Question: High sensitivity in a study means

ANS. B* Sensitivity: A/(A+C) x 100Sensitivity is the probability that a test will indicate 'disease' among those with the disease.* Specificity: D/(D+B) x 100Specificity is the fraction of those without disease who will have a negative test result.* Positive Predictive Value: A/(A+B) x 100Positive predictive value--diagnostic power of a screening test to correctly identify the disease.* Negative Predictive Value: D/(D+C) x 100Negative predictive value--diagnostic power of a screening test to exclude the disease.# Important formulas in SPM1. Extra edge in sensitivity, specificityIn sequential testing (one diagnostic test is done, if that test is positive, same test is repeated again):- False positivity decreases- Specificity increases- Sensitivity decreasesIn parallel testing (two different diagnostic tests are done together):- False negativity decreases- Sensitivity increases- Specificity decreases(This question was asked in May and November session JIPMER 2017)2. Normal distribution curve3. Positive and negative skew* In positive skew: Mean > Median > Mode* In negative skew: Mean < Median < Mode4. Odds ratio = P/(l-P) {where, P is the probablity}.5. Sample size of a study = 4PQ/D2 {where, P = prevalence, Q = (1-P), D is error6. Standard error of a population[?] (PQ/sample size)7. Crude birth rate = (8 x total fertility rate) + 1.

If the disease is rare, then it means that patient is definitely having it.

High chance of having a disease if the prevalence is high

High chance of definitely having the disease


Question: Haemophilia is a genetic disorder of coagulation seen only in males. It is transmitted as

Mendelian diseases and their inheritance:


Question: Not a Right of consumers in consumer protection Act


Question: Waste in yellow plastic bags are treated by

Waste such as anatomical waste , solid waste,soiled waste , chemical waste is collected in yellow coloured bag and treated and disposed by incineration

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: The impoance of defining "population at risk" in an epidemic is

The population census will help in computing the much-needed attack rates in various groups and subgroups of the population.Without an appropriate denominator of &;&;population at risk,&; attack rates cannot be calculated.Ref: Park 23rd edition pg: 130


Question: National deworming day is on


Question: Most common serotype causing meningococcus epidemics is

Meningococal Meningitis Causative agent : N.meningitidis,a gran negative diplococci Serotypes A, B, C, D, 29E,W135,X,Y World wide Group A is the MC cause of Meningococcal Epidemics (except in America), especially in Sub saharan African belt Recently Group B, W-135, Y cases have staed increasing in World Epidemics caused by : A, C > B> W-135, Y Ref: Park 23rd edition Pgno : 166


Question: Mistuda reaction is read at


Question: Poverty line is defined as expenditure required for daily calorie consumption below


Question: Black color in Triage is for


Question: Causative agent is present but there is no transmission is known as


Question: Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY) is

KISHORI SHAKTI YOJANA (KSY):
• KSY is rename of ‘Adolescent Girl’s Scheme’ under ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services)
• Aim of KSY:
– To improve the nutritional and health status of adolescent girls
– To promote self-development, awareness of health, hygiene, nutrition, and family life and child care
– KSY covers 2000 ICDS projects

Empowerment of females under Maternity Benefit Scheme

Free and compulsory education for girl child

Child care home scheme for female juvenile delinquents


Question: The standard normal distribution is

Normal distribution :

Is Bilaterally symmetrical.
Mean = median = mode.


Question: Maximum demographic gap seen in

Max demographic gap is in "late stage 2" Min demographic gap is in "Stage 1" & "Stage 4" Contraction of staing demographic gap is in "early pa of stage-3" Negative demographic gap is seen in "stage-5"

Preventive Medicine in Obstetrics, Paediatrics & Geriatrics


Question: Consistent change in particular direction over a period of time


Question: No chemoprophylaxis for

Cholera: Tetracycline or furazolidone for household contacts Bacterial conjunctivitis: Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment Diphtheria: Erythromycin Influenza: Oseltamivir Meningitis, meningococcal: Ciprofloxacin, and minocycline Plague: Tetracycline for contacts of pneumonic plague Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 137


Question: Reliability is tested by


Question: Audio video visual guides include

Audio-visual aidsNo health education can be effective without audiovisual aidsAuditory aids:Radio, tape-recorder, microphones, amplifiers, earphonesVisual aids:Not requiring projection: Chalkboard, leaflets, posters, chas, flannelgraph, exhibits, models, specimens etcRequiring projection: Slides, film stripsCombined A-V aids:Television; sound films, Slide tape combinationRef: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 863


Question: Probability that a person out of those tested positive on a screening test has in fact the disease is known as

Sensitivity Ability of test to identify correctly all those who have the disease, that is "true positive". Specificity Ability of test to identify correctly all those who don't have the disease, that is "true negative". Positive predictive value Probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease. Negative predictive value Probability that subjects with a negative screening test truly don't have the disease. Screening test results by Diagnosis Screening test results Diagnosis Total Positive a (True - positive) b (False-positive) a+b Negative c (False - negative) d (True - negative) c +d Total a+c b+d a+b+c+d Sensitivity = a/(a + c) x 100 Specificity = d/(b+d) x 100 Positive Predictive Value = a/(a + b) x 100 Negative Predictive Value = d/(c + d) x 100


Question: Not a risk for development of DM


Question: Plague is transmitted by the bite of

Plague, also called Black death or Mahamari or The great death, is a zoonoses caused by yersinia pestis.
Wild rodent (Tetra indica) is the natural reservoir in India. o Most effective and commonest vector for plague is rat flea.
Xenopsylla cheopis is the most important species of rat flea for plague. Other important species are X. astia, X. brasiliensis and Pulex irritans. Both sexes of flea bite and transmit the disease.
A partially blocked flea (a flea with partially blocked proventriculus) is more dangerous than a completely blocked flea.
Rat flea can survive upto 4 years in rat burrows under optimum conditions.
This is considered the most likely mechanism of maintaining the natural focus.
Modes of transmission may be :

Bite of infected flea
Direct contact with tissues of infected animal
Droplet infection (in pneumonic plague),

There are three types of plague :

Bubonic plague (most common type) with incubation period 2-7 days
Pneumonic plague (most virulent and least common) with incubation period 1-3 days
Septicemic plague (less infectious) with incubation period 2-7 days.

Streptomycin is the drug of choice for treatment and tetracycline is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis.


