70 Kcal. of energy


Question: The socioeconomic status of community is best indicated by

Infant moality rate (IMR) is defined as the ratio of infant deaths registered in a given year to the total number of live bihs registered in the same year, usually expressed as a rate per 1000 live bihs. It is given by the formula: IMR= No. of deaths of children less than 1 year of age in a year --------------------------------------------------------------------x1000 No. of live bihs in the same year IMR is universally regarded not only as a most impoant indicator of the health status of a community but also of the level of living of people in general and effectiveness of MCH services in paicular. Infant moality rate is given a separate treatment by demographers because: IMR is the single largest single age-category of moality. Deaths at this age are due to a peculiar set of diseases and conditions to which the adult population is less exposed or less vulnerable. IMR is affected rather quickly and directly by specific health programmes and hence may change more rapidly than the general death rate. Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 18th edition; Page-417


Question: EIKJMAN'S test used in


Question: Guthrie test is done in neonates for mass screening of

Phenylketonuria is a disorder of amino acid metabolism. This is an autosomal recessive trait in babies who are homozygous with a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydrolase which normally conves phenylalanine to tyrosine. Mass screening of blood phenylalanine in neonates is performed by the Guthrie test. Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 535


Question: In a town of population 5000, 500 are already myopic on January 1, 2011. Number of new myopia cases is 90 till December 31, 2011. Calculate incidence of Myopia in the town in 2011.


Question: Breteau index is used for


Question: Tuberculin test denotes

A positive reaction to the tuberculin test is generally accepted as evidence of past or present infection of M.tuberculosis . Ref: PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition , Page :185

Previous or present sensitivity to tubercle proteins

Protective immune status of individual againts tuberculosis


Question: Leprosy is not targeted for global eradication because


Question: Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of Rabies is


Question: Hospital acquired infection of surgical wound is mostly by


Question: Study of human evolution comes under


Question: Positive schick test indicates


Question: 95% of the values in the distribution corresponds to

B i.e. (2 SD) (701 Park 19th) (751-Park 20th)In normal distribution curve* 1 Standard deviation =68% of value.* 2 Standard deviation =95% of value* 3 Standard deviation =99.7% value* Standard normal curve - Smooth bell shaped, perfectly symmetrical**1. Total area of the curve is 1*2. Its mean is Zero3. Standard deviation is 14. The mean, median and mode all coinside**


Question: Life cycle of filaria is

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Cyclo developmental Transmission of arthropod-borne diseases occur by following methodsDirect contact - e.g. scabies, pediculosisMechanical Transmission - housefly transmitted diseasesBiological Transmission - It is of three types:Propagative - The agent merely multiplies in vector, but no change in form e.g. plague bacilli in rat flea.Cyclo propagative - The agent changes in form & multiplies in the body of arthropod e.g. malarial parasites in mosquitoCyclo developmental - The disease agent undergoes cyclical changes but no multiplication e.g. filarial parasite in culex mosquito and guinea worm embryo in cyclops.Other methodsTransovarian transmission - The infectious agent is transmitted vertically from the infected female to her progeny in the vector e.g. Ticks transmitting Rickets sial diseases * Ttransstadial transmission - Transmission of the disease agent from one stage of the life cycle to another as for example nymph to adult e.g. Ticks.


Question: Indicator solution in Horrock’s Apparatus contains

Indicator in Horrock’s apparatus: Starch iodide.
Indicator in Presumptive coliform test (MPN Multiple Tube Method): Bromocresol purple.


Question: Fluoride helps in

Fluoride helps in denon and reduces tooth decay,

Flourine is oen called a two edged sword

Excess intake →Causes Endemic fluorosis
Inadequate →Causes dental caries


Question: Index case refers to

First case of a communicable disease introduced into the population unit being studied Primary case First case to come to attention of investigator Index case Developing from contact with primary case Secondary case An individual who has signs and symptoms connected to the suspected pathogens Suspect case


Question: Male to Female ratio is

The number of females per 1000 males is known as sex ratio Sex composition is one of the basic demographic characteristic of the population Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 482


Question: Venturimeter is used to measure


Question: Physical quality of life index includes

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant moality , and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale. HDI includes knowledge, income(GNI) and life expectancy at bih. Ref: Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 24th edition, Page no. 17

IMR, Literacy, Life expectancy at one year

MMR, intake of calories per capital and IMR


Question: Empowered Action Group state among the following

Empowered action group states are socioeconomically backward states, they are 8 in number - Jharkand, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Madhya Prades, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal.


Question: A depot contraceptive DMPA is to be given every


Question: Exposure to multiple outcomes can be studied in

In Coho study, multiple outcomes can be studied together. In Case control study, multiple exposures can be studied together. COHO STUDY: Time consuming & expensive study Incidence & RR can be calculated No recall bias Ethical problems are present & is not useful for rare diseases Loss of follow-up can be seen - max allowable attrition rate is < 5% ; ideal retention rate >= 95% HAWTHORN BIAS - study subjects alter their behavior without notice ; can be seen.


Question: First BCG vaccine is prepared from

(B) Mycobacterium bovis > Calmette and Guerin, two French scientists began attenuating a virulent strain of M. bovis in 1906, with a view to develop a vaccine against tuberculosis. After 230 subcultures over a period of 13 years, they were able to evolve a strain - known as bacille Calmette Guerin or BCG - which was avirulent for man while retaining its capacity to induce an immune response. Initially BCG was given orally during 1921 to 1925. The first human was vaccinated by the intradermal technique in 1927. Recognition of the value of BCG came in 1948 when it was accepted by tuberculosis workers from all over the world as a safe preventive measure.


