Question: Normal voice heard from 1 meter, intensity of sound reaching ear is

Ans. is 'c' i.e. 60dB Intensity is the strength of sound which determines its loudness. It is usually measured in deeibeis (dB). o Following are intensities when a person is at a distance of one meter from sound source. Whisper 30dB Normal conversation 60dB Shout 90 dB Discomfo of ear 120dB Fain in ear 130 dB


Question: PUFA consumption is associated with

Ans. is 'b' i.e. lowering of serum cholesterol, lowering of LDL cholesterol "Diets rich in essential fatty acids have been reported to reduce serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins" - ParkEssential fatty are those fatty acids which cannot be synthesized by human body. They are essential because they can be derived only from food. These are 3 PUFALinoleic acidLinolenic acidArachidonic acid

Lowering of serum cholesterol, rise in LDL cholesterol

Lowering of serum cholesterol, lowering of LDL cholesterol

Rise in serum cholesterol, rise in LDL cholesterol

Rise in serum cholesterol, lowering of LDL cholesterol


Question: Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by

Traits and conditions that are caused by more than one gene occurring together are multifactorial, and diseases that are caused by more than one factor interacting (for example, heredity and diet in diabetes) are multifactorial. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 40


Question: In X and Y the coefficient correlation is 'r' find out coefficient correlation in 4x&4y

(r): (795 Park 22nd/edition)Correlation coefficient may refer to:* Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, also known as r, R, or Pearson's r, a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables that is defined as the (sample) covariance of the variables divided by the product of their (sample) standard deviations.* Intraclass correlation, a descriptive statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups; describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other.* Rank correlation, the study of relationships between rankings of different variables or different rankings of the same variable* Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, a measure of how well the relationship between two variables can be described by a monotonic function* Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, a measure of the portion of ranks that match between two data sets.* Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, a measure of the strength of association of the cross tabulated data when both variables are measured at the ordinal level.In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (sometimes referred to as the PPMCC or PCC, or Pearson's r) is a measure of the linear correlation (dependence) between two variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and -1 inclusive, where 1 is total positive correlation, 0 is no correlation, and -1 is negative correlation. It is widely used in the sciences as a measure of the degree of linear dependence between two variables. It was developed by Karl Pearson from a related idea introduced by FrancisGalton in the 1880s The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1. A value of 1 implies that a linear equation describes the relationship between X and Y perfectly, with all data points lying on a line for which Tincreases as X increases. A value of-1 implies that all data points lie on a line for which Y decreases as X increases. A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables. More generally, note that (Xi - X)(Yi - Y) is positive if and only if Xi and Yi lie on the same side of their respective means. Thus the correlation coefficient is positive if Xi and Yi tend to be simultaneously greater than, or simultaneously less than, their respective means. The correlation coefficient is negative if Xi and Ti tend to lie on opposite sides of their respective means.Correlation Coefficient is given by the formulaTends to lie between - 1 and + 1.0* 'r' value near + 1 - Signals a strong positive association * 'r' value near - 1 - Signals a strong negative association * 'r' = 0 - signals no association between x and y


Question: No. Of Sustainable development goals

On 25 September 2015, UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development".This has 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets.


Question: Niacin deficiency cause

Niacin

This vitamin differs from the other vitamins of the B-complex group in that an essential amino acids tryptophan serves as its precursor.
Another characterstic of niacin is that it is not excreted in urine as such, but is metabolised to two major methylated derivatives.

N-methyl-nicotinamide
N-methyl pyridones

Niacin deficiency results in *Pellagra ’
Pellagra is identified by the presence of three 'D's → Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis.


Question: Old men with BP 210/120mmHg are classified as severe hypeension

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: In malarial eradication programme, the basis of using insecticide is to reduce lifespan of mosquito by less than

VECTOR CONTROL STRATEGIES Vector control is still one of the primary weapons to control malaria in endemic areas. (a) Anti-adult measures (i) Residual spraying : The discovery of DDT in 1940s and followed by other insecticides revolutionized malaria control. The spraying of the indoor surfaces of houses with residual insecticides (e.g., DDT, malathion, fenitrothion) is still the most effective measure to kill the adult mosquito. It has been observed that discontinuation of spraying has very often led to the resurgence of malaria. This implies that spraying once applied may need to be continued for an indefinite period. If indoor spraying is to have any effect, then exhaustive coverage is needed. Indoor house spraying Reduces the longevity of the vector. Malathion and fenitrothion are organophosphate insecticides which are being used with increasing frequency For malaria control following the development of vector resistance to DDT (ii) Space application : This is a major anti-epidemic measure in mosquito-borne diseases. It involves the application of pesticides in the form of fog or mist using special equipment. The ultra-low-volume method of pesticide dispersion by air or by ground equipment has proved to be effective and economical. Outdoor space sprays reduce vector population quickly. {iii) Individual protection : Man-vector contact can be reduced by other preventive measures such as the use of repellents, protective clothing, bed-nets* (preferably impregnated with safe, long-acting repellent insecticides), mosquito coils, screening of houses etc. The methods of personal protection are of great value when properly employed. However, they have rarely been used on a large scale because of cost Ref : Park 25th edition Pgno : 318


Question: The protein quality indicator adopted by ICMR in recommending dietary protein requirement is


Question: Saddleback fever is known as

• Saddleback fever: Two peaks of fever separated by an afebrile period in-between
• Seen in: Dengue, Trench fever, Bartonellosis, Chikungunya, Colaradotick fever
• Saddleback fever: Two peaks of fever separated by an afebrile period in-between
• Seen in: Dengue, Trench fever, Bartonellosis, Chikungunya, Colaradotick fever


Question: In Acute Flaccid paralysis, examination for residual paralysis should be done after


Question: Problem of bias is maximum with

Bias is any systemic error in the determination of the association between exposure and disease. The relative risk may increase or decrease as a result of the bias it reflects some type of no compatibility between the study and control groups. The possibility of bias must be considered when evaluating a possible cause and effect relationship. (refer pgno 73, park 23rd edition)


Question: Pregnancy requirement of folic acid per day

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: Minimum and Maximum Values established for calculation of Life Expectancy index in HDI are


Question: Residual chlorine level after swimming pool sanitation


Question: Index measuring deprivation in basic dimensions of human development

The Human Povey Index (HPI) was considered to better reflect the extent of deprivation to the HDI. In 2010 it was supplanted by the UN&;s Multidimensional Povey Index.


Question: Nova T has


Question: Burning test syndrome is seen due to deficiency of


Question: Rash is absent in


Question: Function of kasturba memorial fund is

Created in 1944, the fund was raised with the main objective of improving a lot of women, especially in the villages, through gram-sevikasPark 23e pg: 916

Health care of community & international health


Question: MTP act does not protect act of termination of pregnancy beyond

Medical Termination of Pregnancy Wilful termination of pregnancy prior to the age of fetal bility has been controversial at all times. However, many governments the world over have liberalized 'Aboion Laws' in keeping with changing times, accepting the recognition of the right of the individual to bear a child at her chosen time and helping to curb the malpractices accompanying illegal aboions. In India, the MTP Act was adopted as a health measure way back in 1972 to avoid death due to criminal aboions. Definition The Indian Act permits the wilful termination of pregnancy before the age of fetal bility (20-weeks' gestation) for well-defined indications. It has to be performed by recognized medical practitioners in a recognized place approved by the competent authority under the Act. Methods of MTP Methods of MTP can be broadly classified as follows: Methods of first-trimester MTP Menstrual regulation Dilatation and suction evacuation Cervical softening prior to dilatation and suction evacu- ation Medical methods Methods of second-trimester MTP Surgical evacuation Extraovular instillation of drugs Extrauterine methods Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 287


Question: The concept of social medicine was first introduced by

The seeds that medicine is a social science were sown in 19th century by pioneers such as Neumann and Virchow Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition


Question: Mineral toxicity of Manganese produces

(D) Neurologic symptoms resembling those of parkinsonism TRACE MINERALSNutrientFunctionsEffects of DeficiencyToxicity* ChromiumPromotion of glucose tolerancePossibly impaired glucose tolerance * CopperEnzyme component, hematopoiesis, bone formationAnemia in undernourished children, Menkes (kinky-hair) syndromeWilson disease, copper poisoning* FluorineBone and tooth formationPredisposition to dental caries, possibly osteoporosisFluorosis, mottling and pitting of permanent teeth, exostoses of spine* IodineThyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis, development of fetusSimple (colloid, endemic) goiter, cretinism, deaf-mutism, impaired fetal growth and brain developmentHyperthyroidism or hypothyroicism* IronHemoglobin & myoglobin formation, cytochrome enzymes, iron-sulfur proteinsAnemia, pica, glossitis, angular cheilosisHemochromatosis, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, skin pigmentation* ManganeseHealthy bone structureComponent of manganese-specific enzymes: glycosyltransferases, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, manganese-superoxide dismutaseQuestionableNeurologic symptoms resembling those of parkinsonism or Wilson disease* MolybdenumComponent of coenzyme for sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and one aldehyde oxidaseTachycardia, headache, nausea, obtundation (sulfite toxicity) * SeleniumComponent of glutathione peroxidase and thyroid hormone iodinaseKeshan disease (viral cardiomyopathy), muscle weaknessHair loss, abnormal nails, nausea, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy* ZincEnzyme component, skin integrity, wound healing, growthImpaired growth and delayed sexual maturation, hypogonadism, hypogeusiaRBC microcytosis, neutropenia, impaired immunity


Question: Phenol coefficient indicates

On exposure to air, the colorless crystals of phenol become pinkish and on longer exposure, the color deepens to dark blue. Pure phenol is not an effective disinfectant. It is used as an effective disinfectant. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 140


Question: The theory of "epidemiological web of causation" was forwarded by

For explaining the causation of such non-communicable diseases, in paicular, McMahon and Colleagues (McMahon and Pugh T. Epidemiology: Principle and methods 1st Ed, 1970) forwarded the theory of "epidemiological web of causation" Ref: McMahon and Colleagues. Text book on Public Health and Community Medicine pg: 19.


Question: Low air velocity is measured by


Question: Under NPCB, screening of school children is firstdone by

School teachers Under the National Programme for Control of Blindness, all children aged 10-14 years will be screened for refractive errors by trained teachers. Children who cannot read the 6/9 line with any eye are then sent to the ophthalmic assistant of the CHC for refraction test. Children needing spectacles are then provided free spectacles by opticians who have been contracted by the NPCB.


Question: Pearl index is


Question: The Toxin responsible for Lathyrism is

(A) BOAA # LATHYRISM or NEUROLATHYRISM is a neurological disease of humans and domestic animals, caused by eating certain legumes of the genus Lathyrus. This problem is mainly associated with Lathyrus sativus.> The lathyrism resulting from the ingestion of Lathyrus odoratus seeds (Sweet peas) is often referred to as odoratism, which is caused by a different toxin (Beta-amino-propionitrile) and affects the linking of collagen, a protein of connective tissues.> Symptoms> The consumption of large quantities of Lathyrus grain containing high concentrates of the neurotoxin beta-oxalyl-L-aipha,beta- diaminopropionic acid (or ODAP) causes paralysis, characterized by lack of strength in or inability to move the lower limbs.> Poison responsible in the peas is the glutamate analogue beta-(N)-oxalylamino-L-alanine acid (BOAA), aka beta-N-oxalyl-diamino- propionic acid (beta-ODAP).


Question: Best method to remove confounding is

Method Utility to control confounding Randomization 2nd best method Restriction Limiting study to people who have paicular characteristics Matching Mostly useful in case control studies, MC used method Stratification Useful for larger studies Statistical modeling When many confounding variables exist simultaneously Stratified randomization Best method


Question: In 4 split skin smears of a patient, 2 samples had 10 bacilli out of 100hpf and 2 samples with > 1000 bacilli. Average bacteriological index would be

RIDLEY'S LOGARITHMIC SCALE FOR BACTERIAL INDEX Bacterial/ Bacteriological Index (BI) : Density of bacilli in smears, including both living and dead bacilli. Ridley's logarithmic scale : Based on the number of bacilli seen in an average High power microscopic field, using an oil-immersion objective (1/12 in or 2 mm) When several smears are taken: Mean index is calculated. Score Description 6+ Many clumps of bacilli in an average field (over 1000) 5+ 100-1000 bacilli in an average field 4+ 10-100 bacilli in an average field 3+ 10-100 bacilli in 10 fields 2+ 1-10 bacilli in 10 fields 1+ 1-10 bacilli in 100 fields In the given question, Two samples have 10 bacilli in 100hpf (each1+score), and Tw samples with >1000 bacilli in Average filed (each 6+ score) BI = 1+1+6+6/ 4 = 3.5 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 341-342


Question: Tetracycline is used in the prophylaxis of


Question: Variables in the form of mild,moderate,severe is given.Method used to analyse is

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Most frequently occurring value in a group of data


Question: National AIDS Control Programme was staed on

National AIDS control programme was launched in India in the year 1987. Ref: PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition pg 431


Question: Best contraceptive for 22 year old married nulliparous women


Question: Not a barrier method


Question: Confirmatory Test for coliform count


Question: PNDT Act 1994 deals with

(A) Prohibition of sex selection# PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 (PNDT), was amended in 2003 to Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act (PCPNDT Act) to improve the regulation of the technology used in sex selection.> Implications of the amendment are: Amendment of the act mainly covered bringing the technique of pre conception sex selection within the ambit of the act Bringing ultrasound within its ambit Empowering the central supervisory board, constitution of state level supervisory board Provision for more stringent punishments Empowering appropriate authorities with the power of civil court for search, seizure and sealing the machines and equipments of the violators Regulating the sale of the ultrasound machines only to registered bodies


Question: The hardness of Hard water (in mg/L) is

(PARK TB 25rd edition pg 787) Hardness is the soap destroying power of water. Level of hardness is expressed in terms of milliequivalents per litre where one milliequivalent is equal to 50mg calcium carbonate in one litre of water. The level of hardness of hard water is equal to 3-6mEq/L or 150-300 mg/L. CLASSIFICATION LEVEL OF HARDNESS (mEq./L) LEVEL OF HARDNESS (mg/L) soft water <1 <50 moderately hard 1-3 50-150 hard water 3-6 150-300 very hard >6 >300


Question: Ixodid tick transmits

Description: Vector Diseases transmitted Soft tick Relapsing fever, Q fever, KFD (outside India) Hard tick Tularemia, Babesiosis, KFD (India), Tick paralysis, Tick encephalitis, Indian tick typhus, Tick hemorrhagic fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lymes disease REF: PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE, 25TH EDITION, PG NO. 841


Question: World Anti Tobacco Day is observed on

Ref: 25th Ed K.Park's Textbook Of Preventive and Social Medicine

Health care of community & international health


Question: A 12 kg child with diarrhoea, fluid to be replaced in first 4 hours


Question: Workshop is

Symphosium : Series op speeches on a selected topic.
Role - playing : Situation dramatized by a group.
Panel - discussion : 4 - 8 persons discuss about a topic in front of audience.


Question: Chemoprophylaxis is not required in

Cholera: Tetracycline or furazolidone for household contacts Bacterial conjunctivitis: Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment Diphtheria: Erythromycin Influenza: Oseltamivir Meningitis, meningococcal: Ciprofloxacin, and minocycline Plague: Tetracycline for contacts of pneumonic plague Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 137


Question: Not transmitted by soft Tick


Question: Obstetric care will mostly affet

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Failure rate of contraceptive method is determined by

Two methods have been used to measure contraceptive efficacy: 1. Pearl index and 2. Life table analysis Pearl index is defined as the number of failure rates per 100 woman years of exposure Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 510

Period of contraceptive practice continued


Question: Most powerful example of social cohesion is

Family: Is a group of biologically related individuals living together and eating from a common kitchen Family is the primary unit of all societies Family is the &;most powerful example of social cohesion&; Crowd: A group of people coming together temporarily for a sho period, motivated by a common interest or curiosity Crowd lacks internal organisation and leadership Mob: A group of people coming together temporarily for a sho period, having a leader who forces members into action Mob is more emotional than crowd Like crowd, mob is unstable and lacks internal organisation Herd: Is a crowd with a leader, where members of the group have to follow the orders of the leader without question Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 719

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Iron and folic acid supplementation to children is a form of

Specific protection is a pa of primary prevention. Primary prevention - interventions are health promotion and specific protection. Specific protection includes protection of health by personal and community effos - immunization, nutrient supplementation(iron-folic acid supplementation, Vitamin A drops),chemoprophylaxis, protection against occupational hazards and accidents,control of consumer product quality and safety of foods,drugs,cosmetics,etc. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 24th edition - Page no. 47


Question: The lung disease caused by inhalation of sugarcane dust is known as(MH' 2001; 2005)

Ans. b (Bagasosis) (Ref Text book of PSM by Park 22nd/ 751)Pneumoconiosis is a respiratory illness caused by inhalation of (respirabale dust) dust particles of 0.5 to 3 micron.0ByssinosisBy inhalation of cotton fibres - Monday morning fever is presentBagassosisBy inhalation of sugar cane dust - organism - Thermoactinomyces sacchariAsbestosisBy inhalation of asbestos - X-ray - ground glass appearanceSilicosisBy inhalation of silica particles- X-ray - snow storm appearanceFarmer's lungBy inhalation of hay or grain dust - organism - micropolyspora faeniFew more:Immune complex disease (type III = Arthus reaction)Responsible Specific antigensFarmer's lung from moldy hayThermoactinomyces vulgaris or Micropolyspora faeniHypersensitivity pneumonitis from forced-air equipment = Pandora's pneumonitis with heating/humidifying/ air conditioning systemsThermophilic actinomycetesBird-fancier's lung, pigeon breeder's lung from protein in bird serum/excrements/feathers--Mushroom worker's lung from mushroom compostThermoactinomyces vulgaris or Micropolyspora faeniBagassosis from moldy sugar cane in sugar mill contaminationThermoactinomyces sacchari/vulgaris and Micropolyspora faeniMalt worker's lung from malt dustAspergillus clavatusMaple bark disease from moldy maple bark in saw millCryptostroma corticaleSuberosis from moldy cork dustPenicillium frequentansSequoiosis from redwood dustGraphium species


Question: The time interval between reception of infection and maximum infectivity of the host is know as


Question: Advantage of case control over coho study

Case-control study yields only estimate of relative risk Coho study yields incidence rates, relative risks as well as attributable risk (refer pgno:79 park 23 rd edition)


Question: Cytotoxic drugs are disposed in


Question: Acrodermatitis enteropathica is due to deficiency of


Question: Best Biological indicator of air pollution is


Question: Every TB sputum positive patient can infect up to

- Every TB sputum positive patient can infect up to 10-15 persons per year EPIDEMIOLOGY OF T.B: Country with highest TB burden India ARI 1.5% Infected with T.B 40% Developing T.B per day 5000/day SS +ve per year 0.8 million Deaths per year 0.37 million Index of infection 1-2% Prevalence of infection 40% Incidence / prevalence of disease Sputum smear examination


Question: In set of data with highly variable values,the best measure of central tendency is

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Eligible couple means

The eligible couple are currently married couple wherein the wife is in the reproductive age (i.e. 5 -49 yr. of age) Don't confuse with target couple: Eligible couples who have 2 - 3 living children Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 492-493

A couple having given bih to 2 children, irrespective of their survival status


Question: 100 women, followed up for 20 months, with OCPs, 5 became pregnant. Calculate the Pearl Index


Question: Active search for disease in an apparently healthyindividual is k/a

screening Screening is defined as 'the search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests, examination or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals." Other terms Case finding : is the use of clinical and/or laboratory tests to detect disease in individuals seeking health care for other reasons for example ELISA for HIV in pregnant women. Monitoring : is performing and analysing routine measurements to detect changes in the health status of population or changes in the environment for eg. monitoring of air pollution, water quality, growth and nutritional status etc. Sentinel surveillance : As no routine notification system can detect all cases of infection or disease, sentinel surveillance is a method to identify the missing cases.


Question: Site not used for measurement of skin fold thickness

Skin fold thickness (SFT) is measured at 4 sites Mid-triceps region Biceps region Subcapsular region Supra iliac region Ref : Park 25th edition Pgno : 418


Question: The first country in the South East Asian Region (SEAR) to report AIDS was

First case of HIV reported:

USA: 1981
Thailand: 1984
India: 1986
Sri Lanka: 1987
Bangladesh: 1989


Question: ORS required during 4 hours in a 20 kg child

ORSThe aim of oral rehydration therapy is to prevent dehydration and reduce moality.Oral fluid therapy is based on the observation that glucose given orally enhances the intestinal absorption of salt and water and is capable of correcting electrolyte and water deficit.At first the composition of oral rehydration salt recommended by WHO was sodium bicarbonate based. The inclusion of trisodium citrate in place of sodium bicarbonate made the product more stable and it resulted in less stool output especially in high output diarrhoea, probably because of the direct effect of trisodium citrate in increasing intestinal absorption of sodium and water.More recently an improved ORS formulation has been developed which is safe and effective as the original in preventing and treating diarrhoeal dehydration. It is focussed on reducing the osmolarity of ORS solution to avoid adverse effects of hypeonicity on net fluid absorption by reducing the concentration of glucose and sodium chloride in the solution.A freshly prepared ORS should be used before 24hrs.Decreasing the sodium concentration of ORS solution to 75 mOsm/l improved the efficacy of ORS regimen for children with acute non-cholera diarrhoea.Reduced osmolarity ORS:-(g/L)Sodium chloride- 2.6Glucose,anhydrous- 13.5Potassium chloride- 1.5Trisodium citrate,dihydrate-2.9Total =20.5 g/LReduced osmolarity ORS:-(mmol/L)Sodium-75Chloride-65Glucose,anhydrous-75Potassium-20Citrate-10Total = 245 mmol/LGuidelines for oral rehydration therapy in first four hours(as per weight)1. Under 5 kg:200-400 ml2. 5-7.9 kg: 400-600 ml3. 8-10.9 kg : 600-800 ml4. 11-15.9 kg: 800-1200 ml5. 16-29.9 kg: 1200-2200 ml6. 30/ above: 2200-4000 ml{Reference: park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.224}


Question: Morbid obesity means BMI of

Ref: Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25 th Ed Pgno : 417-418


Question: Maximum tolerable sound level to human cass


Question: Theory of web of causation was given by

Theory of web of causation was proposed by MacMahon and Pugh in their book: "Epidemiological Principles and Methods". Web of causation considers all the predisposing factors of any type and their complex inter-relationship with each other. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition; Page 34


Question: Biomedical concept of health is based on

The biomedical model of health focuses on purely biological factors and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 13


Question: Vertical transmission is seen in

(Herpes simplex) (91 - Park 19fh) (92-Park 20th)* Transplacental (Vertical transmission - Mother to child* Direct transmission, TORCH agents (Toxoplasma, gondii, rubella, CMV, herpes virus) Varicella virus, syphilis* Hepatitis B, COxsackie B and AIDS* Some of the non - living agents (e.g. - thalidomide, DES) produces malformations of the embryo by disturbing its development


Question: In iceberg phenomenon, the submerged part represents

Ans. (a) Undiagnosed cases in communityRef : K. Park 23rd ed. /39, 135; K. Park 21s,ed. /37


Question: FFHC stands for

The most impoant aspect of FAO's (Food and Agriculture organization) work is towards ensuring that the food is consumed by the people who need it, in sufficient quantities and in right propoions, to develop and maintain a better state of nutrition throughout the world.In this context, the FAO has organized a world freedom from Hunger Campaign (FFHC) in 1960.The main object of the campaign is to combat malnutrition and to disseminate information and education. Park 23e pg: 923

Health care of community & international health


Question: Flipchas are used in

The lecture method can be made more effective by combining with suitable audio-visual aids such as - Flipchas, Flannelgraph, Exhibits, Films and chas.Flipchas are series of chas or posters, flashed or displayed before a group as talk is being given.Park 23e pg: 864


Question: Adjuvant used in DPT is


Question: Lysine is deficient in

Ans. a (Cereals). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th/pg.426)# Cereals are deficient in lysine and have poor nutritive value.# Cereal and pulse proteins complement each other and provide a more balance and "complete" protein.# Germinating pulses, however, contain higher concentration of vitamins, especially vitamin C and B; pulses are called "poor man's meat".FOOD MATERIALRICH INDEFICIENT INCEREALS MaizeFat, excess leucine (Pellagra)Lysine and tryptophan.RiceLysine and Vitamin BVitamins A, D and C, Ca++, IronWheatProtein, Vitamin BLysine and threonineMilled rice (Polished rice)-Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, proteinsMILLETS JowarExcess Leucine (Pellagra)Lysine and threonine,RagiCalc<<um-BajaraCalcium, iron, vitamin BLysine and threoninePULSES (LEGUMES) Pulses20-25% of proteins, Lysine, Methionine and cystein.Mineral, vitamin BSoya bean:40% of protein, 20% of fat, and 4% of minerals.Methionine


Question: Early reaction of Lepromin test is known as

Lepromin test Test of CMI in leprosy. Early reaction is known as Fernandez reaction (Read at 48 hours). Late reaction is known as Late Mitsuda reaction (Read at 21 days). It is not a diagnostic test.


Question: Relative risk formula(2018)

Estimation of disease risk associated with exposure is obtained by an index known as "Relative Risk" (RR) or '"risk ratio" , which is defined as the ratio between the incidence of disease among exposed persons and incidence among non-exposed. It is given by the formula: Incidence among exposed/ incidence among non exposed. Ref:- park; pg num :- 81

Incidence of disease among non-exposed divided By Incidence of disease among exposed

Incidence of disease among non-exposed minus Incidence of disease among exposed

Incidence of disease among exposed divided by Incidence of disease among non-exposed

Incidence of disease among exposed minus Incidence of disease among non-exposed


Question: A village health guide is selected by

Health guides come from and are chosen by the community they work.They should be permanent residents of local community, have formal education up to 6th standard, acceptable to all sections, spend 2-3 hrs for community health work.Park 23e pg: 902

Health care of community & international health


Question: Sex ratio is

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. It is one of the basic demographic characteristic of a population. Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:482


Question: Floating tip in an iceberg phenomenon represents


Question: Punnet’s square is used for

PUNNETT SQUARE

Is a diagram that is used to predict the result of a cross/breeding experiment
Is representing summary of every possible combination of each maternal allele with paternal allele for each gene studied in square
Is used by biologists ‘to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype’
Can be used for both monohybrid and dihybrid cross
Are standard tools for genetic counsellors

Typical example of a Punnett square:


Question: Basic types of biases in epidemiological study

Bias may arise due to errors of assessment of the outcome due to the human element. 3 sources: subject variation, observer bias, bias in evaluation. (refer pg 83 park 23 rd edition)


Question: MDPI  does not include

MDPI includes

Health.
Education.
Standerd of living.


Question: Incineration is


Question: "Bullneck" appearance is a characteristic feature seen in

Regional lymphadenopathy in diphtheria causes a brawny thickening /swelling all around the neck, giving a 'bull neck" appearance Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 161


Question: Disposal of placenta at PHC is

Animal wastes (category 2) are disposed by incineration or Deep burial.


Question: ORS plus Zinc

Zinc supplementation with ORS therapy reduce Duration of diarrhea Severity of acute and persistent diarrhea Volume of diarrhea


Question: Peripheral most unit for planning of Family planning and other services under RCH program is

The sub-centre level is the peripheral outpost of the existing health delivery system. Categorization Type A: Provide all recommended services except the facilities for conducting delivery is not available here. Type B (MCH sub-centre): All recommended services including facilities for conducting deliveries are available.


Question: Disinfectant used for blood spills

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Sodium hypochloriteCommon Disinfectants for Hospital UseGroupExamples and UsageAdvantages and DisadvantagesPHENOLICSClear-soluble phenolic compounds, white fluids; 1.5% solutions; leave in contact for 1 hour.Good general purpose disinfectants, not readily inactivated by organic matter, active against wide range of organisms (including mycobacteria) but not sporicidal.HALOGENSHypochlorites (chloramine) eg "Milton", "Domestic", bleaches. Strong (2% Cl) to weak (0.02% Cl) concentrations used according to degree of blood contamination; leave in contact for 30 minutes.Cheap, effective, act by release of free chlorine, active against viruses and therefore recommended for disinfection of equipment soiled with blood (because of hepatitis risk), but rapidly inactivated by organic material and corrosive to metals.ALCOHOLSEthyl alcohol (ethanol), isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol).Good choice for skin disinfection and for clean surfaces, sometimes used in combination with iodine or chlorhexidine, water must be present for bacterial killing (i.e. 70% ethanol best), isopropanol preferred for skin and articles in contact with patient.ALDEHYDESGlutaraldehyde ("Wavicide", "Aidel"); 1% solution, leave in contact for 30 minutes.Kills vegetative organisms including mycobacteria slowly but effectively. More active, less toxic than formaldehyde, sporicidal (within 6 hours when fresh), irritant, used in alkaline solution which is stable 1-2 weeks, expensive, limited use e.g. disinfection of endoscopes.


Question: IUD is not inserted during

Best time for IUD insertion are

During mensturation.
Within 10 days of beginning of mensturation.
Within 1 week after delivery.
during 6-8th week after delivery.

Within 10 days of beginning of menstruation


Question: A good trap should have effective seal of

• The trap: Is a bent pipe in sanitary latrine, about 7.5 cms in diameter and connected with the pan
Trap is a ‘Water seal’: it holds water; prevents access by flies and suppresses the nuisance from smell
Depth of water seal in RCA sanitary latrine: 2 cms (¾ inch)
Water seal in sanitary latrine is an example of ‘Sanitation barrier.’


Question: IUD, associatiate most commonly with explusion


Question: Side effect of OC pills is

Great deal of attention has been focused recently on the metabolic effects induced by the oral contraceptives It includes the ability to modify carbohydrate metabolism with the resultant elevation of blood glucose and plasma insulin, thereby causing carbohydrate intolerance Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 502


Question: Killing power of disease is

Ans. b (Case fatality rate). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th ed., 52, 88)- CFR is measurement of killing power of a disease.Secondary attack rate =Number of exposed persons developing the disease within the range of IP------------------------------------------Total number of exposed/"susceptible" contactsx 100- The primary case is excluded from both the numerator and denominator.


Question: The protein quality indicator adopted by ICMR in recommending dietary protein requirements is

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 2010 recommended 1.0g protein/Kg body weight for an India adult, assuming a Net protein utilization (NPU) of 65 for dietary proteins.Park 23e pg: 610


Question: Immunity by vaccination is

Active immunity occurs as a result of infection or by specific immunization and is usually associated with the presence of antibodies or cells having a specific action on the microorganism or on its toxin. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 109


Question: According to CDC recommendations, HIV screening of pregnant women is

Opt-out testing means performing an HIV test after notifying the patient that the test is normally performed, but that the patient may elect to decline or defer testing; consent is then assumed unless the patient declines to test. WHO and CDC recommend opt-out testing policies in healthcare settings. Reference: HIV testing guidelines,CDC Atlanta.


Question: Iron and folic acid supplementation to the children is a form of

Specific protection is a part of primary prevention.
Specific protection includes protection of health by personal and community efforts such as enhancing nutritional status, providing immunizations and eliminating environmental risks.


Question: General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate because the denominator includes

Ans. is 'a' i.e., 15-45 yrs of age female Birth rate- * Simplest indicator of fertility * No. of live births per 1000 estimated mid year population Birth rate = (No. of live birth during the year / estimated mid yr. Population) x 100General fertility rate- (No. of live births in an area during the year / mid year female population (15 to 45 yrs) in the same area) x 1000.General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate because the denominator is restricted to the no. of women in the child bearing age, rather than the whole population.


Question: Corbohydrate reserve of human body

Ans. is 'a' i.e., 350 gmCarbohydrate store of body is approximately 350 grams (70 grams hepatic glycogen and 280 grams muscle glycogen).


Question: A 12kg child has diarrhoea, fluid to be replaced in 1st 4 hours

The fluid to be replaced in first 4 hours is 800-1200 ml. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 225


Question: Number of doses for treatment of Vitamin A deficiency is

Prevention of Vitamin A deficiency Prevention and/or control takes two forms (a) improvement of people's diet so as to ensure a regular and adequate intake of foods rich in vitamin A, and (b) reducing the frequency and severity of contributory factors, e.g., PEM, respiratory tract infections, diarrhoea and measles. Both are long term measures involving intensive nutrition education of the public and community paicipation. Since vitamin A can be stored in the body for 6 to 9 months and liberated slowly, a sho term, simple technology had been evolved by the National Institute of Nutrition at Hyderabad (India) for community based intervention Against nutritional blindness, which has subsequently been adopted by other countries . Vitamin A deficiency treatment : Vitamin A on days 1,2 and 14 each (for age >12 months, give 200,000IU; for age 6-12 months, give 100,000 IU; for age 0-5 months, give 50,000IU The strategy is to administer a single massive dose of 200,000 IU of vitamin A in oil (retinof palmitate) orally every 6 months to preschool children (1 year to 6 years), and half that dose (100,000 IU) to children between 6 months and one year of age8. In this way, the child would be, as it were "immunized" against xerophthalmia. The protection afforded by six-monthly dosing seems very adequate as measured by clinical signs of deficiency Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 654 Guidelines for the inpatient treatment if severly malnourished children, WHO Pgno : 23


Question: The population of community X has 30% below 15years of age and 10% over 65years of age. Dependency ratio of community X is

Total dependency ratio = Children 0-14 years age + Population more than 65 years of age / Population of 15 to 64 years x 100Say population of X is 100 - 30 are below 15, 10 above 65 and 60 between 15 to 64So the Total dependency ratio = 30+10 / 60 = 40/60 = 2/3 = 66.6Park 23e pg: 490


Question: Term "Vaccine" was coined by

Term ' Vaccine' by louis pasteur
Term "Vaccination" by edward Jenner.


Question: Oral contraceptive pills give protection against

Ref:Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th ed


Question: Still birth rate includes babies dead after


Question: The vaccines is yet to be available for


Question: Spacing methods used by family welfare programmes are

Ministry of health and family welfare has introduced sho term IUCD ( 5 years effectively), Cu IUCD 375, under the National Family Planning programme Under a new scheme launched by the Government of India, services of ASHA&;s to be utilized for counseling newly married couples to ensure spacing of 2 years after marriage and couples with 1 child to have spacing of 3 years after the bih of first child Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no:514


Question: In one single visit, a 9 month old, unimmunized child can be given the following vaccination

BCG, DPT-1,OPV-1,Measles. Reference: Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, K.Park,23rd edition, page no:123.


Question: Presence of infectious agent on clothes or dressings is termed

Contamination - the presence of an infectious agent on a body surface.; also on or in clothes; beddings; toys; surgical instruments or dressing or anther inanimate aicles or substance including water, milk, and food. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 101


Question: For NRR to be 1, Couple protection rate should be

Couple protection rate is an indicator of the prevalence of contraceptive practice in the community CPR is defined as the percent of eligible couples effectively protected against child bih by one or other approved methods of family planning Demographers are of the view that the demographic goal of NRR = 1 can be achieved only if the CPR exceeds 60% Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 493


Question: Benzathine Pencillin prophylaxis for rheumatic fever comes under

Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat a disease early In RF, secondary prevention includes identifying those who have had RF and giving them inj benzathine penicillin (1.2 million units in adults and 600,000 units in children) at intervals of 3weeks. This must be continued for 5years or until the child reaches the age of 18years whichever is later. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 381


Question: Tiger mosquito is


Question: Centile devides data into

Division of distribution :

No of Intercept
Divides into

Testile
2
3 equal parts

Quartile
3
4 equal parts

Pentile
4
5 equal parts

Octile
7
8 equal parts

Centile
99
100 equal parts


Question: The Clinical incubation period of Filariasis is


Question: Not a synthetic pyrethroid insectiside

Ans. is 'a' i.e., PropoxurInectisides are divided into :Fumigants : Hydrogen cyanide, SO2, methyl bromide, carbon disulphate.Stomach poisons : Paris green, Sodium fluoride.Contact (nerve) poisons : These are divided into Natural : Pyrethrum, rotenone, Derris, nicotine, mineral oil.Synthetic : These are -Organophosphates : Malathion, parathion, fenthion, diazinon, fenitrothion, abate, chlohion, dioxathion, chlorpyrifos, trichlorfon.Carbamates : Carbaryl, propoxur, dimetilan, pyrolon.Organochlorine : DDT, BHC (HCH), dieldrin, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, heptachlor.Synthetic pyrethroid (pyrethrum derivatives) : Pothrin, resmethrin, permethrin, biopermethrin, cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, cycloprothrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, etofenoprox


Question: The vaccine not to be given during pregnancy is

MMR Live vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy unless the risk of infection exceeds the risk of harm to the fetus of some live vaccines. MMR (all 3 components) is live (attenuated) vaccine Contraindication to vaccines Vaccine Contraindication All An anaphylactic reaction Live vaccines (MMR, BCG, Yellow fever) Pregnancy Radiation therapy Yellow fever Egg allergy. immunodeficiency BCG Symptomatic HIV infection Influenza, yellow fever H/O anaphylactic reactions following egg ingestion Peussis-containing Anaphylactic reaction to previous dose, evolving neurological disease


Question: Example for multipurpose screening.


Question: Moality statistics are taken into account while calculating

Net reproduction rate is defined as the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age specific feility and moality rates NRR is a demographic indicator NRR of 1 is equivalent to attaining approximately the 2 child norm Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 489


Question: In an outbreak of cholera in a village of 2000 population 20 cases have occured and 5 died. Case fatality rate is

In the given question, in an outbreak of cholera in a village of 2000 population, 20 cases have occured and 5 have died. Thus, CFR= Total no. of deaths due to a disease/Total no. of cases due to that disease * 100 CFR= 5/20 * 100 = 25% And, survival rate = 1-CFR= 1-0.25 = 0.75 (75%) Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 66


Question: Incubation period of Mumps is


Question: Pandemics are caused by

An epidemic usually affecting a large population of the population, occurring over a wide geographic area such as a section of a nation, the entire nation, a continent or the world eg. influenza pandemics of 1918 and 1957, cholera EI Tor in 1962 and acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 1971 and 1981 Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 101


Question: Ideal cholesterol should be below


Question: Mother friendly childbirth initiative was launched in

BBFHI: Description: To improve care throughout the childbearing continuum in order to save lives, prevent illness and harm from the overuse of obstetric technologies, and promote health for mothers and babies around the world Launched: 1996, USA
10 Steps of MFCI:
Step 1: Treat every woman with respect and dignity, providing her right to informed consent and refusal
Step 2: Possess and routinely apply midwifery knowledge and skills related to normal physiology
Step 3: Inform the mother of the benefits of continuous support during labour and birth,
Step 4: Provide drug-free comfort and pain-relief methods during labour
Step 5: Provide specific evidence-based practices proven to be beneficial
Step 6: Avoid potentially harmful procedures and practices that have no scientific support
Step 7: Implement measures that enhance wellness and prevent emergencies, illness, and death of Mother and Baby
Step 8: Provide access to evidence-based skilled emergency treatment for life-threatening complications
Step 9: Provide a continuum of collaborative maternal and newborn care with all relevant health care providers, institutions and organizations
Step 10: Strive to achieve the 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (WHO/UNICEF Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative BFHI)


Question: Randomization is useful to eliminate

Randomization: The groups should be alike with regard to ceain variables or characteristics that might affect the outcome of experiments The entire study population can be stratified into subgroups according to the variable Individuals within each subgroup can then be randomly allocated into study and control groups Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 90


Question: The number of aboions performed divided by the number of live bihs in the same period is known as

Aboion ratio is calculated by dividing the number of aboions performed during a paicular time period by the number of live bihs over the same period Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 489


Question: Inability to perform any work without discomfort is

New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification
Importance: Scale used for quantification of degree of functional limitation imposed by Congestive health failure (CHF)


Question: Strength of association is given by

Strength of association is given by Odds ratio or Cross product ratio in a Case control study. Odds ratio = ad/bc OR > 1 - Positive association, OR=1 - No association, OR < 1 - Inverse/ negative association. Chi-square test or t-test can only tell whether an association is statistically significant based on p-value, but doesn't give the magnitude of strength of association.


Question: Iodised oil ( usual dose of 1 ml i/m) gives protection for

Intramuscular Iodised Oil (poppy-seed oil): Average dose 1 ml injection provided protection for 4 years
Oral Iodised Oil: 2 ml dose is effective for 2 years


Question: In a study in UK, an association was found between sale of antiarrythmic drug and an increase in deaths due to asthma. This is an example of

Ecological study [Ref: Park, 21/e p59 (19/e, p58) www.ucel.ac.uk.rlos/specs/rlo_observational_study.doc; Repeat Nov 10 & Nov 06 This is an example of ecological study. An ecological study is a type of Observational study where information is collected on a group (or population) rather than on individual members and then analyzed. Here the association between a summary measure of sale of antiarrythmic drugs (risk factor) and summary measure of deaths due to asthma (outcome) is studied. For detailed explanation see Nov10


Question: Drug of choice for round worm


Question: Early expanding stage is denoted by

Decreased birth rate and Decreased death rate

Increased birth rate and Increased death rate

Unchanged birth rate and Decreased death rate

Decreased birth rate and Increased death rate


Question: If we ask the patient attending OPD to evaluate his pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 5 (the worst pain), then this commonly applied scale is a

Ratio scale is a type of variable measurement scale which is quantitative in nature. Ratio scale allows any researcher to compare the intervals or differences. Ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement and possesses a zero point or character of origin. This is a unique feature of ratio scale Ref : Internet sources


Question: Mode of transmission of Q fever is

Modes of Transmission of few important diseases:


Question: The area under a normal distribution curve for SD of 2 is

(C) 95% # Normal distribution: In a normal curve the area between one standard deviation on either side of the mean (x+1s) will include approximately 68% of the values in the distribution> Area between two standard deviations on either side of the mean (x + 2s) will cover most of the values i.e., approximately 95% of the values, and> Area between (x + 3s) will include 99.7% of the values.


Question: Any loss/abnomality of physiological/psychological/ anatomical structure or function is

According to WHO definitions,
Disease: Any abnormal condition of an individual that impairs function.
Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function.
Disability: (Because of impairment,) any restriction or inability to perform an activity in a range considered normal for a human being
Handicap: A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment/disability, that limits/prevents fulfillment of a role considered normal (depending on age, sex, social, cultural factors) for that individual


Question: Diagnostic power of the test is reflected by

The performance of a screening test is measured by its predictive value which reflects the diagnostic power of the test.The predictive accuracy depends upon sensitivity, specificity and disease prevalence. Park 23e pg: 140


Question: A community has 30% below 15years of age and 10% over 65years of age. Dependency ratio is

Dependency ratio The propoion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependant On the economically productive age group (15-64 years). The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio. It is also referred to as the societal dependency ratio and reflects the need for a society to provide for their younger and older population groups. The dependency ratio can be subdivided into young age dependency ratio (0-14 years); and old age dependency ratio (65 years and more). These ratios are, however, relatively crude, since they do not take into consideration elderly or young persons who are employed or working age persons who are unemployed. It is given by the formula : Thus, DR = 30%+10%/60% = 0.66 or 66.6% or 66 per 100 DR of 0.66 or 66/100 or 66% implies : 100 earning people in that community will have suppo 166 people (100 themselves and 66 Non-earning dependents on them) Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 535


Question: Cycle that is seen in RBCs in malaria


Question: Structures preserved in functional neck dissection is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Sternocleidomastoid muscle and Internal jugular vein "In contrast to a radical neck dissection, the internal jugular vein, the spinal accessory nerve, the cervical sensory nerves, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle are preserved unless they are adherent to or invaded by tumor"- Schwaz Classical Radical neck dissection It involves the removal of following structures i) Cervical lymphatics and lymph nodes ii) Internal jugular vein iii) Accessory nerve iv) Submandibular gland v) Sternomastoid muscle The main disability that follows operation is the drooping of the shoulder due to paralysis of the Trapezius muscle as a consequence of excision of accesory nerve. Modified Radical Neck dissection (Functional neck dissection) --> In this operation all the lymphatics and lymph nodes are removed as in radical neck dissection. The difference is that one or more of the following structures are preserved. i) Accessory nerve ii) Sternocleidomastoid muscle iii) Internal jugular vein

Sternomastoid muscle, Internal Jugular vein

Spinal accessory nerve, Submandibular salivary gland


Question: Best way to prevent Nosocomial infection


Question: Mestranol acts as contraceptic by


Question: Amphixenosis is


Question: In a demographic cycle, Late expanding stage indicates

Death rate declines still fuher and the bih rate tend to fall in third stage of demographic cycle or late expanding stage, but the population continue to grow as bihs exceeds death. Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no: 479

Decreasing Death Rate and stationary Bih Rate

Decreasing Bih Rate and decreasing Death Rate


Question: Yellow fever vaccine is valid for;

The term of validity of the yellow fever vaccine ceificate has been changed from 10 years to life long YELLOW FEVER Vaccine- Route of YF vaccine -Subcutaneous Strain used -17 D Site of administration - at inseion of deltoid Dose: 0.5ml (irrespective of age)


Question: Quetelet index is

Body Mass Index (BMI) is also called as Quetelet index. Ref: Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25 th Ed Pgno : 417


Question: Chronic carrier is seen in

A chronic carrier is one who shed infectious agent for indefinite periods Seen in Typhoid, Hepatitis B, Dysentery, Cerebrospinal meningitis, Malaria, Gonorrhoea Reference; Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine; 24th edition; Page no. 101


Question: Most efficient antilarval measure to prevent urban malaria is

In urban areas, Malaria is mainly transmitted by Anopheles stephensi.
Recommended measures for Urban Malaria contro l: Breeds in man-made water containers in domestic / peridomestic situations such as tanks, wells, cisterns, which are of permanent nature and hence can malaria transmission throughout the year.
Measures for Urban Malaria Control:

Lids of overhead tanks must be checked and maintained monthly basis; any leakage be repaired immediately (most effective).
Cover-up of underground and open tanks.
Open tanks used for animals be dead dried once in week Never to throw any containers in open capable of holding water.
Construction sites: Building bye-laws be implemented to prevent fault in designs, water flow on roof, gully traps open tanks for curing be treated with larvicides on weekly basis.
Unused wells either be closed or treated with larvicides Ornamental tanks, fountains be checked periodically and larvivorous fish be introduced
Public health engineers be involved for proper drainage, building designs, periodic flushing of water logged areas and drainage.


Question: Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency in a community is assessed as


Question: Registration of bihs should be done

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: 'Socialized medicine' concept was first given by

Socialized medicine - Free medical care by govt. regulated by professional groups or bodies. Concept given by Russia State medicine -free medical care by govt. Finger printing first given by - India Blindness control first staed by - India Compulsory sickness insurance given by- Germany

Definition and Concepts in Sociology & Psychology


Question: Sullivan's Index is

Sullivan's Index : Life expectancy - Duration of disability.

Disability Adjusted Life expectancy(DALE)


Question: Incubation period of Nipah virus

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pg.310


Question: For the diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis, 2 tests are done together, namely Impedence Plethy smo graphy and leg scanning after injecting 125I fibri nogen. This process will lead to

In the given question, 2 tests - Impedence Plethysmography and leg scanning after injecting 125I fibrinogen are done together, for the diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis.
Therefore these are two tests in done in parallel.

Increasing the positive predictive value

Increasing the negative predictive value


Question: Vital statistics in a population include

Population Statistics Vital Statistics Population size Bih rate, Death rate Sex ratio Natural growth rate Density of population Life expectancy at bih Depedency ratio Moality rates Feility rates Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 532


Question: Is a water washed disease


Question: Vector of trench fever


Question: Semi essential amino acids are


Question: Demographic process does not include

Demographic processes 5 processes continuously on work in a population, thus determining its size, composition and distribution Feility. Marriage Moality Migration Social mobility Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 530


Question: The daily extra calorie requirement in first trimester of pregnancy is


Question: General feility rate is a better measure of feility than the crude bih rate because the denominator includes

General feility rate is the number of live bihs per 1000 women in the reproductive are group ( 15-44 or 49 years) in a given year GFR = number of live bih in an area during the year X 1000/ mid year female population age group 15-44 (or 49) in the same area in same year General feility rate is a better measure of feility than the crude bih rate because the denominator includes the number of women in the child bearing age rather than the whole population Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 488


Question: Calculate positive predictive value of ELISA test for HIV with sensitivity 99%, specificity 99%. Prevalence of HIV in population is 5/1000


Question: Maximum Calcium is seen in

Ragi Ragi is a popular millet in Andhra and Karnataka. It is the cheapest among millets. Ragi flour is cooked and eaten as porridge. Ragi is rich in calcium Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 652


Question: Bagassosis is a pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of


Question: Most important health status indicator of a country

Ans. d (Infant mortality rate) (Ref. Park PSM 22nd/pg. 23, 525)Infant Mortality Rate# The probability of dying in the period from birth to the first birthday.# In reality, newborns are not prospectively observed for deaths occurring up to 1 year of age. Instead, the probability of dying is calculated on the basis of the number of reported infant deaths during a calendar year divided by the estimated number of live births occurring in the same year.# Although it is actually a ratio, the IMR is presented as a "rate" per 1000 live births.LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BERTH# The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth were to stay the same throughout the child's life.# Life expectancy at birth reflects the overall mortality level of a population.# It summarizes the mortality pattern that prevails across all age groups - children and adolescents, adults and the elderly.TOTAL FERTILITY RATE# Number of births that a woman can expect to have during her childbearing years (15-49 years), given current age- specific fertility rates in her population or country.# The TFR is therefore the sum of all age-specific fertility rates at one point in time.HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH# Average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.# Substantial resources are devoted to reducing the incidence, duration and severity of major diseases that cause morbidity but not mortality and to reducing their impact on people's lives.# It is important to capture both fatal and non-fatal health outcomes in a summary measure of average levels of population health.# Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth adds up expectation of life for different health states, adjusted for severity distribution making it sensitive to changes over time or differences between countries in the severity distribution of health states.Under-five Mortality Rate# Probability that a newborn child will die before reaching his or her fifth birthday (the sum of probabilities of dying in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth years of life).# This cumulative probability is expressed per 1000 live births.# It is meant to estimate the likelihood at the time of birth that a child will not survive to his or her fifth birthday.# Under-5 mortality rate is a leading indicator of the level of child health and overall development in countries.# It is also an MDG indicator.Maternal Mortality Ratio# Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman as a result of pregnancy or childbirth, during pregnancy or within 42 days after delivery.# Classification of a death as a maternal death is highly dependent on a recorded diagnosis or the conduct of a verbal autopsy to ascertain the cause of death.# In practice, the MMR is often an estimate based solely upon the time of death, i.e., death while pregnant or within 42 days after delivery.# The MMR is expressed as the number of maternal deaths per 100, 000 live births over a specified period. This is a measure of the risk of death once a woman has become pregnant.# The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) defines a maternal death as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.# Most common cause of maternal mortality in India is PPH.