Question: Calculate BMI of a person of height 1.72m and 89 kgs weight

Body Mass Index (Quetlet's Index) : In the given question, weight = 89 kgs and Height=1.72 m. This, Wt/Ht2= 89/1.72x2 = 30 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 418


Question: Direct disease transmission (man to man) is NOT seen in

(Malaria): (93- 237 - Park 22nd/ edition)Direct transmission* STD and AIDS, leprosy, leptospirosis, skin and eye infections* Droplet infection includes - many respiratory infections, eruptive fevers, many infections of the nervous system, common cold, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, meningococcal meningitis* Contect with soil - hookworm lamae, tetanus, mycosis* Inoculation into skin or mucosa - Rabies virus by dog bite, hepatitis B virus through contaminated needles and syringes* Transplacental (or vertical) transmission - TORCH, varicella virus, syphilis, hepatitis -B Caxsackie B and AIDS, Thalidomide diethyl stilbestrolInfluenza is spread mainly from person to person by droplet infection or droplet nuclei created by sneezing coughing or talkingMalaria - Direct transmission may be induced accidentally by hypodermic intra muscular and intravenous infections of blood or plasma eg blood transfusion, malaria in drug addicts (237- Park 22nd /ed)* Malaria is most commonly transmitted through vector borne Indirect Transmission - by bite of certain species of infected, female


Question: For a population of 10000, sex ratio of more than 1000 means

In the given question

Total population is 10,000.
Also, Ideal sex ratio implies 5000 females for 5000 males
So, Sex ratio is more than 1000, it implies, Females are more than 1000 per 1000 males
Thus, females are > 5000 and males are < 5000


Question: By the Factory Act the age for the child to work should minimum be (in years)

Ans. a (14). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th/pg.586)According to the Factory Act children below the age of 14 years should not work.FACTORY ACT- 1948Applicable towhole India except Jammu & Kashmir.Scope# Establishment >10 workers where power is used and > 20 where power is not used.# Minimum 500 Cu.ft of space for each worker.# Factories before 1948 minimum 350 Cu.ft.# Prohibit employment <14 years.# 15 to 18 yrs old are called adolescents and they should be duly certified by certifying surgeon. They are allowed to work only between 6 am to 7 pm.Hours of workMax 48 hours/week, Including overtime its 60 hours/week.Leave with wagesafter 12 months of continuous service- adult 1 day for 20 days of work, children 1 day for 15 days.Maximum accumulated leave# adult 30 days; Children 40 days.Notifiable diseasesAsbestosis,Byssinosis,Dermatitis (occupational), andNoise induced hearing loss.Officerssafety officer - > 1000 workers, welfare officer- >500 workers canteen > 250 workers. Creches - > 30 female workers.


Question: Iron and folic acid supplementation forms

Specific protection is a part of primary prevention.
Specific protection includes protection of health by personal and community efforts such as enhancing nutritional status, providing immunizations and eliminating environmental risks.


Question: The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptoms of the disease is

(B) Incubation period # Incubation period:> "The time interval between invasion by on infectious agents and appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease in question"> Generation time:> It is the interval of time between receipt of infection by a host and maximal infectivity of that host. In general generation time is largely equal to the incubation period.> Serial Interval: It is the gap in time between the onset of primary case and the secondary case. Serial Interval also helps us to guess the incubation period.> Latent Period: Is used in non-infectious diseases as the equivalent to incubation period in infectious disease regarding period of communicability. It is the time during which a disease is communicable i.e. can be transferred from one agent to another. "'As a rule infectious disease are not communicable during the incubation periods but there are certain exceptions as for example measles chickenpox whooping cough and hepatitis are communicable during the later part of incubation period" So Period of communicability is not a proxy of Incubation period.> The communicable period is defined as 'the time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person.'> The period of communicability bears absolutely no relation to the incubation period, and merely reflects the duration when the infectious agent may be transferred.> This may occur during the incubation period or during the actual illness.


Question: Simplest measure of dispersion

Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 849 Measures of dispersion: Range: simplest measure of dispersion. Mean or Average detion. Standard detion.


Question: Sullivan index

Sullivan index: Also called DFLE (disability-free life expectancy) : is the number of years an individual is expected to live free of disability, if current pattern of moality and disability continue to apply. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition; Page 26

Measures life years adjusted with disability

Measures life expectancy adjusted without disability or free of disability


Question: A Scatter diagram is drawn to study

SCATTER DIAGRAM
• Also known as ‘Correlation diagram’ or ‘Dot diagram’
• Is used to depict ‘correlation (relationship) between 2 quantitative variables’
• The vertical axis in the scatter diagram: should be the dependent or the outcome variable
• In a scatter diagram, 2 imaginary lines are drawn along the distribution of dots/scatter

Trend of a variable over a period of time

Relationship between two given variables


Question: Not a feature of systematic review

A systematic review answers a defined research question by collecting and summarising all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarise the results of these studies.

Search for literature is compulsory using explicit search strategy

Critical appraisal is always criteria based


Question: School health checkup comes under ………… level of prevention.


Question: Risk of mother to child HIV transmission in pregnant woman at the time of delivery, and after delivery in non breast feeding woman is

HIV transmission in absence of intervention:
MTCT of HIV in developed countries: 20% (15-25%)
MTCT transmission of HIV in developing countries: 30% (25-35%)


Question: The optimum calories to be provided by proteins should be

The main source of energy in the diet is carbohydrates derived largely from cereals and provide 50-80% of daily intake. Most families derive 10-12% of energy from proteins. Energy from fats may vary from 5-30%.Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 634


Question: Bitot&;s spots are seen in

Bitot&;s spots:Bitot&;s spots are triangular, pearly white or yellowish foamy spots on the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the cornea. They are frequently bilateral. seen in young children usually indicating vitamin A deficiency. In older individuals, these spots are often inactive sequelae of the earlier disease. Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 616


Question: Koplik spots of measles seen near


Question: Sputum positive TB is


Question: Census population count is in reference to

Census stop (census movement) : 00. 00 hours 01 March 2011 (The referral time and date at which snapshot of population is taken) Ref: National health programs of India by Dr. J. Kishore, 7th edition Pgno : 572,662


Question: Murine Typhus is caused by

Murine Typhus / Endemic typhus caused by R-typhi.


Question: Fast breathing in less than 2 month child the respiratory rate is

A. i.e. (60 breaths per minute) (144- Park 19th) (154- Park 20th)* FAST BREATHING is present when the respiratory rate is- 60 breaths per minute or more in a child less than 2 months of age- 50 breaths per minute or more in a child aged 2 months upto 12 months- 40 breaths per minute or more in a child aged 12 months upto 5 years.


