Question: Mission Indradhanush is for


Question: Government of Pak has accepted iron fortification to reduce prevalence of anemia; it has recently been decided to fortify


Question: Mercury is disposed by


Question: One DALY signifies

DALY is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as a number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. 1 DALY = 1yr of healthy life lost Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition; Page 26


Question: The infective form of malarial parasite through a blood transfusion is

Modes of Malaria Transmission:
• Bite of female anopheline mosquitoes:
– Infective forms: Sporozoites Transfusion malaria
• Injection of blood of a malaria patient containing asexual forms:‘Trophozoite induced malaria’ –
– Transfusion malaria
– Congenital malaria
– Malaria in drug addicts


Question: 'Moron' is one with an IQ of

Levels of intelligence IQ range Idiot 0 - 24 Imbecile 25 - 49 Moron 50 - 69 Borderline 70 - 79 Low normal 80 - 89 Normal 90 - 109 Superior 110 - 119 Very superior 120 - 139 Near genius 140 and over


Question: A &;group on medical education and suppo manpower&; is popularly known as

The government of India in the ministry of health and family planning in November 1974 set up a &;group on medical education and suppo manpower&; popularly known as shrivastav committee1. to devise a suitable curriculum for training healthcare assistants2. to suggest steps for improving the existing medical educational processes 3. to make any other suggestions to realize the above objectives and matters incidental theretoRef: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 875


Question: RHIME  is used for measuring


Question: Resource person for training of ASHA are

NRHM created a cadre ASHA. ASHA must be a resident of the village A women of age group 25 -45 years with formal education upto eighth class having communication skills and leadership quality. The norm is 1 ASHA per 1000 population. AWWs and ANMs will act as resource persons for training ASHA. Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine.K Park. Edition 23.Pg no: 449,450


Question: Third generation IUCD is

THIRD GENERATION IUDs A third generation of IUDs *based on still another principle, i.e., release of a hormone have become available on a limited scale. The most widely used hormonal device is progestase, which is a T -shaped device filled with 38 mg of progesterone, the natural hormone. The hormone is released slowly in the uterus at the rate of 65 mcg daily. It has a direct local effect on the uterine lining, on the cerl mucus and possibly on the sperms. Because the hormone supply is gradually depleted, regular replacement of the device is necessary. Another hormonal device LNG-20 (Mirena) is a T-shaped IUD releasing 20 mcg of levonorgestrel (a potent synthetic steroid); it has a low pregnancy rate (0.2 per 100 women) and less number of ectopic pregnancies. Long-term clinical experience with levonorgestrel releasing IUD has shown to be associated with lower menstrual blood loss and fewer days of bleeding than the copper devices. The levonorgestrel releasing IUD has an effective life of 10 years. The hormonal devices would be paicularly valuable for women in developing countries in whom excess blood loss caused by ine devices have been shown to result in significant anaemia. But these devices are more expensive, to be introduced on a wide scale. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 548


Question: A study revealed that in study group, intake of carotene | ca colon but it is due to | fibre intake, This is due to

A "confounding factor" is defined as one which is associated both with exposure and disease, and is distributed unequally in study and control groups. More specifically a "confounding factor" is one that, although associated with "exposure" under investigation, is Itself, independently of any such association, a "risk factor" for the disease. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 72


Question: The most appropriate test to assess the prevalence of TB infection in a community is

Prevalence of tuberculosis is the percentage of individuals who show a positive reaction to the standard tuberculin test.Prevalence represents a cumulative experience of a population to recent and remote infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.limitations are high coverage of BCG vaccination. since most of the vaccinees become positive reactors to the tuberculin test and cross-sensitivity to atypical mycobacteriae.Park 23e pg: 172


Question: Endemic ascitis is associated with the following aEUR'

Pyrrolizidine Repeat from Nov 06 Endemic ascites is caused by a hepatotoxin - pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in weed seeds of Crotolaria (Jhunjhunia). These weed seeds of Jhunjhunia contaminate the millet seeds Panicum milare (locally k/a Gondhli) Endemic ascites presented in Sarguja district of Madhya Pradesh during 1973 & 1976 as outbreak of rapidly developing ascites and jaundice with high moality. Preventive measures - educating the people - deweeding of Jhunjhunia plants which grow along with the staple food-millet. - sieving to separate out the Jhunjhunia seeds from millet seeds. Other food toxicant diseases: Neurolathyrism - caused by toxin Beta oxalyl amino alanine (BOAA) found in seeds of pulse Lathyrus sativum (Khersari dal) Epidemic dropsy - caused by toxic alkaloid Sanguinarine found in argemone mexicana seeds. Argemone oil contaminates mustard oil. Aflatoxicosis is due to ingestion of aflatoxins produced by ceain fungi, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxins are hepatotoxins & also carcinogenic.


Question: The course of disease without any intervention is the definition of

Answer: a) Natural history of disease (PARK 23rd ED, P-35)Natural history of disease signifies the way in which a disease evolves over time from the earliest stage of its prepathogenesis phase to its termination as recovery, disability or death, in the absence of treatment or prevention.NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASEDisease processPre-pathogenesis phase Pathogenesis phaseDisease agent has not entered man After the entry of agent into the (man in the midst of disease or man susceptible human host exposed to the risk of disease) Outcome may be - recovery, disability orInteraction between agent, host & death environment required to initiate diseaseprocess in manLevels of preventionPrimary prevention Secondary preventionTertiary preventionModes of interventionHealth promotion Early diagnosisSpecific protection & treatmentDisability limitationRehabilitation


Question: Phobia is exaggerated form of

When the fear becomes exaggerated or unnecessary, it is called a phobia.A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder.Park 23e pg: 675

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Benzathine pencillin treatment in RHD is

SECONDARY PREVENTION of Rheumatic hea disease Secondary prevention (i.e., the prevention of recurrences of RF) is a more practicable approach, especially in developing countries. It consists in identifying those who have had RF and giving them one intramuscular injection of benzathine benzyl penicillin (1.2 million units in adults and 600,000 units in children) at intervals of 3 weeks. This must be continued for at least 5 years or until the child reaches 18 years whichever is later. For patients with carditis (mild mitral regurgitation or healed carditis) the treatment should continue for 10 years after the last attack, or at least until 25 years of age, which ever is longer. More severe valvular disease or post-valve surgery cases need life-long treatment. This prevents streptococcal sore throat and therefore recurrence of RF and RHD. However, the crucial problem is one of patient compliance as penicillin prophylaxis is a long-term affair. Studies have shown that secondary prevention is feasible, inexpensive and cost-effective, when implemented through primary health care systems Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 402


Question: Nakayama strain is used in vaccination of

Control of Japanese encephalitis:Vaccination: Population at risk has been recommendedThree types of JE vaccines in large-scale use arethe mouse-brain derived, purified and inactivated vaccine which is based on either the Nakayama or Beijing strains of JE virusthe cell culture-derived inactivated JE vaccine based on Bejing P-3 strain andthe cell culture-derived live attenuated vaccine based on the SA 14-14-2 strain of the JE virusVector control: Effective way to deal with them is to reso to aerial or ground fogging with ultra-low-volume insecticides Ref: Park; 23rd ed; pg no: 286


Question: PPV does not depend on

Positive Predictive Value(PPV) depends on

Sensitivity
Specificity
Prevalence of disease

PPV ∝ Prevalence of disease.
PPV is directly proportional to prevalence of disease.


Question: The daily extra colorie requirement is first trimester of pregnancy is


Question: According to Maslow&;s hierarchy of needs, following is at the top of the pyramid

Maslow&;s hierarchy of needs from base to top: Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization.They describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Under Vision 2020, to check visual acuity, teacher will refer school child to

Under Vision 2020, to check visual acuity, teacher will refer school child to Vision Centre Vision 2020 Right to Sight Major aim - eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020. They are Global India 1. Cataract 1. Cataract 2. RE + Low vision 2. RE + Low vision 3. Childhood blindness 3. Childhood blindness 4. Trachoma 4. Trachoma 5. Onchocerciasis (not present in India) 5. Diabetic Retinopathy 6. Glaucoma 7. Corneal Blindness Number of Authorised bodies Population Norms 2 (APEX) 1/500 million 20 (Centre of Excellence) 1/50 million 200 (Training Centre) 1/5 million 2000 (Service Centre) 1/500000 20000 (Vision Centre) 1/50000 Rajendra prasad institute of Ophthalmic sciences, AIIMS, Delhi: Services offered at Vision centre - vision testing - PMOA Service centre - cataract surgery - ophthalmologist Training centre - Training - opthal depament of medical college

NCDs: CHD, HTN, DM, RF, Cancers, Obesity, Blindness


Question: Sullivan index is the measure of

Ans. a (Disability rate). (Ref. FSM, Park, 17th/pg.22)SULLIVAN INDEX# This index (expectation of life free of disability) is computed by substracting from life expectancy the probable duration of bed disability and inability to perform major activities.# It is considered one of the most advanced indicator/measure of disability rate, currently available


Question: Boy with IQ of 62 will come under

Ans. a (Mild MR). (Ref. PSM, Park, 17th/pg.468)IQ =Mental age-----------Chronological agex 100 Level of intelligenceIQIdiot0-24Imbecile25-49Moron50-69Borderline70-79Low normal80-89Normal90-109Superior110-119Very superior120-139Near genious>140

Social Science, Mental Health & Genetics


Question: The difference between contamination and infection is that in infection

INFECTION The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man / animals An infection doesn&;t always cause infection Levels of infection:- 1. Colonization- Staphylococcus aureus in skin and nasopharynx 2. Subclinical/inapparent infection- Polio 3. Latent infection- HSV 4. Manifest/clinical infection CONTAMINATION:- The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface, also on/in clothes, bed,toys, instruments or other inanimate substances including water, milk and food Reference: Park&;s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine; 23rd edition;, Page no. 92

Infectious agent is on body surface or on non-human objects

Infectious agent is in the body of human


Question: Not seen in fecal pollution


Question: Fecal contamination of water is evaluated by

Coliforms are E. coli (faecal) and Klebsiella (non-faecal). E. coli is the most typical faecal coliform. They are chosen as the indicators of faecal pollution of water because, They are constantly present in abundance in the human intestine. They can be easily detected by culture methods. they tend to survive longer than the pathogens. they have greater resistance to forces of natural purification than waterborne pathogens. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 780


Question: Not included among major criteria in acute rheumatic fever is


Question: Indicator solution in Horrocks apparatus contains

Horrock&;s apparatus is designed to find out the dose of bleaching powder required for disinfection of water.Starch-iodide indicator solution is used.Park 23e pg: 728


Question: The National Population Policy 2000 aims to achieve net reproduction rate by the year

National Population Policy 2000 has the objective of bringing the total feility rate to replacement level by 2010 It also aims net reproduction rate by 1 by the year 2010 which the National health policy 1983 fails to achieve Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 493


Question: Period Prevalence is

No of cases over a period of years mentioned

Incidence of no of cases during a given period


Question: Acceptable noise levels in bed room

Acceptable noise levels Expressed in dB (A), sound pressure levels conforming to weighting curve (A) Environment Place Acceptable noise level dB(A) Residential Bed room 25 Living room 40 Commercial Office 35-45 Conference 40-45 Restaurants 40-45 Industrial Work shop 40-60 Laboratory 40-50 Educational Class room 30-40 Library 35-40 Hospitals Wards 20-35 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 779


Question: Following age pyramid denotes

The pyramid of developing country (e.g. India) has a broad base and a tapering top.
In developed countries, the pyramid generally shows a bulge in the middle and has a narrower base (as in figure given in the question).


