Question: Confabulation is seen in case of chronic poisoning with

The Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome occurs due to thiamine deficiency which can be a result of chronic alcohol addiction. In the acute form, drowsiness, disorientation, ataxia, amnesia and peripheral neuropathy are seen. Horizontal nystagmus and external ocular palsies may be seen. Korsakoff psychosis characterized by impairment of memory and confabulationConfabulation is the unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagining experiences or events that have no basis in fact.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg:407


Question: Failure of the administrators of the hospital to provide adequate facilities comes under

Corporate negligence It is the failure of the administrators of the hospital to provide the adequate facilities including doctors. The hospital administration should provide standard equipments and competent employees. If the damage has occured as a result of negligent action of hospital administration, then it is liable for the damages. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 382


Question: ashleys rule is

ashleys rule : sex detrmination by sternum krogmanns accuracy - sexing of adults in humans using pelvis ref : narayanareddy


Question: Gastric lavage is contraindicated in

(Sulphuric acid): (480- Reddi 31st edition; 8.13 -Parikh 6th7ed)Only absolute contraindicated is corrosive poisoning (eg sulphuric acid) EXCEPT carboxic acid owing to the danger of perforationComplications1. Laryngeal spasm2. Aspiration pneumonitis3. Perforation of stomach4. Sinus bradycardiaIn the following conditions stomach wash can be done by taking proper precautions1. Convulsant poisons strychnine poisoning as it may lead to convulsions Lavage should be done after controlling the convulsions2. Comatose patient - because of the risk of aspiration of fluid into the air passages. The airway should be sealed by cuffed endotracheal tube (8 to 9mm) and lavage done3. Volatile poisons Kerosene which may be inhaled4. Upper alimentary disease eg oesophageal varices5. In patient with marked hypothermia and haemorrhagic diathesis


Question: Harakari practiced in Japan is

Harakari practiced in Japan is suicidal stab injury.
It is a form of ritual suicide by disembowelment.


Question: Hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation leading to death occurs in

The above presentation is characteristic of freshwater drowning.


Question: About 20 gms of hairs required to be preserved in

Hair and nails are preserved in heavy metal poisoning e.g. arsenic, antimony, radium, thalium.


Question: Red velvety appearance of stomach is seen in the poisoning of

Black foot disease :

Chronic exposure of arsenic causef varosparm and peripheral varcular infufficiency.
Dry gangrene and spotaneous amputations of affected extremitier.
Red velvety stomach mucosa(Strawberry stomach) arsenic poisonig.
Blue linking on gems - lead(Bustonian line).
Tremors  - Mercury(intertional tremors).
Anemia - lead(microcytic hypochromic anemia).


Question: Proximal tubule proteinuria and painful bone lesions are seen in overdose of

Cadmium 1. Proximal tubule proteinuria and painful bone lesions are seen in overdose of Cadmium. 2. PCT necrosis is seen in- Arsenic, Carbon tetra Chloride, Cantharid, Lysol, Mercury, Phenol.) Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 567


Question: Blocking of the internal air passage by external pressure over neck & chest is

Cause Condition Occlusion of the internal airways by external pressure over neck Strangulation/hanging Blockage of the external orifices Smothering Blockage of the internal airways at nasopharynx Gagging Blockage of the internal airways at larynx Choking Occlusion of mouth and nose, and blockage of the internal airways by external pressure Overlaying Restriction of chest movement due to external mechanical fixation Traumatic asphyxia Occlusion of the internal airways by external pressure Wedging


Question: Gettler test is for


Question: Robe's sign is seen in

Robe's sign: presence of gas in the great vessels (12 hours of intrauterine death) Spalding sign: overriding of bones of cranial vault (5 -7 days of intrauterine death)


Question: Fracture of Hyoid bone is indicative of

Fracture of hyoid bone is commonly seen in Throttling.


Question: Aboion stick used in criminal aboion causes aboion by the mechanism of

A i.e. Uterine contraction Aboion stick used in criminal aboion causes aboion by uterine contractionQ


Question: Whiplash injury is damage to

Ans. (b) SpineRef: The essentials of FSM by KS Narayan Reddy 31st ed. 1246* Fracture of spine need not injure the cord, but the cord is rarely injured without associated fractures of the vertebral column. "Whiplash injury" is an exception to this rule. This injury sustained commonly by the occupants of the front seat. When the vehicle comes to a sudden stop, there is forward thurst which produces acute hyperflexion but this converted into acute hyperextension as the forehead strikes the windscreen which causes injury to the cervical column.


Question: A patient was brought with a history of pyrexia, contracted pupils, hypotension, cyanosis, progressing to coma is suspected to be suffering from poisoning due to

Pyrexia + contracted pupils = Phenobarbitone poisoning Pyrexia + dilated pupils = Datura poisoning Constriction of the pupils (miosis) is typical of opioids, clonidine, phenothiazines, and cholinesterase inhibitors (eg, organophosphate insecticides), and deep coma due to sedative drugs.(Phenobarbitone) Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 508


Question: Finger prints are obtained upto a depth of

Histological section upto a depth of 0.6 mm from finger pad surface can give satisfactory results. Ridges are present both in dermis and epidermis.


Question: Black tongue is seen in abuse of

Ans. is 'd' i.e. cocaine The tongue and teeth of chronic cocaine users are black.Also importantMagnate's symptoms*: seen in chronic cocaine users. Consists of tactile hallucinations * as if small insects are creeping on the skin (cocaine bugs)* or grains of sand are lying under the skin.

Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques


Question: Poisoning by an irritant may be mistaken for

Irritants cause symptoms of gastroenteritis eg: abdominal pain, vomiting, purging.


Question: Multiplication factor for estimating height from length of foot is

(Length of one upper limb x 2) +34 is equal to stature. Height of head x 8 is equal to stature Length from veex to pubis x 2 is equal to height Length of foot x 7 is the approximate height Suprasternal notch to pubic symphysis x 3.3 is equal to stature. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 96


Question: A dead born fetus does not have

Ans. is 'b' i.e. Adipocere formation All the four can be seen in a dead bom fetus but adipocere formation being rare should be the answer."A dead born child is one which has died in utero and may show signs of rigor mortis, maceration or mummification *"Rarely a child which has remained surrounded in amniotic fluid after death may get converted into adipocere".Rigor mortisRigor mortis is common in a dead born fetus before birth causing difficult labour. The most common cause of such rigor mortis is antenatal haemorrhage.MacerationIf the dead fetus remains for some time in the uterus surrounded by liquor amnii but without air, an aseptic autolysis of the foetus occurs. This is known as macerationMummificationIt occurs when death of a foetus results from a deficient supply of blood or when liquor amnii is scanty and when no air has entered the uterus. In this condition the fetus is dried up and shrivelled.


Question: Robert's sign is a feature of

Robert's sign is appearance of gas shadow in chambers of heart and great vessels. It is seen in dead born infant.


Question: The legal responsibilities of an intoxicated person is given under Section of IPC


Question: Whiplash injury is seen in

Shaken baby syndrome (infantile whiplash syndrome) By holding both shoulders, babies and children are shaken causing various injuries. This is done by parents or care takers in anger or frustration. It may cause diffuse axonal injury, subdural hemorrhage, moderate to severe retinal hemorrhage with or without separation. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 356


Question: Grievous Hurt is defined under


Question: Test for detection of old blood stain is


Question: Post moem staining before death can occur in

Postmoem hypostasis is seen before death in cases of cholera, uremia, plague, morphine, etc Ref: researchgate.net


Question: Putrefaction occurs at

Exhumation should be done in early morning under natural light as surroundings have to be observed for unusual changes. Dr. Narayana Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 27 th edition pg. 66.


Question: Ideal condition for adipocere formation includes

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Warm humid air * Moisture present, warmth present, air present - Putrefaction.* Moisture present, warmth present, air absent, i.e. warm humid climate - Adipocere formation (saponification).* Moisture absent, warmth present, air present, i.e. hot dry climate - Mummification.


Question: A 6hours old snake bite patient comes to emergency with mild local edema at the injury site. On examination no abnormalities detected and lab repos are normal. Most appropriate management is

All patients with a history of snake bite should be observed for 8-12 h after the bite, if the skin is broken and the offending snake cannot be positively identified as non-poisonous. Ref: Krishnan vij ; 5th ed; Page no: 484


Question: Arborescent marks' or 'filigree burns' are seen in

Ans. d (Lightening) (Ref. Forensic Medicine Reddy, 17th/ Page 261; Forensic Medicine 1st /Apurva Nandy, 286)# Filigree burns are seen in lightening# Crocodile Flash Burns and "arc eye" are seen in Electrical Injuries# Joule Burn is seen in Electrical Injuries# Spark Burns are seen in Electrical InjuriesLIGHTENING# Mode- Direct Strike- Side Flash - Hits another object and then enters the subject- Conduction through another object# Burns may be- Linear# 3 to 30 cm in length, 0.3 to 2.5 cm in width# Often in moist creased and skin folds- Arborescent or Filigree or Lichtenberg's flowers# Superficial, Thin, Irregular and Tortuous# Fern like pattern# Resembles a tree- Surface burns# True bums which occur beneath metallic objects worn or carried by the person# Cause of Death- Cerebral "Anaemia"# Due to spasmodic contraction of cerebral vesselsEducational Points# Filigree bums usually imply that the effect is superficial and are more often seen in cases where the victims have "escaped". They are seen in shoulders and flanks and pass away in due course of time.# They do not follow the path of blood vessels.# They may be due to:- Copper deposits in Dermis- Deposits of Hemoglobin from RBCs lysed by the current


Question: Dilated pupil, dry mouth is a feature of poisoning due to


Question: Number of bullets fired in a tandem bullet AIIMS 07


Question: Chaing of left lower canine is A/E


Question: Medical etiquette is related to

Medical etiquette:- It deals with the conventional laws of couesy observed between members of the medical profession. A doctor should behave with his colleagues as he would have them behave with himself. Medical jurisprudence (juris= law; prudentia = knowledge):- It deals with legal responsibilities of the physician with paicular reference to those arising from physician-patient relationship, such as medical negligence cases, consent, rights and duties of doctors, serious professional misconduct, medical ethics, etc. In sho, it deals with legal aspects of practice of medicine. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-01


Question: Ossification centre Calcaneum appears in

Ossification centres Foot calcaneum: 5 months of JULY Talus: 7 months Cuboid: 9 months Navicular: 1 year Cuneiforms: 1 to3 years Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 92