Question: The most commonly repeated factor among this is

(C) Mode> The Median: The median is an average of a different kind, which does not depend upon the total and number of items. To obtain the median, the data is first arranged in an ascending or descending order of magnitude, and then the value of the middle observation is located, which is called the median.> The Mode": The mode is the commonly occurring value in a distribution of data. It is the most frequent item or the most "fashionable" value in a series of observations.> The Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is the most frequently used measure of deviation. In simple terms, it is defined as "Root - Means - Square - Deviation." It is denoted by the Greek letter sigma c; or by the initials S.D.> The Mean: The arithmetic mean is widely used in statistical calculation. It is sometimes simply called Mean. To obtain the mean, the individual observations are first added together, and then divided by the number of observations.


Question: A 5 year old child with unprovoked dog bite, appropriate management is

Only Rabies Immunoglobulin at the site of bite


Question: International disease surveillance is for

Diseases under WHO surveillance

Polio
Rabies
Relapsing fever
Influenza
Salmonella
Malaria
Louse born typhus


Question: Semi essential Amino acid

10 Essential Amino Acids

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Arginin    ] - Semi
Histidine ]   essential
Methionine
Threonine


Question: Incubation period of Measles

Measles is an acute infectious disease caused by myxovirus with an incubation period commonly between 10 days from exposure to onset of fever and 14 days to onset of rash Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition


Question: IMNCI recommendations are until the age of

The IMNCI clinical guidelines target children less than 5 years old -- the age group that bears the highest burden of deaths from common childhood diseases. The approach to case management is:-evidence-based and-syndromic-that suppos the rational, effective and affordable use of drugs and diagnostic tools. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 456-459


Question: Minimum ANC visits during pregnancy should be

Ans. a (3). (Ref. Park, PSM, 22nd ed/pg 483)# Ideally mother should attend the antenatal clinic once a month during the first 7 months; twice a month, during the next month and thereafter once a week.# Because high proportion of mothers in India are from lower socioeconomic group and many are working women it is difficult to attend antenatal clinic so often.# Hence minimum of 4 visits should be the larget:-1st visit - within 12 weeks/as soon as pregnancy suspected (registration of pregnancy and first antenatal check up)2nd visit- 14--26 weeks3rd visit- between 28-34 weeks4th visit- between 26 weeks and term# It is advisable for woman to visit medical officer at the PHC during 28-34 weeks.# She may be advised to avail investigation facilities at the nearest PHC/CHC/FRU# Registration of pregnancy within 12 weeks is the primary responsibility of the ANM# Opportunities such as village Health Nutrition day should be availed to ensure early registration of pregnancy and antenatal checkup.TermCommentsAge compositionBelow 15 years decreasing, elderly increasingAge pyramidTypical of underdeveloped country in India with broad base and tapering top.In Switzerland it has bulge at middle.Sex ratioThe number of females per 1000 males. It is 936 in India.It has been adverse to women in India except for Kerala.Dependency ratioTotal dependency 65.5 (1995) and 55.5 (2005),child dependency 57.8 (1995) and 47.2 (2005),old-age dependency 7.6 (1995) and 8.3 (2005).Density of populationIt is number of persons per square km.It is >/= 4000/km2


Question: A 2 year old boy with Vitamin A deficiency is treated with

* Treatment for Vitamin A defiiency is given 3 doses. Days 0,1,14 with doses appropriate for the age. Less than six months of age-50000 IU per dose, 6-12 months of age-100000 IU and >1 year- 200000 IU per dose. Ref:- K Park, 24th ed; pg num:- 654


Question: Leprosy is considered a public health problem if the prevalence of leprosy is more than


Question: Virus documented to cause fetal damage

Veical transmission of diseases: Disease Most common time of transmission Varicella I trimester Rubella I trimester Parvovirus II trimester Hepatitis B III trimester Toxoplasmosis III trimester Syphilis III trimester CMV Any trimester HIV During delivery Hepatitis C During delivery Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 102


Question: Daily requirement of protein

Dietary intakes of protein It is customary to express requirement in terms of grams per kg of body weight. This principle applies to all age groups, although absolute additions in units of grams of protein per day are made for pregnancy and lactation. The ICMR Expe Group suggested an intake of one gram of protein per kg of body weight for adult males and females, assuming a NPU of 65 for the dietary protein. Table 29 gives the protein intakes for individuals of different ages and physiological states. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 666


Question: Class II exposure in animal bites includes the following

• Rabies occur due to: Animal bites (dogs, cats, monkeys, cow, goat, sheep, buffalo, horses, bats, foxes, jackals, hyenas Except rat bite and Human bite.)
• Human bites are likely to transmit: Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus, Eikenella corrodens, Hemophilus influenzae, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Peptostreptococcus, HIV, Hepatitis B/
• Rat bite can transmit: Streptobacillus monliformis, Spirillum minor.


Question: Loss of Interpersonal communication is managed by


Question: Definition of Public health was given by

CEA Winslow gave the most comprehensive & widely accepted definition for public health which states as "The science and a of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community effos for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases and the development of social machinery which will ensure to every individual, in the community, a standard of living adequate for maintenance of health". Ref: Text book on Public Health and Community Medicine pg: 7


Question: Human Development Index (HDI) does not consider

.HDI include Life expectancy at bih, education (mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling) and income (Gross national income per capita) Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 17


Question: An Anganwadi worker works for population of

Health personnel

Norm suggested

Doctor

1 per 1000

Nurse

3 per 1 doctor

ASHA

2 per 1000

Health workers male and female

Plain area - 1 per 5000
			Willy area - 1 per 3000

Anganwadi worker

Plain area - 1 per 400-800
			Hilly area - 1 per 300-800


Question: The time interval time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease is

The incubation period is the time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease in question.Median incubation period: time required for 50% of the cases to occur following exposure.Latent period: The period from disease initiation to disease detection. Used in non-infectious diseases.Serial interval: The gap in time between the onset of the primary case and the secondary case is called the serial intervalGeneration time: The interval of time between receipt of infection by a host and maximal infectivity of that host.Secondary attack rate: Number of exposed persons developing the disease within the range of the incubation period.