Question: Village health Nutrition day is observed


Question: WER stands for

An impoant activity of WHO is epidemiological surveillance of communicable disease. WHO collects and disseminates epidemiological information on diseases subject to International health regulations and occasionally other communicable diseases of international impoance through an Automatic Telex Reply service (ATRS) and the Weekly epidemiological record (WER)Park 23e pg: 920

Health care of community & international health


Question: Reliability means

ref: Park&;s 23rd edition pg138 Reliability / repeatability / precision: that is test must give consistent results when repeated more than once on the same individual or material, under the same conditions. note: Validity or accuracy: given by sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic power or Predictablity: includes positive and negative predictive values. in order to include or exclude the person.

Number of times the same results on repeated trials


Question: Reverse smoking causes

Ans. (b) Carcinoma hard palateRef: K. Park 21sted. /357-58* In eastern coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh epidermoid carcinoma of hard palate is most common. It is linked with habit of reverse smoking of cigar (chutta), i.e., smoking with burning end inside the mouth.


Question: Intramuscular Rabies vaccine Post exposure prophylaxis schedule is

New Recommended Regimens/ Schedules { NEW GUIDELINES} Type of prophylaxis Regimen POST EXPOSURE INTRAMUSCULAR Essen Regimen (1-1-1-1-1) Day 0,3,7,14,28 POST EXPOSURE INTRADERMAL Updated Thai Red Cross Regimen (2-2-2-0-2) Day 0,3,7,28 POST-EXPOSURE IN VACCINATED INDIVIDUALS Day 0,3 PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS Day 0,7,21/28

Impoant facts in Immunization, Newer Vaccines


Question: Transplacental transmission is not seen in

HEPATITIS A Causative agent Enterovirus 72 (Picorna Virus) Incubation period 15-45 days Period of infectivity 2 weeks before to 1 week after onset of jaundice Sex distribution Equal in both sexes Children: More infected but mild or subclinical Reservoir Human cases Modes of transmission Fecal oral (Most common) Parenteral Sexual Disinfectant Formalin UV rays Boiling for 5 min Autoclaving Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 230-235


Question: Birth length of the baby doubles at


Question: Acceptable noise level in hospital wards

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Iron source of poor man


Question: Lowest incidence of trachoma is in

• Prevalence rate of active trachoma infection in India 0-14 years (1986-89): –
Punjab: 21.8%
Haryana: 15%
Rajasthan: 17.1%
UP: 11.7%
Orissa: 10.2%


Question: Bajaj committee in 1986 proposed

Bajaj Committee, 1986An "Expe Committee for Health Manpower Planning, Production and Management" was constituted in 1985 under Dr J.S. Bajaj, the then professor at AIIMS. Major recommendations are :Formulation of National Medical & Health Education Policy.Formulation of National Health Manpower Policy.Establishment of an Educational Commission for Health Sciences (ECHS) on the lines of UGC.Establishment of Health Science Universities in various states and union territories.Establishment of health manpower cells at centre and in the states.Vocationalisation of education at 10+2 levels as regards health-related fields with appropriate incentives, so that good quality paramedical personnel may be available in adequate numbers.Carrying out a realistic health manpower survey.


Question: Mission Indradhanush 2014, does not include


Question: The heart of activated sludge process is


Question: Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is expressed as


Question: Disease not under integrated disease surveillance project is

Herpes Zoster is not under integrated disease surveillance project. Disease under integrated disease surveillance includes, Malaria, Typhoid, JE, Dengue, Measles, TB, Polio, Cholera, Hepatitis, Leptospirosis, Yellow fever, Anthrax, Plague, Meningoencephalitis etc. Ref: PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition pg 475


Question: Most common emotion of man


Question: Crude birth rate is a simplest measure of fertility because it includes

Crude birth rate : Number of live births in a year per 1000 mid-year population.
CBR is simplest indicator of fertility : Total mid-year population is not exposed to child bearing thus it doesnot give true idea of fertility of a population.


Question: IQ of a normal person is

Idiot: 0-24Imbecile: 25-49Moron: 50-69Borderline: 70-79Low normal: 80-89Normal: 90-109Superior: 110-119Very superior 120-139Near genius 140 and over Park 23e pg: 679

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Highest pregnancy rate is associated with


Question: Example for "AMPLIFIER HOST"

<p> Infected pigs do not manifest any ove symptoms of illness but circulate the virus so that mosquitoes get infected and can transmit the virus to man. Thus pigs are thus considered as &;amplifiers&; of the virus. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:285. <\p>


Question: The newer contraceptive program introduced in Family Planning is

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched two new contraceptives, an injectable contraceptive MPA (medroxyprogesterone) under the 'Antara' programme and a contraceptive pill, 'Chhaya' (Centchroman), in the public health system to expand the basket of contraceptive choices to meet the emerging needs of couples.


Question: Randomization means

Randomization is a statistical procedure by which the study paicipants are allocated into groups usually called study and control groups; to receive or not receive an experimental preventive or therapeutic procedure, maneuver or intervention Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 90


Question: Infections transmitted from man to  animals is known as


Question: The optimum floor space recommended for a adult person in a house is

The accepted standards are:110sq ft or more : 2 persons90-100 sq ft : 1 1/2 person70- 90 sq ft : 1 person50-70 sq ft : 1/2 personUnder 50 sq ft : nilA baby under 12 months is not counted; children between 1 to 10 years counted as half a unit.Park 23e pg: 752


Question: Scabies, an infection of the skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, is an example of

Water washed diseases: Include infections of the outer body surface which occur due to inadequate use of water or improper hygiene. Examples : Scabies, Trachoma, Typhus, Bacillary, Dysentry, Amoebic Dysentry Ref: A Dictionary Of public Health by Dr.J.kishore Pgno : 575-576


Question: District health officer visited local general stores in Gujranwala District. He found certain substandard products, Turmeric was found to be containing lead chromate powder and Coriander, cow dung. He reported to the health authorities that the foods in Gujranwala district are


Question: Waist Hip Ratio in men that indicate obesity


Question: Prevalence is a

Ref: Parks 23rd edition pg 61 Prevalence is a propoion. Time is not mentioned. Point prevalence of a disease is defined as the number of all current cases (old and new) of a disease at one point of time, in relation to a defined population.


Question: Dosage of Albendazole given as per National deworming program in <2years old child.


Question: Standardized mortality rate is standardized for


Question: To prevent Yellow Fever Aedes aegypti index should be less than


Question: KISHORI SHAKTI YOJANA has been designed to improve nutritional status of


Question: Temporary hardness of water is due to


Question: In pregnancy content of Iron in IFA tablet is


Question: Post exposure active immunization can be done fora)  Rabiesb)  Measlesc)  Cholerad)  Yellow fever


Question: “Inertization” deals with

The process of ‘Inertization’ involves mixing biomedical waste with cement and other substance before disposal, so as to minimize risk of toxic substances contained in waste to contaminate ground/surface water. inertization is especiallysuitable for pharmaceuticals and for incineration ashes with high metal content.

Mixing biomedical waste with cement and other substance before disposal

Incineration of biomedical waste with cement and other substance before disposal

Dumping of Biomedical waste in sanitary landfills

Screw feed technology to disinfect sharps


Question: Reverse cold chain is used for

The cold chain is a system of storage and transpo of vaccines at low temperatures from the manufacturer to the actual vaccination site. The cold chain system is necessary because vaccine failure may occur due to failure to store and transpo under strict temperature control (refer pgno:109 park 23 rd edition)

Carrying stool samples of polio patients from a PHC to the lab

Transpoing outdated vaccines from PHC to district hospital

Transpoing vaccine to lab, to check its potency

Transpoing vaccine from camps to sub - centre


Question: Not included in PQLI is

Ans. (a) IncomeRef. K. Park 23rded. /17Components/lndicators of PQLI* Literacy rate* Infant mortality rate* Life expectancy at age 1 year


Question: Only certificate of vaccination required for international travel is


Question: Peripheral most unit for planning of family planning unde RCH programm


Question: Weight in kg is

A continuous variable is a variable that has an infinite number of possible values. (ex: weight in Kgs - 48.6, 47.23.etc ) A discrete variable is a variable that can only take on a ceain number of values. (Ex: Number of doctors in a clinic - 5, 11..etc) Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 73


Question: A mother brought her six years old child to Eye OPD with history of night blindness. She told that the baby suffered from measles 6 months ago. Examination revealed corneal scarring. The doctor should suspect deficiency of


Question: In an outbreak of cholera in a village of 2000 population 20 case have occured and 5 have died. Case fatality rate is

Case fatality rate = (Total no. of deaths due to a particular case / Total no. of cases due to the same disease) * 100
Here, CFR = (5/20)*100= 25%


Question: Human development index value is

Ans. (a) 0 - 1Ref: K. Park 23rded. /17* The HDI value ranges between 0 to 1.* This value for a country shows the distance that it has already travelled towards maximum possible value of 1 and also allows comparisons with other countries.