Question: Voyeurism is punished under


Question: Mechanism of action of cyanide poison is

(Inhibit cytochrome oxidase): (8.38- Parikh 6th edition)* Cyanide inhibits the action of cytochrome oxidase, carbonic anhydrase and probable of other enzyme system. It blocks the final step of oxidative phosphorylation and prevents the formation of ATP and its use as energy source.* Cyanide acts by reducing the oxygen carrying with the ferric iron atom of intracellular cytochrome oxidase preventing the uptake of oxygen for cellular respiration. There is an interference with the intracellular oxidative processes in the tissues and it kills by creating histotoxic or cytotoxic anoxia, although the blood may contain a normal oxygen content (588- Reddy 31st)


Question: Name the test and is used for

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) : This is a test used for estimation of distance of firing and confirming the hands of those suspected of firing a firearm. The test can detect barium, copper, antimony, etc. from the primer present in the firearm discharge residue, which are activated in a nuclear reactor and then identified by the gamma ray spectrometer. Other tests are: * Dermal nitrate test* Harrison and gilroy test* Neutron activation analysis (NAA)* Image analysis of gunshot residue (IA GSR)* Sodium rhodizonate test

Neutron activation analysis for firearm use


Question: The pregnant female dies while doing illegal abortion. The doctor can be punished under


Question: First internal sign of putrefaction is found


Question: Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur means

res ipsa loquitur means "the thing speaks for itself," - a doctrine of law that one is presumed to be negligent if he/she/it had exclusive control of whatever caused the injury even though there is no specific evidence of an act of negligence, and without negligence the accident would not have happened. Ex: "Leaving a pair of scissors in the abdomen The error is so self-evident that the patient's lawyer need not prove the doctor's guilt with medical evidence. The doctor has to prove his innocence. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 364


Question: Cyanide poisoning is treated by

(A) Sodium thiosulphate + Sodium nitrate # Treatment should be started immediately. The principle of the treatment is to reverse the cyanide-cytochrome combination. This is achieved by converting haemoglobin to methaemoglobin by giving nitrites. Break 0.2 c.c ampoule of amyl nitrite in a handkerchief and hold over the patient's nose for 15 to 30 seconds of every minute. 0.3 g. of sodium nitrite in 10 ml. of sterile water is given i.v. slowly, over a period of two to three minutes. Sodium nitrite forms methaemoglobin (Hb-Fe2+), then competeswith cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion, thusprotecting cytochrome oxidase. Do not remove theneedle. Through the same needle infuse 25 g. of sodium thiosulphate in 15% solution, i.v. over a period often minutes. It converts cyanide to non-toxic thiocyanate, which is excreted in urine.Repeat the nitrite-thiosulphate injection after an hour if recovery has not occurred. Hydroxocobalamine (Vitamin B12) 4 g. i.v. as infusion is given. It detoxifies cyanide by giving a hydroxyl group and then binding a cyanyl group from the cyanide, forming non-toxic cyanocobalamine which is excreted in the urine. It may be used with sodium thiosulphate which reacts with cyanocobalamine in the presence of the enzyme rhodanase, to produce thiocyanate. Dicobal EDTA acts by chelating cyanide to form a harmless product that is excreted in the urine. 600 mg. is given i.v. slowly. It is followed by 300 mg. if recovery does not occur. Cobalt EDTA and aminophenols are more rapid in action, efficacious, and less toxic than nitrites. 4-dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP) 3 mg/kg. i.v. Gastric lavage is then performed on those who have ingested cyanide using activated charcoal, a mixture of 6% sodium carbonate, 15% ferrous sulphate and 3% citric acid, or 3% hydrogen peroxide, or 5 to 10% sodium thiosulphate, or 1:5000 potassium permanganate, and 200 ml. is left in the stomach. Alternatively stomach wash can be done with a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and ferrous and ferric chloride. Methylene blue is not effective. Ventilate with hundred percent oxygen. Methaemoglobin of more than fifty percent is an indication for exchange transfusion or administration of blood. If death is delayed, a mixture of ferrous and ferric sulphate with potassium carbonate may be given as a chemical antidote to form Prussian blue. Keep the airway clear. Patient should be kept under observation for 24 to 48 hours, as cyanide toxicity may recur. In poisoning by inhalation, remove the patient at once to fresh air and start artificial respiration and oxygen.


Question: Scandinan method is used in treatment of

Scandinan method is used in treatment of Barbiturate poisoning Anti shock measures, maintenance of patent airway, adequate respiratory suppo with no CNS stimulants. Fluid replacement therapy used without vasopressors.


Question: Locard's exchange principle is for

Locards principal of exchange states that whenever two bodies come in contact with each other, there is exchange of material between the two and so a criminal can be linked to crime.


Question: Accidental choking of respiratory passage by a bolus of food is known as

Cafe coronary is a condition in which a healthy but grossly intoxicated person who begins a meal suddenly turns blue, coughs violently, then collapses and dies.
Death appears to be due to a sudden heart attack. At autopsy, a large piece of poorly chewed food may be found obstructing the larynx.


Question: Grevious hurt is defined under IPC

Ans. (a) 320Ref: The Essentials ofFSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed./384-85IPC SectionDefinitionSec 82A child under 7 yrs is incapable of committing an offence. Not applicable to railway act.Sec 83A child >7 &< 12 is presumed to be mature enough to be capable of committing an offence.Sec 84Act of a person of unsound mind/McNaughten's ruleSec 85Act of a person who's intoxicated against will.Sec 87A person less than 18 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. consent for wrestling contestSec 88 to93Legal protection to medical doctors. Sec 89 - a child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur by an act done in good faith or for itsbenefi t e.g. consent for operationSec 174Police inquestSec 176Magistrate's inquestSec 179Punishment for refusal to answer question by the policeSec 191Definition of perjurySec 193Punishment for perjurySec 197Issuing false certificate (3-7 years of punishment)Sec 201Disappearance of evidence (2 years of punishment)Sec 297Trespassing of burial placeSec 299Definition of Culpable homicideSec 300MurderSec 302Punishment for murder/infanticideSec 304Culpable homicide not amounting to murderSec 304 ACausing death by negligenceSec 304 BDowry death307Attempt to murder308Attempt to culpable homicide309Attempt to suicideSec 317Abandoning of infantsSec 318Concealment of death of childSec 319HurtSec 320Grievous hurtSec 321Voluntarily causing hurtSec 322Voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 323Punishment for voluntary causing hurtSec 324Punishment for voluntary causing hurt by dangerous weapon/meansSec 325Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 326Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt by a dangerous weapon/meansSec 351AssaultSec 354Assault to outrage the modesty of a woman.Sec 375Definition of rapeSec 376Punishment of rapeSec 377Unnatural sexual offenceSec 497Adultery

Introduction to Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence


Question: Agonal period is the duration between

AGONAL PERIOD:- It is the time between a lethal occurrence and death. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-142

Traumatic event and staing of the operation

Traumatic event and information given to the relatives


Question: Vitriolage is punished under


Question: Never used in chemical analysis

Formalin cannot be used for preservation because it hardens and fixes the tissues and poison cannot be extracted. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 404


Question: The "knot" in judicial hanging is placed at

Ans. is 'b' i.e. The side of the neck Though submental knot (below the chin) is thought to be more effective and ensures a quicker death; subaural knot (side of the neck under the angle of the jaw/mandible) on the left side is the preferred position in India as well as England. Judicial hanging causes fracture-dislocation usually at the level of 2nd and 3rd or 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae. B/l fractures of either the pedicles or laminae of the arch of the 2nd, 3rd or 4th cervical vertebrae occur.In proper judicial hanging, there is rupture of the brain stem between the pons and the medulla.This results in instantaneous and irreversible loss of consciousness (d/t destruction of reticular formation) and in irreversible apnoea (d/t destruction of the respiratory centre).Death is instantaneous due to damage to spinal cord or brain stem though the heart may continue to beat for 15 to 20 minutes and muscle jerking may occur for quite some time.


Question: Species identification is done by


Question: Arrange the following tooth in the order of age of eruption of temporary teeth Upper lateral incisor Lower lateral incisor Lower medial incisor Upper medial incisor

Eruption sequence of Temporary Dentition Lower medial incisor 6 to 8 months Upper medial incisor 7 to 9 months Upper lateral incisor 7 to 9 months Lower lateral incisor 10 to 12 months First molar 12 to 14 months Canine 17 to 18 months Second molar 20 to 30 months


Question: Dying declaration comes under

Section-32(1) of Indian Evidence Act, the Word "Dying Declaration" means a statement is written or verbal of relevant facts made by a person, who is dead. It is the statement of a person who had died explaining the circumstances of his death. Ref:Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 9


Question: Pressure upon the neck by the arm held around the neck in

Mugging ( Arm lock) The term mugging means pressure upon the neck by the arm held around the neck. The attack is usually made from behind, the neck being trapped in the crook of the elbow and pressure exeed when the front and sides of the larynx get squeezed. Death may ensue due to asphyxia or reflex cardiac arrest. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 134


Question: Compound used as primer in weapon is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Potassium chlorate Cartridge (round)* Cartridge is the ammunition used in firearms. Cartridge consists of (i) Cartridge case, (ii) Propellant (gun powder), (iii) Projectile (missile) and (iv) Wads (only in shotguns.).1) Cartridge case# It is the outer shell or covering of the cartridge. In shotgun it is cylinderical. Base is of brass and rest of it is of cardboard or plastic. In rifled weapons, it is tapering and whole of it is made of brass or steel.# Center of base has percussion cap (detonator cap) which has sensitive composition, i.e. primer, consisting of potassium chlorate, antimony sulphide, mercury fulminate, barium nitrite, lead peroxide or tetrazene.# In all weapons, after firing, the cartridge case remains in the barrel and it is to be taken out manually (shotgun, revolvers, rifle) or it is ejected out automatically, e.g. in pistals.2) Propellent (gun powder)# It propels the projectile (missile) forward. It is composed of black powder or smokeless powder in the form of grains, pellets, thin cylindrical cords or flakes. Its ignition results in formation of expanding hot gases under pressure which (gas pressure) propels the projectile (missile) by providing it necessary muzzle velocity and striking energy.# The classical gun powder is known as black powder, consists of charcol (15%), Sulphur (10%), and potassium nitrate (75%). Depending on fineness, the black gun powder is designated as FG, FFG, FFFG. etc. (F = fineness). Pyrodex is another gun powder with same components, but with different ratios.# Black gun powder produces smoke, i.e. It is smoke producing powder. Smokeless powder, in addition to black powder, has nitrocellulose (single base), or nitrocellulose plus nitroglycerine (double base), or nitrocellulose plus nitroglycerine plus nitroguanidine (triple base). Semi smokeless powder has 80% black powder and 20% smokeless powder (nitrocellulose).3) Projectile (missile)# Projectile is an object propelled by force of rapidly burning gases. In shotgun these are lead shots and pellets (recently steel is also used instead of lead) and in rifled weapons (pistal, rifle, revolver), these are bullets. Tip of the bullet is knwon as nose.4) Wads# Wads are present only in the cartridge of a shot gun. Wad can be made of paper, left, card board, or plastic. These are circular disc of various thicknesses, used to adjust the contents of a shotgun cartridge.# Felt wad (wad made of felt) is imprignated with grease and this lubricates the bore (inside of barrel).