Question: Most impoant feature to diagnose severe anemia

The most impoant signs to consider when deciding if the child has pneumonia are the child's respiratory rate and chest indrawing.In exhausted child, breathing may slow down and chest indrawing may be the only sign.Other signs of severe pneumonia are nasal flaring, grunting, cyanosis.Park 23e pg:170


Question: Residual chlorine required for normal supply of water system in order to disinfect water born pathogen is

Ans) a (0.5 mg/L) Ref Park 20th Edn P625The minimum recommended concentration of free chlorine is 0.5 mg/L, for one hour.Tests used for both free and combined chlorine after chlorination isBreak point chlorination- the point at which the residual chlorine appears and when all combined chlorine has been completely destroyed is the break point and the corresponding dosage in break point dosage.Other methods of water disinfectionOzonisationUltra violet irradiationNote- In disinfection of wells by using bleaching powder contact period of one hour is allowed before water is drawn for use.Chlorine demand-the dose of bleaching powder required for disinfec-tion of water. It is estimated by Horrock's apparatus.2.5 gm for 1000Ltrs,0.7 mg for 1 Ltr. Ideally once every week, in epidemic once every day. Con-tact period of 1 hour is essential to kill the bacteria and viruses. But chlo-rine has no effect on spores, protozoal cyst, helminthic ova, needs superchlorination. All viruses except Polio and hepatitis A are killed, these killed, by super chlorination.Indicator used in Horrock's apparatus-Starch -iodide solution. Orthotoludine test-detects both free and combined chlorine simultaneously. OTA test-free and combined chlorine separately


Question: In Ecological studies, the unit of Observation is the

(A) Population[?]ECOLOGICAL STUDIESoCross-sectional, Case-control & Cohort studies and Trials (and not just population case-series) could also be analyzed in relation to such 'ecological' variables and such units of analysis.oMost ecological analyses are based on population case-series.oEcological analyses are subject to the ecological fallacy.oIn an ecological study, the units of analysis are groups of people rather than individuals.oEcological studies can also be done by comparing populations in different places at the same time or in a time series, by comparing the same population in one place at different times.oIn ecological studies the unit of observation is the population or community.oDisease rates and exposures are measured in each of a series of populations and their relation is examined.oOften the information about disease and exposure is abstracted from published statistics and therefore does not require expensive or time.oEcological Concept:-Deficiencies in the biomedical concept gave rise to other concepts.-Ecologists put forward an attractive hypothesis which viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment, and disease a maladjustment of the human organism to environment.-Health implies the relative absence of pain and discomfort and a continuous relative adaptation & adjustment to the environment to ensure optimal function.oHuman ecology is a subset of more general science of ecologyoHuman ecosystem includes in addition to the natural environment, all the dimensions of the man-made environment - physical, chemical, biological.Other Options[?]Patient:-A patient is any recipient of health care services.-Patient is most often ill or injured & in need of treatment by a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, physiotherapist, physician assistant, psychologist, dentist, podiatrist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.[?]Concept of Disease-A condition in which body health is impaired, a departure from a state of health, an alteration of the human body interrupting the performance of vital functions.-Ecological point of view: disease is defined as 'a maladjustment of the human organism to the human organism to the environment-Sociological point of view: disease is considered a social phenomenon, occurring in all societies and defined & fought in terms of the particular cultural forces prevalent in the society.-Simple definition 'disease is just the opposite of health1[?]Case:-A case is defined as 'a person in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder or condition under investigation.-A variety of criteria (E.g. clinical, biochemical, laboratory) may be used to identify cases.-Primary case refers to the first case of a communicable disease introduced into the population unit being studied.-Index case refers to the first case to come to the attention of investigator; it is not always the primary case.-Secondary cases are those developing from contact with primary case.-Suspect case is an individual (or group of individuals) who has all of the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition, yet has not been diagnosed as having the disease or had the cause of the symptoms connected tot he suspected pathogen.


Question: Black fly Transits


Question: Mission Indradhanush was staed in

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Dec 2014The Government of India launched Mission Indradhanush on 25th December 2014, to cover children who are either unvaccinated or paially vaccinated against seven vaccine preventable diseases, i.e., diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles and hepatitis B.The goal is to vaccinate all under-fives by the year 2020. Under the programme, four special vaccination compaigns will be conducted between January and June 2015. Intensive planning and monitoring experience of pulse polio immunization programme will be used.


Question: Variables are arranged in ascending or descendintg order to determine

Measures of Central Tendency and Distribution


Question: In multibicillary leprosy, the follow up examination after adequate Rx should be done yearly for


Question: A patient will not shed organisms in


Question: The efficiency of cold chain system for oral polio vaccine as monitored by Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) depends on

WHO grading of VVM in OPV: (Marker of pofency)
Is based on colour changes in VVM: ONLY INNER SQUARE CHANGES COLOUR, circle always remain blue.


Question: The use of aluminium in vaccine is as

Adjuvant in Vaccine Sometimes a substance is added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response by degree and/or duration, making it possible to reduce the amount of immunogen per dose or the total number of doses needed to achieve immunity. The commonly used adjuvant are aluminium salts (aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate or potassium aluminium sulfate) which primarily enhance the immune response to proteins. They have been shown to be safe over several decades of use. Rarely, they may cause injection site reactions, including subcutaneous nodules, sterile abscess, granulomatous inflammation or contact hypersensitivity Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 111


Question: Size of dust particles reaching alveoli

Airborne transmission: Droplet nuclei Dried residue of droplets Tiny particles 1-10 microns e.g.
TB, influenza, chickenpox, measles, Q fever. Particles in 1-5 micron range are liable to be easily drawn into the alveoli of the lungs and may be retained there.
Dust Larger droplets expelled. Settle down in form part of dust. Streptococci, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungal spores and skin squamae - found in the dust of hospital wards.
Coccidiodomycosis is spread through airborne transmission of fungal spores. Streptococcal and staphylococcal infection, pneumonia. TB. Q fever, psittacosis