Question: Liquid chemical waste is discarded in


Question: Septic tank is

Septic Tank The main design features of a septic tank are as follows. (1) Capacity : The capacity of a septic tank will depend upon the number of users. A capacity of 20-30 gallons or 21 / 2 -5 c.ft. per person is recommended for household septic tanks. The minimum capacity of a septic tank should be at least 500 gallons. Septic tanks are not recommended for large communities. (2) Length : The length is usually twice the breadth. (3) Depth : The depth of a septic tank is from LS to 2 m (5-7 ft.). (4) Liquid depth : The recommended liquid depth is only 1.2 m (4 ft.). (5) Air space: There should be a minimum air space of 30 cm (12 in.) between the level of liquid in the tank and the undersurface of .the cover. (6) Bottom : In some septic tanks, the bottom is sloping towards the inlet end. This facilitates retention of solids (7) Inlet and outlet : There is an inlet and outlet pipe, which are submerged. (8) Cover : The septic tank is covered by a concrete slab of suitable thickness and provided with a manhole. (9) Retention Period : Septic tanks are designed in this country to allow a retention period of 24 hours. Too long a retention period will result in undue septicity of the effluent whereas too sho a period gives insufficient treatment. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 760

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Household insecticide used for malaria

Malathion Malathion has the least toxicity of all organophosphorous compounds. The technical product is a yellow or clear- brown liquid with an unpleasant smell. Commercially, water- dispersible powders are available. Malathion is used in doses of 100-200 mg. per sq. ft., every 3 months. Because of its low toxicity, malathion has been recommended as an alternative insecticide to DDT. As a low volume (ULV) spray, malathion has been widely used for killing adult mosquitoes to prevent or interrupt dengue-haemorrhagic fever, and mosquito-borne encephalitis epidemics Ref:Park's TextbooK Of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pgno: 820


Question: Administrative unit of ICDS project in rural area is

The administrative unit of an ICDS project is the community development block in rural areas, the tribal development block in tribal areas and a group of slums in urban areas.Park 23e pg: 592


Question: The denominator in maternal mortality rate


Question: National Family Health Survey has successfully completed

Is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India
3 rounds of the survey have been conducted till 2006:
NFHS–1: 1992–93
NFHS–2: 1998–99
NFHS–3: 2005–06


Question: Pictorial diagram of Frequency distribution is

Histogram is pictorial diagram of frequency distribution.
Histogram represent condineous quantitative data.


Question: One of the following is known as Tuberculin Conversion Index


Question: Millenium development goal related to maternal health

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed

Health care of community & international health


Question: The recommended daily energy intake of an adult woman with heavy work is


Question: Study of designing equipment that fit human body, its movements and cognitive abilities


Question: Auditory fatigue occurs at


Question: The carrying capacity of any given population is determined by its

Limiting resource Carrying capacity : The suppoable population of an organism, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available within an ecosystem is known as the ecosystem is known as the ecosystem's carrying capacity for that organism RRefers to the number of individuals who can be suppoed in a given area within natural resource limits, and without degrading the natural social, cultural and economic environment for present and future generations For human population more complex variables (Sanitation, medical care) are sometimes considered as pa of necessary infrastructure Below carrying capacity, population typically increase ; While above, they typically decrease May depend on a variety of factors including food availability ; water supply, environmental condition and living space Ref: internet (Wikipedia)


Question: Not a Urban socio Economic status scale


Question: Breast feeding done after child birth should be


Question: Iodine status in a population is measured using

Iodine sufficiency is defined as a median urinary iodine concentration of: *100 to 299 mcg/L for children and nonpregnant adults *150 to 249 mcg/L for pregnant women Iodine deficiency is defined by the following median urinary iodine concentrations: *Mild iodine deficiency - 50 to 99 mcg/L *Moderate deficiency - 20 to 49 mcg/L *Severe deficiency - <20 mcg/L Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 624


Question: IPHS stands for

Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) for sub-centers are being prescribed to provide basic promotive, preventive and few curative primary health care services to the community and achieve and maintain an acceptable standard of quality of care.Park 23e pg: 903

Health care of community & international health


Question: Height of a newborn doubles at

Height of a newborn doubles at the age of: 4-4 1/2 years Height increase pattern in children: Age Height increments 1st year 25 cms per year 2nd year 12 cms per year 3rd year 9 cms per year 4th year 7 cms per year 5th year 6 cms per year


Question: Non deliberate cultural practice with anti mosquito effect is

Use of alkaline detergent for washing clothes is a non deliberate cultural practice with anti mosquito effect. Mosquito larva cannot survive in alkaline water. MOSQUITO CONTROL Gambusia affinis - larvicidal fish Anti larval - Source reduction (elimination of mosquito breeding grounds), use of larvicides (surface films - mineral oils, stomach poisons - Paris Green, contact poisons), biological agents like fungi, nematodes and fish (eg: larvicidal fish - Gambusia affinis) Anti adult - Insecticides like DDT (organochlorine), Malathion (organophosphate) and pyrethroids for space sprays and residual sprays. Genetically modified adults are also used. Prevention of mosquito bites - Bed nets, mosquito repellents, insect screens for homes. Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive medicine


Question: National deworming day is observed on

Ref:Park's textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25 th Ed


Question: If TFR in a population is 4, then GRR would be (approx.)

- GRR or NRR= 1/2 TFR (approx.) - In given question, TFR is 4; hence GRR is half of 4 = 2


Question: A boy age 6 years, weight 13 kg. PEM grading


Question: For international comparison stillbih is applied to fetus weighing more than

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: Maternal moality rate is calculated by

Maternal Moality Ratio (MMR) : Maternal deaths expressed as per 100,000 live bihs, where a 'maternal death' is defines as 'death of a woman while pregnant or during delivery or within 42 days (6 weeks) of termination of Pregnancy, irrespective of duration or site or pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes Maternal deaths expressed as per 100,000 live bihs (earlier it was expressed per 1000 live bihs but that yielded fractions like 4.08 maternal deaths per 1000 LB; so denominator was extrapolated to 100,000 to make MMR value more sensible MMR = No. Of Maternal deaths in a given year / Total no. Of live bihs in the same year x 100,000 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 593


Question: Highest amount of calorie for 100ml is present in

Ans: c (Buffalo milk)Ref: Park, 20th ed. Pg. 545 19th ed. Pg. 499, Table 22Nutritive value of milks compared (Value per 100 gm) Calcium (mg) 210 120 170 28 Iron (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.3 -Energy (Kcal) 117 67 72 65 BuffaloCowGoatHumanFat (gm)6.54.14.53.4protein(gm)4.33.23.31.1Lactose (gm)5.14.44.67.4Minerals (gm)0.80.80.80.1water(gm)818786.888Calcium (mg)21012017028Iron (mg)0.20.20.3-Energy (Kcal)117677265It is evident from this table that Buffalo milk contains highest amount of fat and highest calories. Human milk contains higher amount of lactose and water than animal milk. Human milk proteins contain greater amount of tryptophan and sulphur containing amino acid, especially cysteine.Human milk contains a higher percentage of linoeic acid and oleic acid than animal milk.