Question: "Tram line bruises" are caused due to injuries caused by

When a person is stuck with a cylindrical object such as iron bar, the bruise pattern formed is distinct. The skin surface is indented and blood vessels at the edges are ruptured. Blood is squeezed out of any vessels along the point of contact, but the vessels remain relatively intact (paicularly if the suppoing tissues are lax). When the impacting object is removed, blood flows back into the undamaged vessels, but leaks from the damaged ones. The resulting bruise is termed a 'tramline bruise' because it appears as a pale linear central area lined on either side by linear bruising. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 218


Question: Paraquat poisoning causes

Paraquat poisoning causes Multiple organ failure. Paraquat is a very toxic compound, 2 g can be potentially fatal (10 ml of concentrated 20% solution). Initial signs of toxicity are due to its corrosive effects on the GI tract and Oropharynx. Paraquat absorbed and is sequestered in the lungs--> form hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions--> cell death-->acute alveolitis. Management providing suppoive care activated charcoal to reduce absorption. Excessive oxygen supplementation can actually increase pulmonary toxicity Oral mucosa is observed with edema, jaundice and ulcerations. bilateral opacities of peripheral and parahilar predominance. Liver enlarged in size and weight, congestive and indurated, gallbladder with cholestasis.


Question: Sexual gratification obtained by contact of private pas in

Frotteurism In this, sexual gratification is obtained by contact. The person is obtaining the gratification by rubbing his private pas against a female's body. It is punishable according to Sec 354A IPC Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: In macerated fetus, the organ used for DNA profiling is

If fetus is macerated, fetal lungs and brain tissues are more suitable for DNA typing Normal fetuses In older fetus, sample consists of fetal blood obtained by hea puncture. In young fetus, analysis of chorionic villi may provide the fetal pattern. Other tissue suitable for DNA analysis is - quadriceps muscle or rib


Question: Excessive sexual desires  in females is known as

Excessive sexual desires in Male's - Satyriasis.
Excessive sexual desires in Female's - Nymphomania.


Question: IPC 321 deals with 0

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Voluntarily causing hurt 3191 PC : Defines hurt,o 320IPC : Defines grievous hurt,o 321 IPC : Voluntarily causing hurt,o 322 IPC : Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.o 323 IPC : Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt {no provocation, no dangerous weapon) (1 years imprisonment),o 324 IPC : Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapon (3 years imprisonment +- fine),o 325 IPC : Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt (no provocation, no dangerous weapon) (7 years imprisonment +- fine).

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Unnatural sexual offences are punished under

Sodomy, Bestiality are some examples of unnatural sexual offences, they are punished under 377 IPC.


Question: Yellow Phosphorous is preserved in

Phosphorus occurs in two forms, namely yellow or white, and red. The yellow phosphorus is highly toxic. It is waxy, translucent and white. When exposed to air, it becomes yellow. It is not soluble in water. So, for preservation purposes, it is kept under water. When exposed to air, it emits fumes of phosphorus trioxide as a result of oxidation. It is also used in fireworks, gunpowder, and incendiary ammunition.Red phosphorus is stable at room temperature and is not oxidized as yellow phosphorus does. It is used in matchbox industry. It is not present on heads of matchsticks but on sides of matchbox along with the powdered glass. The heads of safety match sticks contain potassium chlorate and antimony sulfide.Ref: RK Sharma; 3rd edition; Chapter 31; Page no: 252


Question: Diatoms are seen in

B. i.e. (Drowning) (3.69 - Parikh 6th)DIATOMS - is unicellular algae**, have silicaceous cell wall (Best site of sample - Bone marrow in femur**)* **Since diatoms resist putrefaction, diatom test may have some value in examination of decomposed bodies* The test is negative in dead bodies thrown in water and in dry drowning (Tissues from brain, liver and BM)*Gettler's Test used in Drowning to estimate the chloride content of blood from both sides of the heart Diagnostic features of drowning - is fine white latheary tenacious froth or foam rarely tinged with blood (other causes are - chest - compression, opium poisoning, slow asphyxia. Putrefaction).i. Cutis - anserine** - goose - skin or goose flesh - the granular and puckered appearance of the skin and "pataufs hemorrhage"**ii. Washer - woman *s hand - the slan of the hands or feat shows bleached, corrugated and sodden appearance* Commonest type of Drowning is - Suicidal**


Question: Cherry red colour of blood is seen in poisoning with

Colour of death by poisoning: Cyanide- bright red Carbon monoxide - cherry red Carbon dioxide- deep blue Phosphorus, copper- dark brown Hydrogen sulphide- bluish green Opiates- black Nitrite, aniline, potassium chlorate, nitrobenzene, potassium bicarbonate- chocolate brown or coffee brown. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR P C IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 24


Question: Condition to promote adipocere formation is

Factors facilitating formation of adipocere: Bodies covered with thick cloth and placed in air tight coffins Humid and warm atmosphere Stagnant air. Body pas where there is excess body fat Bodies buried in marshy places or clayey soil Bodies lying in deep stagnant water. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 37


Question: A person incapacitated by drug, disease, alcohol, etc lie with the upper poion of body lower than rest of the body causes

Postural asphyxia The condition where a person incapacitated by drug, diseases or alcohol, etc lie with the upper poion of the body lower than rest of the body pas. The common example is a drunk who slides out of bed so that his head and adjoining areas hang down from edge and the remaining body is resting at a upper level. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 119


Question: "Dry submarine" in custodial injuries refer to

Suffocation: Near-suffocation may occur by means of a plastic bag placed over the head of the victim ('dry submarine'). Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 193


Question: 'Falanga' is

TOURE METHODS: The methods of toure are wide and varying. (I) PHYSICAL ABUSE : (1) Beating is the commonest form. Fist, foot or an instrument, such as lathi, metal or wooden bars, whips, belts, cycle chains, etc., are used. The usual target is the back, but injuries may be seen on almost any pa of the body. Abrasions, contusions, lacerations and fractures may be found. Bruises in abdominal wall and rupture of internal organs may be seen. Poking with stick, baton, rod, etc. is common. (2) Falanga (faiaka, bastinado): In this canes or rods are used to beat on the soles of the feet, or rarely to the palms of the hands or hips, which is very painful and debilitating. Contusions are found deep in the tissues. Faint red lines may be seen, and often hyperpigmentation along the lines of injury. Aseptic necrosis may occur. (3) Telefono: It consists of repeated slapping of the sides of the head (over ears) by the open palms of the assailant. This may cause rupture of ear drums and injury to the inner ear. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-297,298


Question: In camera trial of a rape case hearing is done under

Sec. 327 (2) CrPC In-camera trial: Trial of rape case are to be held in camera by a woman Judge/ Magistrate, if available Sec. 357 (C) CrPC All hospitals (including private), should provide medical treatment to the rape victims. Private hospitals cannot refuse treatment to rape victims Police intimation to be made immediately Free of cost treatment.


Question: Whiplash injury of spine is due to

Whiplash injury This injury classically occurs in an occupant of a vehicle due to sudden acceleration which causes sudden extension followed by flexion. There may be fracture dislocation of cervical veebrae. Both accrleaccele and deceleration injuries are included in the category of whiplash injury. Hyperextension injuries are common. Whiplash injuries are common in front seat occupants. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 178


Question: Earliest sign of putrefaction is

(D) Discoloration in right iliac fossa# The first external sign of putrefaction in a body lying in air is usually a greenish discoloration of the skin over the region of the caecum, which lies fairly superficially, and where the contents of the bowel are more fluid and full of bacteria.> Internally, putrefaction is seen on the undersurface of the liver, where that organ is in contact with the transverse colon.> The color results from the conversion of hemoglobin of blood into sulphonate haemoglobin by the hydrogen sulphide formed in large intestine and escaping into the surrounding tissues.


Question: Sexual gratification is obtained by inflicting injuries to sexual paner in

Sadisim In sadism, the sexual gratification is obtained by inflicting injuries on the sexual paner. It is most commonly seen in men. To obtain sexual gratification, the sadist may bite , whip, beat, or produce cut injuries on the sexual paner Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: In Breslau's second life test, organ tested is

D i.e. Stomach & Intestine Breslau's second life (or Stomach Bowel) test says that air will be swallowed & so may pass into stomach & small intestine when respiration establishes.


Question: The principle 'respondent superior' is applied by

Vicarious liability Responsibility lies on the superior for the negligent action of his subordinate who is supposed to work under the guidance of the superior. The principle applied is called 'respondent superior' which means 'let the master answer' .To apply this principle, There must be an employer employee relationship to be established. The employee's conduct should occur within the scope of his employment. The negligence occurs during while on job. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 381


Question: Atropine is not used in the poisoning of

Atropine is used ar antidote in argaphosphones and orgarocholorine poisnonings.
Through endrin does not have a specific antidote,atropine is particulorly contraindicated in pyrethroid poisonings.
The major component of baygon is pynethroids(Cyfleathrin ,Thansfluthrin,Prallithrin).
Atropine and oximes both are contraindicated in pyrethroid poisonings.
Atropine should not be used beacuse it could exacerbate the CNS stimulatory effects and tachycardia in there cases.


Question: Feature of ante moem drowning is

Cadaveric spasm Weed paicles, twigs, leaves, etc may be seen firmly grasped in hands due to cadaveric spasm. This indicates that the person was alive when entered the water and was struggling. Cadaveric spasm with weed paicles in hand can be taken as a definite ante-moem sign of drowning. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 264


Question: Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder is covered under


Question: Anaemia, punctate basophilia, constipation blue line and abdominal colic are characreristic of


Question: Savila dribbling from mouth is characteristic of

Saliva may be found dribbling from the angle of mouth when the head is dropped forward. This is due to the increased salivation before death caused by stimulation of the salivary gland by the ligature. Hence it is an antemoem hanging feature Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology. Dr. K.S Narayan Reddy. 28th edition pg: 180


Question: Rule of Hasse is used to determine

A i.e. The age of fetus Rule of Hasse is used to determine the age of fetus from its crown to heel length (in cm).Q


Question: Chemical constituent of cigarette lighter used for volatile substance abuse is

CIGARETTE LIGHTER - BUTANE Fluorocarbon - AEROSOLS Acetone - GLUES, DYES, NAIL POLISH REMOVER Toluene - ACRYLIC PAINTS


Question: Sin of Gomorrah is another name for

BUCCAL COITUS OR COITUS PER OS OR SIN OF GOMORRAH: The male organ is introduced into the mouth of another male or female usually children. Rarely faint teeth marks and abrasions may be present on the penis. Death may occur due to aspiration of semen, or impaction of the penis in the respiratory tract or stomach. Buccal swabs should be taken which are useful only up to 9 hours. REF: THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY 29th edition page no: 225.