Question: Contraceptive of choice in diabetic patient

BARRIER METHODS A variety of barrier or "occlusive" methods, suitable for both men and women are available. The aim of these methods is to prevent live sperm from meeting the ovum. Barrier methods have increased in popularity quite recently because of ceain contraceptive and non-contraceptive advantages. The main contraceptive advantage is the absence of side-effects associated with the "pill" and IUD. The non-contraceptive advantages include some protection from sexually transmitted diseases, a reduction in the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and possibly some protection from the risk of cervical cancer. Barrier methods require a high degree of motivation on the pa of the user. In general they are less effective than either the pill or the loop. They are only effective if they are used consistently and carefully. Types of barrier method Condom Female condoms Vaginal sponge (Today) Diaphragm Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 535


Question: Phase 3 is

Demographic cycle based on CBR & CDR Demographic cycle CBR CDR 1st stage High stationary High High 2nd stage Early expanding High Sta decreasing 3rd stage Late expanding Sta decreasing Already decreasing 4th stage Low stationary Low Low 5th stage Decline CDR > CBR

Preventive Medicine in Obstetrics, Paediatrics & Geriatrics


Question: Effective size of sand in rapid sand filter is


Question: Lyme disease is transmitted by


Question: Maximum concentration of vitamin A is found in

(A) LiverRETINOL CONTENT OF SELECTED FOODSRetinol Equivalents (RE) (meg/100 g)* Halibut liver oil900,000* Carrot1167* Cod liver oil18,000* Spinach607* Liver, Ox16,500* Amaranth515* Butter825* Green leaves300* Margarine900* Mango, ripe313* Cheese350* Papaya118* Egg140* Orange25* Cow milk38* Tomato84* Fish40


Question: Most common detion used in social medicine

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Carrier state is not important in transmission of


Question: Discase imported to a country for first time


Question: Diagnostic power of a test is reflected by

Diagnostic power of Screening test: Predictive accuracy (it tells the actual no.of people having the disease or not having the disease out of those shown positive or negative by a screening test, respectively) Diagnostic power of a screening test to correctly identify a disease: Positive predictive value(PPV). Diagnostic power of a screening test to correctly exclude a disease: Negative predictive value (NPV) Ref: Parl 25th edition Pgno: 153


Question: Study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, it&;s movements and it&;s cognitive abilities is

Study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, it&;s movements and its cognitive abilities is ergonomics The object of ergonomics is " to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being"Park 23e pg: 803

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Paucibacillary leprosy treatment includes

(A) Rifampicn 600 mg once a month for 6 months + Dapsone 100 mg daily for 6 months # PAUCIBACILLARY CASES should also receive combined therapy in view of primary dapsone resistance which is becoming widespread. Recommended standard regimen for adults is: Rifampicin 600 mg once a month for 6 months, supervised Dapsone 100 mg (1-2 mg/kg of body weight), daily for 6 months.

Rifampicin 600 mg once a month for 6 months + Dapsone 100 mg daily for 6 months

Rifampicin 600 mg + Dapsone 100 mg daily for 6 months

Rifampicin 600 mg + Dapsone 100 mg + Clofazimine

Dapsone 100 mg + Clofazimine 300 mg daily for 6 months


Question: Secular trend is best demonstrated by

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Trends can be best represented by


Question: Dietary cycle is weighing of raw foods over a period of


Question: DOT's indicates


Question: Not a feature of Anopheles is

Description: Anopheles mosquito: Causes malaria and filaria Breeding habitat: Clean water Eggs laid singly with boat-shaped lateral floats Larvae have no Siphon tube; rest parallel to the undersurface of water Pupae have a broad and sho siphon tube Adults are inclined at an angle to the surface and with spotted wings Can fly 3-5 km Sophisticated mosquitoes Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 831

Rest at an angle, inclined to the surface


Question: The best indicator for determining the general level of air pollution in an urban area is

(A) Sulphur dioxide > Best indicators of air pollution are sulphur dioxide, smoke, suspended particles.# Monitoring of air pollution> Best indicators of air pollution are sulphur dioxide, smoke and suspended particles> These are monitored on a daily basis over several sites. The results are then collected by a central agency.> Sulphur dioxide: This gas is a major contaminant in many urban and industrial areas. Its concentration is estimated in all air pollution surveys,


Question: Monkey disease is also known as


Question: Amniocentesis to detect chromosomal abnormalities can be done as early as

Amniocentesis: examination of a sample of amniotic fluid makes possible the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal anomalies and certain metabolic defects; the procedure can be used as early as 14th week of pregnancy when abortion of affected fetus is still feasible.


Question: Not used in health care planning


Question: Human Development Index is

Ans. b (Knowledge, Longevity and Income). (Ref. Park PSM 22nd /pg. 16).# HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX- Consist of three dimensions:- Longevity (life expectancy at birth);- Knowledge (Adult literacy rate and mean years of schooling); and- Income (real GDP per capita in purchasing power).- The HDI ranges between 0 to 1.- In India HDI is 0.602# PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (PQLI)- Consists of:- Infant mortality,- Life expectancy at age one, and- Literacy.- National and international comparison can be done- Kerala has highest PQLI# KUPUSWAMY INDEX- Kupuswamy index of social classification includes:# Education# Occupation# Income# SULLIVAN'S INDEX- This index (expectation of life free of disability is computed by subtracting from life expectancy the probable duration of bed disability and inability to perform major activities.- It is considered one of the most advanced indicators/measures of disability rate, currently available.# DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years)- Measure of burden of disease in defined population and effectiveness of intervention.- 1 DALY = 1 lost year of healthy life.- HALE (Health Adjusted Life Years)- It consists of life expectancy at birth and adjustment of time spent in poor health.