Question: Vaccine strains changed every year is

Influenza virus shows changing antigenic characteristics due to antigenic shift and antigenic drift, hence new vaccines are constantly required. WHO makes recommendations every year as to what strains should be included in the vaccine. FLU VACCINES FOR 2020 Southern hemisphere H1N1 (Brisbane strain) (Influenza type A) H3N2 (South Australia) (Influenza type A) Influenza type B (Washington strain of Victoria lineage) Influenza type B (Phuket strain of Yamagata lineage) Nohern Hemisphere H1N1 (Brisbane strain) (Influenza type A) H3N2 (Kansas) (Influenza type A) Influenza type B (Colarado strain of Victoria lineage) Influenza type B (Phuket strain of Yamagata lineage)


Question: Standarised moality rate is standardised for

.rates are only comparable if the populations upon which they are based are comparable.age adjustment or"age standardisation removes the confounding effect of different age structures and yields a single standardized or adjusted rate by which the moality experience can be compared directly.the adjustment can also be made for sex,race,parity etc. ref:park&;s textbook,ed 22,pg no 56


Question: The following does not determine specific protection

Pap smear for early detection of carcinoma cervix in community


Question: Trench fever is caused by,


Question: Indoor air pollution does not cause

Effects of indoor air pollution
• Acute respiratory tract infections (Pneumonias)
• Chronic lung disease
• Lung cancers in adults
• Adverse pregnancy outcomes (Especially stillbirths)


Question: NRHM involves

Ans) b (ASHA) Ref park 20th ed pg 379-381The main aim of the national rural health mission (NRHM) is to provide accessible, affordable, accountable, effective and reliable primary health care and bridging the gap of rural health care through creation of a cadre of Accredited social health activist (ASHA)VHG is village health guide.ANM is Auxiliary nurse midwife.HWM is health worker male.


Question: In post disaster phase, for ensuring safe water supply, it is advisable to have a Residual Chlorine Level of

Level of residual chlorine to be maintained in all water bodies in post-disaster phase is > 0.7 mg/l (> 0.7 ppm).


Question: National Family Health Survey is done every

National family health survey is conducted during every 1 year Reference: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition


Question: Concentration of bleaching powder used for disinfection oi urine and faeces is

108) Ans: a (5%) Ref: Park 20th ed pi 18Concentration of bleaching powder used for disinfection of faeces anc urine is 5%.Agents suitable for disinfection of faeces and urineDisinfectantAmount per literConcentrationBleaching powder50 g5%Crude phenol100 ml10%Cresol50 ml5%Fonnalin100ml10%


Question: Maximum permissible chloride level is

(600mg/litre) (579- Park 19"') (629-Park 20th)* Any excess over the normal range should arouse suspicion of water contamination* The standard prescribed for chloride is 200 mg/litre *** The maximum permissible level is 600 mg/litre*** A single tablet of chlorine 0.5gm is sufficient to disinfect 20 litre of water** The principle in chlorination is to ensure a "Free" residual chlorine of 0, 5 mg/litre at the end of one hour contact**


Question: Pain in the ear occurs at


Question: Susceptible person developed disease within range of Incubation Period after coming in contact with Primary Case belongs to

(A) Secondary attack rate[?]Secondary Attack Rate (SAR)oNumber of exposed person developing the disease within the range of the incubation period following exposure to primary caseSAR =TotalNo.ofexposed/susceptiblecontactsNo.ofexposedpersondevelopingthediseasewithintherangetheincubationperiod x100-Denominator consists of all persons who are exposed to the case.-More specifically, the denominator may be restricted only to "susceptible" contacts, if means are available to distinguish the susceptible persons from the immune.-Primary case is excluded from both the numerator and denominator.-Limited to application in infectious diseases-In disease where there are numerous sub-clinical cases-Useful to determine the disease of unknown etiology is communicable or not-Useful in evaluating the effectiveness of control measures - immunizationMORBIDITY/MORTALITY RATESRateCalculationMeasure ofAttack Rate(Number of individuals during an outbreak population at risk at the beginning of the outbreak) * 10n*. Identifying risk factors for specific disease in outbreak investigationIncidence rate(Number of new cases of disease over a time interval/ avg. population at risk during the time interval)* 10n*. Monitoring the course of epidemic*. Cohort study - measure of effect of suspected or known risk factorsPrevalence rate(Number of existing cases of disease at a point of time/ population at risk during same point of time)* 10n*. Static measure of risk of having a particular disease*. Case control study - effect of suspected or known risk factorsCase fatality rateNumber of deaths from a specified cause/total number of cases of same disease*. Determine prognosis of disease*. Severity of the diseaseOther Options[?]Case fatality rate (Ratio):TotalnumberofcasesduetothesamediseaseTotalnumberofdeathsduetoaparticulardisease x1000-Case fatality rate represents the killing power of a disease.-It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases.-The time interval is not specified.-Case fatality rate is typically used in acute infectious diseases (e.g., food poisoning, cholera, measles).-Its usefulness for chronic diseases is limited, because the period from onset to death is long and variable. For the same disease may vary in different epidemics because of changes in the agent, host and environmental factors. Case fatality is closely related to virulence.[?]Attack rate (Primary Attack Rate):-It is an incidence rate (usually expressed as a per cent), used only when the population is exposed to risk for a limited period of time such as during an epidemic.-It relates the number of cases in the population at risk and reflects the extent of the epidemic.Attack rate =Totalpopulationatriskduringthesameinterval NumberofnewcasesofaspecifiedDiseaseduringaspecifiedtimeinterval x100


Question: Child with erythematous non blanching bosselated lesion on right side of face, Rx is aEUR'