Question: Identical twins can be differentiated by

* Among twins, the DNA fingerprint will show same pattern * But the fingerprint pattern is different even in identical twins. * The Fingerprint patterns are not inherited and paternity cannot be proved through fingerprint patterns. * The fingerprint patterns are distinctive and permanent in individuals. Ref:- Essentials of Forensic medicine Dr KS narayana Reddy 33th Edition; Pg num:- 86


Question: The commonest cause of hymen rupture is

Causes of Rupture of Hymen i. Sexual intercourse: Commonest cause of defloration. ii. Masturbation, especially with some large foreign body. Hymen is not injured in most cases, as manipulation is usually limited to pas anterior to the hymen. iii. An accident, like fall on a projecting substance or by slipping on the furniture or fence. It does not rupture by jumping, riding, vigorous exercise and dancing. iv. Gynecological examination or surgical operation. v. Foreign body inseion for rendering minors fit for sexual intercourse. (sola pith ) vi. Sanitary tampons.

Impotency, Virginity, pregnancy & aboion


Question: Achieving sexual gratification by seeing the private pas of opposite sex is seen in

Voyeurism or Scoptophilia This is a perversion in which the sexual gratification is obtained by seeing the private pas of the opposite sex or watching sexual intercourse. More common in males. This is so called ''peeping Tom" According to Sec354C of IPC voyeurism is punishable. Whoever watches or capture images of a woman who is engaged in a private act, shall be punished with imprisonment up to 3 years, and in subsequent act up to 7 years. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 313


Question: Sample of spinal cord is preserved in suspected poisoning with

Preservation of viscera: In ceain cases of poisoning, the following are preserved. (1) Hea: strychnine, digitalis, yellow oleander. (2) Brain: 100 gm. of cerebrum or cerebellum: alkaloids, organophosphorus compounds, opiates, CO, cyanide, strychnine, barbituratesanaesthetics and volatile organic poisons. (3) Spinal cord entire length: strychnine and gelsemium. (4) C.S.F.: alcohol. (5) Bile: It is best removed by puncturing the gall bladder in situ. Narcotic drugs, cocaine, methadone, glutathione, barbiturates and some tranquilisers. (6) Vitreous humour: alcohol, chloroform, cocaine, morphine, tricyclic antidepressants, etc. (7) Lung: one lung in gaseous poisons, hydrocyanic acid, alcohol, chloroform. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-125


Question: Sexual gratification obtained by wearing dresses of opposite sides in

TRANSVESTISM In this type of sexual perversion, sexual satisfaction is obtained by wearing clothes of the opposite sex. His whole personality is dominated to be identified as a member of the opposite sex. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: Characteristic postmortem finding of carbolic acid poisoning is

Stomach mucosa :

Sulphuric acid : Charred / Black  / blottin paper stomach
Copper sulphate : Bluish green
Ferrous sulphate : Green
Arsenic : pink velvety mucosa / strawberry
Nitric acid : yellow
Carbolic acid : White leathery stomach.


Question: Fetishism is sexual gratification by

FETISHISMThe hallmark of fetishism is long-standing compulsive sexual interest in nonliving objects that are used to generate sexual excitement. In the ordinary human life, males do repo having interest and attraction to object worn by their sexual paners such as brassieres, panties, gaer belts, hose, and boots/socks, etc. However, fetishism is an extreme exaggeration of an attachment to objects and the individual may go to extremes to obtain fetishistic objects (e.g., breaking into houses to steal the things/objects).Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th edition; Chapter 29 Forensic Psychiatry; Page no: 425


Question: The average length of a full term child will be about


Question: Phassy jaw is caused by

Phossy Jaw is produced by chronic white phosphorus poisoning.


Question: Preservation of brain is not required in


Question: Arsenophagists are

Some people take arsenic daily as a tonic or as an aphrodisiac and they acquire tolerance to 250-300mg or more in one dose. Such people are known as arsenophagists. Ref - <a href="

Persons using arsenics as cattle poisoning

Persons who can tolerate high doses of arsenic after taking it in low doses at frequent intervals

Criminals using arsenic for homicide purposes


Question: Active component of Ganja includes

Cannabis * Active Principle: Cannabidiol which is ine, is conveed to active tetra-hydrocannabinols(THC) on exposure to heat * It does not produce physiological dependence or addiction, but psychological dependenceand tolerance develop


Question: Multiplication factor of finding height from length of foot is

Height of individual can be calculated from the length of foot print Height = length of foot print x 7 Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 100


Question: Cheiloscopy is the study of

Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces. The aim of this study is to establish the uniqueness of lip prints which aids in personal identification Ref - pubmed.com / <a href="


Question: Blood sampling in DNA profiling stored in

(ECTA) (41 7-Reddy 29th) (2.38, 7.7-Parikh 6th)DNA-FINGER PRINTINGIdentification of person by genetic analysis*** DNA is extacted from the nuclei of white blood cells or of spermatozones or of the hair follicles cells that cling to the roots of hair that have fallen, or been pulled.* DNA finger printing is based on variable number Tandem repeats (VNTR) and short tandom repeats (STR)*** The fragments are separated according to size by gel electrophorasis*** DNA finger printing was founded by A.Jeffrey** (1985)* Currently the most important tool used to make a paternity determination is a blood test called a human leucocyte antigen (HLA) test*** Sample of DNA testing must Contain nucleated cells ig leuocytes, seminal fluid, brain, bone marrow, muscle skin, dental pulp, hair with root sheeth cells, and dried stains.Liquid blood - in case of paternity, maternity disputes, biological relationship-2-5 ml- blood is collected in sterile leakproof preferably screw - capped tubes containing heparin or EDTA as anticoagulant. EDTA extracts metallic ions, prevents clotting inhibiting enzymes in blood or micro organisms which may breakdown DNA during storageThe sample should reach the laboratory within 24 to 48 hours* Visceral samples sends in Normal saline or 20% solution of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) saturated with sodium chloride * Preservative used for toxicological specimen - saturated sodium chloride* Sodium fluoride is used for preservation of - Alcohol* In all cases of poisoning inclusive of carbolic acid but exclusive of other acids saturated solution of common salt should be used* In cases where poisoning by acids is suspected except(i) Carbolic acid (phenol) (ii) Alcohol (iii) Acetic acid (iv) phosphorus (v) paraldehyde, rectified sprit should be used*** Temporary modification or obliteration of ridge pattern may be seen in variety of other conditions such asIncomplets Ridge atrophyRidge alterationIncreased distance between Ridge with preserved pattern* Dermatitis* Eczema* Infantile paralysis* Celiac disease* Acanthosis nigricans* Rickets * Scleroderma* Acromegaly * Dry / atrophic skin * Permanent impairment ot the linger print pattern occours in - leprosy, electric injury and after exposure to radiation**IMPORTANT POINTS1. Uric crystal (Gouty tophus) would be submitted to the pathology laboratoryin Alcohol**2. Preservation of brain is NOT required in - Heavy metal poisoning** (Bone)3. Finger print Bureau was first established in India (Calcutta in 1897)4. In autopsy, preservative used for vitreous is - Fluoride fluoride is added to vitreous as preservative if alcohol estimation is required and also for analysis of cocaine, cyanide , and Co-poisoning5. Virological examination of autopsy specimen - sample freazed or preserved in 80 glycerol in buffered saline6. Brain finger printing - is a technique that measure recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical responses to words, phrases or pictures that are presented on a computer screen.Brain finger printing uses electrical brain responses to detect the presence or absence of information stored in brain 7. Polygraph (lie-detector)- which measures emotion- based physiological signals such as heart rate, sweating and blood pressure1

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Criminal Negligence by a doctor is punishable under

Section 304A in The Indian Penal Code Causing death by negligence: Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both. Ref - Krishnan Vij 5th edition 206


Question: Animal hair are/have

Animal hairs coarse and thick and have large scales


Question: Lendrum stain is used for detecting

Lendrum's stain (Phloxine-Tarazine): This stain is used to detect amniotic fluid embolism deathsRef: the essentials of forensic medicine & toxicology-Dr.K.S.Narayana reddy 32nd edition pg no390-391


Question: Blue color of contusion seen at

The age of contusion Time since injury color change first day red(Hb) 2-3 days blue(deoxyHb) 4-5 days bluish black/brown(hemosiderin) 5-6 days greenish(hematoidin) 7-10days yellow(bilirubin) By 14 days normal ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 118


Question: To examine the vaginal cells in the rape accused, the test used is

Lugol's iodine test is to detect vaginal epithelial cells containing glycogen. Takayama test is to detect blood stains; while Florence test is test for seminal stain.


Question: Blackish discoloration present around firearm entry wound is due to

Ans) b (Smoke) Ref: KNS Reddy 29th ed p 195In case of a close range shot, tissue surrounding the wound are signed by flame, and blackened by smoke and tattooed by unburnt or partially burnt powder granulesContact shotClose shotDistant shotThe discharge from the muzzle consisting of the flame, powder metallic particles are blown into the track taken by the bulletThe discharge of muzzle is flame powder etc is within the range of the entrance woundThe discharge of the muzzle is outside the range of entrance woundConsequently there may be no burning no soot no tattooing around the entrance woundWound is signed by flame.Surrounded by soot(blackened) and shows tattooingNo burning, no tattooing, sootSkin surrounding the wound will have absence of abraded and grease collarSkin surrounding the wound shows abraded collar and grease collarAbraded collar may be presentSurrounding tissue may be cherry red due to presence of carboxyhaemoglobinCarboxy haemoglobin is present in the wound track in diminishing concentrationSurrounding tissue may be cherry red due to presence of carboxyhemoglobinWound may be small and irregular or large and irregularThe entrance wound is circular with inverted margins but the rebounding gases may level up or even evert the marginThe wound is circular with inverted margins and may be of same size or even smaller than The bullet due to initial stretching of skin


Question: Priapism is seen in

The Spanish fly (Cantharis vesicatoria, blister beetle) is 2 x 0.6 cm in dimensions. Active principle: Cantharidin.Action: It is locally irritant and nephrotoxic agent Priapism in males and aboion in pregnant females may occur. The patient becomes prostrated with convulsions, and coma preceding death. TreatmentGastric lavage, demulcents (but not fat) and symptomatic treatment. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine ; 5th ed; Page no: 486


Question: Hematuria is a feature of snake bite due to

Viper venom is predominantly hemotoxic. There will be hemolysis , decrease in RBC count and platelet count The bleeding time and clotting time will be prolonged. Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC) will occur and there will be bleeding from gums, rectum and site of bite. There will be signs of renal failure. There will be oliguria, albuminuria and hematuria. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 518


Question: Medical negligence act under IPC

(304) (1.46-P)In case of death, a doctor may be prosecuted by the police and charged in a criminal court with having caused the death of his patient by a rash and negligent act amounting the culpable homicide under 304-A IPC. If death was the result of gross ignorance, gross carelessness, gross negligence or undue interference by him in his professional duties.** A person with HIV infection can be prosecuted under section 269 of IPC (711-M)Indian medical Council Act - 1956 for matters connected there with including medical education.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Chief Judicial Magistrate can sentence a guilty for imprisonment up to

CrPC s. 29: Sentences which magistrates may pass (judicial magistrate) Sessions cou Any sentence authorized by law (death sentence must be confirmed by the cou) Any amount of fine Assistant sessions cou 10 years imprisonment Any amount of fine Chief judicial magistrate/Chief metropolitan magistrate 7 years imprisonment Any amount of fine First class judicial magistrate/Metropolitan magistrate 3 years imprisonment Ten thousand rupees Second class judicial magistrate 1 year imprisonment Five thousand rupees Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 5


Question: Beer drinker's hea is associated with

Beer drinker's hea is associated with COBALT. C/F of cobalt toxicity: 1. Classic toxidrome of chronic cobalt poisoning: Tetrad of -Goitre -Polycythaemia -Cardiomyopathy -Metabolic acidosis. 2. Chronic inhalation of cobalt - hard metal lung disease, characterised by pulmonary fibrosis and an obstructive airway syndrome. 3. Regular consumption of beer to which cobalt chloride or sulfate is added (to enhance foaming),results in cardiomyopathy, k/a Beer drinker's hea. 4. Dermal contact can cause "cobalt itch" or "carboloy-itch" (an allergic erythematous papular eruption).


Question: Surest proof of antemoem burn is

In case of burns, if death has occurred from suffocation,aspirated blackish coal paicles are seen in the nose,mouth,larynx,trachea,bronchi,oesophagus and stomach, and blood is cherry red. Presence of carbon paicles especially in the terminal bronchioles and an elevated CO saturation together are absolute proof that the victim was alive when the fire occurred. In the absence of CO in blood and soot in the airways,death may possibly result due to poisoning with carbon dioxide or deficiency of oxygen. Sometimes inhalation of smoke produces vomiting which may be inhaled and found in the smaller bronchi. Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, Chapter 11, page-163.

Presence of soots beyond the tracheal bifurcation


Question: The oral fatal dose of potassium cyanide is

Fatal dose: 50 to 60 mg of pure acid 200-300mg of NaCN and KCN Fatal period: HCN 2-10 min NaCN and KCN 30 min Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 472


Question: Transplantation of cornea should be done within

For the purpose of transpoation: Lungs and liver- 15 minutes Kidney - 45 minutes Hea - 1 hour Cornea - 2 hours Skin and blood vessels - 2-4 hours Bone -6 hours Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 18


Question: A 39 year old Carpenter has taken two bottles of liquor from the local shop. After about and hour, he develops confusion, vomiting and blurring of vision. He has been brought to the emergency depament. He should be given

The clinical features are suggestive of methyl alcohol poisoning. Formic acid and formaldehyde (metabolites of methyl alcohol) are responsible for these symptoms. Ethyl alcohol is used for treatment as it saturates alcohol dehydrogenase, thereby decreasing production of formic acid and formaldehyde.


Question: The toxic substance responsible for floppy baby syndrome is

It is seen in newborn babies breastfed by lithium-ingesting mothers due to disruption of afferent inputs from stretch receptors. Manifesting as hypotonicity, lethargy, and cyanosis (floppy baby syndrome).


Question: Individual organs are removed one by one in

Refer the byte "Autopsy techniques and types".


Question: Inhaling the cloth soaked in drug is

Sniffing: Inhaling fumes from the liquid in anopen container.Bagging: Placing the chemical in a bag and thenputting it over the face.Huffing: Applying the chemical to a cloth/rag andthen inhaling it by covering nose and mouth withthe cloth/rag.


Question: Privileged communication plea fails if

PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION In the Community Interests Potential Threat of Grave Harm to the Safety of Public Suspected Crime Notifiable Diseases In the Interest of the Patient In the Cou of Law :He has to answer the questions to avoid contempt of cou.

Disclosure made to the cou in negligence cases

Disclosure made in the special interests of doctor

Disclosure of notifiable diseases to authority

Disclosure of infectious diseases to employer


Question: Boiled lobster appearance is seen in poisoning with

Boric acid - Used as antiseptic and insecticide - Produces generalised erythema resembling boiled lobster appearance with massive areas of desquamation - D/D: Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome


Question: Cherry red postmortem staining is seen in

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Carbon monoxide * Color of post-mortem staining in various poisoning:POISONCOLORCarbon mono-oxide and hypothermiaCherry redHCN, burnsBright redNitrites, potassium chlorate, potassium bicarbonateNitrobenzene, acetanilide, bromates, aniline (causing methaemoglobinuria)Chocolate or Copper brownPhosphorousDark brown or yellowHydrogen sulphideBluish green


Question: Marsh's test is used for detection of


Question: Accidental chocking of respiratory passage by bolus of food is known as

Cafe coronary is a condition in which a healthy but grossly intoxicated person who begins a meal suddenly turns blue, coughs violently, then collapses and dies. Death appears to be due to sudden hea attack. At autopsy, a large piece of poorly chewed food may be found obstructing the larynx. Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 189


Question: MC Naughten's Rule is embodied in(2018)

Tests for determining criminal responsibility . (1) Me Naughten Rule (the right or wrong test; the legal test) : English Cous, in dealing with the responsibility of the mentally ill person in criminal cases, are guided by the rules laid down after the Me Naughten trial in 1843. The most impoant of these rules is as follows. "An accused person is not legally responsible, if it is clearly proved, that at the time of committing the crime, he was suffering from such a defect of reason from abnormality of mind, that he did not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or that what he was doing was wrong". This legal test has also been accepted in India as the law of criminal responsibility and is included in Sec. 84, I.P.C. which is as follows : "Nothing is an offence which is done by a person, who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind. incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law. Ref:- k.s.narayan reddy;pg num:- 493


Question: According to the universal system, the tooth that is denoted by the number 23 is

The tooth designated "1" is the maxillary right third molar and the count continues along the upper teeth to the left side. Then the count begins at the mandibular left third molar, designated number 17, and continues along the bottom teeth to the right side Ref - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation


Question: Double based smokeless gun powder consists of

Ans. a. Nitrocellulose plus Nitroglycerine Gun-Powder Smokeless Powder Nitrocellulose (gun cotton)deg Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine (double base)deg Smoke producing powders Black Powder: It is described in FG, FFG, FFFG and so on depending on the size of the grains. The finer and faster burning grains have more numbers of Fs. It contains PCSdeg Potassium nitrate (75%)deg Charcoal (15%)deg Sulphur (10deg/0)deg Pyrodex: PCS Potassium perchlorate Sodium benzoate, Dicyandiamide, Dextrin wax Semismokeless powder 80% of black and 20% of smokeless powder


Question: One of the poisons can be detected even from burnt bones

Bone, hair and nails are preserved in Heavy metals poisonings like arsenic, antimony, and thallium. Distribution of Arsenic in the body: * Arsenic is present in almost all tissues, and found in the greatest quantity in the liver, followed by kidneys and spleen. In cases, where the patient survives, it is found in the muscles (for months), bones, hair, nails and skin (Sulfhydryl groups in keratin) for years. Hair: Arsenic > 75 ug% - Poisoning. * Nails: Presence of > 100 ug% of arsenic - Poisoning.


Question: Section 174 Cr.P.C. deals with

Ans. a (Inquest). (Ref. Parikh, Textbook of FMT, 5th/5)INQUEST (legal or judicial inquiry to ascertain matter of fact). : Section 174 Cr.P.C. -# When a person dies it is necessary to determine the cause of death either natural or unnatural to meet with the requirement of law.# In forensic, an inquest generally means an inquiry into the ca use of death (not due to natural cause).# Types of inquest in India:- Coroner's inquest (Mumbai and culcutta)- Police inquest- Magistrate inquest# Coroner's inquest was abolished in India in the year: 1999.# The most common type of inquest in India: Police inquest.# In India, inquest is NOT carried out by: Doctor# In case of death in prison, inquest can be conducted by: Executive Magistrate.# Supposed to be the best inquest internationally: Medical examiner's inquest.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Plant penicillin is


Question: Choking is seen in

(C) (Shotgun) (4, 33- Parikh 6th)* Choking is the constrictive device present at the muzzle end of the shotgun.* Stallete wound may be seen in - contact wound bullet entry wound*.* Tracer bullet leaves a visible mark so that a person can see it.* Destructive power of bullet is determined by - velocity of bullet.Smokeless powderBlack powder or smoke producing powder* Single base - Nitrocellulose (Gun cotton)* Double base - Nitroglycerine plus nitrocellulose *** Triple base - Nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose and nitroguanidineConsists of* Potassium nitrate 75%* Sulphur* Charcoal10%15%One gram of powder produces 3000 to 4500 cc of gas that consists of CO, CO2 nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen, methane etc.* Gunpowder and/ or soot on heavily blood stained (or dark coloured) garments can be visualized by Infra red photography


Question: Suggilation means

Synonyms of livor mois: Lividity Hypostasis Vibices Cadaveric lividity Suggillation


Question: The first permanent tooth to appear is

A i.e. First molar First temporary (primary) teeth to appear is Lowere central incisorQ; and first permanent (secondary) teeth to appear is Pt molarQ.


Question: In Primary dentition tooth eruption, the earliest tooth to erupt is

(A) Central incisor # PRIMARY TEETH typically erupt in the following order: (1) central incisor, (2) lateral incisor, (3) first molar, (4) canine, and (5) second molar. As a general rule, four teeth erupt for every six months of life, mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth, and teeth erupt sooner in females than males. During primary dentition, the tooth buds of permanent teeth develop below the primary teeth, close to the palate or tongue.# PERMANENT TEETH in the maxilla erupt in a different order from permanent teeth on the mandible. Maxillary teeth erupt in the following order: (1) first molar (2) central incisor, (3) lateral incisor, (4) first premolar, (5) second premolar, (6) canine, (7) second molar, and (8) third molar. Mandibular teeth erupt in the following order: (1) first molar (2) central incisor, (3) lateral incisor, (4) canine, (5) first premolar, (6) second premolar, (7) second molar, and (8) third molar. Since there are no premolars in the primary dentition, the primary molars are replaced by permanent premolars.


Question: Privation of any member of joint is

Grievous hu (sec 320 IPC) According to this section, any of the following injuries are grievous injuries: Emasculation Permanent privation of sight of either eye Permanent privation of hearing of either ear Privation of any member or joint Permanent impairing of power of any member or joint Permanent disfiguration of head or face. Fracture or dislocation of bone or tooth Any hu which endangers life , or which causes the victim to be in severe bodily or unable to follow his ordinary pursuits for a period of 20 days Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 218


Question: In salicylate poisoning, the treatment recommended

A salicylate poisoning, forced alkaline diuresis is used.


Question: Statutory rape is

Statutory Rape is defined in Section 375 of Indian Penal Code, (amendment of 2013) which states that "any male, who does an intercourse with any female who is below the age of 18, with or without her consent will be constituting a Statutory Rape". Circumstances falling under any of the following seven descriptions are considered rape under 375 IPC Against her will. Without her consent. With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hu. With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married. With her consent when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome Substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent. With or without her consent, when she is under eighteen years of age. When she is unable to communicate consent. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 46,309

Sexual intercourse with wife, without consent


Question: Leading questions are permitted only in

(Cross examinations): Ref 1.11-P, 13-MCROSS-EXAMINATION- May be regarded as the most reliable procedure for testing the value of an evidence, and is held by the counsel for the accused.The main objectives of cross-examination are* To elicit facts favourable to his case* To test the accuracy of the statements made by the witness* To shift, modify or explain what has been said* To discredit the witness* To remove an undue or unwarned emphasis* In cross examination, leading questions are permitted and the witness should be very cautious in answering them* Cross examination acts as a double edged sword* There is no time limit for examination

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Crural index is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Length of tibia/femur x 100 Race determination of skeletonA) Cephalic Index (Cl)# Cephalic index is defined as the index of breadth of skullCephalic index =Max. breadth of skull--------------------Max. AP length of skullx 100# Based of cephalic index races are clasified into following three1) Dolichocephalic (longheaded): Cephalic index is 70-75 and is a feature of Caucasions, PureAryan (Indians), Aborigines, and Negroes.2) Mesaticephalic (medium headed): Cephalic index is 75-80 and is a feature of Europeans, and Chinese.3) Brachycephalic (short headed): Cephalic index is more than 80 and is a feature of MongolianB) Brachial Index# Brachial index is defined asBrachial index =Lenght of radius----------------Lenght of humerusx 100# Brachial index is 74.5 in Europeans and 78.5 in Negroes.C) Crural index# It is defined asCrural index =Lenght of tibia------------Lenght of femurx 100# Crural index is 83.3 in Europeans and 86.2 in Negroes.D) Humero-femoral index (HF index)# It is defined asHumero-femoral index =Lenght of humerus----------------Lenght of femurx 100# It is 69 in Europeans and 72.4 in Negroes.E) Intermembral index# It isIntermembral index =Lenght of radius + humerus------------------------Lenght of tibia + femurx 100# It is almost same (70) in Europeans and Negroes.F) Orbit# It is square in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is triangular in Chinese and Europeans. It is 'rounded' in Mongols.G) Nasal opening# It is broad in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is narrow and elongated in Chinese and Europeans. It is 'rounded' in Mongols.H) Palate# Palate is rectangular in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is triangular in Chinese and Europeans. It is rounded (or horse shoe shaped) in Mongols.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Lillys antidote does not contain

Lillys antidote Used for cyanide poisoning. Composition Sodium nitrite Amyl nitrite Sodium Thiosulfate


Question: Sweating is Not present in

Heat stroke Exposure to high environmental temperatures can lead to following conditions ? I . Heat fatigue - Performance of a person decreases due to high environmental temperatures. The person gets tired early d/t high temp. 2. Heat cramps - these are painful spasms of voluntary muscles following strenous work in hot conditions, These cramps are caused by loss of water and salt from profuse sweating. 3. Heat syncope (heat exhaustion, heat collapse) - It is a condition of collapse without increase in body temperature, following exposure to hot and humid atmosphere. - On examination,. face is pale, .skin cold, the temperature subnormal - The pt. usually recovers when placed at rest. Death is unusual and may occur d/t hea failure. 4. Heat stroke - (heat hyperpyrexia, sub stroke) - It is due to impairment of body's heat regulating mechanism caused by failure of cutaneous circulation & sweating, following prolonged exposure to hot, humid conditions. - The onset is usually sudden with sudden collapse and loss of consciousness. Predominant symptoms may also be seen (i.e. headache, nausea, vomitting, dizziness, mental confusion, muscle cramps, excessive thirst, excessive desire to micturate) - The skin is dry, hot and flushed with complete absence of sweating - Body temperature rises as high as 43degC (hence k/a hyperpyrexia) when body temp. rises above 42degC vasodilation occurs with decrease in blood volume leading to circulatory collapse and cardiac failure. - Delirium and convulsions may precede death. - Moality rate in this condition is relatively high. - Fatal period varies from few minutes to 3 days.


Question: Not a feature of brain death

The structural and functional damage of brain-stem may be diagnosed depending upon the following observations: Dilated fixed pupils, not responding to sharp changes in intensity of incident light. Absence of motor responses within the cranial nerve distribution on painful stimulation. Absence of corneal reflexes. Absence of vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Absence of gag reflex or reflex response to bronchial stimulation by a suction-catheter passed down the trachea. Absence of spontaneous breathing. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 75


Question: The non poisoning salt of cyanide is

Potassium ferrocyanide is non-poisonous salt of cyanide.


Question: A dead born foetus does not have


Question: Lower end of the femur can help to determine the

A i.e. Age Dead born (intrauterine dead) child may show aseptic autolysis/maceration (most common & early feature, seen in fresh > 24 hr ILTD), mummification (late feature seen in late IUD)Q, rigor mois (d/t antenatal hemorrhage after attaining 7 months age) Q, putrefaction (very rare) and adipocere formation (almost not seen)Q. - Spalding sign (radiological loss of alignment & overriding of skull bones) and Robe's sign (gas in great vessels & hea chamber) are seen in macerated (IUD) fetusQ. - Ossification centre of talus (1deg) at the end of 7 months and ossification centre of lower end of femur at end of 9 months if present indicate age of bility.


Question: Fracture ala signature is

Depressed fracture(Fracture ala signature):When a poion of fractured bone is driven inwards to a distance equivalent to the thickness of the skull table *Heavy weapon with a small striking surface Ex:- Hammer, stone, chopper * Due to local deformation of skull. * It is also called 'fracture ala signature' (signature fracture), as the shape often points towards the shape of the offending weapon. Gutter fracture: seen in oblique bullet wounds Ring fracture- Fracture around the foramen magnum


Question: In Ghon's technique of autops, organs are removed

Refer the byte "Autopsy technique and types".


Question: Punishment of Perjury is given by

* Sec 191 IPC Giving false evidence under oath (perjury definition) * Sec 192 IPC Fabricating false evidence * Sec 193 IPC Punishment for perjury (3-7 years) Ref:- Essentials of Forensic medicine Dr KS narayana Reddy 33th Edition; Pg num:- 13


Question: 509 IPC deals with

S. 509, I.P.C.: Whoever intending to insult the modesty of any woman, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment up to 3 years and also fine.


Question: A doctor is not held guilty of negligence if

Professional negligence: The failure to exercise reasonable care and skill of an ordinary prudent medical practitioner in the circumstances; a breach of duty to act with care appropriate to the situation, which resulted in bodily injury (harm/loss) or death of the patient.

He has exercised reasonable care and skill

He has not obtained informed consent from patient

Others sufferer disease from his patient


Question: Hyoid bone fracture does not occur in

Choking is a form of asphyxia caused by obstruction within the air-passages. There is no involvement of hyoid bone or its fracture since it is occuring within the airway. Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 189


Question: Stretch laceration is seen in

Stretch laceration These lacerations occur from over stretching of the skin and soft tissues due to heavy forceful impact exercising a localised pressure. Stretching of tissues can occur in run over by a motor vehicle. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 121


Question: IPC section for punishment for purjury is

Punishment for perjury is dealt under IPC 193 IPC 191-deals with perjury IPC 192-fabricating false evidence IPC 197-issuing or signaling false evidence Refer :textbook of Forensic Medicine and toxicology PG no 15,2nd edition


Question: Rigor mois can be simulated by


Question: Blue colour of bruise is due to

Age of contusion Time since injury Color change First day red(Hb) 2-3 days blue(deoxyHb) 4-5 days bluish black/brown(hemosiderin) 5-6 days greenish(hematoidin) 7-10 days yellow(bilirubin) By 14 days normal Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 118


Question: Punishment for dowry death is imprisonment for

Whoever commits dowry death shall be punished with imprisonment for a term that shall not be less than 7 years but that may extend to imprisonment for life Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 169


Question: Injury that comes under sec 320 IPC


Question: A patient with Pink color skin & mucosa , bitter almond smell from breath and frothy discharge. The cause of death is

Characteristic of Cyanide poisoning : patient present with Tachypnoea followed by bradypnoea, Cyanosis is generally a late finding and usually does not occur until circulatory collapse and tachycardia are evident. Brick-red colour of skin and mucous membranes is said to be characteristic. The skin feels cold and clammy to the touch patient also have CNS manifestation like Headache, anxiety, agitation, confusion, convulsions, and coma. Pupils are often dilated


Question: The aefact seen in a case of suicidal complete hanging is

Banding of the oesophagus is an aefact & non specific. These bands are pale areas in the mucosa caused by postmoem hypostasis being prevented from settling by the external pressure of larynx & trachea.


Question: " Phossy jaw" is caused by

Chronic Phosphorus Poisoning (Phossy Jaw/Glass Jaw/Lucifer's Jaw) : Due to inhalation of fumes over years. Tooth ache (earliest symptom) & swelling of the jaw Loosening of the teeth & Necrosis of lower jaw Sequestration of bone in the mandible & multiple sinuses discharging foul-smelling pus.


Question: Dermal nitrate test is done for


Question: Unexplained male hypersexuality is known as

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Satyriasis * Satyriasis: Incessant sexual desire.* Undinism: In this, the sexual pleasure is often obtained by witnessing the act of urination by someone of the same or opposite sex.* Frotteurism: Sexual satisfaction is obtained by rubbing against persons in crowd. If they attempt intercourse, they have a premature ejaculation or they are impotent. It is an uncommon perversion and rarely occurs alone.* Transvestism = Eonism: A transvestite (trans = opposite, vista = clothing) is a person whose whole personality is dominated by the desire of being identified with the opposite sex. His dress, manner, occupational interest, and associations are all designed to increase his feeling of being a woman. Many cases are associated with sadomasochism/bondage. There is no hormonal disturbance or genital abnormality.


Question: Brown colour of contusion is due to

age of contusion Time since injury Color change First day red(hemoglobin) 2-3 days blue (deoxyHb) 4-5 days bluish black/brown(hemosiderin) 5-6 days greenish(hematoidin) 7-10days yellow(bilirubin) By 14 days normal ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 118


Question: Hu Is defined under section

The synopsis of forensic medicine & toxicology;Dr k.s narayan reddy; 28th edition; pg.no. 154; Hu means bodily pain,disease or infirmity caused to any person (S.319,I.P.C.)


Question: Takayama test is to detect

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nature of stain * The examination of blood and blood stains is an important part of crime detection. The points that are usually required to be determined regarding stains are: (1) nature of stain (whether the stains is blood or not); (2) the species (human or animal) from which the blood has come from; and (3) blood group.Nature of stain (whether the stain is blood or not)* To determine the nature of stain, following tests are used:1) Chemical tests# These tests are based on the peroxidase activity of haematin, which is, derived from oxidation of haem of haemoglobin or methemoglobin, present.# This enzyme, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide converts colourless salts into coloured bases.# Thus these tests are based on H2O2 and peroxidase enzyme. Tests are:i) Benzidine test: Greenish blue colour.ii) Phenolphthalein test (kastle myere test): Deep permanganate colour.iii) Leucomalachite green test: Bluish green or peacock blue colour.iv) Guaiacum test: Blue colour.v) Orthotoludine test (kohn test): Blue or green colour.vi) Amidopyrine test: Purple colour.2) Microchemical tests# These tests are based on property of haem part of hemoglobin to form characteristic coloured crystals.# The tests are:1) Teichmann's haemin crystal test.2) Takayama hemochromogen crystal test.3) Luminal spray test: It is especially useful in old obscure blood stains.3) Spetroscopy# It is most delicate and reliable test. It is based on the principle that hemoglobin and its derivatives give characteristic absorption bands when viewed through a spectroscope.4) Microscopy# Microscopic examination of RBCs is possible only in fresh stains.Detection of species (whether the blood has come from human or animal)* For detection of species, serological (immunological) tests are used. These tests are:1) Precipitin test2) Haemaglutination inhibition test (antiglobulin consumption test or absorption inhibition test).3) Gel diffusion test.4) Double diffusion test.5) Precipitation electrophoresis.6) Latex agglutination test.7) Isoenzyme method (enzymological test).Detection of blood group of blood stain* These tests are:1) Immunological (serological): (i) aborption-elution test, (ii) absorption-inhibition test, (iii) mixed agglutination test, (iv) latex test.2) Enzymological methods.3) Latte's crust method.


Question: Private Doctor refusing to treating a case of sexual offence and referring to govt hospital is

Treatment of rape victim and information to police: All hospitals, public or private, should immediately provide first-aid or medical treatment, free of cost, to the survivor/victim of rape or acid attack, and should immediately inform the police . Denial of treatment of such victims is punishable under Sec. 166-B IPC with imprisonment upto 1 year and with/without fine.


Question: Declaration of Helsinki is about

The Declaration of Helsinki(1975):- concerning human experimentation and clinical trials. DECLARATION OF TOKYO, 1975 The World Medical Association adopted the following guidelines for medical doctors concerning Toure and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in relation to Detention and Imprisonment. The Declaration of Oslo (1970 & 1983), concerning therapeutic aboion. Declaration of Geneva:- The general principles mentioned in the Hippocratic Oath have been brought up-to-date by the World Medical Association. The modernised version of the Hippocratic Oath are the Declaration of Geneva. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-26,647


Question: The poisoning causes by bullet retained inside the body is

Souvenir Bullets are present for a long time in the body so lead poisoning usually associated with Souvenir bullets. A dense fibrous tissue capsule usually surrounds it. Lead poisoning may occur due to absorption of lead from lead bullets remaining in a body. Synol fluid is capable of dissolving lead.


Question: Akalinisation of urine may be done in case of poisoning with

(A) (Barbiturates)* Forced alkaline diuresis is valuable in aspirin and barbiturate poisoning (phenobarbitone).Forced alkaline diuresis* Forced alkaline diuresis implies achieving an alkaline urinary pH of 7.5 to 9* This promotes excretion of drugs that are weak acidsDrugs that can be eliminated by alkaline diuresis include* Salicylates* Barbiturates (Long acting/ phenobarbitone)* Chlorpropamide* Methotrexate**** Lithium, Isoniazid (controversial)* Alkaline dieresis is usually achieved with sodium bicarbonate** and may be forced by using urea, furesamide or mannitol infusions.Elimination of Absorbed bv DiuresisAlkaline DiuresisAcid Diuresis* Salicylates* Barbiturates* Amphetamine* Quinine* Phenylcylidine* Strychnine* Aldrich Mees lines on finger nails seen in poisoning of - Arsenic* Burtonium line seen in Lead (chronic lead poisoning)Classic Triad of chronic mercury ooisonins | |||Excessive salivation&Gingivitis*TremorsNeuropsychialnc changes* Erethism* Other features- Mercuria lends*** - Nephritis (DCT)*** - Acrodynia*** - Abortion is common** - Minimata disease * ** Rain drop pigmentation of skin, hyperkeratosis of palms, lines on nails (Mees line) and paraesthesias are classical signs of chronic arsenic poisoning.Aluminium phosphide poisoning (celphos)(i) Aluminium phosphide produces phosphine gas on coming in contact with moisture which inhibits cytochrome c- oxidase(ii) AP causes wide spread organ damage due to cellular hypoxia as a consequence of non competitive inhibition of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase of the mitochondria(iii) CP- retrosternal burning, epigastric pain and vomiting hypotension, restlessness, tachypnea, oliguria or anuria, jaundice, impaired sensorium and cardiac arrhythmias, focal myocardial necrosis and changes in action membrane potential to result of alteration in permeability of Na+ Mg++ Ca + ionsDiagnosis1. Garlicky (or decaying fish) odour from mouth with highly variable arrhythmias2. Confirmation can be done by Silver Nitrate test.3. Most specific and sensitive method for detecting the pH 3 in blood/air in gas chromatographyTreatment - No specific antidote, Gastric lavage with Pottasium permagnate + supportive


Question: Estimation of age done after 25 years with changes in teeth is by

(C) Gustafsan's method > Gustafson's Method: The age estimation of adult over 25 years depends on the physiologic age changes in each of the dental tissue.


Question: The antidote for acetaminophen poisoning is


Question: In Riger mortis, first appearane occurs at

(Eyelid) (3.15-P)* In the involuntary muscle - Heart first affected* In the voluntary muscle - Eyelid muscles appears first*It first appearance in involuntary and then in voluntary muscles*It is not dependent on the nerve supply as it also develops in the paralysed limbsIt is tested by1. Attempting to lift the eyelids2. Depressing the jaw3. Gently bending the neck and various joints of the body*Sequence - Eyelid > face > neck and trunk > upper extremity > legs > small muscles of fingers & toes*In India rigor mortis commences in 2- 3 hours, the time since death would be within about 12-24 hours


Question: Locard's Principle is concerned with(2018)

Locard's Exchange Principle: When any two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material from each object on the other. Trace from the scene may be carried away on the person or tool of the criminal, and at the same time, traces from all or any of these may be left at the scene. Wherever a criminal goes, whatever he touches, and whatever he leaves will serve as silent evidence against him. e.g., fingerprints, footprints, hair, fibres from clothes. broken glass, tool marks, paints, scratches, blood or seminal stains, etc. It is actual evidence, and its presence is absolute proof of the crime. Ref:- k.s.narayan reddy; pg num:- 475


Question: A dead body is having cadaveric lividity of bluish green colour. The most likely cause of death is by poisoning due to


Question: Burking consist of

Burking is a method of homicidal smothering & traumatic asphyxia named after Burke & Hare Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 190


Question: Injury is defined under


Question: According to F.D.I formula, the tooth that is denoted by the number 34 is

Each tooth is numbered by the quadrant (1 to 4) and by the tooth within the quadrant (1 to 8) 1 Maxillary right 2 Maxillary left 3 Mandibular left 4 Mandibular right Tooth Numbers Within Each Quadrant: Sta with number 1 at the midline (central incisor) to number 8, third molar so 34 is left lower, 4th tooth (first premolar) Ref - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation


Question: Antidote for arsenic poisoning is

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Ferric oxide Treatment of arsenic poisoning includes stomach wash and use of freshly precipitated hydrated ferric oxide as an antidote (which forms ferric arsenite a harmless salt).


Question: The fatal dose of absolute alcohol in an adult is


Question: Ladder tears are seen in

Horizontal tears of the aoic intima that occur in deceleration injuries which are linked to compression by the anterior face of the veebral column Ref: medical dictionary


Question: Amussat sign is seen in

Amussat's sign is typically a transverse laceration of the intimate layer of carotid aeries described in cases of hanging. Subtotal laceration of carotid aery is not strictly specific for hanging and can be also caused by blunt neck trauma, extreme over stretching, or whiplash injuries Ref: NCBI


Question: Heat stroke differs from heat cramps or heat exhaustion in that it

The key difference between heat stroke and heat cramps or exhaustion is the presence of fever. Heat stroke is associated with a core body temperature above 40degC and is subdivided into exeional and classic types. Neither type is associated with a hemorrhagic stroke. The exeional type is most commonly seen in people working or running outdoors in hot or humid climates. Characteristic findings include hot, dry skin, with or without sweating; profound lactic acidosis; rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria; the potential for acute tubular necrosis; and potential for disseminated intravascular coagulation. The classic type is most commonly seen in chronically ill patients, alcoholics, very young patients, the elderly, or morbidly obese people in hot or humid weather. It can be precipitated by drugs that inhibit sweating (e.g., anticholinergics, phenothiazine). Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 160


Question: Dowry death investigation is done by

Inquest: inquiry into the cause of death
• Police Inquest
■ Most common type of inquest in India
■ Investigating officer usually is sub inspector or officer not below the rank of (senior) head constable.
Magistrate Inquest: Court of Trail • Usually conducted by DM, SDM or Executive Magistrate (i.e. collector, Deputy Collector or Tahsildar)
• Magistrate inquests are usually done in following circumstances:
■ Dowry deaths i.e. unnatural deaths within 7 years of marriage
■ Death in prison
■ Death in police custody or interrogation or during police firing
■ Death in any psychiatric hospital
• Exhumation i.e. digging out of an already buried body also done upon order of magistrate. Coroner's Inquest: Court of inquiry
• Coroner is an advocate, attorney, pleader, or first class magistrate with 5 years experience or metropolitan magistrate
• Coroner court is a court of inquiry & accused need not be present.
• Coroner court can’t impose fine or punishment; but it can punish those guilty of contempt of his court when the offence is committed in the premises of his court (i.e. city limit only)
• In India it is practiced only in Mumbai


Question: Widmark's formulae are used for estimation of


Question: Delirient poison is

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Dhatura ]Dhatura is a deliriant poison (These poisons are characterized by a well-marked deliriant stage)Alcohol is an inebriant (Inebriant poison are characterized by 2 sets of symptoms viz. Excitement & narcosis)Opium is a somniferous poison (they are used therapeutically to lessen pain & induce sleep)Arsenic is an irritant.Classification of poisons* (according to the mode of actions)Corrosives :A corrosive poison is simply a highly active irritant and not only produces inflammation but also actual ulceration of the tissues.Eg. Strong acids, Strong alkaliesIrritants :They produce symptoms of pain in the abdomen, vomitting and purging.Inorganic : P,Cl,Br,I,Ar,Sb,Hg,Cu,Pb,Zn,Ag.Organic:Vegetable poisons: Castor, croton CalotropisAnimal poisons : Snake & insect bites, cantharides.Mechanical: Powdered glass, hairs etc.Neurotics:They act chiefly on the nervous system.Cerebral: act mainly on the cerebrum. Further 3 types are:Somniferous: Opium*.Barbiturates*.Inebriant: Alcohol*. Anesthetics, Sedatives & hypnotics, kerosene, Organophosphates*.Deliriant: Dhatura*., Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus, cannabis*. CocaineSpinal: Nux Vomica*.Peripheral: Curare, coniumCardiac:Act on the hearteg. Digitalis*, Oleander*, Nicotine*. Aconite*.Asphyxiant:Act mainly in lungeg. CO, CO2, war gases.


Question: Murder is punished under


Question: Marbling of tissue is noticed by

Marbling of skin: Blood vessels provide an impoant route through which the bacteria can spread with ease throughout the body. Bacteria involved are streptococcus, staphylococcus, Diphtheroids, Clostridium welchi, and Proteus. The bacteria produce hydrogen sulphide as decomposition gas. Hemoglobin will be conveed to methemoglobin and hydrogen sulphide will combine with methemoglobin to form sulphmethemoglobin. Superficial vessels stained greenish due to sulphmethemoglobin. This may be usually seen by about 36 hours. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 32


Question: Filigree burns are

(A) Liahtnina burns FN. Reddv26 - 293: N. Reddv25- 292: Parikh5- 2071# Arborescent or Filigree Burns (Lichtenberg's flowers):> Burns are superficial, thin, irregular and tortuous markings on the skin.> These markings have a general pattern resembling the branches of a tree.> Fern-like pattern of erythema in the skin is usually found over the shoulder or the flanks.> These are seen in lightning stroke.


Question: Professional secrecy is a

(As per definition, Professional secrecy is an implied term of contract between a doctor and his patient. It is a DUTY of the doctor i.e. the doctor should keep secret whatever he has acquired as pa of his professional work from the patient. If the doctor discloses anything then the patient can sue him for damages/fine in a cou of law. The doctor should not disclose anything about the patient without the written consent of the patient; if he is a minor or an insane the parents/guardians should be informed of the patient's illness. However in case of Notifiable diseases, the public health authorities should be informed about the patient's illness. Doctor can be charged with Defamation for disclosing secrets of his patients.). Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 354

Implied term of contract between doctor and patient


Question: Abandoning a child will be punished for

Abandoning of a child Father or mother of a child who is under 12 years or anyone who is having care of such child, leaves such a child in any place with the intention of abandoning the child shall be punished with imprisonment upto 7 years. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 354


Question: Overlying leads to death due to

Ans. (b) SuffocationRef The essentials of FSM by KS Narayan Reddy 31st ed. /335* STRANGULATION is a form of asphyxia which is caused by constriction of the neck by a ligature without suspending the body It can be several types:# BANSDOLA: one bamboo stick at back of neck and other at the front of neck. Both ends tied with rope which causes death of the victim.# GAROTTING: Victim is attacked from behind with a rope over the neck.# MUGGING: strangulation caused by holding the neck of the victim in the bend of the elbow.* SUFFOCATION is a form of asphyxia, which is caused by deprivation of oxygen, either due to lack of oxygen in environment or from obstruction of air passages at the level of nose and mouth.* Forms of suffocation asphyxia:# BURKING is a method of homicidal smothering and traumatic asphyxia.# Smothering: form of asphyxia caused by closing the external respiratory orifices either by hand or other means# Gagging: asphyxia by forcing cloth into the mouth.# Overlaying: asphyxia due to compression of chest. Ex: Mother overlied on infant.# Choking: asphyxia by obstruction of air passages, usually between the pharynx and bifurcation of trachea. Almost always accidental.# Cafe coronary: Alcoholic who is grossly intoxicated dies while having meal. Death occurs due to sudden heart attack. High blood alcohol content anesthesizes the gag reflex.


Question: Death caused by exclusion of air from the lungs by means other than compression at neck and drowning.

Suffocation literally means to die as a result of not being able to breath or to have difficulty in breathing. Deprivation of oxygen can be by one of the following ways. By lack of oxygen in the atmosphere, so called environmental suffocation. From obstruction of air passages by means other than Compression of neck and drowning Red: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 112


Question: A body is brought for autopsy. On postmoem, there is dark brown postmoem staining and garlic odor in stomach. The poisoning is most likely due to

PHOSPHORUS(P4) There are two varieties: (1) White or crystalline. (2) Red or amorphous Postmoem Appearances:- In acute poisoning, the body usually shows signs of jaundice. The gastric and intestinal contents may smell of garlic and be luminous. The mucous membranes of the stomach and intestine are yellowish or greyish-white in colour, and are softened, thickened, inflamed and corroded or destroyed in patches. Multiple smaller or larger haemorrhages are seen in the skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscles, and serosal and mucosal membranes of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, under endocardium, pericardium, epicardium, peritoneum, in lungs, brain, leptomeninges and uterus. The liver becomes swollen, yellow, soft, fatty and is easily ruptured. Small haemorrhages may be seen on the surface and in the substance. The kidenys are large, greasy, yellow and show haemorrhages on the surface. The hea is flabby, pale and shows fatty degeneration. Fat emboli may be found in the pulmonary aerioles and capillaries. The blood may appear tarry and its coagulability is diminished. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-551


Question: Alkyl organophosphate is

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Malathion Alkyl phosphatase :Malathione, HETP (hexa ethyl tetra phosphate), TEPP (tetra ethyl pyrophosphate or tetron), OMPA (octa methyl pyrophosphate), dimefox, isopestox, demeton, trichlorfon, dipterex.Aryl phosphatase :Parathion, Follidol,or nitrostigmine or killphos or ekato), paraoxon, Diazinon (diazion or TIK 20), methyl-parathion (metacide), chlohion.


Question: Post moem bullet is removed from the wound by

A rubber tipped forceps is used to remove the post-moem bullet from wound. However in advanced post-moem changes ,it becomes extremely difficult to retrieve the whole bullet or it's pas.Owing to decomposition and reduced cohesion of the tissues, standard autopsy techniques are impossible to perform. Ref: NCBI.org


Question: Sex differentiation from hair can be made by

Sexing of the human hair is possible by studying sex chromatin from the hair root cells of the scalp. Barr bodies are demonstrable in hair follicle in a propoion of 29 +- 5% in females and 6 +- 2% in males. Male hair are generally thicker, coarser and darker. Female hair are generally fine, long and gently taper to an end. Blood grouping and other serological criteria can be determined from the hair root cells. The cells of the hair root can also be used for DNA-profiling . Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 54


Question: "La facies sympathique" is an expression used in hanging to describe

In Hanging eyes may be closed or paly open or may be protruding. More often they are protruded and petechial hemorrhages may be noticed over the subconjunctival region and inner aspects of the eyelids. Etienne Main (1950) described a state called as 'La Facies Sympathique' with right eye remaining open with a dilated pupil and the left eye closed with a small pupil. This may be due to pressure upon the cervical sympathetics, the eye on the same side remaining open and pupil dilated. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 122

Dilated pupil on the opposite side of the knot


Question: Chronic arsenic poisoning does not cause

ARSENIC Chronic Poisoning:- It may be due to accidental ingestion of repeated small doses or by taking food or drink in which there are traces of drug. systemic effects:- C.N.S.:- Polyneuritis, anaesthesias,paraesthesia. encephalopathy. Skin:- Pigmentation consists of a finely mottled brown change mostly on the skin flexures, temples, eyelids and neck (raindrop type of pigmentation), which persists for many months. There may be a rash resembling fading measles rash. In prolonged contact, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles with irregular thickening of the nails and development of trasverse white lines in the fingernails called Aldrich-Mees lines is seen. Eyes:- Congestion, watering of the eyes, photophobia. G.I.T.:- Nausea,vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, salivation. C.V.S. and kidneys:- Chronic nephritis, cardiac failure, dependent oedema. Hepatic:- Hepatomegaly, jaundice, cirrhosis of the liver. Haematologic:- Bone marrow suppression, hypoplasia, anaemia. thrombocytopaenia, leukaemia. General:- Anaemia and weight loss, loss of hair, brittle nails. Resp system:- Cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-540


Question: Function of sodium borate in embalming fluid is


Question: First class judicial magistrate can give punishment upto

Ans. is 'b' i.e., 3 years Powers of Magistrate's (Sec. 29 CrPC)ClassImprisonmentFineChief judicial magistrateUpto 7 yearsAny amount1st class magistrateUpto 3 years5000 Rs.2nd class magistrateUpto 1 years1000 Rs.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The sensation of creeping bugs over the body is a features of poisoning with

The sensations of bugs crawling under skin are tactile hallucinations, called formication. These are seen in cocain abuse.


Question: Battle sign is positive if bruise is present in

Battle's sign: Bruising/ecchymosis over the mastoid process in the line of posterior auricular aery. It is an indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull, and may suggest underlying brain trauma