Infant mortality, Health infrastructure and Income


Question: Low bih weight babies are at a higher risk of dying in the firstweek because

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: The age and sex structure of a population may be best described by

The age and sex composition of a country can be best described by population pyramid. Age group from 0-80+ is represented in a scale and the male and female population are represented on either side of the population pyramid. Reference: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no: 482,483


Question: Full form of ASHA


Question: Screening under RNTCP emphasizes on

Over-reliance on chesl X-ray was a draw back of National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) which was over come by Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme(RNTCP) which staed diagnosing patient by sputum microscopy &;A nation-wide network of RNTCP qaality assured designated sputum smear microscopy laboratories has been set up, providing appropriate, available, affordable and accessible diagnostic services for TB suspects and cases. Ref: Park 24th edition


Question: The area is declared free of epidemic

Investigation of an Epidemic:
– To define magnitude or involvement (time, place, person)
– To determine responsible conditions and factors
– To identify causes, source(s) and modes of transmission
– To make recommendations to prevent reoccurrence.

No new case reported for twice the incubation period of disease since the last case

No new case reported for the incubation period of disease since the last case

No new case reported for six months since the last case


Question: In normal delivery, breast feeding should be started

Breast feeding should be iniated within 30 min. of a normal vaginal delivery!.
Breast feeding should be initiated within 4 hrs of delivery by caesarian section.


Question: Kyoto Protocol is for;

Kyoto protocol is designated towards reducing greenhouse gas emission. It was signed by 187 countries on 16th Feb, 2005. It includes CO2, N20, CFC, CH4, SF6 and PFC. It is linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).


Question: The severity of disease is assessed by

Case Fatality rate represents the killing power of the disease, it is closely related to virulence. It is simply a ratio* of death to cases.
Total no. of deaths due to particular disease x 100. Case Fatality rate = Total no. of cases due to same disease.
Case fatality rate is typically used in acute infectious diseases e.g. (food poisoning, cholera, measles)
Its usefulness for chronic disease is limited because the period from onset to death is long & variable.
The case fatality rate for the same disease may vary in different epidemics because of changes in agent, host & environment factors.


Question: Vaccine contraindicated in pregnancy

In pregnancy all live vaccines are contraindicated except yellow fever. Ref:- K Park, 24th ed; pg num:- 108


Question: The drug recommended for chemoprophylaxis 1 day before induction into high altitude areas is

Acetazolamide is the drug of choice for Acute Mountain Sickness prevention. It inhibits renal carbonic anhydrase, causing a prompt bicarbonate diuresis that leads to metabolic acidosis and hyperventilation.Acetazolamide (125-250 mg twice a day), administered for 1 day before ascent and continued for 2 or 3 days, is effective. Higher doses are not required.Ref: Harrison&;s principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 476e Altitude Illness


Question: A one day census of inpatients in a mental hospital could

A census is defined by UN as the total process of collecting,complying and publishing demographic,economic and social data peaining at a specified time or times to all persons in a country or delimited territory

Give good information about the patients in that hospital at that time

Give reliable estimates of seasonal factors in admission

Enable us to draw conclusions about the mental hospitals of India

Enable us to estimate the distribution of different diagnosis in mental illness in the local area


Question: In a population of 5000, incidence of disease is 100 in 1 year. Duration of disease studied for is 2 years. Calculate prevalence

Ref: Parks 23rd edition pg 61. Prevalence = Incidence x Duration = (100/5000) x 2 = (20/1000) x 2 = 40/1000


Question: RCA latrine stands for

The Research Cum Action Project at Tamil Nadu, financed by the Ford Foundation and Ministry of Health, Government of India, has its genesis in 1956. The major objective of the project was to improve Educational Methods, Conducting Systematic Research in various Public Health Programmes and to evolve a Low-Cost Sanitary Latrine suitable for the rural household.pg no:795


Question: Death Rate due to Tuberculosis in 2109

Death Rate due to Tuberculosis is around 1 Person for 4 minutes


Question: Post exposure prophylaxis is given in A/E

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Pertussis Active immunoprophylaxis after exposure to disease is recommended for:RabiesTetanusHepatitisMeasles (within three days of exposure)*VaricellaMeasles vaccine can be given post exposure (within three days of exposure) because incubation period of measles is 7 days when the respiratory tract is bypassed (as with vaccine which is given subcutaneously) whereas normal incubation period is 10 days* from exposure to onset of fever (and 14 days to appearance of rash).


Question: Additional daily energy required during pregnancy and lactatoin


Question: Framingham Hea study is an example of

Framingham hea study is an example of a coho study.Initiated in 1948, to study the relationship of a number of risk factors to the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease.The study showed an increased risk of CHD with increasing serum cholesterol levels in 45-54 age group.Risk factors have been found to include male sex, advancing age, high serum lipid concentrate, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, low vital capacity and ceain ECG abnormalities.Park 23e pg: 80


Question: Swine flu is caused most commonly by

Ans. is 'a' i.e., HiNi Swine flu Swine flu, also called swine influenza, or pig influenza, is caused by influenza virus. It is mainly occurs in swines (pigs) and occasionally transmitted to human. It is usually caused by influenza virus type A (Hi-NI). Incubation period is about 1-3 days and the symptoms of swine flu in humans are similar to most influenza infections, e.g. fever, cough, rhinorrhea, fatigue and headache. Other influenza virus causing swine flu, occasionally, are H,N2, H2N,, 1-13N2 and H2N3


