Question: Dried semen stain in clothes is identified by

UV light 3) Microscopic examination - Involves identification of spermatozoa under the microscope. Fluorescence microscopy is based on the principle that the Y-chromosome is fluorescent to quinacrine. 4) Electrophoretic methods Acid phosphatase isoenzyme test - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by staining with methyl umbelliferyl phosphate reagent makes the seminal acid phosphatase to be distinguished from the acid phosphatase present in other substances & in vaginal secretion. This is superior to LDH isoenzyme method since semen can be identified in the absence of sperms as in azoospermic or vasectomised persons. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme Test - Sperm specific LDH isoenzyme can be separated from other LDH isoenzymes of semen by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proof of semen: The only absolute proof of semen is the finding of at least one unbroken spermatozoan, or electrophoretic LHD isoenzyme detection of sperms. In case of azoospermia, vasectomy or very old persons a stain will be seminal if it gives - characteristic fluorescence in UV light - positive 1-taarate acid-phosphatase and - High levels of acid phosphatase & creatine phosphokinase or electrophoretic seminal acid phosphatase or PSA (P30) positive Species (Human or animal) is confirmed by precipitin test as in blood stains. Source (from which person) is identified by DNA & different grouping systems such as ABO, GM, PGM & GLO-I. New test Commercial ELISA, the SEMA(r)assay, for a seminal vesicle-specific antigen (SVSA) provides highly sensitive detection of semen but are costly .


Question: Term café coronary was coined by

Cafe coronary was coined by Dr Roger Haugen, Medical examiner of Broward, Florida for impaction of food in the respiratory passage.
The original series of deaths involved well-nourished businessmen dying suddenly & unexpectedly in restaurants & cafes while sitting or shortly after sitting in a chair as if they died of heart attack.
Hence, the name 'cafe coronary'. However, the autopsy reveals a bolus of food in the pharynx or larynx.


Question: Maggots in rainy day are seen within


Question: Cavett test is used for detection of

Test for alcohol :

Cavett test
Kozelka and thine test
Alcohol dehydrogenase test
Gas chromatography (Most specific)


Question: Smokeless Gun powder contains

SMOKELESS gun powder: Single base: Nitrocellulose Double base: Nitrocellulose + Nitro-glycerine Triple base: Nitrocellulose + Nitroglycerine + Nitroguanidine


Question: In deep incised wounds, Langer's lines determine


Question: A case of murder with gunshot is reported. A metal bullet is recovered from the body. Primary and Secondary markings on a metal bullet can be used for

Ans is 'a' i.e. Identification of weapon "Primary and secondary marks on the surface of the bullet helps in identification of the gun. Primary marks on the surface of the bullet tells about the 'make' or type of the gun used and the secondary marks which are due to some elevation or depression on the inner surface of the barrel of the gun will tell specifically about the particular gun which has been used when compared with similar markings of a bullet test-fired from the suspected gun. Investigation of Offences on Human Body by Apurba Nandy p48Two types of marks are seen on the surface of the bullet and help in identification of the firearm used.Primary markings (Class characteristics):In all rifled firearms, the bullet is slightly larger than the barrel, and as the bullet passes through the barrel, its sides are marked by the rifling of the barrel. These are k/a primary markings.Primary markings or Class characteristics include- caliber number of lands and grooves {these 2 terms used in describing the rifling found inside the barrel of a firearm. The word lands refers to the raised portion of the rifling, and the grooves refers to the lower portion of the rifling.) direction of the twist of rifling rate of twist of the rifling width of the land and groovesPrimary markings help in identifying the make and model of the firearm used.Secondary markings (individual or accidental characteristics):These markings are caused by irregularities on the inner surface of the barrel which are specific for that particular weapon. These irregularities are produced by the sticking of the particles of the bullet to the bore when shots are fired (this is k/a metallic fouling). Individual characteristics also result accidentally during the manufacturing process.Secondary markings help iii identifying the specific gun from which the bullet was fired.


Question: Seminal stain can be detected by

Test for seminal  stains

Creatine phosphokinase test
Acid phosphatase test
Florence test (Choline iodide crystals)
Barberio's test (Crystals of spesmin picrate).


Question: Maximum punishment that can be awarded by second class judicial magistrate cou

Judicial Magistrate (Second Class) can pass sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding 1 year or of fine not exceeding 5000, or both Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 5


Question: Transmission rate of HIV by needlestick injury in health professionals is

AUTOPSY OF A CASE OF AIDS AND INFECTIONS Universal Work Precautions: (1) All infected bodies should be wrapped and tied in double layer tough plastic bag, with a red colour tag mentioning "Biologically Hazardous". The label should mention the name, age, sex, registration number, etc. (2) Workers who have exudative lesions or weeping dermatitis or external injury should not handle AIDS victims. (3) Proper protective clothing, full sleeves overalls instead of simple surgical gowns, water-proof plastic apron, head cap, face mask, goggles if eye glasses are not worn, double gloves (heavy autopsy gloves over surgical gloves), waterproof rubber gumboots of knee length with shoe covers. A plastic visor will protect eyes and mucosal surfaces from splash injury. A high efficiency paiculate air- filled respirator or a powered air-purifying respirator should be worn. ( 4) Handling sharp instruments: Avoid accidental pricks and cuts from needles, scalpels, etc. If a cut is made in the rubber gloves or needle injury occurs they should be removed immediately and replaced with new ones. Hands and other skin surfaces should be washed immediately and thoroughly if contaminated with blood or other body fluids. Infection of AIDS can be acquired by transdermal inoculation through cuts and needle punctures. About 0.3 to 0.5% of individuals will become seropositive. Transmission rates from contaminated needle punctures or close contact are 10 to 30 times higher for serum hepatitis than for AIDS. The incident should be repoed to proper authority to get their blood check for HIV seropositivity. (5) Handling specimens for laboratory examination: Mucocutaneous contact with the body fluids, and aerosol inhalation should be avoided. They should be properly labelled andfilled with 10% formalin solution and should be handled with gloved hands. (6) Disposal of used instruments: They should be dipped in 20% glutaraldehyde (cidox) for half-an-hour, washed with soap or detergent and water, dried and then rinsed in methylated spirit and air dried. (7) All soiled gauze and cotton, etc. should be collected in a double plastic bag for incineration. (8) Laundry material, such as aprons, towels, etc. should be soaked in one percent bleach for half-an-hour, washed with detergent and hot water, and autoclaved. (9) Clean- up procedure: Wear new intact disposable gloves. Small spatters and spills of blood and other body fluids can be wiped up with disposable tissues o1* towels which are discarded in special bio-hazard bags and properly disposed. The autopsy table and floor should be cleaned with one percent bleach solution, followed by washing with soap and water. (10) Disinfectants: 1:10 dilution of common household bleach or a freshly prepared sodium hypochlorite solution are recommended. Liquid chemical germicides commonly used in health care facilities and laboratories are effective against HIV. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-121,122


Question: Percolating of blood to the lateral aspect of head behind the ear is indicative of

Black eye( Raccoon's sign) in case of anterior cranial fossa fracture, extravasation of blood around the eye and in the periorbital tissue can be observed. It is due to percolation of blood to the periorbital tissue. This is called black eye. Battle's sign in case of middle cranial fossa fracture, there may be percolation of blood to the lateral aspect of head behind the dark which is called Battle's sign Cullen's sign Ectopic bruise around umbilicus in extraperitoneal or intra abdominal bleed or rupture ectopic pregnancy or acute pancreatitis. Grey -Turner's sign Ectopic bruise at flank in retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 117


Question: Tattooing colors the skin permanently because pigmented dyes are injected into the

The dermis is highly vascular and glandular and contains many nerve endings and hair follicles. Dermis has two layers: (i ) Upper layer called the stratum papillarosum (papillary layer), which is in contact with the epidermis. Numerous projections (papillae) extend from this layer into the epidermis. Papillae form the base for the friction ridges on the fingers and toes. (ii ) The lower layer is called stratum reticularosum. Tattooing colors the skin permanently because the pigmented dyes are injected below the mitotic basal layer into the dermis Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th edition; Page no: 214


Question: A dead body is found to have mark like "branching of tree in front of chest. The most likely cause of death is

Burns from lightning may appear in the form of 'arborescent markings' on the surface of the skin, looking like branches of a tree.Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 161


Question: Cruelty of Mrs. X for dowry by her husband Mr. Y and in Laws is Punishable under

Sec 498 A IPC- Subjecting a married woman to cruelty by husband or in laws. Sec 320 IPC- Grievous Hu - Definition Sec 304 A IPC- Death caused by rash and negligent act - 2 yrs. Sec 304 B IPC- Dowry death: death of a female within 7 yrs of marriage.


Question: A child under 7 years of age is incapable of committing an offence comes under

An act which is done by a child under 7 years of age is not an offence S.82, I.P.C. A child between 7 and 12 years is presumed to be capable of committing an offence if he attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of his conduct on that occasion.S.83.I.P.C. The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Dr. k.S. Narayan Reddy 29th edition page no: 49.


Question: Marking nut is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Semicarpus anacardium Semicarpus anacardium (marking nut or bhilawan)* Its seed are heart shaped, conical and black with acrid oily juice which is brownish but turns black on exposure to air. Active principles are semecarpol and bhilawanol.* Juice applied to skin produces irritation, painful blisters followed by itching and eczema. Therefore it is used to produce artificial bruises.* It is also used by washerman to mark clothes.


Question: A 35 year old man is brought to you dressed in woman's clothing. On fuher questioning you find that he gets sexual pleasure from doing so. It is a case of

Transvestism /Eonism Disorder characterized by recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors involving cross-dressing. Sexual gratification is obtained by wearing the dress of opposite sex for sexual excitement. It is usually seen in males They collect items of distinct feminine look and feel, like nightgowns, slips, bras, lingerie, stockings and pantyhose, and may dress in these feminine garments and take photographs of themselves while living out their secret fantasies.


Question: The best specimen used for toxicological analysis in embalmed body is

The best specimen used for toxicological analysis in embalmed body is SKELETAL MUSCLE FROM BUTTOCK In embalmed body its very difficult to detect volatile poisons.