Question: TODAY, failure rate is


Question: RDA of Retinol during pregnancy


Question: Any loss or abnormality of psychological physiological or anatomical stuctures or function

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Impairment o According to WHO definitions, Disease: Any abnormal condition of an individual that impairs function Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function Disability: (Because of impairment,) any restriction or inability to perform an activity in a range considered normal for a human being Handicap: A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment/disability, that limits/prevents fulfillment of a role considered normal (depending on age, sex, social, cultural factors) for that individual


Question: Pack year means

(B) 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year# A pack-year is a quantification of cigarette smoking.> 1 pack-year is equal to smoking 20 cigarettes (1 pack) per day for 1 year, or 40 cigarettes per day for half a year, and so on.> Number of pack-years = (packs smoked per day) * (years as a smoker).


Question: Xpe MTB/RIF is used in the diagnosis of

The Xpe MTB/RIF is a caridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), this automated diagnostic test that can identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA and resistance to rifampicin (RIF).


Question: Time taken for any project is estimated by

A network analysis is a graphic plan of all events and activities to be completed in order to reach an end objective. Two common types are a) PE (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique)It aids in planning, scheduling and monitoring the project. It allows better communication between the various levels of management.b) Critical path method (CPM)Longest path of the network. If any activity along the critical path is delayed, the entire project will be delayed.Park 23e pg: 872


Question: The health indicator obtained by dividing the height by cube root of weight is

☆ Ponderal index = height (cm)/cube root of body wgt
☆ Quetelet's index = wgt (kg)/height square.
☆ Broca index = height -100
☆ Corpulence index = actual wgt/ desirable wgt


Question: In an investigation to study the effect of smoking on renal cell carcinoma, it is observed that 30 out of 50 patients were smokers as compared to 10 out of 50 control subjects. The odd ratio of renal cell carcinoma associated with smoking will be

Strength of association in a case control study: Case Control study cannot provide with incidences, so Relative risk cannot be calculated; so in case Control study, we calculate &;an estimate of Relative risk&; known as "Odds Ratio" (Cross Product ratio) CORRECT TABLE CONSTRUCTION in a case control study: table will have disease at the top (row) and history of exposure/ risk factor on the left (column). Odds ratio in a 2*2 table for a case control study: Disease present Disease absent Exposure present a b Exposure absent c d Odds Ratio (Cross product Ratio) = ad/bc Thus in the given question, correct table is To Be Constructed First: Renal cell Cancer present (Cases) Renal cell Cancer Absent (Controls ) Exposure to smoking present a b Exposure to smoking absent c d Total a+c b+d Now, total cases of renal cell cancer (a+c) = 50, smoking exposure present(a) = 30 Total controls (b+d) = 50 , smoking exposure present (b) = 10 Therefore, c = = = 20 and , d= = 50-10= 40 Table construction Renal cell cancer present(Cases) Renal cell cancer Absent (Controls ) Exposure to smoking present 30 10 exposure to smoking absent 20 40 Total 50 50 Odds Ratio = ad/bc= 30*40/20 * 10 = 6 Interpretation of Odds ratio = 6; Renal cell cancer cases have 6 times higher odds than controls of having had the history of exposure to smoking. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 81


Question: Approximate magnitude of completed family size is denoted by


Question: Paradoxical carrier is

Types of Carriers Paradoxical carrier- Carrier who gets infected from another carrier Contact carrier- Carrier who gets infected from case Chronic carrier- Carrier for >6 months Incubatory carrier- Carrier who sheds organism even during the Incubation phase Convalescent carrier- Carrier who sheds organism even during Recovery Pseudo-carrier- Carrier of Avirulent organism

who sheds organism even during Incubation period


Question: Foification of foods with specific nutrients as salt with iodine is an example of

Primary prevention Primary prevention can be defined as "action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur". It signifies intervention in the pre-pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem (e.g.,Low bih weight) or other depaure from health. Primary preventionmay be accomplished by measures designed to promote general health and well-being, and quality of life of people or by specific protective measures. These are discussed in detail elsewhere under "Mode of Intervention". Ref: Park 24th Edition. Pgno : 46


Question: In a community of 3000 people, 80% are Hindus 10% muslims, 5%


Question: Study of alcohol intake for 20 years and occuring of liver disease is a type of


Question: Blood bags after blood transfusion are disposed in


Question: Incubation period less than few hours

Incubation period of food poisonings:
Food poisoning - Incubation period
Salmonella - 12 – 24 hours
Staphylococcal - 1 – 6 hours
Botulism - 12 – 36 hours
Cl. perfirengens - 6 – 24 hours
B. cereus (emetic form) - 1 – 6 hours
B. cereus (diarrhoel form) - 12 – 24 hours


Question: According to International Health regulation (IHR) Act, a pregnant woman, with the following duration of pregnancy (in weeks), can’t travel by air to other country


Question: Louse Transmits


Question: Pasteurization of milk is done at a temperature of

(B) 63degC for 30 min[?]PasteurizationoOriginally designed to eliminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnettioInitially 63degC for 30 minutesoHigh-temperature short-time pasteurization (HTST)-Kills pathogens-Lowers bacterial numbers, milk keeps while refrigeratedoUltra-high-temperature pasteurization (UHT)-Milk can be stored with no refrigeration-Super heated steam (temperature goes 74degC to 140deg to 74deg in 5 seconds)oPasteurization used to reduce microbial numbers in milk and other beverages while retaining flavor and food quality of the beverage.oFlash pasteurization (high-temperature short term pasteurization) quick heating to about 72degC for 15 seconds, then rapid cooling.[?]Pasteurization of milk:-Holder (Vat) method: Milk is kept at 63-66degC for at least 30 minutes & then quickly cooled to 5degC. Vat method is recommended for small & rural communities.-High Temperature & Short time (HTST) Method: Milk is rapidly heated to a temperature of nearly 72degC is held at that temperature for not less than 15 seconds & is then rapidly cooled to 4degC.-Ultra-high Temperature (UHT) Method: Milk is rapidly heated usually in 2 stages (the second stage usually being under pressure) to 125degC for a few seconds only. It is then rapidly cooled and bottled as quickly as possible.-Kills and removes all pathogens (100%)-Kills most non-pathogens (99%)-Surviving organisms are spore formers, thermoduric and thermophilic organisms.[?]Milk-borne diseases:oJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee (1970) on Milk Hygiene classified milk-borne diseases asoInfections of Animals that can be transmitted to man:oPrimary Importance:-Brucellosis-Streptococcal infections-Staphylococcal enterotoxin poisoning-Salmonellosis-Q feveroLesser Importance:-Cow-pox-Foot & mouth-Anthrax-Leptospirosis-Tick-borne encephalitisoInfections primary to man that can be transmitted through milk:-Typhoid & paratyphoid fevers-Shigellosis-Cholera-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC)-Non-diarrhoeal diseases-Streptococcal infections-Staphylococcal food poisoning-Diphtheria-Tuberculosis; Enteroviruses; Viral hepatitisoMethylene blue reduction test: It is an indirect method for detection of microorganisms in mil. The test is carried out on the milk accepted for pasteurization.oPasteurization kills nearly 9% of the bacteria in milk including the more heat-resistant tubercle bacillus & the Q fever organisms. But it will not kill thermoduric bacteria nor the bacterial spores.oDespite pasteurization, with subsequent rise in temperature, the bacteria are bound to multiply. In order to check the growth of microorganisms, pasteurized milk is rapidly cooled to 4degC.


Question: POSCO act related to

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 deals with sexual offences against persons below 18 years of age, who are deemed as children. The Act for the first time defines "penetrative sexual assault", "sexual assault" and "sexual harassment". The Act incorporates child-friendly procedures for repoing, recording, investigation and trial offences. The Act provides for stringent punishments which have been graded as per the gravity of the offence.


Question: Concept of school health was first laid by

School Health * Concept first laid by BHORE committee (1946) Guidelines were laid down in detail by RENUKA ROY committee (1961) Kaar Singh committee: Committee on multipurpose workers under health and family planning Mukherjee committee : Basic health should be provided at block level


Question: The Vitamin A supplement administered in “Prevention of nutritional blindness in children programme” contains

Vitamin A solution contains 1 lac IU per ml solution
Vitamin A is given in NIS of India till 5 years age (Recent guidelines)

– At 9 months age: 1 lac IU (1 ml)
– Every 6 months, till 5 years age: 2 lac IU (2 ml) each
– Total dose given: 17 lac IU (9 doses).


Question: Kaplan meier methods is used for

The Kaplan-Meier estimator, also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival function from lifetime data. In medical research, it is often used to measure the fraction of patients living for a ceain amount of time after treatment.


Question: Global removal of disease agent refers to

Disease control : Is decrease in incidence of disease, so that it is no more public health problem.
Disease elimination : Complete reduction in incidence of disease in defined geographical area, but organism persists.
Disease Eradication : Global removal of organism.


Question: The time between entry of the organism and to produce maximum infection is known as

Generation Time- The interval of time between receipt of infection by a host and maximal infectivity of that host. The incubation period is used for infections that manifest disease whereas generation time refers to the transmission of infection whether clinical or subclinical. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 100


Question: Banglore method is

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Anaerobic Composting There are two methods of composting :Banglore method (Anaerobic hot fermentation process) : Alternate layers of refuse and night soil in propoion of 3:1, with refuse layer both as lowermost as well as uppermost (topmost).Indore method or mechanical composting (aerobic process).


Question: Data of happy,Moderately happy and Very happy is

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed


Question: Serial interval measures

.serial inetrval is the time gap between the onset of primary cases and the secondary cases.by collecting information on the whole series if such onsets,we get a distribution of secondary cases from which we can guess the incubation period of disease. ref:park&;s textbook ,22 nd edition,pg no 96


Question: Isolation is done in following case/s

Isolation recommended for: Chickenpox Measles German measles Cholera diphtheria Salmonellosis Hepatitis A Influenza Polio Tuberculosis Herpes zoster Mumps Peussis Meningococcal meningitis Streptococcal pharyngitis Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 132


Question: 'Lead time' refers to the time between

Disease onset and first critical diagnosis

Disease onset and first possible point of detection

First possible point of detection and final critical point

First possible point of detection and usual time of diagnosis


Question: 'Soiling Index' is an indicator of

Ans. b (Air pollution) (Ref. Park Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine 22nd/pg. 683)SOILING INDEX (Smoke Index) is indicator of air pollution.Other indicators of air pollution are:# SO2# Grit & Dust Measurement# Coefficient of Haze# Air Pollution IndexNote: The best indicators of air pollution are sulphur dioxide, smoke and suspended particles.


Question: Pearson’s Skewness Coefficient is given by

• Measures of skewness:
– Pearson’s mode or First Skewness coefficient = (Mean – Mode)/SD
– Pearson’s median or Second Skewness coefficient = 3(Mean – Median)/SD
– Quartile skewness = (Q3 – 2Q2 + Q1)/Q3 – Q1


Question: Pulse proteins are deficient in

Pulses (legumes) Pulses comprise a variety of grams, also known as dhals. Most commonly eaten pulses are bengal gram (chana), red gram (tuvar or arhar), green gram (mung) and black gram (urd). Others include lentils (masur), peas and beans including soyabean. Khesari dhal (lathyrus sativus), is consumed in pas of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, excessive consumption of which is associated with lathyrism. Pulses contain 20 to 25 per cent of proteins, which is double that found in wheat and three times that found in rice. II') fact, pulses contain more protein than eggs, fish or flesh foods. But in regard to quality, pulse proteins are inferior to animal proteins. Pulse proteins are poor in methionine and to a lesser extent in cysteine. On the other hand they are rich in lysine. Soyabean is exceptionally rich in protein, containing up to 40 per cent. In addition, pulses are rich in minerals and B-group vitamins such as riboflavin and thiamine. In the dry state, pulses do not contain vitamin C. Germinating pulses, however, contain higher concentration of vitamins, especially vitamin C and B vitamins. Fermentation also modifies the nutritive value of pulses .in that the vitamin content paicularly that of riboflavin, thiamine and niacin is enhanced. Although pulses are called "poor man's meat", they are eaten by the rich and poor alike in India. They give variety to the diet and make the food more palatable. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 649


Question: For emergency contraception IUD must be inserted

IUD is not used as emergency contraception


Question: Vagabond disease

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Louse Vagabond's disease is pediculosis eorporis, caused by body louse.


Question: In a slow sand filter, the element responsible for yielding bacteria free water is the

Level of hardness is expressed in terms of milliequivalents per litre where one milliequivalent is equal to 50mg calcium carbonate in one litre of water.
The level of hardness of hard water is equal to 3-6mEq/L or 150-300 mg/L.

Where no water source in a distance of 1.6 km from community


Question: Epidemiological triad does not includes


Question: The daily requirement of Vitamin D in infants and children is


Question: Chlorine demand of water is measured by

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Horrock's apparatus [Ref: Park 20/e, p 637 (19/e, p 577, 18/e, p 530)1Chlorine demand of water can be estimated by Horrock's apparatus.Chlorine demand of water is the amount of chlorine that is needed to destroy bacteria, and to oxidize all the organic matter and ammonical substances present in water.It is the difference between the amount of chlorine added to the water, and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specific period of contact (usually 1 hr), at a given temperature and pH of water.Berkefield filter is a type of ceramic filter which is used for purifying water on small scale.The Double Pot Method provides a constant dose of chlorine to well water during periods of emergency.


Question: Study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities is


Question: Indicator of efficacy of hospital services and health programs

Case fatality rate - propoion of deaths within a designated population of cases Incidence- It is rate of new cases of diseases occuring with in a period of time Prevalance - It is actual number of cases alive with disease during a period of time. Hence it shows the efficicacy of hospital services and health programs Secondary Attack Rate - It is defined as probability of infection occuring in the susceptible individuals with in a reasonable incubation period following known contact with infected person/source


Question: Nuclear family consists of

The nuclear or elementary family is universal in all human societies. It consists of the married couple and their children while they are still regarded as dependents.Park 23e pg: 683

Social science, Mental health & Genetics


Question: Single best moality indicator

ref: Park&;s 23rd edition pg 58 ASDR(Adjusted Standardised Death Rate): here, age adjustment or age standardisation is made, which removes confounding effect of different age structures and yields a single standardised or adjusted rate, by which the moality experience can be compared directly.


Question: In Chandler Index denominator used is

Chandler Index is the average number of hookworm eggs per gram of faeces for the entire community. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 243


Question: Incidence of TB in a community is measured by

Epidemiological indices of TB Incidence of TB infection (Annual infection rate, Annual risk of infection - ARI) : percentage if population understudy who will be newly infected with TB among Non-infected in 1 year Express attacking force of TB in community In developing countries 1% ARI corresponds to : 50 SS +ve cases per 100000 general population. Tuberculin conversion index is the best indicator for evaluation of TB problem and its trend ' in the community Prevalence of TB infection Percentage of individuals who show a positive reaction to standard Tuberculin test. Represent cumulative experience of population in' recent as well as remote infection' with TB Tuberculin test is the only way of estimating the prevalence of infection in a population Incidence of disease Percentage of new TB cases per 1000 population. Reveals trend of problem, including impact of control measures. Is of utility only in countries where high propoion of new cases are detected and notification is reliable Sputum smear examination (AFB) is a reliable method for estimation. Prevalence of disease or case rate Percentage of individuals whose sputum is positive for TV bacilli on microscopic examination Best available practical index to estimate case load in community. Age specific prevalence is most relevant index Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 219-220


Question: Accoustomed way of doing things


Question: The vital layer in a slow sand filter is


Question: Disease not transmitted by Lice is

Ans. is 'c' i.e. Q-fever Lice are vectors of the following diseases:Epidemic typhus - Rickettsia prowazekiRelapsing fever - Borrelia recurrentisTrench fever - Rickettsia quintanaLice itself causes pediculosis which can lead to dermatitis due to scratching and secondary infection.Q-fever is transmitted by soft tick. The causative agent of this disease is Coxiella burnetti.ArthopodsArthropod borne diseases1) Mosquito:1) AnophelesMalaria2) CulexJapanese encephalitis West nile fever Bancroftian filariasis Viral arthritis3) AedesYellow fever DengueDengue haem, fever Chikungunya fever Rift valley fever4) MansonoidesBrugian filariasis2) SandflyKalazar Oriental sore Oraya fever Sandfly fever3) Tse-tse flySleeping sickness4) LouseEpidemic typhus, relapsing fever, trench fever, pediculosis.5) Rat fleaBubonic plague, endemic plague, chiggerosis, hymenolepis diminua6) Black flyOnchocerciasis7) Reduvid bugChaga's disease8) Hard tickTick typhus, viral encephalitis, viral haem. Fever, KFD, Turalemia, tick paralysis, human babesiosis.9) Soft tickQ fever, relapsing fever10)TrombiculidMiteScrub typhus, Rickettsialpox11) Itch miteScabies12) CyclopsGuinea worm disease, Fish tape worm (D. latum)13) CockroachesEnteric pathogens14. HouseflyTyphoid and paratyphoid fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, gastro-enteritis, amoebiasis, helminthic infestations, poliomyelitis, conjunctivitis, trachoma, anthrax, yaws, etc.


Question: Mass chemoprophylaxis is not given for one of the following

Ans. d. Scabies Mass chemoprophylaxis is not given for Scabies. To control scabies, only the members of the affected family are treated simultaneously whether or not they appear to be infested. Thus it is given to close contacts only, so it is not a mass prophylaxis Chemoprophylaxis Causal Prophylaxis Complete prevention of infection by early elimination of the invading or migrating causal agent Clinical Prophylaxis It is prevention of clinical symptom. It does not necessarily eliminate infection Lymphatic filariasis DEC (6 mg/kg) is given to almost everyone in the communitydeg, irrespective of whether they have microfilaremia, disease manifestation or no signs of infection except: Children < 2 years of agedeg Pregnant womendeg Seriously ill patients It is given in the endemic areasdeg It is a type of clinical prophylaxis Plague Tetracycline chemoprophylaxis is given to all contacts, medical, nursing and health personnel exposedto the risk of infection During an outbreak, it is given to a large section of community, making it a mass prophylax Vitamin A deficiency To prevent xerophthalmia, Vitamin A prophylaxis is given on a mass scale as a sho term preventive measure


Question: Measles is said to be infectious

Measles transmission Measles case is infective 4 days before to 5 days after appearance of rash More commonly seen in winters and early spring in India Incubation period : 10-14 days Only one type of vaccine (Live attenuated) Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 159-162

4 days before and 5 days after rash appearance


Question: Mg++ is used in vaccine as


Question: Referral Service Complex of health care delivery is based on the recommendation of

Shrivastav committee, 1955 recommended:a)Creation of bands of para-professional and semi-professional health workers from within the community itselfb)Establishment of - Multipurpose health workers and health assistantsc)Development of a 'Referral Service Complex' by establishing proper linkages between the PHC and higher level referral and service centres, viz taluka/tehsil, district, regional and medical college hospitalsd)Establishment of medical and health education commission for planning and implementing the reforms needed in health and medical education on lines of University grants commission.Park 23e pg: 865

Health care of community & international health


Question: HIV targeted intervention not done in

Targeted intervention - It is a specific package of intervention & services which are given to population those who have either high risk of HIV or those who have repoed high risk of HIV. Groups with high risk of HIV are: Commercial sex workers Injecting Drug Users Truck Drivers Migrant Labour Street children Transgender Adolescents - Hence, option-4 is the answer.


Question: ‘3 by 5 Initiative’ was launched in developing countries to combat

3 BY 5 INITIATIVE: Launched by WHO and UNAIDS on 1st Dec 2003
– Target: To provide antiretroviral treatment (ART) to 3 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in developing countries by end of 2005


Question: Pasteurized milk is tested by

Ans) a (Phosphatase test Ref Park 20th Edn P569Tests for pasteurized milka) Phosphatase testb) Standard plate testc) Coli form countMethylene blue reduction test- It is an indirect method for detection of microorganisms in milk, and carried out on milk accepted for pasteurization.Methods of pasteurization.Holder (vat) method-in this milk is kept at 63-66degc for at least 30 minutes and then cooled to 5degcHigh temperature and short time methodMilk is rapidly heated to temperature of nearly 72degc is held at that temperature for not less than 15 seconds and is then cooled to 4degc.It is the most widely used method now. Ultra high temperature method (UHT)Milk is rapidly heated usually in 2 stages to 125degc.Thermoduric bacteria and bacterial spores are resistant to pasteurization.OTA test-for detection and estimation of free and combined chlorine in chlorinated water.


Question: Highest content of lactose is seen in

Lactose content of milk : Human > Buffalo > Goat > Coco
Protein content of milk : Buffalo > Goat > Coco > Human


Question: Family consisting of a mother and her children is


Question: McKneown’s Theory states that reduced prevalence of Tuberculosis occurs due to

• Thomas McKeown attributed the modern rise in the world population, AND DECLINE OF TB from the 1700sto the present to broad economic and social changes (especially diet and nutrition – “Nutritional Determinism”) rather than to targeted public health or medical interventions.


Question: Leishmaniasis is caused by

Ans) a (Protozoa) Ref park 20th edpg 267These type of questions are zero value questions and will gain importance once you make it wrong!!!!!Leishmaniasis are a group of protozoal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania,and transmitted to man by the bite of female phlebotomine sandfly. No further explanation is needed.


Question: "White plague" is

In 1700s,TB was called "White Plague" due to the Paleness of Patients. Ref: Pg No: 317, IAPSM Textbook of Community Medicine


Question: Incubation period of plasmodium vivax is


Question: Main focus of UNICEF is on;

UNICEF - United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund It was established in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly to deal with rehabilitation of children in war ravaged countries. Headquaers- New York GOBI- FFF campaign G- Growth monitoring F- Family planning O- ORS F- Family education B- Breast feeding F- Food supplementation I-immunization


Question: The headquaers of UNESCO is located in

Health care of community & international health


Question: An obese lady accountant working in POF hospital Wah Cantt came to the dietician there and took advice for a balanced diet. Dietician told that important point for prudent diet is that

Unsaturated fats should be less than 10%

Dietary fat should be limited to 20-30% of total intake

Proteins should account for 50-60% of diet


Question: The time interval between diagnosis by early detection and diagnosis by other means(2004)


Question: Cafeteria approach is related with

Cafeteria approach :
Under RCH program, cafeteria approach with basket of choices for contraceptive methods. It includes

Condom.
IUD.
OCPs.
Female sterilisation.
Male sterilisation.


Question: Male contraceptive pill is


Question: Hypothyroidism is associated with deficiency of

Ans. (b) Iodine* Iodine deficiency leads to hypothyroidism which manifests as goiter.* Due to hypothyroidism, thyroid cells try to compensate it by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid gland cells (goiter).* Iron deficiency leads to Microcytic anemia (IDA).* Zinc deficiency may manifest with acrodermatitis enteropathica.* Fluorine deficiency/excess manifests with dental caries.Also KnowOptimum level of fluorine in drining water: -0.5 - 0.8 mg per litre.


Question: Secondary attack rate of peussis in unimmunization household contacts of peussis

Ans. is 'd' i.e., 90% SAR of some impoant infectious diseases Measles Rubella Chicken pox Peussis Mumps 80% 90 - 95% -- 90% -- 90% 86%


Question: An old man with hypeension and BP 210/110 mm Hg is classified into Severe hypeension. Scale used is

ORDINAL SCALEScale on which data is shown simply in order of magnitude, since there is no standard of measurement of differences - Categories are organized as a continuum - In the given question, If BP is measured as absolute quantified numbers (E.g. BP 210/110), it should be measured on Metric scale If BP is categorized as Mild-Moderate-Severe, it will become Ordinal scale


Question: In comparing the moality experience of 2 countries, standardization of rate is done due to differences in

Standardized moality ratio (SMR) The simplest and most useful form of indirect standardization is the Standardized Moality Ratio (SMR). In England, it is the basis for the allocation of government money to the health regions of the country. The concept is That the regions with higher moality also have the higher morbidity, and should therefore receive propoionately higher funding to combat ill-health. Standard moality ratio is a ratio (usually expressed as a percentage) of the total number of deaths that occur in the study group to the number of deaths that would have been expected to occur if that study group had experienced the death rates of a standard population (or other reference population). In other words. SMR compares the moality in a study group (e.g., an occupational group) with the moality that the occupational group would have had if they had experienced national moality rates. In this method, the more stable rates of the larger population are applied to the smaller study group. It gives a measure of the likely excess risk of moality due to the occupation. SMR= Observed deaths /Expected deaths X lOO The SMR has the advantage over the direct method of age adjustment in that it permits adjustment for age and other factors where age-specific rates are not available or are unstable because of small numbers. One needs to know only the number of persons in each age group in the study population and the age-specific rates of the national population (or other reference population). It is possible to use SMR if the event of interest is occurrence of disease rather than death Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 59


Question: As compared to Cow’s milk, human milk has


Question: DEC Provocation test is used for


Question: Drug of choice for Diphtheria carriers is

Diphtheria:- Clinical features :- * Present as pharyngo tonsillar form (most common), laryngo tracheal form (most severe) and nasal diphtheria (mild form) Control of diphtheria * Cases to be isolated for 14 days * Treatment- cases- Antitoxin * Treatment Carriers - Ehromycin-10 day course Ref:- K Park, 24th ed; pg num:- 171


Question: Vitamin E deficiency is associated with

Vitamin E deficiency causes axonal degeneration of the large myelinated axons results in posterior column & spino cerebellar symptoms


Question: Frequency distribution is studied by


Question: Zinc supplement given in 12 month baby


Question: Extended sickness benefit for TB under ESI ACT is


Question: Most common complication of measles in children


Question: Contraceptive efficacy is measured by

Contraceptive Efficacy: Is assessed by measuring the number of unplanned pregnancies that occur during a specified period of exposure and use of a contraceptive method. Two methods used are:

Pearl Index
Life table analysis

Life Table Analysis (LTA) as measure of contraceptive efficacy:
– LTA calculates a failure rate per month of use
– Better measure than PI

Life table analysis and Couple protection rate


Question: Unit of absorbed radiation is


Question: According to Suraksha Clinic in National AIDS Control Program, infant coming with lower abdominal pain, the color code of kit in treatment is


Question: Iceberg phenomena is not seen in

The only source of measles infection is case. Carriers are not know to occur. So, iceberg phonomena is not seen in measles. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno 147


Question: Not an experimental study


Question: Soil acts as a source as well as reservoir for

Natural habitat of Clostridium Tetani is soil and dust. The bacilli are found in the intestine of many herbivorous animal eg cattle, horses, goats and sheep Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 339


Question: The standard regimen for satisfactory treatment of paucibacillary leprosy consists of

WHO Recommended treatment regimens 6-month regimen for Paucibacillary (PB) Leprosy Dapsone Rifampicin Adult50 - 70 kg 100 mgGiven daily 600 mgGiven once a month under supervision Child10 - 14 years 50 mgGiven daily 450 mgGiven once a month under supervision 12-month regimen for Multibacillary (MB) Leprosy Dapsone Rifampicin Clofazamine Adult50 - 70 kg 100 mgGiven daily 600 mgGiven once a month under supervision 50 mgGiven daily AND 300 mgGiven once a month under supervision Child10 - 14 years 50 mgGiven daily 450 mgGiven once a month under supervision 50 mgGiven every other day AND 150 mgGiven once a month under supervision


Question: Antenatal suppo is not delivered by

The special category of &;maternal and child health worker&; at peripheral level is gradually being phased out. A wide range of workers is now considered necessary for maternal and child health work. They include1) Professionals: Specialists2) Field workers: Multi-purpose workers, Health guides, Dais (traditional bih attendants), balsevikas, Anganwadi workers, ASHA3) Members of women organisations.Park23rd edition pg: 556

Health care of community & international health


Question: Population control can be best achieved by


Question: Incubation period of Hepatitis B virus

Incubation Period of Hepatitis B virus is 30-180 days Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 234


Question: Period of isolation for Measles is from

The period of communicability is approximately 4 days before and5 days after the appearance of the rash. Isolation of the patient for a week from the onset of rash is sufficient. The rash appears about 4 days after the onset of prodromal stage/ catarrhal symptoms, Hence the best answer in this case would be 1. Incubation period of Measles - 10-14 days Also remember, period of communicability of: Chicken pox : 2 days before & 5 days after appearance of rash Rubella : 4 days before symptoms & 7 days post rash Mumps : 4 days before symptoms & 7 days post rash Influenza : 1-2 days before & after symptoms Diphtheria : 14 - 28 days from onset Peussis : 7 days post-exposure to 3-weeks post paroxysmal stage Meningococcus :Until absent from nasal / throat discharge Polio : 7-10 days before & after symptoms Hepatitis B : Till disappearance of HBS-Ag & appearance of Anti- HBS Ab TB : As long as not treated HIV : Life long Tetanus : NONE.

Onset of catarrhal symptoms to 3 days after

Onset of catarrhal symptoms to 7 days after

Onset of catarrhal symptoms to 6 days after

Onset of catarrhal symptoms to 8 days after


Question: Confidence limit is calculated by using


Question: Sickness absenteeism is a useful to assess

Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25 th Ed

Hospital waste and disaster management, Occupational health