Question: In Egg, Egg white contributes


Question: Deficiency of Copper causes


Question: Risk of the damage of fetus by maternal rubella is maximum if mother gets infected in

Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS):

CRS is said to have occurred if:

– Infant has IgM rubella antibodies shortly after birth, or
– IgG antibodies persist for more than 6 months

Major determinant of extent of fetal infection in CRS: Gestational age at which fetal transmission occurs,

– Infection in I trimester: MOST DISASTROUS TIME
1. Abortions
2. Still births
3. Skin lesions: blueberry muffin lesions
4. ‘Triad of Congenital Rubella Syndrome’
i. Sensorineural deafness
ii. Congenital heart defects (MC is PDA)
iii. Cataracts
– Infection in early part of II Trimester: Deafness (only)
– Infection after 16 weeks POG: No major abnormalities
Risk of fetal damage in CRS:


Question: A 32 year old person comes to the hospital after 2 weeks of the onset of diarrhoea. Diagnosis of typhoid can be confirmed with

Diagnosis done in

1st week - Blood culture
2nd week - Widal / Antibodies level
2rd week - Stool culture
4th week - Urine culture


Question: Best representation of a population with age variation

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Population pyramid The age and sex distribution of a population is best represented by population pyramidIn countries with high bih rates as ours, it is broad based conical pyramid because of high bih rate and tapering of population with increase in age.In developed countries with low bih rate, the pyramid swells in the middle and is narrow at the base and is not so conical at the top. (dumb bell shaped).


Question: Denominator in case fatality rate

Case fatality rate Total number of deaths due to a paicular disease ________________________________________ X 100 Total number of cases due to to the same disease Case fatality rate represents the killing power of a disease It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases The time interval is not specified Case fatality rate is typically used in acute infectious diseases ( eg: food poisoning, cholera, measles) Case fatality is closely related to virulence. The case fatality rate for the same disease may vary in different epidemics because of changes in the agent, host and environmental factors Reference: Park&;s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 23rd edition, Paeg no. 58


Question: Xpert MTB/RIF test is used to detect


Question: Spikes protocol is related to

SPIKES Technique is found useful in communication of Breast cancer prognosis :
S - Setting up an interview.
P - Assessing Perception.
I - Invitation to explain.
K - Imparting Knowlwdge.
E - Adressing Emotions.
S - Summary and strategy.


Question: Most common cause of maternal moality

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: A subcentre in a hilly area caters to a population of


Question: Maximum number of students in a school classroom is

Healthful school environment The school building, site and equipment are pa of the environment in which the child grows and develops. A healthful school environment therefore is necessary for the best emotional, social and personal health of the pupils. Schools should also serve as demonstration centres of good sanitation to the community. The following minimum standards for sanitation of the school and its environs have been suggested in India. (1) Location : The school should normally be centrally situated with proper approach roads and at a fair distance from busy places and roads, cinema houses, factories, railway tracks and market places. The school premises should be properly fenced and kept free from all hazards. (2) Site : The site should be on suitable high land, and not subject to inundation or dampness and can be properly drained. The School Health Committee {1961) had recommended that 10 acres of land be provided for higher elementary schools and 5 acres for primary schools with an additional one acre of land per 100 students. In congested areas, the nearest public park or playground should be made available to the students. {3) Structure : Nursery and secondary schools, as far as possible, be single storied. Exterior walls should have a minimum thickness of 10 inches and should be heat resistant. (4) Classroom : Verandhas should be attached to classrooms. No classroom should accommodate more than 40 students. Per capita space for students in a classroom should not be less than 10 sq. ft. (5) Furniture : Furniture should suit the age group of students. It is desirable to provide single desks and chairs. Desks should be of "minus" type. Chairs should be provided with proper back-rests, with facilities for desk-work. (6) Doors and windows: The windows should be broad with the bottom sill, at a height of 2'-6" from the floor level; combined door and window area should be at least 25 per cent of the floor space; windows should be placed on different walls for cross-ventilation; the ventilators should not be less than 2 per cent of the floor area. (7) Colour : Inside colour of the classroom should be white and should be periodically white-washed. (8) Lighting : Classrooms should have sufficient natural light, preferably from the left, and should not be from the front. (9) Water supply : There should be an independent source of safe and potable water supply, which should be continuous, and distributed from the taps. (10) Eating facilities : Vendors other than those approved by the school authorities should not be allowed inside school premises; there should be a separate room provided for mid-day meals. (11) Lavatory : Privies and urinals should be provided one urinal for 60 students and one latrine for 100 students. Arrangements should be separately made for boys and girls. Ref: Park 23rd edition Pgno : 579

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Drug of choice for carriers of typhoid is


Question: Daily requirement of Iodine in adults is

The daily requirement of iodine is 150 mcg supplied normally by well balanced diets and drinking water.


Question: Body mass index is also known as

(Quetelet index) (334 - Park 19th)* Body mass index (Quetelet's index) =Weight (kg)-------Height 2(m)* Rest index used for obesity are - Ponderal, Broca, Lorentz *s and corpulence index


Question: (A/A+C) x 100 in the given table isTest resultPersons with diseasePersons without diseaseTotalPositiveABA+BNegativeCDC + D

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Sensitivityo In this that A is true positive and C is false negative.ThusA----A + Cx 100 =True Positive--------------------------True Positive + False Negativex 100 = Sensitivity o Specificity in this question isD (True Negative)--------------------------------D (True Negative) + B (False Positive)xl00


Question: National Tuberculosis Institute is located at


Question: During disaster management green code is given for


Question: The limiting amino acids in wheat are

Wheat Next to rice, wheat is the most impoant cereal. The protein content of wheat varies from 9 to 16 per cent, the limiting amino-acids are lysine and threonine. The wheat grain is much less subjected to loss of essential nutrients during processing than rice. In India, the bulk of wheat is consumed as whole grain wheat flour or atta. Maida or white flour which represents 70 per cent extraction of wheat is poorer from the nutrition standpoint. The whiter the flour the greater the loss of vitamins and minerals. Thus whole grain wheat flour is richer source of vitamin B than refined white flour. Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Standard error of mean is calculated by

SD/ 1/7 Standard error of mean = SD/j SD - standard detion n - number of samples


Question: The biological oxygen demand (BOD) indicates

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): Is defined as ‘amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage’ during a specified period (Generally 5 days), at a specified temperature (generally 20° C) for aerobic destruction or use of organic matter by living organisms.
Strong Sewage has BOD > 300 g/litre and Weak Sewage has BOD < 100 g/litre.


Question: Health education is the responsibility of


Question: Theory of contagion was first enunciated by

Revival of medicine encompasses period from 1453 -1600. Fracastorius an Italian physician enunciated &;theory of contagion&;. He envisaged transmission of infection minute invisible paicles and explained cause of epidemics. He recognised syphilis was transmitted from person to person during sexual relationss. He is founder of epidemiology. Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine; 23rd edition; Pg no: 5


Question: A chronic alcoholic was complaining of loss of appetite and pain in lower legs. On examination his gate was ataxia. He is suffering from deficiency of


Question: National Guinea worm Eradication Programme was launched in

National Guinea worm eradication programme:- Launched in 1984 with technical assistance from WHO. From the very beginning, the programme was integrated into the national health system at village level. With well-defined strategies, an efficient information and evaluation system, intersectoral coordination at all levels and close collaboration with WHO and UNICEF, India was able to significantly reduce the disease in affected areas. Strategies: 1. Health education activities with special emphasis on school children and women in rural areas. 2. Rumour registration and rumour investigation. 3. Maintenance of guinea worm disease on the list of notifiable disease and continuation of surveillance in previously infected areas. 4. Careful supervision of the functioning of hand pumps and other sources of safe drinking water. Reference - Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.476


Question: Global Hunger Index does not include

Lack of emotional support in children < 5 years of age


Question: Useful screening test for lead is measurement of


Question: Fibreoptic scopes are sterilized by

Ans. a (Glutaraldehyde). (Ananthnarayan, Microbioloyg, 4th ed., 32)SterilisationSterilisation by steam (Autoclave)Sterilisation by hot airSterilisation by ethylene oxideSterilization by low-temperature steam and formal dehydeSterilisation by irradiation- Vegetative bacteria, including tuberculosis, and viruses such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV and heat-resistant spores, including C.tetani and C.perfringens, are killed.- Combination of pressure, temperature and time with the moist heat is important: 134degC (30 lb/in.2) for a hold time of 3 minutes; 121degC (15 lb/in.2) for a hold time of 15 minutes;- Monitoring=Steam penetration/Bowie - Dick test and chemical indicators, for example Brownes tubes or impregnated tapes, are used to ensure that errors. Biological indicators are not appropriate.- Inefficient compared with moist steam sterilisation, but it has ability to treat solid non- aqueous liquids grease/ ointments and to process closed (airtight) containers.- Lack of corrosion may be important, particularly with instruments with fine cutting edges such as ophthalmic instruments.- It cannot be used for substances such as rubber, plastics and IV fluids which are denatured.- ETO is highly penetrative non- corrosive broad- spectrum cidal gas.- It is utilised for heat-sensitive -materials including electrical equipment.- It is not recommended for ventilator respiratory equipment or soiled instruments because organic debris, including serum, has a marked adverse effect.This uses a combination of dried saturated steam and formaldehyde, with the main advantage being that sterilisation is achieved at a low temperature (73degC) and the method is so suitable for heat-sensitive materials and items of equipment with integral plastic components.- It is not recommended for sealed, oily items or those with retained air.- Some plastics and fabrics absorb formal-dehyde, releasing this in a delayed manner which may cause hypersensitivity to the users.- This employs gamma rays or accelerated electrons.- It is an industrial process and is appropriate to the sterilisation of large batches of similar products, such as syringes, catheters and IV cannulas.- Irradiation dose in excess of 25 kGy is accepted as providing adequate sterility assurance.DisinfectionDisinfection with low-temperature steam:- Typical conditions include exposure to dry saturated steam at a temperature of 73degC for a period of 20 minutes at a pressure below atmospheric. Useful for dealing with dirty returns from OT/clinics which may be contaminated with bodily secretions and microorganisms. Following this instruments must be cleaned.Disinfection with boiling water:- Uses soft water at 100()C at normal pressure for 5min. Instruments must be thoroughly cleaned before utilised.Disinfection with formaldehyde:- Formaldehyde gas is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. This process utilises a cabinet which is airtight and circulates gaseous formaldehyde up to 50degC.Disinfection with glutaraldehyde:A 2 % solution of glutaraldehyde is effective against most bacteria, viruses, including hepatitis B and C and HIV, and is a high-level disinfection particularly useful for the decontamination of flexible endoscopes.