Question: Fresh bleaching powder contains


Question: Optimum unit of preventive, curative and promotive health care is

Health care characteristics include 1) Appropriateness - relevance 2) Comprehensiveness - optimum mix of preventive, curative and promotional services. 3) adequacy 4) availability 5) accessibility 6) affordability 7) feasibility Ref: Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine,24th edition, Page no. 33


Question: Additional energy requirement during Pregnancy (Kcalories/day)

Energy requirement MAN WOMAN Sedentary 2300 1900 (kcal/day) Moderate 2700 2200 (kcal/day) Heavy 3500 2900 (kcal/day) Additional energy requirements 2/3rd trimester - + 350 1st trimester- 150 2/3rd trimester - 350 Lactation 0-6 month = +600 6-12 month = +520


WHO classification of Mental retardation(MR) mild MR...IQ 50-70 moderate MR ...35-49 severe MR..IQ 20-34 profound MR...IQ under 20 ref; (page no;637) 25th edition of PARK's textbook of Preventive and Social medicine

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Specific protection is a type of

(A) Primary prevention LEVELS OF PREVENTION* Primordial preventionPrevention of emergence of risk factor, through education* Primary preventionElimination or modification of risk factors throughPopulation (Mass) strategyHigh risk strategy* Secondary preventionActions which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevent complication through early diagnosis of adequate treatment* Tertiary preventionIntervention in the late pathogenesis phase - to reduce or limit impair-ment and disabilities through rehabilitation-- psychosocial, vocational etc.


Question: Health related goal in Sustainable Development Goals

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed P.523


Question: Theory of contagion was first given by

Fracastorius, an Italian physician enunciated the 'theory of contagion'. He envisaged the transfer of infection minute invisible paicles and explained the cause of epidemics. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 5


Question: The effective temperature of ‘comfort zone’ is


Question: Elimination ofleprosy is defined as prevalance

Ans. is "b' i.e., < 1 per 10000 "As a result of the hard work and meticulously planned and executed activities, the country achieved the goal of elimination of leprosy s public health problem, defined as less than 1 ease per 10000 population. at the National level in the month of December, 2005. As on 31st December 2005. prevalence rate recorded in the country was 0.95/10,000 population"


Question: During the demographic transition, demographic dividend is due to decrease in

The demographic transition is the transition from high bih and death rates to lower bih and death rates as a country or region develops. This demographic shift initiates the demographic dividend. With fewer younger dependents, due to declining feility and child moality rates, and fewer older dependents, due to the older generations having shoer life expectancies (as in India) Demographic burden is the ratio of the number of persons under working age and over working age per 1000 people of working age. The dependency ratio is a measure showing the number of dependents, aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, to the total population, aged 15 to 64. It is also referred to as the "total dependency ratio." Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 484


Question: Type of Growth Charts used by Anganwadi workers (ICDS) for growth monitoring

• In NRHM and ICDS, Government of India has adopted WHO Child Growth Standards 2006 (also known as MGRS ‘Multicentre Growth Reference Study’ Standards)
– Normal zone
– Below -2 SD: Malnutrition
– Below -3 SD: Severe Malnutrition


Question: In a standard deviation of 2, confidence limit is

(B) 95.4% # In a NORMAL CURVE, the area between one standard deviation on either side of the mean will include 68%, the area between two standard deviations 95.4% and the area between three standard deviations will include 99.7% of the values in the distribution.> In a Normal curve: Area between one standard deviation on either side of the mean (x +- la) will include approximately 68 per cent of the values in the distribution Area between two standard deviations on either side of the mean (~x +- 2a) will cover most of the values, i.e., approximately 95 per cent of the values Area between (x +- 3a) will include 99.7 per cent of the values. These limits on either side of the mean are called 'confidence limits'.


Question: TB research centre located at


Question: Bagassosis is due to inhalation of


Question: Vaccine undergoing phase 3 trial for HIV is

AIDSVAX is an experimental HIV vaccine that was developed originally at Genentech in San Francisco, California, and later tested by the VaxGen company, a Genentech offshoot. A repo published in the December 2009 New England Journal of Medicine on this Thailand clinical trial, also known as the RV144 trial, of the vaccine known as "ALVAC-AIDSVAX B/E" showed the combination treatment's efficacy ranging from 26.1 to 31.4%, which though far from optimal makes the combination AIDSVAX-Aventis vaccine one of the first impoant milestones in the world's struggle to produce a globally effective HIV vaccine. However, during the study seven paicipants were removed from the study when the results showed they had already been found with an HIV-1 infection at baseline, which changed the result from 26.1 to 31.4% vaccination efficacy. Ref: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDSVAX


Question: Contraindication of OC Pills

Contraindications of OCP's Absolute contraindications Relative contraindications: (Require medical surveillance) Breast cancer Genital cancer Liver disease H/o thromboembolism Cardiac abnormalities Congenital hyperlipidemia. Undiagnosed abnormal uterine bleeding Pregnancy Age >40 years Smoking and age >35 years Mild hypeension Chronic renal disease Epilepsy Migraine Nursing mothers (0-6 months) Diabetes mellitus Gall bladder disease History of infrequent bleeding Amenorrhoea Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 537


Question: Anthracosis is caused by;

Anthracosis is caused by Coal dust. There are two general phases in Anthracosis The first phase is simple pneumoconiosis which is associated with little ventilatory impairment. The second phase is characterised by progressive massive fibrosis (PMF); this causes severe respiratory disability and frequently results in premature death.


Question: Incubation period of salmonella in food poisoning


Question: RCH phase 2 does not include

Early registration of pregnancy upto 12-16 weeks


Question: Antivenom is given


Question: Drug of choice for Falciparum Malaria is

Drug of choice for Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium malariae is ACT (Aemisinin Combination Therapy) + primaquine Doc for plasmodium vivax & ovale - chloroquine + primaquine Also remember chemoprophylaxis of malaria: - Sho term - Doxycycline - Long term - Mefloquine


Question: A 14 year old boy having lost his father a year ago, is caught shoplifting. The boy will be sent to


Question: . Best for studying the decline in percentage of syphilis in men and women in last 10 years


Question: Maximum Biological value is for


Question: ASHA ( accredited social health activist) works at

In NRHM at village level with 1000 population, one ASHA and AWWs are present Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition


Question: Goal of reduction in morbidity and mortality due to malaria by 2010 is


Question: Ayushman Bharat was staed in the year

Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 2th ed


Question: Acculturation is

Acculturation means &;culture contact&;. When there is contact between two people with different types of culture, there is diffusion between of culture both ways.Park 23e pg: 672

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: “Field carcinogenesis” is seen in


Question: The annual growth rate of a Country was found to be 1.3, country rating under population growth would be under

< o.5Slow growth0.5 - 1.0Moderate growth1.0 - 1.5Rapid growth1.5 - 2.0Very rapid growthMore than 2.0 is explosive growth.Currently, India has 1.2% annual growth with 132 crores (in 2016)(Ref:- Park. 23rd ed. Page no 481)


Question: Appropriate statistical test to compare two propoions

Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 852 Here, propoion is a Qualitative measure, so we use Chi-square. Tests of significance: Qualitative: Chi- square : 2 or more than 2 groups Mc Nemar test : 1 group. ( before and after intervention) Quantitative: Paired T test: 1 group Student T test/ unpaired T test: 2 groups Anova: more than 2 groups.


Question: Fast breathing in less than 2 months old chld the respiratory rate is

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: Kala azar is transmitted by


Question: Infective period of chicken pox is

Chicken Pox Synonym: Varicella Causative agent : Varicella zoster virus Incubation period: 14-16 days Source of infection : Case (person-to-person contact) Mode of transmission : Air droplets (respiratory) Period of communicability : 1-2 days before to 4-5 days after appearance of rash Secondary Attack rate : 90% Rash: Dew drop on rose petal Apperance. Centripetal distribution pleomorphic rash Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 157

2 days before and 2 days after rash appearance

2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance

4 days before and 4 days after rash appearance

4 days before and 5 days after rash appearance


Question: Sputum examination for AFB is a type of

Sputum AFB is a diagnostic test intended for the early diagnosis and adequate treatment. Secondary prevention: an action which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications. The interventions include early diagnosis and treatment. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 24th edition - Page no. 46


Question: The recommended concentration of free chlorine is

The chlorine demand of water is the difference between the amount of chlorine added to the water and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specific period of contact (usually 60 min)The point at which chlorine demand of water is met is called the &;breakpoint chlorine&;Chlorine added beyond breakpoint chlorine is free chlorine (HOCl and OCl). The minimum recommended concentration of free chlorine is 0.5 mg/L for one hour.The free chlorine provides a margin of safety against subsequent microbial contamination such as may occur during storage and distribution.Park 23e pg: 715


Question: Direct standardisation is used to compare moality data of two countries. This is done because of difference in

If we want to compare the death rates of two populations with different age-composition, the crude death rate is not the right yardstick This is because rates are only comparable if the populations upon which they are based ae comparable.It is cumbersome to use a series of age-specific death rates, hence &;age standardization&; is used to remove the confounding effect of different age groups.Park 23epg: 59


Question: Bat is the reservior for,


Question: Under RCH programme, intervention done in selected districts


Question: Best latrine for rural community is

(B) Dug well # Advantages of Dug well type of latrine are:> It is easy to construct and no special equipment such as an auger is needed to dig the pit> The pit has a longer life than the bore hole because of greater cubic capacity. A pit 75 cm (30 in.) diameter and 3 to 3.5 m (10-12 ft.) deep will last for about 5 years for a family of 4 to 5 persons.> When the pit is filled up, a new pit is constructed.> The action of the dug well latrine is the same as in the bore hole latrine, i.e., anaerobic digestion.


Question: Endemic typhus cause and vector is

Endemic Typhus Is also known as 'Flea borne typhus' or 'Murine Typhus' Causative agent : Rickettsia typhi (R.mooseri) Reservoir: Rats Mode of Transmission : Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis) - But not Through bite, rather through feces innoculation on skin or inhalation of dried infective faeces Incubation period : 1-2 weeks Weil-Felix reaction: Becomes positive with proteus OX-19 in 2nd week Drug of choice : Tetracycline Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 316


Question: Dental fluorosis is best seen in

Dental fluorosis occurs when excess fluoride is ingested during first 7 years of life (years of tooth calcification) It occurs at levels above 1.5 mg/litre intake. It is characterized by "Mottling" Which is best seen on incisors of upper jaw Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 682 Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pgno : 682


Question: Iceberg phenomenon is not seen in


Question: Cigar shaped egg is seen in

Description: Eggs laid in groups and cigar shaped. Each raft contains 100-250 eggs Eggs are oval shaped and are not provided with lateral floats. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 831


Question: Disease described as "Silent Epidemic" of the century

Alzheimer's was considered as silent epidemic of the century. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 45


Question: Community health centres covering a population of

(80 - 120,000) (753 - Park 19th) (807-Park 20th)* CHC: Covering a population of 80, 000 to 1.20 lakhs.* 30 Beds* Specialist is surgery medicine, obstetrics & Gynaecology and paediatrics* X ray and laboratory facilities* PHC - Every 30,000 rural population in the plains* Every 20,000 population in hilly, tribal and backwardFunctions of PHC1. Medical care2. MCH including family planning3. Safe water supply and basic sanitation4. Prevention and control of locally endemic disease5. Collection and reporting of vital statistics6. Education about health7. National health programme8. Referral services9. Training of health guides, health workers, local dais health assistants10. Basic laboratory services

Healthcare of the Community & International Health


Question: Sorghum is pellagrogenic due to excess content of

Jowar (sorghum) Jowar is also known as kaffir corn or Milo. It is a major crop grown in India next only to wheat and rice. For several population groups, it is a staple diet. The protein content of jowar varies from 9 to 14 per cent, and the proteins are limiting in lysine and threonine. Ceain varieties of jowar have a high leucine content and consumption of these varieties is associated with pellagra. This disorder is often seen in the Telengana and Marathwada regions where jowar is predominantly consumed. Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 23th Ed Pgno: 628


Question: Recommended fluoride levels in the water should be


Question: Iodine requirement during lactation is

IODINE REQUIREMENT India has adopted WHO guidelines of Iodine requirement 150 mcg per day in Adults, 250 mcg per day in pregnancy and Lactation US recommended daily allowances (RDA) for iodine intake are 150 mcg in adults, 220-250 mcg in pregnant women, and 250-290 mcg in breastfeeding women. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 662


Question: Decreased level of serum Vit B6 is seen in


Question: Level of residual chlorine after one hour


Question: A 7 month child presented with chest indrawing with no danger sign is seen the respiratory rate is 65 is classified as

(Severe pneumonia): (162- Park 22nd/ edition)Classification and management of illness in young infantsSIGNSStopped feeding well,Convulsions,Abnormally sleepy or difficult to wake,Stridor in calm childWheezing orFever or low body temperatureCLASSIFY ASVERY SEVERE DISEASETREATMENTRefer urgently to hospital Keep young infant warm Give first dose of an antibioticSIGNSSevere chest indrawing, or fast breathing (60 per minute or more)No severe chest indrawing and No fast breathing (less than 60 per minute)CLASSIFY ASSEVERE PNEUMONIANO PNEUMONIA COUGH OR COLDTREATMENTRefer urgently to hospital Keep young infant warm. Give fist dose of an antibiotic (if referral is not feasible , treat with an antibiotic and follow closely)Advise mother to give the following home care- Keep young infant warm- Breast-feed frequently- Clear nose if it interferes with feedingReturn quickly if:-Breathing becomes difficult,Breathing becomes fast,Feeding becomes a problemThe young infant becomes sicker


Question: Measles vaccination is given at age of

Ans) b (9 months) Ref Park 20th ed p 113Another simple question. Just go through the Indian national immunization schedule:a) For infants At birthBCG and OPV - 0 doseAt 6 weeksBCG (if not given at birth) DPT-1 and OPV-1At 10 weeksDPT-2 and OPV-2At 14 weeksDPT-3 and OPV-3At 9 monthsmeaslesb) At 16-24 months-DPT and OPVc) 5- 6 years- DT The second dose of DT should be given at an interval of one month if there is no clear history or documented evidence of previous immunization with DPTd) At 10 and 16 years- TT. The second dose of TT should be given at an interval of one month if there is no clear history or documented evidence of previous immuniza tion with DPT, DT, or TT vaccinese) For pregnant women-early in pregnancy- TT-1 or Booster one month after TT-1, TT-2Resveratrol, a phytoalexin, and Curcumin the natural yellow pigment in turmeric elicit striking inhibitory effects on diverse cellular events associated with the process of carcinogenesis.Lycopene, a carotenoid present in tomatoes is a powerful quencher of singlet oxygen. Epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that lycopene consumption and tomato products contribute to prostate cancer risk reduction.Kolaviron, a natural biflavonoid antioxidant has been extensively investigated for it hepatoprotective, radical scavenging and antigenotoxic properties in vitro and in vivo.Preventative anticarcinogens act by enhancing an organism's natural defences against cancer, by deactivating carcinogens or by blocking the mechanisms by which carcinogens act (such as free radical damage to DNA).Anticarcinoma agents participate in the selective destruction of cancer cells, or inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells.There is epidemiological evidence that a diet rich in antioxidant vitamins andflavonoids is anticarcinogenic.Interest in many popular nutritional supplements, including essential antioxidant nutrients such as selenium compounds and hormones such as melatonin and DHEA, is partly motivated by evidence that these have significant anticarcinogenic effects in appropriate quantities. The major psychoactive component in marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activity.


Question: Eligible couple register is maintained at


Question: Present "General fertility rates"


Question: Human breast milk has more of

Human milk is richer in Carbohydrates (lactose), Iron and water content While cow's milk is richer in fat, protein, calcium and energy content Human milk proteins: More cysteine and taurine; Less methionine; better digested than cow's milk proteins. Human milk fats: Higher levels of PUFAs esp., linoleic acid and a-linoleic acid, better digested and absorbed ; low calcium content but better absorbed than cow's milk Human milk vitamins and minerals : Human milk is richer in Vitamin A, C; richer in copper, cobalt and selenium ; richer in iron and higher bioavailability ; high calcium/phosphorous ratio. Human milk has lesser sodium Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 668


Question: International disease surveillance includes

Diseases under WHO surveillance Polio Rabies Relapsing fever Influenza Salmonella Malaria Louse born typhus Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 24th edition


Question: Mean hemoglobin of a group of pregnant females is found to be 10.6 gm/dL with Standard deviation of 2 gm/dL. 5% pregnant females in this group will have their hemoglobin level below

• Mean + 1SD covers 68% values; So, Hb of 68% pregnant females will lie between 10.6 + 2 gm/dL or between 8.6-12.6
g/dL
- So, 16% will lie below 8.6 gm/dL
• Similarly, Mean + 2SD covers 95% values; So, Hb of 95% pregnant females will lie between 10.6 + 2(2) gm/dL or between 6.6-14.6 gm/dL
- So, 2.5% will lie below 6.6 gm/dL
• So 5% pregnant females will have Hb below 7.31 gm/dL


Question: Hypothesised null value for confidence interval of relative risk

RELATIVE RISK Relative risk (RR) is the ratio of the incidence of the disease (or death) among exposed and the incidence among non-exposed. Some authors use the term "risk ratio" to refer to relative risk. Estimation of relative risk (RR) is impoant in aetiological enquiries. It is a direct measure (or index) of the "strength" of the association between suspected cause and effect. A relative risk of one indicates no association; relative risk greater than one suggests "positive'.' association between exposure and the disease under study.Hypothesised null value for confidence value is arbitrarily taken as 1. A relative risk of 2 indicates that the incidence rate of disease is 2 times higher in the exposed group as compared with the unexposed. Equivalently, this represents a 100 per cent increase in risk. A relative risk of 0.25 indicates a 75% reduction in the incidence rate in exposed individuals as compared with the unexposed It is often useful to consider the 95 per cent confidence interval of a relative risk since it provides an indication of the likely and maximum levels of risk. In our hypothetical example the relative risk is 10. It implies that smokers are 10 times at greater risk of developing lung cancer than non-smokers. The larger the RR, the greater the "strength" of the association between the suspected factor and disease. It may be noted that risk does not necessarily imply causal association. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 78


Question: Most effective way to prevent HIV veical transmission is

Women enrolled on HAA (Triple ARV prophylaxis) had a much lower (1%) rate of HIV veical transmission as compared to Zidovudine lone HAA showed similar rates of Transmission when Zidovudine monotherapy was combined with single dose of Maternal or neonatal Nevirapine Ref: Perinatal and pediatric HIV/AIDS by Mamatha 1st edition Pgno : 344


Question: On a average, failure rate in the couples using condom is about

Condoms can be a highly effective method of contraception, if they are used correctly. Failure rates for the condom vary enormously. Survey has been repoed pregnancy rates bearing from 2 to 3 per 100 women years to more than 14 in typical users. Most failures are due to incorrect use Reference: Park&;s textbook of Preventive and social medicine 23rd edition; Page number 494


Question: The National Population Policy 2000 aims to achieve Total Fertility Rate of 2.1 by the year

National Population Policy 2000 (NPP 2000)
• Immediate objective: To address the unmet needs for contraception, health care infrastructure, and health personnel, and to provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care.
• Mid-term objective: To bring the TFR to replacement levels (TFR = 2.1) by 2010.
• Long term objective: To achieve a stable population by 2045.


Question: Demographic Gap attains its maximum limit in

Demographic cycle Demographic cycle is closely related to : Socio-economic progress of a country There are 5 stages (Phases) of demographic cycle through which a nation passes Stages Phases CBR CDR Stage I High Stationary High high Stage II Early expanding High Stas declining Stage III Late expanding Stas declining Continue declining Stage IV Low Stationary Low Low Stage V Declining CDR > CBR Demographic cycle is based on : Demographic gap DG = Crude Bih Rate (CBR) - Crude death rate DG stas increasing : Early stage II (Early expanding phase) DG is Maximum : Late stage II (Early expanding phase) DG stas declining : Early stage III (Late expanding PHASE) DG is negative : Stage V (Declining phase) DG is Narrow : Stage I (high Stationary) ; Stage IV (Low Stationary) Ref: Foundations of community Medicine, GM Dhaarb& I Robbani, 1st edition Park 25th edition Pgno : 530


Question: Most common deviation used in social medicine is

"Standard deviation is most common and generally most appropriate measure of dispersion (variation)".-Park


Question: Temporary hardness of water is primarily due to the presence of

Temporary hardness (Carbonate hardness) due to Calcium & Magnesium salts of Bicarbonates.


Question: Best statistical data diagram to depict Incidence change over a period of time is

Line diagrams are used to show the trend of events with the passage of time, hence incidence change ( a trend) is best depicted by a line diagram. Other options: In pie cha, areas of the segments of a circle are compared. Extremely popular but statistically inferior to bar chas. Histogram is a pictorial diagram of frequency distribution for continuous class intervals Scatter diagrams show the relationship between two objects. Eg: Positive correlation between the intakes of fat and sugar in average diets.

Statistical Graphs, Correlation, Locations


Question: Energy requirement in late pregnancy for a moderate worker is


Question: Mean ± 250 in normal distribution

In normal distribution :

Mean ± 150 lovers 68% values.
Mean ± 250 lovers 95% values.
Mean ± 350 lovers 99% values.


Question: Nipah virus is transmitted by

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Peripheral neuritis is a deficiency sign of

Two principle deficiency diseases associated with thiamine deficiency are beriberi and Wernick&;s encephalopathy. Dry beriberi is associated with nerve involvement Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Page no: 618


Question: Udai Pareek scale does not include


Question: Control of hook worm disease is achieved by

The work of Rockefeller foundation in India began with a scheme for the control of hookworm disease.The establishment of the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health at Kolkata was in a large measure due to the cooperation of the Rockefeller Foundation.At present, the foundation is directing its suppo to the improvement of agriculture, family planning and rural training centres as well as to medical education.Park 23e pg: 924

Health care of community & international health


Question: Bih rate is

Bih rate = number of live bihs during the year X 1000/ estimated mid year population. Unsatisfactory measure of feility because the total population is not exposed to child bearing. Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no: 488

Live bih X 10000\/Population of reproductive age group (15-45)


Question: Target year for elimination of lymphatic filariasis


Question: Most sensitive index for the recent malarial transmission is