Flash light pumped dye laser "Non blanching bosselated lesion on right side of the face suggests po wine stain" Po wine stain (PWS), also called nevus fiammeus, is a congenital, cutaneous vascular malformation involving post-capillary venules which produce a light pink to red to dark-red- violet discoloration of human skin. PWS occurs in an estimated 3 children per 1,000 live bihs, affecting males and females and all racial groups equally. There appears to be no hereditary predilection for PWS within families. There are no known risk factors or ways to prevent PWS. The most likely hypothesis for the development of PWS is the deficiency or absence of surrounding neurons regulating blood .flow through the ectatic post-capillary venules. - As a result, the blood vessels are unable to constrict normally and remain permanently dilated. - They are "non, blanching". PWS is a progressive vascular malformation of the skin -PWS remain throughout life; there is no involution. PWS are well demarcated and .1lat and grow propoionately in surface area with the child. In infants and young children, PWS are flat red macules. However, the lesions tend to darken progressively to purple and, by adult age. often become raised as a result of the development of vascular papules bosselated or nodules. These changes in color and contour are attributed to progressive ectasia of the abnornull dermal vascular plexus. - If left untreated, PWS often become incompatible with normal life due to the development of vascular nodules on the skin surface which can often bleed spontaneously with incidental trauma. For all of the above reasons, it is essential to begin treatment of PWS as early as possible. The treatment of PWS early will prevent the development of hyperophic component of the lession. - "The pulsed dye laser in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling ("dynamic cooling device" or "DCD") is now the treatment of choice for PWS". Yellow light produced by the pulsed dye laser penetrates up to 2 mm into the skin and is preferentially absorbed by hemoglobin within the dilated PWS blood vessels. The heat adsorbed within the vessel lumen causes blood vessel damage which is evidenced by intense purpura ("bruised" appearance of the skin). The purpura heals, later on and the lesion is cured. Several treatment sessions spaced at 4-8 week intervals are required for maximum efficacy. The number of treatments required .for maximum PWS fading can he variable and unpredictable. Treatment side effects are mainly limited to post-operative swelling and purpura, which generally resolves within 2 weeks. With the addition of cryogen spray cooling. the risks of scarring or changes in the normal skin pigmentation are minimal after pulsed dye laser therapy performed l an experienced physician. Multiple pulsed dye laser devices are now available for PWS treatment, each with its own unique wavelength and pulse duration. Changing the wavelength or pulse duration of the laser can result in substantial PWS fading not previously observed with single device therapy. Moreover, several devices are sometimes used during an extended treatment protocol in order to destroy vessels of different sizes.


Question: "Lead time" is,

Time between disease onset and first possible point of diagnosis

Time between first possible point of diagnosis and usual time of diagnosis

Time between disease onset and final critical diagnosis

Time between disease onset and usual time of diagnosis


Question: Limitation of case fatality rate

Case fatality rate Total number of deaths due to a paicular disease ________________________________________ X 100 Total number of cases due to to the same disease Case fatality rate represents the killing power of a disease It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases The time interval is not specified Case fatality rate is typically used in acute infectious diseases ( eg: food poisoning, cholera, measles) Case fatality is closely related to virulence The case fatality rate for the same disease may vary in different epidemics because of changes in the agent, host and environmental factors Reference: Park&;s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine; 23rd edition; Page no. 58


Question: Most common cause of death due to measles is


Question: A 3 yr old completely unimmunised child comes to an immunization clinic at PHC for the first time. He should receive

BCG, DPT - 1, OPV - 1, Measles, Vitamin - A


Question: Most significant indicator of feility is

Net reproductive rate is defined as the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age specific feility and moality rates It is a demographic indicator NRR of 1 is equivalent to attaining approximately the 2 child norm If NRR < 1, then the reproductive performance of the population is said to below replacement level Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 489


Question: A temporary, provisional view held by people on a point of debate is

Opinions are views held by people on a point of dispute. Opinions by definition are temporary, provisional.They are based on the evidence available at the time.Beliefs, on the other hand, are permanent, stable, almost unchanging.We accept beliefs, without trying to prove that they are true.Park 23e pg: 676

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Sputum microscopy for TB diagnosis has


Question: Na+ content of ReSoMal (rehydration solution for malnourished children)

ReSoMal is used for the preparation of an oral rehydration solution (ORS) exclusively for people suffering from severe acute malnutrition. It must be used under medical supervision in therapeutic feeding centres, and must not be given directly to families. To treat Severe Acute Malnutriton and address mineral deficiencies. Seriously malnourished children commonly suffer from a deficiency of potassium and various other mineral deficiencies, as well as from an abnormally high level of sodium. In the event of dehydration, it is therefore necessary to give them a specific ORS containing less sodium, more potassium and more magnesium, zinc and copper Ref :


Question: Best indicator of availability, utilization & effectiveness of health services


Question: Vaccine contrainidicated in pregnancy is

Live vaccines MMR BCG Yellow fever contraindicated in pregnancy and radiation therapy (refer pgno:119 park 23rd edition)


Question: Culex tritaenorrhyncus transmits

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Japanese encephalitis Dengue transmitted by - Aedes*Yellow fever transmitted by - Aedes*KFD transmitted by - Hard tick*


Question: National Rural Health Mission was launched in the year

The government of India launched National Rural Health Mission in 2005,5th April for a period of 7 years later extended upto 2017. Mission seeks to improve rural health care delivery system. Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine.K Park. Edition 23.Pg no: 448


Question: Malaria recrudescence is

Malaria recrudescence: Reappearance of sexual stage parasitemia after treatment as shown by

– Plasmodium falciparum
– Plasmodium malariae


Question: Quarantine period of yellow fever is

A. i.e. (6 days) (237- Park 19th) (248- Park 20th)* All travelers {including infants) must possess a valid international certificate of vaccination against yellow fever before they are allowed to enter yellow fever "receptive" areas. If no such certificate is available the traveler is placed on quarantine, in a mosquito proof ward for 6 days from the date of leaving an infected area.**The validity of the certificate begins 10 days after the date of vaccination and extends upto 10 years*Important points(i) Yellow fever vaccine is valid till 10years**(ii) Incubation period of yellow fever is - 3 - 6 days**(iii) Transovarian transmission of the disease is seen in yellow fever**(iv) International certificate for traveling is required for -yellowfever**(v) Yellow fever is not present in India because the yellow fever virus is absent**. The common monkey of India. (Maccus spp) is susceptible to yellow fever. The missing link in the chain of transmission as the virus of yellow fever which does not seen to occur in India(vi) According to International health regulation there is no risk of spread of yellow fever. If the aedes aegypti index remains below 1%**(vii) Vector control for yellow fever around an airport is done upto a distance of 400 meter**(viii) Yellow fever - 17D vaccine** administered subcutaneously. Immunity begins to appear on the 7th day and last for more than 35 years and possibly for life. However WHO recommended revaccination after 10 years for international travel.(ix) Cholera and yellow fever vaccines given together or within 3 weeks interfere with each other* The duration of quarantine is Longest incubation period*


Question: Disinfecting action of chlorine in chlorination of Water is mainly due to (2018)

CHLORINATION Chlorination is one of the greatest advances in water purification. Chlorine kills pathogenic bacteria, but is has no effect on spores and ceain viruses (e.g., polio, viral hepatitis) except in high doses. Apa from its germicidal effect, chlorine oxidizes iron, manganese and hydrogen sulphide; it destroys some taste and odour- producing constituents; it controls algae and slime organisms; and aids coagulation. Action of chlorine : When chlorine is added to water, there is formation of hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. The hydrochloric acid is neutralized by the alkalinity of the water. The hypochlorous acid ionizes to form hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions, as follows :- H2O + Cl2 -t HCI + HOC! HOCI -t H + OCI The disinfecting action of chlorine is mainly due to the hypochlorous acid, and to a small extent due to the hypochlorite ions. Ref:- park; pg num:- 774


Question: UNICEF is

Ans) a or d Ref Park 20th ed p 820UNICEF is United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund It is one of the specialised agencies of united nations.It was established in 1946 by united Nations General Assembly to deal with rehabilitation of children in war ravaged countries.But in 1953, when the emergency functions were over, the General Assembly gave it a new name U.N. Children's Fund" but retained the initials UNICEFSo you have to be careful regarding the question and look carefully for the choice of UN Children's Fund. If present it may be deliberately given and may be the intended answer.So decision is left to you.... best of luck!!!!

United Nations International Childrens Educational Foundation

Healthcare of the Community & International Health


Question: Denominator for calculating propoional moality rate from a specific disease is

Propoional moality rate (ratio)from a specific date is used to know the propoion of total deaths are due to a paicular cause= number of deaths from the specific disease in a year / total deaths from all causes in that yearPark 23e pg: 58

Population at risk in that paicular area

Attributable deaths of a paicular disease


Question: Neuro lathyrism results due to


Question: "Bilateral Compressed and wingless body, conical head, short piercing mouth parts and three pairs of strong legs" is the description of

Ans. a (Rat flea) (Ref. Park Textbook of PSM 22nd/pg. 712)ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL INTEREST InsectaArachnidaCrustacea1Body divisionsHead, Thorax, AbdomenCephalothorax and abdomen (sometimes no division)Cephalothorax and abdomen2Legs3 pairs4 pairs5 pairs3Antennae1 pairNone2 pairs4WingsOne or two pairs, some winglessNoneNone5Where foundOn landOn landIn water -# Rat flea belongs to class Insecta which has 3 pairs of legs.# Option 2, 3, 4 belongs to class Arachnida which has 4 pairs of legs.# Cyclops belongs to class Crusteacea which has 5 pairs of legs.ClassIncludesClass Insecta includes# Mosquito, # Flies (houseflies, sand flies, tsetse flies, black flies) # Human lice # Fleas # Reduviid bugsClass Arachnida includes# Ticks (hard & soft tick), # Mites (trombiculid, itch mite)Class Crusteacea includes# Cyclops.


Question: IMNCI curative component does not include

Curative components under IMNCI

Diarrhoea
Pneumonia
Measles
Malaria
Severe malnutrition.


Question: Best time to screen in Breast self examination (BSE) technique is


Question: "CARE " stands for

CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) provides emergency aid and long-term development assistance.CARE-India focused its food suppo in the ICDS programme and in development programmes in the areas of health and income supplementation.Park 23e pg: 924

Cooperative for assistance and relief everywhere

Health care of community & international health


Question: The head quaers of UNESCO is located in

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United nations (UN) based in Paris , France. Its declared purpose is to contribute to promoting international collaboration in education, sciences, and culture in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law , and human rights .


Question: The relative risk of 1 indicates that

Relative risk is the ratio of the incidence of the disease (or death) among exposed and the incidence among non-exposed. A relative risk of 1 means the incidence in exposed and non-exposed is same. So there is no relation between disease and cause (exposure). Park, pg: 79


Question: PQLI lies between

PQLI -Physical quality of life index. The value is the average statistics, literacy rate, infant moality, life expectancy at age 1 ,all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale


Question: Cyclodevelopmental stage is seen is

cyclodevelopmental cycle means the agent undergoes only development but not multiplication,example is mocrofilaria in mosquitoref;parks textbook,ed22,pg94


Question: Late pregnancy calorie requirement is


Question: Saheli or Centchroman contains


Question: High levels of HBeAg in serum indicates


Question: Following is not a risk factor for development of diabetes mellitus

Cataract accounts for 62.6% of blindness in India.


Question: The flying range of Aedes aegypti mosquito is

Description: Range of flight: Anopheles 3-5 km Culex 11 km Aedes 100 m Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 831


Question: The freshly prepared ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) should not be used after

Reduced Osmolarity Oral Rehydration Solution (Low Na ORS): WHO NEW ORS
Composition (grams)

Sodium chloride - 2.6
Potassium chloride - 1.5
Sodium citrate - 2.9
Glucose - 13.5
Total -  20.5

Osmolar concentration (mmol/litre)

Sodium - 75
Potassium - 20
Chloride - 65
Citrate - 10
Glucose - 75
Total -245


Question: The following is an impoant indicator to measure the incidence of malaria in a community

Annual Parasite Incidence (API) Sophisticated measure of malaria incidence in a community API = Confirmed cases during one year/population under surveillancex1000 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 286


Question: Black color in triage is


Question: In a community, an increase in new cases denotes

Increased incident rates show that there is an increase in new cases of that particular disease.
Incidence rate is defined as the number of NEW cases occurring in a defined population during a specified period of time.


Question: Sharp waste should be disposed in

Sharps include needles, infusion sets, scalpels, knives, blades and broken glassSharps belongs to category 4 of bio-medical waste in IndiaColor codingType of containerWaste categoryTreatment optionsYellowPlastic bagCat 1, 2, 3 & 6Incineration/deep burialRedDisinfected container/plastic bagCat 3, 6 & 7Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical treatmentBlue/White translucentPlastic bag/Puncture proof containerCat 4 & 7Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical treatment and Destruction/ShreddingBlackPlastic bagCat 5, 9 & 10 Disposal in secured landfillRef: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 794

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: Unit of measurement of insulation of clothing is

Clothing insulation is the thermal insulation provided by clothing.Clothing insulation may be expressed in clo units1 Clo = 0.155 m2K/WClo = 0 - corresponds to a naked personClo = 1 - corresponds to the insulating value of clothing needed to maintain a person in comfo sitting at rest in a room at 21 (70 ) with air movement of 0.1 m/s and humidity less than 50% - typically a person wearing a business suit


Question: Sputum positive TB patients on chemotherapy should be isolated at least for


Question: Study unit of ecological study is

In ecological studies the unit of observation is the population or community. * Disease rates and exposures are measured in each of a series of populations and their relation is examined. * Often the information about disease and exposure is abstracted from published statistics and therefore does not require expensive or time


Question: Causal association factors can be revealed by

Case-control studies often retrospective studies are a common first approach to test the causal hypothesis. In recent years case-control study has emerged as a permanent method of epidemiological investigation. - Both exposure and outcome have occurred before the study. - The study proceeds backward from effect to cause. - It uses a control or comparison group to suppo or refute an inference Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 79


Question: Negative skived distribution has

Normal distribution has ⇒ Mean - Median = mode.
Positive skewed distribution or Right side skewed has ⇒ Mean > median > mode.
Negative / deft side skewed distribution has ⇒ Mean < median < mode.


Question: Prevalence is calculated by formula(2018)

Relationship between prevalence and incidence Prevalence depends upon 2 factors, the incidence and duration of illness. Given the assumption that the population is stable, and incidence and duration are unchanging, the relationship between incidence and prevalence can be expressed as : P= IxD = incidence x mean duration Ref:- park; pg num:- 69


Question: Protein requirement in adult male

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pgno : 662


Question: Most dangerous pesticide color code given


Question: Temporal association of a disease is best established by

Temporal relationship: Exposure must precede disease"A well-designed coho study is considered the most reliable means of showing an association between a suspected risk factor and subsequent disease"Park 23e pg:76


Question: Soiling index is a measure of

Smoke or soiling index: A known volume of air is filtered through a white paper under specified conditions and the stain is measured by the photoelectric meter.Smoke concentration is estimated and expressed as micrograms/cubic metre of air as an average level over a period of time.Park 23e pg: 736


Question: Population coverage of primary health center


Question: Solid waste is seen in category

Categories of bio-medical waste in IndiaCategory NoWaste category1Human anatomical waste2Animal waste3Microbiology and biotechnology waste4Sharps5Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs6Solid waste 7Solid waste 8Liquid waste9Incineration ash10Chemicals used in the production of biologicalsRef: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 793

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: Feility, moality, marriage, migration and social mobility are 5 components constituting

Demography deals with five &;Demographic processes&; namely feility, moality, marriage, migration and social mobility.These 5 processes are continuously at work within a population determining size, composition and distribution.(Ref:- Park. 23rd ed. Page no 479)


Question: Not a direct cause of maternal mortality


Question: Category 7 on biomedical waste management contains

Ans. (b) Solid wasteCat. BMWWASTES INCLUDED1.Human Anatomical WasteHuman tissues, organs, body parts2.Animal wasteAnimal tissues, body parts,organs,carcasses, fluids, blood3.Microbiology & biotechnology wasteWaste from lab cultures,stocks,specimens of microorganisms, vaccines,cellcultues,toxins, wastes from production of biological4.Waste sharpsNeedles, syringes,scalpels,glass,blade5.Discarded medication & cytotoxic drugsExpired medicines, discarded medicines6.Soiled wasteItems contaminated with blood, fluids, includingcotton, dressings, linen, bandag e,plasters7.Solid wasteDisposable items (except sharps),including catheter,tubes,i.v sets8.Liquid wasteWaste generated from lab,washing cleaning,disinfecting activities9.Incineration ashAsh from incineration of any BMW10.Chemical wasteChemical used in disinfection


Question: In case control studies

.case control studies are retrrspective studies,that proceeds from effect to cause.it requires two study groups,namely cases and controls.both exposure and outcome has occurred at the time of study.they are basically comparison studies,four basic steps of this incudes, selection of cases and controls matching measurement of exposure analysis and interpretation,from a case control study we can derive odd&;s ratio that is a measure of association between risk factor and outcome.it is closely related to relative risk. ref:park&;s textbook,ed22,pg no 70


Question: Area under standard normal distribution curve is

Standard normal distribution curve has :

Area under the curve = 1.
Has variance = 1.
Mean = median = mode.
Mean = 0
Standard deviation = 1.


Question: Sanguinarine causes

B. i.e. (Epidemic dropsy) (525 - Park 19th) (571 - Park 20th) NeurolathyrismL. sativus (Khasaridal)**Beta - oxalyl - amino - alanine (BOAA*) Endemic ascitis* Jhunjhunia seeds**Toxic alkaloid is - Pyrrolizidine**Symptoms of Epidemic dropsy are - Sudden- non inflammatory bilateral swelling of legs, Diarrhoea* cardiac failure* glaucoma* and last death


Question: The plastic cover of syringes are disposed of in

Wrapper in Black Syringe without needle - RED Needle - White

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health


Question: In salmonolosis disease, isolation is done till


Question: During disaster management the following condition would be classified under international code green signal


Question: ‘Lead time’ refers to the time between

Disease onset and first critical diagnosis

First possible point of detection and usual time of diagnosis

Disease onset and first possible point of detection

First possible point of detection and final critical point


Question: Japanese Encephalitis is caused by


Question: Height to weight is a/an

Ref: Parks 23rd edition pg 852 Height and weight are association. In order to find out whether there is significant association or not between the two variables , coefficient or Corelation is calculated . r lies between -1 and +1 r near -1 : indicates strong negative correlation . r = 0 : indicates no association r near +1: indicates strong positive correlation. Note: correlation does not necessarily prove causation .


Question: Recommendation of the Krishnan committee was for


Question: Primordial prevention is

Primordial Prevalence: It is the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared. Eg :. Obesity , Hypeension

Prevention of diseases among the hill-dwelling and tribal people

Prolongation of human life span to the maximum extent

Promotion of health, well being and efficiency

Prevention of diseases through modification of their risk factors


Question: The recommended level of fluorides in drinking water in this Country is accepted as


Question: According to International Health Regulations, there is no risk of spread of yellow Fever if the Aedes aegypti index remains below

International Health Regulations (IHRs) of WHO covers 7 diseases:

– Cholera
– Plague
– Yellow Fever
– Smallpox
– Wild Polio Virus
– Human Influenza
– SARS

International measures to restrict the spread of Yellow Fever (IHRs):

– Travellers:
- Must possess a valid International certificate of vaccination (validity 10days – 10yrs) against YF before they enter ‘YF receptive areas’
- If no such certificate available: Quarantine for 6 days (Max I.P of YF) from date of leaving an infected area
- If traveller arrives before certificate becomes valid (10 days after vaccination): Isolate till it becomes valid
Mosquitoes:
- Aircrafts/ships arriving from endemic areas: Aerosol spray to kill insect vectors
- Airports/ seaports kept free from vector breeding: at least 400 meters around boundary
- Aedes aegypti index: kept below 1%


Question: Trombiculid mite can transmit


Question: Primary prevention among the following is

Marriage counseling is a type of primary prevention. Primary prevention: Action taken prior to the onset of the disease which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. Amniocentesis, Pap smear, and self-breast examination are screening tests to detect disease in the early phase which comes under secondary prevention - Early diagnosis and treatment. Marriage counseling includes the health promotion for the prevention of specific causal factors which help to decrease the incidence of disease. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 24th edition - Page no.47, 865


Question: Iodised salt is given in an area endemic to Goiter. Type of prevention

Iodised salt is given in an area which has risk of developing goiter.
This is a primary level of prevention done by specific protection.
• Primordial prevention is done before the emergence of risk factor.