Hospital waste, disaster management and occupational health


Question: Primary prevention does not include

Early detection and treatment is pa of secondary prevention. Level Aim Mode of intervention Primordial prevention Prevention of emergence of risk factors Individual and mass education for life style changes Primary prevention Reduce the incidence of the disease Health promotion - health education, environmental modifications, nutritional modifications, lifestyle changes Specific protection Secondary prevention Reduce the prevalence of the disease by shoening its duration Early diagnosis and treatment Teiary prevention Reduce the number/impact of complications Disability limitation Rehabilitation Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 24th edition - Page no. 47


Question: Montenegro test is done for

This test is based on skin reaction . Leishmanin is a preparation of 106 per ml washed promastigotes of leishmania, suspended in 0.5 per cent phenol saline or mehiolate. Ref: page No:334; park 25th Edition


Question: n95 mask is used for;

An N95 respirator is a respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very efficient filtration of airborne paicles. The 'N95' designation means that when subjected to careful testing, the respirator blocks at least 95 percent of very small (0.3 micron) test paicles. If properly fitted, the filtration capabilities of N95 respirators exceed those of face masks.


Question: Consent from guardian/husband for MTP is required in

The written consent of the guardian is necessary before performing aboion in women under 18 years of age and in lunatics even if they are older than 18 years Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 506


Question: COTPA act is related to

The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act, 2003 or COTPA, 2003 is an Act to prohibit the adveisement of and to provide for the regulation of trade and commerce in, and production, supply and distribution of cigarettes and other tobacco products in India.


Question: Rabies in not found in


Question: Ayushman Bharat is

Ayushman Bharat is National Health Protection Scheme, which will cover over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) providing coverage up to 5 lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and teiary care hospitalization. Ayushman Bharat - National Health Protection Mission will subsume the on-going centrally sponsored schemes - Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and the Senior Citizen Health Insurance Scheme (SCHIS).


Question: Infant mortality rate does not include


Question: A Person is underweight if BMI is


Question: Changes in occurrence of disease over very long period of time is

Long-term or secular trends The term "secular trend" implies changes in the occurrence of disease (i.e., a progressive increase or decrease) over a long period of time, generally several years or decades. Although it may have sho-term fluctuations imposed on it, a secular trend implies a consistent tendency to change in a paicular direction or a definite movement in one direction. Examples include coronary hea disease, lung cancer and diabetes which have shown a consistent upward trend in the developed countries during the past 50 years or so, followed by a decline of such diseases as tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria and polio. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 66


Question: An investigator wants to study the association between maternal intake of iron supplements (Yes or No) and incidence of low birth weight (< 2500 or > 2500) gms). He collects relevant data from 100 pregnant women as to the status of usage of iron supplements and the status of low birth weight in their newborns. The appropriate statistical test of hypothesis advised in this situation is

Here, an investigator wants to study the association between maternal intake of iron supplements (yes or No) and incidence of low birth weight (< 2500 or > 2500) gms), Thus, association is to be studied between 2 qualitative variables, i.e. status of usage of iron supplements and status of low birth weight in their newborns.
So, most appropriate test would be Chi – square test.


Question: Best contraceptive for newly married couples

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES Hormonal contraceptives when properly used are the most effective spacing methods of contraception. Oral contraceptives of the combined type are almost 100 per cent effective in preventing pregnancy. They provide the best means of ensuring spacing between one childbih and another. More than 65 million in the world are estimated to be taking the "pill" of which about 9.52 million are estimated to be in India. Beneficial effects The single most significant benefit of the pill is its almost 100 per cent effectiveness in preventing pregnancy and thereby removing anxiety about the risk of unplanned pregnancy. Apa from this, the pill has a number of non- contraceptive health benefits. Both the Royal College of General Practitioners' and the Oxford Family Planning Association's long-term prospective studies of pill use in Britain have shown that using the pill may give protection against at least 6 diseases: benign breast disorders including fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma, ovarian cysts, iron- deficiency anaemia, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and ovarian cancer. Ref : Park 25th edition Pgno : 536-537


Question: Desks provided with table top to prevent neck problems in an example of

Specific protection comes under Primary prevention. It prevents risk factor from progressing to disease. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition; Page 42


Question: The absolute contraindication for prescribing normal contraceptive pills in a woman of repro ductive age group is


Question: Reference protein is

Ans. c (Egg). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th/pg.429)EGG# It is a standard protein against which quality of other proteins is compared (reference protein).# An egg weighing 60 g contains:- 6 g of protein,- 6 g of fat,- 30 mg of calcium- 1.5 mg of iron and- supplies about 70 kcal of energy.# Except for vitamin C and carbohydrates, egg contains all the nutrients.# It has all 9 essential aminoacids.# Net protein utilization (NPU) which combines in a single value the biological value and digestibility, is- 100 for egg,- 80 for meat and- 75 for milk.# Cholesterol content of egg is 250 mg/egg.# Biotin deficiency is caused by antibiotic overuse & ingestion of raw eggs (avidin in egg white avidly binds to biotin).


Question: The demographic goal of Net Reproduction Rate is equal to one (NPR=1) can be achieved only if the Couple Protection Rate exceeds

(C) 60%[?]Couple protection rate (CPR)oCouple protection rate (CPR) is an indicator of the prevalence of contraceptive practice in the community.oIt is defined as the per cent of eligible couples effectively protected against childbirth by one or the other approved methods of family planning, viz. sterilization, IUD, condom or oral pills.oSterilization accounts for over 60 per cent of effectively protected couples.oCouple protection rate is based on the observation that 50 to 60 per cent of births in a year are of birth order 3 or more.oThus attaining a 60 per cent CPR will be equivalent to cutting off almost all third or higher order births, leaving 2 or less surviving children per couple.oTherefore, the previous National Population Policy was to attain a CPR of 42 per cent by 1990 (end of Seventh Five Year Plan), and 60 per cent by the year 2000.oHowever about 60 per cent eligible couples are still unprotected against conception.oA state-wise break-up of the figures reported indicates that while some states notably Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana and Tamil Nadu etc. are forging ahead to cover more than half of their fertility level population by contraception.oDifferent Family Planning methods used for Acceptors of Couple Protection Rate include:-Sterilization-Vasectomy-Tubectomy-IUD insertion-Condom users-Oral Contraceptive Pill UsersoNRR = 1 can be achieved only if the CPR >60%[?]Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)oNet Reproduction Rate (NRR) is defined as the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime assuming fixed age-specific fertility and mortality rates.oNRR is a demographic indicator. NRR of 1 is equivalent to attaining approximately the 2-child norm.oIt is 'the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime assuming fixed age-specific fertility and mortality rates'.oIt is a demographic indicator.oNRR of 1 is equivalent to attaining approximately the 2-child norm. If the NRR is less than 1, then the reproductive performance of the population is said to be below replacement level.oThe average number of Daughters a women would bear in her life if she experiences the age-specific fertility (fro daughters) prevailing at the study period, & if her daughters experienced the prevailing rates of mortality.oIf the age schedules of both fertility & mortality remain constant, the Net Reproduction Rate would be a measure of generational Replacement.oE.g.-NRR =1.1 - Next generation will be 10% larger than the present generation (growth)-NRR =1.0 - Next generation will be the same as the present generation (replacement level)-NPR =0.9 - next generation will be 10% smaller than the present generation (depopulation)[?]Net Reproduction Rate, Pros & Cons.oPros-Taking into account both fertility & survival in getting one indicator of reproductivity of a PopulationoCons-Requires detailed data on fertility & survival of women, up to age 50 years-Does not take into account that women born in different years may have different fertility & survival.


Question: Byssinossis occurs with


Question: Monetary benefit is measured in


Question: In an outbreak of cholera in a village of 2000 population 20 cases have occured and 5 have died. Case fatality rate is

Ref: Parks 23rd edition Case fatality rate = (Total no. of deaths due to a paicular case / Total no. of cases due to the same disease) x 100 Here, CFR = (5/20) x 100= 25%


Question: Probability =


Question: Methylene blue test for milk is used to detect

Methylene Blue Dye Reduction Test is used to assess the microbiological quality of raw and pasteurized milk. This test is based on the fact that the blue colour of the dye solution added to the milk get decolourized when the oxygen present in the milk get exhausted due to microbial activity. The sooner the decolourization, more inferior is the bacteriological quality of milk assumed to be.


Question: In a Standard detion of 2, confidence limit is

Normal Curve This is a normal distribution curve in which 95% of the population falls between -2SD and +2SD. Confidence limits are the upper and lower boundaries of a confidence interval. Confidence interval is the interval within which a parameter value is expected to lie with ceain confidence levels, as could be revealed by repeated samples.