Question: Cephalic index is used for

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Race Cephalic index, height index & nasal index are used for determination of race. Cephalic index = maximum breadth of skull/ maximum length of skull x 100 Type of skull Cephalic index Race Dolichocephalic (long headed) 70 - 75 Pure Aryan, Aborigines, Negroes Mesaticephalic (medium headed) 75 - 80 Europeans and Chinese Brachycephalic (sho headed) 80- 85 Mongolian


Question: Necrosis of PCT is caused by

Action of phenol phenol has both local and systemic action. Locally city acts as a corrosive and after absorption it possesses necrotic effects. Phenol is protoplasmic poison. It combines with proteins and denatures it. It deeply penetrates the tissues and produces necrosis. After absorption it causes capillary damage and clotting in superficial vessels. It also acts on the CNS, hea and kidney. It affects the proximal convoluted tubules and causes renal failure. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 413


Question: Most common hymen tear in sexual assault is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Posterolateral * In virgin rupture (tears) of hymen due to sudden stretching occurs in posterior half of membrane usually at the sides (i.e. posterolaterally) in 4 or 8'0 clock or 5 or 7'0 clock position, or in the midline of hymen (6'0 clock position).* Posterolateral rupture is more common than posterior rupture.Position of rupture of hymenReason of rupture5 - 7 O'clockSexual intercourse11-1 O'clockMasturbation


Question: Entry wound kind of depression will be seen in

Entry wound kind of depression will be seen in Inversion Pond's fracture / Indented fracture - Fracture of Elastic skull Seen in infants During forceps delivery


Question: Gutter fracture is due to

Bullet striking on the skull but not entering it: Bullet may tangentially touch the skull and doesn't enter the skull cavity . In such a case , there may be a gutter that is produced on the skull- Gutter fracture ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 154


Question: Subpubic angle in female is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., 90 degrees PELVISTraitMaleFemale1) Bony frameworkMassive, rougher, marked muscle sites. Stands higher and more erect.Less massive, slender, smoother.Less muscle marking.2) GeneralDeep funnel.Flat bowl.3) IliumLess vertical; curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is more prominent.More vertical; distance between iliac crests is less; iliac fossae shallow; curves of crest well marked.4) Preauricular sulcus (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament)Not frequent; narrow, shallow.More frequent, broad and deep5) AcetabulumLarge, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterallySmall, 46 mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally.6) Obturator foramenLarge, often oval with base upwardsSmall, triangular with apex forwards.7) Greater sciatic notchSmaller, narrower, deeper.Larger, wider, shallower.8) Illeo-pectineal lineWell marked and rough.Rounded and smooth.9) Ischial tuberosityInvertedEverted; more widely separated10) Body of pubisNarrow, tirangular, thick; short is chial ramus.Broad, square; ischial ramus is lengthened and narrowed; pits on posterior surface if borne children.11) Ramus of pubisIt is like continuation of body of pubis.Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is short and thick.12) Ischiopubic ramiMore everted, thicker and rougher.Less everted, thinner and smoother.13) SymphysisHigher, bigger and narrow in width.Margins of pubic arch everted.Lower, wider and rounded, margins of pubic arch not everted; distance between two pubic tubercles greater. The dorsal border is irregular and shows depressions or pits (scars of parturition).14) Subpubic angleV-shaped, sharp angle 70deg to 75deg.U-shaped, rounded, broader angle 90deg to 100deg15) Pelvic brim or inletHeart-shapedCircular or elliptical; more spacious; diameters longer.16) Pelvic cavityConical and funnel-shapedBroad and round17) Pelvic outletSmallerLarger18) Sacroiliac articulationLarge, extends to 2 1/2 to 3 vertebrae.Small, oblique, extends to 2 to 2 1/2 vertebrae.19) Sacroliliac joint surfaceLarge and less sharply angulated.L-shaped and elevated anteriorly.20) SacrumLonger, nanrower, with more evenly distributed curvature; promontory well marked. Body of first sacral vertebra larger.Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward in lower half; promontory less marked.Body of first sacral vertebra small.21) CoccyxLess movableMore movable22) Ischiopubic index73 to 9491 to 115 Public length in mm.------------------Ischial length in mm.x 100 23) Sciatic notch index4 to 55 to 6 Width of notch index------------------Depth of sciatic notchx 100 24) Pubic ramus ratio1:12 : 1 or greater

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: In an act of tribadism, the active paner is known as AIIMS 12; COMEDK 14


Question: A laceration on the scalp is mistaken for

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Incised wound LACERATIONS (Tear or Rupture)* Lacerations are tears or splits of skin, mucous membrane and underlying tissue (e.g., muscle or internal organs). Lacerations are produced by application of blunt force to broad area of the body, which crush or stretch tissues beyond the limits of their elasticity. Localized portions of tissue are displaced by the impact of the blunt force, which sets up traction forces and causes tearing of tissues. Features of lacerations arei) Hair and hair bulb, nerves and blood vessels are crushed - There may be paralysis (nerve crushed) and hemorrhage is not pronounced (blood vessels crushed).ii) Site of injury is the site of impact.iii) Shape of injury is irregular, margins are irregular and contused/abraded and show tags of tissue.iv) Size of injury does not corresponds to impacting surface.* There are following types of laceration: -1) Split laceration: Splitting occurs by crushing of skin between two hard objects. Blunt force on areas where the skin is close to rigid structures like bone with scanty subcutaneous tissue, may produce a wound that by linear splitting of tissue may look like incised wound, i.e., incised like or incised looking wound. Examples of such area are scalp, eye brows, cheek bones (zygomatic), lower jaw, iliac crest, perineum and skin. A wound produced by a fall on knee or elbow with limb flexed and by a sharp stone also simulates incised wound.2) Strech lacerations: Overstretching of the skin, if it is fixed, will cause laceration, for example, by kicking, sudden deformity of bone occurs after fracture, making it compound.3) Avulsion (shearing laceration): An avulsion is a laceration produced by sufficient force (shearing force) delivered at an acute angle to detach (tear off) a portion of a traumatized surface or viscus from its attachment, the shearing and grinding force by a weight. Flaying is type of avulsion in which shearing and grinding force by weight (such as of lorry wheel passing over a limb) may produce avulsion (separation of skin from underlying tissue/degloving of a large area).4) Tears: Tears of the skin and tissues can occur from imact by a against irregular or semi-sharp objects, such as door handle of a car. This is another form of overstretching.5) Cut laceration: Cut lacerations may be produced by a heavy sharp edged instrument.


Question: Exhibitionism is punishable under

294 IPC - Obscene acts and songs - 3 months with or without fine or both 293 IPC - Sale of obscene objects to young person 292 IPC - Sale of obscene books, etc 304 IPC - Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder


Question: Telefono is...

Beating of the ears These are all methods of toure Telefono is slapping on the sides of the head over ears by open palms. This may cause rupture of the ear drum. Falanga - is beating on the soles of the feet by canes or rods. Wet submarino (Latino) - forced immersion of head in water often contaminated with urine or faeces. Dry subnzarino - tying of a plastic bag over the head up to the point of suffocation. Cattle prod - electric shock are given using high voltage current. Black slave - heated metal skewer inseed into the anus.

Forced immersion of head until stage of suffocation


Question: The inflicted weapon should be

- The stab injury shows acute angles at both ends, which are suggestive of double edged weapon. If a double edged weapon is used, the wound will be elliptical or slit-like and both angles will besharp or pointed. If the knife penetrates to full length up to the guard, one or both edges maybe blunt. - In case of single edged knife wound is wedge shaped sometimes blunt edge of knife can harm the skin giving it a tail like appearance which is known as FISH TAIL. -In case of screwdriver the wound is slit-like with squared ends and abraded margins. - In case of ice pick the wound is circular in shape


Question: Motorcyclist fracture among the following is

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Fracture base of skull into anterior & posterior halves The fracture of base of skull dividing it into two halves (anterior & posterior), each moving independently of each other like a hinge is specifically called as motor cyclist fracture.The fracture line runs across through the pituitary fossa and along the petrous temporal bones.It's a fatal injury & occurs in many types of road accidents or due to a very heavy impact on one side of the head.

Fracture base of skull into anterior & posterior halves.


Question: Disrobing a women comes under

354 A Sexual assault 354 B Disrobing a woman in a public place 354 C Voyeurism punishment 354 D Stalking punishment


Question: Casper's Dictum is used for


Question: Emeris is contraindicated in


Question: Code of conduct means

Warning notice (Code of conduct) It is the general guide line for doctors for things that they should not do in their professional career. The council from time to time issue a list of unethical practices that a medical professional should not do and if otherwise, will amount to serious professional misconduct. This is called warning notice. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 374

General guidelines for doctors for things that they should not do in their professional career

Guidelines to improve the standard of medical education


Question: Cyanide poisoning antidote

Cyanide Antidotes :

Eli lilly antidote.
Sodium nitrite,Amyl nitrite,Sodium thoisulphate.
Cyanokit(Hydroxycobalamin).
Kdocyanor(Dicobalt edetate).


Question: Lucid interval is seen in

(C) Insanity # Lucid Interval: This is a period occurring in insanity, during which all symptoms of insanity disappear completely.> The individual is able to judge his acts soundly, and he becomes legally liable for his acts.> The period of lucid interval varies from person to person & from time to time in the same person & as such one cannot be certain about the time when a person passes again in the state of insanity.


Question: The smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with

Cyanide sometimes is described as having a "bitter almond" smell Garlic odor: Thallium Organophosphate Toxicity Arsenic Poisoning Dimethyl Sulfoxide Sulfur Mustard Phosphite Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 554


Question: A person is responsible for his crime even if done under the influence of alcohol after becoming intoxicated with his own will, comes under


Question: Gettler's test is positive in

B i.e. Drowning Gettler test is done for drowningQ. Gettler's test estimate chloride content of blood from both sides of hea - Normally the chloride content is equal in the right & left chambers of the hea 600 mg/100 ml). In fresh water drowning due to hemodilutione the chloride content is decreasedQ and in Salt water drowning due to hemoconcentrationQ the chloride content is increased in left side of heaQ - A 25% difference in chloride is significant but the test is of ,fintlitnt/ - Limitations of Gettler test 1. No value in atypical drowningQ; congenital cardiac defectsQ as shunts & patent foramen ovale; and if drowning medium contains same amount of chlorideQ 2. There is progressive loss of Cl- from blood after death. Therefore the test has to be made within a reasonably sho time after deathQ


Question: Inquest in dowry death is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Magistrate inquest * Magistrate's inquest is done under sec 176 CrPC is case ofi) Death in prison, reformatories, Borstal school.v) Death due to police firing ii) Death in police costody while under police interrogation.vi) Exhumation.iii) Death in psychiatry hospital.vii) Custodial rape.iv) Dowry death; i.e. death of a married female less than 30 years of age or death within 7 years of marriage* Police inquest is done in cases ofi) Death by suicideii) Death by killing by another person (murder) or an animal or machineryiii) Death by accidentiv) Death under circumstances raising a reasonable suscpicion that some other person has commited an offence.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Res indicata suggest the case against doctor should be filled within

Res indicata The case against the doctor should be filed within 2 years from the date of alleged negligence. After the stipulated time, a case of negligence cannot be filed. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 382


Question: Hasse rule is related to(Kerala 2007repeat)

Ans) a (Age of fetus) Ref: Reddy 27th ed p68Rule of Hasse-It is used for calculating the age of the foetus. In the first five months of pregnancy the square root of crown rump length gives the approximate age of foetus in months.In the last five months the length in centimeters divided by 5 gives the age in months.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Prolonging a person's life through technological means is known as

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dysthanasia * In medicine, dysthanasia means "bad death" and is considered a common fault of modern medicine: Dysthanasia occurs when a person who is dying has their biological life extended through technological means without regard to the person's quality of life.* Dysthanasia is the term for futile or useless treatment, which does not benefit a terminal patient. It is a process through which one merely extends the dying process and not life per se. Consequently, patients have a prolonged and slow death, frequently accompanied by suffering, pain and anguish. When one invests in healing a patient who has no chance of cure, s/he is actually undermining the person's dignity. Advanced measures and their limits should be assessed to benefit the patient and not to hold science as an end in itself.* Euthanasia is currently conceptualized as an action that aims to end the life of a human being taking into account humanistic considerations in relation to the person or society; it is unethical and illegal in Brazil. Nurses should be aware of their ethical code, which clearly prohibits (article 29): "Promoting euthanasia or participating in practice intended to facilitate a patient's death".* Orthotanasia refers to the art of promoting a humane and correct death, not subjecting patients to misthanasia or dysthanasia and not abbreviating death either, that is, subjecting them to euthanasia. Its great challenge is to enable terminal patients to keep their dignity, where there is a commitment to the well being of patients in the final phase of a disease.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage is punishable by

Section 314 in The Indian Penal Code: Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage. Whoever, with intent to cause the miscarriage of a woman with child, does any act which causes the death of such woman, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. If the act was done without woman's consent, shall be punished either with or with the punishment above mentioned. Ref - Krishnan Vij 5th edition , <a href="


Question: Term cafe coronary was coined by

Cafe coronary was coined by Dr. Roger Haugen, Medical examiner of Broward, Florida for impaction of food in the respiratory passage. The original series of deaths involved well-nourished businessmen dying suddenly & unexpectedly in restaurants & cafes, while sitting or sholy after sitting in a chair, as if they died of hea attack. Hence, the name &;cafe coronary&;. However the autopsy reveals a bolus of food in the pharynx or larynx. Reff: Textbook of forensic medicine & Toxicology 6th edition pg : 112


Question: In tandem bullet, number fired is

TANDEM BULLET or PIGGY BACK BULLET : Two bullets are ejected in same shot one after other. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 229


Question: Kunkel's test is done to demonstrate presence of ................. in blood.


Question: Surest sign of identification


Question: Buonian line is seen in poisoning

Chr. Lead poisoning = Plumbism = Saturnism = Saturnine poisoning- ALA in urine, Coproporphyrin in urine, facial pallor, Basophilic stippling/Punctate basophilia (dark blue, pin-head spots in cytoplasm of RBCs), Buonian line (blue line gums' margin, PbS, 50-70% cases, near carious/diy teeth, Lead palsy, Pb encephalopathy, wrist drop, foot drop, Colic, Constipation, Menstrual irregularity, Sterility, Nephropathy, X-ray- radio-opaque bands at metaphyses of long bones, Pb >0.03mg% in blood is diagnostic.) Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 469


Question: Wredin's test is significant in live born fetus related to

Wredin's test After bih, the gelatinous substance in the middle ear is replaced by air through Eustachian tube. This is now considered as not a reliable test. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 351


Question: Tribadism means

Tribadism or Tribbing Is female-to-female genital sex. Two women rub their vulvae together to stimulate each other's clitoris to orgasm. Female homosexuality is known as tribadism or lesbianism. Sexual perversions are: Exhibitionism: Recurrent urge or behavior to expose one's genitals to an unsuspecting person. Fetishism: Use of non-sexual or non living objects or pa of a person's body to gain sexual excitement. Paialism refers to fetishes specifically involving nonsexual pas of the body. Frotteurism: Recurrent urge or behavior of touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person. Masochism: Recurrent urge or behavior of wanting to be humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. Pedophilia: Sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Sadism: Recurrent urge or behavior involving acts in which the pain or humiliation of the victim is sexually exciting. Transvestic fetishism: A sexual attraction towards the clothing of the opposite gender. Voyeurism: Recurrent urge or behavior to observe an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing or engaging in sexual activities. Other options: Sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal is called Bestiality. Sexual intercourse between two males is male homosexuality. Anal intercourse between two men or between a male and female.

Sexual relationship between female and animal


Question: Finger Print Bureau was first established in

On 12 June 1897, the Council of the Governor General of India approved a committee repo that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records. Later that year, the Calcutta (now Kolkata) Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau where Haque & Bose were credited with development of Henry's system of classification of fingerprints. Ref - Internet


Question: IPC 314 deals with

Criminal Aboion Sec. 312 IPC: Whoever (including the pregnant women herself) voluntarily causes criminal aboion with the consent of the patient is liable for imprisonment upto 3 years and with/without fine, and if the woman is quick with child, then imprisonment may extend upto 7 years and fine. Sec. 313 IPC: If miscarriage is caused without the consent of the woman, whether the woman is quick or not, then the person is punished with life imprisonment or imprisonment upto 10 years and fine. Sec. 314 IPC: If pregnant woman dies from the act done with the intent to cause miscarriage, then imprisonment is upto 10 years and fine. If the act is done without the consent of the woman, then the person is punished with life imprisonment or upto 10 years and fine.

Death of the patient caused by miscarriage


Question: Least common complication of lead poisoning in adults

B i.e. Peripheral neuropathy (Don't get astonished this is the correct answer guys)


Question: The professional death sentence is issued by

If the medical practitioner is found to be guilty of committing professional misconduct, the appropriate Medical Council may award such punishment as deemed necessary or may direct the removal altogether or for a specified period, from the register of the name of the delinquent registered practitioner. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 348


Question: A farmer visiting a orchard gets unconscious, excessive salivation , constricted pupils and fasciculation of muscles, treatment staed with


Question: If there is bluish colour of a bruise, then the age of injury is

As red blood cells degrade within a bruise, haemoglobin breaks down into bilirubin and biliverdin, and it is these pigments that pass through a series of colour changes. These are generally from reds through to darker reds/ purples, through to yellows, browns and greens. Determining the Age of a Bruise by its Color Red (swollen, tender) 0-2 days Blue, Purple 2-5 days Green 5-7 days Yellow 7-10 days Brown 10-14 days No fuher evidence of bruising 2-4 weeks Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 200


Question: A lady died due to unnatural death within seven years after her marriage. The inquest in this case will be done by


Question: The most reliable criteria in Gustafson's criteria is

Gustafson's criteria: age determination using secondary changes in teeth. A. AttritionP. Paradentosis S. Secondary dentin - 2nd most reliable R. Root resorption T. Transparency of root - most reliable B. Cementum opposition


Question: Finger pattern may be impaired permanently in case of

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Leprosy Conditions modifying finger prints* Finger prints may be modified in following situations.1) Temporary modification:# It may be due toi) Moderate ridge atrophy (+- loss of pattern) : Coeliac disease.ii) Incomplete ridge atrophy or alteration : Acanthosis nigricans, dermatitis, dry atrophic skin, scleroderma.iii) Distance between ridges change (no change in pattern): Rickets, acromegaly, infantile paralysis.iv) Modification by applying physical agents (by criminals): CO2, snow, corrosives, burns, eroding agents.2) Permanent modification:# It occurs in leprosy, radiation, electric injury, by skin grafting and by complete destruction of skin.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: IPC section 377 describes

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Unnatural sexual offences Rape and other sexual offences and assault* 228IPC: Prohibits disclosure of identity of rape victim.* 375 IPC: Defining rape.* 376 IPC: Punishment for rape (7 years to life imprisonment +- fine).* 376-A IPC: Punishment for marital rape (2 years imprisonment +- fine).* 377 IPC: Unnatural sexual offences (10 years to life imprisonment +- fine).* 354 IPC: Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.* 366-A IPC: Procuration of minor girl for illicit intercourse.* 351 IPC: Defines assault.* 352-358 IPC: Punishment for causing assault.* 509 IPC: Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a women.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The modernized version of the Hippocratic oath is

The Declaration of Geneva (Physician's Pledge) was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at Geneva in 1948. The Declaration of Geneva was intended as a revision of the Hippocratic Oath. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 347


Question: Conclusive test for semen

The Acid Phosphatase Test: The prostatic secretion element of seminal fluid contains 500 to 1000 times greater acid phosphatase than any other body fluid. Undiluted semen has an acid phosphatase activity of 340 to 360 Bodanskyunits or 2500 to 3500 Angstrom units per ml. The concentration of acid phosphatase gradually falls with time in vaginal secretions, and positive reactions are found for periods of thiysix hours, with gradual disappearance in 72 hrs. Five to ten ml of normal saline solution is placed in the vagina with a syringe. The fluid is then removed and placed in a sealed tube and refrigerated for enzyme examination. Concentration in excess of hundred Bodansky units with or without motile sperms indicate that ejaculation occurred within twelve hours of examination. Dried seminal stains which have not undergone putrefaction retain acid phosphatase activity for weeks or months, although enzymatic activity decreases slowly with time. This test is conclusive in the absence of demonstrable sperms or in aspermia. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-434,435


Question: The power of Amnesty for capital punishment is vested with

Aicle 72(1) of the Constitution of India states: The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence (a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Cou Maial; (b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends; (c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death Ref - indiankanoon.org


Question: 'Saturnism' is seen in

Chronic Poisoning (Plumbism, Saturnism or Saturnine Poisoning) Chronic lead poisoning may occur in the industrial environment due to inhalation of lead dust or lead vapour arising from burning of paints, battery, smouldering, glass blowing and polishing, enamel factories, dye, cosmetic, etc. It may also occur due to low dose consumption from drinking water supplied through lead pipes, food preserved in tin containers having lead lining, food contaminated with lead in the course of preservation, etc. Poisoning may occur due to prolonged use of vermilion and cosmetics containing lead. Absorption of tetraethyl lead through skin is common in people who handle petrol or gasoline. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 469


Question: Death caused by rash and negligent of doctor is punishable under


Question: Death sentence can be awarded by

The sessions cou is usually located at district headquaers. It can only try cases which have been committed by a Magistrate S.193, Cr.P.C. It can pass any sentence authorised by law, but a Death sentence passed by it must be confirmed by the High cou.S.28.(2) and S.366, Cr.P.C. District Cou deals with civil cases REF: The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 28th edition page no: 4.


Question: The venom of krait is

Ans. (D). Neurotoxic(Ref: Review of Forensic Medicine and toxicology; Gautum Biswas; 2nd edition; Pg-527)Elapidae - NeurotoxicQ venomViperidae - VasculotoxicQ venomHydrophidae - MyotoxicQ venom

Gram-Positive Infections - Corynebacterial Infections


Question: Characteristic postmoem finding of carbolic acid poisoning is

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Brown leathery stomach Carbolic acid causes of corrosion of lips, mouth and tongue, with burning of chin and cheeks. Vomiting may not take place owing to the anaesthetic action on stomach. The burnt areas are white in colour which later becomes grey, green or brown.In postmoem examination, stomach looks brownish and leathery.


Question: In autopsy, preservative used for vitreous is

Vitreous humor is the preferred specimen for postmoem confirmation of alcohol ingestion, since postmoem formation of ethanol does not occur to significant extent in vitreous, and hence useful even in decomposing bodies. It is recommended that this specimen is included routinely in sudden death investigations. In known diabetics, it is always wise to check the postmoem vitreous glucose level, even when there seems to be some other plausible cause of death. A high vitreous glucose level (> 200 mg/dl or so) is likely reflective of hyperglycaemia. Vitreous humor is preserved using sodium fluoride (10 mg/ml). Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg : 107 ,445


Question: Harakiri wound is self inflicted injury to

(D) Abdomen # Harakiri was originally a means of suicide.> Stab wounds and incised wounds in the abdomen, virtually equivalent to harakiri.> Sudden evisceration of internal organs cause sudden decrease of intra abdominal pressure and cardiac return producing sudden cardiac collapse.


Question: Declaration of 'Oslo' is related to

Declaration of Oslo: therapeutic aboion Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research Declaration of Tokyo: toure, degradation orcruel treatment of prisoners. Declaration of Geneva:revision of the Hippocrates Oath Declaration of Lisbon: rights of the patient Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg 347


Question: Seminal stains on clothes can best be visualised by

Woods lamp using ultraviolet rays can be used . When examined under ultraviolet light, seminal stains exhibit strong bluish-white fluorescence. Stains mixed with blood may not fluoresce. Fluorescence depends upon the choline of the semen. Substances such as food stains, vaginal secretions, urine, pus, etc. may also show fluorescence. Stains on aificial silk do not show fluorescence. The residues of modern detergents on clothes also fluoresce strongly. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 324


Question: Krait is

Cobra,Krait - Neurotoxic
Viper - Hemotoxic / Vasculotoxic
Sea snake - Myotoxic


Question: Green colored urine seen in


Question: Punishment for concealment of birth is given under


Question: Hydrocution is

Immersion Syndrome (Hydrocution): Death in immersion syndrome is due to cardiac arrest as a result of vagal inhibition. It is produced by (i) Cold water stimulatung the nerve endings of the surface of the body (!!) Cold water striking the epigastrium and (!!!) Cold water entering the ear drums, mucosa of pharynx or Larynx Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine&Toxicology 28th edition pg:191


Question: Atavism is resemblence of features to

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Grandfather "In Atavism the child does not resemble its parents but its grandparents" - Parikh, 6/e.


Question: Gettlers test is for

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Drowning Gettler test Gettler test is done for drowning. It estimates chloride content of blood from both sides of hea. Normally the chloride content is equal in the right and left chambers of the hea (600 mg/100 ml). In fresh water drowning due to hemodilution the chloride content is decreased and in salt water drowning due to hemoconcentration the chloride content is increased in left side of hea. A 25% difference in chloride is significant but the test is of doubtful value. Limitations of gettler test:? 1. No value in atypical drowning; congenital cardiac defects as shunts and patent foramen ovale; and if drowning medium contains same amount of chloride. 2. There is progressive loss of Cl- from blood after death. Therefore the test has to be made within a reasonably sho time after death


Question: A pregnant woman was aborted by doctor, upon the request of husband and in laws, without the  consent of woman herself. This is punishable under

313IPC section-Causing miscarriage without woman s consent-Whoevr commits the offence without the consent of the woman, whether the woman is quick with child or not, shall be punished with imprisonment for life , or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine.


Question: The best way for identification of a person is

Dactylography or Galton system Fingerprints are impressions of patterns formed by the papillary ridges of fingers. In modern times, fingerprints stand as the unique identification data. Fingerprints match is widely accepted as the most reliable evidence of identification. The possibility of another person having the same fingerprints is one in 64 thousand million. i. e. three times the population of the world. Even in identical twins, the fingerprint will be different. Fingerprints do not change throughout life unless damage has occurred to the dermal skin layer. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 97


Question: First internal organ to putrefy

Larynx & trachea -Stomach, intestines & Spleen -Liver (foamy liver) lings-Brain -Hea - Kidneys, bladder -Prostate, uterus-Skin, muscle, tendon - Bones Larynx is the earliest organQto putrefy. Nulliparous uterusQis the last organQto putrefy, gravid uterus and uterus soon after delivery putrefies rapidly In males, ProstateQis the last organ to putrefy Optimum temperature for putrefaction Q


Question: Most common site of primary impact injury topedestrians in a motor vehicle accident is...

legs Three types of injuries are seen in pedestrians in a motor vehicles injury. 1. Primary impact injuries (the first pa struck) - These injuries are caused by the first impact between the vehicle and the pedestrian. 2. Secondary impact injuries (fuher injuries by the same vehicle) - These injuries are d/t subsequent impact with the same vehicle, for eg. the pedestrian may be lifted on to the vehicle after the initial impact. 3. Secondary injuries (sometimes also called teiary injuries) - These are the injuries caused d/t the victim falling on the ground or other stationary object. In primary impact injuries, the site and nature of injuries depend on the height of the pedestrian and upon the position of the person in relation to the vehicle when struck, i.e. whether crossing the road from one side to the other walking with or against the traffic. The injuries also depend upon the relative heights of various pas of the vehicle, i.e. bumper, radiator, fenders. In a typical case, the victim is struck by the front of the vehicle. An adult usually sustains injuries on the legs and a child on the head. Fracture of the tibia and, fibula of one or both legs is k/a bumper fracture. - The fracture is usually spiral or wedge shaped. The base of the triangular fragment of bone indicates the site of the impact and the apex points in the direction in which the vehicle was travelling. - In a bumber fracture, the distance from the heel to the ,fracture sire gives information regarding height of the bumper and whether brakes were applied or not. When brakes are applied before the accident, the legs are injured at a lower level. (The .front bumber tends to rise during acceleration and dip under braking. If the pedestrian is hit from the side, there may be unilateral fracture of the nearest leg. If the pedestrian is facing the vehicle. he may sustain intra-abdominal injuries and/or injuries to the chest wall and thoracic contents. Sometimes the pelvis is fractured.


Question: Primary impact injury is most common in

D i.e. Leg In pedistrian injuries, legs are most commonly involvedQ (85%) followed by head (50 -80%) > arms > pelvis > chest or abdomen > neck & spineQ. Most common type of primary impact injury is bumper injuries of legsQ d/t vehicle hitting from front.


Question: IPC section 314 deals with

312-causing miscarriage with consent 313-causing miscarriage without consent 314-death of mother due to miscarriage 315-Preventing the child being or cause it to die after bih 316-Causing death of the quick unborn child by act to culpable homicide Textbook of Forensic Medicine and toxicology ,5th edition pg number 387

Preventing the child being alive or to cause it to die after bih


Question: Preauricular sulcus helps in detection of

The preauricular sulcus is a pa of the pelvis. it is used to identify the sex of an individual. it is not frequent narrow shallow in males and it is more frequent broad and deep in females. REF: The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29th edition page no: 36.


Question: Mc Naughten's rule comes under

Sec 84 IPC says that "Nothing is an offence which is done by a person, who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law.


Question: A dead body with suspected poisoning is having hypostasis of red brown or deep blue in colour. It is suggestive of poisoning due to


Question: Magistrate inquest not required in

Magistrate's inquest is an inquest conducted by a District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and magistrate of the first class rank or any other magistrate as empowered by the State Government, such as Collector, Deputy Collector or Tehsildar (Executive Magistrates). An inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death dealt by Sec. 176 CrPC. Special Magistrate's inquest is held in cases of: Deaths in prison/police custody/police interrogation/police firing Death in a psychiatric hospital Rape alleged to have been committed on any woman in the custody of the police Exhumation cases Alleged dowry death (suicide/death of a woman within 7 years of marriage) In all cases where the police normally conduct inquests, the magistrate can hold an additional inquest, or in place of the police inquest. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 7


Question: In case of serious professional misconduct, action is taken by


Question: Telephone scotologia is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Exhibitionism * Making obscene telephone calls for sexual pleasure is known as telephone scatologia and is considered a form of exhibitionism.* Exhibitionism (Sec 294 IPC): It is a willful and intentional exposure of the genitalia in a public place while in the presence of others to obtain sexual pleasure. May or may not be associated with masturbation (punishment = 3 months + fine).* Voyeurism = Scoptophilia = Peeping tom: Sexual gratification is obtained by looking at the sexual organs of other persons, watching the act of sexual intercourse, or witnessing undressing by a woman.* Frotteurism : Sexual satisfaction is obtained by rubbing against persons in crowd. If they attempt intercourse, they have a premature ejaculation or they are impotent. It is an uncommon perversion and rarely occurs alone.* Fetishism : A fetish is an abnormal stimulus or object of sexual desire. Fetishism means the use of such objects of sexual gratification leading to orgasm. For example underclothing, brassiere, petticoat, stocking, shoes, etc.


Question: If parents or guardian is not available consent can be taken from teacher or principal under

Loco parentis In an emergency involving children, when their parents or guardian are not available, consent can be taken from the person who is in charge of the child, eg. teacher or the principal of the residential school. They can give consent in the place of the parent. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 385


Question: Traumatic asphyxia is a type of

Positional asphyxia- Death caused by "Jack knife position''


Question: &;BEATING HEA DONOR&; refers to

THE BEATING-HEA DONOR: After brain stem death has been established, the retention of the patient on the ventilator facilitates a fully oxygenated cadaver transplant, the so-called "beating-hea donor". The results of the transplant are much improved. This has no legal sanction. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-136


Question: Punishment for rape is defined under

Section 376 IPC: Punishment for Rape Whoever commits rape, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than 7 years but which may be for life, or for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 306


Question: Cephalic index of Mongolians is

Cephalic index (Index of Breadth) is Maximum Breadth of Skull / Maximum Length of Skull. From the Cephalic index, race can be determined in 85 - 90% of cases. The skull of an Indian is Caucasian with a few Negroid characters. Type of skull Cephalic index Race Dolicocephalic (long-headed) 70-75 Pure Aryans, Aborigines, Negroes Mesaticephalic (medium-headed) 75-80 Europeans, Chinese, Indians Brachycephalic (sho-headed) 80-85 Mongolian Ref: 1.Dr. Narayana Reddy, The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 34th edition, pg. 57. 2. V.V.Pillay, Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 18th edition, pg. 70.


Question: Contre coup injury is seen in

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Brain Brain injuries* Coup injury is defined as the injury of skull and/or brain at the site of impact, e.g. a blow on forehead, resulting in fracture of frontal bone and injury or haemorrhage in frontal lobe.* Contre coup injury is defined as an injury to the skull or brain, on opposite (contralateral) side of the area of impact. It is caused when moving head is suddenly decelerated by hitting a firm surface.* Cerebral concussion (stunning) occurs due to head trauma and is characterized by gross physiological disturbance of brain without any anatomical damage. There is sudden loss of consciousness with a tendency to spontaneous recovery. The condition is more severe when damage is caused to the moving head (decceleration injury) than when it results from blows to skull. Recovery from concussion is often followed by retrograde amnesia.


Question: In genetic profiling of seminal enzyme markers, Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) can be detected till

PGM - Phosphoglucomutase enzyme. Detected by isoelectric focussing. Can also be detected individually for each person in multiple assailants of rape cases In genetic profiling of seminal enzyme markers,PGM can be detected till 6 hours


Question: Chelating agent used in mercury poisoning is


Question: Caustic poison erodes mucosa because

B i.e. Hygroscopic in nature Caustic alkalis are the commonest cause of chemical burns. The hydroxyl ion produces a saponification of fat, soluble alkaline proteinases, cellular dehydration hygroscopic excrating water from tissues)Q, exothermic reaction, coagulation of cellular proteins and conversion of hemoglobin into haematin. Mainly in the local tissues of alimentary tract (or rarely respiratory) mucosa.


Question: Presence of water in middle ear is indicative of

In postmortem drowning this finding is not seen.


Question: Testamentary capacity refers to

Ans. (A). Ability to make a valid will(Ref: KSN Reddy, Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 33rd Ed., P. 493)Testamentary capacityQMental Ability of a person to make a valid willHolograph willQWritten by the testator in his own hand writingSomnambulismSleep walkingSomnolentiaSleep - drunkenness - midway between sleep and walking, he may commit some crime due to confusion of the mind


Question: Line I in International Death Certificate is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Disease leading directly to death International Death Cetificate* The certificate has two parts (Part I and Part II) and a section to record the time interval between the onset of each codition and the date of death.* Part I - To record diseases or conditions related to the sequence of events leading directly to the death.* Part II - To record conditions that have no direct connection with the events leading to death but which, by their nature, contributed to the death.INTERNATIONAL FORM OF THE MEDICAL CERTIFICATE FOR CAUSE OF DEATHINTERNATIONAL FORM OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATHCause of deathApproximate interval between onset and deathIDisease or condition directly leading to death a) .................................due to (or as a consequence of)...............Antecedent causesMorbid conditions, if any, giving rise to the above cause, stating the underlying condition last.b)..................................due to (or as a consequence of)...............c) ..................................due to (or as a consequence of)...............d) .................................................IIOther significant conditions contributing to the death, but not related to the disease or conditions causing it .................................................."this does not mean the mode of dying, e.g. heart failure, respiratory failure, it means the disease, injury, or complication that caused death.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: One of the following toxalbumin is used as terrorist weapon

Ricin obtained from Ricinus communis: most poisonous naturally occurring substances known. Ricin is toxic by numerous exposure routes and its use by terrorists might involve poisoning of water or foodstuffs, inoculation ricin-laced projectiles, or aerosolization of liquid ricin or distribution of powder.


Question: The law of insanity and criminal responsibility is embodied in section

B. i.e. (84 - IPC) (6.27 - Parikh 6th)* The law of insanity and criminal responsibility is embodied in section 84 IPC while section 85 and 86 deal with drunkenness and criminal responsibilityIMPORTANT - SECTIONS***Perjury (Giving false evidence)-191-IPC*Fabricating false evidence-192 IPC*Punishment for false evidence-193 IPC*Culpable homicide-299 IPC*Murder-302 IPC***Criminal negligence-304 - A IPC*** Dowry death-304 - B IPC*Abetment of suicide-306 IPC*Attempt to commit suicide-309 IPC***Grievous hurt (Kerala 08)-320 IPC*** Rape-375 IPC** Punishment of Rape-376 IPC* Issuing or signing a false certificate is punishable under section 197 IPC*** **Tests for criminal responsibility - Right or wrong, Durham's, Curren's

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Cause of death in organophosphorous poisoning is due to

The most common cause of death by organophosphate poisoning is respiratory impairment. Death usually occurs within the first 24 hours of ingestion in untreated cases.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg: 533


Question: Optic atrophy is characteristic feature of poisoning by

(D) Methyl alcohol # Ocular features of Methyl alcohol poisoning:> Visual disturbances like photophobia and blurred or misty vision (snowfield vision), seeing spots, central and peripheral scotomata decreased light perception concentric diminution of visual fields for colour and form, followed by fairly sudden failure of vision or complete blindness occur due to optic neuritis and atrophy from the effects of formic acid on the optic nerve.


Question: Verdigris is

Copper is not poisonous in the metallic state, but some of its salts are poisonous. The two most commonly known salts are copper sulphate or blue vitriol and the subacetate or verdigris.Copper subacetate is a bluish green salt formed by the action of vegetable acids on copper cooking vessels that are not properly tinned.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg: 569


Question: The age of the given Xray is

Reason: Ankle joint: Lower end of tibia and fibula have fused Age is more than 16 years


Question: Ochronosis is seen in poisoning with

CARBOLIC ACID (phenol; OH) In the body, phenol is paly oxidised to hydroquinone and pyrocatechol. CHRONIC POISONING (PHENOL MARASMUS) It is characterised by anorexia, weight loss, headache, veigo, dark urine and pigmentation of skin and sclera. The hydroquinone and pyrocatechol may cause pigmentation in the cornea and various cailages, a condition called oochronosis. Oochronosis is commonly associated with alkaptonuria (an inborn error of metabolism), in which homegentisic acid gets deposited in cailages, ligaments and fibrous tissues. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-535


Question: CSF is preserved for examination in case of

Alcohol is evenly distributed throughout the body water, and crosses the blood brain barrier easily. Hence is detected in CSF. And so causes, dependence and tolerance. CSF should be drawn out as early as possible. There is sustained increase of potassium levels in CSF within 20 hrs after death. Ref: K.S,Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, Chapter 29, page- 316.


Question: Stellate wound is produced with firearm in

Stellate wound is a characteristic of a contact wound. Specific appearances of contact shot: Muzzle/Recoil imprint mark is regarded as a patterned abrasion/ intradermal contusion caused by the expansive power of the gases lifting the skin forcibly up against the muzzle.- Characteristic imprint marks can provide clues to the type of the firearm and its position at the time of discharge. Back spatter: In a contact shot, the muzzle blast and negative pressure in the barrel may suck blood, hair, fragments of tissues and cloth fibers back into the barrel. Blowback phenomenon: Cruciate, stellate or ragged laceration is seen, especially if there is a thick bone immediately under the skin, such as the skull. This occurs as a result of expansion of gases beneath the skin and their exit through the entry wound (in contact wounds).


Question: Gang Rape is punished under

Punishment for gang rape is 20 years jail or life imprisonment.


Question: Mooning is a form of

Flashing: The act of momentarily exposing or revealing sexual body pa by quickly moving the clothing. Streaking: The act of running naked through a public place. Mooning: The act of displaying one's bare buttocks, by lowering the pants and bending over


Question: Cheiloscopy is the study of prints of


Question: Gutter fractures of the skull are most often seen with

Gutter fracture: seen in oblique bullet wounds a pa of the thickness of the skull bone is removed so as to form a gutter/ channel/ trench. usually accompanied by comminuted depressed fracture of the inner table of skulland the fragments causing injury to the meninges and brain


Question: Onus of proof in civil negligence case lies against doctor lies on


Question: The method not used in the stature estimation from bones is

Stature from Skeletal Remains Stature can also be determined from skeletal bones by mathematical calculations or formula. Usually long bones are ideal for determining stature. Formulae used to estimate stature in medicolegal practice are: Karl Pearson's formula Trotter and Glaister's formula multiplication factors devised by Indian researchers Stature (S) = Average length of long bone (l) x Multiplication factor (MF)


Question: Condition promoting adipocere formation


Question: In finger print reader (FINDER), prints of eight fingers are recorded excluding

Fingerprint reader (FINDER) is a computerised automatic fingerprint reading system which can record each fingerprint data in half second. Prints of eight fingers are recorded excluding little fingersQ.


Question: 'Greek love' means

Sodomy means anal intercourse between two males (homosexual) or between a male and female (heterosexual). It used to be practiced in the town of Sodom, from where it acquired its name. The Greeks of the Golden Age also practiced it and therefore sometimes it is called Greek Love. It is also called Buggery.Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e; Chapter 20; Page no: 320


Question: Medical jurisprudence deals with

Answer: a) Legal aspects of practice of Medicine (KS NARAYAN REDDY 33rd ED P-1) Forensic (Legal) Medicine: Application of medical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice Medical Jurisprudence: legal responsibilities of a physician, with reference to those arising from physician patient relationship (in short - legal aspects of practice of medicine) Medical ethics: moral principles which should guide the members of medical profession Medical etiquette: conventional laws of courtesy observed between the members of medical profession

Medical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice

Courtesy obtained between medical professionals

Moral principles that guide the members of medical profession

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The earliest sign of maceration is

Degradation: Decomposition causes a loss of anatomic integrity of skin and other tissues such as localized peeling of skin ('skin slippage'), loosening of the skin of hands and feet ('degloving') and loosening of hair and nails. The earliest sign of maceration is skin slippage of the face, back or abdomen which may be seen in 12 h after death in utero. By 24 h, sin is brown or purplish in color. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg : 148


Question: Declaration of Oslo deals with


Question: Sexual gratification obtained through in animate objects

FETISHISM The hallmark of fetishism is long-standing compulsive sexual interest in nonliving objects that are used to generate sexual excitement. In the ordinary human life, males do repo having interest and attraction to object worn by their sexual paners such as brassieres, panties, gaer belts, hose, and boots/socks, etc. However, fetishism is an extreme exaggeration of an attachment to objects and the individual may go to extremes to obtain fetishistic objects (e.g., breaking into houses to steal the things/objects). As the fetish object becomes more ingrained in an individual's sexual arousal pattern, he may hold or fondle with fetish object items and may masturbate in them. A fetichist who is fascinated by female hair may follow females with long hair and reso to cutting them. In extreme cases, relationship of fetishist with the fetish objects may become dominant, with conflict usually erupting between the paners as to the extent of intrusion of the fetish object Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 425


Question: Duret haemorrhage is seen in

Duret haemorrhage - Delayed, secondary brainstem hemorrhages seen in midbrain and pons. - Occurs in cranio-cerebral trauma victims - They are caused by a traumatic downward displacement of the brainstem.


Question: Vegetable viper snake poison is


Question: Estimation of age examination of teeth is by

(B) Gustafson's method # Gustafson's method is the formula used to determine the age of a person from changes in dental structures the age estimation is useful only for a person more than 21 yrs. transparency of tooth


Question: The eruption of temporary teeth will be completed by

The eruption of temporary teeth is completed at around 25 months (2 years) by the eruption of 2nd molar.


Question: Putrefaction sign first appears at

First external sign of putrefaction is the greenish discolouration in right iliac fossa. Internally, first site of reddish brown discolouration is aoic intima and then the undersurface of liver


Question: Nysten&;s rule is related to

The Order of Appearance of Rigor All muscles of the body, both voluntary and involuntary are affected. It does not sta in all muscles simultaneously (Nysten&;s rule). It first appears in involuntary muscles; the myocardium becomes rigid in an hour. It begins in the eyelids, neck and lower jaw and passes upwards to the muscles of the face, and downwards to the muscles of the chest, upper limbs, abdomen and lower limbs and lastly in the fingers and toes. In individual limbs, it usually progresses from above downwards. Such a sequence is not constant, symmetrical or regular. In individual limbs, it disappears in the same order in which it has appeared. Shapiro (1950) suggests that rigor mois does not follow the anatomical sequence usually described. He suggests that as rigor mois is a physicochemical process, it is most likely to develop simultaneously in all the muscles, although the changes are more easily first detected in the smaller masses than in the larger. The proximo-distal progression is more apparent than real, for the sequence is determined by the bulk and kind of muscle involved. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-161

Order of appearance of post moem caloricity


Question: The antidote of poisoning due to Arninanita muscaria is

D i.e. Atropine Amanita muscaria & Amanita phalloides are poisonous mushrooms with parasympathetic (Cholinergic) symptoms. So AtropineQ is used as antidote in severe cases; but avoided in mild case as it excerhates delirium.


Question: Copper sulfate poisoning manifests with

COPPER Poisonous Compounds: (1) Copper sulphate (blue vitriol) occurs in large, blue crystals. (2) Copper subacetate (verdigris), occurs in bluish-green masses or powder. Signs and Symptoms: Increased salivation, burning pain in the stomach with colicky abdominal pain, thirst, nausea, eructations and repeated vomiting. The vomited matter is blue or green. There is diarrhoea with much straining; motions are liquid and brown but not bloody. Oliguria, haematuria, albuminuria, acidosis and uraemia may occur. In severe cases haemolysis,haemoglobinuria, methaemoglobinaemia, jaundice, pancreatitis and cramps of legs or spasms and convulsions occur. The breathing is difficult, cold perspiration and severe headache occur. In some cases, paralysis of limbs is followed by drowsiness, insensibility, coma and death due to shock. Later deaths occur due to hepatic or renal failure or both. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-547


Question: Police inquest is A/E


Question: For exhumation, the order should be given by

Exhumation is to be carried out under the orders of the appropriate authority. District Magistrate/Sub-Divisional Magistrate/Executive Magistrate are empowered to order for the exhumation. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 28


Question: Ideal temperature to preserve the body for a post moem is

The ideal temperature for keeping a dead body for autopsy is 4degC. To keep a body for long duration for other purposes the temperature is -20degC. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 42


Question: A patient lalita present with dry mouth, pupillary dilation and warm skin, the likely drug toxicity is

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Amitriptyline Most Tricyclic antidepressants (Imipramine, Amitriptyline) are potent anticholinergics.The symptoms shown by patient are because of anticholinergic effect of Amitriptyline.

Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques


Question: Strychnine poisoning mimics

STRYCHNINE SULPHATE an alkaloid of nux vomica plant is a potent convulsant poison with a lethal dose of a few milligrams per kg body weight formost animals. It lowers the threshold for stimulation of spinal reflexes by blocking inhibitory pathways exeed by Renshaw cells over the motor cells in the spinal cord. As a result, poisonedanimals go into tetanic convulsions, in response to rather minimal sensory stimuli. (as in tetany)Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg:539


Question: Buonian line is seen with poisoning of


Question: The period of bility of a child is

Viability of a child Viability means ability of a child to have separate existence after it is separated from its mother. The period of bility is 210 days( 7 months or 28weeks) ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 347


Question: Postmoem lividity is unlikely to develop in a case of

B i.e. Drowning in fast flowing water (river)


Question: Postmoem caloricity is not seen in

Postmoem Caloricity : Body temperature remains elevated for the first 2 hours after death. Normally, there is a steady decline in body temperature after death. But in this state, the body temperature does not fall in the initial few hours after death. Mechanism Endogenous heat production (heat produced within the body) Disturbed regulation of heat production before death - Heat stroke, Pontine haemorrhage Heat production due to muscle convulsions - tetanus, strychnine poisoning Heat production due to excessive bacterial activity, as in septicaemic conditions, cholera and other fevers. Not seen in postmoem glycogenolysis


Question: In stab wounds, langer's liner determine


Question: Foamy liver is found in

(Putrefaction) (3.25-P)PUTREFACTION - Liver becomes softened and flaby* Owing to the evolution of gases in its substances. It becomes spongy and present a honey- combed appearance (foamy or Swiss Cheese liver)* The patch of greenish discolouration appears early and gradually extends to the whole organ which ultimately becomes black.


Question: Doctrine of common knowledge is a variant of

Doctrine of common knowledge Doctrine of Common Knowledge - It is based on the assumption that the issue of negligence in the paicular case is not related to specialized knowledge or technical matters of the medical profession, but an act involving application of common knowledge. - Expes may not provide evidence regarding matters of 'common knowledge'. - It is a variant of res ipsa loquitur


Question: Cephalic index determines

(Race) (2.26-P)Cranial or Cephalic Index - determining the race* of an individualsCI=Maximum Transverse breadthMaximum A.P. lengthx 100 FeaturesBlack (Negro)European or CaucacoidMongolsCephalic Index (Cl)70- 74.975- 79.980 and aboveType of skullDolicho- cephalic or Long headedMesati-cephalic or Medium headedBrachy-cephalic or Round headedExamplesAryans and AboriginsRajputs, Brahmins, & Kayasthas of BengalAmericans, Koreans, Japanes, Chinese, South east asians

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Stain used to stain X chromosome

Barr body is formed due to random inactivation or condensation of one of the 2 female chromosomes in all the somatic cells of female mammals. Buccal smears are known to be potential source of Barr bodies. Acriflavin schiff stain was used in staining these Barr bodies. Ref: NCBI.org


Question: Pupils alternatively contract and dilate known as hippus sign, is seen in

Aconite poisoning occular: pupils show alternate constriction and dilatation. This is called hippus. In later stages, pupils will become widely dilated with dimness of vision and dipolopia. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 470


Question: Opisthotonus posture is caused by wof

STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA Strychnine ( kuchila) is a powerful alkaloid obtained from the seeds of strychnos nux vomica. The seeds contain two principal alkaloids; strychnine and brucine. Mech of Action: It competitively blocks ventral horn motor neurone postganglionic receptor sites in the spinal cord and brainstem and prevents the effects of glycine (the presumed inhibitory transmitter). Widespread inhibition in the spinal cord results in &;release&; excitation. The action is paicularly noted in the anterior horn cells. It stimulates the cerebralcoex. GABA, the neurotransmitter for presynaptic inhibitory neurons is not affected. Signs and Symptoms: When crushed seeds are taken, the symptoms are delayed for an hour or more. If the alkaloid is swallowed, the symptoms occur very rapidly, usually within five to fifteen minutes. Bitter taste in the mouth, sense of uneasiness and restlessness, feeling of suffocation and fear, and difficulty in swallowing occur. The convulsions are preceded by such prodromal symptoms as increased acuity of perception, increased rigidity of muscles, and muscular twitchings. Convulsions are produced due to direct action on the reflex centres of spinal cord, and affect all the muscles at a time. These are at first clonic, but eventually become tonic. During the convulsions, the face is cyanosed and has anxious look, eyes are staring, eyeballs prominent and pupils are dilated. Risus sardonicus results from contraction of the jaws and facial muscles in which the corners of the mouth are drawn back. The mouth is covered with froth, frequently bloodstained. The convulsions are most marked in anti-gravity muscles, so that the body typically arches in hyperextension (opisthotonos). In supine position, the body is suppoed by the heels and head. The legs are adducted and extended, the arms are flexed over the chest or rigidly extended, and the hands are tightly clenched. The head is bent backwards, and the whole of the body becomes rigid, often assuming a bow-like form. Sometimes, the spasm of the abdominal muscles may bend the body forward (emprosthotonos), or to the side (pleorosthotonos). Consciousness is not lost and the mind remains clear till death. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-612,613, image plate14


Question: One of the following is a stupefying agent

Examples of stupefying poisons : Alcohol dhatura cannabis chloral hydrate


Question: Rigor mortis in human body starts at

Ans. d (Eyelids)RIGOR MORTIS# Ordinarily, death is followed immediately by total muscular relaxation - primary muscular flaccidity - succeeded in turn by generalised muscular stiffening - rigor mortis.# After a variable period of time rigor mortis passes off spontaneously; followed by secondary muscular flaccidity.# The first investigation on rigor mortis is attributed to Nysten in 1811.# No measurable shortening of muscle occurs during rigor mortis unless the muscles are subjected to tension.# The view that the development of rigor mortis could produce significant movements of the body was promoted by Sommer, in about 1833, and the postulated movements became known as "Sommer's movements". For this reason, when a body is found in a certain position with rigor mortis fully developed, it cannot be assumed that the deceased necessarily died in that position.# Rigor involves voluntary and involuntary muscles.# Contraction of the arrectores pilorum muscles during rigor may result in "goose-flesh" or "cutis anserina". The phenomenon is commonly seen in cases of drowning where it is thought to result from an agonal contraction of the muscles.# Involvement of walls of seminal vesicles by rigor may lead to discharge of seminal fluid at the glans penis.# In individuals who have been exhausted or starved before death, the glycogen stores in muscle are low, so that rigor may develop rapidly.# Typically, rigor is first apparent in small muscles of eyelids, lower jaw and neck, followed by the limbs.# It is generally accepted that rigor mortis passes off in the same order in which it develops.# In temperate climates rigor will typically start to disappear at about 36-48 hours after death. However, if the environ- mental temperature is high then the development of putrefaction may completely displace rigor within 9-12 hours of death.# Accelerated putrefaction resulting from ante-mortem septicaemia may lead to a rapid displacement of rigor.# Exposure of a body to intense heat results in heat stiffening due to coagulation of the muscle proteins. Unlike rigor mortis, heat stiffening is associated with muscle shortening resulting in the characteristic pugilistic posture of burned bodies.# Freezing of a body will cause stiffening of the muscles, postponing the development of rigor which is said to developed as soon as thawing of the body permits.


Question: Psychological autopsy is very helpful in

Refer the byte "Autopsy techniques and types".


Question: A case of murder with gunshot is repoed. A metal bullet is recovered from the body. Primary and Secondary markings on a metal bullet can be used for

A i.e. Identification of weapon - Primary markings (class characteristics) and secondary markings (metallic fouling, individual or accidental characteristics) on a bullet can be used for identification of weaponQ. - Bullet is picked up with handsQ. Gunshot residue on hands can be detected by Dermal nitrate testQ.


Question: Chronic arsenic poisoning


Question: Mirror test is used to

Cessation of respiration : this should be complete and continuous. Complete stoppage of respiration for more than 5 minutes usually causes death. Respiration may stop for very sho period without causing death. Feather test, mirror test and Winslow's test have only historical impoance. Ref: Dr. NARAYANAN REDDYS TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE PAGE 144


Question: Bevelling of inner table of skull is found in

A i.e. Firearm entry wound When a bullet traverses the skull, the apeure in the bone differs in relation to the outer & inner tables; the defect is larger in the I direction in which the bullet travelsQ


Question: Term used for death of full family suicide is

(D) Familicide# FAMILICIDE is a type of murder or murder-suicide in which at least one spouse and one or more children are killed, or in which a parent or parents and possibly other relatives such as siblings and grandparents are killed.> In some cases all of the family members' lives are taken. If only the parents are killed, the case may also be referred to as a parricide. Where all members of a family are killed, including when the killing takes the form of a murder-suicide, the crime may be referred to as family annihilati> Jauhar (Jowhar) is the self-immolation of women, always including queens and female royals of Hindu kingdoms, most notably the Rajput kingdoms of Rajasthan in India, when facing defeat at the hands of an enemy.> Massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war.> Mass suicide occurs when a group of people commit suicide simultaneously. Contents. Examples 1. Historical mass suicides; 2. Religiously motivated.


Question: According to "Delhi Anatomy Act 1957", a person died in a road traffic accident, the body can be said to be unclaimed after.

Unclaimed bodies to be used for anatomical examination.-- (1) Where a person under treatment in a hospital whether established by or vesting in, or maintained by, the Government or any local authority, dies in such hospital and his body is unclaimed, the authorities incharge of such hospital shall, with the least practicable delay repo the fact to the authorised officer and such officer shall then hand over the unclaimed body to the authorities in charge of an approved institution for the purpose of conducting (2) Where a person dies at a hospital other than a hospital referred to in subsection (1) or in a prison and his body is unclaimed, the authorities incharge of such hospital or prison shall, with the least practicable delay, repo the fact to the authorised officer; and the said officer shall hand over the unclaimed body to the authorities in charge of an approved institution for the purpose specified in sub-section (1). Ref: Indiacode.nic.in


Question: Declaration of Sydney is related to

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Time of death Declaration of Sydney* The advent of organ transplantation made this Declaration a guide to determining the time of death of the comatose donor. "Brain death" has displaced "cardiac death" as the essential criterion; and the diagnosis must be made before there is organ death.* The Declaration also states that "If transplantation of an organ is onvolved, the decision that death exists should be made by one or more physicians; and the physicians determining the moment of death should in no way be immediately concerned with the performance of the transplant."* This makes for objectivity. But it is incorrect to say that "death exists" or refer to "the moment of death". The patient is not dead until after life support has been withdrawn.YearDeclarationKey topicMost recently amended1948The Declaration of GenevaHumanitarian goals of medicine20061964The Declaration of HelsinkiHuman experimentation and clinical trials20091968The Declaration of SydneyDetermination of death and the recovery of organs20061970The Declaration of OsloTherapeutic abortion20061975The Declaration of TokyoTorture and other cruel and degrading treatment or punishment20061981The Declaration of LisbonRights of the patient20051983The Declaration of VeniceTerminal illness20061987Declaration on EuthanasiaEuthanasia 20051989The Declaration of Hong KongThe abuse of the elderly20051991The Declaration of MaltaHunger strikers20061997The Declaration of HamburgSupport for medical doctors who refuse to condone or participate in torture20071998The Declaration of OttawaChild health20092000The Declaration of EdinburghPrison conditions and the spread of TB and other communicable diseases20112002The Declaration of Washington Biological weapons20032002Declaration on Patient SafetyPatient safety--2008The Declaration of SeoulProfessional autonomy and clinical independence--2009The Declaration of DelhiHelath and climate change--2011The Declaration of MontevideoDisaster preparedness and medical response--2011Declaration of End-of-LifeMedical CareEndo-of-life care--

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Repeat offence of stalking is

Stalking : - involves following a woman or contacting such woman in spite of clear disinterest or monitors her through internet, e-mail or any other form of electronic communication. It is punishable under Sec. 354-D IPC with imprisonment for upto 3 years and fine (cognizable and bailable) and imprisonment upto 5 years and fine for subsequent offence (cognizable and non-bailable).


Question: Death due to shock after burns occur within

Fatal period Most of the death from burn injuries occur from shock within about 24-48 hours. Death due to toxemia occurs usually within 4-5 days. The first week happens to be the most critical period. In suppurative cases, death may ensue after a few weeks. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 163


Question: Deriving sexual pleasure by seeing or touching inanimate objects of the opposite sex is

FETISHISM The hallmark of fetishism is long-standing compulsive sexual interest in nonliving objects that are used to generate sexual excitement. In the ordinary human life, males do repo having interest and attraction to object worn by their sexual paners such as brassieres, panties, gaer belts, hose, and boots/socks, etc. However, fetishism is an extreme exaggeration of an attachment to objects and the individual may go to extremes to obtain fetishistic objects (e.g., breaking into houses to steal the things/objects). As the fetish object becomes more ingrained in an individual's sexual arousal pattern, he may hold or fondle with fetish object items and may masturbate in them. A fetichist who is fascinated by female hair may follow females with long hair and reso to cutting them. In extreme cases, relationship of fetishist with the fetish objects may become dominant, with conflict usually erupting between the paners as to the extent of intrusion of the fetish object Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 425


Question: Brain is stored in preservative...... for autopsy


Question: First secondary ossification center appears in

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lower end of femur Site given in question Secondary ossification center appears at Lower end of femur 9th month intrauterine life Upper end of tibia At bih Upper end humerus 1/2 -1 year of age Lower end of fibula 1 year of age


Question: Antidote for oxalic acid poisoning is

Treatment of oxalic acid poisoning (1) The stomach is washed out carefully using calcium lactate or gluconate (2) The antidote for oxalate poisoning is any preparation of calcium which conves the poison into insoluble calcium oxalate.e.g. lime water, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate. calcium chloride, a suspension of chalk in water ormilk. (3) Calcium gluconate 10%, 10 ml. i.v. at frequent intervals. (4) Dialysis or exchange transfusion for renal failure.


Question: Brush burn is due to


Question: If a lady dies of unnatural death within 7years after marriage, the inquest will be done by

Magistrate's Inquest (Section 176 CrPC): To be conducted by District Magistrate/Sub-divisional magistrate/Executive Magistrate/Judicial Magistrate Suicide by a woman within 7 years of her marriage and Death of a woman within 7 years of her Marriage in the circumstances raising a reasonable suspicion. Custodial death/rape Exhumation Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine 5e pg : 6


Question: Causing hu by means of poison, etc with an intent to commit an offence is punishable under

- Sec. 328 IPC - Causing hu by means of poison, etc with an intent to commit an offence shall be Punishment is imprisonment upto 10 years and also fine. - Sec.326 A IPC - voluntarily causing grievous hu by means of acid - Sec.327 IPC - voluntarily causing hu to exto propey - Sec. 329 IPC - voluntarily causing grievous hu to exto propey

Indian Legal system, Legal sections & Cou procedures


Question: Sign of antemortem hanging is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Eye is open * The important PM findings of Hanging are :i) Ligature mark is above thyroid cartilage, incomplete, bilaterally symmetrical and directed obliquely upward extending to the angles of mandible, then to mastoid and finally to occipital protuberance. Ligature mark is an example of imprinted/pressure/patterned abrasion.ii) Under the ligature mark there is dry, white and glistening pad of fat.iii) There is dribbling of saliva from the angle of the mouth, which is confirmatory sign of antemortem hanging. This is due to irritation of submandibular and parotid glands by ligature.iv) There may be intimal tear of carotid arteries.v) In case of pressure of ligature on cervical sympathetic ganglia, the eye on that side is found open (La facie sympathique). It confirms antemortem hanging.vi) Fracture of hyoid is usually not seen (may be seen only in 10%). Fracture of thyroid cartilage (20-30% cases) and fracture of tracheal rings (5-10%) may be seen. There may be congestion and ecchymosis (hemorrhage) in trachea, larynx, epiglottis and esophagus. All these injuries are more common in strangulation because strangulation is more violent than hanging causing more severe injury to neck structures.vii) Tardieu spots (petechial hemorrhage) are not as pronounced as in strangulation.


Question: Diastatic fracture is

(Seperation of the cranial sutures) (222-Reddy's 29th)DIASTAT1C OR SUTURAL FRACTURES - separation of the sutures occurs only in young persons due to a blow on head with blunt weapon* It may occur alone but often is associated with fracture* It is usually seen in saggital sutures* These are particularly common in traffic accidents* Most successful estimate to union of skull is done from sagittal sutures, next lambdoid and then coronal (72- Reddy 29th)* Fissured fracture - These are linear fractures involving the whole thickness of the bone or inner or outer table only about 70% skull fractures are linear* Comminuted fracture - There are two or more intersecting lines of fracture which divide the bone into three or more fragments, and blows from weapon with a large striking surface eg heavy iron bar* Depressed fracture - "fractures a la signature" (signature fracture) as their pattern often resembles the weapon or agent which caused itLocalized depressed fractures are caused by blows from heavy weapon with a small striking surface** stone, stick, axe, chapper, hammer etc.Gutter fractures - They are formed when part of the thickness of the bone is removed so as to form a gutter eg oblique bullet wounds. They are usually accompanied by irregular, depressedfracture of the inner table of the skull* Hinge fracture of base of skull is also termed as a 'Motor cycylist's fracture' *** (247-Reddy 28th)Crescent fracture is - fracture of the iliac bone with sacroiliac joint disruption**Jefferson is - is a burst fracture where both the anterior and posterior arches of atlas (C1) are fractured by a vertical force acting through the skullClay shroveller's fracture - fracture of spinous process of T1 vertebra caused by violent muscular actionHangman fracture - fracture of C2 vertebra seen injudicial hanging due to extensionBox or Bursting fracture - is an extensive fracture running parallel to the two points of contect separating the two hemisphere. It is frequently caused by being run over by heavy vehicleRing fracture - any fracture round the foramen magnum it result fromI. fall from a height on feet or buttockII. sudden violent turn of the head on the spineIII. severe blow on vertex which drives the skull down wards on the vertebral columnIV. heavy blow directed underneath the occiput or chin

Also known case "Fracture a-la-signature"

A linear fracture involving the whole thickness of the bone


Question: The fingerprint pattern may be impaired permanently in cases of

Fingerprints are usually lost in leprosy, electric injury and after exposure to radiation. It cannot be removed by wounds or burns. It may also produce additional characteristics.Dr.K.S.Narayana Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 27th edition pg. 48.


Question: Two identical twins will not have same


Question: The range of shot gun is

At a range of 50 yardsbthe gun has a dispersion of about 8 feet and will disable a man. At a close range it is very effective and will kill. A shot gun also known as scatter gun , is a long gun or shoulder fired weapon that fires shot shells instead of catridges tipped with bullets. Ref: hypeextbook.com


Question: Giving commission to other doctor is

Ans. a (Dichotomy). (Ref. Textbook of FMT by Parikh-5th ed. 558)Dichotomy is giving commission to the other doctor for favouring or referring the patient, recommending or procuring any patient for medical, surgical or other treatment (fee-sharing).Covering is a RMP protecting a non-medical person who practices medicine.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Dowry death is defined under section

Dowry death is defined under section 304 B *According to this if husband or his relative subjects the woman to cruelty or harassment in demand of dowry within 7 years of marriage,they shall be deemed to have caused her death *The punishment for such cases is improvement for not less than 7 years,but may be extended to life imprisonment OptionA :Section 304 A IPC:Causing death by negligence Option C:Section 174 Cr. P. C:Police inquest Option D:Section 176 Cr. P. C. Magistrate inquest Textbook of Forensic Medicine and toxicology 2nd edition pg333


Question: Permanent erasure of fingerprint is seen following

Dactylography or Galton system Fingerprints are impressions of patterns formed by the papillary ridges of fingers. Fingerprints do not change throughout life unless damage has occurred to the dermal skin layer. Permanent impairement of fingerprints occur in leprosy, electrical injury, after exposure to radiation, and in dyskeratosis congenita. A very rare medical condition is adermetoglyphia, in which there is absence of finger prints, with no other medical signs or symptoms. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO: 97


Question: Punishment for a person seeking prenatal diagnostic facilities for purpose of sex selection is

Section 23(3) PCPNDT ACT (Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT)Act, 1994) Punishment for a person seeking prenatal diagnostic facilities for purpose of sex selection is 3 - 5 years imprisonment and fine Rs.50000 - 1 lakh

1 year imprisonment and fine Rs.50000 - 1 lakh

Impotency, Virginity, pregnancy & aboion


Question: During examination in injury, hair bulbs are crushed. The probable type of wound is

HAIR BULBS ARE CRUSHED IN LACERATION Laceration - is the tearing of skin or muscles or mucous membrane caused by a shearing or a crushing force, and produced by application of a blunt force to a broad area of the body. - If the blunt force produces extensive bruising and laceration of deeper tissue, it is called crush injury.


Question: The major factor that influence the onset and duration of algor mois is

Factors Affecting Algor Mois : i. Environmental temperature (major factor): Rate of fall of body temperature is directly propoional to the difference between the temperature of the dead body and the environmental temperature. ii. Air movement: Air movement over the surface of the dead body causes a quick fall of temperature due to increased evaporation of body fluids. iii. Humidity: Cooling is more rapid in a humid rather than in a dry atmosphere, since moist air is better conductor of heat. iv. Media of disposal: Cooling is earliest in water, and late in buried bodies. The ratio of the rates of fall of temperature in the three media, water:air: soil = 4:2:1. The rate is thus maximum in water, moderate in air and minimum in a buried body. v. Built of cadaver: Obese bodies cool slowly, and lean bodies rapidly, since fat is a bad conductor of heat. vi. Age and sex: Rate of loss of heat is more in children and the elderly, compared to adults because the surface area of the body is more in relation to the body volume. Females retain body heat for a comparatively longer period because of their subcutaneous fatty tissue. vii. Clothing or coverings of the body: A well-covered body retains heat for a longer period as compared to a naked or thinly clothed body, as clothes are bad conductors of heat.


Question: Xanthoproteic reaction is due to the formation of

Nitric acid is a powerful oxidising agent and reacts with organic matter to produce trinitrophenol, liberating nitrogen monoxide (xanthoproteic reaction).


Question: A physician is punishable for infecting a normal healthy person with HIV positive needle, this comes under


Question: Punishment for the offence of rape under

(376- IPC) (5.29- P)Law on Rape in India* Under section 375 IPC, rape is defined as unlawful sexual intercourse by a man with his wife under the age of 15years with any other woman under the age of 16years or above that age, against her will, with out her con cent or with her consent when it has been obtained by unlawful means* Section 376 IPC lays down the punishment for the offence of rape which may extendfrom seven years to life imprisonment and also fine* Section 228 IPC prohibits disclosure of the identity of the victim of rape* Under section 327 CrPC, the inquiry into and trial of rape or an offence under section 376 IPC shall be conducted in camera and it is not lawful for any person to print or publish any matter in relation to such proceeding except with the permission of the court

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Pink disease is seen in

Acrodynia(Pick disease) is seen in mercury poisening.


Question: Harakiri means

Harakiri (seppuku) is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. Stab injury in the abdomen (L-shaped), causing instantaneous evisceration of bowel loops. It results in sudden decrease in abdominal pressure and cardiac return resulting in circulatory collapse and death.


Question: "Res ipsa loquitar" means

Ans. c (Things speak for themselves). (Ref. Parikh, FMT, 5th ed., 575)In cases of professional negligence in some circumstances doctrine of "Res ipsa loquitar" (Things speak for themselves) can be invoked.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn