Question: Filigree burn occur in

(A) Lightning # Lightning strike - 1000 million volts or more causes Arborescent or Filigree burns or Lichtenberg's flowers which are superficial, thin, irregular and tortuous markings on the skin resembling the branches of a tree.


Question: Latte's crust of blood stain is used to detect

Blood groups ABO, MNS and Rh are determined in a blood stain by (1) Latte&;s crust method. (2) Absorption- elution technique. (3) Absorption-inhibition. (4) Latex method. (5) Enzymological methods. TESTS FOR DETERMINING ABO GROUPING IN BLOOD STAINS : (1) TUBE METHOD : A drop of washed suspension of red cells is added to equal volumes of each of the antisera of A, B and 0 in separate tubes. The blood group can be identified when agglutination is seen by naked eye or microscope in the tubes. (2) Tile Method: A porcelian tile is used instead of tubes. (3) ABSORPTION -INHIBITION METHOD : The sample and antisera are allowed to react with each other for a longer period. ( 4) MIXED AGGLUTINATION TEST : The sample piece of stained cloth is cut into pieces of 2 to 3 mm and the fibres are separated and added to tubes along with antisera of A, B, 0 types. The group can be known by the antisera which clumped to the cloth fibres. (5) ABSORPTION-ELUTION TECHNIQUE: Test is similar to mixed agglutination, but the clumps are seen on the walls of the test tube and not on fibres. This test can be used for body tissues also. Blood stains can be typed for the presence of ABO agglutinogens by absorption-elution, absorption- inhibition, mixed agglutination or ELISA method, or for agglutinins by the Lattes crust method. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-453,454


Question: Revealing the identity of rape victim is punishable under

Revealing the identity of rape victim is punishable offence. Imprisonment for 2 years or fine.


Question: Once a case is completed between two paies, it cannot be tried again under the defence,

Res judicata means 'the things have been decided': according to this rule, once a case is completed between two paies, it cannot be tried again. For example, a patient sues a doctor in a negligence case and things are decided; he cannot sue the doctor again in the same case. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 383


Question: The given cell is activated by WRONG QUESTION


Question: The active principle of this poison is

This is a image of nuxvomica Fatal does is one crushed seed. It has three active principle = strychnine, brucine and loganine.


Question: Locard exchange of principle is

LOCARDS PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE: When any two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material from each object to the other. Traces from the scene may be carried away by the person and same traces from all or any of these may be left at the scene. Wherever a criminal goes whatever he touches and whatever he leaves will serve as silent evidence against him eg., fingerprints footprints, hair fiber from clothing, broken glasses, tool marks, paints scratch blood or seminal fluids, etc., It is actual evidence and its presence is absolute proof of the crime. REF: THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY 29th edition page no: 253.


Question: The usefulness of the long bones in stature estimation is

For height estimation : (of the individual's height in life ) Humerus is 20% Tibia 22% Femur 27% Spine 35%


Question: Increasing Doses Of Alcohol Depresses Brain In The Following Order.

* The frontal lobes are sensitive to low concentrations (resulting in mood changes) followed by the occipital lobe (visual disturbances) and cerebellum (loss of coordination) * At high doses, brain stem depression occurs.

Cerebellum, Frontal lobe, occipital lobe

Frontal lobe, Cerebellum, Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum

Cerebellum, Occipital lobe, Frontal lobe


Question: An unconscious patient is brought to causality, requires emergency neurosurgical evacuation, but no relatives or bystanders available. The doctor doing the emergency procedure is protected under

Sec. 92. An act was done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent: Nothing is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause to a person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, even without that person's consent, if the circumstances are such that it is impossible for that person to signify consent, or if that person is incapable of giving consent, and has no guardian or another person in lawful charge of him from whom it is possible to obtain consent in time for the thing to be done with benefit. Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; <a href="


Question: Organ used in hydrostatic test

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Lung * Hydrostatic test (Raygat's test, 1st life test) : The specific gravity of a non-respired lung is 1040-1050 and of a respired lung is 940-950, so, after respiration lung floats on water (specific gravity of water is 1000). False positive hydrostatic test may occur (i.e.non-respired lung may float) in decomposition and in attempted artificial respiration. False negative hydrostatic test (i.e. respired lung may sink down) may occur in atelectasis, pulmonary oedema, bronchopneumonia, and congenital syphilis.


Question: Black foot disease is caused by

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Arsenic Chronic arsenic exposure can cause 'black foot disease' a severe form of peripheral vascular disease, causing gangrene of lower limbs. Arsenic poisoning may be acute or chronic. Acute arsenic poisoning It can present in any of the two ways : Gastrointestinal type : It is the common form and resembles bacterial gastroenteritis (e.g. cholera). There is garlic adour with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and necrosis of intestinal mucosa. There is tenesmus and anal irritation. Dehydration may cause acute circulatory collapse, with hypotension, oliguria and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Fulminant narcotic form : Large dose of arsenic is rapidly absorbed without producing GI symptoms. These are giddiness, headache, myalgia, formication, veigo and death in 2-3 hours. Postmoem appearance include : Red velvety mucosa of stomach and submucous petechial haemorrhage. Subendocardial petechial haemorrhage. Fatty degeneration of liver, kidney and hea. Chronic arsenic poisoning Chronic arsenic poisoning has four stages : First stage (nutritional and gastrointestinal disturbances) : The earliest sign is gradual emaciation. There is loss of appetite, nausea and intermittent vomiting and diarrhea. Second stage (catarrhal changes) : It resembles common cold, i.e. conjunctivitis, running nose and eyes, coughing etc. Third stage (skin rash) : There is classical 'rain drop pigmentation', i.e. patchy brown pigmentation of skin. At initial stages, there is a vesicular eruption which may resemble nettle rash. Hyperkeratosis of palms and soles occur. There are white transverse bands crossing the nails, known as Mee's line, and indicate periods of arrested growth due to interference with normal metabolism. There is alopecia and exfoliative dermatitis. Fouh stage (nervous disturbances) : There is sensory and motor (i.e. mixed) polyneuropathy, with painful paresthesia of hands and feet and muscle tenderness. There may be evidence of liver (fatty liver) and kidney damage and bone marrow suppression (causing anemia and other cytopenias). Hea may also be involved. Chronic arsenic exposure can also cause 'black foot disease' a severe form of peripheral vascular disease, causing gangrene of lower limbs. Arsenic is carcinogenic, can cause cancers of skin (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma), lung, liver, bladder, kidney, larynx and lymphoid system (leukemia).


Question: Getting sexual gratification by hearing sounds of sexual intercourse is

Ecoutage - Getting sexual gratification by hearing sounds of sexual intercourse Mixoscopia - Getting sexual gratification by observing another couple performing sexual intercourse


Question: Post moem incision shape in infant

Ans. is 'a' i.e., I shaped Types of primary skin incisions are :?I-shaped incision : Extending from the chin straight down to symphysis, passing to the side the umbilicus.Y-shaped incision : Begins close to acromion process and then extends down below the breast across to xiphoid process from where it is carried downwards to the symplysis pubis.Modified Y-shaped incision : Incision is made from suprasternal notch to symphysis pubis. The incision extends from suprasternal notch over the clavicle to its center on both sides and then passes upwards over the neck behind the ear.


Question: Choline in seminal fluid is detected by

Florence test - Detection of choline.
Barberio's test - Detection of spermine.


Question: Wax crayons contains


Question: Vegetable poison mimicking viper snake poison is

When an extract of abrus seeds is injected under the skin, symptoms resemble viperine snakebite and as such poisoning is not suspected. There is inflammation, edema, oozing of hemorrhagic fluid from the site of puncture and necrosis may occur. Commonly used as cattle poison in Indian villages to get the hide or for taking revenge. The toxic principle is injected into the animal in the form of fine needle-shaped structures called 'suis'.Powdered seeds are used by malingerers to produce conjunctivitis. Seeds are also used as an aboifacient and as the arrow poison. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 477


Question: First incisor to erupt is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lower central * First temporary tooth to upper (in primary dentition) is lower central incisors and last temporary tooth to erupt is 2nd molar. The sequence of eruption is lower central incisor > upper central incisor > upper lateral incisor >lower lateral incisor > 1st molar > Canine > 2nd molar. Therefore eurption of temporary teeth is completed by eruption of 2nd molar at 25 months (2 years).* First permanent tooth to erupt (in secondary dentition) is 1st molar and last to erupt is 3rd molar. The sequence of eruption is 1st molar > central incisor > lateral incisor > 1st premolar > 2nd premolar > canine > 2nd molar > 3rd molar. Eruption of permanent teeth is completed by eruption of 3rd molar between 17-25 years.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Medicolegal autopsy requires the permission of


Question: Putrefaction is

CHANGES AFTER DEATH 1.Immediate changes a) cessation of respiration b) cessation of circulation c) insensibility d) loss of voluntary power e) dilatation of pupil 2. Early changes a) primary flaccidity of muscles b) algor mois c) livor mois d) rigor mois e) retinal changes and changes in vitreous humor. 3. Late changes a) putrefaction b) adipocere formation c) mummification Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 19


Question: La facies sympathique" is a condition seen in cases of

In hanging cases there will be ligature knot in the neck. If ligature knot presses on cervical sympathetic nerves, the eye on the same side may remain open with its pupil dilated which is known as &;le facie sympathique&;. It indicates antemoem hanging Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg. no: 180


Question: Adultery comes under IPC section

Ans. (a) 497Ref: The Essentials of FSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed. 124IPC SectionDefinitionSec 82A child under 7 yrs is incapable of committing an offence. Not applicable to railway act.Sec 83A child >7 &< 12 is presumed to be mature enough to be capable of committing an offence.Sec 84Act of a person of unsound mind/McNaughten's ruleSec 85Act of a person who's intoxicated against will.Sec 87A person less than 18 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. consent for wrestling contestSec 88 to93Legal protection to medical doctors. Sec 89 - a child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur by an act done in good faith or for itsbenefi t e.g. consent for operationSec 174Police inquestSec 176Magistrate's inquestSec 179Punishment for refusal to answer question by the policeSec 191Definition of perjurySec 193Punishment for perjurySec 197Issuing false certificate (3-7 years of punishment)Sec 201Disappearance of evidence (2 years of punishment)Sec 297Trespassing of burial placeSec 299Definition of Culpable homicideSec 300MurderSec 302Punishment for murder/infanticideSec 304Culpable homicide not amounting to murderSec 304 ACausing death by negligenceSec 304 BDowry death307Attempt to murder308Attempt to culpable homicide309Attempt to suicideSec 317Abandoning of infantsSec 318Concealment of death of childSec 319HurtSec 320Grievous hurtSec 321Voluntarily causing hurtSec 322Voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 323Punishment for voluntary causing hurtSec 324Punishment for voluntary causing hurt by dangerous weapon/meansSec 325Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 326Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt by a dangerous weapon/meansSec 351AssaultSec 354Assault to outrage the modesty of a woman.Sec 375Definition of rapeSec 376Punishment of rapeSec 377Unnatural sexual offenceSec 497Adultery

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Registered medical practitioner protecting unqualified person in practice is known as

Ans. b (Covering). (Ref. Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology by Glaister, 6, Parikh, FMT 5th/558)COVERING# A Registered medical practitioner protecting a non-medical person who practices medicine is called covering.# Association with unqualified persons includes:- Employment of unqualified or unregistered assistant or mere countenancing of such practice.- Assisting an unqualified person as by giving an anesthetic for some procedure.- Having relations with uncertified persons which enables them to practice Midwifery or issuing certificate which enables them to practice midwifery or issuing certificate which enable such practices to occur (covering of unqualified persons).# This does not affect the proper training of bonafide medical students or employment of midwives, dispensers, and surgery assistants, under the immediate personal supervision of a RMP.# Also note, receiving or giving commission or other benefits from or to a professional colleague, a manufacturer, trader, chemist etc.# Giving of a commission by one doctor to another for referring, recommending or procuring any patient for medical, surgical or other treatment is known as Dichotomy (Fee-Sharing).Q

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Fluorescent feulgen reaction is used to demonstrate

The X chromosome is seen as a Plano convex mass lying inside the nucleus just beneath the nuclear membrane as a nucleolar satellite, in the cells of buccal mucosa. This is called Barr body. Barr bodies are seen in the somatic cells of normal females (XX) Barr bodies can be demonstrated by eosin- hematoxylin staining or fluorescent Feulgen reaction technique using Acriflavine Schiff reagent for X chromosome which is seen as a bright yellow spot. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 70


Question: A loop of thin string is thrown around the neck of the victim in

In garotting, a loop of things string is thrown around the neck of victim, who is attacked from his back. The ligature is then rapidly tightened with the help of two sticks tied at the free ends of the string so as to constrict the neck strongly. Asphyxiation of the unaware victim ensues rapidly and ultimately death. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 134


Question: Postmortem caloricity is not seen in

The most logical answer could be Organophosphorous poisoning.
PM caloricity is seen in condition where heat is produced inside the body (endogenous heat production).


Question: First treatment for snake bite is

First aid* Reassurance* Limit systemic spread of venom by immobilizing the affected pa (e.g. limb)* A proximal lymphatic-occlusion constriction band may limit the spread of venom if applied within 30 minutes. It should be applied such that it does not prevent aerial flow of blood and the distal pulsation should be appreciatedREF: THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE:KS NARAYANA REDDY; 28th EDITION; PAGE NO 322


Question: Edgeoscopy refers to

Edgeoscopy -evaluation of fingerprint Dactylography-evaluation of fingerprints Ridgeology-evaluation of friction ridges on fingerprints Poroscopy-evaluation of sweat pores openings on fingerprint ridges Cheiloscopy-evaluation of lip prints Podography - evaluation of foot prints Rugoscopy-evaluation of palatal Refernce:Encyclopedia of Forensic Medicine and legal medicine PG no 9,vol 3


Question: Under transplantation of humans organs act, the punishment for the doctor involved is

The Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994, amended in 2011, and 2012 Chapter VI and VII deals with the trial and punishment of offences under this act. Under this act, doctors involved will be punished for a period of 2-5yrs. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr. PC IGNATIUS PAGE NO: 389


Question: For transplantation, cornea can be removed from dead body upto

Time of molecular death in different tissues varies with each tissue.
Maximum time of removal of organs for transplantation -

Brain 5-7 minutes
Liver 15 minutes
Kidney 45 minutes
Heart 60 minutes
Cornea 6 hours
Bone 48 hours
Vessels 72 hours


Question: Sec 304A IPC deals with

Sec 304A IPC deals with criminal negligence " Whoever causes death of any person by doing a rash and negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment upto 2 years, with fine or both" Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 379


Question: Surest sign of brain stem death

B i.e. Fixed dilated pupil not responding to light Cooling of body & rigor mois is a sign of molecular or cellular death. - Somatic (systemic, clinical or brain) death is cessation of spontaneous breathing, circulation and brain activity (as indicated by flat isoelectric EEG, deep unconsciousness with no response to external stimuli or internal need). Surest sign of brain stem death is fixed dilated pupil not constricting (responding) to light.Q

Fixed dilated pupil not reacting to light


Question: Penetrating neck trauma is


Question: In the case of Hanging neck ligature marks are an example of

Ligature mark is a type of pressure /imprinted/ contact/patterned abrasion.
Some important facts:-

Patterned abrasions are any impact or pressure abrasions which reproduce the pattern of the object causing it.
Thus an impact abrasion may be a pattern abrasion if it reproduces the pattern of the object, e.g. a pattern of radiator grill (after hit by a car) is a type of impact abrasion and at the same time, it is a patterned abrasion as it is reproducing the pattern of radiator grill.
Similarly, a pressure abrasion may be a patterned abrasion if it reproduces the pattern of the object, e.g. ligature mark in hanging or strangulation is a pressure abrasion and at the same time it is also a patterned abrasion.


Question: Usage of female undergarments for sexual gratification is seen in

Fetichism Fetish is an object for sexual stimulation. Fetichism means using these objects for sexual gratification. It is usually seen in males and they use the undergarments like bras, petticoat, stocking, panty hose,etc. of the females as an object for sexual stimulation. Person with this perversion may steal these objects for the above purpose. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: Tear drop appearance seen in

Stab wound by single edged weapon wedge shaped with one end of the wound is sharply cut and the other end is split or rounded or blunt. The sharp end is due to the contact with the sharp edge of the weapon and split end is due to contact with the blunt edge of the weapon. There may be gaping of both margins and this may give the wound a tear drop appearance ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 127


Question: St Anthony fire disease is

Ans. is 'c' i.e. Ergot poisoning In cases of ergot poisoning (also known as ergotoxicosis or traditionally, Saint anthony's fire) alkaloids accumulate in the system due to the consumption of contaminated grain products.


Question: Death of a patient due to an unintentional act by a doctor, staff or hospital is

Therapeutic misadventure is a mischance or an accident or a disaster. Therapeutic misadventure is a case in which n individual has been injured or had died due to some unintentional act by a doctor or agent of the doctor or hospital. Vicarious liability is liability for act of others i.e. an employer is responsible not only for his own negligence but also for the negligence of his employee by the principle of respondent superior (let the master answer), provided there (1) Must be employer-employee relationship, (2) While on job, (3) Employee conduct within the job of employment. Therapeutic privilege is an Exception to the rule of 'full disclosure' i.e. the doctor can use his discretion as to the facts that he discloses or of not telling the patient about the risks involved in treatment or about the diagnosis, e.g. in cases where patient is fearful, emotionally disturbed, psychotic or psycho-neurotic. The doctor should carefully note his decision in the patient's records mentioning the reasons. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 189


Question: Rigor mois first seen in

The Order of Appearance of Rigor: - * All muscles of the body, both voluntary and involuntary are affected. * But it does not sta in all muscles simultaneously Nysten's rule: - * It first appears _in involuntary muscles; the myocardium becomes rigid in an hour. * Then it develops in eyelids, neck and lower jaw and passes upwards to the muscles of the face, and downwards to the muscles of the chest, upper limbs, abdomen and lower limbs and lastly in the fingers and toes. Ref:- Essentials of Forensic medicine Dr KS narayana Reddy 33th Edition;


Question: Zasko's phenomenon is seen during

Tendon reaction or Zasko's phenomenon: It occurs after somatic death when molecular death has not occurred. All muscles are in a relaxed state after death. This is a stage of primary relaxation. It is a muscular response to mechanical stimuli that occurs after 1- 2 hrs after death during the primary flaccidity period When the lower third of the quadriceps femoris muscle is struck above the patella with a reflex hammer, it causes an upward movement of the patella because of contraction of the whole muscle. Muscle changes after death :


Question: More than 5% carboxy hemoglobin is indicative of

There is increased carboxyhemoglobin (>5%) in antemortem burning.


Question: Poisoning caused by bullet retained in body is;

Lead poisoning may occur due to absorption of lead from lead bullets remaining in body. Synol fluid is capable of dissolving lead


Question: 'Glassblowers shakes' are seen in poisoning due to

Glassblowers shakes' (hatters shake) is a form of chronic mercury poisoning occurring in workers exposed to mercury, characterized by muscle tremors, mental and behavioural changes, and stomatitis. Glassblower's cataracts are a form of cataract. They are formed by many years of exposure to infrared radiation while working. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 473


Question: DNA fingerprinting was discovered by

DNA FINGERPRINTING DNA fingerprinting (DNA typing, DNA identification, or genetic typing) is a technique involving chemically dividing the DNA into fragments which form a unique pattern and then matching that "identity profile" with the pattern obtained from similarly testing a suspect&;s blood specimen. If the two patterns match, the possibility of error, i.e. the chance that they do not belong to the same individual may be less than one in 30 billion. Dr. Alec Jeffreys in 1985, developed DNA fingerprinting. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:- 459


Question: FeCl test is used in diagnosis of

Diagnosis of phenol poisoning change in color of urine(carboluria) Ferric chloride when added color of urine turns blue. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 414


Question: Most  common position of hymen rupture in a virgin is

Hymen tears

Congenital - Anterion
Intercourse / foreign body - posterolateral
In a virgin, laceration of hymen occurs with the first intercourse
This is the principal evidence of intercourse in a virgin
Tearing of hymen usually occurs postero - laterally or in the middle.

Other conditions causing ruptured hymen before coitus

Accidents
Mastrubation
Instrumentation by doctors
Artifical dilatiation of vagina by foreign bodies for prostitution
Passage of large blood clots.


Question: Spalding's sign is seen in

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Maceration Spalding's sign Overriding of the cranial bones on one another, due to liquefaction of brain matter and softening of the ligamentous structures supporting the vault. It usually appears 7 days after death. It is a sign of Maceration in a dead-born child. Still Stillbornad-born child Still born child is one, which is bom after 28th wk of pregnancy and which did not breathe or show any other signs of life, at any time after being completely bom The child was alive in utero, but ied during the process of birth. Dead born child a dead bom child is one which has died in utero, and shows one of the following signs Rigor mortis at delivery Maceration This is the process of aseptic autolysis of the fetus dead in utero and is the usual change It occurs when the dead fetus remains in the uterus for 3-4 days surrounded by liquor amnii but with the exclusion of air, It does not occur if the dead fetus is bom within about 24 hrs. It is characterised by softening and degeneration of tissues. The process is aseptic because the fetus is enclosed in the membranes in a sterile condition. * Signs of maceration are The earliest sign of maceration is skin slippage which can be seen in 12 hrs after the death of the child in utero. Appearance of gas in heart and great vessels (Robert's sign) Collapse of the vertebral column The body of the macerated fetus is soft, flaccid and flattens out when placed on a level surface. It has a sweetish disagreeable odour. The skin is red or purple Large blebs appear at 24 hrs which contains thin fluid The epidermis detaches easily and leaves moist and greasy areas. The umbilical cord is thickened and soft The bony junctions both in the skull and in this joints are lax and abnormally mobile. Spalding sign is seen * If the membranes are ruptured after the death of the fetus and air enters into liquor amnii, the fetus undergoes putrefaction instead of maceration. 3) Mummification Mummification results when the death of a fetus occurs from a deficient supply of blood or when liquor amnii is scanty, and when no air has entered the uterus. The fetus is dried up & shrivelled.

Identification of Dead and Mass Disaster


Question: In tandem bullet, number of bullet/bullets comingout of the gun is/are

2 [Ref: Parikh 6/e, p 4.26; Reddy, 25/e, p 1961 Tandem bullets: also k/a piggiback bullets are 2 bullets ejected one after the other, when the first bullet, having been stuck in the barrel, fails to leave the barrel, and is ejected by the subsequently fired bullet. The bullets may separate within the body, or before they hit the target. Also know Tandem or Duplex caridge: here the gun fires two bullets simultaneously which have different projectiles by design and enter the target at different points. Frangible bullets: there bullets are designed to fragment upon impact. often to the point of disintegration. Recovery and matching with a test bullet is difficult. Souvenir bullets: a bullet present for a long time in the body leading to dense fibrous tissue formation around it. Dum-dum bullet: is a jacketed bullet with its nose cut-off to expose the core. Ricochet bullet: its a single bullet which strikes some intervening object first and then after ricocheting and rebounding strikes the target. Yawning bullet: bullet travelling in an irregular fashion instead of travelling nose on.


Question: Arrange the following features produced by shot gun injuries according to the increasing range Satellite pellet holes Cruciate wound Tattooing Blackening

Cruciate wound - contact shot Blackening/ Smudging/ Fouling - upto 30 cm Tattooing/ Stippling/ Peppering - upto 60 to 90 cm Satellite pellet holes - over two meters


Question: Pearson formula is used for calculating

karl Pearson formula for reconstruction of stature from dried long bones. Male female Stature 81.306 + 1.880F 72.884 + 1.945F Stature 70.641 + 2.894H 71.475 + 2.754 H Stature 78.664 + 2.376T 74.774 + 2.353T Stature 89.925 + 3.271R 81.224 + 3.343R F is femur, H is humerus, T is tibia, R is radius. The measurements are in centimeters. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 96


Question: Father of forensic odontology is

1. Paul Zacchias- Father of legal medium Father of toxicology Father of forensic psychiatry. 2. Mathieu Orfila. Father of modern toxicology 3. Calvin Goddard Father of ballistics forensic


Question: Pink disease is due to

Ingestion of mercurous chloridein teething powder has led to acrodynia (Pink disease/Swift disease) in infants. This condition presents as feverwith a pink-coloured rash, irritability, photophobia, painfuland swollen extremities and hypersecretion of sweat glands.It is believed to be a hypersensitivity response to the mercurouschloride.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg: 473


Question: First offence of stalking is

Stalking involves following a woman or contacting such woman in spite of clear disinterest or monitors her through internet, e-mail or any other form of electronic communication. It is punishable under Sec. 354-D IPC with imprisonment for upto 3 years and fine (cognizable and bailable) and imprisonment upto 5 years and fine for subsequent offence (cognizable and non-bailable)


Question: Pugilistic attitude is seen i

Pugilistic attitude or boxer's attitude this occurs due to coagulation of the muscle proteins resulting in contraction of muscle fibers. As the flexors are bulkier than extensors, they contract more and force the body to attain such an attitude. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 164


Question: Statutary rape is considered below the age


Question: Blue colour of the bruise is due to


Question: Acrodynia is associated with


Question: A person is presumed to be dead, if not heard for 7 years comes under


Question: The section of IPC that deals with not attending the cou after receiving the summons

Section 172 IPC: Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceedings. Section 174 IPC: Nonattendance in obediance to summons from cou of law intentionally is punishable (imprisonment up to six months or fine up to one thousand rupees, or both) Section 178 IPC: Punishment for Refusing oath S. 191, I.P.C.: Giving false evidence. S. 192, I.P.C.: Fabricating false evidence. S. 193, I.P.C.: Punishment for false evidence (imprisonment up to seven years).


Question: Bluish discoloration of gastric mucosa is seen in the poisoning of

(C) Sodium Amytal[?]Post-mortem Internal appearance of SODIUM AMYTAL POISONING;oThese are not characteristic, but mainly those of asphyxia. Cyanosis is present.oA quantity of white particles of ingested Sodium amytal may be seen in the stomach.oGastric mucosa may be eroded and the fundus may be thickened, granular & hemorrhagic.oHemorrhagic blistering & hemorrhagic necrosis of the gastric mucosa may be seen due to poisoning from Seconal & Sodium Amytal.oDetection by Calorimetric methods have now been super seeded by specific gas-liquid and high pressure liquid chromatography methods.[?]POST-MORTEM APPEARANCE OF STOMACH IN VARIOUS POISONING:oHigh concentration of toxic substances on the rugae & Crypts of gastric mucosa or even in the blood in the actual stomach wall.oHyperaemia of gastric mucus membrane by irritant poison shows patchy & deep crimson colour.oRedness of stomach Mucus membrane after death is usually limited posterior wall.oRedness of gastric mucosa is found even in asphyxial deaths.oThe green colour of ferrous suplhate tablets; the blue of amytal capsule; the pink of soneryl are characteristic.oMercury usually causes a slate coloured stain; arsenic may show white particles adherent; strong sulphuric, acetic or hydrochloric acids, & concentrated oxalic acid are likely to blacken or char the wall; nitric acid may causeoyellow colour, carbolic acid may produce buff or white colour and shrivelling; cresols produce brown colour; copper produces a blue or green colour.oThe colour may also be due to bile when there will be no signs of inflammation, or to fruit juice or food, when it is uniform and without signs of inflammation.S. No.PoisonColor1.Copper sulfate, amytal capsuleBlue2.Ferrous sulfateGreen3.Sulphuric hydrochloric/acetic acid 4.Nitric acidYellow5.Carbolic acidBuff/white6.ArsenicWhite particles7.MercurySlate8.CresolsBrown[?]POST-MORTEM EXTERNAL corroded skin and mucous membrane Appearances in various poisoning:-Sulphuric & hydrochloric acid: grey, becoming black from blood;-Nitric acid: brown;-Hydrofluoric acid: reddish-brown;-Carbolic acid: greyish-white;-Oxalic acid: grey, blackened by blood;-Cresols: brown, leathery;-Caustic alkalis: greyish-white;-Mercuric chloride: bluish-white;-Zinc chloride: whitish; chromic acid & potassium chromate: orange, leathery.oColour of post-mortem staining:-The skin may be dark-brown or yellow in phosphorus and acute copper poisoning;-Cherry-red in poisoning by carbon monoxide;-Chacolate-coloured in cases of death from poisoning by nitrites, aniline, nitrobenzene, acetanilide, bromates, chlorates, etc. due to the formation of methaemoglobin.Other Options[?]Arsenic Poisoning:oPost-mortem internal appearance of stomach: Lesions are mainly found in stomach.oLines of redness running along the walls, sub mucus hemorrhages & stomach mucosa resembles red velvet.oMass of sticky mucus covers the mucosa in which particles of Arsenic may be seen.oCongestion is most marked along the crest of rugae.[?]Mercury Poisoning:oMucosa of gastrointestinal tract shows inflammation, congestion, coagulation & corrosion & shows Slate coloured stain.


Question: Emesis is not contraindicated in

Emesis should be used only if there is difficulty in obtaining gastric lavage. Vomiting can be produced if the medullary centers are still responsive. Due to danger of aspiration of gastric contents, vomiting should only be induced in a conscious patient. Contraindications: Severe hea and lung diseases. Advanced pregnancy. Kerosene poisoning In cases of CNS depression, seizures or rapidly acting CNS poisons (camphor, cyanide, tricyclicantidepressants, propoxyphene and strychnine).


Question: Reflex not involved in Harvard's criteria

Harvard's criteria: ventilator is put off for 10 minutes and following responses are noted. Spontaneous respiration Spontaneous circulation Pupillary reflex. Corneal reflex Ocular reflex- oculocephalic and oculovestibular Grimace reflex Gag reflex Flat EEG Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 17


Question: Dry wine is

Chloral hydrate (dry wine) is related to paraldehyde and is an unfashionable drug in modern times, but still used in psychiatric hospitals. It is mixed with food or drinks to render a person suddenly helpless for the purpose of robbery or rape. Its action is so rapid, hence the name 'knockout drops. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 439, 496


Question: Breakfast, Lunch and dinner sign

Bed bugs classically form a line of bites colloquially referred to as " breakfast lunch and dinner" sign and rarely feed in the armpit or behind the knees which may help differentiate it from other hitting insects. Ref: wikipedia


Question: CSF should be collected within

Cistern fluid is examined. The amount of potassium increases at a constant rate in relation to the temperature of the body during the first 20 hours. The concentrations of sodium,calcium and magnesium have no obvious relationship to time since death. Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, Chapter 7, page-98.


Question: The ratio between ethyl alcohol in blood and Vitreous humor is

Ratio of blood alcohol with different body fluids Whole blood :1.00 Plasma or serum: 1.12 to 1.2 Brain: 0.85 Spinal fluid: 1.1 Vitreous: 1.2 Urine: 1.3 Liver: 0.85 Alveolar air: 0.0021


Question: An alcoholic with poor judgment and decreased skilled motor movements. Blood alcohol level would be


Question: Force of constriction required for the obstruction of Jugular vein is

Just 2 kg constriction force is sufficient to obstruct Jugular vein.


Question: Abortion stick used in criminal abortion causes abortion by the mechanism of

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Uterine contraction Abortion stick is a thin wooden or bamboo stick about 15 to 20 cm long, or a twig of similar length from some irritant plant as mentioned below.When the stick is used it is equipped at one end with cotton wool or a piece of cloth soaked in an irritant substance as mentioned below.The abortion stick or the twig is introduced in the os of the uterus and retained there till uterine contractions begin.Irritant substances used to soak the abortion stickmarking nut juicecalotropis (madar)jequirityasafoetidapaste made from white arsenic, red lead etc.Irritant plants twig used for abortionmadar (Calotropis)chitra (Plumbago zeylandica)lal chitra (Plumbago rosea)kaner (Nerium odorum)


Question: A person keeps a man under his power and threatens him to assault or cause harm without any intension to kill comes under

Ans. b. Section 351 Assault An assault is an offer or threat or attempt to apply to body of another in a hostile manner (Section 351, 1PC)Q.


Question: Micky Finn is

Chloral hydrate is also known as micky finn. It is also known as knock out drops.