Normal Distribution, Skewed Distributions


Question: Most common air pollutant is

(A) Carbon monoxide # Six Common Air Pollutants are:> Ozone, Carbon monoxide, Sulfur oxides, Nitrogen oxides, and Lead.> Of the six pollutants, particle pollution and ground-level ozone are the most widespread health threats.> Most common and widespread air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.> Carbon Monoxide (CO): Fuel combustion from vehicles and engines. Reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the body's organs and tissues; aggravates heart disease, resulting in chest pain and other symptoms.> Ground-level Ozone (O3): Secondary pollutant formed by chemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the presence of sunlight. Decreases lung function and causes respiratory symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath, and also makes asthma and other lung diseases get worse. More on Ground Level Ozone Here> Lead (Pb): Smelters (metal refineries) and other metal industries; combustion of leaded gasoline in piston engine aircraft; waste incinerators (waste burners), and battery manufacturing. Damages the developing nervous system, resulting in IQ loss and impacts on learning, memory, and behavior in children. Cardiovascular and renal effects in adults and early effects related to anaemia.> Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Fuel combustion (electric utilities, big industrial boilers, vehicles) and wood burning. Worsens lung diseases leading to respiratory symptoms, increased susceptibility to respiratory infection.> Particulate Matter (PM) This is formed through chemical reactions, fuel combustion (e.g., burning coal, wood, diesel), industrial processes, farming (plowing, field burning), and unpaved roads or during road constructions. Short-term exposures can worsen heart or lung diseases and cause respiratory problems. Long-term exposures can cause heart or lung disease and sometimes premature deaths.> Sulfur Dioxide (SOS02 comes from fuel combustion (especially high-sulfur coal); electric utilities and industrial processes as well as natural occurances like volcanoes. Aggravates asthma and makes breathing difficult. It also contributes to particle formation with associated health effects.


Question: Energy requirement for pregnant women doing moderate physical activity with body weight 55 kg

Group Category / Age Body weight (Kg) Net energy (Kcal/d) Protein (g/d) Man Sedentary work Moderate work Heavy work 60 2,320 2,730 3,490 60.0 Woman Sedentary work Moderate work Heavy work Pregnant woman Lactation 0-6 m 6-12 months 55 1,900 2,230 2,850 +350 +600 +520 55.0 78 74 68 Infants 0-6 months 6-12 months 5.4 8.4 92 kcal/Kg/d 80 kcal/kg/d 1.16g / kg/d 1.69 g/kg/d Children 1-3 years 4-6 years 7-9 years 12.9 18.0 25.1 1,060 1,350 1,690 16.7 20.1 29.5 Boys 10-12 years 34.3 2,190 39.9 Girls 10-12 years 35.0 2,010 40.4 Boys 13-15 years 47.6 2,750 54.3 Girls 13-15 years 46.6 2,330 51.9 Boys 16-17 years 55.4 3,020 61.5 Girls 16-17 years 52.1 2,440 55.5 Energy Requirements Adult Man: ~2300 kcal/day if sedentary level worker, ~2700 kcal/day if moderate level worker and 3500 kcal/day if heavy level worker. Adult Woman: ~1900 kcal/day if sedentary level worker, ~2200 kcal/day if moderate level worker and ~2900 kcal/day if heavy level worker. Infant 0-6months: 92 Kcal/Kg/d i.e. approx. 500 kcal/day and in infants 6-12 months: 80 Kcal/kg/d i.e. approx. 670kcal/day Additional energy requirements in pregnancy: +350 Additional energy requirements in lactation: in 0-6 months is +600 kcal/day and in 6-12 months is +520 kcal/day


Question: Live attenuated vaccines are A/E

The internationally available cell culture and embryonated egg-based vaccine consist of rabies virus that has been propagated in cell substrates such as human diploid cells, Vero cells, primary Syrian hamster kidney cells etc (refer pgno 279 park 23rd edition)


Question: MTP can be done upto

MTP act 1971, provides safeguards to the mother by authorizing only a Registered Medical Practitioner having experience in gynecology and obstetrics to perform aboion where the length of Pregnancy does not exceed 12 weeks Where the pregnancy exceeds 12 weeks and is not more than 20 weeks, the opinion of two Registered Medical Practitioners is necessary to terminate the pregnancy Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 506


Question: The RCH programme was launched in

Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme was launched in October 1997. The main aim of the programme is to reduce infant, child and maternal moality rates. RCH - II was launched on 1st April 2005. The main objective of the program was to bring about a change in mainly three critical health indicators i.e. reducing total feility rate, infant moality rate and maternal moality rate with a view to realizing the outcomes envisioned in the Millennium Development Goals.


Question: SSPE is a rare complication of

(B) Measles # SSPE: It is characterized by a history of primary measles infection usually before the age of 2 years, followed by several asymptomatic years (6-15 on average), and then gradual, progressive psychoneurological deterioration, consisting of personality change, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, photosensitivity, ocular abnormalities, spasticity, and coma.> Pathologic changes are firstly observed in the white matter of the hemisphere.


Question: NITI AAYOG Represents;

Government of India has established NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) on 1st January 2015 It will seek to provide a critical directional and strategic input into the development process. It will emerge as a "thinktank" that will provide Governments at the central and state levels. It will monitor and evaluate the implementation of programmes, and focus on technology upgradation and capacity building

Nutritional institute for transforming India

National Institute for Transforming India


Question: While calculating the incubation period for measles in a group of 25 kids, standard detion is 2 and the mean incubation period is 8 days, calculate Standard error.

STANDARD ERROR OF MEAN (SEMEAN) SEmean is the measure of difference between sample and population mean values whatever be the sampling procedure or the care taken while selecting sample, the sample estimates (statistics) will differ from population values (parameters) * SE is a 'measure of chance variation', and IT DOES NOT mean an error or mistake. In the given question, n =25 kids, Standard detion (s) = 2, Mean incubation period (u) = 8 days, * Thus, standard error = 2/5 = 0.4


Question: In a population of 1000, there are 200 eligible couples. 30 out of them use condom, 20 use IUCD, 20 use OC pills while 70 have undergone female sterilization. The rest do not use any method. Calculate Couple protection rate.

- Given, total eligible couples = 200 ; eligible couples protected by any of approved methods = 30+20+20+70 =140 - CPR = Total no. of eligible couples protected by any of approved methods/Total no. of eligible couples in the communityx100 =140/200 = 70% Approved methods of Family planning Sterlization IUD Condom Oral pills


Question: Mean Hb values in two population groups are compared by

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: World Breast feeding week is observed during

Ref:Park's textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25 th Ed


Question: Screening test is,


Question: Denominator of Literacy rate is

Total male population of ≥ 7 years of age


Question: Live vaccines are

BCG consists of living bacteria derived from an attenuated bovine strain of tubercle bacilli. The bacilli used for vaccine production are descendants of the original Calmette strain of BCG (refer pgno:196 park 23rd edition)


Question: NPU of egg is

NPU - Net Protein Utilization One of the best indicator of protein quality for recommending the dietary protein requirement NPU of egg is 96 (Highest); therefore Egg is the 'Reference protein' NPU of meat is 80 NPU of milk is 75 Rice -65 Soya -55


Question: Not an Ideal Candidate for inseion of IUCD

The Ideal IUCD candidateThe planned parenthood federation of America has described the ideal IUCD candidate as a woman:who has born at least one childhas no history of pelvic diseaseis willing to check the IUCD tailhas access to follow up and treatment of potential problems, andis in a monogamous relationshipRef: Park pg no: 497


Question: Cipargamin is a drug under trial for

Cipargamin (KAE 609) is a synthetic antimalarial belonging to the spiroindolone class. In trials, it cleared the parasite rapidly in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in uncomplicated Malaria patients. The safety profile of drug not known yet. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 262


Question: Vaccine with maximum efficacy is

Measles Both measles and tetanus toxoid are highly efficacious vaccines (>95% efficacy). But if we compare the doses required and duration of immunity achieved, measles vaccine is clearly ahead of tetanus toxoid. - A single dose of measles vaccine if given at 12 months can achieve 95% efficacy, and if given at 15 months can achieve 98% efficacy. A 2" dose of measles vaccine achieves >99% efficacy. "This immunity appears to be of long duration probably for life."-Park 20/e p138 - Tetanus toxoid achieves the same efficacy (>95%) after 3 doses and boosters are required every 5 to 10 yrs to maintain the immunity. (Whereas measles requires no boosters) BCG and OPV can be easily ruled out. BCG has variable efficacy of 0-80%. OPV has >90% efficacy in industrialised countries and 72-98% in hot climates when cold chain is properly maintained. (Lower protection against type 3 which can cause rare vaccine associated paralytic polio.) Ghai writes-"Primary vaccine failure occasionally occurs after three doses of oral polio vaccine."


Question: Fat content is minimum in

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Human milk Fat content of milk: Buffalo > Goat > Cow > Human Protein content of milk: Buffalo > Goat > Cow > Human Lactose content of milk: Human > Buffalo > Goat > Cow Energy content of milk: Buffalo > Goat > Cow > Human


Question: Health Survey & Development Committee is given by


Question: Screening test for vitamin D deficiency is

Total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (the major form of vitamin D that circulates in the body) is used for screening.Recently USPSTF (US preventive services task force) concluded that the evidence on screening for vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic adults to improve health outcomes is insufficient


Question: Sample registration is done

Sample registration system (SRS) SRS is taken once every 6 months It is a dual record data collection system of India Therefore, it is the most accurate data collection system of India


Question: Gold standard study for Clinical research is

• Meta-analysis (Highest clinical relevance: GOLD STANDARD)
• Systematic review
• Cohort study
• Case control study
• Case series
• Case report
• Ideas, Editorials, Opinions
• Animal research
• In-vitro (test-tube) research (Lowest clinical relevance)


Question: MMR is expressed as a rate per

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: M.C. complication of mumps in children is


Question: Father of medicine is

Ans) a (Hippocrates) Ref park 20th ed p 3Hippocrates is the father of modern medicine. It was Hippocrates who first related disease to environment.Galen was a great roman medical teacher. His important contributions were in the field of comparative anatomy and experimental physiology. He observed that disease is due to three factors - Predisposing, exciting and environmental factors which was a truly modern idea during those periodsSusrutha is "father of indian surgery"Panacea is regarded as "goddess of medicine".


Question: Cu 380A should be replaced once in

Change of IUDs Ine IUDs such as Lippes Loop may be left in place as long as required, if there are no side-effects. Copper devices cannot be used indefinitely because copper corrodes and mineral deposits build up on the copper affecting the release of copper ions. They have to be replaced periodically. The same applies to the hormone-releasing devices. This is an inherent disadvantage of medicated devices when they are used in large national family planning programmes. The Cu-T -380A is approved for use for 10 years. However, the Cu-T -380A has been demonstrated to maintain its efficacy over at least 12 years of use. The Cu-T -200 is approved for 4 years and the Nova T for 5 years. The progesterone-releasing IUD must be replaced every year because the reservoir of progesterone is depleted in 12-18 months. The levonorgestrel IUD can be used for at least 7 years, and probably 10 years. The progesterone IUD has a slightly higher failure rate, but the levonorgestrel device that releases 15-20 ug levonorgestrel per day is as effective as the new copper IUDs Ref : Park 25th edition Pgno : 531-548


Question: The staing numbers in life table is known as

In actuarial science and demography, a life table (also called a moality table or actuarial table) is a table which shows, for each age, what the probability is that a person of that age will die before his or her next bihday ("probability of death") There are two types of life tables used in actuarial science. The period life table represents moality rates during a specific time period of a ceain population. A coho life table, often referred to as a generation life table, is used to represent the overall moality rates of a ceain population's entire lifetime. They must have had to be born during the same specific time interval. A coho life table is more frequently used because it is able to make a prediction of any expected changes in moality rates of a population in the future. This type of table also analyzes patterns in moality rates that can be observed over time Ref : https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_table


Question: Low glycemic index among the following is

Rice Rice is the staple food of more than half the human race. The rice grain consists of 3 pas the germ (embryo), the inner endosperm, and the outer pericarp and aleurone grain layer. The endosperm is composed mostly of starch; the outer pericarp aleurone layer and germ contain most of the essential nutrients. The protein content of rice varies from 6-9 per cent. Rice proteins are richer in lysine than the other cereal proteins, and for this reason, rice protein is considered to be of better quality; Rice is a good source of B group vitamins, especially thiamine. It is devoid of vitamins A, D and C. It has low glycemic index. In regard to minerals rice is a poor source of calcium and iron Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 665


Question: Most popular media for mass education of general public is

Mass media are mainly a one-way communication (Didactic Methods):
– Television:
- Most popular of all media
- Creates awareness, influence public opinions and introduce new ways of life
- Raise levels of understanding
- Has much potential for health communication
- Not much opportunity for feedback and discussion
– Radio:
- Purely didactic medium
- Valuable aid in putting across health information
– Internet:
- Fast growing communication media
- Holds very large potential to become a major health education tool
– Newspapers:
- Most widely disseminated of all forms of literature
- Reach only to limited population (literates)
– Printed material:
- Can convey detailed information
- Produced in bulk at low cost, can be shared
– Direct mailing:
- New innovation in health communication
– Posters, billboards, signs:
- Can be displayed at public places
- Less effective in changing behaviour
– Health museums and exhibitions
– Folk media


Question: Direction of case control study

Case-control study has 3 distinct features: Both exposure and outcome have occurred before the sta of the study The study proceeds backward from effect to cause It uses a control or comparison group to suppo or refute an inference Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 79

Direction of study is reverse but time is forward

Direction of study is forward and time is also forward

Direction of study is forward and time is reverse

Direction of study is reverse and time is also reverse


Question: Find out prevalence in a population of 5000, 500 are suffering from a disease. There are 150 old cases of disease in the population

The term "disease prevalence" refers specifically to all current cases (old and new) existing at a given point in time, or over a period of time in a given population. A broader definition of prevalence is as follows: "the total number of all individuals who have an attribute or disease at a paicular time (or during a paicular period) divided by the population at risk of having the attribute or disease at this point in time or midway through the period . No. of old and new cases = 650 Total population at that point of time = 5000 Prevalence = (650/5000) x 100 = 0.13 x 100 = 13%


Question: Triage means

Identifying seriously ill who needs treatment first.


Question: The transmission of filariasis is an example of


Question: Nodal centre in case of disaster management


Question: Contraception efficacy is measured by

Two methods that have been used to measure contraceptive efficacy are the Pearl index and life-table analysis.Pearl index is defined as the number of " failures per 100 woman-years of exposure (HWY)"Failure rate per HWY = Total accidental pregnancies / Total months of exposure x 1200The Pearl index is usually based on a specific exposure (usually one year) and, therefore fails to accurately compare methods at various durations of exposure.The life-table analysis calculates a failure rate for each month of use. A cumulative failure rate can then compare methods for any specific length of exposure.Park 23e pg: 510

Life table analysis and couple protection rate


Question: The maximum number of death in children occur in following age group

parks textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition *75% of total neonatal deaths occur within first week of life. *risk of death is greatest during first 24-48hours after bih.


Question: Missing cases are detected by

Sentinal surveillance is a method of identifying the missing cases and thereby supplementing the notified cases. Helps to estimate disease prevalence. Repoing bias minimized. Note: India is the 1st country to have Sentinal surveillance set up for follow up of cataract surgeries. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 24th edition - Page no. 45


Question: Concurrent list includes


Question: EYE strategy is developed for elimination of

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed pg.310


Question: Central tendency is not given by

Central tendency is given by mean, median, mode.


Question: Serial interval is a measure of

The gap in time between the onset of primary case and the secondary case is known as serial interval. By collecting information of the whole series of onset, we get a distribution of secondary cases from which we can guess the incubation period. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 108


Question: PH of drinking water


Question: Efficacy of BCG vaccine for Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Efficacy of BCG Vaccine 0-80% (0% for pulmonary TB) Average 50% (50% for severe forms of TB)


Question: After excision of breast for Ca breast, a surgical reconstruction of breast tissue was don This reflects


Question: Human Development index(HDI) value lies between

HDI lies between 0 to +1.
HDI of india is 0.64.


Question: Farmer's lung result from exposure to

(B) Thermophilic actinomycetes # FARMER'S LUNG is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust. In grain dust or hay with a moisture content of over 30 per cent bacteria and fungi grow rapidly, causing a rise of temperature to 40 to 50deg C.This heat encourages the growth of thermophilic actinomycetes, of which Micropolyspora faerti is the main cause of farmer's lung.# OTHER FORMS OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS: Coalworker's pneumoconiosis (also known as miner's lung, black lung or anthracosis) -- coal, carbon Asbestosis -- asbestos Silicosis (also known as "grinder's disease" or Potter's rot, or when related to silica inhaled from the ash of an erupting volcano, Pneu-mono ultramicroscopic silico-volcanoconiosis) -- crystalline silica dust Bauxite fibrosis -- Bauxite Berylliosis--Beryllium Siderosis--Iron Byssinosis -- Cotton Silicosiderosis -- mixed dust containing silica and iron Labrador lung (found in miners in Labrador, Canada) -- mixed dust containing iron, silica and anthophyllite, a type of asbestos Stannosis -- Tin oxide


Question: Proposed number of female health workers at subcenter according to IPHS norms.

IPHS subcenter norms

Existing

Proposed

Female health workers
			Male health workers
			Voluntary workers

1
			1
			1
			(optional)

2
			1
			1
			(optional)

2/3
3/4


Question: Correlation between Hight and weight is best depicted by

Scatter diagram also known as co - relarion diagram.
Correction is best depicted by scatter diagram.


Question: Major reason for H5N1 not to become a global pandemic is

Reasons for H5N1 not becoming Global Pandemic

Absence of efficient human to human mode of transmission (Major reason)
Absence of replication in humans
Absence of serious disease in humans

Route of transmission is not respiratory

Does not cause serious disease among humans


Question: Most common cause of low birth weight


Question: A malarial survey is conducted in 50 villages having a population of 1 lakh. Out of 20000 slides examined,500 turned out to be malaria positive. The annual parasite incidence is


Question: Risk of damage to fetus by maternal rubella is maximum if mother gets infected in

The risk of congenital malformations following infections by teratogenic organisms is maximum in first trimester, so the best option is 6-12 weeks.

VBDs, Arboviral & Viral Infections, Surface Infections


Question: The time interval between the invasion of the infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom

An infection becomes apparent only after a certain incubation period which is defined as the time interval between invasion by an epidemiological agent and the appearance of first sign or symptoms. During incubation period the infectious agent undergoes multiplication in the host.


Question: Category 'C' Bioterrorism agent among the following


Question: The target group of IMNCI

Integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness target is upto 5 yrs of age. Ref: PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition pg 459


Question: Diagnosis criteria of Acute severe malnutrition does not include

WHO Acute malnutrition criteria

Visible severe wasting
Bipedal Edema
Weight for height < 35D
Mid arm circumference < 115mm


Question: The age and sex structure of a population can be described by a

The age and sex structure of a population are best represented by &;age pyramid&;.Developing countries have a broad base and tapering top. Developed countries show a bulge in the middle and have a narrower base.Park 23e pg: 482


Question: Man in the only host for

Obligate Host: Means the only host
– Man in Measles
– Man in Typhoid


Question: Congenital passive immunity is NOT found in

(Rubella) (96, 168-Park 19fh) (97-140-Park 20th)Passive Immunity - when antibodies produced in one body (human or animal) are transferred to another to induce protection against disease* Body does not produce its own antibodies but depends upon ready- made antibodies(a) By administration of an antibody- containing preparation (immune globulin or antiserum)(b) By transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta Human milk also contains protective antibodies (IgA)(c) By transfer of lymphocytes to induce passive cellular immunity - this procedure is still experimentalPassive immunity differs from active immunity in the following respects1. Immunity is rapidly established2. Immunity produced is only temporary (days to months till the antibody is eliminated from the body3. There is no education of the reticulo endothelial systemPoliomyelitis - The maternal antibodies gradually disappears during the first 6 months of life. Immunity following infection is fairly solid although re infection can occur since infection with one type does not protect completely against the other two types of viruses. Type 2 virus to be most effective antigens* Neutralizing antibody is widely recognized as an important index of immunity to polio after infection * *Mumps - Most infents below the age of 6 months are immune because of maternal antibodies* One attack clinical or subclinical is assumed to induce life -long immunity. Second attack can occure (132-Park 19th)Rubella - Infants of immune mothers are protected from 4 to 6 months**.* One attack gives life long immunity, secondary attack is rare- Transplacental (or vertical) transmission - TORCH agents (Toxoplasm, gondii, rubella virus, CMV and herpes virus) Varicella virus, syphilis, hepatitis, Coxsackie- B and AIDSActive immunity may be acquired1. Following clinical infection eg. Chickenpox, rubella, measles2. Following sub clinical or in apparent infections eg polio, Diptheria3. Following immunization with antigen which may be a killed, live attenevnted or toxoidMeasles (Rubeola) - Infant are protected by maternal antibodies upto 6 months of age or may persists 9 months. (127-P)


Question: Treatment for Filariasis is,


Question: A crowd obeying the orders of the leader is


Question: no of hours per day of work is expected from tribal ASHAs

An accredited social health activist (ASHA) is a community health worker instituted by the government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) as a pa of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).. The mission began in 2005; full implementation was targeted for 2012. Once fully implemented, there is to be "an ASHA in every village" in India, a target that translates into 250,000 ASHAs in 10 states. ASHAs must primarily be female residents of the village that they have been selected to serve, who are likely to remain in that village for the foreseeable future. Married, widowed or divorced women are preferred over women who have yet to marry since Indian cultural norms dictate that upon marriage a woman leaves her village and migrates to that of her husband. ASHAs preference for selection is they must have qualified up to the tenth grade, preferably be between the ages of 25 and 45, and are selected by and accountable to the gram panchayat (local government). If there is no suitable literate candidate, these criteria may be relaxed Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pgno : 449


Question: Moderately hard water has hardness level

Ref: 25th Ed K.Park's Textbook Of Preventive and Social Medicine Pgno : 763


Question: The influence of maternal smoking and LBW incidence is studied. Detailed smoking history is taken at first antenatal visit and smoking history and birth weight were studied later. The type of study is


Question: A 70 kg farmer consumes 56g proteins, 60g lipids and 270g carbohydrates. He is consuming

Farmer is Heavy worker, so the energy requirement per day 58kcal/kg/day

1g of carbohydrate
4.1kcal

1g of proteins
4.2 kcal

1g of fat
9.0kcal

In this question

270g of carbohydrates
= 270×4.1 = 1107kcal

56g of proteins
= 56 × 4.2 = 235 kcal

60g of fats
= 60 × 9 = 540 kcal

Total
= 1882 kcal

Farmer requires = 4060kcal/day
Hence, option (1) Less calories.


Question: Annual growth rate is

When crude death rate is substracted from crude bih rate , the net residual is current annual growth rate, exclusive of migration. Population growth rates like railway trains are subject to momentum. They sta slowly and gains momentum, once in motion, it takes time to bring momentum under control. Reference: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no: 481

Crude bih rate-Crude death rate x 100\/Crude bih rate

Crude bih rate-crude death rate x 100\/Mid bih rate population


Question: The type of Diphtheria with highest mortality is

Clinical manifestations of diphtheria
1. Faucial (tonsillo pharyngeal) diphtheria

It is the commonest type of diphtherial infection.
Incubation period is 2-5 days.
Patients present with malaise, sore throat and moderate fever.
A thick adherent pseudomnembrane (gray or white) is present on one or both tonsils or adjacent pharynx.
Dislodging the membrane is likely to cause bleeding.
A small percentage of patients present with massive swelling of the tonsils and uvula with cervical lymphadenopathy (bull neck) and severe toxemia → Malignant diphtheria.
Systemic toxicity (toxemia) is usually most severe when pseudomembrane extends from tonsil and pharynx (faucial diphtheria) to adjacent areas.

2. Laryngeal diphtheria

Presents as hoarseness and cough.
It is the most severe form of respiratory diphtheria.
Trocheostomy may be required.

3.Nasal diphtheria

Presents with unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge.
Mildest form of respiratory diphtheria

4. Cutaneous diphtheria

Caused by nontoxigenic strains
Presents as distinct "punched out" ulcers.
More common in tropical areas.
Other less common type of diphtheria are conjunctiva, otitic, genital - (vulval, vaginal or prepucial), gastrointestinal.


Question: "Lead time" refers to the time between

LEAD TIME is the advantage gained by screening, i.e., the period between diagnosis by early detection and diagnosis by other means. It is an impoant factor when evaluating the effectiveness of a specific test. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 148

Disease onset and final critical diagnosis

Disease onset and final possible point of detection

First possible point of detection and final critical diagnosis

First possible point of detection and usual time of diagnosis


Question: Treatment of choice for sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis detected in the I trimester of pregnancy is


Question: Broca&;s index is

The Broca Index, also known as the Broca formula was devised back in 1871 by the French physician, surgeon and anthropologist Paul Broca, as a measure of the normal weight of a person. Broca Index Normal Weight = Body Height - 100. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 418


Question: Incubation period of chancroid is


Question: Living standard of people is best assessed by

PQLI includes infant moality rate, life expectancy at age 1, and literacy. PQLI does not take income into account. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno 17


Question: Incubation period of vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis is

Vaccine derived paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) : Develop paralytic polio after 4-30 days of administration of OPV Poliomyelitis among contacts of OPV : Develop within 7-60 days after exposure to recent OPV - recepient Ref: Human vital pathogens by Liu 1st edition Pgno : 79


Question: Epidemic typhus causes & vector


Question: Midyear population is considered as that on

The mid-year population is used to calculate bih and death rates. The mid-point refers to the population estimated as on first of July of a year.Park 23e pg: 55


Question: Natural history of disease can be studied from

Longitudinal studies There is an increasing emphasis on the value of longitudinal studies in which observations are repeated in the same population over a prolonged period of time by means of follow-up examinations. Cross-sectional studieshave been likened to a photograph, and longitudinal studies to a cine film. Longitudinal studies are useful (i) to study the natural history of disease and its future outcome {ii) for identifying risk factors of disease, (iii) for finding out incidence rate or rate of occurrence of new cases of disease in the community. Longitudinal studies provide valuable information which the cross-sectional studies may not provide, but longitudinal studies are difficult to organize and more time-consuming than cross-sectional studies. Measurement can also be extended to health states and events. For example, the study of blood pressure levels in a population will reveal the normal values, rather than abnormal ones related to disease. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 69


Question: Second attack rate is minimum in


Question: Dutch cap is a

Dutch cap is diaphragm which is used as a vaginal barrier The diaphragm is a shallow cup made of synthetic rubber or plastic material Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 495


Question: Compared with cow’s milk, mother’s milk has more


Question: Years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability is known as

DALY Number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death 1 DALY = 1yr of healthy life lost Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 26


Question: Break bone fever

(B) Dengue fever > After an incubation period of 2 to 7 days, the typical patient experiences the sudden onset of fever, headache, retroorbital pain, and back pain along with the severe myalgia that gave rise to the colloquial designation "break-bone fever." There is often a macular rash on the first day as well as adenopathy, palatal vesicles, and scleral injection.> Illness may last a week, with additional symptoms usually including anorexia, nausea or vomiting, marked cutaneous hypersensitivity, and--near the time of defervescence--a maculopapular rash beginning on the trunk and spreading to the extremities and the face.> Epistaxis and scattered petechiae are often noted in uncomplicated dengue, and preexisting gastrointestinal lesions may bleed during the acute illness.


Question: Human development index doesn&;t include

Human Development Index : It is a statistical composite index of These are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development


Question: Social mobility is

Social mobility Indian society is rigidly based on caste system. There is little social mobility, i.e., people do not change their caste or religion. In other words, Indian society is. a "closed-class" system. There are societies known as the "open class societies" where movement of the social ladder is unrestricted, on the basis of achievement or gaining wealth. Open class societies are therefore more progressive where people according to their ability can go up the social ladder. In closed-class systems, it is difficult to make reforms without meeting resistance of the people. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 725

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: The strain used in Mumps vaccine is

The various strains used for Mumps include Jeryl-Lynn, RIT-4385, Leningrad-3, L-Zagreb and Urabe strains.


Question: Study design of choice for finding out Diurnal variation of fat in Expressed breast milk (EBM) for preterm babies

Diurnal variation- fat in Expressed Breast Milk- more in the evening as compared to the morning. To perform this study, we only need to take 2-3 samples in 1-2 days in an adequate sample size. Since this study is being performed at a paicular point in time, it is a CROSS SECTIONAL study. - CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY: Done at point of time, neither forward nor backward. Can't calculate strength of association. Gives prevalence Based on primary data . - Ambispective coho study: observations are bidirectional (past and future both) from the time point it begins.


Question: Period of sickness benefit given under ESI Act


Question: Monday fever is associated with


Question: Persistent diarrhoea in infants


Question: Provison of PHC was done by

Ans. is 'a' i.e.,Bhore Committe Bhore CommitteIt is also known as 'Health Survey and Development Committee'. Its recommendations were :1) Integration of preventive and curative services at all administration levels2) Sho term and long term recommendationsSho term : PHC to cater to a population of 40,000Long term (3 million plan) : PHC units to be set up with 75 bedded hospital for each 10,000 to 20,000 population3) Major charger in medical education including 3 months training in social and preventive medicine to prepare 'social physicians'.


Question: Most common heavy metal poisoning in the world


Question: Isolation period of hepatitis A is


Question: Desk for student used is


Question: Soft water has hardness levels of


Question: Feature of slow sand filter


Question: Recommended minimum amount of Residual chlorine in drinking water is

Free / Residual chlorine act | Chlorine + water | It combines with impurities and Sestroyes them by formation of hypochlorous acid | Which causes 90% of disinfection | After all impurities are destroyed we leave some Extra chlorine in the water | So that water remains safe and clean to drink for next 24 - 48 hrs. | This additional chlorine is known as free or residual chlorine Recommendation free residual chlorine - In drinking water >= 0.5 mg /L (ppm) - In swimming pools >= 1.0 mg / L - For killing cyclops >= 2.0 mg / L Chloroscope is use to estimate free / residual chlorine level - Test used is ohotulidire test


Question: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function is known as

Impairment - Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function. Disability - Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. Handicap - A disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability, that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal (depending on the age, sex, and social and cultural factors) for that individual. Ref: Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine,24th edition,Page no. 48


Question: 'Twin Foified Salt' contains

National Institute of Nutrition (Hyderabad) developed 'Twin Foified Salt' also known as 'Double Foified sat' DFS contains salt, potassium iodide, ferrous sulphate and Sodium hexa meta phosphate DFS provides 40 mcg Iodine and 1 mg Iron Per gram of salt Ref: Park 22nd edition Pgno : 597


Question: Dependency ratio includes

The propoion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent on the economically productive age group. The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio. Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition , pg no: 484


Question: First referral unit (FRU) is

Level of health care Primary Secondary Teiary Status in INDIA First level of contact between population and health care system First referral level of health care Second referral level of health care Health services are delivered through Sub - centre, Primary Health Centre Community Health Centre , District Hospital Medical Colleges and Hospitals


Question: Glycosylated hemoglobin reflects the mean blood glucose level of previous

HBA1c :There should be an estimation of glycosylated haemoglobin at half yearly intervals. This test provides a long-term index of glucose control. This test provides a long-term index of glucose control. This test is based on the following rationale: glucose in the blood is complexed to a ceain fraction of haemoglobin to an extent propoional to the blood glucose concentration. The percentage of such glycosylated haemoglobin reflects the mean blood glucose levels during the red cell lifetime ( about the previous 2-3months ).Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 396


Question: SIDA functions for

Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) is assisting the National tuberculosis control programme. SIDA assistance is usually spent on procurement of supplies like X-ray unit, microscopes and anti-tuberculosis drugs.Park 23e pg: 924

Health care of community & international health


Question: Quality control agent for Sterilization in Autoclave

Autoclaving Geobacillus stearothermophilus(GBS) Hydroclaving Bacillus subtilis Microwaving Bacillus atrophaeus Dry heat GBS or Bacillus atrophaeus


Question: An early expanding stage is denoted by

A nation passes through 5 stages of the demographic life cyclea)High stationary: High bih rate, High death rateb)Early expanding: Bih rate begins to decline, bih rate remains unchangedc)Late expanding: Death rate declines fuher, bih rate tends to fall (India Now)d)Fouh stage: Low bih and death rate e)Declining: Bih rate lower than the death ratePark 23e pg: 479

Decreased bih rate and decreased death rate

Increased bih rate and increased death rate

Decreased bih rate and increased death rate

Unchanged bih rate and decreased death rate


Question: Risk of failure of cold chain maintainance is more at


Question: Chemoprophylaxis given in cholera


Question: Government (public) expenditure on health as percentage of GDP is

Current India’s public health expenditure on health is 3.9% of GDP


Question: Pearson's Skewness Coefficient is given BY

SKEWNESS: * Is measure of asymmetry of a probability distribution of a random variable * Measures of skewness: - - Pearson's mode or First Skewness coefficient = (Mean - Mode) /SD - - Pearson's median or second Skewness coefficient = 3 (Mean - Median) /SD - - Quaile skewness = ( Q3-2Q2 + Q1)/Q3 - Q1

Normal Distribution, Skewed Distributions


Question: Biological oxidation demand is determined by

(D) Organic matter # Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage during a specified period at a specified temperature for the aerobic destruction or use of organic matter by living organisms. BOD > 300 mg/L is 'strong' sewage; BOD < 100 mg/L is 'weak' sewage. It is due to organic matter present in the sewage.


Question: The age and sex structure of a population may be described by a

Population pyramid: (age-sex pyramid or age-structure diagram) Is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population which normally forms the shape of a pyramid

– Double Histogram: 2 back-to-back histogram graphs
1. one showing the number of males and
2. one showing females in a particular population (Males are conventionally shown on left and females on right)
– The population (%) is plotted on the X-axis and age on the Y-axis (in 5-year age group intervals)


Question: Quarantine period

QUARANTINE Quarantine has been defined as "the limitation of freedom of movement of such well persons or domestic animals exposed to communicable disease for a period of time not longer than the longest usual incubation period of the disease, in such manner as to prevent effective contact with those not so exposed". Quarantine measures are also "applied by a health authority to a ship, an aircraft, a train, road vehicle, other means of transpo or container, to prevent the spread of disease, reservoirs of disease or vectors of disease" . Quarantine may comprise (a) absolute quarantine, as defined above; (b) modified quarantine, e.g., a selective paial limitation of freedom of movement, such as exclusionof children from school; (c) segregation which has been defined as "the separation for special consideration, control of observation of some pa of a group of persons (or domestic animals) from the others to facilitate control 'of a communicable disease, e.g., removal of susceptible children to homes of immune persons". In contrast to isolation, quarantine applies to restrictions on the healthy contacts of an infectious disease. Quarantine which was once a popular method of disease control has now declined in popularity. With better techniques of early diagnosis and treatment, quarantine, as a method of disease control, has become outdated. It has been replaced by active surveillance. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 120


Question: Coho study is a type of

Coho or follow up is a type of analytical study with individuals as a unit of the study. (refer pg no: 62, park 23 rd edition )


Question: Population of  4000 people,the crude birth rate is 10 / 1000 population.calculate the number of pregnant females

CBR  = 10 / 1000 population means number of live birth per 1000 population is 10.
Number of live births for 4000 population is 40 this implies number of pregnent females is 40. to this add 10% of pregnancy wastage , 44 is the answer.


Question: Case control Study is

(A) Backward study # Case-control is a type of epidemiological study design. Case-control studies are used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who have that condition (the 'cases') with patients who do not have the condition but are otherwise similar (the 'controls').> Case-control studies are a relatively inexpensive and frequently-used type of epidemiological study that can be carried out by small teams or individual researchers in single facilities in a way that more structured experimental studies often cannot be. They have pointed the way to a number of important discoveries and advances, but their retrospective-backward, non-randomized nature limits the conclusions that can be drawn from them.


Question: Sound intensity of whispering

Ans. is 'a' i.e., 30 dB * Following are intensities when a person is at a distance of one meter from sound source.Whisper30 dBNormal conversation60 dBShout90 dBDiscomfort of ear120 dBPain in ear130 dB


Question: Paris green kills

Paris green Paris green or copper aceto-arsenite is an emerald green microcrystalline powder, practically insoluble in water but soluble in ammonia and concentrated acids. A good sample of paris green contains over 50 per cent of arsenious oxide. Paris green is a stomach poison. Till the advent of DDT, paris green was extensively used in the control of anopheline larvae, by spraying as a 2 per cent dust over breeding places once a week. The use of paris green was largely responsible for the eradication of A gambiae from Brazil in 1940, and the near-eradication of the same species in Egypt in 1944. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno :821


Question: Most effective approach for prevention of non communicable diseases

Primordial prevention Primordial prevention, a new concept, is receiving special attention in the prevention of chronic diseases. This is primary prevention in its purest sense, that is, prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared. For example, many adult health problems (e.g., obesity, hypeension) have their early origins in childhood, because this is the time when lifestyles are formed (for example, smoking, eating patterns, physical exercise). In primordial prevention, effos are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles. The main intervention in primordial prevention is through individual and mass education. Ref: Park 23rd edition Pgno : 41


Question: Period between the possible time of detection and the possible time of diagnosis is

Ans. a (Lead time) (Ref. Park's textbook of PSM 22nd/p 95)Lead Time# It is advantge gained by screening, i.e., period between diagnosis by early detection and diagnosis by other means.# It is period between the possible time of detection and possible time of diagnosis.Latent Period# Time between exposure to a risk factor and subsequent development of clinical manifestations of a particular disease.Sreening Time# Interval between first clinical detection and final critical point.Seriai Interval# Time gap between onset of primary and secondary case. It is the measure of incubation period.


Question: A 3 year old male child came to casualty with a bat bite on face.Categorize the wound for rabies post exposure prophylaxis

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed pg.305


Question: Eicosapentaenoic acid is richly found in

Ans) b (Fish oil) Ref park 20th ed p 529Eicosapentaenoic acid is an essential fatty acidEFAare those that cannot be synthesized by humans. They can be derived only from food. The most importantEFA is linoleic acid, which serves as a basis for the production of other EFAsEicosapentaenoic acid is seen in fish oil (10%). It is a direct pick from the table showing dietary sources of EFAs.


Question: Calculate the Ponderal index of a baby of weight 2000gm and length 50 cm at Bih


Question: The limiting amino acid in wheat is

(Lysine & threonine) (497 - Park 19th) (543-Park 20th)* WHEAT - limiting amino acid is lysine and threonine* MAIZE - Deficient in tryptophan and some strains excess of leucine* CEREALS - Deficient amino acid is lysine* RICE - Rice protein richer in lysine


Question: Does not include in strand field's "seven I" principles of health education

"SEVEN I" principle of strandfield :

Identification.
Indigenization.
Involvement.
Indoctrination.
Integration.
Influencess.
Innovation.


Question: The term &;social medicine&; was first introduced by

The term social medicine was first introduced by jules Guerin ,a french physician in 1848. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition


Question: Inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by


Question: Exposure to cotton dust in a textile factory causes

(B) Byssinosis # Byssinosis is an asthma-like disorder in textile workers caused by inhalation of cotton dust, pathogenesis is obscure> Chest tightness, cough, and dyspnea are characteristically worse on Mondays or the first day back at work, with symptoms subsiding later in the week, repeated exposure leads to chronic bronchitis. Also called as Monday Morning Asthma> Byssinosis is due to inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long period of time.> The symptoms are chronic cough and progressive dyspnoea, ending in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.


Question: In calculating RDA for a particular nutrient, 2 SD are not added for

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Is a level of intake corresponding to Mean + 2 Standard Deviation, which covers requirement of 97.5 % of population

RDA is safe level of intake which is likely to be inadequate in not more than 2.5 % population
RDA 'safe level approach' is NOT USED FOR ENERGY since excess energy intake is undesirable; For energy only mean or average requirement is defined as RDA.


Question: Population genetics is related with


Question: Not a pa of Kangaroo Mother Care

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: The incubation period for polio is

The incubation period of Polio is 7 to 14 days (Range 3-35 days)In 91-96% there is inapparent (subclinical) infectionIn 4-8% Aboive polio or minor illnessIn 1% Non-paralytic polioIn less than 1% paralytic polio occursPark 23e pg: 205


Question: The method of choice of tuberculosis detection mass screening is

Sputum smear examination by direct microscopy


Question: Child survival index is calculated by

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: Shoest incubation period is seen with

Influenza has an incubation period of 18 to 72 hours Incubation period of :- Hepatitis A : 10 to 50 days Hepatitis B : 30 to 180 days Rubella : 2 to 3 weeks Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition