{"question": "Vit K is involved in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Carboxylation", "opb": "Decarboxylation", "opc": "Deamination", "opd": "Transamination", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "0b7c28ca-ee41-4ecd-93db-c7a60db5161a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "During unwinding of DNA, relief of supercoil is made possible by", "exp": "During unwinding of DNA, relief of supercoil is made possible by Topoisomerase DNA helicase unwinds the DNA without cutting but using energy from hydrolysis of ATP. Gyrase is a bacterial type II topoisomerase which acts on closed circular DNA (bacteria have circular DNA).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Topoisomerase", "opb": "Gyrase", "opc": "Helicase", "opd": "Polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Replication", "id": "2e37421e-5c20-4624-9bc9-5a1f11c75ec5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Major metabolic fuel for hea in starvation is", "exp": "The liver has a greater capacity for b-oxidation than is required to meet its own energy needs, and as fasting becomes more prolonged, it forms more acetyl-CoA than can be oxidized. This acetyl-CoA is used to synthesize the ketone bodies which are major metabolic fuels for skeletal and hea muscle and can meet up to 20% of the brain's energy needs. In prolonged starvation, glucose may represent less than 10% of whole body energy-yielding metabolism. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Chapter 14; Page no: 148", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Free fatty acids", "opc": "Proteins", "opd": "Ketone bodies", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "0b0a0b72-3e4b-4408-9717-baa20d454b75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pellagra symptoms are aggravated if diet contains", "exp": "Pellagra symptoms are aggravated if diet contains high amount of leucine. Dietary deficiency of Tryptophan: Pellagra is seen among people whose staple diet is maize (South and Central America). In maize, niacin is present; but it is in a bound form, and is unavailable. Pellagra is also seen when staple diet is sorghum (jowar or guinea corn) as in Central and Western India. Sorghum contains leucine in high quantities. Leucine inhibits the QP enzyme, and so cannot be conveed to NAD+ (Leucine pellagra). Reference: Textbook of Biochemistry by D M Vasudevan, sixth edition pg no. 395, 396.", "cop": 1, "opa": "High amount of leucine", "opb": "High amount of lysine", "opc": "Low amount of leucine", "opd": "Low amount of lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "ba4e6e68-0af4-401c-a391-ce4586a8b162", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phenylalanine is degraded into", "exp": "Phenylalanine is first conveed to tyrosine (For Subsequent metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine See att. Treasure. Hereditary tyrosinemia type I (Hepatorenal tyrosinemia) is due to deficiency of the enzyme fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (fumarylacetoacetase). Remember the enzyme deficiency - fumarylacetoacetase. That will help you to remember the end products - Fumarate and acetoacetate. Phenylalanine & tyrosine are both glucogenic and ketogenic. Fumarate is glucogenic while acetoacetate is ketogenic.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fumarate and succinate", "opb": "Fumarate and acetoacetate", "opc": "Fumarate and Malate", "opd": "Fumarate and pyruvate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism Detail", "id": "dfd0b82d-afa8-4c91-a12d-6eb0a5391f37", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme generating urea is", "exp": "UREA CYCLE: STEP 1 :One molecule of ammonia condenses with CO2 in presence of two molecules of ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate. STEP 2 :Formation of Citrulline: The carbamoyl group is transferred to the NH2 group of ornithine by ornithine transcarbamoylase. STEP 3:Formation of ARGININOSUCCINATE One molecule of aspaic acid adds to citrulline forming a carbon to nitrogen bond, which provides the 2nd nitrogen atom of urea.Argininosuccinate synthetase catalyzes the reaction.In this two ATP' s are utilized. STEP 4 : Formation of Arginine Argininosuccinate is cleaved by argininosuccinate lyase to arginine and fumarate. STEP 5: Formation of Urea. The finsl reaction of the cycle is the hydrolysis of argine to urea and ornithine by arginase REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK :EIGHTH EDITION, Page no:258 & 259. more details", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspaate transcarbamoylase", "opb": "Urease", "opc": "Arginase", "opd": "Ornithine decarboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e488d3b2-3392-443a-89a3-69cee62d5a62", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The key regulatory enzyme in hepatic biosynthesis of heme is", "exp": "ALA Synthase Is the Key Regulatory Enzyme in Hepatic Biosynthesis of HemeThere are two isozymes of ALA synthase. ALAS1 is expressed throughout the body; ALAS2 is expressed in erythrocyte precursor cells.The reaction catalyzed by ALA synthase 1 is rate-limiting for biosynthesis of heme in liver. It appears that heme, probably acting through an aporepressormolecule, acts as a negative regulator of the synthesis ofALAS1 The rate of synthesis of ALAS1 thus increases greatly in the absence of heme but diminishes in its presence.Heme also affects translation of the enzyme and its transfer from the cytosol to the mitochondrion. ALAS1 has a sho half-life, which is typical for an enzyme that catalyzes a rate-limiting reaction.Reference: Harper biochemistry, 30th edition, page no 326", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decarboxylase", "opb": "ALA synthase", "opc": "Coproporphrinogen oxidase", "opd": "Protoporphrinogen oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "90f2c9fb-5c9c-45ab-b391-7a2965089c2f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The adenylate cyclase system is mediated by", "exp": "The cAMP-dependent pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins that respond to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Each GPCR binds to and is activated by a specific ligand stimulus that ranges in size from small molecule catecholamines, lipids, or neurotransmitters to large protein hormones. When a GPCR is activated by its extracellular ligand, a conformational change is induced in the receptor that is transmitted to an attached intracellular heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gs alpha subunit of the stimulated G protein complex exchanges GDP for GTP and is released from the complex. In a cAMP-dependent pathway, the activated Gs alpha subunit binds to and activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase, which, in turn, catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increases in the concentration of the second messenger cAMP may lead to the activation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels", "cop": 1, "opa": "cAMP", "opb": "Phosphodiesterase", "opc": "GTP regulating proteins", "opd": "Nuclear receptors", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "644d348d-a0b7-4f4d-b2ce-dece93bdd4b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most appropriate action of ubiquiting includes", "exp": "Proteins are marked for degradation by the attachment of ubiquitin to the amino group of the side chain of a lysine residue. Additional ubiquitins are then added to form a multiubiquitin chain. Such polyubiquinatedproteins are recognized and degraded by a large, multisubunit protease complex, called the proteasome", "cop": 2, "opa": "Electron transpo chain", "opb": "Degradation of proteins", "opc": "Synthesis of protein", "opd": "Oxydative deamination", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "68db4dc4-3fcb-4f34-9370-e33ee552b25e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In RBC the enzyme deficient is", "exp": "Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme that helps Cells turn sugar(glucose) into energy (Called Adenosine Triphsphate,ATP) in a process called glycolysis . Red cells rely on this process for energy and so, pyruvate kinase deficiency leads to a deficiency in energy and to premature red cell destruction .", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hexokinase", "opb": "Phosphofructokinase", "opc": "Pyruvate kinase", "opd": "Glycerol kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "5b89e0fb-8802-46d2-87dc-e127222be20d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not gluconeogenic", "exp": "The major non-carbohydrate precursors of glucose are lactate, glucogenic amino acids (all except leucine) and glycerol. Lactate is formed by RBC in glycolysis because mitochondria are absent. Lactate is also formed by active skeletal muscle when the rate of glycolysis exceeds the rate of TCA cycle, the pyruvate formed is conveed to lactate.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 117", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acetyl CoA", "opb": "Lactate", "opc": "Glycerol", "opd": "Alaline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "0bc89c51-f298-42eb-9ed2-541125afe6be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cerebrosides consist mostly of this", "exp": "Both glucocerebrosides and galacto cerebrosides are present however galactocerebrosides are most commonly seen on neural cells and are abundant", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Galactose", "opc": "Fructose", "opd": "Arabinose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "34b433b0-90ba-447c-ae08-32c3b3aa43a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "UDP glucose is not used in", "exp": "Glycogen Synthase - The glucose moiety from UDP-glucose is transferred to a glycogen primer (glycogenin) molecule. The primer is essential to accept the glycosyl unit. The primer is made up of a protein-carbohydrate complex. It is a dimeric protein, having two identical monomers. An oligosaccharide chain of 7 glucose units is added to each monomer. Glycogen primer (n)+ UDP-glucose --------- Glycogen (n+1) + UDP In the next step, activated glucose units are sequentially added by the enzyme glycogen synthase. The glucose unit is added to the nonreducing (outer) end of the glycogen primer to form an alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage and UDP is liberated. GALACTOSE METABOLISM - Galactose is a constituent of lactose of milk sugar, and is taken in the diet. Galactose is not an essential nutrient, because UDP glucose can form UDP galactose. REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION,PG.NO.,109,120.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Uronic acid pathway", "opb": "Glycogen synthase", "opc": "Galactose metabolism", "opd": "HMP shunt", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "ae7aba84-70d8-44de-8909-74852d51843f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polyamine Ike putrescine is derived from", "exp": "The enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine (a product of the urea cycle) to form putrescine. This reaction is the committed step in polyamine synthesis. In humans, this protein has 461 amino acids and forms a homodimer.Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine_decarboxylase", "cop": 2, "opa": "Arginine", "opb": "Ornithine", "opc": "Yohimibine", "opd": "Arginosuccine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "34874f54-f342-47a8-bdd5-dc366d2ff737", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Accumulation of sphingomyelin in phagocytic cells is feature of", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' ie., Niemann pick disease First three options are types of Lysosomal storage disordersThe characteristic feature of lysosomal storage disorders is accumulation of specific macromolecules within cells that are normally metabolized by the cells. This is because of deficiency of one or other lysosomal enzymesSome important lysosomal storage disorders , the deficient enzymes and the stored macromolecule are listed below--Lysomal Storage DiseaseDeficient EnzymeStored Material* Fabry's ds*a- Galactosidase AGlobotriaosyl ceramide* Gaucher's ds*Acid beta - glucosidaseGlucosyl-ceramidase* Niemann - Pick ds*SphingomyelinaseSphingomyelin* Tay -Sach's ds*b - hexosaminidase AGM2 gangliosides* Sandhoff ds*b - hexosaminidase A and BGM2 gangliosides* Hurler's ds*a - L-iduronidaseDermatan sulfate Heparan sulfate* Hunter's ds*Iduronate sulfataseDermatan sulfate* Metachromatic leukodystrophy*Arylsulfatase -ACerebroside - sulfate* Krabbe's ds*GalactosylceramidaseGalactosylceramide Galactosyl sphingosine", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gauchers disease", "opb": "Niemann pick ds", "opc": "Tay sachs disease", "opd": "Downs syndrome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Phospholipids, Glycolipids and their disorders", "id": "a3d1beff-a1ad-4515-9951-185916527e9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A Protein estimation test is confused with", "exp": "On heating the urine, turbidity arises if proteins are present.\nHowever, turbidity also arises if phosphates or carbonates are present in urine. This can leads to confusion.\nAddition of few drops of acetic acid dissolves the turbidity due to phosphates or carbonates, whereas turbidity due to proteins remains persistent.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phosphates", "opb": "Nitrates", "opc": "Sulphates", "opd": "Bile salts", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3101f037-ab31-4d32-8a84-601b774ffc72", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum is site of synthesis for", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Protein Rough endoplasmic reticulum is concerned withProtein synthesis*Initial folding of the polypeptide chains with the formation of disulfide bondsSmooth endoplasmic reticulum is concerned withSteroid synthesis*Detoxification processesAs sarcoplasmic reticulum plays important role in skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction *", "cop": 1, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Cholesterol", "opc": "Carbohydrate", "opd": "Fat", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Biological Function of Proteins", "id": "2773a3d4-f424-4e65-9644-f6e2975d09ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The cellular component for protein synthesis is", "exp": "Although both ribosomes & RER are involved in the synthesis of protein, the cellular component on which all interactions take place to synthesize the protein in the ribosome.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Ribosomes", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3c313761-4019-4f31-ba5b-49bf7612783d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thermogenin is present in", "exp": "Thermogenin, a protein present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of adipocytes, provides an alternate pathway for protons. It is one of the uncoupling proteins (UCP).Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 234", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytoplasm", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Ribisome", "opd": "Nucleus", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "9d228b15-cf11-4bb8-8ca6-946f8e3d42f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hurler syndrome is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Heparitin Sulphate Isolated from amyloid liver, ceain normal tissues such as human and cattle aoa, and from the urine, liver, and spleen of patients with gargoylism (Hurler's syndrome). This compound has negligible anticoagulant activity. It seems to be structurally similar to heparin, but has a:Lower molecular weight,Some of the amino groups carry acetyl groups and percentage of -SO4 groups are smaller.Unlike heparin, its predominant uronic acid is D-Glucuronic acid (Glc UA).Recently it has been shown that it is present on cell surfaces as proteoglycan and is extracellular.Ref: M.N. Chatterjea - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 40", "cop": 3, "opa": "Beta galactosidase", "opb": "Sphingomyelinase", "opc": "Heparitin Sulphate", "opd": "Hyaluronidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "fe218f4f-df93-4e79-8128-9c57fcd175c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Progesterone is synthesized from", "exp": "Pregnenolone is conveed to progesterone by the action of two smooth endoplasmic reticulum enzymes, 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3a-OHSD) and D5,4-isomerase.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Page no: 503", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pregnenolone", "opb": "17-Hydroxypregnenolone", "opc": "Pregnanediol", "opd": "Pregnanetriol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "d971da7c-9c71-450e-a628-0d32981428e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA is selected for genetic information compared to RNA because", "exp": "The presence of the oxygen atom in the 2nd carbon of RNA make it more prone to spontaneous hydrolysis DNA is much more stable, the half-life of spontaneous hydrolysis is about 200 million years The possibility of mutations occurring and remaining unidentified is more with uracil since cytosine can be easily deaminated to uracilRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 576, boxes 44.1", "cop": 1, "opa": "It is stable", "opb": "Double stranted compared to RNA", "opc": "Two strands are complementary", "opd": "I has genes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "08f6efe6-812a-4e35-9669-43519a2c7f85", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hydrophobic amino acid is", "exp": "Amino acids having non-polar side chaindthese include Alanine,Valine,Leucine,Isoleucine,Methionine,Proline,Phenylalanine and Tryptophan.These groups are HYDROPHOBIC (waater repellant) and lipidophilic REFERENCE ; DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION PAGE NO :26", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Histidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "1331afd5-1464-42a4-8181-0690420871bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Kinase require", "exp": "Mg++ is the activator of many enzymes requiring ATP. Alkaline phosphatase, hexokinase, fructokinase, phosphofructokinase, adenyl cyclase, cAMP-dependent kinases, etc. need magnesium.Ref: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 420", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mn++", "opb": "Cu++", "opc": "Mg++", "opd": "Inorganic phosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "f86bc6df-f16e-410f-a14e-e4882eddc485", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flouride cause inhibition of", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 2, "opa": "PDH", "opb": "Enolase", "opc": "G6PD", "opd": "Pyruvate kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "d301c022-f208-4fda-9356-bbde4ad58073", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "UDP Glucose is formed from", "exp": "UDP glucose is formed from glucose-1-phosphate and UTP (uridine triphosphate) by the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 125", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose-1-phosphate", "opb": "Glycogen", "opc": "Lactose phosphate", "opd": "Starch", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb808a91-3aba-4194-9395-b662b367f80d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Telomerase is", "exp": "The replication always takes place from 5' to 3' direction in the new strand.The DNA polymerase enzyme is not able to synthesize the new strand at the 5 ' end of the ne2 strand. This end piece of the chromosome is called telomere.Therefore another enzyme , telomere terminal transferase or telomerase takes up this job of replication of the end piece of chromosomes.. The shoening of telomere end is prevented by an enzyme telomerase.It contains an RNA component, which provides the template for telomeric repeat synthesis. REFERENCE DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO : 585.", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA dependent RNA polymerase", "opb": "RNA dependent DNA polymerase", "opc": "RNA dependent RNA polymerase", "opd": "DNA dependent DNA polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "66b07005-102d-4261-8658-09fcdf2cd473", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A female on maize as staple diet Its diarrhea and lesion in the neck region It is deficiency of", "exp": "ref : lippincott 6th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Niacin", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "thiamine", "opd": "Riboflavin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8c8fbf8f-d60d-49ae-a02b-baf1b4610ff6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In humans, the genetic code is represented by code of three nucleotides. If one amino acid is coded 1), more than one triplet, then this is known as", "exp": "Ans. a. DegeneracyDegeneracyDegeneracy is the redundancy of the genetic codeQThe genetic code has redundancy but no ambiguityQThe codons encoding one amino acid may differ in any of their three positionsQDegeneracyThere are three amino acids encoded by six different codons: serine, leucine and arginineQOnly two amino acids are specified by a single codonQOne of these is the amino-acid methionine, specified by the codon AUG, which also specifies the sta of translation; the other is tryptophan, specified by the codon UGGQThe degeneracy of the genetic code accounts for the existence of synonymous mutationsQDegeneracy results because there are more codons than encodable amino acidsQCodonInitiation codon is AUG (Methionine)QTermination codons: UAA (Ochre), UAG (Ambre), UGA (Opal)Q", "cop": 1, "opa": "Degeneracy", "opb": "Frame-shift mutation", "opc": "Ambiguity", "opd": "Mutation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "060790b1-df7f-4d47-91b9-80e17f378855", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Main source of energy in 1min is", "exp": "Why body stores glucose as glycogen and not as glucose itself? Possible Reasons 1. Being insoluble it exes no osmotic pressure, and so does not disturb the intracellular fluid content and does not diffuse from its storage sites. 2. It has a higher energy level than a corresponding weight of glucose (though energy has to be expended to make it from glucose). 3. It is readily broken down under the influence of hormones and enzyme: * Into glucose in liver (to maintain blood glucose level). * Into lower intermediates in skeletal muscle and other tissues for energy. Role of Liver Glycogen * It is the only immediately available reserve store of blood glucose. * A high liver glycogen level protects the liver cells against the harmful effects of many poisons and chemicals, e.g. CCl4, ethyl alcohol, arsenic, various bacterial toxins. * Ceain forms of detoxication, e.g. conjugation with glucuronic acid; and acetylation reactions, are directly influenced by the liver glycogen level. * The rate of deamination of amino acids in the liver is depressed as the glycogen level rises so that amino acids are preserved longer in that form and so remain available for protein synthesis in the tissues. * Similarly, a high level of liver glycogen depresses the rate of ketone bodies formation. Biomedical Impoance * Liver glycogen is largely concerned with storage and supply of glucose-1-P, which is conveed to glucose, for maintenance of blood glucose, paicularly in between meals. * Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood glucose level. * Inherited deficiency of enzymes in the pathway of glycogen metabolism produces ceain inherited disorders called as Glycogen storage diseases (GSD)Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 346", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycogen", "opb": "FFA", "opc": "Phosphates", "opd": "Glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "37bc6250-0327-40e9-bd36-a2b27b9b6cb7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Botulinum toxin produces skeletal muscle paralysis by", "exp": "Botulinum toxin B acts by cleaving synaptobrevin, inhibiting release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction", "cop": 2, "opa": "Enhancing release of norepine phrine", "opb": "Inhibiting release of acetylcholine", "opc": "Direct damage to nerve endings", "opd": "Producing hemolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "60eda401-79b2-44f3-85e8-9e98bece3903", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Patient presenting with pellagra, parkinsonism, convulsions, anemia and kidney stones has deficiency of", "exp": "D i.e. Pyridoxal phosphate", "cop": 4, "opa": "Coenzyme A", "opb": "FADH", "opc": "Niacin", "opd": "Pyridoxal phosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "28e1949a-442d-4257-97e1-895e355187a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycated haemoglobin reflects blood glucose of preceding", "exp": "When blood glucose enters the erythrocytes, it glycates the e-amino group of lysyl residues and the amino terminals of haemoglobin.The fraction of haemoglobin glycated, normally about 5%, is propoionate to blood glucose concentration.Since the half-life of an erythrocyte is typically 60 days, the level of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects the mean blood glucose concentration over the preceding 6 to 8 weeks. Measurement of HbA1c, therefore, provides valuable information for management of diabetes mellitus.Reference: Harper biochemistry, 30th edition, page no 58", "cop": 4, "opa": "0-1 week", "opb": "2-3 week", "opc": "4-5 week", "opd": "6-8 week", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "564b8762-02b5-4a29-a82b-c5bed779e5e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medium chain fatty acids", "exp": "Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 8th Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde page no: 392-396", "cop": 3, "opa": "Require pancreatic lipase for digestion", "opb": "Absorbed through lymphatics", "opc": "Also digested in stomach", "opd": "Require bile salts for absorption and digestion", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d6ae77f9-9d58-403c-abf0-fbce3208b144", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme involved in peptide chain synthesis is", "exp": "Peptide band formation : The alpha aminogroup at the incoming aminoacid in the \"A\"site forms a peptide bond (CO-NH0 with carboxyl group of the peptidyl tRNA occuping the \"P\" site.This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme peptidyltransferase (28S rRNA,a component of 60S subunit). This is an example of ribozyme; RNA acts as the enzyme. Since, the aminoacid brought in by the tRNA is already activated,there is no need for futher energy supply for the purpose of peptidebond formation. Now, the growing peptide chain is occuping the \"A\" site. REF : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ,7th EDITION ,Page no: 601.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Topoisomerase", "opb": "Transformylase", "opc": "RNA polymerase", "opd": "Peptidyl transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "87843934-a83f-4a3f-9de4-c64c30da31b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mitochondiral DNA is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Closed circular", "opb": "Nicked circular", "opc": "Linear", "opd": "Open circular", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4ccd91e6-48a0-445e-a50b-025c94ce8940", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "1st carbon of pentose sugar of nucleic acid joins", "exp": "The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected to each other in an alternating chain (sugar-phosphate backbone) through phosphodiester linkages. In conventional nomenclature, the carbons to which the phosphate groups attach are the 3&;-end and the 5&;-end carbons of the sugar. This gives nucleic acids directionality, and the ends of nucleic acid molecules are referred to as 5&;-end and 3&;-end. The nucleobases are joined to the sugars an N-glycosidic linkage involving a nucleobase ring nitrogen (N-1 for pyrimidines and N-9 for purines) and the 1&; carbon of the pentose sugar ring.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "N-9 of pyrimidine", "opb": "N-1 of pyrimidine", "opc": "N-1 of purine", "opd": "N-8 of purine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "036aaf3a-48d7-4d5a-b38a-dfe4f456b7d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a nucleic acid test", "exp": "The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p380", "cop": 1, "opa": "Western blot", "opb": "Southern blot", "opc": "Nohern blot", "opd": "Microarray", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "9cfc44e2-9074-4630-8012-03b91289e73e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The broad beta disease is due to defect in", "exp": "Name Defect Remarks Familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia (broad beta disease, remnant removal disease, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia Deficiency in remnant clearance by the liver is due to the abnormality in Apo E. Patients lack isoforms E3 and E4 and have only E2, which does not react with the E receptor Increase in chylomicron and VLDL remnants of density <1.019 (b-VLDL). Causes hypercholesterolemia, xanthomas, and atherosclerosis Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 275", "cop": 4, "opa": "Apo A", "opb": "Apo B", "opc": "Apo C", "opd": "Apo E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b0450259-4073-473d-ae5c-ae02dfa6f177", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sanger's reagent is", "exp": "Sanger's reagent or di-nitro-fluoro-benzene (DNFB) is used for polypeptide sequencing. Other methods of Polypeptide sequencing: Edman's degradation (Edman's reagent is Phenyl-isothiocyanate) - Determine sequence from N-terminal end and can sequence 30-60 amino acid residues. But it cannot work if N-terminal amino acid is chemically modified. Use of various chemical or enzymes to cleave peptides - method used for large polypeptides Mass spectrometry - 3 pas of mass spectrometer are ionization source, mass analyzer and ion detector.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dinitrobenzene", "opb": "Dichlorobenzene", "opc": "Tetra-nitrobenzene", "opd": "Tetrachlorbenzene", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "16f6fb75-6395-454e-aa05-b89169ebf9eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In karyotyping chromosomes are visualized through light microscope with resolution of", "exp": "Using Karyotypes to Diagnose Genetic Disorders. Using Karyotypes to Diagnose Genetic Disorders. A regular human cell has 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes, which come in pairs, and 2 sex chromosomes, which specify gender (XX for female and XY for male). The pairs of autosomes are called \"homologous chromosomes Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p582", "cop": 3, "opa": "5 Kb", "opb": "500 Kb", "opc": "5 Mb", "opd": "50 Mb", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "1643744c-5ea4-46b0-9d39-2ca29f9b7453", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis is catalyzed by", "exp": "In the reaction, catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphate is transferred from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate onto ADP, forming ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 3-phosphoglycerate. The phosphate of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to ADP in another substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by pyruvate kinase to form two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 171", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Pyruvate kinase", "opc": "Phosphofructokinase", "opd": "Enolase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "498e34da-63c8-4baa-b1ff-7f99a35a0386", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Molecular size of proteins is assessed by", "exp": "Mass spectrometry (MS) is a very sensitive quantitative analytixal technique used to measure a wide range of clinically relevant analysis.MS identifies molecules based on their mass or molecular size. A sample is vapourized sucj that positive charge is produced on the molecule.Electrical field is applied, so that paiclss move.At the same time , a magnetic field is applied , so the cations are deflected at the right angle to their original direction , and hit on the detector For molecules of identical charge ,the time required for the inversely propoional to the mass of the molecule.Conventional MS identifies molecules of 4000 D or less.For higher moleculer size materials, time-of-flight mass spectrometers are useful Reference:DM VASUDEVAN Text book SEVENTH EDITION pageno : 39 and 458", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sedimentation", "opb": "Absorption mass spectroscopy", "opc": "Lyophilization", "opd": "Salting out", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "09a98c6c-3b37-497b-9d1e-d25d4b993514", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Porphyrin of normal erythrocyte haemoglobin is", "exp": "Heme is iron containing protoporphyrin. Protoporphyrins are named according to the side chains, i.e. Methyl, vinyl, propionyl.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coproporphyrin I", "opb": "Uroporphyrin III", "opc": "Protoporphyrin III", "opd": "Uroporphyrin I", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "HAEM synth and porphyrias", "id": "a74255de-be5e-4e01-b074-37a919a2c04a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient of type 2 diabetes mellitus is given nutrition rich in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "Carbohydrates", "opc": "Fat", "opd": "Fibre rich diet", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c2ff5ca3-90cb-4995-99f5-cde85fa51b4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immediate precursor of ketone bodies", "exp": "KETONE BODY FORMATION IN LIVER (KETOGENESIS)Enzymes are mitochondrial:Steps1. Aceto-acetyl-CoA: Aceto-acetyl-CoA is the staing material for ketogenesis. This can arise in two ways:(a) Directly during the course of b-oxidation of fatty acids, or(b) As a result of condensation of two C-2 units, i.e. 'active acetate' (acetyl-CoA) by reversal of thiolase reaction.2. Formation of Acetoacetate: Acetoacetate is the first ketone body to be formed. This can occur in two ways:(a) By deacylation: Acetoacetate can be formed from aceto-acetyl-CoA by simple deacylation catalysed by the enzyme aceto-acetyl-CoA deacylase. The above does not seem to be the major pathway when excessive amount of ketone bodies are formed, the deacylation reaction is not enough to cope up.(b) Second pathway: Formation of acetoacetate intermediate production of \"b-OH-b-methyl glutaryl CoA\" (HMG-CoA). Present opinion ours the HMG-CoA pathway as the major route of ketone body formation.StepsInvolves two steps:* Condensation of aceto-acetyl-CoA with another molecule of acetyl-CoA to form b-OH-b methyl glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) catalysed by the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase (mitochondrial enzyme).* HMG-CoA is then acted upon by another enzyme, HMG-CoA Lyase, which is also mitochondrial enzyme, to produce one molecule \"acetoacetate\" and one molecule of acetyl-CoANote* Both the enzymes HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA Lyase are mitochondrial and must be available in mitocondrion for ketogenesis to occur.* Both the enzymes are present in liver cells mitochondria only.* A marked increase in activity of HMG-CoA Lyase has been noted in fasting.* HMG-CoA is a committed step. Cholesterol also can be formed by \"HMG-CoA reductase\".3. Formation of Acetone: As stated earlier, acetone is formed from acetoacetate by spontaneous decarboxylation (Non-enzymatic). Fig. 25.9: Formation, utilisation, and excretion of ketone bodies4. Formation of b-OH Butyrate: Acetoacetate once formed is conveed to b-OH-butyric acid; the reaction is catalysed by the enzyme b-OH-butyrate dehydrogenase, which is present in liver and also found in many other tissues. b-OH-butyrate is quantitatively the predominant ketone body present in blood and urine in KetosisRef: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 8th Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde page no 425,426", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acetyl - CoA", "opb": "Acetoacetyl - CoA", "opc": "HMG - CoA", "opd": "Acyl - CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "8a4439af-b759-4d07-b0ca-60f48028ac15", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Richest source of Vitamin D is", "exp": "Sources of vitamin D: Fish, egg yolk, liver, butter, cheese. Sunlight is also a good source of Vitamin D but upto 50% of the world population is not exposed to sunlight i.e. due to lack of sunlight in some countries and even due to more work load indoors. So this cannot be considered as richest source of Vitamin D. EXTRA READING ON TOPIC (Vitamin D): Active moiety: Calcitriol Main biochemical role: Calcium and Phosphate absorption from intestine and their reabsorption from kidneys. Deficiency: Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults, Osteoporosis in elderly", "cop": 2, "opa": "Milk", "opb": "Fish liver oils", "opc": "Sunlight", "opd": "Carrots", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "3cc9e44b-727e-40fc-b7c5-2fc97521df68", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not an example of substrate level phosphorylation", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phosphofructokinase", "opb": "Succinyl thiokinase", "opc": "Pyruvate kinase", "opd": "Phosphoglyccerate kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "0e6fa713-dc84-40ea-b06c-10d54abd59e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main function of mitochondria is", "exp": "The ETC is localised in the mitochondria. The outer membrane of mitochondria is permeable to most of the small molecules. There is an intermediate space which presents no barrier to passage of intermediates. The inner membrane shows a highly selective permeability. It has transpo systems only for specific substances such as ATP, ADP, pyruvate, succinate, a-ketoglutarate, malate and citrate etc (Refer Fig. 10.1). The enzymes of the electron transpo chain are embedded in the inner membrane in association with the enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation. Extramitochondrial system: This is a radically different and highly active system responsible for de novo synthesis of palmitic acid from 2-carbon unit acetyl-CoA.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 138 & 414", "cop": 3, "opa": "Protein synthesis", "opb": "Oxidation", "opc": "Electron transfer", "opd": "Fat synthesis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "4d3b4d5f-5b18-429b-9f9e-af5059cdc8a2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sources of the nitrogen in urea cycle are", "exp": "Sources of Nitrogen in urea are ammonia and aspartate.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aspartate and ammonia", "opb": "Glutamate and ammonia", "opc": "Arginine and ammonia", "opd": "Uric acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "78578129-96b8-4771-b765-1d2abc5d4594", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Least impoant in final pathway of Electron Chain Reaction is", "exp": "The electrons are passed through a series of redox reactions, with a small amount of free energy used at three points to transpo hydrogen ions across a membrane. This process contributes to the gradient used in chemiosmosis. ... The endproducts of the electron transpo chain are water and ATP.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ph", "opb": "Temperature (morning)", "opc": "Enzyme concentration", "opd": "Substrate concentration", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "727a742a-9cd6-47e0-82fe-4e54d82b2a92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin E is", "exp": "The E vitamins consist of eight naturally occurring tocopherols, of which a-tocopherol is the most active (Figure 28.28).The primary function of vitamin E is as an antioxidant in prevention of the nonenzymic oxidation of cell components, for example, polyunsaturated fatty acids, by molecular oxygen and free radicalsRef: Lippincott, 5th edition, page no: 391", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anticoagulant", "opb": "Coagulant", "opc": "Antioxidant", "opd": "Antiinflammatory", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "8a3a1ddf-6436-42ef-bde5-7f696bb1ee71", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thiamine level is best monitored by", "exp": "The activation of apo-transketolase in erythrocyte lysate by thiamine diphosphate added in vitro has become the accepted index of thiamine nutritional status.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transketolase level in blood", "opb": "Thiamine level in blood", "opc": "G6PD activity", "opd": "Reticulocytosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "252ae0fa-3859-4100-82c5-38336adab1ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ion exchange chromatography is based on", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Charge", "cop": 2, "opa": "Size", "opb": "Charge", "opc": "Solubility", "opd": "Polarity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "00e23868-d218-4708-b332-239f1b9bb38c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maple syrup urine disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "METABOLIC DISORDERS OF BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID CATABOLISMAs the name implies, the odor of urine in maple syrup urine disease (branched-chain ketonuria, or MSUD) suggests maple syrup, or burnt sugar.The biochemical defect in MSUD involves the a-keto acid decarboxylase complex Plasma and urinary levels of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and their a-keto acids and a-hydroxy acids (reduced a-keto acids) are elevated, but the urinary keto acids derive principally from leucine.Signs and symptoms of MSUD include often fatal ketoacidosis, neurological derangements, mental retardation, and a maple syrup odor of urine.The mechanism of toxicity is unknown.Early diagnosis by enzymatic analysis is essential to avoid brain damage and early moality by replacing dietary protein by an amino acid mixture that lacks leucine, isoleucine, and valine.The molecular genetics of MSUD are heterogeneous. MSUD can result from mutations in the genes that encode E1a, E1b, E2, and E3. Based on the locus affected, genetic subtypesof MSUD are recognized.Type IA MSUD arises from mutations in the E1a gene, type IB in the E1b gene, type II in the E2 gene, and type III in the E3 geneReference: Harper biochemistry page no 309", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decarboxylation", "opb": "Dehydroxylation", "opc": "Transamination", "opd": "Deamination", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "5f55c53b-3ae3-4990-a8bf-09176ba6b99e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The pKa values of primary and secondary phosphoryl groups of nucleotides are", "exp": "The primary and secondary phosphoryl groups of nucleotides have pKa values of about 1.0 and 6.2, respectively. The pKa values of the secondary phosphoryl groups are such that they can serve either as proton donors or as proton acceptors at pH values approximately two or more units above or below neutrality. Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "6.2 and 1.0", "opb": "1.0 and 6.2", "opc": "6.0 and 1.0", "opd": "1.2 and 6.0", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "73b6c50f-fdd8-435c-91c0-4c2c8c876cc7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following is a Ketone body", "exp": "Under ceain metabolic conditions associated with a high rate of fatty acid oxidation, liver produces considerable quantities of compounds like acetoacetate and b-OH butyric acid, which pass by diffusion into the blood. Acetoacetate continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to produce acetone. These threesubstances are collectively known as \"ketone bodies\" (or \"acetone bodies\"). Sometimes also called as \"ketones\", which is rather a misnomer Ref: M.N. Chatterjea - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 425", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oxalocetate", "opb": "Pyruvic acid", "opc": "Acetyl COA", "opd": "Acetoacetate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "edc31524-c3ca-4b16-a8c2-7b90c35945cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common to acyl carrier protein and coenzyme A", "exp": "Ans. c (Phosphopantotheine is the reactive group). (Ref. Harper's Biochemistry 26th/pg. 173, 495)Pantothenic acid has central role in acyl group metabolism when acting as a functional moiety of coenzyme A or acyl carrier protein (ACP).PANTOTHENIC ACID# The pantothene functional moiety is formed after combination of pantothenate with cysteine, which provides the -SH prosthetic group of CoA and ACP.# CoA takes part in reactions of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, acetylation, and cholesterol synthesis.# ACP participates in fatty acid synthesis.# Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in all foods, and deficiency has not been unequivocally reported.Educational point:# The fatty acid synthase system is a MULTIENZYME polypeptide complex that incorporates ACP, which takes over the role of CoA and it contains the pantothenic acid in the form of 4-phosphopantetheine.# Co-enzyme A (CoA) is a widely distributed mercaptan containing adenine, ribose, pantothenic acid, and thioethanolamine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Located in mitochondria as well as cytoplasm", "opb": "Carriers of folate", "opc": "Phosphopantotheine is the reactive group", "opd": "Phosphorylated to tyrosine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "77ae9b30-d2b5-431f-a787-b761fb8c43ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient was diagnosed with an isolated increase in LDL. His father and brother had the same disease with increased cholesterol. The likely diagnosis is", "exp": "LDL receptor mutation \n\nIsolated increase in LDL with positive family history suggests the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia.\nFamilial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) is due to deficiency of functional LDL receptors as a result of different types of mutations.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia", "opb": "Abetalipoproteinemia", "opc": "Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type 1)", "opd": "LDL receptor mutation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fba4477b-e045-47e8-a48b-d0856f57ccc9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In competitive inhibition the relation Km and Vmax is one of the following", "exp": "Most reversible inhibitors follow the classic Michaelis-Menten scheme, where an enzyme (E) binds to its substrate(S) to form an enzyme-substrate complex (ES). km is the Michaelis constant that corresponds to the concentration of the substrate when the velocity is half the maximum. Vmax is the maximum velocity of the enzyme. Competitive inhibitors can only bind to E and not to ES. They increase Km by interfering with the binding of the substrate, but they do not affect Vmax because the inhibitor does not change the catalysis in ES because it cannot bind to ES.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Km and Vmax are the same", "opb": "km increases and Vmax are the same", "opc": "Km decreases and Vmax increases", "opd": "Km and Vmax decreases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "2e9d505c-255d-4f97-9ed9-84837a288831", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Components of 50S ribosomal subunit are", "exp": "Prokaryotic 70S ribosome made up of 50S (large subunit) made up of 30S (small subunit) made up of 23S RNA 5S RNA 16S RNA", "cop": 4, "opa": "5S RNA, 5.8S & 28S RNA", "opb": "16S RNA & 23S RNA", "opc": "23S RNA & 5.8S RNA", "opd": "23S RNA & 5S RNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Translation", "id": "568d9176-2b6e-47a4-aeef-e1cba9475258", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in Von Gierke disease is", "exp": "Type Name Enzyme Deficiency Clinical Features Ia Von Gierke disease Glucose-6-phosphatase Glycogen accumulation in liver and renal tubule cells Hypoglycemia Lactic acidemia Ketosis Hyperlipidemia Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Table: 18-2; Page no: 179", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glycogen synthase", "opb": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opc": "Branching enzyme", "opd": "Muscle phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "474991fb-1c13-4fb6-81d7-a4a7f0882036", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nitric acid in synthesized from", "exp": "Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e p387 Dietary supplements containing L-arginine have been marketed with the purpose of increasing vasodilatation, and thus, blood and oxygen supply to the exercising muscle. The present study evaluated the acute effect of L-arginine supplementation on indicators of NO production, nitrite (NO2-) + nitrate (NO3-) (NOx), in healthy subjects.", "cop": 1, "opa": "L-arginine", "opb": "L-citrulline", "opc": "Lysine", "opd": "Trptophan", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "97c29203-f3dc-413f-b203-87c9b9667a5f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anticoagulant used to estimate glucose from a sample sent from PHC is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. Potassium oxalate + NaF Repeat from Nov 06The standard anticoagulant used for collection of blood sample for glucose estimation is potassium oxalate.Sodium fluoride is used as a glycolytic inhibitor (At room temperature a loss of 1 to 2% of glucose per hour is expected in the collected blood sample as the RBCs in the sample are still alive and extracting glucose for glycolysis. This gives a false low value of blood glucose. Sodium fluoride is added to inhibit glycolysis)", "cop": 3, "opa": "EDTA", "opb": "Calcium oxalate", "opc": "Potassium oxalate + NaF", "opd": "Sodium citrate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Amino sugars, and Mucopolysaccharides", "id": "8f7ec0d6-7248-4055-91c8-82c71eac04ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose may be synthesised from", "exp": "Glycerol is release during the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue and is delivered by the blood to the liver, where it is used in the synthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycerol", "opb": "Adenine", "opc": "Guanine", "opd": "Palmitic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c8c3645-6799-4e27-bead-f3c4a4569e64", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fructose intolerance is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Fructose intolerance is due to deficiency of aldolase-B.Incidence out of 1 is 20,000.It is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism.Fructose-1-phosphate cannot be metabolized.Accumulation of fructose -1-phosphate will inhibit glycogen phosphorylase.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 144", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aldolase B", "opb": "F ructokinase", "opc": "Triokinase", "opd": "Aldolase A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "1abc5e82-c1c4-47b0-9a44-6b7e4d0e3807", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin causing Encephalomalacia", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vit E", "opb": "Vit A", "opc": "Vit D", "opd": "Vit B", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3fdee3dd-0a0a-46eb-b210-b7c9758c24a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intracellular soing and packing done by", "exp": "The Golgi apparatus plays two major roles in protein synthesis. First, it is involved in the processing of the oligosaccharide chains of membrane and other N-linked glycoproteins and also contains enzymes involved in O-glycosylation.Second, it is involved in the soing of various proteins prior to their delivery to their appropriate intracellular destinations.All pas of the Golgi apparatus paicipate in the first role, whereas the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is paicularly involved in the second and is very rich in vesicles.Ref: Harper 30th edition pg: 608", "cop": 2, "opa": "ER", "opb": "Golgi apparatus", "opc": "Ribosome", "opd": "Cytoplasm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "efe4611b-5d61-40a8-82d2-bc53439c0c5d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Branded chain ketoacid decarboxylation is defective in", "exp": "Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) i. It is also called branched-chain ketonuria. The incidence is 1 per 1 lakh bihs. The name originates from the characteristic smell of urine (similar to burnt sugar or maple sugar) due to excretion of branched-chain keto acids. ii. The basic biochemical defect is deficient decarboxylation of branched-chain keto acids (BKA). iii. Clinical findings: Disease stas in the first week of life. It is characterized by convulsions, severe mental retardation, vomiting, acidosis, coma and death within the first year of life. iv. Laboratory findings: Urine contains branched chain keto acids, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Rothera&;s test is positive, but unlike in cases of ketoacidosis, even boiled and cooled urine will give the test. Diagnosis depends on enzyme analysis in cells. Diagnosis should be done prior to 1 week after bih. v. Treatment: Giving a diet low in branched chain amino acids. Mild variant is called intermittent branched-chain ketonuria. This will respond to high doses of thiamine. This is because the decarboxylation of the BKA requires thiamine. Liver transplantation has been successfully tried in some cases of MSUD.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 200", "cop": 1, "opa": "Maple syrup urine disease", "opb": "Hanup disease", "opc": "Alkaptonuria", "opd": "GM1 gangliosidosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "3a5140a2-e261-430d-853a-8a8db02e2e09", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maple syrup urine disease is due accumulation of", "exp": "Maple syrup urine disease is also called branched-chain ketonuria The basic defect is deficient decarboxylation of branched-chain ketoacids.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 230", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phenylalanine", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Branched chain amino acids", "opd": "Tryptophan", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "af1d47f9-d690-4a83-accb-bd25b1e7414d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arachidonic acid is synthesized from", "exp": "Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) Normal dietary allowance of PUFA is 2-3% of total calories. Linoleic acid (o6, 18C, D 9,12) and linolenic acid (o3, 18C, D 9,12,15) are the only fatty acids which cannot be synthesized in the body. They have to be provided in the food; hence they are essential fatty acids. Arachidonic acid can be formed if the dietary supply of linoleic acid is sufficient PUFA may be formed from monounsaturated fatty acids by the introduction of double bonds only between an existing double bond and carboxyl end of the fatty acid (but not between the omega end and an existing double bond). Hence linoleic acid cannot be synthesized from oleic acid. However, linoleic acid can be conveed to arachidonic acidRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th Edition, page no: 162", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stearic acid", "opb": "Linoleic acid", "opc": "Linolenic acid", "opd": "Oleic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "2a5f3e9f-6d64-4342-98e2-bcd9b3bef985", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of collagen in Basement membrane", "exp": "Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 50; The Extracellular Matrix", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "8c81aee3-1e64-4ec3-aae4-f2289d5faaa5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phenylketonuria is caused by deficiency of", "exp": "Deficiency of Phenylalanine hydroxylase is the cause of PKU. The genetic mutation may be in such a way that either the enzyme is not synthesized or a non-functional enzyme is synthesized.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 236", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tyrosine transminase", "opb": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "opc": "Phenylalanine transaminase", "opd": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "e141dac6-61c0-46ef-b7af-6f1145db9d6c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At physiological pH buffering action in blood is caused by", "exp": "Maximal buffering capacity occurs at pH equal to pka of buffer. Therefore, to work as a best buffer at physiological pH amino acid should have pka value close to physiological pH (7.4). Amino acids can have buffering action due to three ionizable groups :- 1) a-carboxyl group- Different amino acids have pka value of c-carboxyl group between 3.5-4. So carboxyl group of amino acids has maximum buffering capacity between pH 3.5-4. 2) a-amino group :- Different amino acids have pka value of c-amino group between 8.0-9.0. Thus, a-amino group has maximum buffering capacity between pH 8.0-9.0. 3) Special ionizable group (in some amino acids) - Among special ionizable group of amino acids, imidazole group of histidine has pka value 6.5-7.4, which is closest to physiological pH. Hence, histidine (due to imidazole group) has maximum buffering capacity at physiologial pH.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Methionine", "opc": "Hemocysteine", "opd": "Arginine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "10395031-1d60-4a19-9cde-b6b9de85d226", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enediols are formed by treating the sugars with", "exp": "In carbohydrate chemistry, the Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation also known as the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda-van Ekenstein transformation is the base or acid catalyzed the transformation of an aldose into the ketose isomer or vice versa, with a tautomeric enediol as a reaction intermediate. Ketoses may be transformed into 3-ketoses, etcetera. The enediol is also an intermediate for the epimerization of an aldose or ketose.Mild alkaline conditions, Aldehyde or keto groups will tautomerize to form enediols.Enediols are highly reactive. So sugars are powerful reducing agents in alkaline condition.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dilute acid", "opb": "Concentrated acid", "opc": "Dilute alkali", "opd": "Concentrated alkali", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "ddf98d4d-9c5f-4bce-b996-2650c20b61df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In vivo control of citric cycle is affected by", "exp": "Regulation of TCA Cycle 1. As the primary function of TCA cycle is to provide energy, respiratory control the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation exes the main control. SECTION FOUR 2. In addition to this overall and coarse control, several enzymes of TCA cycle are also impoant in the regulation. Three Key enzymes are: * Citrate synthase * Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) *aaa-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase These enzymes are responsive to the energy status as expressed by the ATP/ADP ratio and NADH/NAD+ ratio * Citrate synthase enzyme is allosterically inhibited by ATP and long-chain acyl-CoA. * NAD+-dependent mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) is activated allosterically by ADP and is inhibited by ATP and NADH. * a-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase regulation is analogous to PDH complex. 3. In addition to above, succinate dehydrogenase enzyme is inhibited by OAA and the availability of OAA is controlled by malate dehydrogenase, which depends on NADH/NAD+ ratio. Most of ATP is formed as a result of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from re-oxidation of reduced coenzymes, viz., NADH and FADH2 by the respiratory chain. The remainder is generated by Phosphorylation at substrate level.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 342 & 343", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acetyl CoA", "opb": "Coenzyme A", "opc": "ATP", "opd": "Citrate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "bb80c59d-03f5-4f0c-b939-ccea7801b90c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NADPH is required in", "exp": "Generation of Reducing Equivalents The major metabolic role of the pathway is to provide cytoplasmic NADPH for reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids, Co-enzymes of Fatty Acid Synthesis An impoant point to remember is that the co-enzyme utilised for de novo synthesis is NADPH. The sources of NADPH for fatty acidsynthesis are:Pentose Phosphate Pathway This is the main source. Tissues having active lipogenesis (liver, adipose tissue, lactating mammary gland) have an active HMP shunt pathway also.Malic Enzyme Malate + NADP+- Pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ The reaction also helps to transfer cytoplasmic oxaloacetate to the mitochondria. For every molecule of acetyl CoA delivered to the cytoplasm, one molecule of NADPH is formed and reducing equivalents are generated in cytoplasmRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 116, 139", "cop": 3, "opa": "HMP shunt", "opb": "Gluconeogensis", "opc": "Lipogensis", "opd": "Glycogenolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e4df0957-e4c8-46ad-a5cc-32be0ed92da6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Invert sugar, is", "exp": "Hydrolysis of sucrose (optical rotation +66.5°) will produce one molecule of glucose (+52.5°) and one molecule of fructose (–92°).\nTherefore, the products will change the dextrorotation to levorotation, or the plane of rotation is inverted. Equimolecular mixture of glucose and fructose thus formed is called invert sugar. The enzyme producing hydrolysis of sucrose is called sucrase or invertase.\nHoney contains invert sugar. Invert sugar is sweeter than sucrose.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 77", "cop": 1, "opa": "equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose", "opb": "equimolar mixture of Sucrose and glucose", "opc": "equimolar mixture of Glucose and lactose", "opd": "equimolar mixture of Glucose and lactose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "049d5778-e93c-4e41-b93b-90d205a0e560", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Heme in hemoglobin is in the", "exp": "Hemoglobin is found exclusively in red blood cells (RBC), where its main function is to transpo oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the capillaries of the tissues. Hemoglobin A, the major hemoglobin in adults, is composed of four polypeptide chains (two a chains and two b chains) held together by noncovalent interactions. Each chain (subunit) has stretches of a-helical structure and a hydrophobic heme-binding pocket similar to that described for myoglobin. Ref: LIPPINCOTT's Biochemistry 6th Edition page no. 27", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hydrophobic pocket", "opb": "Positive region", "opc": "Negative region", "opd": "Polar region", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "72f220ac-c672-4a43-b48b-f5dae60e5b84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Casal's necklace' is seen in the following disease", "exp": "The Casal necklace is an erythematous pigmented skin rash in the distribution of a broad collar (dermatomes C3 and C4). It is seen in patients with pellagra. It occurs as a result of niacin (vitamin B-3) deficiency. Pellagra is a disease characterised by diarrhoea, dermatitis and dementia. Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 138-141", "cop": 4, "opa": "Beri-Beri", "opb": "Scurvy", "opc": "Pernicious anemia", "opd": "Pellagra", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "53b9f521-2956-4caf-9f5d-59f8712f672d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xanthoproteic reaction involves", "exp": "Xanthoproteic reaction is method for determination of amount of protein soluble in solution, using concentrated nitric acid.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nitric acid", "opb": "HCl", "opc": "H2SO4", "opd": "Carbolic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c6be3834-2718-4259-937c-9ca2a864b948", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is produced as a result of a defect in", "exp": "It is derived from the Greek terms xeres = dry and derma = skin. It is an autosomal recessive condition. Defect lies in the NER (nucleotide excision repair) mechanism. There are seven XP genes (A to G) necessary for NER mechanism in humans. Mutation in any one of them may lead to the condition XP. UV light (sun light) causes formation of thymine dimers, where covalent bonds are formed between adjacent thymine residues. Since repair mechanism is not operating, these mutations are accumulated, leading to cancer. There is sensitivity to ultraviolet rays; sunlight causes blisters on the skin. Avoiding sunlight and using sunscreen ointment will be beneficial. Patients with XP have a 1000-fold greater chance of developing skin cancer than do normal persons. Death usually occurs in the second decade of life due to squamous cell carcinoma of skin. Prenatal diagnosis of XP is possible.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 479", "cop": 4, "opa": "DNA polymerase III", "opb": "DNA polymerase II", "opc": "DNA exonuclease", "opd": "DNA ligase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "b90b0cf4-5c14-4e9a-b988-469b3ab620ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Homocystein is not associated with", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hearing lossElevated level of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia) is associated with -i) Thrombosis, coronary aery disease & stroke.ii) Osteoporosis & fracture.iii) Neuropsychiatric manifestations.iv) Developmental delay.v) Visual disturbances.vi) Microalbuminuria.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coronary aery disease", "opb": "Fracture", "opc": "Hearing loss", "opd": "Neuropsychiatric manifestations", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0b789c0-2c55-4377-a003-1b6ec67bcd00", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pyruvate formation is associated with aminoacid", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Alanine, glycine, histidine, proline", "opb": "Alanine, glycine, methionine, cystidine", "opc": "Phenylalanine, methionine, threonine, proline", "opd": "Alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ec060ed-8910-4539-bbe2-8b7962edeba9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A protein to be secreted from the cell is most likely to have", "exp": "A protein to be secreted from the cell usually has a hydrophobic region at its amino terminus, which causes the ribosome synthesizing that protein to become bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein molecule enters the endoplasmic reticulum as it is being made. The signal sequence is cleaved off by the signal peptidase and carbohydrate residues are attached inside the endoplasmic reticulum. Additional carbohydrate residues are attached as the protein moves through the Golgi apparatus on its way to the outside of the cell. Proteins that are destined for the lysosomes are marked by the addition of mannose-6-phosphate. Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 553", "cop": 3, "opa": "A hydrophilic signal sequence at its carboxyl terminus", "opb": "Mannose-6-phosphate", "opc": "A hydrophobic signal sequence at its amino terminus", "opd": "A binding site for the mitochondrial membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "71393b4c-12b2-4804-accc-bbbce56738f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The major fuel for the brain after several weeks of starvation", "exp": "The major fuel for brain in prolonged starvation is ketone bodies (Beta hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Fatty acid", "opc": "Beta hydroxybutyrate", "opd": "Glycerol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e920a0e-7186-4376-a037-cd62ab0f2b47", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Krabbe’s disease caused by deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Sphingo myelinase", "opb": "Alpha galactosidase", "opc": "Galacto cerebrosidase", "opd": "Aryl sulfatase A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3dc145a-9af5-46a5-a688-27dbe27b2fc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin A toxicity causes", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Wernickes encephalopathy", "opb": "Night blindness", "opc": "Increased intracranial pressure", "opd": "Decreased intracranial pressure", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4582789c-1308-4671-b932-f4442c649b41", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cardiolipin is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Nucleus", "opb": "Mitrochondria", "opc": "Ribosome", "opd": "Lysosome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c510d5ac-200a-4e33-a594-b87d06758209", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluid mosaic model was proposed by", "exp": "Proposed by Singer and Nicolson. This model is likened to integral membrane protein 'icebergs' floating in a sea of predominantly fluid phospholipid molecules. At normal body temperature (37 0 C) the lipid bilayer is in a fluid state. The longer and more saturated fatty acid chains cause higher values of transition temperature.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Singer and Nicolson", "opb": "David Robeson", "opc": "Meselson and Sahli", "opd": "Robe Darwin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc1f6f73-d33c-45bf-85d5-0e17cecf840a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycine is used in the synthesis of", "exp": "The whole of glycine is incorporated into the purine ring. (C4, C5, and N7)Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7th edition, page no: 212", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nitric oxide", "opb": "Catecholamines", "opc": "Melanin", "opd": "Purines", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "014d965b-89b8-4e85-88a3-82b24b0d0c52", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes in glycogen metabolism", "exp": "The liver phosphorylase-b is the inactive form. It becomes active on phosphorylation. The active enzyme is denoted as phosphorylase-a.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 127", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phosphorylase a", "opb": "Phosphorylase b", "opc": "Glycogen Synthase II", "opd": "Glycogen Synthase C", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5ac8a556-54cf-4bbb-8885-7cf3ec4bb611", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Desired ratio of total cholesterol/HDL should be", "exp": "HDL-cholesterol level HDL level above 60 mg/dl protects against hea disease. Hence HDL is \"good\" cholesterol. A level below 40 mg/dl increases the risk of CAD. For every 1 mg/dl drop in HDL, the risk of hea disease rises 3%. If the ratio of total cholesterol / HDL is more than 3.5, it is dangerous. Similarly, LDL: HDL ratio more than 2.5 is also detrimental.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 295", "cop": 3, "opa": "<7.5", "opb": "<10", "opc": "<3.5", "opd": "<4.5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d97fd2b2-120e-49ca-917a-5ea9914edec0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following groups of enzymes does not exhibit stereospecificity", "exp": "All enzymes (except isomerases) exhibit stereospecificity, that reacts only with one set of stereoisomers.Whereas isomerases conve substrate from one isomerase to another. Harper 30th edition pg: 60", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxidoreductases", "opb": "Isomerases", "opc": "Lyases", "opd": "Transferases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "03fa88dd-6887-445c-a283-5aa7bd49bd90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Long chain fatty acid is transported into inner mitochondria membrane by", "exp": "Acyl carnitine \n\nActivated long chain fatty acid (acyl CoA) cannot penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane.\nAcyl group of acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine, resulting in the formation of acylcarnitine.\n\n\nAcylcarnitine is then transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix by translocase.\n\n\nOnce inside the mitochondrion, an acyl group of acylcarnitine is transferred back to CoA, resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA which undergoes β -oxidation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acyl carrier protein", "opb": "Acyl carnitine", "opc": "Simple diffusion", "opd": "Energy mediated", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8765060-69d9-4b9d-8866-37466c6272ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Compound that joints glycolysis with glycogenesis and glycogenolysis is", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose 1, 6 biphosphate", "opb": "Glucose 1 phosphate", "opc": "Glucose 6 phosphate", "opd": "Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5a4e9fae-1ce4-4565-8bdf-57443208edf3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential pentosuria occurs due to defect in the metabolic pathway of", "exp": "Ans. a (Uronic acid) (Ref. Harper's, Biochemistry, 26th ed., 105, 163, 170; 27th/ 177; H-18th/Table 364-1)ESSENTIAL PENTOSURIA# In liver, the uronic acid pathway catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, and pentoses.# It is also an alternative oxidative pathway for glucose, but--like the pentose phosphate pathway--it does not lead to the generation of ATP.# Glucuronic acid is synthesized from glucose via the uronic acid pathway, which is of major significance for the excretion of metabolites and foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) such as glucuronides. A deficiency in this pathway leads to essential pentosuria.# In this rare hereditary disease, considerable quantities of L-xylulose appear in the urine because of absence of the enzyme necessary to reduce L-xylulose to xylitol. Parenteral administration of xylitol may lead to oxalosis, involving calcium oxalate deposition in brain and kidneys.# Various drugs markedly increase the rate at which glucose enters the uronic acid pathway.- For example, administration of barbital or of chlorobutanol to rats results in a significant increase in the conversion of glucose to glucuronate, L-gulonate, and ascorbate.ESSENTIAL FRUCTOSURIA# The lack of one enzyme of the pathway (gulonolactone oxidase) in primates and some other animals explains why ascorbic acid is a dietary requirement for humans but not most other mammals.# Deficiencies in the enzymes of fructose and galactose metabolism lead to essential fructosuria and the galactosemias.INHERITED DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISMAmino acid(s)ConditionEnzyme DefectClinical FindingsInheritancePhenylalaninePhenylketonuriaPhenylalanine hydroxylaseMental retardation, microcephaly, hypopigmented skin and hairs, eczema, \"mousy\" odorAR DHPR deficiency hyperphenylalaninemiaDihydropteridine reductaseMental retardation, hypotonia, spasticity, myoclonusAR PTS deficiency hyperphenylalaninemia6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterinsynthaseDystonia, neurologic deterioration, seizures, mental retardationAR GCH1 deficiency hyperphenylalaninemiaGTP cyclohydrolase 1Mental retardation, seizures, dystonia, temperature instabilityAR Carbinolamine dehydratase deficiencyPterin-4-carbinolaminedehydrataseTransient hyperphenylalaninemia (benign)ARTyrosineTyrosinemia type I (hepatorenal)Fumary -lacetoacetatehydrolaseLiver failure, cirrhosis, rickets, failure to thrive, peripheral neuropathy, \"boiled cabbage\" odorAR Tyrosinemia type II (oculocutaneous)Tyrosine transaminasePalmoplantar keratosis, painful corneal erosions with photophobia, mental retardation (?)AR Tyrosinemia type III4-HydrophenylpyruvateDioxygenaseHypertyrosinemia with normal liver function, occasional mental delayAR Hawkinsinuria4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate DioxygenaseTransient failure to thrive, metabolic acidosis in infancyAD AlkaptonuriaHomogentisic acid oxidaseOchronosis, arthritis, cardiac valve involvement, coronary artery calcificationAR Albinism(oculocutaneous)TyrosinaseHypopigmentation of hair, skin, and optic fundus; visual loss; photophobiaAR Albinism (ocular)Different enzymes or transportersHypopigmentation of optic fundus, visual lossAR, XL DOPA-responsive DystoniaTyrosine hydroxylaseRigidity, truncal hypotonia, tremor, mental retardationARGABA4-Hydroxybutyric AciduriaSuccinic semialdehyde dehydrogenaseSeizures, mental retardation, ataxiaARTryptophanKynurenic aciduriaKynurenine-3-monooxygenaseNiacin deficiency, pellagra, colitisAR Hydroxykynureninuria(xanthurenic aciduria)KynureninaseNiacin deficiency, mental retardation, spasticityARHistidineHistidinemiaHistidine-ammonia lyaseBenignAR Urocanic aciduriaUrocanaseBenignAR Formiminoglutamic aciduriaFormi mi notransferaseOccasional mental retardationARGlycineGlycineencephaiopathyGlycine cleavage (4 enzymes)Infantile seizures, lethargy, apnea, profound mental retardationAR SarcosinemiaSarcosine dehydrogenaseBenignAR Hyperoxaluria type IAlanine:glyoxylateaminotransferaseCalcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, renal failureAR Hyperoxaluria type IId-Glyceric acid dehydroge- nase/ glyoxylate reductaseCalcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, renal failureARSerinePhosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiencyPhosphoglycerate dehydrogenaseSeizures, microcephaly, mental retardationARProlineHyperprolinemia type IProline oxidaseBenignAR Hyperprolinemia type IIl-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenaseFebrile seizures, mental retardationAR HyperhydroxyprolinemiaHydroxyproline oxidaseBenignAR Prolidase deficiencyProlidaseMild mental retardation, chronic dermatitisARMethionineHypermethioninemiaMethionine adenosyltransferaseUsually benignAR S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiencyS-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolaseHypotonia, mental retardation, absent tendon reflexes, delayed myelinationAR Glycine N-methyltrans- ferase deficiencyGlycine N-methyltransferaseElevated liver transaminasesARHomocystineHomocystinuriaCystathionine -synthaseLens dislocation, thrombotic vascular disease, mental retardation, osteoporosisAR Homocystinuria5,10-Methylenetetrahydro- folate reductaseMental retardation, gait and psychiatric abnormalities, recurrent strokesAR HomocystinuriaMethionine synthase (cbIE, -G)Mental retardation, hypotonia, seizures, megaloblastic anemiaAR Homocystinuria and methylmalonic acidemiaVitamin B12 lysosomal efflux and metabolism (cbIC, -D, -F)Mental retardation, lethargy, failure to thrive, hypotonia, seizures, megaloblastic anemiaARCystathionineCystathioninuriaCystathionaseBenignARCystineCystinosisCystinosin CTNS (lysosomal efflux)Renal Fanconi syndrome, rickets, photophobia, hypotonia, renal failureARS-Sulfo-I- cysteineSulfocysteinuriaSulfate oxidase or molybdenum cofactor deficiencySeizures, mental retardation, dislocated lensesARLysineHyperlysinemia, saccharopinuriaAminoadipic semialdehyde synthaseBenignAR Pyridoxine-dependent seizuresL-l-Piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenaseSeizuresARLysine, tryptophanKetoadipic acidemiaKetoadipic acid dehydrogenaseBenign? Glutaric acidemia type IGlutaryl-CoA dehydrogenaseSevere dystonia and athetosis, mild mental retardationAR Glutaric acidemia type IIElectron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF:ubiquinone oxidoreductaseHypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, \"sweaty feet\" odor, hypotonia, cardiomyopathy, exercise-induced myopathyAROrnithineGyrate atrophy of the choroid and retinaOrnithine 5 aminotransferaseMyopia, night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, cataracts, chorioretinal degenerationARUrea cycleCarbamoylphosphate synthase-1 deficiencyCarbamoylphosphate synthase-1Lethargy progressing to coma, protein aversion, mental retardation, hyperammonemiaAR N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiencyN-Acetylglutamate synthaseLethargy progressing to coma, protein aversion, mental retardation, hyperammonemiaAR Ornithine transcar- bamylase deficiencyOrnithine transcarbamylaseLethargy progressing to coma, protein aversion, mental retardation, hyperammonemiaXL Citrullinemia type 1Argininosuccinate synthaseLethargy progressing to coma, protein aversion, mental retardation, hyperammonemiaAR Argininosuccinic acidemiaArgininosuccinate lyaseLethargy progressing to coma, protein aversion, mental retardation, hyperammonemia, trichorrhexis nodosaAR Arginase deficiencyArginaseSpastic tetraparesis, mental retardation, mild hyperammonemiaAR Hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, homocitrullinuriaMitochondrial ornithine carrier ORNT1Vomiting, lethargy, failure to thrive, mental retardation, episodic confusion, hyperammonemia, protein intoleranceAR Citrullinemia type 2Mitochondrial aspartate/ glutamate carrier CTLN2Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis, adult presentation with sudden behavioral changes and stupor, coma, hyperammonemiaARProline, ornithine, argininel-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase deficiencyl-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthaseHypotonia, seizures, hyperammo- nemia, neurodegenerationARGlutamineGlutamine synthase deficiencyGlutamine synthaseBrain malformations, pachygyria, seizures, hypotonia, dysmorphic featuresARValineIsobutyryl-CoA dehydro- genase deficiencyIsobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenaseFailure to thrive, anemia, and dilated cardiomyopathy(?)ARValine, leucine, isoleucineMaple syrup urine diseaseBranched chain ketoacid dehydrogenaseLethargy, vomiting, encephalopathy, seizures, mental retardation, \"maple syrup\" odor, protein intoleranceARLeucineIsovaleric acidemiaIsovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenaseAcidosis, ketosis, vomiting, coma, hyperammonemia, \"sweaty feet\" odor, protein intoleranceAR 3-Methylcrotonyl glycinuria3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylaseStress-induced metabolic acidosis, hypotonia, hypoglycemia, \"cat's urine\" odorAR 3-Methyfglutaconic aciduria type 13-Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase deficiencyStress-induced acidosis, leukoencephalopathyAR 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaricaciduria3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- CoA lyaseStress-induced hypoketotic hypoglycemia and acidosis, encephalopathy, hyperammonemiaARIsoleucine2-Methylbutyryl-glycinuria2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenaseFasting-induced metabolic acidosis/hypoglycemiaAR 2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl- CoA dehydrogenase deficiency2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl- CoA dehydrogenaseDevelopmental regression, seizures, and rigidity sometimes triggered by illnessesXL 3-Oxothiolase deficiency3-OxothiolaseFasting-induced acidosis and ketosis, vomiting, lethargyARValine, isoleucine, methionine, threoninePropionic academia (pccA,-B,-C)Propionyl-CoA carboxylaseMetabolic ketoacidosis, hyperammonemia, hypotonia, lethargy, coma, protein intolerance, mental retardation, hyperglycinemiaAR Multiple carboxylase/ biotinidase deficiencyHolocarboxylase synthase or biotinidaseMetabolic ketoacidosis, diffuse rash, alopecia, seizures, mental retardationAR Methylmalonic acidemia {mutase, racemase, CbIA, -B, -D)Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase/ racemase or cobalamin reductase/ adenosy (transferaseMetabolic ketoacidosis, hyperammonemia, hypertonia, lethargy, coma, protein intolerance, mental retardation, hyperglycinemia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Uronic acid", "opb": "Hexose-monophosphate", "opc": "Glycogen", "opd": "Fructose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "00aae2bb-17f0-4120-90dc-ec39f0b192da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Collagen present in skin is", "exp": "Collagen * Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, have a triple helical structure * At least 28 distinct types of collagen made up of over 30 distinct polypeptide chains have been identified in human tissues * The main fibril forming collagens in skin and bone and in cailage, respectively, are types I and II. Ref:- Harper 30/e; pg num:- 628 , Lippincott 7/e; Pg Num:- 44", "cop": 1, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type IV", "opd": "Type V", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "bf3a6bb9-5de7-49fe-90af-f07c3290a82d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Examples of monounsaturated fatty acids are", "exp": "Monounsaturated (Monoethenoid) fatty acids: They contain one double bond. Their general formula is Cn H2n-1 COOH Example: Oleic acid C17H33 COOH is found in nearly all fats (formula 18: 1; 9)Ref: M.N. Chatterjee - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 47", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oleic", "opb": "Arachiodonic acid", "opc": "Linolenic acid", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "caa0d084-7276-482d-8d42-cc6067bd9fdc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The 3 dimensional shape of a protein is maintained mainly bya) Strong covalent interactionsb) Interactions with other proteinsc) Multiple weak interactionsd) Interactions with prosthetic groups", "exp": "Both weak noncovalent interactions and strong covalent bonds stabilize the tertiary structure of the protein (which provides three-dimensional shape).\nThe major forces stabilizing tertiary structure (which provides three-dimensional shape) are multiple weak noncovalent interactions:- Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bond, and Van der Waals forces.\nCovalent (Disulfide) bonds also provide some stability.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ac", "opb": "bc", "opc": "abc", "opd": "d", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8f5937d2-93f8-4a11-9b39-80030eb351d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cancer cells derive nutrition from", "exp": "In fast-growing cancer cells, glycolysis proceeds at a high rate, forming large amounts of pyruvate, which is reduced to lactate and expoed. This produces a relatively acidic local environment in the tumor, which may have implications for cancer therapy. The lactate is used for gluconeogenesis in the liver, an energy-expensive process, which is responsible for much of the hypermetabolism seen in cancer cachexia. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 168", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "Oxidative phosphorylation", "opc": "Gluconeogenesis", "opd": "Glycogenolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "51e0da77-e642-4881-a181-401bec3e1a25", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fructose is transported by", "exp": "GLUT 5", "cop": 1, "opa": "GLUT 5", "opb": "GLUT 4", "opc": "GLUT3", "opd": "GLUT 7", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2334d7e0-6c13-40b9-bd4a-e81e0677cb11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following substance acts as a 'satiety signal' for lipids", "exp": "Enterostatin, a peptide that selectively reduces fat intake. It is formed in the intestine by the cleavage of secreted pancreatic procolipase, the remaining colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. After feeding, enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation. Enterostatin will selectively inhibit fat intake during normal feeding and in experimental paradigms that involve dietary choice. Both peripheral and central sites of action have been proposed. The peripheral mechanism involves an afferent vagal signaling pathway to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway that includes both serotonergic and opioidergic components. Chronically, enterostatin reduces fat intake, body weight, and body fat. This response may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a reduction of insulin secretion, an increase in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal coicosteroid secretionReference: Enterostatin-a peptide regulating fat intake; Erlanson-Albesson C, York D; Obes Res.1997 Jul;5(4):360-72", "cop": 4, "opa": "Apo-A", "opb": "HCL", "opc": "Fastrine", "opd": "Enterostatin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "ae30b7a1-2912-442e-a319-0214e431a264", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Detection of proteins by the following methods does not affect its function", "exp": "Option analysis: * Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a protein denaturing agent - option a is excluded Heat coagulation result in loss of higher level of structures other than primary structure - option b is excluded 2-D electrophoresis is SDS-PAGE in one dimension and isoelectric focusing in other dimension - option c is excluded Hence the answer is UV light. In this, protein solution is exposed to UV light and amino acids in protein absorb UV light which can be measured using a spectrophotometer. This technique does not affect the structure of proteins hence does not affect its function.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Detecting with Coomassie blue dye after electrophoresis by SDS-PAGE", "opb": "Detecting with heat coagulation", "opc": "Detecting with 2-D electrophoresis", "opd": "Detecting with UV light at 280 nm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of amino acids", "id": "41044a81-5793-476e-8b81-118c28291d31", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The proteins present in Deoxyribonucleic acid is", "exp": "Histones are proteins containing unusually higher concentration of basic amino acid. Albumins and globulins are plasma proteins Protamines are small, arginine-rich, nuclear proteins that replace histonesRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 576, 578", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protamines", "opb": "Histone", "opc": "Albumins", "opd": "Globulins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "0979a32e-6a47-4122-973f-f7293bc23e25", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The apoprotein associated with LCAT is", "exp": "Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is associated with HDL containing apo A-I. As cholesterol in HDL becomes esterified, it creates a concentration gradient and draws in cholesterol from tissues and from other lipoproteins, thus enabling HDL to function in reverse cholesterol transpo. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 272", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apo A", "opb": "Apo B", "opc": "Apo C", "opd": "Apo E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "a3ab8893-da14-41a7-8c1f-80c8b766f6e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin neede for acetyl CoA carboxylase is", "exp": "Biotin acts as co-enzyme for carboxylation reactions. Biotin captures a molecule of CO2 which is attached to nitrogen of the biotin molecule (Fig. 34.14). The energy required for this reaction is provided by ATP. Details of the reaction are given in Figure 34.15. Then the activated carboxyl group is transferred to the substrate.Biotin Requiring CO2 Fixation Reactions 1. Acetyl CoA carboxylase This enzyme adds CO2 to acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA. This is the rate-limiting reaction in biosynthesis of fatty acids (Step 1, Fig. 11.15). Acetyl CoA +CO2+ATP- Malonyl CoA + ADP+PiRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, page no: 399", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "Riboflavin", "opc": "Nicotin", "opd": "Biotin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "de06674a-413b-40ce-8690-297d59a8458a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The major storage form of fatty acids in the body are", "exp": "(A) Triacylglycerols [UNS: - 33; Harrison'7 - 2197; Harrison11 - 2878; Harrison16 - 2077", "cop": 1, "opa": "Triacylglycerols", "opb": "Cholesteryl esters", "opc": "Cholesterol", "opd": "Ketones", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "d81c02ba-eed4-4302-ace4-f0eb055f8bb9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main apolipoprotein of LDL is", "exp": "The major apolipoproteins of HDL (a-lipoprotein) are apoAs. The main apolipoprotein of LDL (b-lipoprotein) is apo B (B-100), which is found also in VLDL. Chylomicrons contain a truncated form of apo B (B-48) that is synthesized in the intestine, while B-100 is synthesized in the liver. Apo E, found in VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons, and chylomicron remnants, is also freely transferable. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 255", "cop": 3, "opa": "A-II", "opb": "B-48", "opc": "B-100", "opd": "E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "bb25601a-c81f-46af-bf91-8ccea09f55ee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluoride ions act by inhibiting", "exp": "Enolase is inhibited by fluoride, and when blood samples are taken for measurement of glucose, glycolysis is inhibited by taking the sample into tubes containing fluoride. Enolase is also dependent on the presence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 171", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enolase", "opb": "Hexokinase", "opc": "Cytochrome oxidase", "opd": "Carbonic anhydrase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "85e2eab0-b9f6-42c7-b507-e91602fda4bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nieman pick disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Some examples of sphingolipidoses Disease :Niemann-Pick disease Enzyme deficiency: Sphingomyelinase Lipid accumulating Sphingomyelin Clinical symptoms: Enlarged liver and spleen, mental.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Eighth Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no: 63 Table 4.2:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sphingomyelinase", "opb": "Ceramidase", "opc": "Galactosidase", "opd": "Glucosidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "7ed33169-e483-4112-8bbb-6d87f375bff8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin D", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Absorption requires bile pigments", "opb": "Synthesis is regulated at the reaction catalyzed by 15-hydroxylase", "opc": "Deficiency on adults leads to rickets", "opd": "Along with PTH, increases calcium resorption from bone", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebeb0624-478f-4594-9968-da2a78b87a89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a substrate for gluconeogenesis", "exp": "Substrates for gluconeognesis Lactate All amino acids except leucine and lysine Pyruvate Propionate Glycerol Intermediates of citric acid cycle Alanine is the most impoant gluconeogenic amino acid. REF: Lippincott book of biochemistry 6th ed.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glycerol", "opb": "Leucine", "opc": "Lactate", "opd": "Propionate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2d61d07e-f34a-4357-888d-704ecc89f575", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Collagen in basement membrane", "exp": "Repeated question.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "e608dddc-3518-474f-a2a1-d03e78d9b62a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Function of coenzyme is to", "exp": "Enzymes may be simple proteins , or complex enzymes, containing a non -protein pa, called the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is called the co-enzyme.It is heat stable. The protein pa is named as apoenzyme.It is heat labile.The two poions combined together are called the HOLOENZYME. First group of co-enzymes: In the first group , the change occuring in the substrate is counter balanced by the co-enzymes.Therefore,such co-enzymes may be called as co-substrates or secondary substrates. These takes pa in reactions catalyzed by oxido-reductases by donating or accepting hydrogen atoms or electrons. Second group of coenzymes : These coenzymes take pa in reactions transferring groups other than hydrogen. A paicular group or radical is transferred from the substrate to another substrate. REFERENCE :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK EIGHTH EDITION , Page no :54", "cop": 3, "opa": "Enhance the specificity of apoenzyme", "opb": "Accept one of the cleavage products", "opc": "Activate the substrate", "opd": "Increase the active sites of apoenzyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "f89e32d4-f61d-44a9-a285-c8ac6f1d21d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Geirke's disease occurs due to deficiency of", "exp": "Ans. a (Glucose-6-Phosphatase) (Ref. Harper 28th/160; 298; Table 19-2)Von Gierke disease (type i) is a Autosomal recessive disease that occurs due to Glucose-6-phosphatase and characterized by Severe fasting hypoglycemia, glycogen in liver, blood lactate, hepatomegaly. Treatment: frequent oral giucose/cornstarch; avoidance of fructose and galactose.Glycogen storage disordersTypeNameEnzyme DeficiencyClinical Features0--Glycogen synthaseHypoglycemia; hyperketonemia; early deathIVon Gierke's diseaseGlucose 6-phosphataseGlycogen accumulation in liver and renal tubule cells; Hyperlipemia, Hyperuricemia Hypoglycemia; Lactic acidemia; ketosis;IIPompe's diseaseLysosomal-1-4 and 1-6 glucosidase (acid maltase)Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes: juvenile onset variant, muscle hypotonia, death from heart failure by age 2;Q adult onset variant, muscle dystrophyIIILimit dextrinosis, Forbe's or Cori's diseaseDebranching enzyme QFasting hypoglycemia; hepatomegaly(infancy); accumulation of characteristic branched polysaccharideIVAmylopectinosis, Andersen's diseaseBranching enzymeHepatosplenomegaly;accumulation-of polysaccharide with few branch points; death from heart or liver failure in first year of lifeVMyophosphorylase defici McArdle's syndrome0Muscle phosphorylasePoor exercise tolerance; muscle glycogen abnormally high (2.5-4%) Q; blood lactate very low after exerciseVIHers' diseaseLiver phosphorylaseHepatomegaly; accumulation of glycogen in liver; mild hypoglycemia; generally good prognosisVIITarui's diseaseMuscle and erythrocyte phosphofructokinase 1Poor exercise tolerance; muscle glycogen abnormally high (2.5-4%); blood lactate very low after exercise; also hemolytic anemiaVIII Liver phosphorylase kinaseHepatomegaly; accumulation of glycogen in liver; mild hypoglycemia; good prognosisIX Liver and muscle phosphorylase kinaseHepatomegaly; accumulation of glycogen in liver and muscle; mild hypoglycemia; generally good prognosisX cAMP-dependent protein kinase AHepatomegaly; accumulation of glycogen in liver", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose-6-Phosphatase", "opb": "Liver Phosphorylase", "opc": "Muscle Phosphorylase", "opd": "Debranching enzyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "07e7dec3-9fed-49c6-a610-a8d30fa9b098", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inhibitor of F0F1 ATPase in electron transpo chain is", "exp": "Oligomycin is a group of Streptomyces macrolides that bind to the Oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein (OSCP) at the F(o) subunits 6 and 9 which are found in the stalk of the F1F0-ATPase complex. This binding blocks proton conductance across the synthase complex and inhibits the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. As an additional result, the proton pumps of the electron transpo chain are unable to operate because the gradient becomes too strong for them to overcome. NADH is then no longer oxidized and the citric acid cycle ceases to operate because the NAD+ concentrationfalls below the concentration that these enzymes can use.1,2", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antimycin", "opb": "Oligomycin", "opc": "2,4 nitrophenol", "opd": "Barbiturate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "f6bb0bdb-ed89-4b15-9764-852a9a28bbf2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Okazaki fragments are", "exp": "Okazaki fragments are short pieces of DNA that are synthesized on lagging strand and later these small pieces are joined together by DNA ligase.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Short pieces of DNA on leading strand", "opb": "Long pieces of DNA on Lagging strand", "opc": "Short pieces of DNA on Lagging Strand", "opd": "Long pieces of DNA on Leading strang", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8cf0b353-7bfd-4662-b938-ad818719252c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycogen storage diseases include the following", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Fabry’s disease", "opb": "Fragile syndrome", "opc": "Von Gierke’s disease", "opd": "Krabbe’s disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "836859b2-70c0-4ce2-a3c4-607cbc66f023", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most basic amino acid out of the following is", "exp": "Arginine is the most basic amino acid with pk value of side chain (R) 12.5\nAspartic acid is the most acidic amino acid with pk value of side chain (R) 3.9", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Arginine", "opc": "Histidine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "85b0145e-be46-4633-968a-3049108d2b02", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The term modified base refers to", "exp": "A modified base is one that has been modified after nucleic acid chain has been formed. These bases are modified by methylation, reduction, acetylation or glycosylation.\nIn t-RNA there are many modified bases, e.g. dihydrouridine, ribothymidine, pseudouridine, and 7-methylguanosine.\nIn DNA, the most common modified base is 5-methylcytosine.\nOther important modified bases are acetylcytosine and dimethyladenine.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Purine or pyrimidine attached to deoxyribose", "opb": "A purine or pyrimidine that has been altered", "opc": "A nitrogen containing ring other than a purine or pyrimidine that is part of a nucleotide", "opd": "A purine or pyrimidine attached to a sugar by O-glycoside linkage", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d1b93363-a223-4e2c-adec-528077de1e60", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cori's cycle is concerned with transport of", "exp": "Cori's cycle (Glucose-Lactate cycle) is concerned with transport of Lactate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Lactate", "opd": "Aspartate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "71e91156-9800-42cc-88d3-f8d94210ff01", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In estimation of bilirubin, the solution is examined at", "exp": "Ans: b (450nm) Ref: Vasudevan 4th ed/p.480The characteristic absorption maximums of some importantsubstances are:- Protein, peptide linkage- 220 nmProtein, tryptophan units- 280 nmNucleic acids- 260 nmDeoxy haemoglobin- 565 nmBilirubin- 450 nmNADH- 340 nmFAD- 450 nmFADH2- 570 nmPorphyrin- 400 nm", "cop": 2, "opa": "540 nm", "opb": "450 nm", "opc": "480 nm", "opd": "580 nm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "97cfa6e4-9ee9-424a-9cc4-f09bdbba0a9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After a fast of a few days, ketone bodies become an important fuel", "exp": "The brain begins to use ketone bodies when levels start to rise after 3 to 5 days of fasting. Normally, the brain will use only glucose as a fuel (most fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier to be metabolized by the brain), but when ketone bodies are elevated in the blood, they can enter the brain and be used for energy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Brain", "opc": "Skeletal muscle", "opd": "Red blood cells", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Nutrition & Digestion", "id": "5cee9adf-e334-4e86-9174-73117efe2dd6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal plasma osmolality is", "exp": "The normal value of plasma osmolality is 285-300 mosm/kg.Osmolality is measured with an osmometer based on the depression of the freezing point of the sample.Patients with deficiency of ADH (Central diabetes insipidus) or a decreased response to ADH (Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) will excrete urine with osmolality less than 300 mosmols/kg.Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 373", "cop": 1, "opa": "285-300 milliosmo/kg", "opb": "310-340 milliosmo/kg", "opc": "200-240 milliosmo/kg", "opd": "160-180 milliosmo/kg", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "6792adb0-0307-4027-8995-6c46dd99baf5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "During starvation , muscle uses", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fatty acids", "opb": "Ketone bodies", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Proteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cbf41bb6-ab02-4221-8179-224f8acbd02d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Triglycerides are transpoed from the liver to the tissues by", "exp": "Synthesis of VLDL, They are synthesised in the liver from glycerol and fatty acids and incorporated into VLDL along with hepatic cholesterol, Apo-B-100, C-II and E. Apo-B-100 is the major lipoprotein present in VLDL when it is secreted. Apo-E and C-II are obtained from HDL in plasma. Metabolism of VLDL The half-life of VLDL in serum is only 1 to 3 hours. When they reach the peripheral tissues, apo-C-II activates LpL which liberates fatty acids that are taken up by adipose tissue and muscle. The remnant is now designated as IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein) and contains less of TAG and more of cholesterol. The major fraction of IDL fuher loses triglyceride, so as to be conveed to LDL (low-density lipoprotein). This conversion of VLDL to IDL and then to LDL is referred to as lipoprotein cascade pathway. A fraction of IDL is taken up by the hepatic receptors.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 153", "cop": 3, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "61dc7085-a425-4766-a38a-c4bbf3f6a538", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At the time of starvation body utilizes", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Ketone bodies", "opb": "Fatty acids", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Amino acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6456a4e-ab1a-4755-9649-1c3051a43b97", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Schilling test is used to test", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "opb": "Vitamin A deficiency", "opc": "Vitamin D deficiency", "opd": "Vitamin B1 deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a2af886-7c98-4856-bf3d-59d1717b11c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum carbohydrate concentration in strict vegetarian diet present is", "exp": "(Glycogen) (21- U.Satyanarayan 3rd)GLYCOGEN - is the carbohydrate reserve in animals, hence often referred to as animal starch*** It is present in high concentration in liver, followed by muscle, brain* The enzyme hyaluronidase of semen degrades the gel (contains hyaluronic acid) around the ovum. This allows effective penetration of sperm into the ovum* Streptomycin is a glycoside employed in the treatment of T, B", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amylase", "opb": "Maltose", "opc": "Fructose", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "73a57388-1647-4bb0-a1a8-2d72ee83bae5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme used to \"flush\" the sticky ends of DNA is", "exp": "Flushing of sticky ends means to remove the sticky ends (3' overhangs) for producing blunt-ended DNA (no overhangs). The sticky ends has 3' overhangs which can be digested with Klenow fragment (has 3'-5' exonuclease activity) to produce blunt-end DNA. Tool Role Type II restriction enzymes Cleaves DNA at specific sites DNA ligase Phosphodiester bond formation between 2 fragments Klenow fragments (DNA polymerase I without 5' to 3' exonuclease activity) Used previously for polymerization in PCR reactions Polynucleotide kinase Catalyse the transfer of g phosphate from ATP Alkaline phosphatase Removes the phosphate group from 5' end to prevent self annealing of sticky ends of DNA Reverse transcriptase RNA dependent DNA polymerase for cDNA synthesis RNAase H Removes RNA from DNA-RNA hybrid Exonuclease III Removes nucleotide from 3' end Phage g exonuclease Removes nucleotide from 5' end Terminal nucleotidyl transferase In homopolymer tailing to conve blind end to sticky end", "cop": 1, "opa": "Klenow fragment", "opb": "Polynucleotide kinase", "opc": "Alkaline phosphatase", "opd": "Primase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "7d5757c6-47be-4298-8d7f-7a7258694dab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RNA with Enzymatic activity is", "exp": "Interestingly, some RNA molecules have intrinsic catalytic activity. The activity of these RNA enzymes, or ribozymes, often involves the cleavage of a nucleic acid. Two ribozymes are the peptidyl transferase that catalyzes peptide bond formation on the ribosome, and ribozymes involved in the RNA splicing.Ref: Harper&;s; 30th edition; Page no: 363", "cop": 2, "opa": "Peptidase", "opb": "Peptidyl transferase", "opc": "Cytidine deaminase", "opd": "Aminoacyl tRNASynthetase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "4015868b-5d7f-41db-bf8e-4e365920f93d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Site of maximum absortion of Iron", "exp": "Mnemonic\nIron - Roman number One \nSo maximum absorption in first part of small intestine. i.e: Duodenum.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "45f2ebf3-c7fe-46f5-bb15-37e3cbd14ab8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The term restriction map primarily refers to the mapping of sites of", "exp": "Restriction map of DNA mapping of sites of cleavage of restriction enzymes on a DNA fragment. Identifies fragments of DNA that contain specific genes or sequences. Example of a restriction map of bacteriophage DNA", "cop": 2, "opa": "Action of bacteriophages", "opb": "Cleavage of restriction enzymes", "opc": "Mutational hotspot", "opd": "DNA fingerprinting", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "ed901e57-cc5d-46a2-887f-bad1cf34b573", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In DNA, Adenine pairs with", "exp": "Adenine is always paired with thymine by formation of two hydrogen bonds. Guanine is always paired with cytosine by formation of three hydrogen bonds.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Guanine", "opb": "Thymine", "opc": "Cytosine", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b91f64a-dc97-4709-ba2b-5fdcd549d21d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main enzyme responsible for activation of xenobiotics is (detoxification)", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytochrome P-450", "opb": "Glutathione S-transferase", "opc": "NADPH cytochrome P-450-reductase", "opd": "Glucuronyl transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1192f78-cbd7-4af2-940a-ecff5bfa706a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Human insulin gene receptor found on chromosome", "exp": "The insulin gene is located in the sho arm of chromosome 11 in humans in the region p13-->pter", "cop": 1, "opa": "11", "opb": "15", "opc": "19", "opd": "21", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4735f2ea-73db-4068-9e99-2ff064d222ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rate limiting enzyme in testosterone synthesis", "exp": "Cholesterol is first acted upon by desmolase and a 6-carbon unit is cleaved off, forming 21 carbon steroid, pregnenolone It is the common precursor for all the steroid hormonesRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 664", "cop": 2, "opa": "17,20 lyase", "opb": "20,22-desmolase", "opc": "3-bHSD", "opd": "17-hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b0e5040c-bd9e-431c-9910-491e300d8aed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluorescamine is used to detect", "exp": "Fluorescence detectors are generally more sensitive than photometric ones. In addition, precolumn or postcolumn reactors have been used to chemically tag a compound with a fluorescent label for subsequent detection. For example, amino acids and other primary amines often are labeled with a dansyl or fluorescamine tag, followed by HPLC separation and fluorometric detection. Ref: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 5E Page no. 319 Topic : Fluorometers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amino acids", "opb": "Fatty acids", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Fructose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "3fbde5ee-5c22-41cc-9931-095d1d541365", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Jumping genes are also known as", "exp": "Transposons are called as Jumping genes as they can jump from one chromosome locus to another.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Plasmids", "opb": "Oncogenes", "opc": "Transposons", "opd": "Introns", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b64005c-7ac8-4bae-b674-6ecafd5eb113", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA supercoiling is done by", "exp": "Enzymes that catalyze topologic changes of DNA are called topoisomerases. Topoisomerases can relax or inse supercoils, using ATP as an energy source. DNA gyrase is a type of topoisomerase Harper30e pg: 362", "cop": 4, "opa": "DNA polymerase I", "opb": "DNA polymerase II", "opc": "DNA polymerase III", "opd": "DNA topoisomerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "defaca54-40f8-4d63-a997-7fe75f629d6f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Micro RNA transcribed by", "exp": "RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP IIand Pol II) is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNAIn eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III(also called Pol III) transcribes DNA to synthesize ribosomal 5S rRNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs.RNA polymerase 1 (also known as Pol I) is, in higher eukaryotes, the polymerase that only transcribes ribosomal RNA (but not 5S rRNA, which is synthesized by RNA polymerase III), a type of RNA that accounts for over 50% of the total RNA synthesized in a cellThe DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from one original DNA molecule.", "cop": 2, "opa": "RNA polymerase I", "opb": "RNA polymerase II", "opc": "RNA polymerase III", "opd": "DNA polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "0496a8f7-1c48-46c5-b1d6-6f3eb65a23c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Synthesis of secretory proteins takes place in", "exp": "Secretory proteins are synthesized in EPR Reference: Harper; 30th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Golgi complex", "opb": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "First in cytoplasm then in nucleus", "opd": "First in endoplasmic reticulum then in cytoplasm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "fd10d1e9-ab22-4693-ab5e-47f01a9fe2c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketone bodies utilized by conversion of", "exp": "(C) Acetoacetate to ... # Ketone bodies (Acetoacetate and 3-Hydroxybutyrate) serve as a fuel for extrahepatic tissues> Liver forms ketone bodies but cannot utilize it.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Succinyl CoA", "opb": "Alpha keto glutaric acid 3", "opc": "Acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA", "opd": "Series of changes leads to pyruvate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "34ed2332-d519-4358-9fe4-d1156b23b86e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hartnup's disease is associated with disturbed metabolism of", "exp": "(C) Tryptophan # HARTNUP DISEASE:> This disorder is characterized by reduced intestinal absorption & renal reabsorption of neutral amino acids.> The defect involves an amino acid transporter on the brush border of the jejunum & the proximal tubule. Intestinal absorption of free amino acids is reduced, though the neutral amino acids can be absorbed when present in di- & tripeptides.> Degradation of unabsorbed tryptophan by intestinal bacteria produces indolic acids that are absorbed & subsequently excreled at high levels in the urine of these patients.> The disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with an estimated incidence of 1 in 24,000 live births. Linkage analysis suggests a locus on chromosome 5.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phenylalaine", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Valine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "d20d2bbf-3ebf-4d49-a347-29d531e8f930", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Method of choice for protein identification", "exp": "While the requisite amino acid sequence information can be obtained using the Edman technique, today mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as the method of choice for protein identification.\nRef: Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 30th edition page no: 30", "cop": 2, "opa": "Edman technique", "opb": "Mass spectrometry", "opc": "Sanger technique", "opd": "2-D electrophoresis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "985fb5e6-35e2-4dce-9590-68834d5f729f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iodine gives red colour with", "exp": "Amylose: Gives blue with iodine testAmylopectin: Gives reddish violet with iodine testGlycogen: With iodine-: deep red colour", "cop": 4, "opa": "Starch", "opb": "Dextrin", "opc": "Inulin", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bbddee4f-f497-406e-ac27-7ea808c90543", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Translocation is necessary for", "exp": "tRNA fixed at the p site does not carry any amino acid and is therefore released from the ribosomeThen the whole ribosome moves over mRNA through the distance of one codon. The peptidyl tRNA is translocated to the P Site; this done with the help of elongation factor 2Translocation requires hydrolysis of GTP TO GDPRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 601, 602", "cop": 4, "opa": "Initiation of codon", "opb": "Binding of mRNA to ribisomes", "opc": "Finding of proteins", "opd": "Elongation of proteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "960ddba3-a065-4c71-a6cb-16db8266fffc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selenocysteine is similar to", "exp": "Selenocysteine is similar to cysteine. Selenocysteine arises co-translationally during its incorporation into peptides. The UGA anticodon of the unusual tRNA designated tRNAsec normally signals to STOP. The ability of the protein synthesizing apparatus to identify a selenocysteine-specific UGA codon involves the selenocysteine inseion element, a stem-loop structure in the untranslated region of the m-RNA. Selenocysteine-tRNAsec is first charged with serine by the Ligase that charges tRNAsec. Subsequent replacement of the serine oxygen by selenium involves seleno- phosphate formed by Selenophosphate synthetase.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 80", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arginine", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Cysteine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "e4b4b02b-ec3b-4ee0-9290-f4c0303d8078", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ends of chromosomes replicated by", "exp": "Telomerase is responsible for synthesis of and maintenance of telomere length (end of chromosome).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Telomerase", "opb": "Centromere", "opc": "Restriction endonuclease", "opd": "Exonuclease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "83688f54-7fd1-4c00-bab6-8606a4590c12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Function of mitochondrial DNA", "exp": "Mitochondria contains specific DNA .The integral inner membrane proteins ,are made by mitochondrial protein synthesizing machinery. However, the majority of proteins,especially of outer membrane are synthesized under the control of cellular DNA. The division of mitochondria is under the command of mitochondrial DNA. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ; 7thEDITION ;PAGE NO :13", "cop": 2, "opa": "Encodes protein of cell membranes", "opb": "Encodes proteins of respiratory chain", "opc": "Helps in cell replication", "opd": "Formation of rRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "4ce15215-1bf8-48be-aac0-ac51972a693f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of collagen found in space of Disse in liver is", "exp": "Type III is seen in skin, lung and vascular tissues Type IV is seen in the basement membranes. About 30 genes are resposible for the collagen synthesis, and the enzymes necessary for collagen synthesis REFERENCE : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION : PAGE NO :720", "cop": 2, "opa": "Collagen I & II", "opb": "Collagen III & IV", "opc": "Collagen II & III", "opd": "Collagen II & V", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "8bf9a819-450a-4d70-b2b2-42bda710f2c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First substrate of Kreb's cycle is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Pyruvate The Kreb's cycle or citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle is the final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein because glucose, fatty acids and most amino acids are metabolised to acetyl-CoA or intermediates of the cycle.The first reaction of the citric acid cycle is the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase. Oxalo-acetate is the first substrate of citrate synthase, it binds to the enzyme and induces a large conformational change in the flexible domain, creating a binding site for the second substrate, acetyl CoA.Thus the answer should be oxalo-acetate. Since it was not amongst the option, the best option is Pyruvate. Pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis is taken up into mitochondria where it is converted to acetyl-CoA.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "HC1", "opd": "Lipoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory Chain", "id": "eef30941-90c8-4e5c-8e4d-10b3d77cef6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pasteur effect is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Inhibition of glycolysis by oxygen", "opb": "Inhibition of glycolysis due to absence of oxygen", "opc": "Reversible reaction of glycolysis", "opd": "Acceleration of glycolysis by oxygen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "283fee26-0fc2-44fc-8a1f-6cc93d4155f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dietary triglycerides are transported by", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Chylomicron : Chief carrier of exogenous TGs (dietary TGs) is -Chylomicrons*Chief carrier of endogenous TGs (i.e.,., synthesized in the liver) - VLDL*Circulation of lipids in the bodyLipid being insoluble (hydrophobic) cannot be transported in blood. So they are associated with 'polar' substances to form hydrophilic lipoprotein complexes 'Classification of lipoprotein on the basis of hydrated density: (As the proportion of lipids to protein decreases, the density of the lipoprotein complex increases)Chylomicrons lowest density*, highest content of lipids(TGs)*IDL (Intermediate density lipoproteins)LDL (low density lipoproteins)HDL (High density lipoproteins)After fat digestion, absorbed fatty acids are reesterified to form TGs and these TGs are converted to lipoprotein complex chylomicrons. These chylomicrons pass to blood circulation through the lymphatic ducts. In the capillaries, lipoprotein lipase (present on the surface of the endothelium) acts on the chylomicrons and removes most of the TGs from the chylomicrons Chylomicrons are thus converted into chylomicron remnants (CRs). There CRs are taken up by the liver.VLDLs are found in the liver and transport TGs formed in the liver to the extrahepatic tissues. In the blood capillaries, LPL acts on the YLDL and removes TGs from it. Thus VLDL is converted to IDL.Most of the IDL particles change into LDL (by losing their apoE and some of TGs). Some of IDL is taken up by liver and also the peripheral tissues.Most of LDL particles deliver the cholesterol to the extrahepatic tissues. Only some of the remaining LDL particles are taken up by the liver cells.HDL, is synthesized in the liver cells and removes cholesterol from the extrahepatic tissue and transfers it to the liver.So RememberMaximum exogenous TGs is seen in - Chylomicrons *Maximum endogenous TGs is seen in - VLDL* Maximum TGs is seen in - Chylomicrons*Maximum cholesterol is seen in - LDL*Cholesterol is transported from liver mainly as - VLDL*Carrier of cholesterol in plasma - LDL*Dietary cholesterol is transported to the extrahepatic tissues by - LDL*Cholesterol is transported from the extrahepatic tissues to the liver HDL*", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "LDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Cholesterol and Lipoproteins", "id": "dceaa2a9-9a53-4db7-a4b8-e76e59d2513e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thiamine deficiency causes decreased energy production because", "exp": "thiamine deficiency causes a decrease in energy production because it acts as a coenzyme in many energy producing processes Thiamine generally function in the decarboxylation reaction of alpha-keto acids and branched chain amino acids Pyruvate Dehydrogenase which conves Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA aKetoGlutarate dehydrogenase in Citric Acid Cycle which conves a KetoGlutarate to Succinyl CoA Branched Chain Ketoacid dehydrogenase which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of Branched Chain Amino acids Trans Ketolase in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. This is the biochemical basis of assay of Thiamine status of the body ref DM Vasudevan 8th ed page 467", "cop": 4, "opa": "It is required for the process of transamination", "opb": "It is co-fact or for oxidative reduction", "opc": "It is co-enzyme for transketolase in pentose phosphate pathway", "opd": "It is co-enzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase and a- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in Tricarboxylic acid pathway", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "ba04109b-7f1b-40a4-8f8a-46d1cd2310ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Different sequence of amino acids having similarstructure of proteins is an example of", "exp": "Convergence [Ref: Divergence and convergence are two evolutionary processes by which organisms become adapted to their Convergence has been defined as the acquisition of morphologically similar traits between distinctly unrelated environments. organisms. Convergence occurs at every level of biological organization. Functional Convergence Mechanisticechanistic convergence convergence occurs when the sequence and structure of molecules are very different but the M This refers to molecules that serve the same function but have no sequence or structural similarity and carry out their function by entirely different mechanisms. mechanisms by which they act are similar. Structural Convergence This refers to molecules with very different amino acid sequences that can assume similar structural motifs, which may carry out similar functions. Sequence Convergence In sequence convergence, one or more critical amino acids or an amino acid sequence of two proteins come to resemble each other due to natural selection. (In protein evolution, sequence divergence, rather than sequence", "cop": 2, "opa": "Divergence", "opb": "Convergence", "opc": "Oppounistic", "opd": "Incidental", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a7ac283-6691-49cd-ae89-90cbea9a58b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The assembly of secondary structural units into larger functional units such as the mature \npolypeptide and its component domains is", "exp": "The modular nature of protein synthesis and folding are embodied in the concept of orders of protein structure: \n\nPrimary structure—the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain\nSecondary structure—the folding of short (3-30 residue), contiguous segments of polypeptide into geometrically ordered units.\nTertiary structure—the assembly of secondary structural units into larger functional units such as the mature polypeptide and its component domains.\nQuaternary structure—the number and types of polypeptide units of oligomeric proteins and their spatial arrangement.\n\nRef: Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 30th edition page no: 37", "cop": 3, "opa": "Primary structure", "opb": "Secondary structure", "opc": "Tertiary structure", "opd": "Quaternary structure", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "37b88d94-fbc1-47cf-84f8-397cd94617b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the upright position, from apex to base of the lung", "exp": "Ventilation, as well as perfusion in the upright position, declines in a linear fashion from the bases to the apices of the lungs.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ventilation decreases, perfusion decreases", "opb": "Ventilation decreases, perfusion increases", "opc": "Ventilation increases, perfusion increases", "opd": "Ventilation increases, perfusion decreases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "9e6d3c1e-a9c3-4a0c-ab9f-1d984945970d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Proteins are stored by", "exp": "Golgi-apparatus is involved in O-glycosylation and processing of oligosaccharide chains of membrane and other N-linked glycoproteins and trans-golgi apparatus is involved in sorting of various proteins prior to their delivery to appropriate intracellular destination.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Golgi bodies", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Ribosomes", "opd": "Nuclear membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4089881b-21f4-4191-8c67-59828c9943d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet is seen in", "exp": "Secondary Structure: The peptide chain formed assumes a three-dimensional secondary structure by way of folding or coiling consisting of a helically-coiled, zigzag, linear or mixed form. It results from the steric relationship between amino acids located relatively near each other in the peptide chain. The linkages or bonds involved in the secondary structure formation are hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds. Can be alpha helix or beta pleated structures.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 89", "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary structure of protein", "opb": "Secondary structure of protein", "opc": "Teiary structure of protein", "opd": "Quaternary structure of protein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "117d94be-3244-4b81-8830-f4cbc9c9f985", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Codon does not have", "exp": "Twenty different amino acids are required for the synthesis of the cellular complement of proteins; thus, there must be at least 20 distinct codons that make up the genetic code. Since there are only four different nucleotides in mRNA, each codon must consist of more than a single purine or pyrimidine nucleotide. Codons consisting of two nucleotides each could provide for only 16(42 )-distinct codons, whereas codons of three nucleotides could provide 64(43 )-specific codons. It is now known that each codon consists of a sequence of three nucleotides; that is, it is a triplet code. The terms first, second, and third nucleotide refer to the individual nucleotides of a triplet codon read 5'-3', left to right. A adenine nucleotide; C, cytosine nucleotide; G, guanine nucleotide; Term, chain terminator codon; U, uridine nucleotide. AUG, which codes for Met, serves as the initiator codon in mammalian cells and also encodes for internal methionines in a protein. Thus codon does not have thymine.Ref: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 414", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thymine", "opb": "Adenine", "opc": "Gunanine", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c72bed5e-a55b-48c8-86ad-873eafbd11cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose transporters present in the β cells of the Islets of Langherhans is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "GLUT 1", "opb": "GLUT 2", "opc": "GLUT 3", "opd": "GLUT 4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c450d25-153f-48ab-a472-c461ec2944b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In a seriously ill patient, addition of amino acids in the diet results in a positive nitrogen balance. The mechanism for this is", "exp": "Glucose, mannose, aminoacids (such as leucine, arginine, others) and β ketoacids such as acetoacetate (derived from fat catabolism) stimulate insulin secretin and have protein sparing effect.\nInsulin has anabolic effect on metabolism. It decreases protein catabolism and fat catabolism for energy production and increases aminoacid uptake and protein synthesis (positive nitrogen balance).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased absorption of amino acids from the intestine", "opb": "Enhanced rates of gluconeogenesis", "opc": "Increased secretion of insulin", "opd": "Increased Growth hormone secretion", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "54b36f85-58b3-425e-9dc4-3149dc1e4a86", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aggrecan in", "exp": "Aggrecan is the major proteoglycan component of cartilage. It is composed of several glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate) and both link and core proteins.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Receptor over platelets", "opb": "A molecule present in osteoid tissue", "opc": "Granules in leukocytes", "opd": "Important component of cartilage", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "81ffcdab-6aeb-43f4-954e-8b88fa798992", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biotechnology is/are used for", "exp": "Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or \"any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use", "cop": 1, "opa": "Viral vaccine production", "opb": "To cure genetic disorder", "opc": "Genetic crop", "opd": "Gene production", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "aab700d9-d429-472c-a48f-d4dccb729981", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mitochondrial membrance protein contain transpoer of", "exp": "The electron transpo chain in the mitochondrial membrane has been separated in 4 (four) complexes or components as follows: Complex I: NADH-CoQ reductaseComplex II: Succinate-CoQ reductase Complex III: CoQ-cytochrome C reductase Complex IV: Cytochrome C oxidaseRef: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 139", "cop": 1, "opa": "NADH", "opb": "Acetyl COA", "opc": "NADPH", "opd": "ATP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "0f274793-2776-4b28-9167-786e7b978736", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Proper functioning of Kreb cycle does not occur with deficiency of", "exp": "Biological active form is Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Acts as a coenzyme in several metabolic reactions. * Acts as coenzyme to the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) which conves pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA (oxidative decarboxylation) Pyruvate PDH TPP Acetyl-CoA * Similarly acts as a coenzyme to a-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and conves a-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA (oxidative decarboxylation). a-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase a-Oxoglutarate TPP Succinyl-CoARef: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th Edition, Page no: 178", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "Riboflavin", "opc": "Vitamin E", "opd": "Vit K", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "ddc4eb9f-2abf-4252-ad33-8cf25cce27e7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aminoacid that enters the TCA cycle for gluconeogenesis & Ketogenic in nature", "exp": "Phenylalanine is both glucogenic (gluconeogenic) and ketogenic.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pheylalanine", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Serine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b692d64b-dfa3-4c18-af12-5568d5acf795", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The two nitrogen atoms that are incorporated into the urea cycle. The source of the nitrogen is", "exp": "Two nitrogen atoms of urea are derived from two different sources, one from ammonia and the other directly from alpha amino group of aspaic acid.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 203", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutamate & Aspaate", "opb": "Aspaate & Arginine", "opc": "Aspaate & NH3", "opd": "Glutamate & NH3", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "9b3bec7a-4dc3-4bde-a8b2-70b3bda6a429", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The primary structure of a protein refers to", "exp": "The linear sequence of amino acid residues and location of disulphide bridges, if any, in a polypeptide constitute its primary structure.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Linear structure and order of the amino acids present", "opb": "Regular confirmational forms of a protein", "opc": "Complete three-dimensional structure of the polypeptide units of a given protein", "opd": "Subunit structure of the protein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ff101b7-0ee0-452b-9629-5e205c49968d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immediate precursor of creatine", "exp": "Creatine constitutes about 0.5% of total muscle weight.It is synthesized from 3 aminoacids, glycine,arginine and methionine. STEP 1 :In the first reaction the amidino group of arginine is transferred to glycine to form guanidoacetic acid,catalysed by amido transferase. STEP 2 :Guanidoacetic acid is methylated by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) bt methyl transferase to form creatine. STEP 3 :Creatine is phosphorlated to creatine phosphate.The reaction needs hydrolysis of ATP. STEP 4 :The creatine phophate may be conveed to its anhydride, creatinine.It is a non-enzymatic spontaneous reaction. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ;7th EDITION ; Page no :211", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carbamoyl phosphate", "opb": "Arginosuccinate", "opc": "Guanidoacetate", "opd": "Citrulline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "db2823c5-63b6-45a4-9be4-6e41d808f04a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eicosanoids are derived from", "exp": "EICOSANOIDSThey are 20 C compounds (Greek, eikosi = twenty), derived from arachidonic acid. Their names are:1. Prostanoids, containing1-a. Prostaglandins (PGs);1-b. Prostacyclins (PGIs);1-c. Thromboxanes (TXs)2. Leukotrienes (LTs)Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 163", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oleoc acid", "opb": "Linoleic acid", "opc": "Linolenic acid", "opd": "Archidonic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b3fa9be8-59f2-4dce-8cb3-3d0ddb7bd16d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RNA with ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY", "exp": "In addition to the catalytic action served by the snRNAs in the formation of mRNA, several other enzymatic functions have been attributed to RNA. Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity. These generally involve transesterification reactions, and most are concerned with RNA metabolism (splicing and endoribonuclease). Recently, a rRNA component has been implicated in hydrolyzing an aminoacyl ester and thus to play a central role in peptide bond function (peptidyl transferases). These observations, made using RNA molecules derived from the organelles from plants, yeast, viruses, and higher eukaryotic cells, show that RNA can act as an enzyme, and have revolutionized thinking about enzyme action and the origin of life itself.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Peptidase", "opb": "Peptidyl transferase", "opc": "Cytidine deaminase", "opd": "Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ed9c7edc-bec4-41ae-90d0-b6e79308ccb2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme causing covalent bond cleavage without hydrolysis", "exp": "These enzymes can remove groups from substrates or break bonds by mechanisms other than hydrolysis. For example, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate -------- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate +dihydroxy acetone phosphateRef: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 41", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lyase", "opb": "Ligase", "opc": "Hydrolase", "opd": "Transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "46bc3627-2f48-4b06-8c8e-796c21e40af6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An example of scleroprotein is", "exp": "Scleroproteins: They are insoluble in water, salt solutions and organic solvents and soluble only in hot strong acids. They form supporting tissues, e.g. collagen of bone, cartilage and tendon; keratin of hair, horn, nail and hoof. Keratin is one of the examples.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 43", "cop": 2, "opa": "Zein", "opb": "Keratin", "opc": "Glutenin", "opd": "Ovoglobulin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a8e61ea-204b-4c2c-88e1-078107ba1195", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inulin is a polymer of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fructose", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Galactose", "opd": "Inulinose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f5f1ac4f-a5a7-40d1-93b8-c265afb4706b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Precursor of norepinephrine", "exp": "Catecholamines are derived from tyrosine.They are so named because of the presence of catechol nucleus.They include epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine.They are produced by the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia. Tyrosine is first hydroxylated to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase. Dopamine is fuher hydroxylated to norepinephrine or noradrenaline.The term \"nor\" denotes that the molecule does not contain the \"R\" or methyl group. REFERENCE : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION;page the : 234 and 235.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Asparagine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "48ce5e0c-fd03-442b-9100-40b1974abe9f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The power house of the cell is", "exp": "Aerobic organisms are able to capture a far greater propoion of the available free energy of respiratory substrates than anaerobic organisms. Most of this takes place inside mitochondria, which have been termed the \"powerhouses\" of the cell. Respiration is coupled to the generation of the high-energy intermediate, ATP, by oxidative phosphorylation.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 13; The Respiratory Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nucleus", "opb": "Cell membrane", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "d88a58f2-f092-48bf-8677-90fd47872ce2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Gierke's occurs due to deficiency of", "exp": "Glucose - 6- phosphatase is deficient in Von Gierke's disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Liver Phosphorylase", "opc": "Muscle phosphorylase", "opd": "Debranching enzyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e554828c-bca1-4a36-91ff-ce02a8d0f1f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bovine milk contains", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "4% of lactose", "opb": "3% of lactose", "opc": "5% of lactose", "opd": "2% of lactose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e06563f3-cc51-49b3-ae2f-70e294a19f56", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA fragments formed by restriction enzymes are separated by", "exp": "Agarose is the supp medium for the gel electrophoresis it is viscous liquid when hot but solidify to a gel on cooling.The gel is prepared in the buffer and spread over microscopic slides and allowed to cool.A small sample of serum or the biological fluid is applid by cutting into the gel with a sharp edge.The electrophoretic run takes about 90 minutes.This technique is modified for immunoelectrophoresis.Agarose gel is used as suppo to seperate different types of protein mixtures as well as nucleic acids. REFERENCE: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION Page no:447", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ultra centrifugation", "opb": "Agarose gel electrophoresis", "opc": "Paper chromatography", "opd": "HPLC", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "7c4c07d1-d4a0-4e47-ad0b-77c0d92160d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selenocysteine is synthesized from", "exp": "Selenocysteine is the 21st amino acid. Biosynthesis of Selenocysteine is by replacing the oxygen by selenium in Serine which in turn formed from Cysteine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 214", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alamine", "opb": "Cysteine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Histidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "0ff9adb7-490c-4524-a14f-1b4fb845278a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Role of somatomedin in fat metabolism", "exp": "Antilipolytic\n\nLike insulin, somatomedin (also called insulin-like growth factor) has antilipolytic effect.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antilipolytic", "opb": "Lipolytic", "opc": "Ketogenic", "opd": "glucogenic", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "19941d8e-1baf-42af-833a-38b9c250a679", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diagnosis of vitamin B1 deficiency is made by", "exp": "Diagnosis of Vit B1 deficiency is made by Transketolase activity.Biochemical Parameters In thiamine deficiency, blood thiamine is reduced, but pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and lactate are increased. Erythrocyte transketolase activity is reduced; this is the earliest manifestation seen even before clinical disturbances.Reference: Textbook of Biochemistry by D M Vasudevan, sixth edition pg no. 392", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thiamine level", "opb": "Transketolase activity", "opc": "Carboxylase activity", "opd": "Transaminase activity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "7d28d4e3-e8b7-4c1f-ae8f-d15adbcdf2a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following clinical manifestation is a feature of", "exp": "Image showing Trichorrhexis nodosa. Argininosuccinic aciduria, accompanied by elevated levels of argininosuccinate in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, is associated with friable, tufted hair (trichorrhexis nodosa). It is due to the deficiency of the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase. Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperammonemia type 1", "opb": "Hyperammonemia type 2", "opc": "Argininosuccinic aciduria", "opd": "Argininemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "703d2c99-e0ea-4308-8c4b-519535d87103", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following Vitamin Prevents Peroxidation of lipids of cellular level", "exp": "Vitamin E is the most powerful natural antioxidant. Free radicals are continuously being generated in living systems. Their prompt inactivation is of great impoance. Vitamin E is a known biological antioxidant able to quench the lipid peroxidation chain and to protect the plasma membranes from the attack of free radicals. Vitamin E protects RBC from hemolysis. By preventing the peroxidation, it keeps the structural and functional integrity of all cells. It protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from peroxidation reactions. Vitamin E acts as a scavenger and gets itself oxidized (to quinone form) by free radicals (R) and spares PUFA Gradual deterioration of the ageing process is due to the cumulative effects of free radicals. Vitamin E also boosts the immune response Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 461", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin C", "opc": "Vitamin E", "opd": "Vitamin K", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "d78caace-9ced-48d8-98a6-42738a057424", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Compound that joins glycolysis with glycogenesis and glycogenolysis is", "exp": "Glucose-6-phosphate is an important compound that joins several metabolic pathways viz. glycolysis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose 1,6 biphosphate", "opb": "Glucose-1-phosphate", "opc": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "opd": "Fructose 1,6 biphosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e01f5658-72a6-469f-965b-4c3569fcdfd0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ATP is generated in ETC by", "exp": "ATP SYNTHASE (COMPLEX V) It is a protein assembly in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is sometimes referred to as the 5th Complex (Figs 19.14 and 19.15). Proton pumping ATP synthase (otherwise called F1-Fo ATPase) is a multisubunit transmembrane protein. It has two functional units, named as F1 and Fo. It looks like a lollipop since the membrane-embedded Fo component and F1 are connected by a protein stalk. Fo Unit: The \"o\" is pronounced as \"oh\"; and not as \"zero\". The \"o\" stands for oligomycin, as Fo is inhibited by oligomycin. Fo unit spans inner mitochondrial membrane. It serves as a proton channel, through which protons enter into mitochondria (Fig.19.14). Fo unit has 4 polypeptide chains and is connected to F1. Fo is water-insoluble whereas F1 is a water-soluble peripheral membrane protein. F1 Unit: It projects into the matrix. It catalyses the ATP synthesis (Fig. 19.14). F1 unit has 9 polypeptide chains, (3 alpha, 3 beta, 1 gamma, 1 sigma, 1 epsilon). The alpha chains have binding sites for ATP and ADP and beta chains have catalytic sites. ATP synthesis requires Mg++ ions. Mechanism of ATP synthesis: Translocation of protons carried out by the Fo catalyses the formation of the phospho-anhydride bond of ATP by F1. Coupling of the dissipation of proton gradient with ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) is through the interaction of F1 and Fo.Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 232", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+ k+ ATPase", "opb": "Na+ CI- ATPase", "opc": "FOF1 ATPase", "opd": "ADP Kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "757ed6b3-6c25-4ddb-b73e-dd8d906b18f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum cholesterol is seen in", "exp": "Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea Rana Shinde, 8th Edition, page no: 446", "cop": 2, "opa": "VLDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "HDL", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "50df8891-8779-4e1b-857e-1fd2273713e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Monoprotic acid is", "exp": "Formic acid can donate one H+, it is monoprotic.The acid equilibrium problems discussed so far have focused on a family of compounds known as monoprotic acids. Each of these acids has a single H+ ion, or proton, it can donate when it acts as a Brnsted acid. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetic acid (CH3CO2H or HOAc), nitric acid (HNO3), and benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H) are all monoprotic acids.Several impoant acids can be classified as polyprotic acids, which can lose more than one H+ ion when they act as Brnsted acids. Diprotic acids, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), carbonic acid (H2CO3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), chromic acid (H2CrO4), and oxalic acid (H2C2O4) have two acidic hydrogen atomsTriprotic acids, such as phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and citric acid (C6H8O7), have three.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Formic acid", "opb": "Carbonic acid", "opc": "Sulfuric acid", "opd": "Citric acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "d838d894-1cdf-48fd-9d56-3c8bd8c7205e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fidelity of protein translation depends on", "exp": "In translation, proof reading of mRNA is done by Amino acyl- tRNA synthetase. Amino acyl t-RNA synthetase is responsible for fidelity (faithfulness) of protein translation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "RNA polymeraes", "opb": "DNA polymeraes", "opc": "M-RNA polymeraes", "opd": "Amino acyl t-RNA synthetase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "799c7fb9-c570-409d-a3ab-651647d13bea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Location of Keratan sulfate 1 is", "exp": "Keratan sulfate I was originally isolated from the cornea, while keratan sulfate II came from cailage. In the eye, they lie between collagen fibrils and play a critical role in corneal transparency. Changes in proteoglycan composition found in corneal scars disappear when the cornea heals. Reference: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 50; The Extracellular Matrix", "cop": 3, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Bone", "opc": "Cornea", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "4a64c76c-79fa-4f8b-ab01-d22cc778bd75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most abundant collagen in body is", "exp": "The collagen superfamily of proteins includes more than 25 collagen types, as well as additional proteins that have collagen-like domains. The three polypeptide a chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between the chains. Variations in the amino acid sequence of the a chains result in structural components that are about the same size (approximately 1,000 amino acids long), but with slightly different propeies. These a chains are combined to form the various types of collagen found in the tissues. For example, the most common collagen, type I, contains two chains called a1 and one chain called a2 (a12a2)Ref: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry Fifth Edition Page no: 41", "cop": 1, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type V", "opd": "Type VI", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "4b4a3053-2436-454c-9610-e7b3d657d624", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oligosaccharide is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Fructose", "opc": "Maltose", "opd": "Dextrin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e5d1a23d-1885-4bf2-aef3-2378813db0bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipotropic factors are", "exp": "Lipotropic Factors - They are required for the normal mobilisation of fat from liver. Therefore, deficiency of these factors may result in fatty liver. They can afford protection against the development of fatty liver. 1. Choline. Feeding of choline has been able to reverse fatty changes in animals. 2. Lecithin and methionine. They help in synthesis of apoprotein and choline formation. The deficiency of methyl groups for carnitine synthesis may also hinder fatty acid oxidation. 3. Vitamin E and selenium give protection due to their anti-oxidant effect. 4. Omega 3 fatty acids present in marine oils have a protective effect against fatty liver. REF : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION, PG.NO., 143.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Choline", "opb": "Betain", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Tryptophan", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "3b772fa7-b00f-4239-b863-443bd809a598", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Steroid synthesis takes place at", "exp": "Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Eukaryotic cells are characterised by several membrane complexes that are interconnected by separate organelles. These organelles are involved in protein synthesis, transpo, modification, storage and secretion. Varying in shape, size and amount, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) extend from the cell membrane, coats the nucleus, surrounds the mitochondria and appears to connect directly to the Golgi apparatus. These membranes and the aqueous channels they enclose are called cisternae. Types: There are two kinds of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): (i) Rough surfaced ER, also known as ergastoplasm. They are coated with ribosomes. Near the nucleus, this type of ER merges with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. (ii) Smooth surfaced ER: They do not have attached ribosomes. Functions (a) Function of rough ER: Rough ER synthesises membrane lipids, and secretory proteins. These proteins are inseed through the ER membrane into the lumen of the cisternae where they are modified and transpoed through the cell. (b) Function of smooth ER: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved: (i) In lipid synthesis and (ii) Modification and transpo of proteins synthesised in the rough ER Note: A number of impoant enzymes are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian liver cells. These include the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of sterol, triacylglycerol (TG), Phospholipids (PL) and the enzymes involved in detoxification of drugs. Cytochrome P450 which paicipates in drug hydroxylation reside in the ER.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Eighth Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no: 7-8", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ribosomes", "opb": "Smooth enoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Peroxisomes", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "de2f498c-c09e-419c-8cb5-e358de6ce7db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best source of potassium is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Whole grains", "opb": "Red meat", "opc": "Dried fruits", "opd": "Milk", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bc9aa890-f614-4718-90b9-dd29d8000be6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin also acting as hormone", "exp": "Vitamin D is not strictly a vitamin since it can be synthesized in the skin the dietary source is required only when sunlight exposure is inadequate Its main function is in the regulation of calcium absorption and homeostasis most of the actions of vitD mediated by nuclear receptors. ref harpers biochemistry 30th ed page 551", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin D", "opb": "Vitamin A", "opc": "Vitamin B1", "opd": "Vitamin C", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "01877844-74d2-4ad5-83d2-d5ad38901068", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A large, protruding jaw; large hands and feet; normal height; and an elevated blood glucose level.", "exp": "In acromegaly, the height is normal, but the jaw, hands, feet, and soft tissues grow. DM frequently occurs because of the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by GH and the inability of glucose to suppress the release of GH by the tumor.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Elevated blood levels of aldosterone and renin resulting from an atherosclerotic plaque in a renal artery.", "opb": "Hyperprolactinemia due to a pituitary tumor.", "opc": "Acromegaly due to a GH-producing tumor that developed in adulthood.", "opd": "Cushing syndrome due to an adrenal tumor.", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b5a5f383-3b42-4c6d-9677-54a61be771b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis is", "exp": "(Phosphofroctokinase) (152- Harper 27th) (108- Lippincott's)Phosphofroctokinase - is the pace- setting (rate- limiting) enzyme of glycolysis. It is inhibited by ATP and citrate uses fructose 6- phosphate as substrate, and catalyzes a reaction that is for from equilibrium. The reaction is activated by fructose 2- 6 biphosphate", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose 6- dehydrogenase", "opb": "Phosphofructokinase", "opc": "Glucokinase", "opd": "Pyruvate kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "e2ac61c3-8f32-439b-8f59-e9ebac6de22f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aspaate transaminase, an enzyme, is most abundant in", "exp": "In old literature, it was called as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). AST needs pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as co-enzyme. ii. Normal serum level of AST ranges from 8 to 20 U/L. It is a marker of liver injury and shows moderate to drastic increase in parenchymal liver diseases like hepatitis and malignancies of the liver. iii. AST was used as a marker of myocardial ischemia in olden days. The level is significantly elevated in myocardial infarction. The time course of AST increase in blood is given in Figure 23.2. iv. But troponins have replaced AST as a diagnostic marker in ischemic hea disease.Ref: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 269", "cop": 2, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Hea", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Retina", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "713b8568-6169-4e0a-95c7-a639c08ffec1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose is conveed to sorbitol by", "exp": "In lens, the enzyme aldose reductase reduces monosaccharides to corresponding sugar alcohols; glucose to sorbitol and galactose to galactitol. POLYOL PATHWAY OF GLUCOSE - Sorbitol is very poorly absorbed from intestine. It involves the reduction of glucose by aldose reductase to sorbitol, which can then be oxidized to fructose. This would amount to the interconversion of glucose to fructose. Glucose when conveed to sorbitol, cannot diffuse out of the cell easily and gets trapped there. Sorbitol is normally present in lens of eyes. But in diabetes mellitus, when glucose level is high, the sorbitol concentration also increases in the lens. This leads to osmotic damage of the tissue and development of cataract. Galactitol also causes cataract. REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION, PG.NO.,119,588.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aldolase B", "opb": "Aldose reductase", "opc": "Sorbitol Dehydrogenase", "opd": "UDP galactose 4 epimerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "0cf61ffb-7b29-4cfb-8a69-aa52311a97a5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycosaminoglycans located in CNS is", "exp": "Proteoglycans linked to chondroitin sulfate by the Xyl-Ser O-glycosidic bond are prominent components of cailage. They are located at sites of calcification in endochondral bone and are a major component of cailage. They are found in high amounts in the ECM of the central nervous system and, in addition to their structural function, are thought to act as signaling molecules in the prevention of the repair of nerve endings after injury.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 50; The Extracellular Matrix", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyaluronic acid", "opb": "Chondroitin sulfate", "opc": "Keratan sulfate 2", "opd": "Heparan sulfate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "aee6df80-4318-4346-95d0-d8edbbc8e293", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA denaturation is measured by absorbance at", "exp": "Increase in the optical absorbance of UV light by Purine and Pyrimidine bases called hyperchromicity.( DNA bases absorbs UV light of 260nm).", "cop": 4, "opa": "220nm", "opb": "230nm", "opc": "240 nm", "opd": "260nm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3f56c6ae-f56f-4be1-a00e-216426a27768", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Column chromatography using phenyl Sepharose beads separates proteins based on the", "exp": "Hydrophobic interaction chromatography separates proteins based on their tendency to associate with a stationary phase matrix coated with hydrophobic groups(eg.phenyl Sepharose)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Affinity to ligand", "opb": "Charge", "opc": "Hydrophobicity", "opd": "Stokes' radius", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Classification and metabolism of amino acids", "id": "42447ae9-4d7a-40e0-beb3-c7750c551e14", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carbon atoms added in FA synthesis", "exp": "B i.e. 4 in Ist cycle & 2 in Hnd cycle", "cop": 2, "opa": "2 in Ist cycle & 4 in IInd cycle", "opb": "4 in Ist cycle & 2 in IInd cycle", "opc": "2 in Ist cycle & 2 in Ilnd cycl", "opd": "4 in Ist cycle & 4 in II nd cycle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "464f7b78-5897-48cf-9b48-e2617ebe7545", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA synthesis occurs in phase", "exp": "Cell cycle : In G1 phase , the cell prepares for DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis occurs diring the S (synthesis ) phase of the cell cycle. During the S phase , DNA is completely replicated , but only once. Cell prepares for mitosis in G2 phase, when proteins necessary for daughter cells are synthesized. Then the cell enters into the M phase. Reference : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO :582", "cop": 3, "opa": "G1", "opb": "G2", "opc": "S", "opd": "M", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "4ecc01c1-4bf8-4a0b-8169-0a22f171e5cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blood group antigens belong to the class", "exp": "For red blood cells, the membrane oligosaccharides that determine the antigenic natures of the ABO substances appear to be mostly present in glycosphingolipids, whereas in secretions the same oligosaccharides are present in glycoproteins. Some examples of conjugated proteins are lipoproteins, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, flavoproteins, metalloproteins, phytochromes, cytochromes, opsins and chromoproteins. so the ABO substances can be chosen as Conjugated proteins from the given options Ref: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30E (2015) Pg No. 697 chapter 53.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Conjugated proteins", "opb": "Unconjugated protein", "opc": "Simple protein", "opd": "Hemoglobin binding protein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "61e7afae-3300-473c-9b74-8c511b7754e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acid with dissociation constant closest to physiological pH is", "exp": "To understand dissociation constant (pKa) of amino acids one must know the ionizable groups of amino acids.\nEach amino acid has two ionizable groups (i) α-carboxyl group (-COOH), and (ii) α-amino group (-NH2).\nBesides these two groups, some amino acids have special ionizable groups. e.g. -SH of cysteine, imidazole of histidine.\nThe dissociation constant (pKa) is the value of pH at which any ionizable group of the amino acid is in 50% ionized form and 50% non-ionized form.\nThus, each amino acid has two pKa values:-\n\npk1:- pH at which 50% of amino acid molecules have a-carboxyl group in the ionized form (COO-) and 50% molecules have it in unionized form (COOH).\npk2:- pH at which 50% of amino acid molecules have an a-amino group in the ionized form (NH3+) and 50% molecules have it in unionized form (NH2).\n\nThe value of pk-1 and pk-2 is different for different amino acids. But it ranges between 3.5-4.0 for pk-1 (i.e. pKa of α -carboxyl group is 3.5-4.0) and 8.0-9.0 for pk-2 (i.e. pKa of a-amino group is 8.0-9.0).\n\nBeside a-carboxyl and a-amino group, some amino acids contain special ionizable group, which will provide one more pKa value (pk3). For example pKa of imidazole group of histidine ranges between 6.5-7.4. That means somewhere between pH 6.5-7.4, 50% of histidine molecules in a solution will have imidazole group in ionized form and 50% molecules will have in unionized form", "cop": 2, "opa": "Serine", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Threonine", "opd": "Proline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ac382421-bc40-438d-9399-d44286bcaed8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme responsible for unwinding of DNA is", "exp": "Classes of Proteins Involved in Replication Protein Function DNA polymerases Deoxynucleotide polymerization Helicases ATP -driven processive unwinding of DNA Topoisomerases Relieve torsional strain that results from helicase-induced unwinding DNA primase Initiates synthesis of RNA primers Single-strand binding proteins (SSBs) Prevent premature reannealing of dsDNA DNA ligase Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strand Harper30e pg: 378", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA Ligase", "opb": "Helicase", "opc": "DNA primase", "opd": "Topoisomerases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "00fc5f6b-0033-454c-a1de-767c936a6f17", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "To be defined as a ganglioside,a lipid substance isolated from nervous tissue must contain", "exp": "Gangliosides are the complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide that contain in addition one or more molecules of sialic acid. Neuraminic acid is the principal sialic acid found in human tissues. Gangliosides are present in nervous tissue in high concentration.They help in cell-cell recognition and communication and as receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins. Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30 th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "NANA,hexose,fatty acid,glycerol", "opb": "NANA,hexose,fatty acid,phosphorycholine", "opc": "NANA,sphingosine,ethanolamine", "opd": "NANA,hexose,sphingosine,long chain fatty acid,", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b39a2732-b939-4b98-93f5-a4c3b972718e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycolytic enzyme(s) inhibited by fluoride", "exp": "Question repeated", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hexokinase", "opb": "Aldolase", "opc": "Enolase", "opd": "Pyruvate kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "8379a97e-2589-40be-8e2a-40e6fe59a2b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An example of chromoprotein is", "exp": "Chromoproteins: These are proteins with coloured prosthetic groups. Hemoglobin (Heme, red); Flavoproteins (Riboflavin, yellow), Visual purple (Vitamin A, purple) are some examples of chromoproteins.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 43", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemoglobin", "opb": "Sturine", "opc": "Nuclein", "opd": "Gliadin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "36f63419-5752-4c61-8c73-45288cf9c174", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiosensitive stage of cell cycle", "exp": "Radiation and cell cycle M phase followed by g2-m interphase is when the cell is radiosensitive. (g2m interphase > G2 > M) The cell is vulnerable to radiation in the stage of mitosis (m), less so during synthesis (s) and relatively insensitive during resting periods.Four impoant processes that occur after radiation exposure can be summarized as the \"four r&;s\" of radiobiology*The first is repair. Repair is temperature dependent and is thought to represent the enzymatic mechanisms for healing intracellular injury.The second r is reoxygenation, a process whereby oxygen (and other nutrients) are actually better distributed to ble cells following radiation injury and cell killing*the third r is repopulation, the ability of the cell population to continue to divide and to replace dying and dead cells.*The fouh r is redistribution, which reflects the variability of a cell&;s radiosensitivity over the cell cycle.Ref: Principles of radiation therapy by Deeley, 27; Harrison&;s principles of internal medicine 16th edition, 435", "cop": 1, "opa": "G2", "opb": "M", "opc": "S", "opd": "G1", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "2e28da73-5ec8-438e-8590-9a810344b3d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chylomicrons contain", "exp": "CHYLOMICRONSSynthesis of chylomicrons Chylomicrons are formed in the intestinal mucosal cells and secreted into the lacteals of lymphatic system (Chapter 11). They are rich in triglyceride (Fig. 12.9). If lipemic serum is kept overnight in the refrigerator, chylomicrons rise as a creamy layer to the top, leaving the subnatant clear. When the chylomicrons are synthesised by the intestinal mucosa, they contain only apo-B-48 and apo-A but apo-C and apo-E are added from HDL in blood during transpo (Fig. 12.10). Metabolism of ChylomicronsMain sites of metabolism of chylomicrons are adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. The half-life of chylomicrons in blood is about 1 hour.The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LpL) is located at the endothelial layer of capillaries of adipose tissue, muscles, and hea; but not in liver. Apo C-II present in the chylomicrons activates the LpL. The LpL hydrolyses triglycerides present in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol. Muscle or adipose tissue cells take up the liberated fatty acids.Following injection of heparin, the LpL is released from the tissues and lipemia is thus cleared. This is called post-heparin lipolytic activity. Lack of C-II leads to decreased activity of LpL and consequent accumulation of chylomicrons and VLDL in blood. Insulin increases LpL activity.Liver Takes up Chylomicron Remnants As the TAG content is progressively decreased, the chylomicrons shrink in size. These remnants containing apo-B-48 and apo-E are taken up by hepatic cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Apo-E binds the hepatic receptorsFunction of ChylomicronsChylomicrons are the transpo form of dietary triglycerides from intestines to the adipose tissue for storage, and to muscle or hea for their energy needsRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 153", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apo A", "opb": "Apo B", "opc": "Apo C", "opd": "Apo E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d8231a76-1a76-4a71-b3d1-fd5f254612b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Has its release inhibited by thyroxine.", "exp": "Thyroxine (the end product) inhibits the release of TSH by the anterior pituitary. Thyroxine has no effect on the release of LH, PRL, GH, or FSH.", "cop": 3, "opa": "LH", "opb": "PRL", "opc": "TSH", "opd": "GH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f0bb03dc-aaa0-4af1-a103-099a74286d75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Gierke&;s occurs due to deficiency of", "exp": "Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) or von Gierke&;s disease, is the most common of the glycogen storage disease. This genetic disease results from deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and has an incidence in the American population of approximately 1 in 100,000 bihs.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 128", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Liver Phosphorylase", "opc": "Muscle phosphorylase", "opd": "Debranching enzyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "9752d8e3-e260-40dd-97ae-d846f413301e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The pathways that can produce energy even in the absence of O2 is", "exp": "In Glycolysis--in Absence of O2 (Anaerobic Phase) * In absence of O2, reoxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase stage cannot take place in the electron-transpo chain. * But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic cycle NADH must be oxidised to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidation of NADH by conversion of pyruvate to lactate (without producing ATP) by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. SECTION FOUR * It is to be noted that in the reaction catalysed by glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase, therefore, no ATP is produced. In anaerobic phase per molecule of glucose oxidation 4 - 2 = 2 ATP will be produced. + 2 ATPRef: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 332", "cop": 2, "opa": "TCA cycle", "opb": "Glycolysis", "opc": "Fatty acid oxidation", "opd": "Respiratory chain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "faedf7a5-1daa-470c-9121-2e61eb423d72", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substrate level phosphorylation is catalysed by", "exp": "In glycolysis, The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP Result in step 10. Details: The final step of glycolysis conves phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate with the help of the enzyme pyruvate kinase. As the enzyme's name suggests, this reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate group. The phosphate group attached to the 2' carbon of the PEP is transferred to a molecule of ADP, yielding ATP. Again, since there are two molecules of PEP, here we actually generate 2 ATP molecules.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 111", "cop": 2, "opa": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Pyruvate kinase", "opc": "Malate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Acetyl CoA carboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "cc2dbc42-99b0-4bba-9a99-0877abeafed7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "TCA is not controlled by", "exp": "There are 3 NADH molecules generated during one cycle, each of them will give rise to 2 1/2 ATPs on oxidation by electron transpo chain (ETC); so altogether they will give 3 x 2 1/2 = 7 1/2 (7.5) high energy phosphates. The FADH2 will generate 1 1/2 molecules of ATP. In addition, one molecule of GTP (equivalent to one molecule of ATP) is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. Hence, per turn of the cycle, 10 high energy phosphates are produced. Hence NADPH is note controlled.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 250", "cop": 3, "opa": "NADH", "opb": "ATP", "opc": "NADPH", "opd": "ADP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "1290c426-6ba0-46d1-8c8f-dc4d394d90b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Energy source of brain in later pa of starvation", "exp": "Brain and starvation: During starvation, a significant pa (60-70%) of the energy requirement of the brain is then met by ketone bodies. Under conditions of paial anoxia, the production of ammonia is increased. This is immediately trapped as glutamine. The NH2 group of glutamine and glutamate can be used for synthesis of other amino acids.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 100", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Fatty acids", "opc": "Ketonis", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "1353722d-b777-40f5-84d8-7c1b8b589fb5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ribosomes have following enzymatic activity", "exp": "Evidence That rRNA Is a Peptidyl Transferase * Ribosomes can make peptide bonds (albeit inefficiently) even when proteins are removed or inactivated. * Ceain pas of the rRNA sequence are highly conserved in all species. * These conserved regions are on the surface of the RNA molecule. * RNA can be catalytic in many other chemical reactions. * Mutations that result in antibiotic resistance at the level of protein synthesis are more often found in rRNA than in the protein components of the ribosome.Ref: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 423, table 37-3", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peptidyl transferase", "opb": "Peptidase", "opc": "Carboxylase", "opd": "Dehydratase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "296aba61-7696-4259-bfc2-d810ded41ab0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipid with highest mobility is", "exp": "Classification Based on Electrophoretic Mobility (Frederickson and colleagues, 1967): The most widely used and simplest classification for lipoproteins is based on the separation of major four classes by electrophoresis. The most frequently employed electrophoretic media are \"paper\" and 'agarose'. Plasma lipoproteins separated by this technique are classified in relation to the comparable migration of serum proteins.On electrophoresis, the different fractions according to mobility appear at:The origin is chylomicrons,Migrating into b-globulin region is called b-lipoproteins (LDL)Migrating into Pre-b-globulin region, called as pre-b-lipoproteins (VLDL)Migrating to \"a1-globulin region called a-lipoproteins (HDL)Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 8th Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde, page no; 444, 445", "cop": 1, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "6ac72bac-25ee-4fcc-a10a-af5d5b610be8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Multienzyme complex in humans", "exp": "Fatty acid synthetase \n\nEnzymes used in the fatty acid synthesis are multienzyme complexes:-\n\n\nAcetyl-CoA carboxylase\nFatty acid synthase", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fatty acid synthetase", "opb": "Malonyl CoA Carboxylase", "opc": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase", "opd": "Adenosine phosphoribosyl transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d7903694-c5a2-479c-90d8-62be156dab14", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hexokinase is", "exp": "A hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate. In most organisms, glucose is the most impoant substrate of hexokinases, and glucose-6-phosphate is the most impoant product. Hexokinase can transfer an inorganic phosphate group from ATP to a substrate.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ligase", "opb": "Transferase", "opc": "Oxidoreductase", "opd": "Reductase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "62cbf413-1ecd-4fe4-a64b-25519ce8b819", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Termination of the synthesis of the RNA molecule is signaled by a sequence in the template strand of the DNA molecule, a signal that is recognized by a termination protein, the", "exp": "There are two major termination strategies found in bacteria: Rho-dependent and Rho-independent. In Rho-dependent termination, the RNA contains a binding site for a protein called Rho factor. Rho factor binds to this sequence and stas \"climbing\" up the transcript towards RNA polymerase. When it catches up with the polymerase at the transcription bubble, Rho pulls the RNA transcript and the template DNA strand apa, releasing the RNA molecule and ending transcription. Another sequence found later in the DNA, called the transcription stop point, causes RNA polymerase to pause and thus helps Rho catch up.^4 Rho-independent termination depends on specific sequences in the DNA template strand. As the RNA polymerase approaches the end of the gene being transcribed, it hits a region rich in C and G nucleotides. The RNA transcribed from this region folds back on itself, and the complementary C and G nucleotides bind together. The result is a stable hairpin that causes the polymerase to stall. In a terminator, the hairpin is followed by a stretch of U nucleotides in the RNA, which match up with A nucleotides in the template DNA. The complementary U-A region of the RNA transcript forms only a weak interaction with the template DNA. This, coupled with the stalled polymerase, produces enough instability for the enzyme to fall off and liberate the new RNA transcript. Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "s factor", "opb": "d factor", "opc": "e factor", "opd": "Rho (r) factor", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "77883a32-f5cd-472f-862d-8388918581f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase", "exp": "Selenocysteine is abbreted as SeCys. It is seen at the active site of the following enzymes: a) Thioredoxin reductase; b) Glutathione peroxidase, which scavenges peroxides; c) 5&;- De-iodinase that removes iodine from thyroxine to make triiodothyronine and d) Selenoprotein P, a glycoprotein seen in mammalian blood. Replacement of SeCys by Cys will lead to decreased activity of these enzymes. Deficiency of some of these enzymes with the anti-oxidant function may be related to atherosclerosis. Concentration falls in selenium deficiency. Its structure is COOH-CHNH2-CH2-SeH. It is directly incorporated into proteins during the translation process. Biosynthesis of selenocysteine is by replacing the oxygen of serine by selenium; this is done by two steps: Se + ATP - Se-P + AMP + Pi Serine + Se-P - SeCys + Pi Its genetic code is UGA. The tRNA-Sec is the specific tRNA, inseing SeCys. However, normally UGA codon is a stop signal. UGA code for SeCys is identified by a SeCys inseion element in the mRNA, with the help of a specific elongation factor. The tRNA-Sec is first charged with serine, then it is conveed into SeCys. This is then inseed into the correct position when protein is synthesized.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 187", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mg +2", "opb": "Se", "opc": "Mn +2", "opd": "Ca +2", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "85a7f4d8-91c8-4842-8356-844dd01b2b73", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemoprosthetic group is found in", "exp": "Myoglobin is a monomeric protein that acts as a secondary oxygen transpoer and binder in the muscle tissues. Fuhermore, the teiary feature of a myoglobin resembles a water-soluble globule protein characteristics. The diffusion and use of oxygen in the muscles are necessary for the bodily system processes such as respiration. Myoglobin has 8 right-handed a-helices separately forming a polypeptide chain and each contains a single heme prosthetic group with a central bound iron atom.Ref: Text book of biochemistry for medical students. seventh edition, page no: 240 and 294", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myoglobin", "opb": "Cytochrome oxidase", "opc": "Xanthine oxidase", "opd": "Tyrosine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "6f24a99f-d35f-40e6-804a-447a5a5c4f7a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mothers with phenylketonuria (PKU) are at increased risk of having children with", "exp": "Women with PKU who plan to conceive and are not already on a phenylalanine-restricted diet should be counseled to adhere to the diet before conception and throughout pregnancy. Phenylalanine readily crosses the placenta, and high maternal serum levels can result in damage to the fetus or pregnancy loss. Hyperphenylalaninemia causes microcephaly with mental retardation and cardiac defects in the heterozygote fetus who otherwise would not be affected. Impoantly, these defects can be prevented with maternal dietary treatment. Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 347-351", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hydrocephaly", "opb": "Spina bifida", "opc": "Skeletal dysplasia", "opd": "Mental retardation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "22244f92-3596-4020-b62c-5504d1b92925", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin H is also known as", "exp": "Vit H is also known as Biotin. In old literature Biotin was known as anti-egg white injury factor. Biotin was isolated in 1942 by Vincent du Vigneaud, who was awarded Nobel prize in 1955. Reference: DM Vasudevan,Textbook of Biochemistry, pg no. 399", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cobalamin", "opb": "Biotin", "opc": "Pyridoxine", "opd": "Folate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "3623cdb7-a513-436e-bef2-03420eb5a36a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thiamine deficiency, the thiamine level is best monitored by", "exp": "(Trans ketolase level in RBC) (377 - Lippencott's 3rd) (167- 7th)* Thiamine deficiency is diagnosed by an increased in erythrocyte transketolase activity observed on addition of thiamine pyrophosphate* The transketolase activity in erythrocytes is decreased Measurement of RBC transketolase activity is a reliable diagnostic test to assess thiamine deficiency. The increase in this enzyme activity (more in severe deficiency) by the addition of TPP is an index of the degree of thiamine deficiency* LA / PA ratio: Abnormal blood lactic acid / Pyruvic acid is said to be more specific indicator of B1 deficiency (160-Rama shinde 6,h)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tansketolase level in serum", "opb": "Transketolase level in RBC", "opc": "Trans aminase level in serum", "opd": "Trans aminase level in RBC", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "79d9db24-ac7e-4c26-bcdc-1789c5df3cdd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal role of Micro RNA is", "exp": "MicroRNA (abbreted miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.miRNAs (microRNAs) are sho non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They generally bind to the 3&;-UTR (untranslated region) of their target mRNAs and repress protein production by destabilizing the mRNA and translational silencing.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gene Regulation", "opb": "RNA splicing", "opc": "Initiation of translation", "opd": "DNA conformational change", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "bbe3d2fd-68f9-49fa-bca5-7b36c8ce091d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coenzymes for pyruvate dehydrogenase are A/E", "exp": "D i.e. NADPH", "cop": 4, "opa": "TPP", "opb": "CoA", "opc": "Lipoic acid", "opd": "NADPH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "77fb8102-395c-47a3-9346-c2c12baf65a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chalones are of cell division", "exp": "Chalones are endogenous cell division inhibitorThey inhibit the division by acting on a number of events in cells cycleDue to inhibitory propey on cell division, it has a therapeutic action in cases like cancer.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Regulators", "opb": "Promoters", "opc": "Inhibitors", "opd": "Initiators", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "e5858fd4-f55b-401d-9993-d1711560865b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipogenesis occurs in", "exp": "DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDSThe process of fatty acid synthesis was studied by Feodor Lynen, who got Nobel prize in 1964. The pathway is referred to as Lynn&;s spiral. It is not a reversal of oxidation. Fatty acids are synthesized mainly by a de novo synthetic pathway operating in the cytoplasm. So it is referred to as extramitochondrial or cytoplasmicfatty acid synthase system. The major fatty acid synthesised de novo is palmitic acid, the 16C saturated fatty acid. The process occurs in liver, adipose tissue, kidney, brain, and mammary glandsRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 136", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Skeletal muscles", "opc": "Myocardium", "opd": "Lungs", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b57246d3-254a-4256-9547-b448be876066", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Conversion of phenylacetic acid into phenol is an example of", "exp": "Primary alcohols can be oxidised to make aldehydes, which can then be oxidised to carboxylic acids. Phenols and carboxylic acids can't be oxidised as they don't have a hydrogen atom on the carbon atom to which the OH group is attached.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxidation", "opb": "Reduction", "opc": "Hydrolysis", "opd": "Conjugation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "e44e2957-36d1-442f-ad71-30b2c63e125e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immediate precursor of acetoacetate", "exp": "Immediate precursor of acetoacetate (ketone body) is HMG CoA, not Acetoacetyl CoA.", "cop": 1, "opa": "HMG CoA", "opb": "Acetoacetyl CoA", "opc": "Acetyl CoA", "opd": "Malonyl CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "5a660b07-11d4-4cd1-b9c3-afc6343f58ee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In alkaptonuria the urine contains", "exp": "Alkaptonuria is an autosomal recessive Condition. The metabolic defect is deficiency of homogentisate oxidase. this results in excretion of homogentisic acid in urine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7th edition, page no: 237", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemogentisic acid", "opb": "Phenylalanine", "opc": "Ketonis", "opd": "Acetates", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "a3b2f88c-0497-4162-b2bb-a65998a01ed6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Melatonin is synthesised from", "exp": "Tryptophan is conveed to Seratonin, which is acetylated. Fuher methylated with the help of S-adenosyl methionine to form Methionine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7th edition, page no: 241", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "Serotonin", "opc": "Phenyllanine", "opd": "Histidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "671c2fe1-5590-489c-844d-c2c2222879e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The predominant isoenzyme of LDH in cardiac muscle is", "exp": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a tetrameric enzyme consisting of two monomer types: H (for the hea) and M (for muscle) that combine to yield five LDH isozymes: HHHH (I1), HHHM (I2), HHMM (I3), HMMM (I4), and MMMM (I5). The relative propoions of each subunit in the cells of a paicular organ are determined by tissue-specific patterns in the expression of the H and M genes. Isozyme I1 predominates in hea tissue and isozyme I5 in the liver. Thus, when LDH levels rise in blood plasma, the identity of the injured tissue can be inferred from its characteristic pattern of LDH isozymes. In the clinical laboratory, individual isozymes can be separated by electrophoresis and detected using a coupled assay (Figure 7-12). While historicallyof impoance, the assay of LDH has been superseded as a marker for MI by proteins that appear in plasma more rapidly than LDH.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 7; Enzymes: Mechanism of Action", "cop": 1, "opa": "LDH 1", "opb": "LDH 2", "opc": "LDH 3", "opd": "LDH 5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "ace02e9b-d9ac-4a64-99e6-6f63b99b2e4b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Gierke’s disease is caused due to deficiency of", "exp": "Glycogen Storage Diseases (Glycogenosis)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Glycogen synthase", "opc": "Lysosomal glucosidase", "opd": "Microsomal Pi transporter", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0998fc0-4dba-4f5d-81ef-09b5f7534a20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reducing sugar in the urine is seen in", "exp": "Galactosemia\n\nReducing sugar (galactose) in urine is seen in galactosemia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fanconi anemia", "opb": "Lactose intolerance", "opc": "Galactosemia", "opd": "Phenylketonuria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "22db8d26-286a-49a9-be03-368c5623abae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A codon consists of", "exp": "A codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides from 5' → 3' end corresponds to one amino acid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Two complementary base pairs", "opb": "Three consecutive nucleotide units", "opc": "An individual ribosome", "opd": "Four individual nucleotides", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "99f03a7f-d54d-4712-90c3-f2480b967691", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mc Ardles disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Glycogen storage diseases TYPE NAME DEFICIENT ENZYME CLINICAL FEATURES Type I von Gierke's disease Glucose-6-phosphatase Fasting hypoglycemia; hepatomegaly,thrombocyte dysfunction. Type II Pompe's disease Lysosomal maltase Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes of liver, hea and muscle; death before 2 years Type III Limit dextrinosis (Cori's disease) Debranching enzyme Highly branched dextrin accumulates; Fasting hypoglycemia; hepatomegaly Type IV Amylopectinosis (Anderson's disease) Branching enzyme Glycogen with few branches; hepatosplenomegaly; mild- -hypoglycemia; death by age of 5 Type V McArdle's disease Muscle phosphorylase Excercise intolerance; accumulation of glycogen in muscles Type VI Her's disease Liver phosphorylase Mild hypoglycemia; hepatomegaly; better prognosis than other types REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY,EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,144.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver phosphorylase", "opb": "Muscle phosphorylase", "opc": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "opd": "Galactase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "46a65633-1016-4023-ad0d-a792e0e4fabb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secretory proteins are synthesized in", "exp": "ER is a network of interconnecting membranes enclosing channels or cisternae, that are continuous from outer nuclear envelope to outer plasma membrane. This will be very prominent in cells actively synthesizing proteins,e.g.immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells. The proteins , glycoproteins and lipoproteins are synthesised in the ER. REFERENCE:DM.VASUDEVAN.Textbook. SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO 12", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytoplasm", "opb": "Endoplasmic Reticulum", "opc": "First in cytoplasm and then in Endoplasmic Reticulum", "opd": "First in Endoplasmic Reticulum and then in cytoplasm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "0d8bb471-1636-43dc-8320-9ba7f9d1388a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycosphingolipid is made up of", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Glycerol", "opc": "Sphingosine", "opd": "Fatty acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5cba5d45-4623-4a0c-a2de-85874f015ef9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The lipid bilayer of cell membrane exist as", "exp": "The lipid bilayer shows free lateral movement of its components, hence the membrane is said to be fluid in nature. Fluidity enables the membrane to perform endocytosis and exocytosis. However, the components do not freely move from inner to outer layer or outer to inner layer (flip-flop movement is restricted). During apoptosis (programmed cell death), flip-flop movement occurs. Somewhat similar to a gel.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 11", "cop": 3, "opa": "Solid", "opb": "Semisolid", "opc": "Gel", "opd": "Fibres", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "eaae2541-37c0-4259-96b3-5ed746bff94c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Separation of proteins based on size is done by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Affinity chromatography", "opb": "SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis", "opc": "Ion exchange chromatography", "opd": "High performance liquid chromatography", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbc7a80d-ea18-499e-a529-1a57e47c336a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The major source of ammonia in kidney", "exp": "Glutamic acid acts as a link between amino acids and ammonia.Ammonia, which is highly toxic, arises in humans primarily from the a-amino nitrogen of amino acids. Tissues, therefore, conve ammonia to the amide nitrogen of the nontoxic amino acid glutamine. Subsequently, in kidney cells, ammonia generated on purpose from glutamine with the help of Glutaminase.Ref: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 28 Catabolism of Proteins & of Amino Acid Nitrogen", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glutamate", "opb": "Glutamine", "opc": "a-ketoglutarate", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "5be6bca7-0cd3-4aae-a08d-3857b528c143", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Second messengers, DAG and IP3 are formed from", "exp": "Phosphatidylinositol Is a Precursor of Second MessengersThe G proteins activate phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate to produce diacylglycerols and the water-soluble second messenger inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3).Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 54; White Blood Cells", "cop": 4, "opa": "Phosphatidyl choline", "opb": "Phosphatidyl ethanolamine", "opc": "Phosphatidyl serine", "opd": "Phosphatidyl inositol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "f61c4488-4562-45e0-97d8-8c44275989c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rothera&;s test used for detection of", "exp": "The presence of ketosis can be established by the detection of ketone bodies in urine by Rothera&;s test.Rothera&;s test: Saturate 5 mL of urine with solid ammonium sulfate. Add a few drops of freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside followed by 2 mL of liquor ammonia along the sides of the test tube. Development of a purple ring indicates the presence of ketone bodies in urine. Strip tests based on the same principle are also available.Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 166", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Fatty acid", "opd": "Ketones", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "e8cd6b5a-5056-4fd4-85ab-444fa290928d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "tRNA combines with", "exp": "i.e. (mRNA): (308-310-Harper 28th) (554-U-satyanarayan 3rd) (418-Lippincot's 5th)Transfer RNA (tRNA)* tRNA are the smallest (4S) of the three major types of RNA molecules (15%)* The tRNA molecules contain a high percentage of unusual bases (for example-dihydrouracil) and have extensive inter chain base pairing that leads to characteristic secondary and tertiary structures* Each tRNA serves as an \"adaptor \" molecules that carries its specific amino acid - Covalently attached to its 3 ' end to site ofprotein synthesis. There it recognizes the genetic code sequence of an mRNA, which specifies the addition of its aminoacid to the growing peptide chain. mRNAs and si RNAs cause inhibition of gene expression by decreasing specific protein production, albeit via distinct mechanisms, Both represent exciting new potential targets for therapeutic drug development1. miRNAs - Micro RNAs are typically 21-25 nucleotides long RNA species derived from RNA polymerase II*** transcription units. The small processed mature miRNAs typically hybridize via the formation of imperfect RNA-RNA duplexes within the 3'-untransIated regions of specific target mRNAs leading via poorly understood mechanism to translation arrest2. SiRNAs - silencing RNAs 21 = 25nt in length generated by selective nucleolytic degradation of double stranded RNAs of cellular or viral origin* These short siRNAs usually form perfect RNA-RNA hybrids* SiRNAs are frequently used to decrease or \"Knock down99 specific protein levels", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "mRNA", "opc": "miRNA", "opd": "siRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Molecular Genetics", "id": "51cdd6dc-8495-4ca2-a839-3b05c42ea3a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The glycolytic enzyme Enolase is inhibited by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Iodoacetate", "opb": "Fluoride", "opc": "Arsenate", "opd": "Arsenic", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "e4b0f449-dbc2-4e5c-a08d-79793ae8763a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acid carrying ammonia from muscle to liver", "exp": "Under conditions of starvation, the glucose alanine cycle is of special metabolic significance (Fig. 9.30). Alanine is quantitatively the most impoant amino acid taken up by the liver from peripheral tissues, paicularly from skeletal muscle. It forms a major paicipant in inter-organ transpo of nitrogen (Figs 14.4 and 14.5).Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 187", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Glutamine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "e99a92b5-8588-4307-8d98-112e8bbec829", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluoride inhibits", "exp": "Ans. d (Enolase) (Ref Harper 28th/150)# Enolase is the enzyme of glycolysis pathway that converts 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenol pyruvate and is inhibited by \"Fluoride\".# The blood is preserved with \"NaF\".Fluoride inhibits the Enolase, which is an enzyme of glycolysis.EnzymeInhibitorPathway 1.AconitaseFluoroacetate0Krebs cycle2.L-KG dehydrogenaseArseniteKrebs cycle3.EnolaseFluoride0Glycolysis4.Succinate dehydrogenaseMalonate oxaloacetateKrebs cycle5.Glyceradehyde 3-phosphateLactoacetate dehydrogenaseGlycolysis6.MOAIproniazid0-7.Pyruvate dehydrogenaseArsenite-8.Carbonic anhydraseSulfanilamide-# ESR determination:- Westergren's method: 3.8% sodium citrate solution used as anticoagulant.- Wintrobe's method: 2 mg of potassium oxalate and 3 mg of Ammonium oxalate as anticoagulant (double oxalate)# For measurement of BT, CT, PT 3.8% sodium citate solution used as anticoagulant.# For blood transfusion: blood stored in (Anticoagulant used for blood transfusion)- Acid citrate dextrose (ACD) for 21 days- Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) for 35 days# Saline adenosine.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Glucokinase", "opc": "Hexokinase", "opd": "Enolase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "f5b2f7e8-9dc7-4ea8-9829-277353eb8632", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common genentic enzyme defect in urea cycle is", "exp": "OTC combines carbamyl phosphate with ornithine to make citrulline which is subsequently processed tourea (see: cycle diagram). Along with CPSI and NAGS deficiency, OTCdeficiency is the most severe of theurea cycle disorders. Patients with complete OTC deficiency rapidly develop hyperammonemia in the newborn period Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p583", "cop": 1, "opa": "Arginase", "opb": "Arginosuccunate lyase", "opc": "Ornithine transcarbomylase", "opd": "Carbomoyl phosphate synthase I", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "393a2848-17c9-4414-8fe8-479d413f336d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutathione is a", "exp": "Glutathione is -glutamyl cysteinyl glycine, i.e. glutathione is a tripeptide made up of 3 aminoacyl residues - Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine Gluta - Glutamate Thi- Sulfur containing (Cysteine) One- Glycine (1 C amino acid) Glutathione is the major intracellular reducing substance/anti-oxidant SH group of glutathione is responsible for its antioxidant function.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dipeptide", "opb": "Polypeptide", "opc": "Tripeptide", "opd": "Oligopeptide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins bonds and structure", "id": "7f5d5f9b-0e22-4216-8139-e0088b7a2842", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA → Citrate + CoASH. This reaction is", "exp": "There are two irreversible steps : (i) Oxaloacetate to citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase, and (ii) α - ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, catalyzed by α - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reversible", "opb": "Irreversible", "opc": "Can be reversed by catalase", "opd": "Competitive", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "9775799d-7d43-4b15-a040-9adbb93c35b0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Major contribution towards gluconeogenesis", "exp": "Alanine dominates among transpoed amino acid. It is postulated that pyruvate in skeletal muscle undergo transamination to produce alanine. Alanine is transpoed to liver and used for gluconeogenesis.This cycle is referred to as glucose-alanine cycle Ref: satyanarayana 4th edition , pg: 262", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ketones", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Lactate", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "ba96fa8a-7933-4d9a-b119-64b0864456f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The anticodon region is an impoant pa of the", "exp": "C i.e. t - RNA", "cop": 3, "opa": "r-RNA", "opb": "m-RNa", "opc": "t-RNa", "opd": "hn-RNa", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c732f25-2de8-4fd6-aa58-da71222eafef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin A intoxication cause injury to", "exp": "Higher concentration of retinol increases the synthesis of lysosomal hydrolases. The manifestations of hypervitaminosis A are attributed to the destructive action of hydrolases, particularly on the cell membranes.\nRef : Satyanarayana, 3rd ed, pg no.123", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lysosomes", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Microtubules", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "da255e0d-59c2-4722-adc6-6d7f248cbbc7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA restriction fragments are separated by", "exp": "Typically, a DNA molecule is digested with restriction enzymes, and the agarose gel electrophoresis is used as a diagnostic tool to visualize the fragments. An electric current is used to move the DNA molecules across an agarose gel, which is a polysaccharide matrix that functions as a so of sieve. Ref-D.M.Vasudevan 7/e p479", "cop": 2, "opa": "Paper chromatography", "opb": "Agarose gel electrophoresis", "opc": "Thin-layer chromatography", "opd": "Ultracentrifugation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "f607dce4-16b3-4e53-99ca-dc685993ca57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In hemoglobin, iron is bound to", "exp": "The iron atom of hemoglobin has six coordinated bonds : (i) Four bonds are formed between the iron and nitrogen atoms of porphyrin ring system; (ii) Fifth bond is formed between the nitrogen of histidine (proximal histidine: HisF8) of globin; and (iii) Sixth bond is formed with oxygen.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Leucine", "opc": "Isoleucine", "opd": "Valine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "99708df2-0820-4899-9b28-c19a5034588b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The major source of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis", "exp": "HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE (HMP) SHUNT An Alternate Pathway for Oxidation of Glucose Synonyms: Variously called as: Hexose monophosphate pathway or shunt Pentose phosphate pathway (PP-pathway) Pentose cycle Phosphogluconate pathway Warburg-Dickens-Lipman Pathway. Sources of NADPH Hexose monophosphate shunt or HMP pathway is the main source of NADPH. Oxaloacetate produced by citrate lyase in the cytoplasm can be reduced to malate by NADH + H+ and malate dehydrogenase. There is another cytoplasmic enzyme called malic enzyme (NADP-malate dehydrogenase). Malate is oxidatively decarboxylated to pyruvate and NADPH is produced. An enzyme called isocitrate dehydrogenase is present in the cytoplasm. It generates NADPH mainly in ruminants. It uses NADP as the coenzyme.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Eighth Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no: 354,418", "cop": 1, "opa": "PPP", "opb": "TCA cycle", "opc": "Glycolysis", "opd": "Glycogenolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b3bb66ff-225e-46e5-ac7a-7f7aac15dbca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme marker for pancreas", "exp": "CPK -creatine phosphokinase is an enzyme which is increased in myocardial infarction. Amylase is produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Increased in acute pancreatitis SGOT- elevated in myocardial infarction ALT elevated in liver diseasesRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, box no; 23.4, page no: 308", "cop": 2, "opa": "CPK", "opb": "Amylase", "opc": "SGOT", "opd": "ALT", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b68bdb54-231f-4afc-945c-3ac58489800e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acids not coded by triplet codona) Lysineb) Hydroxyprolinec) Selenocysteined) Pyrrolysinee) Ornithine", "exp": "Selenocysteine is 21st AA coded by UGA which is normally a stop codon.\nPyrrolysine is 22nd AA coded by UGA which is also a stop codon normally.\nLysine is also an essential amino acid so has to be coded by codon (AAA, AAG).\nHydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are not coded by a codon, i.e. they are not incorporated into protein during translation. Rather, they are formed in protein, by post-translational modification (hydroxylation) of proline and lysine, respectively.\n\"Ornithine is not an amino acid coded for by DNA, and, in that sense, is not involved in protein synthesis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "be", "opb": "ad", "opc": "bc", "opd": "ce", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "9772b613-dbe9-4e0e-9b23-2249f4fe45ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Same aminoacid is coded by multiple codons due to following", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Degeneracy", "opb": "Frame-shift mutation", "opc": "Transcription", "opd": "Mutation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8385f44c-1b09-46eb-b979-746c4cf2a4aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cereals are deficient in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin C", "opb": "Vitamin B - complex", "opc": "Iron", "opd": "Calcium", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f732792b-f754-4b27-9946-5c134e6eed04", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uronic acid level in urine is elevated in", "exp": "MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES The mucopolysaccharidoses 7are hereditary diseases (1:25,000 live bihs) caused by a deficiency of any one of the lysosomal hydrolases normally involved in the degradation of heparan sulfate and/or dermatan sulfate . They are progressive disorders characterized by lysosomal accumulation of GAGs in various tissues, causing a range of symptoms, such as skeletal and extracellular matrix deformities, and intellectual disability. All are autosomal recessive disorders except Hunter syndrome, which is X linked. Children who are homozygous for any one of these diseases are apparently normal at bih and then gradually deteriorate. In severe cases, death occurs in childhood. There currently is no cure. Incomplete lysosomal degradation of GAGs results in the presence of oligosaccharides in the urine. These fragments can be used to diagnose the specific mucopolysaccharidosis by identifying the structure present on the nonreducing end of the oligosaccharide, because that residue would have been the substrate for the missing enzyme. Diagnosis is confirmed by measuring the patient's cellular level of the lysosomal hydrolases. Bone marrow and cord blood transplants, in which transplanted macrophages produce the enzymes that degrade GAGs, have been used to treat Hurler and Hunter syndromes, with limited success. Enzyme replacement therapy is available for both syndromes but does not prevent neurologic damage. Ref : Lippincotts biochemistry 5th edition page no:310", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nieman Pick's disease", "opb": "Mucopolysacchridosis", "opc": "Tyrosinosis", "opd": "Maple syrup urine disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e7e044c9-a74a-4924-a10b-2ff03715b470", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cyanide affects respiratory chain by", "exp": "The toxicity of cyanide is due to its inhibitory effect on the terminal cytochrome which brings cellular respiration to a standstill. The inhibitor usually binds to a different domain on the enzyme, other than the substrate binding site. Since these inhibitors have no structural resemblance to the substrate, an increase in the substrate concentration generally does not relieve this inhibition.Ref: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 234", "cop": 4, "opa": "Non-competitive reversible inhibition", "opb": "Competitive reversible inhibition", "opc": "Suicide irreversible inhibition", "opd": "Non-competitive irreversible inhibition", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "da8fa56e-18b4-4702-b11d-1ce1652710a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wernicke's encephalopathy occurs due to deficiency of", "exp": "(A) Vitamin B1 # Dry Beriberi involves both the peripheral and the central nervous systems.> Peripheral nerve involvement is typically asymmetric motor & sensory neuropathy with pain, paresthesias& loss of reflexes.> The legs are affected more than the arms. Central nervous system involvement results in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.> Wernicke's encephalopathy consists of nystagmus progressing to ophthalmoplegia, truncal ataxia & confusion> Koraskoff's syndrome includes amnesia, confabulation, and impaired learning.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin B1", "opb": "Vitamin B2", "opc": "Vitamin B6", "opd": "Vitamin B12", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "6b01ac12-4343-4f44-b384-4af8f9913859", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme primarily responsible for protein degradation in the stomach is", "exp": "Secretions from the Oxyntic (Gastric) Glands:It is composed of three types of cells: (1) mucous neck cells, which secrete mainly mucus; (2) peptic (or chief) cells, which secrete large quantities of pepsinogen; and (3) parietal (or oxyntic) cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. When pepsinogen is first secreted, it has no digestive activity. However, as soon as it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid, it is activated to form active pepsin.Pepsin functions as an active proteolytic enzyme in a highly acidic medium (optimum pH 1.8 to 3.5), but above a pH of about 5 it has almost no proteolytic activity and becomes completely inactivated in a sho time.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 65 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trypsin", "opb": "Pepsin", "opc": "Chymotrypsin", "opd": "Endopeptidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "e590268b-55da-417f-9fba-4a30abfc8a3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipid is required in the average diet because it", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "has a high caloric value", "opb": "provides essential fatty acids", "opc": "aids in absorption of carbohydrates", "opd": "is necessary for storage of carbohydrates", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4da21f1e-64fa-4bec-8467-6d4648ce0867", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation is harmful to life. The damage caused to the biological systems by ultraviolet radiation is by", "exp": "Although UV photons of different energies have various effects on DNA, the most impoant damage to DNA is the formation of pyrimidine dimers. In the pyrimidine dimer, two adjacent pyrimidine bases--cytosine (C) and/or thymine (T)--are linked in an abnormal structure which distos the shape of the DNA double helix and blocks its copying by the DNA replication or RNA transcription machinery. A block in either of these impoant processes would be very dangerous for a cell; as little as one dimer per cell in fact, can be lethal. Dimers are formed in DNA most efficiently by UV-C, less efficiently by UV-B, and very little by UV-A action.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis", "opb": "Formation of thymidine dimers", "opc": "Ionization", "opd": "DNA fragmentation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "6d0021e8-023f-4658-bfd3-3f8e13cf4088", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A Mucopolysaccharide that do not contain uronic acid (UA)", "exp": "Ans. d (Keratan Sulphate) (Ref. Harper's Biochemistry-26th ed. 544 and 27th ed. 553)Mucopolysaccharides constitute a major part of connective tissue and consist of units of disaccharides, nitrogen, and sulfate groups. In mucopolysaccharidoses, acid polysaccharides are abnormally deposited in the tissues and excreted in the urine. Acid mucopolysaccharide yield N5 acetyl-hexosamine (a substituted sugar) and uronic acid. Neutral mucopolysaccharides comprise of N5 acetyl-hexosamine and a hexose. Major acid mucopolysaccharides are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan, and heparin. Keratan sulfate (of cornea or bones) is neutral mucopolysaccharide.GAGSugarsSulfateLinkage of proteinLocationHAGIcNAc, GlcUANilNo firm evidenceSynovial fluid, humor, loose connective tissueCSGalcNAc, GlcUAGalNAcXyl-Ser; associated with HA via link proteinsCartilage, bone, corneaKSIIGlcNAc, GalGIcNAcGlcNAc-AsnCorneaKSIGlcNAc, GalSame as KSIGlcNAc-ThrLoose connective tissueHeparinGlcN, ldUAGlcNSerMast cells GlcN ldUA HaparanGlcN, GlclIAGlcNXyl-SerSkin fibroblasts, aortic wallsulphateGalNAC, IdUAGalNAcXyl-SerWide distribution (GLCUA)ldUa Educational points:NameAlternative designatorsEnzyme defectUrinary metabolitesMucopolysaccharidosesHurler, Scheie,MPSIa-L-iduronidaseDermatan sulfate, heparan sulfateHurler-ScheieHunterSanfilippo AMPSIIMPS IMAIduronate sulfataseHeparan sulfateN-sulfatase (sulfamidase)Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfateHeparan sulfateSanfilippo BMPS IIIBa-N-AcetylglucosaminidaseHeparan sulfateSanfilippo CMPS MICAcetyltransferaseHeparan sulfateSanfilippo DMPS MIDN-Acetylglucosamine 6-sulfataseHeparan sulfateMorquio AMPS IVAGalactosamine 6-sulfataseKeratan sulfate, chondroitin 6 sulfateMorquio BMPS IVBb-GalactosidaseKeratan sulfateMaroteaux - LamyMPS VIN-Acetylgalactosamine 4- sulfatase (arysulfatase B)Dermatan sulfateSlyMPS VIIb-GlucuronidaseDermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6- sulfateMucolipidosesSialidosis (MIM)ML ISialidaseGlycoprotein fragmentsI-cell disease (MIM)ML IIUDP-N-acetylglucosamine: glycoprotein N-acetylglucosami-ninylphosphotransferase. (Acid hydrolases thus lack phos-phomannosyl residues.) Pseudo-Hurler polydys- trophyML IIIAs for ML II but deficiency is incompleteGlycoprotein fragments", "cop": 4, "opa": "Heparin", "opb": "Chondrotin sulphate", "opc": "Dermatan sulphate", "opd": "Keratan sulphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "de7b9110-b5ec-4b8f-9c31-af66074b0939", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eukaryotic DNA polymerase involved in proofreading and DNA repair during replication is", "exp": "In bacteria, all three DNA polymerases (I, II and III) have the ability to proofread, using 3' - 5' exonuclease activity. ... In eukaryotesonly the polymerases that deal with the elongation (delta and epsilon) have proofreading ability (3' - 5' exonuclease activity) Ref satyanarayana 4e", "cop": 3, "opa": "a", "opb": "b", "opc": "E", "opd": "d", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "f69eef80-22f3-4b00-993b-cb6d719f7446", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Geirke’s occurs due to deciency\nof", "exp": "o Glucose – 6- phosphatase is deficient in Von Gierke’s disease", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver Phosphoryias", "opb": "Glucose-6-phosphatas", "opc": "Muscle phosphoryiase", "opd": "Debranching enzyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e4c3319-3b82-4051-9c82-6ea096b0924f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scurvy is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Deficiency of ascorbic acid results in scurvy, a disease characterized by sore and spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, and anemia. Many of the deficiency symptoms can be explained by a deficiency in the hydroxylation of collagen, resulting in defective connective tissue.Reference: Lippincott; 5th Edition; Page no: 377", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin C", "opb": "Vitamin A", "opc": "Vitamin K", "opd": "Vitamin E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "bfdc9543-8d48-4bc2-ae4c-e60989a12720", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acid connot be used for glycogen synthesis", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Leucine Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors is called gluconeogenesis. When the end product is glycogen instead of glucose, the process is called glyconeogenesis, i.e., synthesis of glycogen from noncarbohydrate precursors. Terms gluconeogenesis and glyconeogenesis are used interchangeably as all reactions are same except for last where glucose-6-phosphate enters the glycogen synthesis pathway, instead by being conveed to glucose. Coming back to question Alanine, threonine and methionine are glucogenic amino-acids, i.e. can be used as substrates for gluconeogenesis or glyconeogenesis. Leucine is purily ketogenic amino acid, can not be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis or glyconeogenesis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Threonine", "opc": "Leucine", "opd": "Methionine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea91a0ae-1032-463e-b039-9c1c0e5538b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In DNA, adenine always pairs with", "exp": "Chargaff observed that in DNA molecules the concentration of deoxyadenosine (A) nucleotides equals that of thymidine (T) nucleotides (A = T), while the concentration of deoxyguanosine (G) nucleotides equals that of deoxycytidine (C) nucleotides (G = C), led Watson, Crick, and Wilkins to propose in the early 1950s a model of a double-stranded DNA molecule. The model they proposed is depicted in Figure 34-2. The two strands of this double-stranded helix are held in register by both hydrogen bonds between the purine and pyrimidine bases of the respective linear molecules and by van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions between the stacked adjacent base pairs. The pairings between the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides on the opposite strands are very specific and are dependent upon hydrogen bonding of A with T and G with CRef: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 360", "cop": 1, "opa": "Guanine", "opb": "Cytosine", "opc": "Thymine", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "2960bfac-0f9b-4b80-ac55-6b9f31fa7bc6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immediate source of energy is", "exp": "In the living cell, the principal high-energy intermediate or carrier compound is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The impoance of phosphates in intermediary metabolism became evident with the discovery of the role of ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in glycolysisATP plays a central role in the transference of free energy from the exergonic to the endergonic processesThe intermediate position of ATP allows it to play an impoant role in energy transfer. The high free-energy change on hydrolysis of ATP is due to relief of charge repulsion of adjacent negatively charged oxygen atoms and to stabilization of the reaction products, especially phosphate, as resonance hybridsATP is able to act as a donor of high-energy phosphate to form those compounds below it in Table 11-1. Likewise, with the necessary enzymes, ADP can accept high-energy phosphate to form ATP from those compounds above ATP in the table. In effect, an ATP/ADP cycle connects those processes that generate to those processes that utilize, continuously consuming and regenerating ATP. This occurs at a very rapid rate since the total ATP/ADP pool is extremely small and sufficient to maintain an active tissue for only a few seconds.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 113", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cori's cycle", "opb": "HMP", "opc": "ATP", "opd": "TCA cycle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "5c83cb89-495d-4780-996a-01264227d711", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cysteine is synthesized from", "exp": "Methionine is first conveed to active methionine and then it is conveed to cysteine on combining with serine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 217, Fig 16.14, 16.15.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Methionine", "opb": "Arginine", "opc": "Histidine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "3fc833d4-2f9c-4989-ac67-bdafdb965a2b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "To be defined as a ganglioside, a lipid substance isolated from nervous tissue must contain in its structure", "exp": "Gangliosides They are formed when ceramide oligo-saccharides have at least one molecule of NANA (N-acetyl neuraminic acid) (sialic acid) attached to them. Ceramide--Glucose--galactose--NANA; this is designated as GM3 (ganglioside M3). Gangliosides contribute to the stability of paranodal junctions and ion channel clusters in myelinated nerve fibers. Autoantibodies to GM1 disrupt lipid rafts, paranodal or nodal structures, and ion channel clusters in peripheral motor nerves.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 82", "cop": 1, "opa": "N-Acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), hexoses, sphingosine, long chain fatty acid", "opb": "NANA, a hexoses, a fatty acid, sphingosine, phosphorylcholine", "opc": "NANA, Phingosine, ethanolamine", "opd": "NANA, hexoses, fatty acid, glycerol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "8e569991-b23a-4d85-819d-f64b99d60796", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A membrane phospholipid that does not contain glycerol is", "exp": "Sphingomyelins are the only sphingolipid that contains phosphate and have no sugar moiety. They are found in large quantities in nervous system. Different sphingomyelins may be formed depending on the fatty acid attached. Common fatty acids found are--lignoceric (24 C), nervonic (24 C, one double bond) and cervonic (22 C, 6 double bonds) acids (Table 7.2). Because of its amphipathic nature sphingomyelin can act as an emulsifying agent and detergent. The relative propoion of lecithin and sphingomyelin is impoant in biological fluids like bile, amniotic fluid, etc. Sphingomyelin combined with fatty acid is called ceramide, which is a component of glycosphingolipids.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 81", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lecithin", "opb": "Sphingomyelin", "opc": "Cardiolipin", "opd": "Ceramide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "6c3c7497-4dce-409f-9bb9-b1b493519cc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Function of Topoisomerases", "exp": "Classes of Proteins Involved in ReplicationProteinFunctionDNA polymerasesDeoxynucleotide polymerizationHelicasesATP -driven processive unwinding of DNATopoisomerasesRelieve torsional strain that results fromhelicase-induced unwindingDNA primaseInitiates synthesis of RNA primersSingle-strand bindingproteins (SSBs)Prevent premature reannealing of dsDNADNA ligaseSeals the single strand nick between thenascent chain and Okazaki fragments on the lagging strandRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 35; DNA Organization, Replication, & Repair", "cop": 2, "opa": "Deoxynucleotide polymerization", "opb": "Relieve torsional strain", "opc": "Initiates synthesis of RNA primers", "opd": "Prevent premature reannealing of dsDNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "a0a9c464-b050-43b1-bdaa-cb2555be090a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An aromatic amino acid is", "exp": "Aromatic amino acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 24", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lysine", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Taurine", "opd": "Arginine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b47aafa-375b-4f3a-bf24-b256c6993473", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reverse transcriptase is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA dependent RNA polymerase", "opb": "RNA dependent DNA polymerase", "opc": "DNA dependent DNA polymerase", "opd": "RNA dependent RNA polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa405930-1d11-4304-ab81-ae2483082e15", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "1st product of tryptophan Catabolism", "exp": "Kynurenine is formed from tryptophan in presence of enzyme tryptophan pyrrolaseRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 239, fig 18.8", "cop": 1, "opa": "Kynurenine", "opb": "Xantheurenic acid", "opc": "Bradykinin", "opd": "Melatonin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "8dcbb51e-0682-49c1-b216-0ee9c148fe81", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polysaccharides are", "exp": "Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. They are of two types- homopolysaccharides that contain a single type of monosaccharide (e.g., starch, insulin, cellulose) and heteropolysaccharides with two or more different types of monosaccharides (e.g., heparin, chondroitin sulfate).. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 10", "cop": 1, "opa": "Polymers", "opb": "Acids", "opc": "Proteins", "opd": "Oils", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "ded3964c-409d-4722-92f8-703f0f2e6e7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substrate for ATP synthase is", "exp": "1. ADP and Pi bind to L binding site 2. LT conversion is by energy-driven conformational change that catalyses the formation of ATP 3. T state reves to O state when ATP is released. 4. L state is regenerated for fuher ADP binding. For the complete rotation of F1 head through the 3 states, 10 protons are translocated. Protons entering the system, cause conformational changes in the F1 paicle. Initially the ADP and Pi are loosely bound to the catalytic site on F1. As the Fo accepts protons, the affinity for ADP is increased (step 1, Fig.19.16). Fuher conformational change induces catalytic activity, and ATP is synthesized (step 2, Fig.19.16). This moves protons to the matrix side. As the ATPs are released, the original conformation of the enzyme is assumed (step 3, Fig.19.16). Then ADP is again bound and the cycle repeats (step 4, Fig.19.16). The energy surplus produced by the proton gradient is stored as chemical energy in ATP. The energy-requiring step is not at the synthesis of ATP, but energy is required for the conformational changes. Regulation of ATP Synthesis The availability of ADP regulates the process. When ATP level is low and ADP level is high, oxidative phosphorylation proceeds at a rapid rate. This is called respiratory control or acceptor control. The major source of NADH and FADH2 is the citric acid cycle, the rate of which is regulated by the energy charge of the cell.Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 233", "cop": 2, "opa": "AMP", "opb": "ADP", "opc": "IMP", "opd": "GMP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "1125744e-bf61-4ce9-83d3-062d1c8c84e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Menadione is analog of", "exp": "Three compounds have the biological activity of vitamin K. Phylloquinone, the normal dietary source, found in green vegetables Menaquinones, synthesized by intestinal bacteria, with differing lengths of the side chain and Menadione and menadiol diacetate, synthetic compounds that can be metabolized to phylloquinone. Menaquinones are absorbed to some extent, but it is not clear to what extent they are biologically active as it is possible to induce signs of vitamin K deficiency simply by feeding a phylloquinone deficient diet, without inhibiting intestinal bacterial Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 554", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin D", "opc": "Vitamin K", "opd": "Vitamin C", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "40339f9f-734e-4f73-b91c-d08f5c5b58e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carboxylases requires", "exp": "Pyruvate in the cytoplasm enters the mitochondria. Then, carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is catalyzed by a mitochondrial enzyme, pyruvate carboxylase. It needs the co-enzymes biotin and ATP.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 103", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitamin B12", "opb": "Folic acid", "opc": "Niacin", "opd": "Biotin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "013619b3-4e9a-48da-a26b-df6f6be00947", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Northern blot test is used for", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. RNA analysis: Northern blot is used for - RNA analysis*Southern blot is used for - DNA analysis*Western blot is used for - Protein analysis*Mnemonic:South is Down on the globe. [i.e. South-DNA'", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA analysis", "opb": "RNA analysis", "opc": "Analysis of proteins", "opd": "Enzyme analysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Molecular Biology Techniques", "id": "36df44c4-c38d-4d3e-a6f1-2ad0a5fbd7e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Synthesis of rRNA place in", "exp": "Molecules of rRNA are synthesized in a specialized region of the cell nucleus called the nucleolus, which appears as a dense area within the nucleus and contains the genes that encode rRNA. Ref-D.M.Vasudevan 7/e p572", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cytosol", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Nucleolos", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "ed1cf29e-ceae-456c-804f-45785fac4c2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes not used in glycogen metabolism", "exp": "The liver phosphorylase-b is the inactive form. It becomes active on phosphorylation. The active form is phosphorylase-a.Glycogen synthase exists in two distinct forms that can be interconveed by the action of specific enzymes; active dephosphorylated glycogen synthase(glucose-6-p-independent) and less active, phosphorylated glycogen synthase D(glucose-6-p-dependent.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 127", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycogen phosphorylase B", "opb": "Glycogen synthase I", "opc": "Glycogen synthase C", "opd": "Glycogen synthase D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "65f0ae92-f497-4d74-aa29-7ebba65bf209", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nucleolus contains", "exp": "Ans. b (RNA). (Ref: Harper, Biochemistry, 25th ed., 8)CELL# A cell is composed mainly of cytoplasm, cell organelle and a nucleus.# Nucleus is made up of nucleoli.# Nucleus contain number of chromosomes packed together.# Genes are made up of DNA.# The entire genetic information contained in the genes is packaged in the chromosomes.# All the somatic cells of an individual organism contain the same number of chromosomes.# The genes are arranged linearly on the chromosomes and their positions on the normal chromosome in relation to other genes on the same chromosome are fixed. This position is called the locus.# Genes occupying the same locus on a pair of chromosomes are called alleles.# The highly methylated ribosomal RNA are packaged in the nucleolus C specific ribosomal proteins# The rRNA genes are located in the nucleoli of mammal on cells.", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "RNA", "opc": "Chromatin material", "opd": "Protein molecules", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Molecular Genetics", "id": "7d64ebea-cc04-4896-a9c5-63cc2759f67d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Major site of protein glycosylation is", "exp": "Because many glycosylation reactions occur within the lumen of the Golgi apparatus, carrier systems (permeases and transpoers) are required to transpo nucleotide sugars across the Golgi membrane.Ref: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 572", "cop": 1, "opa": "ER and golgi body", "opb": "Ribosome and golgi body", "opc": "ER and ribosome", "opd": "Ribosome and cytoplasm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "74eb70d4-4d2e-4c99-a1d7-cdc5a267d3fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At physiologic pH, DNA is", "exp": "Nucleic acid carries negative charge at physiological pH Negative charge at physiologic pH is due to presence of phosphodiester linkages This propey is useful for the separation of DNA or RNA by electrophoresis. DNA will move towards the anode. Shoer DNA molecules will move faster than longer molecules in agarose gel electrophoresis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Positively charged", "opb": "Negatively charged", "opc": "Amphoteric", "opd": "Uncharged", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of DNA", "id": "80d1164b-ec5d-4fb6-b169-fa0b66e1e4db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Source of energy for a running race athlete for the initial 3 minutes of running", "exp": "Systems for energy during strenuous exercise or running 1. First System-Phosphagen system (8-10 seconds) - Immediate source of energy for Muscles is Creatine Phosphate. - But this is of limited supply in muscles, so depleted quickly 2. Second system -Anaerobic Glycolysis or Lactate system. (for 1-3 minutes ) - This system derives ATPs using Glucose derived from Muscle Glycogen 3.Third system -Aerobic System (or Mitochondrial Respiration) - can use carbohydrates, Fats, or Proteins to produce energy. - Slowest in providing energy, but more efficient than the other two systems - This system uses mainly TCA & ETC. Reasons for use of Phosphocreatine:- - Does not uses O2 - Does not produce lactate - Quickest source of energy - Most direct form of energy production", "cop": 3, "opa": "Free fatty acid", "opb": "Creatine phosphate", "opc": "Muscle glycogen", "opd": "Blood Glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "292cb459-929d-471a-92ab-f0ca30d45994", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes is characteristic in the deficiency of", "exp": "Type Name Enzyme Deficiency Clinical Features II Pompe disease Lysosomal a1 - 4 and a1 - 6 glucosidase (acid maltase) Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes: Juvenile onset variant, Muscle hypotonia, Death from hea failure by age 2 Adult-onset variant, muscle dystrophy Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Table: 18-2; Page no: 179", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycogen synthase", "opb": "Liver debranching enzyme", "opc": "Acid maltase", "opd": "Muscle phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "2d3c5a97-ced0-4adf-b0cb-25daeb847e34", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wernicke's encephalopathy is caused by deficiency of", "exp": "This disorder is also known as cerebral beriberi mostly seen in chronic alcoholics. demands for Vit(B1) thiamine increase in alcoholism Insufficient intake or impaired intestinal absorption will lead to this syndrome clinical features are ophthalmoplegia nystagmus cerebellar ataxia psychosis ref biochemistry satyanarayana 4th ed page 137 , DM vasudevan 8th ed page 467", "cop": 1, "opa": "B1", "opb": "B2", "opc": "B6", "opd": "B12", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "05c944bf-10b3-4bab-a170-7834ecd808b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Decarboxylation reactions require", "exp": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase: The co-enzyme form is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). It is used in oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids, e.g. pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the breakdown of pyruvate, to acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide (see Fig. 9.22).Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: an analogous biochemical reaction that requires TPP is the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoARef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 478", "cop": 2, "opa": "Riboflavin", "opb": "Thiamine", "opc": "Niacin", "opd": "Biotin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "f3b272c8-5bb3-409f-8d0e-21ff12c13b4d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After digestion by restriction endonucleases DNA strands can be joined again by", "exp": "DNA ligase Repeat from May 10 Proteins Involved in Replication Protein Function DNA polymerases Deoxynucleotide polymerization Helicases Unwinding and separation of DNA strands Topoisomerases Relieve torsional strain that results from helicase-induced unwinding (removes supercoils) DNA primase Initiates synthesis of RNA primers Single-strand binding proteins Prevent premature reannealing of dsDNA DNA ligase Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strand DNA gyrase- Its a special type of topoisomerase, has the unusual propey of being able to introduce negative supercoils into resting DNA . This facilitates the future replication of DNA because the negative supercoils neutralise the positive supercoils introduced during opening of the double helix. For understanding of the DNA replication process, flip through the pages of Lippincott Chapter on DNA replication, (p393 in 3rd edition)", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA polymerase", "opb": "DNA ligase", "opc": "DNA topoisomerase", "opd": "DNA gyrase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7ce0a53d-61ab-4848-bcd2-0b648dfce003", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selenocysteine is a pa of", "exp": "Selenocysteine is abbreted as SeCys. It is seen at the active site of the following enzymes: a) Thioredoxin reductase; b) Glutathione peroxidase, which scavenges peroxides; c) 5&;- De-iodinase that removes iodine from thyroxine to make triiodothyronine and d) Selenoprotein P, a glycoprotein seen in mammalian blood. Replacement of SeCys by Cys will lead to decreased activity of these enzymes. Deficiency of some of these enzymes with the anti-oxidant function may be related with atherosclerosis. Concentration falls in selenium deficiency. Its structure is COOH-CHNH2-CH2-SeH. It is directly incorporated into proteins during the translation process. Biosynthesis of selenocysteine is by replacing the oxygen of serine by selenium; this is done by two steps: Se + ATP - Se-P + AMP + Pi Serine + Se-P - SeCys + PiRef: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 187", "cop": 3, "opa": "NADP re ductase", "opb": "NADPH dehydrogenase", "opc": "Thioredoxin reductase", "opd": "Pyruvate dehydeogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "6cb84977-51f7-43f4-9eff-327a29431fbd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The normal Nitrogen content in 200gm protein is", "exp": "Obligatory nitogen loss is 3.5g of N/day for a 65 kg person (urinary,fecal and cutaneous loss).This cold be equivalent to 22 g of protein. then 200 gm of = ? nitrogen content. =200*3.5/22=31.8=32 gm REFERENCE :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK EIGHTH EDITION ; Page no:515.", "cop": 3, "opa": "8 g", "opb": "16 g", "opc": "32 g", "opd": "64 g", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "4b880e68-9499-4fd6-8d20-b75911fc79aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase increase in (GGT)", "exp": "(Alcoholism) (107- U. Satyanarayan 3rd)Important enzymes in the diagnosis of diseaseSGPT/ALTLiver disease (Hepatitis)SGOT/ASTMI & Liver diseaseLDHMI, Infective hepatitisCPKMyocardial infarctionAldolasesMuscular dystrophy5- NucleotidaseHepatitisY- Glutamyl- transpeptidases (GGT) -Alcoholism", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepatitis", "opb": "Alcoholism", "opc": "Muscular dystrophy", "opd": "Mycardial infarction", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "19703628-3918-42b1-94bf-80bfe41a7773", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At isoelectric pH proteina) Have Net charge '0'b) Are positively chargedc) Are negatively chargedd) Don't migrate", "exp": "its isoelectric pH, amino acid bears no net charge and does not move (migrate) in an electric field.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ad", "opb": "c", "opc": "ac", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "22560f6a-41aa-4d47-b559-a587cfd89b0d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not seen in the thiamine deficiency", "exp": "cerebral beriberi is mostly seen in chronic alcoholics. The body demands of thiamine increase in alcoholism. Insufficient intake or impaired intestinal absorption of thiamine will lead to this syndrome. characterized by loss of memory(amnesia), apathy and a rhythmical to and fro motion of the eye balls (nystagmus), Confabulatory psychosis ref satyanarayana 4th ed page 137", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cerebellar dysfunction", "opb": "Amnesia", "opc": "Confabulation", "opd": "Nystagmus", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "e61fa80c-89c3-4c8f-bdb3-1f13f6f80b66", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The regulating enzyme in heme synthesis is", "exp": "(ALA synthase) (276-Lippencott's 3rd) (210- U.S.3rd)Biosynthesis of heme - The major sites of heme biosynthesis are the liver, which synthesizes a number of heme proteins (particularly, cytochrome P450) and the erythrocyte-producing cells of the bone marrow, which are active in hemoglobin synthesis.* ALA-synthase is the rate controlling step in hepatic porphyrin biosynthesis (276-LP)* The first committed step in heme biosynthesis catalyzed by 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase is regulatory. Heme or its oxidized product hemin (Fe+++) controls this enzyme activity by three mechanisms.1. Feedback inhibition2. Repression of ALA synthatase3. Inhibition of transport of ALA synthase from cytosol to mitochondria (the site of action) (21.5-U Satyanarayan 2nd)* ALA synthase is main rate-limiting enzyme in the synthetic pathway (469-Chatterjee & Shinde 6th)* ALA dehydratase is second rate-limiting enzymeRate limiting Enzymes1. Fatty acid synthesisAcetyl Co A carboxylase2. Cholesterol synthesisHMG-Co A reductase3. Bile acid synthesis7 a-hydroxylase4. Prostaglandin synthesisPhospholipase A25. Uric acid synthesisXanthine oxidase6. Catecholamine (epinephrine)Tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosinase)", "cop": 1, "opa": "ALA synthase", "opb": "ALA dehydratase", "opc": "Ferrochelatase", "opd": "Protoporphyrin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "d251c65e-62fa-43e0-960d-a1e0fc754e69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Source of maltose is", "exp": "SugarSourceSucroseCane and beet sugar, sorghum and some fruits and vegetablesLactoseMilkMaltoseEnzymic hydrolysis of starch (amylase);germinating cereals and maltIsomaltoseEnzymic hydrolysis of starch (the branch points in amylopectin)LactuloseHeated milk (small amounts), mainlysyntheticTrehaloseYeasts and fungi; the main sugar of insect hemolymphRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 15 Carbohydrates of Physiological Significance", "cop": 3, "opa": "Beet sugar", "opb": "Milk", "opc": "Germinating Cereals", "opd": "Yeast", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "f5cf2e26-c94e-417d-bb55-d0594509fbbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arsenite inhibits", "exp": "Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA) is inhibited by Arsenite. This is a non-competitive inhibition. Ref: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION,PG.NO.,222.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Enolase", "opb": "G-6-PD", "opc": "Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Hexokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "6101e57f-8fcc-480f-be18-1777700e5484", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apolipoprotein B48", "exp": "REF : LIPINCOTT 6TH ED", "cop": 2, "opa": "RNA alternate splicing", "opb": "RNA editing", "opc": "DNA editing", "opd": "RNA inference", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "caa27471-8076-4421-99ee-e27e4b73becc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycogen storage disorder due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency", "exp": "McArdle&;s disease: type V glycogen storage disease.Due to deficiency of muscle phosphorylase. Incidence 1 out of 1million.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 144", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mcardle's disease", "opb": "Pompe's disease", "opc": "Andersen's disease", "opd": "Tarui's disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "502983d2-29c3-44cf-82ff-ba5284309bf9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oxidative phase of HMP shunt pathway is least active in", "exp": "Oxidative phase of HMP shunt pathway is least active in skeletal muscle High activity of HMP shunt Low activity of HMP shunt Liver Non-lactating mammary gland Adipose tissue Skeletal muscle Adrenal coex, Thyroid Erythrocytes Testis Lactating mammary gland NOTE: Oxidative phase of HMP shunt cannot occur in kidneys.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adrenal coex", "opb": "Lactating mammary gland", "opc": "RBC", "opd": "Skeletal muscle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of carbohydrate metabolism", "id": "b2cc18bc-db1c-4bb6-ad5a-4ac0e1ca7282", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Strongest oxygen radical amongst the following is", "exp": "Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) radicals like the hydroxyl radical . It is the most reactive of them all; note how it differs from the hydroxyl ion . the superoxide anion which is both ion and radical", "cop": 2, "opa": "O2-", "opb": "OH-", "opc": "H2O2", "opd": "HCIO", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "143ed582-f790-463b-ae8b-f637295169b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carbon dioxide fixing reaction requires", "exp": "Biotin-Independent Carboxylation ReactionsCarbamoyl phosphate synthetase, which isthe stepping stone for urea and pyrimidinesynthesis (Step 1, Fig. 14.13).Addition of CO2 to form C6 in purine ring.Malic enzyme, conveing pyruvate to malateGluconeogenesis1. Pyruvate Carboxylase ReactionPyruvate in the cytoplasm enters the mitochondria.Then, carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is catalysed by a mitochondrial enzyme, pyruvate carboxylase (Fig. 9.24). It needs the co-enzymes biotin and ATP.Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 415", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Pantothenic acid", "opd": "Serine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "392537b9-cacc-40e6-b981-97a2a9653f95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Operon model was elucidated by", "exp": "FRANCOIS JACOB and JACQUES MONAD put forward the operon concept in 1965Theory was based on the observation on lactose metabolism in Escherichia coliRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 617", "cop": 1, "opa": "Jacob & Monad", "opb": "Waston & Crick", "opc": "Leiderburg & Tautum", "opd": "Two D Herell", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "57f105b3-6317-4511-b777-de8e5fe53b58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gangliosides consist of", "exp": "Gangliosides are synthesized from ceramide by the addition of activated sugars (eg, UDPGlc and UDPGal) and a sialic acid, usually N-acetylneuraminic acid. Gangliosidoses is accumulation of gangliosides. Ex: Tay-Sachs disease Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 37", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nitrogenous base", "opb": "Glycerol", "opc": "Phosphate", "opd": "Sialic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "668ee6ad-bf7d-4b56-9f0c-32fabc7bf9ee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin A is stored in", "exp": "The liver contains ~90% of the vitamin A reserves and secretes vitamin A in the form of retinol, which is bound to retinol binding protein.Ref: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 96e; Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retina", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Bone", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "234cfea5-dee9-44f8-a23d-6a9e6a8755b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aldolase is a/an", "exp": "Class 4: Lyases These enzymes can remove groups from substrates or break bonds by mechanisms other than hydrolysis. For example, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate -------- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate +dihydroxy acetone phosphate The enzyme is AldolaseRef: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 41", "cop": 3, "opa": "Transperase", "opb": "Isomerase", "opc": "Lyase", "opd": "Reductase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "82af9767-251b-4b2b-931f-b57af35a80d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ochronosis is caused by", "exp": "In Alkaptonuria there is defect in catabolism of Tyrosine and Phenylalanine Enzyme deficient-Homogentisate Dioxygenase Homogentisic acid is an intermediate in the catabolism of Tyrosine Deposition of black pigments (polymerization of Homogentisic acid occurring in body over years) in joints, cailage and collagenous tissue is known as Ochronosis. DEPOSITION OF BLACK PIGMENTS", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tyrosinemia Type I", "opb": "Maple syrup urine disease", "opc": "Alkaptonuria", "opd": "Phenylketonuria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism Detail", "id": "ac8220a2-6dc5-4ae3-acae-85039a868677", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the physiologic system, nitric oxide is known to act through", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Cyclic AMP", "opb": "Calcium ions", "opc": "Cyclic GMP", "opd": "Prostacyclins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "aa75e2f3-5c0f-4464-91f9-989793d4a9c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The number of ATPs generated in Krebs cycle are", "exp": "ATP Generating Steps in TCA Cycle There are 3 NADH molecules generated during one cycle, each of them will give rise to 2 1/2 ATPs on oxidation by electron transpo chain (ETC); so altogether they will give 3 x 2 1/2 = 7 1/2 (7.5) high energy phosphates. The FADH2 will generate 1 1/2 molecules of ATP. In addition, one molecule of GTP (equivalent to one molecule of ATP) is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. Hence, per turn of the cycle, 10 high energy phosphates are produced. These steps are marked in Figure 18.5 and in Table 18.1. The summary is shown in Box 18.2. Note: Recent work shows that in the electron transpo chain, NADH produces only 2.5 ATPs and FADH only 1.5 ATPs. The old values (used in the Table 18.1. ATP generation steps Step Reactions no. CoATPs ATPs enzyme (old(new calculation) 3Isocitrate - -- Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction is the only one irreversible step in the cycle. The free energy changes of the reactions of the cycle are such that the cycle will operate spontaneously in the clockwise direction. Only about 33% of energy liberated is trapped as ATP. The rest is used to keep the body temperature at a higher level than the environment.Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 220", "cop": 2, "opa": "12", "opb": "24", "opc": "15", "opd": "30", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "e4a42d04-4b00-4137-940b-9abfd1ba6768", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most Basic amino acid is", "exp": "(C) Arginine # Aminoacid can be acidic, basic or neutral depending up on their side chain.> The lower the Pka of the R gp, the more acidic will be the amino acids, so aminoacid with the highest Pka of the RGP will be most basic.Basic Amino AcidPka of 'R' group* Arginine12.5* Lysine10.8* Histidine6.0", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lecuine", "opb": "Istidine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Glutamic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "5988b0ef-6828-4e01-86c4-5af5bd7e91bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best indicator of iron deficiency", "exp": "In iron deficiency anemia, ferritin content is reduced. When iron is given in anemia, the apoferritin production is induced within a few hours. vii. Estimation of ferritin in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of prognostic significance since ferritin level less than 100 microgram/dl indicates iron deficiency. Transferrin saturation less than 20% and ferritin between 100 and 200 microgram/dl is suggestive of functional deficiency. In order to treat the anemia in CKD, the iron stores should be adequate and this is denoted by serial ferritin estimations in a patient on treatment to check the efficacy of treatment with recombinant erythropoietinRef: DM Vasudevan, page no: 425", "cop": 2, "opa": "Serum iron", "opb": "Serum ferritin", "opc": "TIBC", "opd": "Transferrin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "d36cef08-4caf-412a-9cd4-a2cdfcf331dd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most important function of 23 DPG is", "exp": "Ref: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th edition Explanation:Hemoglobin comes to 'T' form or taut form by 23 BPG (DPG) which is formed during glycolysis. This reduces the affinity of Hb for oxygen and helps in the unloading of oxygen.", "cop": 1, "opa": "O2 release", "opb": "O2 binding", "opc": "Acid base balance", "opd": "Water electrolyte balance", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Glycolysis", "id": "e8a5ee12-d791-41a2-9d4d-f65e43974055", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HHH syndrome results from the defect in the enzyme is", "exp": "Ornithine PermeaseThe hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, and homocitrullinuria syndrome (HHH syndrome) result from mutation of the ORNT1 gene that encodes the mitochondrial membrane ornithine permease. The failure to impo cytosolic ornithine into the mitochondrial matrix renders the urea cycle inoperable, with consequent hyperammonemia, and hyperornithinemia due to the accompanying accumulation of cytosolic ornithine. In the absence of its normal acceptor (ornithine), mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate carbamoylates lysine to homocitrulline, resulting in homocitrullinuria.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 28; Catabolism of Proteins & of Amino Acid Nitrogen", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ornithine Permease", "opb": "Ornithine Transcarbamoylase", "opc": "Argininosuccinate Synthase", "opd": "Argininosuccinate Lyase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "b05cb663-9379-4dbc-95d0-143d5ca7a232", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RDA of thiamine per 1000 kcal energy per day is", "exp": "RDA of thiamine per 1000kCal energy per day is 0.5mg.Recommended Daily Allowance of Thiamine It depends on calorie intake (0.5 mg/1000 calories). Requirement is 1-1.5 mg/day. Thiamine is useful in the treatment of beriberi, alcoholic polyneuritis, neuritis of pregnancy and neuritis of old age.Reference: Textbook of Biochemistry by D M Vasudevan, sixth edition, pg no. 392", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.5 mg", "opb": "0.6 mg", "opc": "0.7 mg", "opd": "0.8 mg", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "46c8fe1f-d5da-41ed-b73a-1bfe8998d88d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The metabolite that is regarded as the dead end in glycolysis", "exp": "Lactate is always the end product of glycolysis, lactate has been considered a dead -end waste product. Congruently, the end product of glycolysis has been viewed dichotomously: pyruvate in the presence of adequate oxygenation, La(-) in the absence of adequate oxygenation. In contrast, given the near-equilibrium nature of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction and that LDH has a much higher activity than the putative regulatory enzymes of the glycolytic and oxidative pathways, we contend that La(-) is always the end product of glycolysis. Cellular La(-) accumulation, as opposed to flux, is dependent on (1) the rate of glycolysis, (2) oxidative enzyme activity, (3) cellular O2 level, and (4) the net rate of La(-) transpo into (influx) or out of (efflux) the cell. For intracellular metabolism, we reintroduce the Cytosol-to-Mitochondria Lactate Shuttle. Our proposition, analogous to the phosphocreatine shuttle, purpos that pyruvate, NAD(+), NADH, and La(-) are held uniformly near equilibrium throughout the cell cytosol due to the high activity of LDH. La(-) is always the end product of glycolysis and represents the primary diffusing species capable of spatially linking glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "Lactate", "opc": "2,3-bisphosphoglycerate", "opd": "3-phosphoglycerate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5fb4514d-2fc1-449a-8d41-eae6cc5c269e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Purine nucleotide synthesis is done from", "exp": "With the exception of parasitic protozoa, all forms of life synthesize purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Synthesis from amphibolic intermediates proceeds at controlled rates appropriate for all cellular functions. To achieve homeostasis, intracellular mechanisms sense and regulate the pool sizes of NTPs, which rise during growth or tissue regeneration when cells are rapidly dividing. Glycine is involved in second step of the reaction.Ref: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 348", "cop": 2, "opa": "Serine", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Alanine", "opd": "Asparagine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c276fbc2-fa09-4203-87b9-432a592d129b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Classical phenyl ketonuria\" is caused by deficiency of", "exp": "(Phenylalanine hydroxylase) (470 - RS 7th) (366 - U.S)PHENYLKETONURIA - 5 types of hyperphenylalaminemiasHYPER PHENYLALANINEMIASTypeConditionProbable enzyme defectTreatmentIClassical phenyl ketonuriaPhenylalanine hydroxylaseLow phenylalanine dietIIPeristent hyperphenyl alaninaemiaDecreased phenylalanine hydroxylase enzymeNone but temporary dietery therapyIIITransient mild hyperphenyl alaninaemiaMaturational delay of phenyl alanine hydroxylase enzymesSame as Type IIIVDihydropteridine reductase deficiencyDeficient or absent dihydropteridine reductaseDOPA, 5- 0 H tryptophan, carbidopaVAbnormal dihydrobiopterin functionDihydrobiopterin synthesis defectSame as type IV* Alkaptonuria - homogentisate oxidase deficiency enzyme* Type I Tyrosinaemia - Fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase enzyme deficiency* Type II Tyrosinaemia - Hepatic transaminase enzyme deficiency* Hereditary tyrosinaemia - pOH - phenyl pyruvate oxidase enzyme deficiency", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phenylalanine transaminase", "opb": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opc": "Tyrosine transaminase", "opd": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "61a08891-b452-454e-90d1-e6160cad0ccf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Low insulin/glucagon levels to increase in the activity of", "exp": "Insulin has several effects in liver which stimulate glycogen synthesis. First, it activates the enzyme hexokinase, which phosphorylates glucose, trapping it within the cell. Coincidently, insulin acts to inhibit the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase.When the insulin level is decreased, activity of enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is increased, thereby increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hexokinase", "opb": "Glucokinase", "opc": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opd": "Pyruvate kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3819e7fd-e3b3-486a-80e8-84a9bd7c859a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient was diagnosed with isolated increase in LDL. His father and brother had the same disease with increased cholesterol. The likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Type II A (Primary familial hypercholesterolemia) There is elevation of LDL. Patients seldom survive the second decade of life due to ischemic hea disease .The cause is LDL receptor defect. Receptor deficiency in liver and peripheral tissues will result in the elevation of LDL levels in plasma, leading to hypercholesterolemia. The LDL receptor defect may be due to the following reasons: 1. LDL receptor deficiency. 2. Defective binding of B-100 to the receptor. A substitution of glutamine for arginine at 3500thamino acid results in poor binding to LDL receptors. This defect is known as B-3500 or familial defective apo-B. 3. Receptor-LDL complex is not internalised. Secondary type II hyperlipoproteinemia is seen in hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome and cholestasisRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 300", "cop": 4, "opa": "Familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia", "opb": "Abetalipoproteinemia", "opc": "Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type I", "opd": "LDL receptor mutation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "05ceb221-1c18-41fa-ab49-5ac22ff36ce3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In conversion of DNA to RNA, enzyme required", "exp": "RNA polymerase also is known as DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA.In cells, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription. RNA polymerase enzymes are essential to life and are found in all organisms and many viruses. In chemical terms, RNAP is a nucleotidyl transferase that polymerizes ribonucleotides at the 3&; end of an RNA transcript.", "cop": 4, "opa": "DNA - Polymerase", "opb": "DNA Ligase", "opc": "DNA - Polymerase", "opd": "RNA polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "36faad82-8466-41ee-9802-2075cd1ddc8d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gluconeogenesis in Fasting state is indicated by", "exp": "Ans is 'b' i.e. Pyruvate Carboxylase activation by Acetyl CoA \"Allosteric activation of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl CoA occurs during fasting. As a result of excessive lipolysis in adipose tissue, the liver is flooded with fatty acids. The rate of formation of acetyl CoA by f-oxidation of these fatty acids exceeds the capacity of the liver to oxidize it to CO2 and H2O. As a result, acetyl CoA accumulates and leads to activation of pyruvate carboxylase. Acetyl CoA also inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase. Thus, this single compound can divert pyruvate toward gluconeogenesis and away from the TCA cycle. Lippincott BiochemistryGluconeogenesis is not simple reversal of glycolysis. There are 10 reactions in glycolysis. Seven of these glycolytic reactions are reversible and are used in the synthesis of glucose from lactate or pyruvate. However, three of the reactions are irreversible. These 3 reactions are circumvented by four alternate reactions.The 3 irreversible reactions of Glycolysis are:Phosphorylation of Glucose to Glucose -6-phosphate by HexokinasePhosphorylation of Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose 1, 6 -bisphosphate by Phosphofructokinase-1.Conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate by Pyruvate kinaseThe reactions unique to gluconeogenesis which circumvent these 3 irreversible reactions are:Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate by 2 reactions:Pyruvate is carboxylated to Oxaloacetate by Pyruvate carboxylase.Oxaloacetate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate by enzyme Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP carboxykinase).Conversion of Fructose 1, 6-Bisphosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate catalyzed by Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphataseConversion of Glucose 6-phosphate to glucose catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase.Since Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis share the same pathway but in opposite directions, they are regulated reciprocally.Allosteric regulation:Allosteric regulation by acetyl CoAPyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acetyl CoA. .During fasting large amounts of acetyl CoA derived from oxidation of fatty acids, inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and activates Pyruvate carboxylase. Thus, acetyl CoA diverts pyruvate toward gluconeogenesis and away from the TCA cycle.Allosteric regulation by AMPFructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase is inhibited by AMP--a compound that activates phosphofructokinase. Elevated AMP thus stimulates glycolytic pathway that oxidize nutrients to provide energy for the cell. (AMP signals \"energy-poor\" state in the cell.) Conversely, low concentrations of AMP and high levels of ATP stimulate gluconeogenesis.Allosteric regulation by Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate:Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate is allosteric inhibitor of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase and activator of phosphofructokinase-1.The concentration of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate is influenced by the levels of circulating glucagon.When there is abundant supply of glucose, the concentration of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate increases, stimulating glycolysis by activating phosphofructokinase-1 and inhibiting fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase.The gluconeogenesis pathway. The numbered reactions are unique to gluconeogenesis.In the fasting state Glucagon levels increase. Glucagon lowers the level of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate, resulting in activation of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase and inhibition of phosphofructokinase, thus favoring gluconeogenesis over glycolysis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Citrate activation by acetyl co-a carboxylase", "opb": "Pyruvate Carboxylase activation by Acetyl CoA", "opc": "Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate activates Pyruvate Kinase", "opd": "Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate activates PFK-1", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Gluconeogenesis", "id": "1bb72419-7d74-492d-bbf0-a1875963366a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt pathway) produces", "exp": "HMP shunt pathway gives NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.", "cop": 4, "opa": "ATP", "opb": "ADP", "opc": "NADH", "opd": "NADPH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "20898bfd-9c1b-4f33-955d-a31a625956cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The function of g DNA Polymerase", "exp": "Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 35; DNA Organization, Replication, & Repair", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA repair", "opb": "Mitochondrial DNA synthesis", "opc": "Processive, leading strand synthesis", "opd": "Primase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "27c8dc07-8e0f-4038-b843-34449f51a942", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Plasma ceruloplasmin is a", "exp": "Caeruloplasmin It is a copper-containing a2-globulin, a glycoprotein with enzyme activities. Molecular weight is [?] 151,000. It has eight sites for binding copper-contains about eight atoms of copper per molecule- 1/2 as cuprous (Cu+) and 1/2 as cupric (Cu++). It carries 0.35 percent Cu by weight. Normal plasma contains approx. 30 mg/100 ml and about 75 to 100 mg of Cu may be present in 100 ml of plasma. It has enzyme activities, e.g. copper oxidase, histaminase and ferrous oxidase.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 101", "cop": 2, "opa": "a-1 globulin", "opb": "a-2 globulin", "opc": "b-1 globulin", "opd": "b-2 globulin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "0aec1871-94b0-4845-9888-6008b04d8cfd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tryptophan load test helps in the evaluation of deficiency of the Vitamin", "exp": "The synthesis of niacin coenzymes (NAD+ and NADP+) from tryptophan is dependent on PLP The enzyme kynureninase requires PLP. In B6 deficiency, 3-hydroxy anthranilic acid is diveed to xanthurenic acid Increased excretion of xanthurenic acid in urine is an indication of B6 deficiency. ref satyanarayana 4th ed page 145", "cop": 2, "opa": "Folic acid", "opb": "Niacinamide", "opc": "Pyridoxine", "opd": "Cyanocobolamine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "dc7591a9-e31c-41b5-be97-2625484b39fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Addition of PUFA in plasma membrane causes", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. increased fluidity of membranes : As explained previously in NOV 2000 paperThe fluidity of the plasma membrane is highly dependent upon the lipid composition of the membrane . * Saturated fatty acids : Increase the transition temperature and hence decrease the fluidity.Unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) : Decrease the transition temperature and hence increase the fluidity of membrane.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Membrane becomes rigid", "opb": "Increase in fluidity of membrane", "opc": "Decrease in fluidity of membrane", "opd": "No change in fluidity of membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Membrane Structure & Function", "id": "ecc0029b-a7ea-4ac0-a6fb-ded7161a0bf6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dietary triglycerides are transpoed by", "exp": "A i.e. Chylomicrons", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "LDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "458a71d8-ffc2-4917-acf5-459611efc5ee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia is best done by", "exp": "Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia by microfluidics digital PCR analysis of maternal plasma DNA.Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder with X-linked inheritance. Current prenatal diagnostic methods for haemophilia are invasive and pose a risk to the fetus. Cell-free fetal DNA analysis in maternal plasma provides a noninvasive mean of assessing fetal sex in such pregnancies. However, the disease status of male fetuses remains unknown if mutation-specific confirmatory analysis is not performed. Here we have developed a noninvasive test to diagnose whether the fetus has inherited a causative mutation for haemophilia from its mother. The strategy is based on a relative mutation dosage approach, which we have previously established for determining the mutational status of fetuses for autosomal disease mutations. In this study, the relative mutation dosage method is used to deduce whether a fetus has inherited a haemophilia mutation on chromosome X by detecting whether the concentration of the mutant or wild-type allele is overrepresented in the plasma of heterozygous women carrying male fetuses. We correctly detected fetal genotypes for haemophilia mutations in all of the 12 studied maternal plasma samples obtained from at-risk pregnancies from as early as the 11th week of gestation. This development would make the decision to undeake prenatal testing less traumatic and safer for at-risk families.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PCR", "opb": "Linkage analysis", "opc": "Cytometry", "opd": "Microarray", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "5967a7dc-e02f-4d15-8b07-2862d33b92d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not an aldose sugar", "exp": "Aldose sugars glyceraldehyde, erythrose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, glucose, galactose, mannoseRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 76", "cop": 3, "opa": "Erythrose", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Fructose", "opd": "Galactose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "050eb885-25ca-4ccc-bbaf-e105b9648c6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mitochondrial DNA is", "exp": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that conve chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p585", "cop": 1, "opa": "Closed circular", "opb": "Nicked circular", "opc": "Linear", "opd": "Open circular", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "a7abd527-80ed-4e46-874b-8d5fb3e98135", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Energy currency among carbohydrates is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "ATP", "opc": "Fructose", "opd": "NADP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "289b0853-1c62-4b10-8c2d-82466bf2002b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ATP generated per TCA cycle is", "exp": "ATP Generating Steps in TCA Cycle:- There are 3 NADH molecules generated during one cycle, each of them will give rise to 2 1/2 ATPs on oxidation by electron transpo chain (ETC); so altogether they will give 3 x 2 1/2 = 7 1/2 (7.5) high energy phosphates. The FADH2 will generate 1 1/2 molecules of ATP. In addition, one molecule of GTP (equivalent to one molecule of ATP) is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. Hence, per turn of the cycle, 10 high energy phosphates are producedRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 250", "cop": 3, "opa": "6", "opb": "8", "opc": "10", "opd": "12", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "636f17b7-29f9-45ae-9521-5cba8e2d9d33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serotonin is synthesized from", "exp": "Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophanRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 241, fig 18.10", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tryrosine", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "9f53d5c3-07e2-47bd-82f3-ffe3e4f859da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential fructosuria is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Fructosuria is a benign metabolic defect due to deficiency of fructokinase. There is no abnormality in other than excretion of fructose in urine.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 138", "cop": 3, "opa": "b-galactosidase", "opb": "Aldolase-B", "opc": "Fructokinase", "opd": "Aldose reductase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5ee3b978-d094-45db-858e-66f70b85c260", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oxaloacetate is formed from", "exp": "Aminotransferase (transaminase) reactions form pyruvate from alanine, oxaloacetate from aspaate, and a-ketoglutarate from glutamate. Because these reactions are reversible, the cycle also serves as a source of carbon skeletons for the synthesis of these amino acids. Other amino acids contribute to gluconeogenesis because their carbon skeletons give rise to citric acid cycle intermediates. Alanine, cysteine, glycine, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, and tryptophan yield pyruvate; arginine, histidine, glutamine, and proline yield a-ketoglutarate; isoleucine, methionine, and valine yield succinyl-CoA; tyrosine and phenylalanine yield fumarate. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 165", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutamate", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Aspaate", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "c53dc758-28aa-44c0-99cd-d44182d60d36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Glycinuria, glycine is excreted as", "exp": "(D) Oxalate # Diseases associated with glycine metabolism: are 1. Glycinuria and 2. Primary hyperoxaluria> In Glycinuria there is excessive urinary excretion of glycine with a tendency to form oxalate renal stones. This disease is inborn and very rare.> Primary hyperoxaluria is a metabolic disease characterized biochemically by a continuous and high excretion of oxalate in urine, the excess oxalate probably coming from glycine.> There is recurrent infection of the urinary tract.> In vitamin B6 deficiency also, increased quantities of oxalate are excreted", "cop": 4, "opa": "Urea", "opb": "Glutathione", "opc": "Formate", "opd": "Oxalate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "03e558c2-8af2-433f-b660-a4462d7a915a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose transporter present in RBCs", "exp": "RBC's contain GLUT - 1 transporter.\n\tGLUT -1 is insulin independent.\n\tIt is also present in Brain and Comea.\nGLUT - 2 present in β Cells of pancreas, kidneys, liver, small intestine.\nGLUT - 3 is present in Newrons, Placenta.\nGLUT - 4 is present in muscles, adipose tissue.\nGLUT - 5 also transports fructose and is present in Hepatocyter, seminal vesicles GIT.", "cop": 1, "opa": "GLUT - 1", "opb": "GLUT - 2", "opc": "GLUT - 3", "opd": "GLUT - 4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "affe726a-e2f4-40a0-9cad-b96a88fc26f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The highest quantity of lipid and lowest concentration of protein are found in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "Very low density lipoproteins", "opc": "Low density lipoproteins", "opd": "High density lipoproteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "35daf664-ac5d-43c9-a209-1220364ea9c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complex I of respiratory chain is inhibited by", "exp": "* Site I: This involves the transfer of electrons from NADH-CoQ. Obviously, this step is omitted by succinic dehydrogenase whose FADH2 prosthetic group transfers its electrons directly to CoQ bypassing NADH. This step is blocked by piericidin, rotenone, amobarbital, ceain drugs like chlorpromazine, guanethidine. Site-I (Complex-I) * Rotenone: A fish poison and also insecticide. Inhibits transfer of electrons through complex-I-NADH-Q-reductase. * Amobarbital (Amytal) and Secobarbital: Inhibits electron transfer through NADH-Q reductase. * Piericidin A: An antibiotic. Blocks electron transfer by competing with CoQ. * Drugs: Chlorpromazine and hypotensive drug like guanethidine.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 143", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cyanide", "opb": "Malonate", "opc": "Carboxin", "opd": "Piercidin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "fb6f0749-d10e-4c0e-af5a-47d65d5374c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the body, metabolism of 10 g of protein would produce approximately", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "1 Kcal", "opb": "41 Kcal", "opc": "410 Kcal", "opd": "4100 Kcal", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d90a9bd-b863-4e53-a99a-042dea65727a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Total number of dehydrogenases in Kreb's cycle", "exp": "There are 4 dehydrogenase in TCA cycle :-\n\n(i) Isocitrate dehydrogenase, (ii) α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, (iii) Succinate dehydrogenase, (iv) Malate\ndehydrogenase.", "cop": 3, "opa": "3", "opb": "2", "opc": "4", "opd": "5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3113f8e0-00e9-4f4c-b5c0-130da44b1631", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sterols are metabolized to", "exp": "Vitamin D is derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol by the action of UV radiations 7 dehydrocholesterol, an intermediate of a minor pathway of cholesterol synthesis The cis double bond is isomerized to a trans double bond to give rise to vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 469", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coenzyme A", "opb": "VIt A", "opc": "Vit D", "opd": "Vit E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "2ba8179c-000a-41e9-8d6c-f02d9dff6920", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Triplex DNA is due to", "exp": "Triple-stranded DNA is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. In this structure, one strand binds to a B-form DNA double helix through Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. For example, a nucleobase T binds to a Watson-Crick base-pairing of T-A by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between an AxT pair (x represents a Hoogsteen base pair). An N-3 protonated cytosine, represented as C+, can also form a base-triplet with a C-G pair through the Hoogsteen base-pairing of an GxC+. Thus, the triple-helical DNAs using these Hoogsteen pairings consist of two homopyrimidines and one homopurine, and the homopyrimidine third strand is parallel to the homopurine strand.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hoogsteen pairing", "opb": "Palindromic sequences", "opc": "Large no. of guanosine repeats", "opd": "Polypyramidine tracts", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "ab2a1b9d-3f95-4d00-8d5b-3cd2c70845d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Triacylglycerol synthesis is enhanced by", "exp": "TG stores in the body is continually undergoing (a) Esterification (synthesis) and (b) Lipolysis (breakdown).These two processes are not the forward and reverse processes of the same reaction. They are entirely differentMany of the nutritional, metabolic and hormonal factors regulate either of these two mechanisms, i.e. esterification and lipolysis. Resultant of these two processes determine the magnitude of free fatty acid pool in adipose tissue and this, in turn, will determine the level of free fatty acid (FFA) circulating in the blood.I. Esterification (Synthesis of TG) In adipose tissue, for TG synthesis, two substrates are required:Acyl-CoAa-Glycero-PFor detailed steps, see the biosynthesis of TG.1. Sources of Acyl-CoASources of FFA in blood are:Dietary,Synthesis of FA (palmitic acid) from acetyl-CoA 'de novo' synthesis (extramitochondrial). Fuher elongation to form other fatty acids in microsomes.Acyl-CoA obtained from lipolysis taking place in adipose tissue (FFA-Pool No. 1).FFA obtained from lipolysis of TG of circulating chylomicrons and VLDL by lipoprotein lipase enzyme present in capillary wall (FFA-Pool No.2. Which are taken up by adipose tissue. 2. Source of a-Glycerol-PMainly two:Conversion of glycerol to a-Glycero-P by the enzyme Glycerokinase in presence of ATP.The other source is from glucose oxidation. Dihydroxyacetone-P is conveed to a-Glycero-P. The enzyme glycerol kinase is practically absent in adipose tissue. If any glycerokinase is present, it has verylow activity. Hence, glycerol produced by lipolysis in adipose tissue cannot be utilised for provision of a-Glycero-P and thus, glycerol passes into the blood,from where it is taken up by the liver, kidney and other tissues which possess glycerokinase and is utilised for gluconeogenesis. Thus, for provision of a-Glycero-P in adipose tissue for TG synthesis, the tissue is dependent on a supply of glucose and glycolysis.II. Lipolysis (Breakdown of TG)TG in adipose tissue undergoes hydrolysis by a hormone-sensitive TG lipase enzyme to form free fatty acids and glycerol.Adipolytic lipases are three:Hormone-sensitive triacyl glycerol lipase: Key regulating enzyme.Two others are not hormone-sensitive:Diacyl glycerol lipaseMonoacyl glycerol lipaseThese lipases are distinct from lipoprotein lipase that catalyses lipoprotein TG (Present in chylomicrons and VLDL) hydrolysis before it is taken up by extrahepatictissues. The free fatty acids formed by lipolysis can be reconveed in the tissue to acyl-CoA by Acyl-CoA synthase and re-esterified with a-Glycero-P to form TG. Thus, there is a continuous cycle of lipolysis and reesterification within the tissue. NoteWhen the rate of re-esterification is less than rate of lipolysis, FFA accumulates and diffuses into the plasma where it raises the level of FFA | in plasma.Effect of glucose: Under conditions of adequate nutritional intake or when utilisation of glucose by adipose tissue is increased, then more a-Glycero-P will be available. Re-esterification will be greater than lipolysis; as a result, FFA outflow decreases and plasma FFA| level falls. In vitro studies have shown that release of glycerolcontinues; that means lipolysis continues. Hence, effect of glucose in reducing plasma FFA level is not mediated by decreasing the rate of lipolysis. It proves that the effect is due to the provision of a-Glycero-P from glycolysis, which enhances esterification.Adipose tissue metabolism in diabetes mellitus and in starvation: In diabetes mellitus and in starvation,availability of glucose in adipose tissue is grossly reduced, resulting to lack of a-Glycero-P. Thus, the rate of re-esterification is decreased|. Lipolysis is greater thanre-esterification, resulting to the accumulation of FFA and increase in plasma FFA level.Ref: M.N. Chatterjee - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 400-402", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coisol", "opb": "Glucagon", "opc": "Insulin", "opd": "Epinephrine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d6c4d419-8f74-4d74-b05f-958da2148560", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transamination of pyruvate and glutamic acid leads to the formation of", "exp": "Transamination of pyruvate and glutamic acid (or glutamate) 1/t formation of alanine and a-keto (oxo) glutarate.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxaloacetate", "opb": "a-ketoglutarate", "opc": "Aspaate", "opd": "Malate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5f8b9c00-31ed-4c91-b935-2c2e2d53d8ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frame shift mutation is caused by", "exp": "Insertion and deletion causes Frame shift mutation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deletion", "opb": "Substitution", "opc": "Inversion", "opd": "Transition", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "547b1a1a-68b4-48ed-a0d0-4466a13816ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Major component of DNA", "exp": "DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histone", "opb": "Repressor", "opc": "Deoxyribonucleotides", "opd": "Inducer", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "45b5d684-aed7-4347-b218-d00bcc43b810", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After overnight fasing, levels of glucosetranpoers reduced in", "exp": "Adipocytes (Ref: Harper 28/e, p138, 171 (26/e p160, 232); Lippincott Biochem 3/e p310; Ganong23/e p320] Overnight fasting causes insulin levels to fall. This decreases the number of glucose transpoers which are insulin dependent. Insulin dependent glucose transpoers are GLUT-4, present in adipocytes, skeletal and cardiac muscles. Rest of the glucose transpoers are not insulin dependent. Harper writes-\"Glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue is controlled by insulin, which is secreted by the B islet cells of the pancreas in response to an increased concentration of glucose in the poal blood. An early response to insulin in muscle and adipose tissue is the migration of glucose transpoer vesicles to the cell surface, exposing active glucose transpoers (GLUT 4). These insulin-sensitive tissues will only take up glucose from the blood stream to any significant extent in the presence of the hormone. As insulin secretion falls in the starved state, so the transpoers are internalized again, reducing glucose uptake\" Glucose Transpoers Glucose enters cells either by facilitated diffusion or by secondary active transpo with No+ (in the intestine and kidneys) Glucose transpoers are a family of membrane proteins that are responsible for facilitated diffusion of glucose across cell membranes. They differ from and have no homology with the sodium-dependent glucose transpoers, SGLT 1 and SGLT 2, responsible for the secondary active transpo of glucose in the intestine and renal tubules. Seven different glucose transpoers, named GLUT 1-7 in order of discovery. have been characterized. Each transpoer appears to have evolved for special tasks. GLUT 4 is the transpoer in muscle and adipose tissue that is stimulated by insulin. Glucose Transpoers in Mammals Function Major Sites of Expression Facilitated diffusion GLUT 1 Basal glucose uptake Brain, kidney, colon, placenta, erythrocytes GLUT 2 B-cell glucose sensor; transpo out of intestinal and renal epithelial cells B cells of pancreatic islets, liver, small intestine, kidneys GLUT 3 Basal glucose uptake Brain, placenta, kidneys GLUT 4 Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake Skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose tissue GLUT 5 Fructose transpo Jejunum, sperm GLUT 6 None Pseudogene GLUT 7 Glucose 6-phosphate transpoer in endoplasmic reticulurn Liver, ? other tissues Secondary active transpo (Nal? glucose cotranspo) SGLT 1 Absorption of glucose Small intestine, renal tubules SGLT 2 Absorption of glucose Renal tubules", "cop": 3, "opa": "Brain cells", "opb": "RBCs", "opc": "Adipocytes", "opd": "Hepatocytes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c7ef5e9-2d4e-4fe6-82db-6de5fd31f903", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The aim of ENCODE project is", "exp": "Human genome is sequenced, but needs to be annotated. Annotation is the process of identifying the function of each DNA element. ENCODE (Encyclopaedia of DNA elements) To provide a detailed, biochemically informative representation of the human genome using high-throughput sequencing methods to identify and catalogue the functional elements.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sequencing of human genome", "opb": "Metagenome (genome of intestinal flor) analysis", "opc": "To identify the functional elements of human genome", "opd": "Analysis of mitochondrial genome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of genetics", "id": "f56b7f9a-a121-4faa-84b7-093eb0256ddc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The class of amino acids that contains only non essential amino acids is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Acidic", "opb": "Basic", "opc": "Aromatic", "opd": "Branched chain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9f72754-2520-4a5d-9156-f5fbf0fb7345", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Defect in collagen formation is seen in", "exp": "Scurvy is caused due ti deficiecy of ascorbc acid. Ascorbic acid is necessary for the post-transltional hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues. Hyroxyproline and hydrolysine are essential for the formation of crosslinks in the collagen, which gives the tensile strength to the fibers. This process is absolutely necessary for the normal production of suppoing tissues such as osteiod, collagen and intercellular cement substance of capillaries. REFERENCE: DM VASUDEVAN SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO:497", "cop": 1, "opa": "Scurvy", "opb": "Hunter's syndrome", "opc": "Marfan's syndrome", "opd": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "de1630df-7b39-43e1-b1fe-2435585188c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best radiolabelled marker for DNA replication is", "exp": "Nucleic acids are readily labeled with tags that facilitate detection or purification. A variety of enzymatic or chemical methods are available to generate nucleic acids labeled with radioactive phosphates, fluorophores, or nucleotides modified with biotin or digoxygenin for example.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ribose", "opb": "Thymidine", "opc": "Phosphate", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d9a6ec99-1715-4b99-8837-d08111588cec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tocopherols are the derivatives of", "exp": "Active vitamine E was isolated from wheat germ oil and named tocopherolA chromane ring(tocol) system with an isoprenoid side chain is present in all naturally occurring tocopherols.Vitamine K is naphthoquinone derivative with a long isoprenoid side chain.Reference: DM Vasudevan biochemistry page no: 460", "cop": 2, "opa": "Isoprenoid ring", "opb": "Tocol", "opc": "Sterol", "opd": "Ribitol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0aa61e59-de02-4e95-94cc-3b5589f9f676", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ochronosis is", "exp": "The metabolic defect in alkaptonuria is a defective homogentisate oxidase (EC 1.13.11.5), the enzyme that catalyzes reaction 3 of. The urine darkens on exposure to air due to oxidation of excreted homogentisate. Late in the disease, there is ahritis and connective tissue pigmentation (ochronosis) due to oxidation of homogentisate to benzoquinone acetate, which polymerizes and binds to connective tissue.Reference: Harper biochemistry, 30th edition, page no 304", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alkaptonuria", "opb": "Isovaleric aciduria", "opc": "Phenylketonuria", "opd": "Tyrosinemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "03b07788-711a-491b-a74e-a1ffc54e1244", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vit B 12 is absorbed in", "exp": "The  cobalamin-lF complex travels through the gut. The complex binds to specific receptors on the surface of the mucosal cells of the ileum. The binding of the complex and entry of B12 into the mucosal cells is mediated by Ca2+ ions. In the  mucosal  cells,  B12  is  converted  to methyf cobalamin. lt is then transported in the circulation in  a  bound form to  proteins namely  transcobalamins.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Deudenum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bad67c28-274e-486b-8c14-bbaec8374ca9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The helical structure model of two polynucleotide chains of DNA was proposed by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Guerin", "opb": "Craig venter", "opc": "Watson and Crick", "opd": "Michael Bishop and Harold Warms", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cb1474e8-c413-4530-b8cd-a951ec719910", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Menkes Kinky hair syndrome is characterized by congenital deficiency of", "exp": "Ans. d (Copper binding ATPase) (Ref. Harper 28th/573-4; H-17th/449).Menkes disease (\"kinky\" or \"steely\" hair disease) is a disorder of copper metabolism that occurs due toMutations in the Gene Encoding a Copper-Binding P-Type ATPase.MENKES DISEASE# It is X-linked, affects only male infants, involves the nervous system, connective tissue, and vasculature, and is usually fatal in infancy.# When altered by mutation, copper is not mobilized normally from the intestine, in which it accumulates, as it does in a variety of other cells and tissues, from which it cannot exit.# Despite the accumulation of copper, the activities of many copper-dependent enzymes are decreased, perhaps be- cause of a defect of its incorporation into the apoenzymes.# Normal liver expresses very little of ATPase, which explains the absence of hepatic involvement in Menkes disease.Wilson Disease Is Also Due to Mutations in a Gene Encoding a Copper-Binding P-Type ATPase.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Serum ceruloplasmin", "opb": "Serum copper", "opc": "Ferochelatase", "opd": "Copper binding ATPase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "1659a72e-5b6a-44b2-a6b8-5aa4eda15e1f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chitin contains", "exp": "It is present in exoskeletons of crustacea and insects. It is composed of units of N-acetyl-glucosamine with beta -1,4-glycosidic linkage.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 79", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alpha 1-4 bond", "opb": "b-1-6 bond", "opc": "Alfa 1-6 bond", "opd": "b-1-4 bond", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "874640a2-f32b-44cf-96ef-433414c1f5af", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The number of ATPs produced by HMP shunt is", "exp": "The number of ATPs produced by HMP shunt is zero HMP shunt/ Pentose Phosphate pathway Neither produces nor utilizes ATPs. 2 main products of HMP shunt: NADPH - in the irreversible oxidative phase Ribose-5-phosphate - In Reversible non-oxidative phase Rate limiting enzyme - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Extra Edge: The pathways producing Zero ATPs are: HMP (Hexose Monophosphate Pathway) Uronic Acid Pathway Alpha Oxidation Oxidation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFA) RL Shunt/cycle Synthesis of Ketone Bodies", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zero", "opb": "One", "opc": "Two", "opd": "Four", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of carbohydrate metabolism", "id": "679e4acf-36c2-458c-bb05-5f296a25219c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bilayer cell membrane contains", "exp": "The phospholipids are arranged in bilayers with the polar head groups oriented towards the extracellular side and the cytoplasmic side with a hydrophobic core (Fig. 2.4A). The distribution of the phospholipids is such that choline-containing phospholipids are mainly in the external layer and ethanolamine and serine containing phospholipids in the inner layer. The cholesterol content of the membrane alters the fluidity of the membrane. When cholesterol concentration increases, the membrane becomes less fluid on the outer surface, but more fluid in the hydrophobic core. The effect of cholesterol on membrane fluidity is different at different temperatures. At temperature below the Tm cholesterol increases fluidity and thereby permeability of the membrane. At temperatures above the Tm, cholesterol decreases fluidity.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 11", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Triacyl glycerol", "opc": "Cholesterol ester", "opd": "Glycerol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "aa65a52e-e8f0-4032-a48d-53c632901d2f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Danaparoid is absent of", "exp": "Danaparoid is a low molecular weight (LMW) and chondroitin sulfate. A natural", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chondroitin sulfate", "opb": "Chitin", "opc": "Dermatan sulphate", "opd": "Heparan sulphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "d8deff82-4257-48e1-b560-82a440190dee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutathione reductase assay is helpful in assessing the deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Niacin", "opb": "Vit B5", "opc": "Pyridoxine", "opd": "Riboflavin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5589c117-98c3-4239-bdd6-415e55d494b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inactive precursors of enzymes are known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Apoenzymes", "opb": "Coenzymes", "opc": "Proenzymes", "opd": "Holoenzymes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd910c1c-d516-4ab7-ad04-c32cf8b5e15b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein glycosylation occurs in", "exp": "Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule. In biology, glycosylation mainly refers in paicular to the enzymatic process that attaches glycans to proteins, or other organic molecules Ref satyanarayana 4e", "cop": 2, "opa": "ER", "opb": "Golgi bodies", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Peroxisomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "b2520f7e-8736-44e5-840f-874c6c7c1e4a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sulphur containing amino acid is", "exp": "(A) Cysteine # Sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine & methionine) are generally considered to be nonpolar and hydrophobic.> In fact, methionine is one of the most hydrophobic amino acids and is almost always found on the interior of proteins.> Cysteine on the other hand does ionize to yield the thiolate anion.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cysteine", "opb": "Lysine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Phenylalanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "d512cbd2-16cd-43f6-979c-b1beb9239445", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Forbe&;s disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Glycogen storage disease type III is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder and inborn error of metabolism characterized by a deficiency in glycogen debranching enzymes. It is also known as Cori&;s disease in honor of the 1947 Nobel laureates Carl Cori and Gey Cori. Other names include Forbes disease in honor of clinician Gilbe Burnett Forbes (1915-2003), an American Physician who fuher described the features of the disorder, or limit dextrinosis, due to the limit dextrin-like structures in cytosol. Limit dextrin is the remaining polymer produced after hydrolysis of glycogen. Without glycogen debranching enzymes to fuher conve these branched glycogen polymers to glucose, limit dextrinosis abnormally accumulates in the cytoplasm.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 129", "cop": 2, "opa": "Branching enzyme", "opb": "Debranching enzyme", "opc": "Myophosphorylase", "opd": "Hepatic phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "62d1f728-d1cd-427c-a26a-294f077a7d7b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucoronide reaction is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Phase 1", "opb": "Phase 2", "opc": "Enzymatic reaction with NADPH", "opd": "Non enzymatic reaction", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6da0f128-68ee-42ee-ab0d-da8fae90a4da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketone bodies are formed in the", "exp": "Acetoacetate is the primary ketone body while beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone are secondary ketone bodies. They are synthesised exclusively by the liver mitochondria.Ref : DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry 6th Edition pg no: 143", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Pancrease", "opc": "Kidneys", "opd": "Lungs", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "0a69a009-1f4a-458b-9e6e-f475622ed2bd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In muscle, phosphorylase b is inactivated by", "exp": "In muscle, glycogen phosphorylase is activated by hormones and neural signals such as epinephrine, that stimulate phosphorylase kinase which phosphorylates the Ser-14 residue of the protein. A second messenger of a cyclic AMP (cAMP) increases in concentration due to epinephrine or glucagon, and this increase results in an enzyme cascade. Activation of phosphorylase kinase is due to increased concentrations of Ca2+ or by the phosphorylation by protein kinase A which is cAMP-dependent. The activated kinase, in turn, activates the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme by phosphorylating the Ser-14 residue. In the liver, glucagon is the primary signal which catalyzes this enzyme cascade. Glycogen phosphorylase b is not always inactive in muscle, as it can be activated allosterically by AMP. An increase in AMP concentration, which occurs during strenuous exercise, signals energy demand. AMP activates glycogen phosphorylase b by changing its conformation from a tense to a relaxed form. This relaxed form has similar enzymatic propeies as the phosphorylated enzyme. An increase in ATP concentration opposes this activation by displacing AMP from the nucleotide binding site, indicating sufficient energy stores.", "cop": 4, "opa": "cAMP", "opb": "Ca ions", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "ATP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "60f05067-aca0-427c-83c5-a794e2174e8e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A defect in the enzyme hexosaminidase causes", "exp": "DiseaseEnzyme DeficiencyClinical SymptomsTay-Sachs disease Hexosaminidase AMental retardation, blindness, muscular weaknessRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 24 Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gaucher disease", "opb": "Farber disease", "opc": "Tay-Sachs disease", "opd": "Krabbe disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e66cf085-6068-4439-a120-cd5bf4ae10d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rapid method of chromosome identification in intersex is", "exp": "Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those pas of the chromosome with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s and is used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "FISH", "opb": "PCR", "opc": "SSCP", "opd": "Karyotyping", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "f9394270-da4b-46e7-8d55-d118c68b0873", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Another name for glucose", "exp": "Glucose is the predominant sugar in the human body. It is the major energy source. It is present in blood. -glucose is dextro- rotatory. In clinical practice , it is often called as dextrose.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 71", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dextrin", "opb": "Dextrose", "opc": "Sucrose", "opd": "Saccharin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "f61a27b8-4b19-48de-902c-55aee0100c1a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A bilipid layer is most permeable to", "exp": "This Flip-flop movement is catalyzed by enzymes. Flippases catalyse the transfer of amino phospholipids across the membrane. Floppases catalyse the outward directed movement which is ATP dependent. This is mainly seen in the role of ABC proteins mediating the efflux of cholesterol and the extrusion of drugs from cells. The MDR (multidrug resistance) associated p-glycoprotein is a floppase. Urea is the most permeable substance across the cell membraneRef: DM Vasudevan, page no: 11", "cop": 4, "opa": "Potassiumq", "opb": "Sodium", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Urea", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "8807d220-2393-40cc-8d46-2ff03dfbd1b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following are second messengers", "exp": "Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3&;,5&;-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger impoant in many biological processes.cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "CAMP", "opb": "CGMP", "opc": "Inositol triphosphate", "opd": "Diacylglycerol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "075b0a6f-b91f-4a95-9feb-4de715a4de42", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In vitamin B12 deficiency, folate is trapped in the form of", "exp": "Methylation of homocysteine to methionine is the only way of regeneration of active THFA from methyl THFA. Methionine synthase reaction requires methyl cobalamin. So, deficiency of methyl-B12 leads to trapping of THFA in less utilised methyl-THFA - phenomenon known as folate trap.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Formyl THFA", "opb": "Methenyl THFA", "opc": "Methyl-THFA", "opd": "Methylene-THFA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "7ad9dbcd-177a-477d-9b82-cecbed8924b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tangier disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Name Defect Remarks Familial alpha-lipoprotein deficiency Tangier disease Fish-eye disease apo-A-I deficiencies All have low or near absence of HDL Tendency toward hyperiacylglycerolemia as a result of absence of apo C-ll, causing inactive LPL. Low LDL levels. Atherosclerosis in the elderly. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 275", "cop": 2, "opa": "LDL", "opb": "HDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "49303c6d-2be4-4bd7-9efc-f79021d4743e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following separation technique depends on the molecular size of the protein", "exp": "Answer is C Size-exclusion--or gel filtration--chromatography separates proteins based on their Stokes radius, the radius of the sphere they occupy as they tumble in a solution. The stokes radius is a function of molecular mass and shape. When rapidly tumbling, an elongated protein occupies a larger effective volume than a spherical protein of the same mass. Size-exclusion chromatography employs porous beads. Ref: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30E (2015) Pg No 27. in Ion Exchanege chromatography ,Cation-exchange solid phases contain covalently bound, negatively charged functional groups. Examples include strongly acidic groups, such as sulfonate ions, or weakly acidic groups, such as carboxyl or carboxymethyl . Immobilized enzymes have been chemically bonded to adsorbents, such as (1) microcrystalline cellulose,(2) diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose, (3) carboxymethyl cellulose, and (4) agarose. Ref: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 5E Pg no 308 and 375 Iso Electric focussing is based on electric field and pH. Ionic buffers called ampholytes and an applied electric field are used to generate a pH gradient within a polyacrylamide matrix. Applied proteins migrate until they reach the region of the matrix where the pH matches their isoelectric point (pI). Ref: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30E (2015) Pg No 29.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chromatography on a carboxymethyl cellulose column", "opb": "Iso-electric focusing", "opc": "Gel filtration chromatography", "opd": "Chromatography on a diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "e8f22d5d-3712-43d0-9ecf-c489c8b69019", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with", "exp": "A positive correlation exists between the incidence of atherosclerosis and the plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol. The LDL (apoB-100, E) receptor is defective in familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic condition which blood LDL cholesterol levels are increased, causing premature atherosclerosis.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 25; Lipid Transpo & Storage", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver cirrhosis", "opb": "Premature atherosclerosis", "opc": "Nephrotic syndrome", "opd": "Pancreatitis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "c9845397-c612-487d-b94c-44debc19f745", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not obtained from plant source", "exp": "Cobalamine(Vitamin B12)is synthesized only by microorganisms; it is not present in plants. Animals obtain the vitamin performed from their natural bacterial flora or by eating foods derived from other animals. Cobalamin is present in appreciable amounts in liver, whole milk, eggs, oysters, fresh shrimp, pork, and chicken. Ref: Lippincott, Textbook of Biochemistry, page no 376", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cobalamine", "opb": "Riboflavin", "opc": "Thiamine", "opd": "Vitamin A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "933a6c35-80f0-4857-a39e-754d0a4c7be1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frameshift mutation doesn&;t occur in multiples of", "exp": "A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or inseion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. A DNA sequence is a chain of many smaller molecules called nucleotides. DNA (or RNA) nucleotide sequences are read three nucleotides at a time in units called codons, and each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid or stops signal. During translation, the sequence of codons is read in order from the nucleotide sequence to synthesize a chain of amino acids and form a protein. Frameshift mutations arise when the normal sequence of codons is disrupted by the inseion or deletion of one or more nucleotides, provided that the number of nucleotides added or removed is not a multiple of three. For instance, if just one nucleotide is deleted from the sequence, then all of the codons including and after the mutation will have a disrupted reading frame. This can result in the incorporation of many incorrect amino acids into the protein. In contrast, if three nucleotides are inseed or deleted, there will be no shift in the codon reading frame; however, there will be either one extra or one missing amino acid in the final protein. Therefore, frameshift mutations result in abnormal protein products with an incorrect amino acid sequence that can be either longer or shoer than the normal protein. Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e p384", "cop": 2, "opa": "2", "opb": "3", "opc": "4", "opd": "5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "6c85a76c-7c34-4629-9a48-95ece902b4e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biological value of protein is related to", "exp": "The indices are used to assess the nutritional value of proteins. Biological Value (BV) of Protein : It is the ratio between the amount of nitrogen retained and nitrogen absorbed during a specific interval. Net Protein Utilization (NPU): NPU = Retained nitrogen / intake of nitrogen x 100 Net Dietary Protein Value (NDPV): This will assess both quantity and quality of the proteins in the diet. NDPV = Intake of N x 6.25 x NPU Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) It is the weight gain per gram of protein taken. The essential amino acid content can also be expressed in terms of chemical score (mg of amino acid per gram of protein). Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7E (DM Vasudevan)(2013) Pg no 533-534.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amino Acid content", "opb": "Essential amino acid content", "opc": "N2 content", "opd": "Protein quality", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "02d09719-136a-46e8-b6d4-1adc9a3f29ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The hanup disease causes the deficiency of", "exp": "Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of tryptophan and niacin. Pellagra is characterized by photosensitive dermatitis. As the condition progresses, there is dementia and possibly diarrhea. Untreated pellagra is fatal. Although the nutritional etiology of pellagra is well established, and either tryptophan or niacin prevents or cures the disease, additional factors, including deficiency of riboflavin or vitamin B6, both of which are required for synthesis of nicotinamide from tryptophan, may be impoant. A number of genetic diseases that result in defects of tryptophan metabolism are associated with the development of pellagra, despite an apparently adequate intake of both tryptophan and niacin. Hanup disease is a rare genetic condition in which there is a defect of the membrane transpo mechanism for tryptophan, resulting in large losses as a result of intestinal malabsorption and failure of renal reabsorption. In carcinoid syndrome, there is a metastasis of a primary liver tumor of enterochromaffin cells, which synthesize 5-hydroxytryptamine. Overproduction of 5-hydroxytryptamine may account for as much as 60% of the body's tryptophan metabolism, causing pellagra because of the diversion away from NAD synthesis. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 557", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thiamin", "opb": "Riboflavin", "opc": "Niacin", "opd": "Biotin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "c56405e6-3467-490e-bf83-2290b104c47b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In chromatography, mass movements of the substances are due to", "exp": "In chromatography, mass transfer refers to the movement of a solute through the mobile or stationary phases, i.e. net mass transfer of the solute from one phase to the other.\nTransfer of solute through a specific phase is by diffusion and is concentration driven according to Fick's law.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diffusion", "opb": "Electrophoresis", "opc": "Paper chromatography", "opd": "Osmosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "af4144ca-97f3-419c-9220-664badb0702a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The heme prosthetic group is found in", "exp": "Myoglobin is a monomeric protein that acts as a secondary oxygen transporter and binder in the muscle tissues. \nFurthermore, the tertiary feature of myoglobin resembles water-soluble globule protein characteristics. \nThe diffusion and use of oxygen in the muscles are necessary for the bodily system processes such as respiration.\nMyoglobin has 8 right-handed a-helices separately forming a polypeptide chain and each contains a single heme prosthetic group with a central bound iron atom.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myoglobin", "opb": "Cytochrome oxidase", "opc": "Xanthine oxidase", "opd": "Tyrosine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "36bdf397-8da3-4c0c-a8a5-120885df1742", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The first gene therapy (somatic enzyme) was successfully done in", "exp": "Deficiency of adenosine deaminase, a condition that affects lymphocytes paicularly, was the first disease to be treated by gene therapy. Deficiency of adenosine deaminase accounts for 15% of all cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)In 1990, Dr. William French Anderson introduced a new copy the gene, carried on a retroviral vector, into a 4-year-old girl suffering from severe combined immunodeficiency (Bubble boy disease).Ref: Harper 30th edition pg: 699", "cop": 1, "opa": "SCID", "opb": "Phenylketonuria", "opc": "Thalassemia", "opd": "Cystic fibrosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "94387a5c-cec6-46f4-959f-7313dfeb5f3f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Receptor mediated endocytosis is by", "exp": "Ans is A i.e. Clathrin EndocytosisThe process by which cells take up large molecules is called endocytosis.Endocytotic vesicles are generated when segments of the plasma membrane invaginate, enclosing a minute volume of extracellular fluid and its contents. The vesicle then pinches off as the fusion of plasma membranes seals the neck of the vesicle at the original site of invagination.* There are two general types of endocytosis:PhagocytosisPinocytosisPha2ocvtosisinvolves ingestion of large particles such as viruses, bacteria, cells or debris.Phagocytosis occurs only in specialized cells such as macrophages and granulocytes.PinocytosisIt is a property of all cellsIt is cellular uptake of fluid and fluid contents.Pinocytosis is of two types :Fluid phase pinocytosis - is a non-selective process in which the uptake of a solute is simply proportionate to its concentration in the surrounding extracellular fluid:Absorptive pinocytosis: is a receptor mediated selective process primarily responsible for the uptake of macromolecules. The vesicles formed during absorptive pinocytosis are derived from invagination (pits) that are coated on the cytoplasmic side with a filamentous material. In many systems, clathrin is the filamentous material. For .e.g LDL is internalized by means of coated pits containing the LDL receptors.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clathrin", "opb": "Porine", "opc": "Cytocin", "opd": "Vimentin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Membrane Structure & Function", "id": "1c551e8e-bff8-4946-aeab-efb517f3a44c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The sugar found in RNA is", "exp": "Ribose is a constituent of RNA. Ribose is also seen in co-enzymes such as ATP and NAD. Deoxyribose is seen in DNA.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 76", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ribose", "opb": "Deoxyribose", "opc": "Ribulose", "opd": "Erythrose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "611da858-3724-404d-b45c-8b2516877154", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serotonin is a derivative of", "exp": "(A) Tryptophan # SEROTONIN (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5 HT), produced from tryptophan is important in mere impulse transmission (neurotransmitter)> It regulates sleep, behaviour, blood pressure etc.> Hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan is catalyzed by liver tyrosine hydroxylase.> Subsequent decarboxylation forms serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulator of smooth muscle contraction.> Catabolism of serotonin is initiated by monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyzed oxidative deamination to 5-hydroxindoleacetate, which humans excrete in their urine (2-8 mg/d)> The psychic stimulation that follows administration of iproniazid is attributed to its ability to prolong the action monoamine oxidase> Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) is a neurotransmitter, synthesized from tryptophan.> Normally, about 1 % of tryptophan is converted to serotonin> The production of 5HT occurs in the target tissues.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Phenylalanine", "opd": "Melatonin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "23d7b291-3014-47c0-b006-03cc8c6dca3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Total number of genes in a human being is", "exp": "Current estimates suggest that there are 25,000 protein-coding genes in humans. This implies that most of the DNA is non-protein-coding, i.e. its information is never translated into an amino acid sequence of a protein molecule.", "cop": 4, "opa": "800000", "opb": "50000", "opc": "100000", "opd": "30000", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "767b91c2-165a-43c5-a1b8-460e41a09177", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary Hyperoxaluria occurs due to defect in metabolism of", "exp": "Glycine is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest possible amino acid. The chemical formula of glycine is NH2‐CH2‐COOH. Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).\nGlycine is a colorless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom. The acyl radical is glycyl", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cystein", "opb": "Tryptophan", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "39f4fa0b-a85c-4776-a9ec-d44ff51f50ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The two nitrogen atoms, that are incorporated into the urea cycle. The source of the nitrogen are", "exp": "(Aspartate & NH3) (448 - R S 7th) (251 - Lippincott's)UREA CYCLE* One nitrogen of the urea molecule is supplied by free NH3 and other nitrogen by aspartate* Glutamate is the immediate precursor of both ammonia through oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase) and aspartate nitrogen (through transmination of oxaloacetate by aspartate aminotransferase* Urea is produced by the hydrolysis of arginine* The urea cycle is linked to the TCA cycle through the production of fumarate. Amino acid catabolism is therefore directly coupled to energy production", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutamate & Aspartate", "opb": "Aspartate & Arginine", "opc": "Aspartate & NH3", "opd": "Glutamate & NH3", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "d59dfb2e-896d-4034-b8b6-2c7fd1e964ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following is an example of phosphoprotein", "exp": "The phosphate groups add negative charges to the polypeptides. The functional significance of this modification varies from one protein to the next. For example, the milk protein casein has many phosphoserine groups that bind Ca2+. Calcium, phosphate, and amino acids are all valuable to suckling young, so casein efficiently provides three essential nutrients. And as we have seen in numerous instances, phosphorylation dephosphorylation cycles regulate the activity of many enzymes and regulatory proteins. Ref: Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry 7th Editoin - D L Nelson, Cox Lehninger - W H Freeman Pg no 2901 Ref: Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry 4th Editoin - D L Nelson, Cox Lehninger - W H Freeman Pg no 1063.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histone", "opb": "Casein", "opc": "Ceruloplasmin", "opd": "Albumin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "dbafbb99-ee18-433c-bf23-23d30ab59ec3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type IV complex of ETC is inhibited by", "exp": "Cyanide is probably the most potent inhibitor of ETC (Complex IV). It binds to Fe3+ of cytochrome oxidase blocking mitochondrial respiration leading to cell death. Cyanide poisoning causes death due to tissue asphyxia (mostly of the central nervous system) In Acute cyanide poisoning Amyl nitrite is given followed by sodium thiosulphate. This is an example of Chemical antagonism i.e. one drug binding to other making it unavailable in body.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Oligomycin", "opb": "Antimycin", "opc": "Cyanide", "opd": "CO2", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "eeb66d6f-fb93-4291-8af6-b0671388b458", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA Amplification is done in", "exp": "PCR is an in-vitro DNA amplification procedure in which millions of copies of pariticular sequence of DNA can br produced within a few hoursTwo DNA primers about 20-30 nucleotides with complementary sequence of the flanking region can be synthesized", "cop": 1, "opa": "PCR", "opb": "NASBA (Nucleic acid sequential based amplification)", "opc": "Ligase chain reactions", "opd": "DNA sequencing", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "adaac945-5574-436a-b66c-425b4e185b75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Active form of vitamin D is", "exp": "Ans. b (1,25,dihydroxy cholecalciferol). (Ref. Harrison's 17th Chapter 346; Ganong 21st/pg.392).*D2 = ergocalciferol, consumed in milk.*D3 = cholecalciferol, formed in sun-exposed skin.*25-OH D3 = storage form.*1,25 (OH)2 D3 (calcitriol) = active form.VITAMIN D# 1, 25, dihydroxy cholecalciferol is active form of vit D formed from 25hydroxy cholecalciferol in PCT.# Since it is a steriod, it acts via receptors (steroid receptor superfamily).# The mRNAs are produced in response to 1, 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol diacetate formation of family of calbindinD proteins found in intestine, brain and kidneys, which facilitates Ca++ movement across intestine and Ca++ is absorbed. In addition it also facilitates Ca++ reabsorption in kidneys, increases synthetic activity of osteoblasts and is must for normal calcification of matrix.# Vitamin D is synthesized in skin in response to UV radiation and is also absorbed from the diet.# It is then transported to the liver, where it undergoes 25-hydroxylation.# This metabolite is the major circulating form of vitamin D.# The final step in hormone activation, la-hydroxylation, occurs in the kidney.# A reduction in serum calcium below ~2.2 mmol/L (8.8 mg/dL) prompts a proportional increase in the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and so mobilizes additional calcium from the bone.# PTH promotes synthesis of l,25(OH)2D in the kidney, which, in turn, stimulates the mobilization of calcium from bone and intestine and regulates synthesis of PTH by negative feedback.# The most specific screening test for vitamin D deficiency is a serum 25(OH)D level.", "cop": 2, "opa": "25 - OH - cholecalciferol", "opb": "1- 25 - dihydroxy cholecalciferol", "opc": "Ergocalciferol", "opd": "Cholecalciferol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "c1f17b1c-d8d4-4dda-940b-7745fbe64934", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The amino acid residue having an imino side chain is", "exp": "Proline has pyrrolidine group in which imino group is there.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 26", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lysine", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Proline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "61645281-a7c0-4dff-a664-13f8d30ebdd0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Natural uncoupler is", "exp": "The uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is useful biologically. In hibernating animals and in newborn human infants, the liberation of heat energy is required to maintain body temperature. In Brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis is achieved by this process. Thermogenin, a protein present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of adipocytes, provides an alternate pathway for protons. It is one of the uncoupling proteins (UCP). Thyroxine is also known to act as a physiological uncoupler.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 234", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thermogonin", "opb": "2, 4 nitrophenol", "opc": "2, 4 Dinitrophenol", "opd": "Oligomycin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "8284876f-f8f9-4d0d-b71c-00d993918582", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most abundant nucleotide in body is", "exp": "NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE: Corresponding nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates are formed by esterification of fuher phosphate groups to the existing ons. Nucleside diphosphate contains one high energy bond and triphosphates have 2 high energy bonds.ATP is the UNIVERSAL ENERGY CURRENCY. It is formed during oxidative processes by trapping the released energy in the high energy phosphate bond. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK , 7TH EDITION ; Page no :562.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ATP", "opb": "GTP", "opc": "UTP", "opd": "DTP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "36c90fcd-43d5-434d-be56-014c0fbe60c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin B12 absorption occurs in", "exp": "Vitamin B12 is absorbed bound to intrinsic factor, a small glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Gastric acid and pepsin release the vitamin from protein binding in food and make it available to bind to cobalophilin, a binding protein secreted in the saliva. In the duodenum, cobalophilin is hydrolyzed, releasing the vitamin for binding to intrinsic factor. Pancreatic insufficiency can, therefore, be a factor in the development of vitamin B12 deficiency, resulting in the excretion of cobalophilin-bound vitamin B12. Intrinsic factor binds only the active vitamin B12 vitamers and not other corrinoids. Vitamin B12 is absorbed from the distal third of the ileum receptors that bind the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex, but not the free intrinsic factor or free vitamin. There is considerable enterohepatic circulation of vitamin B12, with excretion in the bile, then reabsorption after binding to intrinsic factor in the ileum. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 558", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ileum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Duodenum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "31388739-d749-4dca-aa93-71d5627574d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Patient with deficiency of Vitamin K, pre surgical\ntest required is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "PT time", "opb": "Bleeding time", "opc": "Clotting time", "opd": "bleeding index", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "21fbd561-af7f-492d-a18f-429bfa76cbf2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hypertension and heart disease.", "exp": "The plaque in the renal artery causes the release of renin, which elevates aldosterone, thus raising blood pressure. Atherosclerotic plaques are also probably the cause of the heart disease. PRL (milk production), GH, or cortisol release will not lead to hypertension and heart disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elevated blood levels of aldosterone and renin resulting from an atherosclerotic plaque in a renal artery.", "opb": "Hyperprolactinemia due to a pituitary tumor.", "opc": "Acromegaly due to a GH-producing tumor that developed in adulthood.", "opd": "Cushing syndrome due to an adrenal tumor.", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "90d734de-6cfe-4f49-99be-e20a86f066c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Role of somatotropine in fat metabolism", "exp": "Growth Hormone (GH) - i. It is also called somatotropin. It is a single polypeptide chain with 191 amino acids. GH is synthesized by acidophils (somatotropic cells) of anterior pituitary. ii. Plasma concentration of GH is less than 2 ng/ml during day time, with secretory peak appearing 3 hr after meals. Maximum level of GH is seen during deep sleep. For measurement of serum GH, the samples are collected during sleep and also during waking hours to assess the circadian rhythm. iii. GH secretion is regulated by the balance between GHRH and GHIH (somatostatin). The regulation of secretion is predominantly inhibitory. Hypoglycemia stimulates GH secretion, and hyperglycemia suppresses it. The hypothalamic growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH synthesis and release. Ghrelin, a peptide derived from stomach induces GHRH and directly stimulates the release of GH. Somatostatin synthesized in the hypothalamus inhibits the GH secretion. iv. The metabolic effect of GH is paly mediated by somatomedin, also known as insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-1). The growth of long bones is stimulated by this factor. IGF-1, the peripheral target hormone of GH exes feedback inhibition. v. GH increases the uptake of amino acids by cells; enhances protein synthesis, and produces positive nitrogen balance . The anti-insulin effect of GH causes lipolysis and hyperglycemia. The overall effect of GH is to stimulate growth of soft tissues, cailage and bone. It is anabolic. vi. Excess secretion by GH secreting tumor, leads to gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults. REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION, PG.NO.,530.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antilipolytic", "opb": "Lipolytic", "opc": "Ketogenic", "opd": "Glucogenic", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "528dde11-a8a2-476b-a4c3-6c974acbe33b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Splicing Activity is a functions of", "exp": "Sn-RNA is involved in RNA splicing.\nSno-RNA → r-RNA modification\nmi-RNA & St-RNA → Regulation of gene expression\n SP-RNA → RNA-interference (RNA i)", "cop": 2, "opa": "m RNA", "opb": "Sn RNA editing", "opc": "r RNA", "opd": "t RNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b46b66bf-9575-4482-a7b1-58fc4422b345", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Metachromatic leukodystrophy is due to deficiency of", "exp": "DiseaseEnzyme deficiencySymptomsMetachromaticleukodystrophyArylsulfatase AMental retardation and psychologic disturbances in adults; demyelinationRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 24 Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hexosaminidase A", "opb": "Hexosaminidase B", "opc": "Ceramidase", "opd": "Arylsulfatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b3bc853c-b4a4-4621-9bc1-4e05a2511a37", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most abundant amino acids found in collagen;", "exp": "Most abundant amino acids found in collagen is Glycine Collagen is the most abundant of all human proteins. Around 28 types of collagen are known. Type 1 is most abundant The fold in collagen is because of presence of Glycine. ADDITIONAL READING ON STRUCTURE OF COLLAGEN: Collagen is made up of 3 alpha- chains (not alpha helix). These 3 chains together make a superhelix --> Tropocollagen (a rope like triple helix) Superhelix (right-handed) is oured by Glycine residues. Glycine has the smallest side chain so it fits into the restricted space where three chains of helix come together.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycine", "opb": "Proline", "opc": "Hydroxyproline", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "6e1ad0ab-942a-4696-9691-f4a9ad5b480c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RNA dependent DNA polymerase is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Reverse transcriptaseReverse transcriptase is an RNA dependent DNA polymerase that produces ds DNA from RNA template. It moves along the template in 3' 5' direction, synthesizing DNA is 5' -> 3' direction.It is seen in retro viruses (e.g. HIV).", "cop": 3, "opa": "DNA polymerase", "opb": "RNA polymerase", "opc": "Reverse transcriptase", "opd": "Phosphokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1de934bb-3acf-45e6-912e-cdaa4f557526", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratinising metaplasia of salivary glands results due to deficiency of", "exp": "Vitamin A deficiency produces keratinizing metaplasia of the normally columnar ductal epithelium in the major and minor salivary glands.\nRef : Handbook of Experimental  Stomatology,edited by Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Thiamine", "opc": "Riboflavin", "opd": "Vitamin E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f7dc1cd6-0f1b-4557-be86-aeb257a64b94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CoA requires", "exp": "The coenzyme A is a complex molecule containing B complex vitamin pantothenic acid and a molecule of beta mercapto ethanolamine; this SH group forms thioester bond in acyl-acyl coA . To emphasize the function of the SH group, the CoA is sometimes written as CoA-SHRef: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 131", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pantothenic group", "opb": "Biotin", "opc": "Folic acid", "opd": "Cabalamine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "a6daceec-8df7-438d-88dc-227f063b5bd6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gout is a disorder of", "exp": "Disorders of purine metabolism :\n\nGout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, adenosine deaminase deficiency, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.\n\nDisorders of pyrimidine metabolism :\n\nOrotic aciduria, P-hydroxybutyric aciduria, uraciluria-thyminuria.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Purine metabolism", "opb": "Pyrimidine metabolism", "opc": "Oxalate metabolism", "opd": "Protein metabolism", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1606823-190b-4021-ba4c-b73251330c4e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Major apolipoprotein of chylomicrons is", "exp": "One or more apolipoproteins (proteins or polypeptides) are present in each lipoprotein. They are usually abbreted as apo followed by the letter A, B, C, etc. Some apolipoproteins are integral and cannot be removed (eg, apo B), whereas others are bound to the surface and are free to transfer to other lipoproteins, eg, apos C and E). The major apolipoproteins of HDL (a-lipoprotein) are apoAs. The main apolipoprotein of LDL (b-lipoprotein) is apo B (B-100), which is found also in VLDL. Chylomicrons contain a truncated form of apo B (B-48) that is synthesized in the intestine, while B-100 is synthesized in the liver.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 25; Lipid Transpo & Storage", "cop": 3, "opa": "B-100", "opb": "A-1", "opc": "B-48", "opd": "C-1", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "657e08ad-2bfb-4e45-a981-13e8013759b0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Skeletal muscle is deficient in", "exp": "Muscle will not release glucose into the bloodstream, because muscle tissue does not contain the glucose-6-phosphatase.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 125", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose -6 phosphatase", "opb": "Hexokinase", "opc": "Isomerase", "opd": "Phosphofructokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "73310189-6aee-45a7-8027-14d6a0d2860e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Histidine load test is done for", "exp": "Histidine load test / FIGLU test.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histidine deficiency", "opb": "Folic acid deficiency", "opc": "Glutamate deficiency", "opd": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c77793c-e4a1-4fe7-ab7a-d6af9273797f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Senescent cells are deficient in", "exp": "Telomeres serve to camouflage chromosome ends from the DNA damage response machinery. Telomerase activity is required to maintain telomeres. One consequence of telomere dysfunction is cellular senescence, a permanent growth arrest state. We review the key regulators of cellular senescence and recent in vivo evidence which suppos p53-dependent senescence induced by sho telomeres as a potent tumor suppressor pathway. The in vivo link between cellular senescence and tumor regression is also discussed. The relationship between sho telomere length and aging or disease states in various cells of the body is increasingly repoed Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e", "cop": 3, "opa": "RNA polymerase", "opb": "DNA polymerase", "opc": "Telomerase", "opd": "Helicase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "42f18d77-d8e0-4aa2-b738-ba7e9ac2adde", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Main lipid component of chylomicrons is", "exp": "Plasma lipids consist of triacylglycerols (16%), phospholipids (30%), cholesterol (14%), and cholesteryl esters (36%) and a much smaller fraction of unesterified long-chain fatty acids (free fatty acids or FFA) (4%). The FFA is metabolically the most active of the plasma lipids. Lipoprotein Source Main Lipid Components Apolipoproteins Chylomicrons Intestine Triacylglycerol A-I, A-II,A-IV, B-48, C-I, C-II, C-III, E Chylomicron remnants Chylomicrons Triacylglycerol, phospholipids, cholesterol B-48, E VLDL Liver (intestine) Triacylglycerol B-100, C-I, C-II, C-III IDL VLDL Triacylglycerol, Cholesterol B-100, E LDL VLDL Cholesterol B-100 HDL Liver, intestine, VLDL, chylomicrons Phospholipids, cholesterol A-I, A-II, A-IV, C-I, C-II, C-III, D, E Albumin/free fatty acids Adipose tissue Free fatty acids Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 254", "cop": 1, "opa": "Triacylglycerols", "opb": "Phospholipids", "opc": "Cholesterol", "opd": "Free fatty acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "7c675040-eee1-4ae6-8220-4a086727a87e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cori’s cycle is another name for", "exp": "It is a process in which glucose is converted to lactate in the muscle; and in the liver this lactate is re-converted into glucose.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 114", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate", "opb": "HMP pathway", "opc": "TCA cycle", "opd": "Lactic acid cycle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "443762fe-51e4-4b7c-87fc-127938638c9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene duplication plays an impoant role in the evolution of aEUR'", "exp": "mRNA (most likely) Gene duplications are impoant forces of genome evolution which change genome size and lead to the evolution of new gene functions. Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene; it may occur as an error inhomologous recombination, a retrotransposition event, or duplication of an entire chromosome. The second copy of the gene is often free from selective pressure-- that is, mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. Thus it accumulates mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations of organisms. This freedom from consequences allows for the mutation of novel genes that could potentially increase the fitness of the organism or code for a new function. The two genes that exist after a gene duplication event are called paralogs and usually code for proteins with a similar function and/or structure. By contrast, ohologous genes are ones which code for proteins with similar functions but exist in different species", "cop": 1, "opa": ">m Rna", "opb": ">r Rna", "opc": ">t Rna", "opd": ">hn Rna", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5688761c-3708-47e0-b31f-7dde6725f9cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Larger DNA segments can be cloned in", "exp": "Hybrid DNA molecules can be constructed in cloning vectors typically using bacterial plasmids, phages, or cosmids. A clone is a large population of identical molecules, bacteria, or cells that arise from a common ancestor. Molecular cloning allows for the production of a large number of identical DNA molecules, which can then be characterized or used for other purposes. Cloning capacities of vectors Plasmid 0.01-10 kb Lambda phage 10-20 kb Cosmids 35-50 kb Bacterial aificial chromosome 50-250 kb Yeast aificial chromosome 500-3000 kb", "cop": 4, "opa": "Plasmids", "opb": "Bacteriophage", "opc": "Cosmids", "opd": "Bacterial Aificial Chromosomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "7c394da1-379a-4ab8-85b2-1983d534aac0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein that initiates synthesis of RNA primers", "exp": "Classes of Proteins Involved in Replication Protein Function DNA polymerases Deoxynucleotide polymerization Helicases ATP -driven processive unwinding of DNA Topoisomerases Relieve torsional strain that results from helicase-induced unwinding DNA primase Initiates synthesis of RNA primers Single-strand binding proteins (SSBs) Prevent premature reannealing of dsDNA DNA ligase Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strand Harper30e pg: 378", "cop": 3, "opa": "SSBs", "opb": "DNA Ligase", "opc": "DNA Primase", "opd": "Topoisomerases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e471fb45-f9ad-4f75-838e-a996cc848417", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "GLUT2 receptors", "exp": "GLUT 2 is the transpoer in liver cellsGLUT 2 has to be insulin independent since unless glucose enters beta cells GLUT 2 it won&;t be able to make the ATP required to close the K+ channel which is required to depolarize the membrane for Ca+ channels to open and Ca+ to enter the cell to bring about insulin releaseRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 108", "cop": 2, "opa": "Insulin dependent", "opb": "Insulin independent", "opc": "Found in cardiac muscle", "opd": "Found in brain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "63e14b67-ec3d-469f-bc0f-91f4c5b789cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primase activity is present in", "exp": "DNA polymerase alpha also known as Pol a is an enzyme complex found in eukaryotes that is involved in initiation of DNA replication Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases (see treasure)", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA polymerase II", "opb": "DNA polymerase a", "opc": "DNA polymerase b", "opd": "DNA polymerase d", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Replication", "id": "fc5da55a-75c7-4a54-b34e-853abf110d9c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Elongation arrest occurs due to", "exp": "B i.e. SRP", "cop": 2, "opa": "SRP- R", "opb": "SRP", "opc": "Signal peptide", "opd": "Docking protein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "15bb0723-1fcc-460a-970a-fec0e2947d8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At isoelectric pH protein", "exp": "Proteins are least soluble at their isoelectric pH . Significance of isoelectric proteind : The amonoacid composition will determine the isoelectric pH of protein . The alpha amino acids and carboxyl group are utilized for peptide bond formation, and hence are not ionizable.All other ionizable groups present in the protein will influence pl of the protein. At the isoelectric point,the number of anioins andcations present on the protein molecule will be equal and the net charge is zero. At the pl value,the proteins will not migrate in an electrical field.At the pl, solubility,buffering capacity and viscosity will be minimum; and precipatation will be maximum. On the acidic side of pl, the proteins are cations and on alkaline side, they are anions in nature. REFERENCE : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO :41", "cop": 1, "opa": "Have Net charge 'O'", "opb": "Are positively charged", "opc": "Are negatively charge", "opd": "Don't migrate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "0dbaa2f6-f6a9-4f12-a97d-159a172a5532", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Patient present with skin bullae on the sun exposure. The defect is of", "exp": "A pair of abnormally chemically bonded adjacent thymine bases in DNA, resulting from damage by ultra-violet irradiation. The cellular processes that repair this lesion often make errors that create mutations.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sugar changes", "opb": "DNA methylation", "opc": "Thymidine dimers", "opd": "Trinucleotide repeats", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "a1420061-aa1d-41d4-ad66-88fe3fa97f92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Collagen paicularly seen in corneal epithelium is", "exp": "Type X is present in many tissues but paicularly seen in the corneal epithelium Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 628 Table no: 50-1", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type II", "opb": "Type X", "opc": "Type XX", "opd": "Type XXV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "f0cea222-05cc-4e16-b297-0b168ce36d09", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Electron transpo chain is present in", "exp": "The Mitochondrial matrix is enclosed by a double membrane. The outer membrane is permeable to most metabolites and the inner membrane is selectively permeable. The outer membrane is characterized by the presence of various enzymes, including acyl-CoA synthetase and glycerophosphate acyltransferase. Other enzymes, including adenylyl kinase and creatine kinase, are found in the intermembrane space. The phospholipid cardiolipin is concentrated in the inner membrane together with the enzymes of the respiratory chain, ATP synthase, and various membrane transpoers. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 127", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lysosomes", "opb": "Mitochondrial matrix", "opc": "Inner mitochondrial membrane", "opd": "Outer mitochondrial membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "420f47ad-9692-4bba-b687-207f219c07ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "TATA box is seen in", "exp": "TATA box (also called the Goldberg-Hogness box) is a DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes Ref-D.M.Vasudevan 7/e p558", "cop": 1, "opa": "Promoter region", "opb": "Palindromic region", "opc": "Enhancer region", "opd": "Silencer region", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c31675c3-45ba-498a-b035-22f31ed2bf13", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Gaucher&;s disease, there is a deficiency of", "exp": "Due to deficiency of glucocerebrosidase, causes glucosylceramide accumulation in macrophages called Gaucher&;s cells.DiseaseEnzyme DeficiencyClinical SymptomsGaucher diseaseb-GlucosidaseEnlarged liver and spleen, erosion of long bones,mental retardation in infantsRef: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 24 Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucocerebrosides", "opb": "glucokinase", "opc": "Sphingomyelinase", "opd": "G-6PD", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "0529637a-7efa-4ae3-bbdd-f97ff6d374c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased level lipoprotein A predisposes to", "exp": "Familial lipoprotein(a) excess leads premature coronary hea disease due to atherosclerosis, plus thrombosis due to inhibition of fibrinolysis.Ref: Harper 30th edition pg: 275", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver cirrhosis", "opb": "Atherosclerosis", "opc": "Nephrotic syndrome", "opd": "Pancreatitis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "522a360c-2268-4795-8a26-0670ab53f615", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Triplex DNA is clue to", "exp": "Triple- stranded DNA- forms hydrogen bonds with another surface of the double helix through called Hoogsteenpairs.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hoogsteen Pairing", "opb": "Palindromic sequences", "opc": "Large no. of guanosine repeats", "opd": "PolypYrimidine tracts", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b63c5d80-f72d-40de-8563-62a57c38f42d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary link between citric acid cycle and urea cycle with", "exp": "(Fumarate): (340-U.Satyanarayan 3rd) (145-Harper 28th)Integration between Urea cycle and Citric acid cycleUrea cycle is linked with citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) in three different ways. This is regarded as bicyclic integration between the two cycle1. The production of fumarate in urea cycle is the most important integrating point with TCA cycle fumarate is converted to malate and then to oxaloacetate in TCA cycle. Oxaloacetate undergoes transamination to produce aspartate which enters urea cycle. Here it combines with citrulline to produce arginosuccinate. Oxaloacetate is an important metabolite which can combine with acetyl COA to form citrate and get finally oxidized. Oxaloacetate can also serve as precursor for the synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis)2. ATP (12) are generated in the TCA cycle while ATP (4) are utilized for the urea synthesis3. Citric acid cycle is an important metabolic pathway for the complete oxidation of various metabolites to CO2 and H2O. The CO2 liberated in TCA cycle (in the mitochondria) can be utilized in urea cycle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Malate", "opb": "Fumarate", "opc": "Succinate", "opd": "Citrate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "6e5b7a45-2a15-442a-b4a9-eff44fb27f7a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carnosine is a major constituent of", "exp": "Carnosine (α-alanyl-histidine) is a dipeptide that is present in large quantities in muscle tissue.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Muscle", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Adipose tissue", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a28205a1-d382-430b-b2ae-f5b6b5edefa9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A buffer that is most effective at a pH of about 4.5 is;", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Acetate BufferRef Guyton, 10/e, p349A buffer system is most effective when the pH of the system is near its pka valueLet's see the pka of the buffers given in the questionBufferPkaPhosphateBicarbonateAcetateTris 6.8 6.14.76 (Harper 25th/e p24) 8.3 (Harper 25th/ep23)* It's the acetate buffer which has its pka (4.76) value nearest to the pH of the system (4.5), hence it will be most effective at this pH.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acetate buffer.", "opb": "Bicarbonate buffer", "opc": "Phosphate buffer", "opd": "Tris buffer", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Mechanisms of Enzyme Action", "id": "14e7ae53-7781-4f02-b014-3d8bd1308d91", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Proteins targeted for destruction in eukaryotes are covalently linked to", "exp": "(D) Ubiquitin # UBIQUITIN is a small protein present in eukaryotic cells, that targets many intracellular proteins for degradation, mainly Abnormal newly produced proteins Aged normal proteins> The 'C terminal residue of ubiquitin becomes covalently attached to lysine residues of proteins that are then degraded via an adenosine triphosphate dependent process.# Other options:> Clathrin: Clathrin is a peripheral membrane protein that helps in endocytosis. The vesicles formed during absorptive pinocytosis are derived from invaginations (pits) that are coated on the cytoplasmic site with a filamentous material known as clathrin.> Pepsin: Is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by chief cells of stomach It is used for digestion> Laminin: Is found in extracellular matrix It is the most abundant glycoprotein present in basement membrane", "cop": 4, "opa": "Clathrin", "opb": "Pepsin", "opc": "Laminin", "opd": "Ubiquitin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "ef5410a2-46c0-4f42-92f7-7cb0458ecb60", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dietary fibre contain", "exp": "Dietary fibre contains remnants of plant cells resistant to hydrolysis by the enzymes of alimentary canal. Fibre is basically composed of 2 categories : 1. Water insoluble components. 2 . Warer soluble components. 1. Water insoluble : Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin 2. Water soluble : Pectins, Mucilagesn, Gums.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Collagen", "opb": "Pectin", "opc": "Proteoglycans", "opd": "Starch", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "5da3755d-a022-43e2-a3b2-5ba815a25453", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ability of amino acids/proteins to behave like zwitterions forms the basis for separating them using the following technique", "exp": "Isoelectric focusing is based on the isoelectric pH (pH at which a molecule carries no net charge). pH gradients created in the gel using polyampholytes. As there is no net charge, molecule stops moving during electrophoresis if they encounter their pI.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gel filtration chromatography", "opb": "Ion exchange chromatography", "opc": "Isoelectric focusing", "opd": "Mass spectrometry", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Classification and metabolism of amino acids", "id": "3aad5d3f-0855-45e3-bd5e-8a07a4f3a947", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The number of molecules of ATP produced by the total oxidation of acetyl CoA in TCA cycle is", "exp": "There are 3 NADH molecules generated during one cycle, each of them will give rise to 2 ½ ATPs on oxidation by electron transport chain (ETC); so altogether they will give 3 × 2 ½ = 7 ½ (7.5) high energy phosphates. The FADH2 will generate 1½ molecules of ATP. In addition, one molecule of GTP (equivalent to one molecule of ATP) is formed by substrate level phosphorylation. Hence, per turn of the cycle, 10 high energy phosphates are produced.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 250", "cop": 3, "opa": "6", "opb": "8", "opc": "10", "opd": "12", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "671f0f48-dccb-4ee9-be06-b4201bbe6491", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The uptake of glucose by the liver increases following a carbohydrate meal because", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "There is increase in phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase", "opb": "GLUT-2 is stimulated by insulin", "opc": "Glucokinase has a low Km for glucose.", "opd": "Hexokinase in liver has a high affinity for glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "498f84f8-c413-465d-94a5-8ef1a01907ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malonate competitively inhibits", "exp": "Inhibitors of TCA Cycle - A. Aconitase (citrate to aconitate) is inhibited by fluoro-acetate. This is non-competitive inhibition. B. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA) is inhibited by Arsenite. This again is non-competitive inhibition. C. Succinate dehydrogenase (succinate to fumarate) is inhibited by malonate; this is competitive inhibition. competitive inhibition - In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor will be a structural analog of the substrate. There will be similarity in three dimensional structure between substrate (S) and inhibitor (I). For example, the succinate dehydrogenase reaction is inhibited by malonate. Competitive inhibition is usually reversible. Or, excess substrate abolishes the inhibition. REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY,EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,309,63.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fumarate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "opc": "Aconitase", "opd": "Succinate thiokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "d6281f3a-af83-4b49-88ac-01796dd015c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased intake of PUFA causes increased requirement of the following vitamin", "exp": "Metabolism of Vitamin E Normal blood level of tocopherol is 0.5-1 mg/dl. It is absorbed along with other fats and needs the help of bile salts. Tocopherol is absorbed and transpoed as chylomicrons. It is stored in adipose tissue. During catabolism, the chromane ring and side chain may be oxidized and excreted in bile after conjugation with glucuronic acid.Biochemical Role of Vitamin E i. Vitamin E is the most powerful natural antioxidant (Chapter 20). Free radicals are continuously being generated in living systems. Their prompt inactivation is of great impoance. Vitamin E is a known biological antioxidant able to quench the lipid peroxidation chain and to protect the plasma membranes from the attack of free radicals.ii.The free radicals would attack bio-membranes. Vitamin E protects RBC from hemolysis. By preventing the peroxidation, it keeps the structural and functional integrity of all cells. iii. Gradual deterioration of aging process is due to the cumulative effects of free radicals. Vitamin E also boosts immune response. Fig. 33.13. Atherosclerotic plaque in a blood vessel is shown in the left side. It may be prevented by vegetables containing vitamin E iv. It reduces the risk of atherosclerosis by reducing oxidation of LDL (Fig. 33.13; see Chapter 25 for Atherosclerosis).v.Vitamin E can depress leukocyte oxidative bactericidal activity.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7th edition, page no: 473", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fiboflavin", "opb": "Tocopherol", "opc": "Vitamin A", "opd": "Vitamin D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "3d5f2ef6-04a9-4050-b271-264c5a004705", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dihydrouridine is found in", "exp": "Dihydrouridine (abbreted as D, DHU, or UH2) is a pyrimidine which is the result of adding two hydrogen atoms to a uridine, making it a fully saturated pyrimidine ring with no remaining double bonds. D is found in tRNA and rRNA molecules as a nucleoside; the corresponding nucleobase is 5,6-dihydrouracil Ref- Sathyanarayana 4/e", "cop": 3, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "mRNA", "opc": "tRNA", "opd": "rRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "9ed137bd-f09e-4dab-8a02-ab172243cf94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine by", "exp": "Norepinephrine can be conveed into epinephrine by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as cofactor.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hydroxylation", "opb": "N-methylation", "opc": "Deamination", "opd": "Carboxylation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "171039a5-ebdb-4980-9ccf-8e8fb75f45e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytochrome oxidase contains", "exp": "(CU) (76 - Lippincott's) (104 - HP 27th)Cytochrome oxidase (cytochroe a + a3) contains bound copper atoms, that are required for this complex reaction to occur", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ca++", "opb": "Cu", "opc": "Mn", "opd": "Zn", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory Chain", "id": "75a57464-3351-4c9e-bdee-f2fe35cf5774", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thiamine deficiency causes decreased energyproduction because", "exp": "It is co-enzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase Thiamine has a central role in energy-yielding metabolism and especially the metabolism of carbohydrates. Thiamine diphosphate is the coenzyme for: A) 3 multi-enzyme complexes that catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation reactions. - pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA) - a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle and - branched chain keto-acid dehydrogenase involved in the metabolism of leucine, isoleucine and valise. B) Transketolase, in the pentose phosphate pathway. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate play a key role in energy metabolism of most cells. In thiamine deficiency, the activity of these two dehydrogenase reactions is decreased,, resulting in a decreased production of ATP.", "cop": 4, "opa": "It is required for the process of transamination", "opb": "It is co-factor in oxidative reduction", "opc": "It is co-enzyme for transketolase in pentose phosphate pathway", "opd": "It is co-enzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "9cef2d4f-144b-4f79-a226-f0dcff6ce15e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tertiary structure of a protein describes", "exp": "Secondary structure denotes the configurational relationship between residues which are about 3–4 amino acids apart; or secondary level defines the organization at immediate vicinity of amino acids.\nThe tertiary structure denotes three dimensional structure of the whole protein.\n\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 38", "cop": 4, "opa": "The order of amino acids", "opb": "Location of disulphide bonds", "opc": "Loop regions of proteins", "opd": "The ways of protein folding", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a83b6d12-4467-4131-aa6b-994b151f5708", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RNA can is detected by", "exp": "Nohern blot: A method for transferring RNA from an agarose or polyacrylamide gel to a nitrocellulose or nylon filter, upon which the RNA can be detected by a suitable probe by base-specific hybridization.Southern blot: A method for transferring DNA from an agarose gel to nitrocellulose filter, on which the DNA can be detected by a suitable probe (eg, complementary DNA or RNA).Western blot: A method for transferring protein to a nitrocellulose filter, on which the protein can be detected by a suitable probe (eg, an antibody).Southwestern blot: A method for detecting protein-DNA interactions by applying a labeled DNA probe to a transfer membrane that contains a renatured protein.Ref: Harper 30e, Page no: 469", "cop": 2, "opa": "Southern Blot Technique", "opb": "Nohern Blot Technique", "opc": "Western Blot Technique", "opd": "South-Western Blot Technique", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "dde9fa49-d30f-4628-8ca9-c42c330297ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Familial hypercholesterolemia is due to defect in", "exp": "Name Defect Remarks Familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) Defective LDL receptors or mutation in the ligand region of apo B-100 Elevated LDL levels and hypercholesterolemia, resulting in atherosclerosis and coronary disease Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 275", "cop": 4, "opa": "Apo A", "opb": "Lipoprotein lipase", "opc": "Apo C", "opd": "Apo B 100", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "c3f73a22-dcac-4ba8-ac7c-0a7875e7c5dd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fatty acid synthase complex result in formation of", "exp": "Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 136-138", "cop": 2, "opa": "14 carbon chain", "opb": "16 carbon chain", "opc": "18 carbon chain", "opd": "20 carbon chain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "4269103a-ed8c-455f-93cd-e6490a655929", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Conversion of glycine to serine requires", "exp": "Conversion of glycine to serine require folic acid. From serine, The beta carbon of serine is channelled into the one-carbon pool, carried by THFA (tetrahydro folic acid). The alpha carbon of serine becomes the alpha carbon of glycine. Serine is the most impoant source of One-Carbon units Serine Hydroxy Methyl Transferase is the enzyme involved in this pathway. Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 475", "cop": 1, "opa": "Folic acid", "opb": "Thiamine", "opc": "Vit. C", "opd": "Fe2+", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "a39c3d48-d6d4-4caa-b348-dd25104964db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "FIGLU is an intermediate in", "exp": "Histidine metabolised to formimino glutamic acid(figlu)Ref: Textbook of biochemistry for medical students, seventh edition, page no: 243", "cop": 2, "opa": "Valine", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Argenine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "fb6306d1-863f-458f-a949-b7f3228b64ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cysteine is formed from", "exp": "Serin+Homocystein ------->Cysteine+Homoserin.Homocystein is synthesized from Methionine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 217, Fig no 16.15", "cop": 1, "opa": "Methionine and serine", "opb": "Methionine and glycine", "opc": "Alanine and glycine", "opd": "Serine and glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "c601400b-ce4c-43f0-8f65-c3d32ec3b458", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Guanidine group is present in", "exp": "Amino acid  \nSpecial group\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHistidine\n\n\nImidazole\n\n\n\n\nProline\n\n\nImino group / Pyrrolidine group\n\n\n\n\nTryptophan\n\n\nIndole\n\n\n\n\nariginine\n\n\nGuanidine group\n\n\n\n\nPhenylalanine\n\n\nBenzene ring\n\n\n\n\nTyrosine\n\n\nPhenol.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Proline", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Arginine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cfd1111c-3f19-4307-800e-55da22ba5955", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antibiotic abuse can induce the deficiency of the following vitamin", "exp": "Clinical deficiency of vitamin K has usually been associated with some defect in absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Since the introduction of the broadspectrum antibiotics, it has become possible to greatly reduce the bacterial content of the intestine and, as a consequence, to decrease the amount of vitamin K produced, leading to hemorrhagic diathesis. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 129", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "Niacin", "opc": "Vitamin K", "opd": "Vitamin E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "a093694e-febc-4cf2-8643-b0930d676bef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Familial hypercholesterolemia is", "exp": "Familial Hypercholesterolemia, or Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia is defect in LDL-receptors or defect in Apo B100 apoprotein. In this disease, LDL levels & cholesterol is raised in blood. It is Autosomal dominant (AD). ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA: Type Defect Lipoprotein increased TGs Cholesterol Name I Lipoprotein Lipase or Apo C- II Chylomicron || VLDL | || Normal Familial Hyperchylomicronemia (AR) IIa LDL - receptor or Apo B100 LDL|| Normal || Familial Hypercholesterolemia IIb Unknown VLDL| LDL| | | Familial combined Hyperlipoproteinemia (AR) III Apo E Chylomicron Remanant || VLDL remnant | || || Dysbeta - lipoproteinemia or Broad - Beta disease (AR)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deficient LDL receptors", "opb": "Deficient HDL receptors", "opc": "HMG CoA reductase deficiency", "opd": "Deficient VLDL receptors", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipoproteins", "id": "2810213f-a3ff-46c3-b41f-151fcd7df03f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Post translational modification of lysine and proline is by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Vit A", "opb": "Vit C", "opc": "Vit B1", "opd": "Vit D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f923829a-684d-4cb4-b8f2-bee69641d968", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iron in heme is linked to globin through", "exp": "Ans. a (Histidine) (Ref. Harper's biochemistry 27th ed., Chapter 6,12; Harrison's 17th/ pg. 635)Heme, an essentially planar, slightly puckered, cyclic tetrapyrrole, has a central Fe2+ linked to all four nitrogen atoms of the heme, to histidine F8, and, in oxyMb and oxyHb, also to O2.The Hemoglobin:# Heme synthesis:- Occurs in the liver and bone marrow.- Committed step is glycine + succinyl CoA -delta aminolevulinate (ALA Synthase required).- Lead inhibits ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase, preventing incorporation of iron and causing anemia and porphyria.# Glutathione reductase requires NADPH for its action. In G6PD deficiency NADPH cannot be generated at the normal rate and hence oxidants cannot be destroyed, which in turn cause damage, both to hemoglobin and cell membrane cause hemolysis.# Solubility and reversible oxygen binding, both depend most on the hydrophilic surface amino acids, the hydrophobic amino acids lining the heme pocket, a key histidine in the F helix, and the amino acids forming the a1 b1, and a1 b2 contact points.# Hemoglobin is a tetramer composed of 4 globin molecules; 2 alpha globins and 2 beta globins. The alpha globin chain is composed of 141 amino acids and the beta globin chain is composed of 146 amino acids. Both alpha and beta globin proteins share similar secondary and tertiary structures, each with 8 helical segments (labeled helix A-G).# Each globin chain also contains one heme molecule. Heme, an essentially planar, slightly puckered, cyclic tetrapyrrole, has a central Fe2+ linked to all four nitrogen atoms of the heme, to histidine F8, and, in oxyMb and oxyHb, also to O2 The heme molecule is located between helix E and helix F of the globin protein. The alpha and beta subunits of the globin chains exist in two dimers, which are bonded together strongly. The four Pyrole rings are joined by Methylene or Methylidene bridge (-C = bridge).# In Heme synthesis, the two starting materials are succinyl-CoA and glycine. Pyridoxal phosphate is also necessary in this reaction to \"activate\" glycine.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Cysteine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "e84a0bf9-618c-489e-82ab-fa054fa09652", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Specific cell surface proteins, such as alkaline phosphatase, and lipoprotein lipase, are anchored to the cell membrane. This anchoring is accomplished by covalent binding through an oligosaccharide bridge to the component of the cell membrane. This component is", "exp": "Phosphatidylinositol derivatives play several distinct roles in the cell membrane, one of which is that they anchor several cell surface proteins. Cell surface proteins bound to phosphatidylinositol are also found in several parasitic protozoa. By altering these proteins, these protozoa can change their antigenic propeies and avoid immunosurveillance. Being attached a telatively long chain to the membrane phosphatidylinositol, rather than being a pa of the membrane itself, allows these proteins lateral movement on the cell surface. The proteins can be cleaved from the membrane by the action of phospholipase C. The other compounds listed are also phospholipids, but they do not anchor proteins in the membrane.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sphingomyelin", "opb": "Phospphatidic acid", "opc": "Phosphatidylserine", "opd": "Phosphatidylinositol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "d742965b-bf2d-450d-a054-71276c8574eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Catecholamines are synthesized from", "exp": "Tyrosine -------------------->DOPA ---------------->dopamine ----------------->norepinephrine ----------------->epinephrine (catecholamines)Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 235", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Histidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "c39fdba8-b48a-486d-a324-0e65a7862086", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apoprotein A is found in a) Chylomicronsb) VLDLc) HDLd) LDL", "exp": "HDL > Chylomicrons \n\nThe major apolipoprotein of HDL is apo-A, whereas major apolipoprotein of VLDL, LDL, and chylomicrons is apo-B; apoB-100 in VLDL and LDL, and apoB-48 in chylomicrons.\nApo-A → HDL, chylomicrons\nApoB-100 → LDL, VLDL, EDL\nApoB-48 → Chylomicrons\nApo-C → Chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL\nApo-D → HDL\nApo-E → Chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL", "cop": 1, "opa": "ac", "opb": "b", "opc": "cd", "opd": "d", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ddeaf920-4ff7-406b-913b-a55956704958", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemolytic anaemia is seen most commonly due to", "exp": "Pyruvate kinase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body&;s tissues. People with this disorder have a condition known as chronic hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are broken down (undergo hemolysis) prematurely, resulting in a shoage of red blood cells (<a href=\" Specifically,&nbsp;pyruvate kinase deficiency&nbsp;is a common cause of a type of inherited hemolytic anemia called hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. In hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, the red blood cells do not assume a spherical shape as they do in some other forms of hemolytic anemia.</p>", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyruvate kinase", "opb": "Phospho fructokinase I", "opc": "Phospho fructokinase II", "opd": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "0a41db89-6e71-4fca-9010-d87395329ef3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum number of unusual base pairs are seen in", "exp": "The transfer RNA show extensive internal base pairing and acquire clover leaf like structures. They contain a significant propoion of unusual bases. These include dihydrouracil (DHU) pseudouridine (Ps) and hypoxanthine. Moreover, many bases are methylated. REFERENCE : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO : 596.", "cop": 2, "opa": "rRNA", "opb": "tRNA", "opc": "mRNA", "opd": "snRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "ee6f3a1f-8797-4c48-95ff-9c08847b00d4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Electron transpo chain is located in", "exp": "Localisation: The ETC is localised in the mitochondria. The outer membrane of mitochondria is permeable to most of the small molecules. There is an intermediate space which presents no barrier to passage of intermediates. The inner membrane shows a highly selective permeability. It has transpo systems only for specific substances such as ATP, ADP, pyruvate, succinate, a-ketoglutarate, malate, and citrate etc (Refer Fig. 10.1). The enzymes of the electron transpo chain are embedded in the inner membrane in association with the enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 138", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inner mitochondrial membrane", "opb": "Inner pa of mitochondrial membrane", "opc": "Intermembranous", "opd": "Matrix", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "d44da1ce-12b0-48fd-86ca-a0a1ab80920b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Branching enzyme is found in", "exp": "Glycogen synthesis:- i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in the alpha-1,4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to create the alpha-1,6 linkages. ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11 - 12 glucose residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo--transglucosidase (branching enzyme) forms this alpha-1,6 linkage (Fig. 9.37). iii. To this newly created branch, fuher glucose units can be added in alpha-1,4 linkage by glycogen synthase.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 125", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycogenesis", "opb": "Gluconeogenesis", "opc": "Glycogenolysis", "opd": "Glycolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "26afe7b8-6469-42c2-89d7-5b6def049000", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HMP shunt is of great importance in cellular metabolism because it produces", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "ATP", "opb": "ADP", "opc": "Acetyl CoA", "opd": "NADPH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f801c6cb-37e9-42b9-94e2-6948db74a01b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The amino acid producing ammonia in kidney is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Glutamine Ammonia ( N 3/4 ) is produced by the hydrolysis of Glutamine by the enzyme glutaminase in renal tubular cells H2OGlutamine - Glutamic acid + NH3 (or Glutamate) GlutaminaseGlutamic acid can be further catalyzed by glutamic dehydrogenase into a-ketoglutarate producing more ammonia.Ammonia being lipid soluble readily diffuses across the cell membranes into the tubular urine. In the urine it reacts with H+ from NH4+ and the NH4+ remains in the urine.Production of ammonia is one of the renal mechanisms of acid-base balanceThe NH3 production is greatly increased in metabolic acidosis and negligible in alkalosis.If the cells require more NH3, it can be formed from glycine by glycine oxidase and other amino acids by L-amino acid oxidase (Production of ammonia from glutamine in the principal mechanism).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutamine", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Amino Acid Metabolism", "id": "24c349f7-4a05-420e-b4cb-298a8be896cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratan sulphate is found in abundance in", "exp": "Keratan sulphate:*Seen in: costal cailages, cornea, nucleus pulposus and wall of aoa*Comp: n*No URONIC ACID*Sulphate is in both gal and glucosamine", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hea muscle", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Adrenal coex", "opd": "Cornea", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c2139d29-2d3a-49c1-93ad-fe6c1685aee5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Interaction involved in primary structure of protein", "exp": "Primary Structure: Primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds in its peptide chain. The peptide bonds form the backbone and side chains of amino acid residues project outside the peptide backbone. The free -NH2 group of the terminal amino acid is called as N-terminal end and the free -COOH end is called as C-terminal end. It is a tradition to number the amino acids from N-terminal end as No. 1 towards the C-terminal end. Presence of specific amino acids at a specific number is very significant for a paicular function of a protein. Any change in the sequence is abnormal and may affect the function and propeies of protein.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 89", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hydrogen bond", "opb": "Disulfide bond", "opc": "Peptide bond", "opd": "Electrostatic bond", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "f188d6e4-6b31-449b-abad-0a2887d566e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A dideoxynucleotide does not contain", "exp": "Dideoxy nucleotide Lacks 3' OH group also. Stop the chain elongation when they are incorporated. DNA polymerase requires 3' OH group to begin polymerisation. Use: Sanger chain termination method of DNA sequencing. Didanosine is a dideoxynucleotide used in the therapy of HIV.", "cop": 1, "opa": "2' & 3' OH group", "opb": "3' & 4' OH group", "opc": "4' & 5' OH group", "opd": "2' & 5' OH group", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Nucleotides", "id": "64fff391-9831-47e9-8a41-1f7e3056abf2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Active form of vitamin Li is", "exp": "1,25(011) 2 vit-D (Ref: Harper 26/e, p 484-485; Harrison 16/e, p 2246: Chatterjee Shinde Biochemistry 6/e, p 151] Synthesis and metabolism of Vitamin D Calcidiol may undergo 24-hydroxylation to yield an inactive metabolite, 24, 25-dihydroxy vit. D mediated by vit. D 24 - hydroxylase. 1, 25 (01-1)2D is the major inducer of vit-D-24 hydroxylase, thus promotes its own inactivation, thereby limiting its biologic effects.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cholecalciferol", "opb": "24, 25 (OH)2 vit-D", "opc": "1,25(OH) 2 vit-D", "opd": "25-OH vit-D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "43e737cc-a562-4ddf-a13a-58fddf813d6e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Histone acetylation causes", "exp": "Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as pa of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential pas of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with \"histone acetyltransferase\" (HAT) or \"histone deacetylase\" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, Acetyl-Coenzyme A) to another. Deacetylation is simply the reverse reaction where an acetyl group is removed from a molecule. Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription. This relaxation can be reversed by HDAC activity. Relaxed, transcriptionally active DNA is referred to as euchromatin. More condensed (tightly packed) DNA is referred to as heterochromatin. Condensation can be brought about by processes including deacetylation and methylation; the action of methylation is indirect and has no effect upon charge.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased Heterochromatin formation", "opb": "Increase Euchromatin formation", "opc": "Methylation of cystine", "opd": "DNA replication", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e119d536-dfe4-42de-bcc0-19dc904c2d06", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Codon consist of", "exp": "DNA is a reference for proteins, which are the functional molecules in cells. These are comprised of 20 unique amino acids, and each is coded for by a stretch of DNA known as a codon. Codons are always 3 base-pairs (nucleotides) in length.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "3 base pair", "opb": "2 base pair", "opc": "Two nucleotide", "opd": "5 base pair", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "59318c8e-157a-45d2-a56e-bb88c0077304", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phenylbutyrate is used in the treatment of urea cycle disorders, because", "exp": "Phenylbutyrate and sodium benzoate act as ammonia(nitrogen) scavengers.", "cop": 4, "opa": "It activates deficient enzymes", "opb": "It maintains urine output", "opc": "It acidifies the urine", "opd": "It scavenges nitrogen.", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cb1258c4-8cbd-492b-a84b-0019561acf32", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase causes", "exp": "A combined T cell and B cell immunodeficiency that is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that has material basis in mutation in the PNP gene and characterized mainly by decreased T-cell function. Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Complement deficiency", "opb": "Cellular immunodeficeincy", "opc": "Humoral immunodeficeincy", "opd": "Combined immunodeficeincy", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "8569215f-996c-4919-8070-f7bcd5fdbe16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iron overload", "exp": "Normal plasma contains very little ferritin. Ferritin in plasma is elevated in iron overload. Thus ferritin level in blood is an index of body iron stores. iv. Ferritin is an acute phase reactant protein that is elevated in inflammatory diseases. Estimation of ferritin is also indicated in chronic kidney disease to assess the extent of anemia. v. Synthesis of TfR and ferritin and that of ferritin are reciprocally controlled. Both are controlled by the iron content. When iron levels are high, ferritin is synthesized to store the iron; but the TfR synthesis is blocked. When iron levels are high, iron binds to iron-response-element- binding-protein (IREBP), preventing it from binding to IRE. This will result in synthesis of new ferritin, and suppression of synthesis of TfR. Transferrin receptors (TfR) are present on most of the body cells, especially on cells which synthesize heme. The iron-transferrin complex is taken up by the body cells by the receptor mechanism. The transferrin receptor has a molecular weight of 200 kD. It binds two molecules of transferrin. The iron-transferrin- receptor is internalized. Iron is taken in by the cells, and receptor molecules are externalized. vii. Transferrin is a glycoprotein. Abnormal glycosylation is seen in congenital disorders and in chronic alcohol abuse.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 425", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cannot occur because very efficient excretory mechanism are available", "opb": "Occur in a deficiency of ferroxidase I", "opc": "Would be accompanied by an increase in total serum transferrin", "opd": "Might be caused by an ingestion of large amounts of iron along with alcohol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "dbfc7e6b-60f9-4f9a-bb25-f2adbb5bd176", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Folding of protein chain is due to", "exp": "In the concept of orders of protein structure: primary structure--the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chainsecondary structure--the folding of sho, contiguous segments of the polypeptide into geometrically ordered units teiary structure--the assembly of secondary structural units into larger functional units such as the mature polypeptide and its component domainsquaternary structure--the number and types of polypeptide units of oligomeric proteins and their spatial arrangement.Two most common types of secondary structure, the a helix, and the b sheet.The stability of an a helix arises primarily from hydrogen bonds formed between the oxygen of the peptide bond carbonyl and the hydrogen atom of the peptide bond nitrogen of the fouh residue down the polypeptide chainLike the a helix, b sheets derive much of their stability from hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygens and amide hydrogens of peptide bonds. However, in contrast to the a helix, these bonds are formed with adjacent segments of the b sheetRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Pg: 38", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amide bond", "opb": "Hydrogen bond", "opc": "Phosphodiester bond", "opd": "Disulphide bond", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "77f6619c-b24c-4eaf-aba7-b4f11f5d66e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hormone necessary for water and sodium balance", "exp": "Ans: d (Aldosterone)Ref: Vasudevan & Sreekumari, 6th edi., Pg. 357Aldosterone is secreted by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It regulates sodium-potasium exchange and sodium-hydrogen exchange at the renal tubules.The net effect is the sodium retention", "cop": 4, "opa": "Progesterone", "opb": "Cortisol", "opc": "Estrogen", "opd": "Aldosterone", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "bec224e1-aff6-4cde-af8e-bef14d54abe0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I is used in", "exp": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 conve CO2 + NH4 to Carvomyl phosphate Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p680", "cop": 3, "opa": "Purine synthesis", "opb": "Pyrimidine synthesis", "opc": "Urea cycle", "opd": "Uronic acid pathway", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "969aca92-ded6-4a53-ad92-2a2d4b153e4a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acid produced by adding hydroxyl group to phenyl side chain of phenylalanine", "exp": "Ans: c. (tyrosine) Ref: Vasudevan Sreekumari, 6th edi., pg. 203Amino acids having phenyl side chain are called aromatic amino acid.Aromatic amino acids are - phenylalanine, tyrosine Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine. The reaction involves addition of a hydroxyl group to the aromatic (phenyl) ring, by phenylalanine hydroxylase. It needs NADPH, NADH and tetrahydrobiopterin as co enzymes.As this reaction is irreversible reaction, tyrosine cannot replenish phenylalanine. Hence phenylalanine is an essential amino acid.Serine, threonine are aliphatic hydroxy aminoacidsTryptophan, histidine are heterocyclic amino acids having indole and imidazole group respectively. Proline is animino acid because it has a secondary amino group, pyrrolidine group.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Threonine", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Serine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "76918ea3-cc1f-4487-a443-0bcd0488874f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Poly (A) tail translates into", "exp": "A poly (A) tail is added to the 3&; end of the pre-mRNA once elongation is complete. The poly (A) tail protects the mRNA from degradation, aids in the expo of the mature mRNA to the cytoplasm, and is involved in binding <a href=\" involved in initiating translation.</li>", "cop": 2, "opa": "Polyproline", "opb": "Polylysine", "opc": "Polyalanine", "opd": "Polyglycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "5a83d0ba-78b7-46c6-a35d-a204fe663107", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme defect in Classic Phenylketonuria", "exp": "Hyperphenylalaninemias arise from defects in phenylalanine hydroxylase (type I, classic phenylketonuria (PKU), frequency 1 in 10,000 bihs), in dihydrobiopterin reductase (types II and III), or in dihydrobiopterin biosynthesis (types IV and V).Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 29 Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opb": "Dihydrobiopterin reductase", "opc": "Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase", "opd": "Homogentisate oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "bae9d697-285f-41ef-af6e-490f9b722bf9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Imidazole ring is present in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e.,Histidine Some amino acids contain a special functional group in their side chain which provide some specific functions to that amino acids. These are : Hydroxyl group in serine and threonine - Indole ring in tryptophanAmide group in aspargine and glutamine - (3-Carboxyl in glutamic acidThioether in methionine - Imidazole in histidineSulphydryl in cysteine - Phenol in tyrosiney-carboxyl in glutamic acid - Pyrrolidine in prolineGuanidinium in arginine - c-amino in lysine", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "Arginine", "opc": "Histidine", "opd": "Tyrosine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "86875d9f-a2bc-4028-964e-f1c3cc73c08e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency seen in genetic diseases like", "exp": "Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder due to the deficiency of enzyme Hexosaminidase A. The disease occurs when harmful quantities of cell membrane components known as gangliosides accumulate in the brain&;s nerve cells, eventually leading to the premature death of the cells. symptoms: mental retardation, blindness, muscular weakness.Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal genetic disorder. Mutations in the globin genes that alter the protein composition, mutations leading to qualitative alterations in hemoglobin, the missense mutation in the b-globin gene that causes sickle cell anemia.T he mutation causing sickle cell anemia is a single nucleotide substitution (A to T) in the codon for amino acid 6. The change conves a glutamic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG). The form of hemoglobin in persons with sickle cell anemia is referred to as HbS.Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that affects the secretory glands, including the mucus and sweat glands. Cystic fibrosis mostly affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs. CF is due to a mutation in the CF gene on chromosome 7. The CF gene encodes a protein known as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The abnormal CFTR protein in patients with CF leads to disruption of chloride channels on the cells.Wilson&;s disease is a genetic disorder in which copper builds up in the body. Wilson&;s disease is an autosomal recessive condition due to a mutation in the Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene. For a person to be affected they must inherit an affected copy of the gene from each parent.Ref: Harper&;s biochemistry, 30th edition, page: 251", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tay sach's disease", "opb": "Sickle cell anemia", "opc": "Cystic Fibrosis", "opd": "Wilson's disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "0886ed8e-c013-4044-bfd4-f77593162063", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "C terminal end of androgen receptor is concerned with", "exp": "Activation function 2 (AF-2), responsible for agonist-induced activity (activity in the presence of bound agonist)Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 669", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ligand binding", "opb": "Increasing biological half life", "opc": "Increasing the affinity of receptor to DNA", "opd": "Increasing the level of transcription", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "ddf5a509-82ad-417f-82ab-4ae7e4dbba1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Synthetic Orygen carrier is made up of_", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., FlurineBlood doping is a form of fraudulent increase in the oxygen carrying capacity of a person, widely used to improve the aerobic capacity of athletes.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Iron", "opb": "Bronze", "opc": "Molybdenum", "opd": "Flurine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5506accf-c8a2-4e5a-98cf-e116ebe61dcd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Consumption of raw egg may lead to deficiency of", "exp": "Biotin (formerly known as anti-egg white injury factor Boas (1927) observed that rats fed huge quantity of raw egg white developed dermatitis and nervous manifestations & retardation in growth found that feeding cooked egg did not produce any of these symptoms It was shown that the egg white injury in rats and chicks (Boas experiment) was due to the presence of an anti-vitamin in egg white The egg-white injury factor was identified as a glycoprotein- avidin and biotin was called as anti-egg white injury factor. ref Satyanarayana 4th ed page 146", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Riboflavin", "opc": "Thiamine", "opd": "Avidin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "1ff84538-0dac-4157-90bd-bc111224ef3c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tetrahydrobiopterin is required for the metabolism of", "exp": "THB is a cofactor for Aromatic amino acid (Tryptophan, Phenylalanine & Tyrosine) hydroxylases (See Fig)* Nitric acid synthase Serotonin synthesis Non-classical phenylketonuria types are due to defect in the synthesis or recycling of THB. Tetrahydrobiopterin (THB) is a nucleotide cofactor derived from Guanosine triphosphate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Lysine", "opc": "Phenylalanine", "opd": "Serine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Cofactor and prosthetic groups", "id": "cf691c0b-fbaf-4f4a-8d9c-dbfabe0c74b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xanthurenic acid is the metabolite in the metabolism of", "exp": "3-Hydroxy Kynurenine is one of the intermediate in tryptophan catabolism, which gets conveed to next intermediate and this conversion requires vitamin B6/ PLP. So, in B6 deficiency, this reaction does not occur and 3-Hydroxy Kynurenine is diveed to form alternate metabolite, Xanthurenic acid (See fig), which is excreted in urine", "cop": 3, "opa": "Uric acid", "opb": "Xanthine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Uronic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Classification and metabolism of amino acids", "id": "bb04bd76-0b53-4a10-9d82-dcd815663abf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA fingerprinting is based on possessing in DNA of", "exp": "These are tandem repeatsThese are sho sequence of DNA located at scattered sites The no. Of these repeat units varies from person to person but is it unique for paicular personProbability of similarity between two people is only 1 in 3*10^10 personsRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 637", "cop": 2, "opa": "Constant tandem repeat", "opb": "Variable number tandem repeats", "opc": "Non-repetative sequence", "opd": "Exon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "6739ec9c-b783-4821-bc78-e3581afe8aa6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carboxylases require", "exp": "Biotin, vitamin B7, or vitamin H, is a water-soluble vitamin. The vitamin plays a role in the transferring of carbon dioxide in the metabolism of fat, carbohydrate and protein by functioning as an enzyme cofactor. It is involved in multiple biochemical reactions including niacin metabolism, amino acid degradation, and the formation of purine, which is an integral pa of nucleic acids. It interacts with histone by the action of biotinyl-transferase. Sometimes the vitamin is used in weight reduction programs. It may be prescribed as a supplement for diabetic patients due to its role in carbohydrate metabolism. Biotin is commonly found in vitamin B complex and many food sources, such as milk, yeast, egg yolk, cereal, and mushrooms. The reference daily intake for vitamin B7 is 300 micrograms. Deficiency in the vitamin may result in seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia, myalgia, hyperesthesia, and conjunctivitis. Disorders of biotin metabolism can be acquired or congenital. Biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency are the two better-known forms of disorders. The lack of biotin-dependent pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase can lead to the life-threatening disorder of multiple carboxylase deficiency. Treatment involves a daily dose of approximately 10 mg biotin/day. Irreversible mental or neurological abnormalities may result from delayed clinical intervention.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitamin B1", "opb": "Vitamin B2", "opc": "Vitamin B12", "opd": "Vitamin B7", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "de42732e-8945-45b0-ace5-45dc3d0ea099", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "OTC deficiency causes", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hyperammonemia type-2Orinithine transcarbomylase (OTC) deficiency causes hyperammonemia type-2.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Citrullinemia", "opb": "Argininemia", "opc": "Hyperammonemia type-1", "opd": "Hyperammonemia type-2", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "32bd4d6e-7ffb-4931-ab55-fb60fb982d3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An enzyme that makes a double stranded DNA copy from a single stranded RNA template molecule is known as", "exp": "Reverse transcriptase is an RNA dependent DNA polymerase that produces ds DNA from RNA template. It moves along the template in 3' → 5' direction, synthesizing DNA is 5' → 3' direction.\nIt is seen in retro viruses (e.g. HIV).", "cop": 3, "opa": "DNA polymerase", "opb": "RNA polymerase", "opc": "Reverse transcriptase", "opd": "Phosphokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "23092fdb-c92f-4b9f-800a-f77d62ecda66", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The formation of glycine takes place by transamination of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Glyoxylate", "opc": "Aspaate", "opd": "Glutamate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Glycine Metabolism Detail", "id": "0350baec-6b91-432c-9d9b-1d68618adc0b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nicotinamide is derived from", "exp": "The enzyme QP Is the rate limiting step in the formation of nicotinamide from Tryptophan.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 240", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Methionine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Phenylalanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "17ab006a-867d-42bd-ba7a-d9d17b39423c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bromodeoxyuridine in DNA is related to", "exp": "Bromodeoxy uridine is thymidine analogue.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Uracil", "opb": "Adenosine", "opc": "Cytosine", "opd": "Thymidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "703aa233-60f6-4f54-827f-8a9bff2e249c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Exogenous adrenaline is metabolished by", "exp": "Exogenous adrenaline is metabolised by Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in liver and other tissues. Metabolism does not play an impoant role in terminating the action of endogenous catecholamines. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 441", "cop": 2, "opa": "AchE", "opb": "COMT", "opc": "Decarboxylase", "opd": "Acetyl transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d7465e3a-7e2f-4b5d-938c-2e92b6a22704", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RFLP is used for", "exp": "Reastiction fragment length polymophism (RFLP) : A polymorphic gene is one ,in which the variant alleles are commonin more than 1% of the total population. The existence of two or more types of restriction fragment patterns is called restiction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). This can be used as a genetic marker. DNA is treated with restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA into fragments of lengths. The electrophoresis is done in agarose gels, when the fragments are seperated. Finally, the DNA from the agarose gel is transferred on to nitrocellulose paper (southern blotting)and hybridized with labeled probe sequences. Genotypic changescan be recognized by the altered restriction fragments. REF : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ,7th EDITION , Page no no :637.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Analysis of chromosomal structures", "opb": "DNA estimation", "opc": "Synthesis of nucleic acid", "opd": "Detecting proteins in a cell", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c61caa57-c4ee-4ae6-a68e-9c6c5ac9a805", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA labelling is done by using", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., P-32 The simplest form of labelling DNA is by 5'- or 3'- end labelling.5`-end - labelling involves a phophate transfer or exchange reaction where the 5' - phosphate of the DNA to be used as the probe is removed and in its place a labelled phasphate, usually P32 is added.In 3'-end-labelling, labelled dNTP (ATP or biotin-labelled dNTP) is added to 3' end of DNA by enzyme terminal transferase.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tc-99", "opb": "P-32", "opc": "1-131", "opd": "Co-60", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8484426a-16d8-4d7c-88bb-8792a5375d63", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inve sugar is", "exp": "Sucrose on hydrolysis yields D glucose and D-fructose. But the optical rotation changes from dextrorotatory to leavorotatory. Hence the hydrolytic products of sucrose are called as inve sugar.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lactose", "opb": "Sucrose", "opc": "Hydrolytic products of sucrose", "opd": "Fructose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1536865f-c082-46f5-a727-077bff1009a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein is purified using ammonium sulfate by", "exp": "The process of protein precipitation by the addition of neutral salts such as Ammonium sulfate or Sodium sulfate is called salting out. This phenomenon is explained on the basis of dehydration of protein molecules by salts. This increased protein_protein interaction,resulting in molecular aggregation and precipitation.TSalting out procedure is conveniently used for separating serum albumins from globulins", "cop": 1, "opa": "Salting out", "opb": "Ion exchange chromatography", "opc": "Mass chromatography", "opd": "Molecular size exclusion", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "b11a75d6-b2b6-4850-b853-88b0d9fa1a31", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The general test for detection of carbohydrates is", "exp": "Molisch test: It is a general test for the detection of carbohydrates. The strong H2SO4 hydrolyzes carbohydrates (poly and disaccharides) to liberate monosaccharides. The monosaccharides get dehydrated to form furfural (from pentoses) or hydroxymethyl furfural (from hexoses) which condense with a-naphthol to form a violet colored complex. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 17", "cop": 2, "opa": "Iodine test", "opb": "Molisch test", "opc": "Barfoed test", "opd": "Osazone test", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "34b917fe-1059-4714-9a73-0d9a4b4874bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Endogenous production of Niacin is from", "exp": "Ans. c (Tryptophan) (Ref. Harper's Biochemistry 27th ed. 498)# Niacin is synthesized from Tryptophan.# 60 mg of Tryptophan gives 1 mg equivalent of niacin.# Active forms of Niacin, are NAD* and NADP+.Educational points:AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES# Ornithine -Putrescine - Spermidine ->>Spermine (Polyamine biosynthesis - One of the earliest signals that cells have entered their replication cycle is the appearance of elevated levels of mRNA for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and then increased levels of the enzyme, which is the first enzyme in the pathway to synthesis of the polyamines.)# Arginine -^Citrulline + NO", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tyrosine", "opb": "Threonine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "3f0a7c9a-a551-4afe-b3c8-2137232bff93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phosphorylase b is maintained in an inactivated state by", "exp": "Question is repeasted", "cop": 4, "opa": "ATP", "opb": "cAMP", "opc": "Calcium", "opd": "Insulin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "c3087433-d493-45fa-bbf9-c5df9f851979", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An L isomer of monosaccharide formed in the human body is", "exp": "Monosaccharides are those sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates. They may be classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, or heptoses, depending upon the number of carbon atoms (3-7), and as aldoses or ketoses, depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone group. d and l isomerism: The designation of a sugar isomer as the d form or its mirror image as the l form is determined by its spatial relationship to the parent compound of the carbohydrates, the three-carbon sugar glycerose (glyceraldehyde).Pentoses of Physiological ImpoanceSugarBiochemical and ClinicalImpoanced-RiboseStructural component ofnucleic acids andcoenzymes, includingATP, NAD(P), and flavincoenzymesd-RibuloseIntermediate in the pentosephosphate pathwayd-ArabinoseConstituent of glycoproteinsd-XyloseConstituent ofglycoproteinsl-XyluloseExcreted in the urine inessential pentosuriaRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 15; Carbohydrates of Physiological Significance", "cop": 4, "opa": "L-Fructose", "opb": "L-Erythrose", "opc": "L-xylose", "opd": "L-Xylulose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "75ed11ea-68c5-439d-a863-94bd3ee86174", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First substrate of Kreb&;s cycle is", "exp": "Acetyl CoA enters the cycle and is completely oxidized. During this process, energy is trapped. The sources of acetyl CoA are shown in Figure 18.1. Pyruvate derived from glycolysis is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase (Fig. 9.22). This is the link between the TCA cycle and glycolysis. The pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction occurs in the mitochondria. Pyruvate with the help of a carrier can enter the mitochondria from the cytoplasm. The acetyl CoA derived from beta-oxidation is formed in the mitochondria itself. All the enzymes of citric acid cycle are located inside the mitochondria.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 216", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "HCI", "opd": "Lipoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "0dcebdf5-ae82-4cc9-a7e4-43bcd75539a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anticholinesterase that binds only with the anionic site is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Physostigmine", "opb": "Edrophonium", "opc": "Neostigmine", "opd": "Echothiophate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c9207df2-71c5-4b08-b66e-7c2d066c5d59", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Menkes Kinky hair syndrome is characterized by a congenital deficiency of", "exp": "Menkes disease (\"Kinky\" or \"steely\" hair disease) is a disorder of copper metabolism due to mutations in the gene for a copper-binding P-type ATPase, i.e. ATP7A gene.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Serum ceruloplasmin", "opb": "Serum copper", "opc": "Ferochelatase", "opd": "Copper binding ATPase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6169974b-3be5-43ea-9f23-f0e102d9cc39", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In urea cycle, hydrolysis of arginine forms", "exp": "Hydrolysis of arginine by enzyme arginase produce ornithine and urea Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e p393", "cop": 2, "opa": "Citrulline", "opb": "Ornithine", "opc": "Carbomoyl phosphated", "opd": "Arginosuccinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "566bff35-6b36-4464-b6b1-c812571ecc30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Galactosemia commonly is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase \nGalactosemia is due to deficiency of :\n\nGalactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (most common and best known),\nGalactokinase, and\nUDP-Galactose-4-epimerase.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase", "opb": "Galactose-1 phosphatase", "opc": "Glucose-1 phosphatase", "opd": "Glucose-6 phosphatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "afcdfd2f-6f3f-40b2-b955-6b627fdabc21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme diagnostic of MI in a case of hypothyroidism is", "exp": "Commonly used biomarkers for early detection of acute myocardial infarction are 1. Cardiac troponins, TnI and TnT 2. Creatine kinase, CK-MB 3. Myoglobin. Of these, troponins and CK-MB are the sensitive and specific markers, whereas myoglobin though sensitive, is non-specific Predictors of risk in cardiac disease are of two types: a. for predicting the onset of ischemia b. those which quantify the ventricular damage The risk predictors mainly include the atherogenic lipoproteins in plasma along with the inflammatory marker like hsCRP (high sensitive C reactive protein).Ref: DM Vasudevan", "cop": 4, "opa": "SGOT", "opb": "LDH", "opc": "Aldolase", "opd": "CPK-MB", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "86cd885f-9bc6-4546-aa5e-6712d46686c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "House keeping genes are", "exp": "D i.e., Not regulated", "cop": 4, "opa": "Inducible", "opb": "Required only when inducer is present", "opc": "Mutant", "opd": "Not regulated", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "548789dc-4d1b-437f-859d-331ad99337a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "G6PD stands for", "exp": "G6PD-glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenaseRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 67", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose 6 phosphatase dehydratase", "opb": "Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase", "opc": "Glucose 6 phosphodiesterase", "opd": "Glucose 6 phosphate decarboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "b61ef8cc-7add-4e13-9add-c12a21947345", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A deficiency of substance iron can result in an anemia. Choose the type of anemia that would occur if the substance were deficient.", "exp": "Cytochromes in complex III receive electrons from the reduced form of CoQ.a. Each cytochrome consists of a heme group (see Figure below) associated with a protein.b. The iron of the heme group is reduced when the cytochrome accepts an electron.Fe3+=Fe2+An iron-deficiency anemia is characterized by small, pale RBCs. The lack of iron reduces the synthesis of heme, so the red cells cannot carry as much oxygen (which gives them the pale color). The cells are small in order to maximize the concentration of hemoglobin present in the cells. A megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiencies in either vitamin B12 or folic acid (a lack of intrinsic factor will lead to a B12 deficiency named pernicious anemia). These cells are large because the vitamin deficiency interferes with DNA synthesis, and the cells double in size without being able to replicate their DNA. Once the anemia begins, the large blast cells are released by the marrow in an attempt to control the anemia. Hemolytic anemia occurs when the red cell membrane fragments, which can occur with pyruvate kinase deficiencies or a lack of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (which results in reduced NADPH levels). Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the b-globin gene, substituting a valine for a glutamic acid.The general structure of the heme group, which is present in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the cytochromes b, c, and c1. Each cytochrome has a heme with a different modification of the side chains (indicated with the dashed lines), resulting in a slightly different reduction potential and, consequently, a different position in the sequence of electron transfer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opb": "Hypochromic, microcytic anemia", "opc": "Hemolytic anemia", "opd": "Sickle cell anemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "1469ace6-ba48-4ab8-a1af-8a3c2d8fd444", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not product of transcriptiona) tRNAb) mRNAc) rRNAd) cDNAe) New strand of DNA", "exp": "In transcription RNA is formed from DNA.", "cop": 2, "opa": "ab", "opb": "de", "opc": "cd", "opd": "bd", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e1d85fd-31df-4898-87dc-0f62067456c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Restriction endonucleases are the enzymes", "exp": "Ans. b (They cleave the DNA at specific sequence) (Ref. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 26lh/57, 397; Table 40-2)RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES# Restriction enzyme: An endodeoxynuclease that causes cleavage of both strands of DNA at highly specific sites dictated by the base sequence.# The detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) facilitates prenatal detection of hereditary disorders such as:- Sickle cell trait,- Beta thalassemia,- phenylketonuria, and- Huntington's disease.# Detection of RFLPs involves cleavage of double-stranded DNA by restriction endonucleases, which can detect subtle alterations in DNA that affect their recognized sites.Enzymes capable of degrading nucleic acids (nucleases) can be classified in several ways:# Those which exhibit specificity for deoxyribonucleic acid are referred to as deoxyribonucleases.# Those which specifically hydrolyze ribonucleic acids are ribonucleases.# Within both of these classes are enzymes capable of cleaving internal phosphodiester bonds to produce either 3'- hydroxyl and 5'-phosphoryl terminals or 5'-hydroxyl and 3'-phosphoryl terminals. These are referred to as endonucleases.# There exist classes of endonucleases that recognize specific sequences in DNA; the majority of these are the restriction endonucleases, which have in recent years become important tools in molecular genetics and medical sciences.# Some nucleases are capable of hydrolyzing a nucleotide only when it is present at a terminal of a molecule; these are referred to as exonucleases.- Exonucleases act in one direction (3-5 or 5-3) only. In bacteria, a 3-5 exonuclease is an integral part of the DNA replication machinery and there serves to edit--or proofread--the most recently added deoxynucleotide for base- pairing errors.Educational points:# Restriction enzymes cut DNA of any source into short pieces in a sequence-specific manner--in contrast to most other enzymatic, chemical, or physical methods, which break DNA randomly.# Restriction enzymes & DNA ligase are also used to prepare chimeric DNA molecules.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Used for joining DNA to vector", "opb": "They cleave the DNA at specific sequence", "opc": "They cleave the DNA randomly", "opd": "Diagnoses DNA molecule from diseases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Molecular Genetics", "id": "1c5ec4de-7f87-41a2-bfd6-e0b2ebfee24a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The vitamin present in the fatty acid synthase complex is", "exp": "Fatty acid synthase: In yeast, mammals, and birds, the synthetase enzyme system is called the fatty acid synthase complex--it is a multienzyme complex. It is made up of an ellipsoid dimer of two identical polypeptide monomeric units (monomer I and II), arranged in a \"head to tail\" fashion. Each monomeric unit contains six enzymes and an ACP molecule (Acyl carrier protein). Active Site * The ACP has an -SH group in the 4-phosphopantetheine moiety, referred as Pantothenic-SH (Pan-SH) * Another active -SH group present in the cysteine moiety of the enzyme ketoacyl synthase (condensing enzyme), referred as cysteinyl-SH (Cys-SH). The \"Pan-SH\" of one monomeric unit is in close proximity to the \"Cys-SH\" group of other monomeric unit and vice-versa.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 414", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "Folate", "opc": "Pantothenate", "opd": "Pyridoxine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "5c0fc51c-183d-460b-a4f2-d1d8d5ed29ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The important intermediate product of biosynthesis of fatty acid is", "exp": "Malonyl CoA \n\nAcetyl-CoA is the immediate substrate for fatty acid synthesis.\nHowever, acetyl-CoA needs to be converted to the activated form, which will serve as the donor of carbon units to the growing fatty acid chain.\nMalonyl-CoA is such activated form; acetyl-CoA is converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Malonyl CoA", "opc": "Acetyl CoA", "opd": "Thioesterases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5fb37f10-f0ce-4dd2-8777-2f1daae43d55", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a component of PCR", "exp": "POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) : PCR is an in vitro DNA amplication procedure in which milions of copies of a paicular sequence of DNA can be produced within a few hours. The flanking sequences of the gene of interset should be known. Two DNA primersof about 20 -30 nucleotides with complementary sequence of the flanking region can be synthesized. STEP 1 :Seperation (Denaturation) : DNA strands are seperated ( melted ) by heating at 95 Degree Celsius for 15 sec to 2 mins. STEP 2 :Priming ( Anneling ) : The primers are annealed by cooling to 50 degree celsius fo 0.5 to 2min. STEP 3 :Polymerization : Nw DNA strands are symnthesized by Taq polymerase.These enzyme is derived from bactris Thermus acquaticus that are found in hot springs.Therefore the enzyme is not denatured at high temperature. The polymerase reaction is allowed to take place 72 degree celscius for 30 sec in presence of dNTPs.Both DNA strands are duplicated in this step. STEP 4 :The steps of 1, 2 and 3 are repeated .In each cycle, the DNA strands are doubled.Thus 20 cycles provide for 1 million times amplificatins. These cycles are generally repeated by automated instument, called Thermal cycler. STEP 5 : After the amplification procedure, DNA hybridization technique or southern blot analysis with a suitable probe, shows the presence of the DNA in the sample tissue. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK :7th EDITION ; Page no :638", "cop": 4, "opa": "Primer", "opb": "Taq polymerase", "opc": "DNA polymerase", "opd": "Restriction enzyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "8ea3d29c-50f9-4dd5-853e-25aea478d67c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Induced fit hypothesis was proposed by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Koshland", "opb": "Niemann", "opc": "Krisch", "opd": "Marfan", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8724a832-d168-487d-9062-6c4765f8a2fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Covalent bond is seen in", "exp": "Disulphide bonds: These are formed between two cysteine residues. They are strong, high energy covalent bonds.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 89", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hydrogen bond", "opb": "Disulphide bond", "opc": "Electrostatic bond", "opd": "Ionic bond", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "74f4672f-574e-4b4d-823d-965afbd57bab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Basophilic stippling is due to", "exp": "(C) (5'- nucleotides deficiency) (880-H 18(tm))Lead intoxication is accompanied by an acquired deficiency of erythrocyte pryimidine-specific, 5'-nucleotidase.Genetically determined deficiency of this enzyme is associated with chronic hemolysis, marked basophilic stippling of erythrocytes on stained blood films, and unique intraerythrocytic accumulations of pyrimidine-containing nucleotides.Basophilic stippling aka Punctatebasophilia refers to an observation found when observing a blood smear in which erythrocytes display small dots at the periphery. These dots are the visualization of ribosomes and can often be found in the peripheral blood smear, even in some normal individuals.Pyrimidine 5'- nucleotides (P 5 N) deficiency- P5N is a key enzyme in the catabolism of nucleotides arising from the degradation of nucleic acids that takes place in the final stages of erythroid cell maturation. How exactly its deficiency causes Hemolytic anemia is not well understood; but a highly distinctive features of this condition is a morphologicabnormality of the red cells known as basophilic stipplingHemolytic anemia caused by lead poisoning is characterized by basophilic stippling. It is infact a phenocopy of that seen in P5N deficiency, suggesting it is mediated at least in part by lead inhibiting then enzymeCauses of Basophilic Stippling in blood smear1. Thalassemias2. Hemoglobin s S - disease3. Hemoglobin s C disease4. Hemoglobin s E disease5. Iron deficiency6. Unstable hemoglobin s / Myelodysplasia7. Lead poisoning* Basophilic leucocytoses is seen in CML *", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ala synthetase deficiency", "opb": "Ferrochelatase deficiency", "opc": "5' nucleotidase deficiency", "opd": "Ala dehdrogenase deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "2e221bd1-8592-4f12-8123-11dc83170753", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In well fed state gluconeogenesis in liver is inhibited by", "exp": "C i.e. ADP level", "cop": 3, "opa": "Protein breakdown in muscle", "opb": "Alanine content in liver", "opc": "ADP level", "opd": "cGMP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dcc99eb8-717b-46b9-bd38-5642ecb68863", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymatic activity is measured in", "exp": "Enzyme activity is expressed as micromoles of substrate conveed to product per minute under specified assay conditions. One standard unit (or International Unit) of enzyme activity (U) is the amount of enzyme that will conve one micromole of substrate per minute per litre of sample and is abbreted as U/L.Ref: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 58", "cop": 4, "opa": "mg/dl", "opb": "microgram/litre", "opc": "mg/litre", "opd": "mol/second", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "3b5e407c-13cd-41d4-affa-586b1c1b42d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stimulates the production of IGF.", "exp": "GH stimulates the release of IGF by the liver and other tissues. The other hormones listed do not stimulate IGF release from any tissue.", "cop": 4, "opa": "LH", "opb": "PRL", "opc": "TSH", "opd": "GH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "fa914523-5550-4215-8496-d3754a3fea25", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serine proteases", "exp": "It is otherwise called alpha-anti-proteinase or protease inhibitor. It inhibits all serine proteases (proteolytic enzymes having a serine at their active center), such as plasmin, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and cathepsin. Serine protease inhibitors are abbreted as Serpins. They are enzymes with a serine residue at the active site and most of the proteolytic enzymes belong to this group, e.g. trypsin, chymotrypsin, clotting factors Serine proteases examples-Trypsin, Chymotrypsin,Clotting factorsRef: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 44", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hydrolyze peptide bonds involving carboxyl groups of serine residues", "opb": "Are characterized by having several active sites per molecule, each containing a serine residue", "opc": "Are inactivated by reaching with one molecule of di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate per molecule of protein", "opd": "Are exopeptidases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "33b4db2b-5829-4dd0-9172-143aeb45fd89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Michaelis Menten Hypothesis states that", "exp": "Michaelis-Menten Theory (Enzyme-Substrate Complex Theory) \nEnzyme combines with a substrate to form a transient Enzyme-Substrate Complex which immediately break into Enzyme and products.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rate of enzymatic reaction is independent of substrate concentration", "opb": "Rate of non enzymatic reaction is proportional to substrate concentration", "opc": "Km is the enzyme substrate complex association constant", "opd": "Enzyme substrate complex formation is essential in enzymatic reaction.", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "79a81298-e728-4081-b2b5-be965d210d7d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudouridine is seen in", "exp": "Pseudouridine Is Excreted Unchanged No human enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis or phosphorolysis of the pseudouridine (ps) derived from the degradation of tRNA molecules. This unusual nucleotide, therefore, is excreted unchanged in the urine of normal subjects. Pseudouridine was indeed first isolated from human urineRef: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 356", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "tRNA", "opc": "rRNA", "opd": "mRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e2c36a1e-b5e4-4df8-952b-dfe8534a9d8b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Total number of dehydrogenases Krebs cycle", "exp": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) enzyme succinate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseRef: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 339", "cop": 3, "opa": "3", "opb": "2", "opc": "4", "opd": "5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "b1843363-5ea8-4862-9a25-e3d007cc9f26", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The protein synthesis is soed out at/by", "exp": "Main function of Golgi apparatus is protein soing, packaging, and secretion. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of cell. Detoxification of various drugs is an impoant function of ER. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7th edition, page no: 12", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ribosomes", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Golgi-apparatus", "opd": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "e57b5a8c-552e-407a-8607-f119b915591d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The sequence in a long chain of protein is identified by", "exp": "\"A major use of RFLPs is in the definition of inherited diseases in which the functional deficit is unknown. RFLPs / SNPs can be used to establish linkage groups, which in turn, by the process of chromosome walking, will eventually define the disease locus. In chromosome walking, a fragment representing one end of a long piece of DNA is used to isolate another that overlaps but extends the first. The direction of the extension is determined by restriction mapping and the procedure is repeated sequentially until the desired sequence is obtained.\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)", "opb": "Chromosome walking", "opc": "Leucine Zipper", "opd": "SSOP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "51633482-92ea-4a13-86ba-25dc86f2447d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Atherosclerosis is due to", "exp": "Atherosclerosis is a slowly progressive disease of large to medium-sized muscular aeries and large elastic aeries characterised by elevated focal intimal fibrofattyPlaques. Principal larger vessels affected are the abdominal aoa, descending thoracic aoa, internal carotid aeries and medium to smaller sized vessels affected are popliteal aeries, coronary aeries, and circle of Willis in brain. The atheroma may be preceded by fatty streaks that are intimal collection of lipid-laden macrophages and smooth muscle cells, occurring in persons as young as one year of age.The disease typically manifests in later life as the vessel lumen is compromised, predisposing to thrombosis and the underlying media is thinned, predisposing to aneurysm formation. It is the number one killer disease, 50 per cent of all deaths in the USA are attributed to atherosclerosis and half of theseare due to acute myocardial infarctions. The remainder include cerebrovascular accidents (\"stroke\"), aneurysm rupture, mesenteric occlusion and gangrene of theextremities. Etiological Factors Major risk factors in CHD have been discussed earlier. Risk of developing atherosclerosis increases with age, a positive family history, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypeension, and hypercholesterolemia. The risk is correlated with elevated LDL and inversely related to the HDL level. Hereditary defects, e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia involving the LDL receptor or the LDL apoproteins cause elevated LDL, hypercholesterolemia andaccelerated atherosclerosis. Lesser influences on the risk of atherosclerosis include sedentary, or high-stress lifestyle, obesity and oral contraceptives.Ref: M.N. Chatterjee - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 454 - 456", "cop": 2, "opa": "HDL receptor defect", "opb": "Apo protein E deficiency", "opc": "Decreased LDL activity", "opd": "Decreased lipoprotein lipase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "0694bf16-506e-4ff8-9d70-4957cc848008", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Water is a poor conductor of electricity because it is", "exp": "Ans: a (Non ionised) Reg: Harper's 27th ed/p.5,6Pure water (de ionised water) is a poor conductor of electricity. The electrical conductance of water increases when there are impurities (salts), resulting in more number of ions for electrical conduction.A water molecule is an irregular, slightly skewed tetrahedron with oxygen at its center. It is a strong dipole, with high dielectric constant of 78.5 which enable water to dissolve large quantities of charged compounds such as salts.Water is an excellent nucleophile.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Non ionised", "opb": "Neutral solution", "opc": "Low specific gravity", "opd": "High specific gravity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "898c4837-d0ae-461e-8f4f-3fd90d475af5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is", "exp": "PCR Real-time PCR Traditional PCR For accurate quantification of the amount of initial DNA in the reaction Detects the DNA by electrophoresis at the end-point of the reaction", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nohern blot", "opb": "PCR", "opc": "Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR", "opd": "Reverse Transcriptase PCR", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "3151783f-6288-4824-a09a-7abfa85fdbb8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The end product of one stage fermentation is", "exp": "All other guides have given ethanol as the answer to this question. Which is incorrect.\nOne stage fermentation here means fermentation of pyruvate in one stage.\nWhen pyruvate is formed, it can have several fates.\nUnder aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the TCA cycle after conversion into acetyl CoA by PDH.\nThere are two fates for pyruvate under anaerobic metabolism:-", "cop": 3, "opa": "Formic acid", "opb": "Pyruvate", "opc": "Lactate", "opd": "Ethanol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8891915-a255-42da-b9de-2376859bcafe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure was proposed by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Watson and Crick", "opb": "Edward Angle", "opc": "G.V. Black", "opd": "Singer and Nicolson", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d546bc63-d24c-485c-97b8-5f931ee1d159", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin k epoxide cycle is seen in", "exp": "Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lungs", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Intestine", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "85bb712e-3ee9-4539-91b3-3b95f9fa6ce5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Hanup's disease, the following amino acids are excreted into the urine", "exp": "Hanup disease reflects impaired intestinal and renal transpo of tryptophan and other neutral amino acids.The defect limits tryptophan availability for niacin biosynthesis and accounts for the pellagra-like signs and symptomsHarper 30th edition Pg: 308", "cop": 3, "opa": "Basic amino acids", "opb": "Acidic amino acids", "opc": "Neutral amino acids", "opd": "Hydrophilic aminoacids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "855cf896-4f81-4f71-94ba-c5076d3ba405", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratosis is a feature of deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vit A", "opb": "Vit C", "opc": "Vit D", "opd": "Folic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9752f01-919f-4133-a670-f4fc8d08da4d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The end product of cytosol fatty acid synthetase in humans is", "exp": "ahnitic acid \nIn fatty acid synthesis\n1.Primary substrate        →   Glucose\n2. Immediate substrate   →   Acetyl-CoA\n3. End product               →  Palmitate (Palmitic acid)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oleic acid", "opb": "Arachidonic acid", "opc": "Linoleic acid", "opd": "Palmitic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5208ddd2-5a94-4b69-8528-1e29727b2692", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "GABA (Gamma amino butyric acid) is characteristic of", "exp": "Functions of GABA:- One of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain. Regulates the activity of neurons by discouraging the transmission signals It is believed that GABA opens chloride channels & (|||) the permeability of post-synaptic membranes. (|) GABA levels will cause excitation in brain leading to convulsions", "cop": 2, "opa": "Post-synaptic excitatory transmitter", "opb": "Post-synaptic inhibitory transmitter", "opc": "Activator of glia-cell function", "opd": "Inhibitor of glia cell function", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Classification and metabolism of amino acids", "id": "d0bcb205-e0bc-4ba6-8f47-e1e5b766fd4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Supercoiled DNA is separated by relaxed DNA by", "exp": "Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones.DNA fingerprinting is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic information--called DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)--in a person&;s cells.DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro. This technique can be used to study protein-DNA interactions both outside and within cells.", "cop": 2, "opa": "ELISA", "opb": "Gel electrophoresis", "opc": "DNA footprinting", "opd": "DNA fingerprinting", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d9188cb2-2a4e-4ee5-86b8-57f74402748a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At the physiological pH the DNA molecules are", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. Negatively charged DNA molecules are negatively charged, this is evident as it is stained by a cationic (positively charged) dye.Read the following lines for Ronald Hoffman Hematology:\"Anionic cellular elements (nuclear DNA) reacts with cationic dye (Methylene blue)\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Positively charged", "opb": "Negatively charged", "opc": "Neutral", "opd": "Amphipathic", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure of DNA", "id": "cc2537f1-fc85-493c-896d-171342884847", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coris disease is due to defect in", "exp": "It is type III glycogen storage disease. to deficiency of the debranching enzyme. Clinical features: highly branched dextrin accumulate, fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 125", "cop": 2, "opa": "Branching enzyme", "opb": "Debranching enzyme", "opc": "Myophosphorylase", "opd": "Hepatic phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "334866ff-361f-45ed-a875-888c167f1e28", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transaldolase is a", "exp": "Transaldolase 1 is a key enzyme of the nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway providing ribose-5-phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid biosynthesis. This pathway can also maintain glutathione at a reduced state and thus protect sulfhydryl groups and cellular integrity from oxygen radicals. The residue of lysine-142 in the active site of transaldolase forms a Schiff base with the keto group in sedoheptulose-7-phosphate after deprotonation by another active site residue, glutamate-106. The reaction mechanism is similar to the reverse reaction catalyzed by aldolase: The bond joining carbons 3 and 4 is broken, leaving dihydroxyacetonejoined to the enzyme a Schiff base. This cleavage reaction generates the unusual aldose sugar erythrose-4-phosphate. Then transaldolase catalyzes the condensation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with the Schiff base of dihydroxyacetone, yielding enzyme-bound fructose 6-phosphate. Hydrolysis of the Schiff base liberates free fructose 6-phosphate, one of the products of the pentose phosphate pathway.Ref: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 691", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hydrolase", "opb": "Lyase", "opc": "Transferase", "opd": "Ligase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "050135ee-44f0-434d-bc76-f84b98a79196", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Km is increased, but Vmax remains same. The enzyme inhibition is", "exp": "Features of non-competitive inhibition\n\nInhibitor have no structural resemblance to substrate.\nMostly irreversible (Except a few reversible non-competitive inhibition).\nExcess substrate do not abolish the inhibition.\nKm remains the same.\nVmax decreases.\n\nFeatures of competitive inhibition\n\nInhibitor will be structural analogue of substrate.\nReversible .\nExcess substrate abolish the inhibition.\nKm increases.\nVmax remains the same.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Competitive", "opb": "Non competitive", "opc": "Irreversible", "opd": "Uncompetitive", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cd36273a-57d7-47d5-8da8-c267e3666fa3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nucleoside is made up of", "exp": "Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyrimidine", "opb": "Histone", "opc": "Sugar", "opd": "Purine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "3ffedacb-ebd4-4dd7-a89f-eb8431585b20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketone bodies not utilised by", "exp": "Paial oxidation of fatty acids in the liver leads to ketone body production. Ketone bodies are expoed to extrahepatic tissues, where they act as a fuel in prolonged fasting and starvation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "RBC", "opc": "Hea", "opd": "Skeletal muscle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ee0c6642-d02f-4a4e-a0b8-5c0ff2443b12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alpha helix of primary polypeptide structure is stabilized by", "exp": "The alpha helix is the most common and stable conformation for a polypeptide chain.In proteins like hemogloin and myoglobin, the alpha helix is abundant. The alpha helix is aspiral structure .The polypeptide bonds form the bacbone and the side chains of aminoacids extend outward.The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between NH and C=O groups of the main chain. REFERENCE :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK EIGHTH EDITION; Page no:39", "cop": 4, "opa": "Disulfide linkage", "opb": "Hydrophobic interactions", "opc": "Covalent bonding", "opd": "Hydrogen bonds", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "8900f674-e229-4150-b1b9-623544ac9521", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uncontrolled phagocytosis of oxidized LDL paicles is a major stimulus for the development of foam cells and fatty streaks in the vascular subendothelium. This process may be inhibited by increased dietary intake of", "exp": "Oxidation of lipid and protein poion of LDL is deleterious Oxidised LDL is taken up by scavenger receptors of the macrophages and leads to foam cell formation. This promotes atherosclerosis. Thus, it is impoant to prevent the oxidation of LDL. Vitamin E is the chain-breaking antioxidant that acts on the lipid phase of LDL and prevents lipid peroxidation. Other chain breaking antioxidants are Vit A, C; SOD; Uric acid Preventive antioxidants are glutathione peroxidase, catalase", "cop": 1, "opa": "vitamin E", "opb": "vitamin B6", "opc": "vitamin D", "opd": "vitamin B12", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "157f9a3b-5bec-4a67-937f-8714af3a0929", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet are examples of", "exp": "Regions of ordered secondary structure arise when a series of aminoacyl residues adopt similar phi and psi angles. Extended segments of polypeptide (example, loops) can possess a variety of such angles. The angles that define the two most common types of secondary structure, the ` helix and the a sheet, fall within the lower and upper left-hand quadrants of a Ramachandran plot, respectively. Ref: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30E (2015) pg no 38.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary structure", "opb": "Secondary structure", "opc": "Teiary structure", "opd": "Quaternary structure", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "b09f4911-6e9b-4f85-8772-07f698df0312", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In porphyra cutanea tarda the type of porphyrin excreted in urine is", "exp": "Porphyria cutanea tarda is also known as cutaneous hepatic porphyria. The paial deficiency of enzyme Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is responsible for the occurrence of porphyria cutanea tarda. Hence there is an increased excretion of uroporphyrins 1 and 3", "cop": 4, "opa": "Coproporphyrin - I", "opb": "Uroporphyrin - I", "opc": "Uroporphyrins - II", "opd": "Type I & III uroporphyrins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "9f1c497a-2f7b-4060-93a2-51f11fffecdf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xanthurenic acid is produced in", "exp": "In the metabolism of Tryptophan, Kynurenin is an intermediate step. The accumulated Kynurenine is shunted to Xanthurenic acid. So, in pyridoxal deficiency, Xanthurenic acid is excreted in the urine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 240", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tyrosine metabolism", "opb": "Tryptophan metabolism", "opc": "Cysteine metabolism", "opd": "Valine metabolism", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "527fbedb-b91b-4967-b35d-ef8374d5288c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "AST/ALT > 2 is seen in deficiency of", "exp": "The AST/ALT ratio is the ratio between the concentrations of the enzymes aspaate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase, aka alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the blood of a human or animal. It is measured with a blood test and is sometimes useful in medical diagnosis to differentiate between causes of liver damage, or hepatotoxicity. the following are typical AST and ALT patterns relating to the \"upper limit of normal\" (ULN) Alcoholic fatty liver disease: AST > 8 times the ULN; ALT > 5 times the ULN Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: AST and ALT > 4 times the ULN Acute viral hepatitis or toxin-related hepatitis with jaundice: AST and ALT > 25 times the ULN Ischemic hepatopathy (ischemic hepatitis, shock liver): AST and ALT > 50 times the ULN (in addition the lactate dehydrogenase is often markedly elevated) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Wide variability, typically normal to less than twice the ULN, rarely more than 10 times the ULN Chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Levels fluctuate; the AST and ALT may be normal, though most patients have mild to moderate elevations (approximately twice the ULN); with exacerbations, levels are more than 10 times the ULN Acid maltase deficiency (AMD) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of glycogen within lysosome-derived vacuoles in nearly all types of cells.", "cop": 3, "opa": "G-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Branching enzyme", "opc": "Acid maltase", "opd": "Liver phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "a1990f96-841d-4430-be08-0480ac15be79", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme inhibited by insulin is", "exp": "3. Hypoglycemic Effect of INSULINE - i. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level by promoting utilization and storage. ii. Gluconeogenesis is inhibited by insulin by repressing the key enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase (PC) phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6- phosphatase. iii. Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis by oring the inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase and inhibiting glucose-6-phosphatase. The net effect of all these three mechanisms, blood glucose level is lowered. REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,167.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucokinase", "opb": "PFK-1", "opc": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "opd": "Glycogen synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "14d59eb2-7592-4d47-916b-05f085779233", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme responsible for respiratory burst reaction", "exp": "D i.e. NADPH - oxidase", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dehydrogenase", "opb": "Peroxidase", "opc": "Hydroxylase", "opd": "NADPH - oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8f1e9765-dffe-4c34-90bd-ec2c4eb33a12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tryptophan is glucogenic & ketogenic by producing", "exp": "The major metabolic fate of tryptophan is to be oxidized by tryptophan pyrrolase (tryptophan di-oxygenase) (Step 1, Fig. 17.8). It is a hemoprotein. The enzyme is inducible by coicosteroids.iii. In this major pathway, the total 11 carbon atoms of tryptophan are catabolized as formyl group (1C which enters the one-carbon pool), alanine (3C, entering the glucose pathway) and acetoacetate (4C, going to ketogenic pathway). So, tryptophan is both glucogenic and ketogenic. The remaining 3 carbons are removed as 3 CO2 molecules.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 211", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acetyl CoA & alanine", "opb": "Acetoacetate & fumarate", "opc": "Acetoacetate & arginine", "opd": "Arginine & alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "f79105fa-3a81-4c66-a242-e1311e953d62", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Statin action on HMG CoA reductase is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Competitive inhibitor", "opb": "Irreversible inhibitor", "opc": "Non competitive inhibitor", "opd": "Inhibition result in decrease LDL receptors on hepatocytes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e124cef-2998-43d1-8e23-d1efb02715c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rate Limiting enzyme for Cholesterol synthesis is", "exp": "(C) HMG Co-A reductase# 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is the rate-controlling enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and ther isoprenoids.Bio synthesis of Lipids - Multiple Steps IMPRTANT RATE-LIMITING ENZYME REACTIONSUrea cycleCarbamoyl phosphate synthetase IGlycolysisPFK-1GluconeogenesisFructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (reverses PFK-1 step)TCA cycleIsocitrate DHGlycogen synthesisGlycogen synthaseGlycogenolysisGlycogen phosphorylase (requires pryridoxal phosphate, the active form of B6)HMP shuntG6PD (deficient in \"hemolysis IS PAIN\" - INH, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin)De novo pyrimidine synthesisCarbamoyl phosphate synthetase li (combined orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase/ orotidine-5-phosphate decarboxylase)De novo purine synthesisGlutamine-PRPP amidotransferase.Fatty acid synthesisFatty acid oxidationAcetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)Carnitine acyltransferase IKetogenesisHMG-CoA synthaseCatecholamine synthesisTyrosine hydroxylaseCholesterol synthesisHMG-CoA reductase (blocked by statins)", "cop": 3, "opa": "HMG Co-A synthase", "opb": "Mevalonate kinase", "opc": "HMG Co-A reductase", "opd": "L-acyl cholesterol transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "1a655799-807d-42aa-8f26-db947dbfd41d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Copper is a constituent of the enzyme", "exp": "Role in Enzyme Action: Cu forms integral pa of ceain enzymes, e.g. some of cytochromes, cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase, Monoamine oxidase (MAO), Lysyl oxidase, Catalase, Ascorbic acid oxidase, uricase and superoxide dismutase. These enzymes contain about 550 mg of Cu per gram of enzyme proteinRef: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 622", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lysyl oxidase", "opb": "Glucose oxidase", "opc": "Xanthine oxidase", "opd": "Transketolase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "d5c66e4a-c5e5-4fa4-be3c-735db50db660", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential pentosuria is due to defect in", "exp": "It is an inborn error of metabolism.In the pathway, L-xylulose is conveed to D-xylulose by two enzymes, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulose reductase.Absence of any of these enzymes leads to pentosuria.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 135", "cop": 4, "opa": "HMP pathway", "opb": "Glycolysis", "opc": "Gluconeogenesis", "opd": "Uronic acid pathway", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "97c1e5e7-6935-4bb3-adef-7d62f28690fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The daily requirement of protein for the adults is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "6 gms", "opb": "60 gms", "opc": "120 gms", "opd": "250 gms", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5cb8af6f-3c1e-46ef-9d69-2c17adf48e9f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stop codon", "exp": "They do not code for any amino acid Mark the end of protein synthesisOther stop codons are UAA UGARef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 599", "cop": 1, "opa": "UAG", "opb": "UCA", "opc": "UAC", "opd": "AUG", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "ebd82e83-dc90-45c5-b8ff-22c1fe4ff512", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "During the formation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, the essential factors required is/are", "exp": "In Collagen Synthesis: Vitamin C is required for the post-translational modification, Hydroxylation of lysine and Proline Vitamin C plays the role of a coenzyme The hydroxylation reaction is catalysed by lysyl hydroxylase (for lysine) and prolyl hydroxylase (for proline) this reaction is dependent on vitamin C(ascorbic acid), molecular oxygen and alpha-ketoglutarate Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are essential for the collagen cross-linking and the strength of the fibre Ref: Satyanarayana 4th ed page 132", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyridxal phosphate", "opb": "Ascorbic acid", "opc": "Thiamine pyrophosphate", "opd": "Methylcobalamine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "75fdd031-731c-4b28-b5be-627f65af6a51", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to accumulation of", "exp": "(D) Methylmalonyl-CoA # Vit B12 deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia.> B12 (cobalamin) is involved in the isomerization of methylmalonyl coenzyme Ato succinyl coenzyme A, requiring adenosylcobalamin as a prosthetic group on the enzyme methylmalonyl- coenzyme A mutase.> A deficiency of vitamin B12 thus leads to increased levels of methylmalonate, excreted in the urine as methylmalonic acid. Interruption of the succinyl pathway with the build-up of increased levels of methylmalonate and propionate (a precursor) could lead to the formation of abnormal fatty acids that may be incorporated into neuronal lipids.> Beta oxidation of saturated fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms proceeds as follows: Propionyl CoA with biotin (Propionyl CoA carboxylase) forms methylmalonyl CoA which is converted to succinyl CoA due to methylmalonyl CoA mutase (vitamin B12 as coenzyme) Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to methylmalonyl aciduria.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Succinyl-CoA", "opb": "Propionyl-CoA", "opc": "Acetyl-CoA", "opd": "Methylmalonyl-CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "8572b1fb-1de6-4b20-9aef-c44041908b1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Gaucher&;s diseases, there is deficiency of", "exp": "Enzyme defect Gaucher&;s disease. Beta glucosidase is deficient Salient features: -Glucocerebroside accumulate. adult, infantile, juvenile. Hepatosplenomegaly, erosion of bone, moderate anemia.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 184", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucocerebrosidase", "opb": "Glucokinase", "opc": "Sphingomyelinase", "opd": "G-6PD", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "c633816e-01d3-48fa-821d-cd2bb5131c8e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Southern blot is used for", "exp": "SOUTHERN BLOT : It is based on the specific base pairing propeies of complementary nucleic acid strands ,this technique is based on DNA hybridization. DNA is isolated from the tissue.It is then fragmented by restiction endonucleases.The cut pieces are electrophoresed on agarose gel. Treatment with NaOH denatures the DNA, so that the pieces become single stranded. This is then blotted over to a nitrocellulose membrane .The ssDNA is adsorbed on the nitrocellulose membrane. An exact replica of the pattern in the gel is reproduced on the membrane. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK; 8th edition;Page no :609", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sequencing DNA", "opb": "Sequencing RNA", "opc": "Detection of antigen", "opd": "Detection of antibody", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d18c0a1a-e3cf-423f-8f99-5bbc52a8c405", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin also acting as hormonea) Vitamin Db) Vitamin Ac) Vitamin B1d) Vitamin C", "exp": "Vitamin A and vitamin D are actually hormones which act on intracellular receptors (steroid receptor family).", "cop": 3, "opa": "ac", "opb": "a", "opc": "ab", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb867c3f-007e-42db-912e-ecd3e524ef90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An essential amino acid in man is", "exp": "Isoleucine, Leucine, Threonine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Valine are essential amino acids.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 27", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspartate", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Serine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "42f8ee19-b674-42b0-8c71-253299cec405", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unsaturated fatty acids are synthesized in the", "exp": "Most of the activity of these enzymes in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, but some are found in mitochondria.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 24; Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids", "cop": 2, "opa": "Plasma membrane", "opb": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Cytosol", "opd": "Golgi complex", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "4f52268e-0854-4c7c-b609-c361399f11f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fatty acid sythase complex does not include", "exp": "Fatty acid synthase complex is a multienzyme complex The complex is a dimer of two identical polypeptide monomers arranged in an X-shape in which six enzymes and acyl carrier protein are linked in primary structure. Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30 th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acyl transacetylase", "opb": "Enoyl reductase", "opc": "Keto acyl synthase", "opd": "Acetyl co A carboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "36b588b5-673b-4fe9-9508-9e87053609a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pentose pathway produces", "exp": "The major purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is generation of reduced NADPH and pentose phosphates for nucleotide synthesis.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 130", "cop": 2, "opa": "ATP", "opb": "NADPH", "opc": "ADP", "opd": "Acetyl CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "170ba3ee-f7f9-4b5b-b6fb-a4cf00d13898", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin required for post translational modification of coagulants is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin C", "opc": "Vitamin B6", "opd": "Vitamin K", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "aecb5662-95e8-4bc3-865e-66557a3cbdcb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A different sequence of amino acids having a similar structure of proteins is an example of", "exp": "Divergence and convergence are two evolutionary processes by which organisms become adapted to their environments.\nConvergence has been defined as the acquisition of morphologically similar traits between distinctly unrelated\norganisms.\nConvergence occurs at every level of biological organization.\n\nFunctional Convergence\n\nThis refers to molecules that serve the same function but have no sequence or structural similarity and carry out their function by entirely different mechanisms.\n\nMechanistic convergence\n\nMechanistic convergence occurs when the sequence and structure of molecules are very different but the mechanisms by which they act are similar.\n\nStructural Convergence\n\nThis refers to molecules with very different amino acid sequences that can assume similar structural motifs, which may carry out similar functions.\n\nSequence Convergence\n\nIn sequence convergence, one or more critical amino acids or an amino acid sequence of two proteins come to resemble each other due to natural selection. (In protein evolution, sequence divergence, rather than sequence convergence is the rule.)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Divergence", "opb": "Convergence", "opc": "Opportunistic", "opd": "Incidental", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "79fa4140-1f33-4167-a30b-7d6b1496c217", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uric acid is formed by", "exp": "Uric acid the end product of purine catabolismis a strong reducing agent. Its role as an antioxidant is paicularly significant in the upper respiratory tract REF : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ;8th EDITION ;Page no:547 and 548", "cop": 3, "opa": "Catabolism of proteins", "opb": "Catabolism of ketones", "opc": "Catabolism of purines", "opd": "Catabolism of pyrimidines", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "403778ba-ada7-4e4e-bab9-eccb4d0357ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In chronic diabetics the value of TG and VLDL are more because", "exp": "Insulin Activates Lipoprotein lipase Inhibits Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) In diabetic condition opposite will occur, i.e. Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase and decreased lipoprotein lipase activity. Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase Catabolic activity of Fatty acid in Blood", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased in activity of hepatic lipase", "opb": "Increase in peripheral function of LDL receptors", "opc": "Increased activity of lipoprotein lipase and decreased activity of hormone sensitive lipase", "opd": "Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase and decreased lipoprotein lipase activity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipoproteins", "id": "e31ca6c1-c52d-4e2d-8e54-a69355abfc19", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Active sites of serine protease contain", "exp": "Serine proteases name stems from the nucleophilic Ser (serine) in the enzyme active site Nucleophilicity of the catalytic Ser is typically dependent on a catalytic triad of Asp, His, and Ser residues, commonly referred to as the charge relay system Ref: biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 171", "cop": 4, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Lysine or threonine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Serine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "dc2257ac-c756-4ed4-b7d1-2c09d5661385", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Indican\" is a metabolite of", "exp": "Indian is a major excretory product in the metabolism of tryptophanRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 242, fig 18.11", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Tryptophan", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Valine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "780d845b-276c-4af7-b7d9-568b767f93d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficient in alkaptonuria is", "exp": "Ans. a (Homogentisic acid oxidase). (Ref. Harper, Biochemistry, 25th ed., 332)Disorders of amino acid and urea cycle metabolismAmino acid metabolism NameEnzyme deficiencyMetabolism affected1AlbinismTyrosinaseTyrosine2AlkaptonuriaHomogentisate oxidasePhenylalanine, tyrosine3CystathioninuriaCystathionine lyaseCysteine, methionine, serine4HistidinemiaHistidine ammonia lyaseHistidine5HomocystinuriaCysthionine sythaseCysteine, methionine, serine6Maple syrup urine diseaseBranched-chain keto acid dehydrogenaseValine, isoleucine, leucine7Phenylketonuria(PKU)Phenylanine hydroxylasePhenylalanine8TyrosinosisHydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylaseTyrosine transaminase Urea cycle1ArgininemiaArginase2ArgininosuccinaturiaArgininosuccinate lyase3CitrullinemiaArgininosuccinate synthetase4Hyperammonemia-IOrnithine transcarbamoylase5Hyperammonemia-llCarbamoyl-phosphate synthetase-l", "cop": 1, "opa": "Homogentisic acid oxidase", "opb": "Tyrosinase I", "opc": "Tyrosinase II", "opd": "Acid maltase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "be72c157-abf3-4954-bab2-792580ab468b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Digestive enzymes are", "exp": "Hydrolases are any class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins, nucleic acids, starch, fats, phosphate esters, and other macromolecular substances. The hydrolysis is carried out through the addition of water. Digestive enzymes carry out their function in this way, hence they are called hydrolase Enzymes are globular proteins that control biological reactions. Digestive enzymes speed up the breakdown (hydrolysis) of food molecules into their 'building block' components. These reactions occur outside of the cells lining the gut.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hydrolases", "opb": "Oxidoreductases", "opc": "Dehydrogenases", "opd": "Ligases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "4972b467-02ae-4fb9-998b-c1d5fff8dfa2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Folding of nascent polypeptide chains is the function of", "exp": "In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures. Chaperones are present when the macromolecules perform their normal biological functions and have correctly completed the processes of folding and/or assembly. The chaperones are concerned primarily with protein folding.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chaperones", "opb": "Proteosome", "opc": "Heat shock proteins", "opd": "Ribosomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "783a2cf0-9434-4a80-b205-0d9cdd3ea246", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Net gain of ATP in glycolysis", "exp": "During the anaerobic (oxygen deficient) condition, when one molecule of glucose is conveed into 2 molecules of lactate, there is a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP. 4 molecules of ATP are synthesized by the 2 substrate level phosphorylations (steps 6 and 9). But 2 molecules of ATP are used in the steps 1 and 3, hence the net yield is only 2 ATP (Table 9.4). The whole reaction is summarized as Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP --> 2 Lactate + 2 ATP iv.But when oxygen is in plenty, the two NADH molecules, generated in the glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction (step 5), can enter the mitochondrial electron transpo chain for complete oxidation. As each NADH provides 2.5 ATPs, this reaction generates 2.5 x 2 = 5 ATPs. Thus when oxygen is available, the net gain of energy from the glycolysis pathway is 7 ATPs (Table 9.5).Hence the ATP yield from glycolysis is different in anaerobic and aerobic conditions.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 112", "cop": 2, "opa": "5", "opb": "7", "opc": "15", "opd": "20", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "53bc6263-292a-43db-b904-cd56286fc64b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Genetic material possessing the dual capacity to exist chromosomal and extrachromosomal entity", "exp": "An episome is a poion of genetic material that can exist independent of the main body of genetic material (called the chromosome) at some times, while at other times is able to integrate into the chromosome. Examples of episomes include inseion sequences and transposons. Viruses are another example of an episome. Viruses that integrate their genetic material into the host chromosome enable the viral nucleic acid to be produced along with the host genetic material in a nondestructive manner. As an autonomous unit (i.e., existing outside of the chromosome) however, the viral episome destroys the host cell as it commandeers the host&;s replication apparatuses to make new copies of itself. Read more: Episomes - DNA, Chromosome, Genetic, and Host - JRank AiclesRef: <a href=\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autosome", "opb": "Episome", "opc": "Endosome", "opd": "Mesosome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "4570781a-b4cf-41fc-8d3e-26f9aea64010", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Branched chain ketoacid decarboxylation is defective in", "exp": "Maple syrup urine disease is due to deficiency of the enzyme branched chain α-keto dehydrogenase which catalyzes decarboxylation of branched - chain amino acid.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Maple Syrup urine disease", "opb": "Hartnup disease", "opc": "Alkaptonuria", "opd": "GMI Gangliosidosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "420bc4b2-834b-4226-8f02-d3ae6b021207", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Modified nucleotide is seen in", "exp": "Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from a mRNA molecule. Proteins are built from smaller units called amino acids, which are specified by three-nucleotide mRNA sequences called codons. Each codon represents a paicular amino acid, and each codon is recognized by a specific tRNA. The tRNA molecule has a distinctive folded structure with three hairpin loops that form the shape of a three-leafed clover. One of these hairpin loops contains a sequence called the anticodon, which can recognize and decode a mRNA codon. Each tRNA has its corresponding amino acid attached to its end. When a tRNA recognizes and binds to its corresponding codon in the ribosome, the tRNA transfers the appropriate amino acid to the end of the growing amino acid chain. Then the tRNAs and ribosome continue to decode the mRNA molecule until the entire sequence is translated into a protein.Ref:<a href=\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "tRNA", "opb": "rRNA", "opc": "hnRNA", "opd": "mRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "b32a3a32-d5ce-4645-a7ba-1d1be5f941c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "If starvation exceeds 7 days, the major nutritional supply of the brain comes from", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fatty acids", "opb": "Ketone bodies", "opc": "Protein breakdown", "opd": "Carbohydrate breakdown", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ffe5286-6830-49d1-89f2-1bad56a27e65", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common physiological form of DNA", "exp": "DNA can exist in at least six forms, i.e. A, B, C, D, E and Z.The B-form of DNA is the most common form of DNA and is right-handed helix.It is the strandard DNA structure with 10 base pairs per turn.Watson and Crick model describes the B-form of DNA.Other forms of DNA are A-form (contains 11 base pairs per turn and is right handed helix) and Z-form (contains 12 base pairs per turn and is left handed helix).Z-form is ored by alternating G-C sequences in alcohol and high salt solution; and is inhibited by alternating A-T sequnces (Note-B form has minimum base pairs per turn, i.e. 10).", "cop": 2, "opa": "A-form", "opb": "B-form", "opc": "Z-form", "opd": "C-form", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "275f3936-0ff8-4334-81d5-e6238e0a4dd4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Deamination of the following amino acid occurs in liver", "exp": "Deamination of glutamine occurs in liver and ammonia is released, which is converted to urea.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspartate", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Glutamine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "65cad080-2e55-4761-85cd-1d8a758e91e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketone body formation without glycosuria seen in", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 3, "opa": "DM", "opb": "DI", "opc": "Prolonged starvation", "opd": "Obesity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "f576e2c9-8ca2-4e47-ba30-e80a4f3ffbc5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stop codons are", "exp": "Terminator Codons : There are three codons which do not code for any paicular aminoacid.They ae \"nonsense codons\".more correctly termed as PUNCTUATOR OR TERMINATOR CODONS. They mark end of protein synthesis.These three codons are UAA,UAG,and UGA. UGA is a stop codon ,but in special circumstances,it stands for seleno-cysteine. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK:7th EDITION ;Page no ;599.", "cop": 1, "opa": "UAA", "opb": "UAG", "opc": "UGA", "opd": "UAC", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "62685e47-0e29-4ba8-b45d-13c662879574", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rothera's test for detection of", "exp": "Ketones\n\nRothera's nitroprusside - pink/purple permanganate ring test and Gerhard's - ferric chloride - red wine color tests are used for detection of ketone bodies in urine.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Fatty acid", "opd": "Ketones", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "58022533-bbf3-4df1-a80d-d5e0f2da51fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum energy is liberated by the hydrolysis of", "exp": "Step 8 of Glycolysis - i. 2-phosphoglycerate is conveed to phosphoenol pyruvate by the enzyme enolase. One water molecule is removed. ii. A high energy phosphate bond is produced,so when it is hydrolysed max.energy is liberated. The reaction is reversible. iii. Enolase requires Mg++, and by removing magnesium ions, fluoride will irreversibly inhibit this enzyme. Thus, fluoride will stop the whole glycolysis. So when taking blood for sugar estimation, fluoride is added to blood. If not, glucose is metabolized by the blood cells, so that lower blood glucose values are obtained. Ref:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY,EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,131.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Creatine phosphate", "opb": "ATP", "opc": "Phosphenol pyruvate", "opd": "G-6-P", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "dc6c0b27-020c-4a93-bcfb-063640062b2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis is", "exp": "Tyrosine Hydroxylase Is Rate-Limiting for Catecholamine BiosynthesisRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 41; The Diversity of the Endocrine System", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "opb": "Dopa Decarboxylase", "opc": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)", "opd": "Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase (PNMT)", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e70080d2-8852-4485-a7b7-6d3ccbe45404", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dinitrophenol causes", "exp": "Mechanism of Action of DNP as uncoupler Dinitrophenol (DNP) a potent uncoupler is ampipathic and increase the permeability of the lipoid inner mitochondrial membrane to protons (H+), thus reducing the electrochemical potential and sho-circuiting the ATP synthase. In this way, oxidation can proceed without phosphorylation. Note: DNP was used for weight loss. But it was discontinued due to hypehermia and other side effects.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 146", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inhibition of ATP synthase", "opb": "Inhibition of electron transpo", "opc": "Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation", "opd": "Accumulation of ATP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "d578eb16-c6eb-4c71-85ce-38fb1dfec34c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme responsible for complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 to water is present in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. Mitochondria The fate of pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis (glucose metabolism) is as follows :Under anaerobic conditions : Pyruvate is reduced by the NADH to lactate in the presence of Lactate dehydrogenaseUnder aerobic conditions : Pyruvate is taken up into mitochondria & is converted to Acetyl-CoA in the presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Now this Acetyl-CoA enters Krebs cycle.* Kreb's cycle is the final pathway where oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids & fatty acids converge, their carbon skeleton being converted to CO2 and H20.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytosol", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Lysosomes", "opd": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory Chain", "id": "da3b2e1c-4724-4e83-98f4-efbc7b9628ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "FIGLU is a metabolite of", "exp": "FIGLU is metabolite in the histidine metabolism. Histidine is first non-oxidatively deaminated by histidase to form urocanic acid (step1). It is then hydrated to imidazolinone propionic acid (step 2) and then hydrolyzed to formimino glutamic acid (FIGLU) (step 3). Histidine ---->FIGLU------->Formimino THF Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 297", "cop": 2, "opa": "Folic acid", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "48f77de6-ebdb-4560-b178-200463f6c1fd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An example of lyases is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Glutamine synthetase", "opb": "Fumarase", "opc": "Cholinesterase", "opd": "Amylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6c5cd0a5-a008-4220-bd18-d6584b79acfa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the body, metabolism of 10 gms. of protein would produce approximately", "exp": "Calorific value of nutrientsNutrientEnergy yield kcal/gramEnergy yield kjoule/gramRQ Carbohydrates4161 Fat937.71 Protein4.217.81 Alcohol728.66 Ref: Textbook of biochemistry (DM Vasudevan ), 6th edition, page no. 432", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 K. Caorie", "opb": "41 K calories", "opc": "410 K calories", "opd": "41 calories", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "0f02bed4-48e4-452a-a482-e153ebd8a823", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In sickle cell anemia, glutamic acid is replaced by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Valine", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Aspartic Acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "adf5fc8a-1212-46a5-8202-1dd17bc01d57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lack of Homogentisate oxidase enzyme causes", "exp": "(B) Alkaptonuria # ALKAPTONURIA: The defective enzyme in alkaptonuria is homogentisate oxidase in tyrosine metabolism. Homogentisate accumulates in tissues & blood, gets oxidized to the corresponding quinones, which polymerize to give black or brown colour. For this reason, the urine of alkaptonuric patients resembles coke in colour.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phenylketonuria", "opb": "Alkaptonuria", "opc": "Maple syrup urine disease", "opd": "Homocystinuria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "7538e508-8cb8-49c3-a76b-f4e22a21489a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "vitamin involved in 1 carbon metabolism", "exp": "THFA is the carrier of One Carbon groups The folic acid is first reduced to 7,8-dihydrofolic acid and fuher reduced to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) . Both reactions are catalyzed by NADPH dependent folate reductase. The THFA is the carrier of one-carbon groups. One carbon compound is an organic molecule that contains only a single carbon atom. The following groups are one carbon compounds: Formyl (-CHO) Formimino (-CH=NH) Methenyl (-CH=) Methylene (-CH2-) Hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH) Methyl (-CH3). One carbon groups bind to THF through N5 are Formyl, Formimino or methyl N10 are Formyl Both N5 and N10 are Methylene and Metheny Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 475", "cop": 1, "opa": "Folic acid", "opb": "Thiamine", "opc": "biotin", "opd": "niacin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "44fd2133-14eb-4365-845e-3b7739786c2f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin that acts like a hormone", "exp": "(D) Vitamin D # Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as a steroid hormone.> Several hormones, including adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoid hormones, and vitamin D, bind with protein receptors inside the cell rather than in the cell membrane. Because these hormones are lipid soluble, they readily cross the cell membrane and interact with receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.> The activated hormone-receptor complex then binds with a specific regulatory (promoter) sequence of the DNA called the hormone response element, and in this manner either activates or represses transcription of specific genes and formation of messenger RNA (mRNA)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitamin K", "opb": "Vitamin B1", "opc": "Vitamin B12", "opd": "Vitamin D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "06477366-22f3-4ac1-9954-ee6899a28f7b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Source of energy in kerb cycle is", "exp": "ATP Generating Steps in TCA Cycle - There are 3 NADH molecules generated during one cycle, each of them will give rise to 2 1/2 ATPs on oxidation by electron transpo chain (ETC); so altogether they will give 3 x 2 1/2 = 7 1/2 (7.5) high energy phosphates. The FADH2 will generate 1 1/2 molecules of ATP. In addition, one molecule of GTP (equivalent to one molecule of ATP) is formed by substrate level phosphorylation. Hence, per turn of the cycle, 10 high energy phosphates are produced. STEP NO. REACTIONS COENZYMES ATPs 3 Isocitrate - alpha ketoglutarate NADH 2.5 4 Alpha ketoglutarate - succinyl CoA NADH 2.5 5 Succinyl CoA - Succinate GTP GTP 1 6 Succinate - Fumarate FADH2 1.5 8 Malate - Oxaloacetate NADH 2.5 TOTAL = 10 REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, EIGHTHEDITION,PG.NO.,305,307.", "cop": 4, "opa": "NAD", "opb": "NADP", "opc": "NADPH", "opd": "NADH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "9a468e95-b73f-4706-a53e-25f9229d671b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes increase reaction rates by", "exp": "MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION\nExplained by different theories:\n\nLowering of activation energy\nMichaelis-Menten theory\nFischer’s Template theory\nKoshland’s Induced Fit theory.\n\nLowering of Activation Energy\nEnzymes lower the activation energy. Activation energy is defined as the energy required to convert all molecules of a reacting substance from ground state to transition state.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Altering the free energy of the action", "opb": "Inhibiting the backward reaction", "opc": "Enhancing the forward reaction", "opd": "Decreasing the energy of activation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "320a5a8b-8982-491a-81a1-2543426dd5e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Structure of antibodies is composed of", "exp": "It is made up of 2 heavy (H) chains and 2 light (L) chains, combined through disulfide bridges. In the case of lgG, H chains are composed of 440 amino acids and L chains made up of 214 amino acids. Depending on the heavy chain makeup, the immunoglobulins are differentiated into 5 major classes.Immunoglobulin-G (lgG) is made up of heavy chain g (gamma)lgM has u (mu) heavy chainlgA has a (alpha) heavy chainlgD contains d (delta) lgE heavy chain is called e (epsilon).Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 687", "cop": 4, "opa": "Single peptide chain", "opb": "Two peptide chain", "opc": "Non sulphur aminoacid", "opd": "2 heavy & 2 light peptidie chain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "7c4f28ce-b269-418b-8bd7-21c88fbd9fd3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketone bodies are synthesized", "exp": "Ketogenesis Acetoacetate is the primary ketone body while beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone are secondary ketone bodies. They are synthesized exclusively by the liver mitochondriaRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 143", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cytosol", "opb": "ER", "opc": "Miochondria", "opd": "Peroxisomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "10dfaabe-e01b-43eb-8f88-8736fb8d3dac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Splicing activity is a function of", "exp": "A small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is one of many small RNA species confined to the nucleus; several of the snRNAs are involved in splicing or other RNA processing reactions.Small cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNA) are present in the cytoplasm and (sometimes are also found in the nucleus).snRNPs (snurp) are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNAs associated with proteins).scRNPs (scyrp) are small cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins (scRNAs associated with proteins).The spliceosome is a complex formed by the snRNPs that are required for splicing together with additional protein factors.Anti-Sm is an autoimmune antiserum that defines the Sm epitope that is common to a group of proteins found in snRNPs that are involved in RNA splicing. The five snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U5, U4, and U6.Together with some additional proteins, the snRNPs from the spliceosome.All the snRNPs except U6 contain a conserved sequence that binds the Sm proteins that are recognized by antibodies generated in autoimmune disease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "snRNA", "opc": "rRNA", "opd": "tRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "4395069d-44f5-4cfc-8cf0-8d7d9ed33202", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fumarase is a", "exp": "Class I Fumarase enzyme, EC 4.2.1.2 (fumarate hydratase), which catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate. ... Aspaate ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.1 (aspaase), which catalyzes the reversible conversion of aspaate to fumarate and ammonia. Fumarase (or fumarate hydratase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration/dehydration of fumarate to malate. Fumarase comes in two forms: mitochondrial and cytosolic. The mitochondrial isoenzyme is involved in the Krebs Cycle (also known as the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or the Citric Acid Cycle), and the cytosolic isoenzyme is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and fumarate. Subcellular localization is established by the presence of a signal sequence on the amino terminus in the mitochondrial form, while subcellular localization in the cytosolic form is established by the absence of the signal sequence found in the mitochondrial variety", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oxidoreductase", "opb": "Transferase", "opc": "Oxidase", "opd": "Lyases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "019b770c-bca5-46fb-90c4-fff454d69586", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "UV light causes mutation in cells by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Formation of pyrimidine dimers", "opb": "Ionisation of molecules", "opc": "Double stranded DNA break", "opd": "Chromosomal instability", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8048338a-a369-4da2-a589-bab37356580b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme used for cDNA synthesis is", "exp": "Complementary DNA (cDNA) DNA that is complementary to RNA Reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) is used for the synthesis", "cop": 4, "opa": "DNA dependent RNA polymerase", "opb": "DNA dependent DNA polymerase", "opc": "RNA dependent RNA polymerase", "opd": "RNA dependent DNA polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "d4a69ff2-fad5-445f-9da0-bb5cc511ea43", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trypsin cleavesa) Arginineb) Glutamatec) Lysined) Proline", "exp": "Trypsin hydrolyses peptide bonds fornied by carboxy terminal of lysine and arginine", "cop": 3, "opa": "a", "opb": "bc", "opc": "ac", "opd": "b", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1627ab7a-3c4f-4bac-9a63-6b84afa0f2dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best marker of dyslipidemia", "exp": "B i.e. LDL/ HDL ratio", "cop": 2, "opa": "TG & cholesterol", "opb": "LDL / HDL ratio", "opc": "Cholesterol", "opd": "APO AI", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d5927a30-7651-4008-b1c3-5524e949f5d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At physiological pH, carboxy terminal of peptide is", "exp": "In ion-exchange chromatography, proteins interact with the stationary phase by charge-charge interactions. Proteins with a net positive charge at a given pH will tightly adhere to beads with negatively charged functional groups such as carboxylates or sulfates (cation exchangers).\n \nHarper, Ed 30, Pg 27", "cop": 2, "opa": "Positive charged", "opb": "Negative charged", "opc": "Neutral", "opd": "Infinitely charged", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5f78badb-9b4f-4133-a90f-9a64edfcaada", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coenzyme required for tissue respiration is", "exp": "Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a quinone derivative with a long, hydrophobic isoprenoid tail. It is also called ubiquinone because it is ubiquitous in biologic systems. CoQ is a mobile carrier and can accept hydrogen atoms both from FMNH2, produced on NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) and from FADH2, produced on succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II).Ref: Harpers Biochemistry; 30th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coenzyme Q", "opb": "Coenzyme A", "opc": "NADP", "opd": "Cobamide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "b0941911-2f3b-4e96-9e75-3adfb1156dc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polymer of fructose", "exp": "Ans. c (Inulin) (Ref. Ganong.-23rd/Ch. 38. 26th/pg. 105).Substances Used to Measure GFRIn addition to the requirement that it be freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the tubules, a substance suitable for measuring the GFR should be nontoxic and not metabolized by the body. Inulin, a polymer of fructose with a molecular weight of 5200 that is found in dahlia tubers, meets these criteria in humans and most animals and is extensively used to measure GFR. Radioisotopes such as 51Cr-EDTA are also used, but inulin remains the standard substance. In practice, a loading dose of inulin is administered intravenously, followed by a sustaining infusion to keep the arterial plasma level constant. After the inulin has equilibrated with body fluids, an accurately timed urine specimen is collected and a plasma sample obtained halfway through the collection. Plasma and urinary inulin concentrations are determined and the clearance calculated. The GFR in a healthy person of average size is approximately 125 mL/min.CLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTANT SUGARS AldosesKetosesTrioses (C3H6O3)GlyceroseDihydroxyacetoneTetroses (C4H8O4)ErythroseErythrulosePentoses (C5Hl0O5)RiboseRibuloseHexoses (C6H12O6)GlucoseFructoseHexoses of Physiologic ImportanceSugarSourceImportanceClinical significanceD-GlucoseFruit juices. Hydrolysis of starch, cane sugar, maltose and lactoseThe \"sugar\" of the body. The sugar carried by blood, and the principal one used by the tissuesPresent in the urine (glycosuria) in diabetes mellitus owing to raised blood glucose (hyperglycemia)D-fructoseFruit juices. Honey,Hydrolysis of cane sugar and of insulin (from the Jerusalem artichoke)Can be changed to glucose in the liver and so used in the bodyHereditary fructose intolerance leads to fructose accumulation and hypoglycemiaD-GalactoseHydrolysis of lactoseCan be changed to glucose in the liver and metabolized. Synthesized in the mammary gland to make the lactose of milk. A constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteinsFailure to metabolize leads to galactosemia and cataractD-Mann- OseHydrolysis of plant mannans and gumsA constituent of many glycoproteins Pentoses of Physiologic ImportanceSugarWhere foundBiochemical importance D-RiboseNucleic acidsStructural elements of nucleic acids and coenzymes, eg, ATP, NAD, NADP, flavoproteins. Ribose phosphates are intermediates in pentose phosphate pathway D-RibuloseFormed in metabolic processRibulose phosphate is an intermediate in pentose phosphate pathway D-ArabinoseGum arabic. Plum and cherry gumsConstituent of glycoproteins D-XyloseWood gums, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycansConstituent of glycoproteins D-LyxoseHeart muscleA constituent of a lyxoflavin isolated from human heart muscle L-XyluloseIntermediate in uronic acid pathwayFound in urine in essential pentosuria DisaccharidesSugarSourceClinical significanceMaltoseDigestion by amylase or hydrolysis to starch.Germinating cereals and malt LactoseMilk, may occur in urine during pregnancy.In lactase deficiency, malabsorption leads to diarrhoea and flatulenceSucroseCane, and beet sugar. Sorghum.Pineapple carrot roots.In sucrase deficiency, malabsorption leads to diarrhoea and flatulenceTrehaloseFungi and yeasts.The major sugar of insect hemolymphGlucose Is one of the main hexoses absorbed from GIT, derived principally from dietary STARCH.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dextrose", "opb": "Cellulose", "opc": "Inulin", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "9709175a-cc64-478d-b489-3ae8e3ae584e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most non polar Amino Acid is", "exp": "Non-polar amino acids are very much less polar than polar amino acids.\nAmong the given options, only leucine is non-polar.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leucine", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb4c75a0-6d8b-4f18-9a1a-44aa2e3a13d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most important source of reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis in the liver is", "exp": "HMP pathway \n\nThe main source of NADPH for lipogenesis is the pentose phosphate pathway: PPP (also called the hexose monophosphate pathway: HMP).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "TCA cycle", "opc": "Uronic acid pathway", "opd": "HMP pathway", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b367e60b-4711-4df8-925f-9e27079dd00c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased level of lipoprotein(a) predisposes to", "exp": "Atherosclerosis\n\nPresence of lipoprotein (a) in blood in excessive amount increases the risk of coronary heart disease.\nThis could possibly be due to the structural resemblance of this apolipoprotein with plasminogen.\nBecause of close structural resemblance, LP(a) competes with plasminogen, thereby decreasing its conversion to plasmin.\nReduced plasmin activity results in decreased dissolution of clots. This, in turn, increases the susceptibility of an individual to atherosclerosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver cirrhosis", "opb": "Atherosclerosis", "opc": "Nephrotic syndrome", "opd": "Pancreatitis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bde6d15f-7fe0-4d6e-8ee4-1d8aabee9367", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Main source of energy derived from", "exp": "Glycogen is the reserve carbohydrate in animals. It is stored in liver and muscles.The phosphorylated enzyme is less sensitive to allosteric inhibitors. Thus even if cellular ATP and glucose-6-phosphate are high, Phosphorylase will be active. The glucose-1-phosphate produced from glycogen in the liver may be conveed to free glucose for release to the blood.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fat", "opb": "Glycogen", "opc": "Lactate", "opd": "Ketone", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "bed1db02-0efc-436d-912c-12b439b7bd88", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cellular bearings of hereditary disease seen in", "exp": "Hereditary information is preserved in DNA. Thus all genetic diseases are due to change in DNA.", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "Ribosome", "opc": "RNA", "opd": "Membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5b3764cf-390b-4c91-8698-ad3347c758be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis", "exp": "Fructose-6-phosphate is fuher phosphorylated to fructose1,6 bisphosphate. The enzyme is phosphofructokinase. is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. It is an allosterically regulated enzyme catalyzes the second phosphorylation step of glycolysis using a second molecule of ATP is an impoant key enzyme of this pathwayRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 109", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phosphofructokinase", "opb": "Glucose 6 dehydrogenase", "opc": "Pyruvate kinase", "opd": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5401532d-67de-47a4-8821-96e33b5dad77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Krebs cycle and Urea cycle are linked at", "exp": "Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ornithine", "opb": "Fumarate", "opc": "Oxaloacetate", "opd": "Arginine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "73abbde4-827d-49e7-81f1-0845294b3d16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The immediate precursor in the formation of acetoacetate from acetyl CoA in the liver is", "exp": "HMG CoA \n\n\nAcetoacetyl-CoA is the starting material for ketogenesis.\n\n\n\nHowever, it is HMG-CoA from which acetoacetate arises.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mevalonate", "opb": "HMG CoA", "opc": "Acetoacetyl CoA", "opd": "3-Hydroxybutyryl", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "aabde866-091d-4be1-9b84-bb86561e9537", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sphingolipids are chiefly accumulated in", "exp": "CNS\n\nSphingolipids are mainly found in cell membranes, particularly nerve cells and brain tissues.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cardiac muscle", "opb": "Adipose tissue", "opc": "Skeletal muscle", "opd": "CNS", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c137f35-e6e7-4b5e-80c8-120cd41e0f7c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "During prolonged starvation, the rate of gluconeogenesis depends on", "exp": "Increased alanine levels in liver \n\nIn the fasting state, there is a considerable output of alanine from skeletal muscle, far in excess of its concentration in the muscle proteins that are being catabolized.\nIt is formed by transamination of pyruvate produced by glycolysis of muscle glycogen and is exported to the liver, where, after transamination back to pyruvate, it is a substrate for gluconeogenesis.\nThis is the glucose-alanine cycle. Which has two major functions:-\n\n\nTransport of α -amino groups of amino acids (ammonium ion/ammonia) from muscle to liver\nTransport of alanine as a substrate for gluconeogenesis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased alanine levels in liver", "opb": "Decreased cGMP in liver", "opc": "ADP in liver", "opd": "Decreased essential fatty acids in liver", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "50241ee7-0f2d-4b58-b851-d11522ef41c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "PCR requires", "exp": "A primer is a sho strand of RNA or DNA (generally about 18-22 bases) that serves as a staing point for DNA synthesisPolymerase chain reaction uses DNA primers because they are more temperature stable. In experiments, it is often impoant to use a primer with a similar Tm to the template strand it will be hybridizing to.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 638", "cop": 1, "opa": "Primer", "opb": "DNA Polymerase", "opc": "De-oxyribonucleotide phosphate", "opd": "Di-oxyribonucleotide phosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c1a26a41-e935-4e31-9262-d9a357b7ce93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serotonin is derived from", "exp": "Serotonin is a metabolite of tryptophan Tryptophan ------------------->5hydroxy tryptophan ------------------>5hyroxy tryptamine (serotonin )Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 241", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tyrosine", "opb": "Tryptophan", "opc": "Phenylalanine", "opd": "Methionine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "498ad240-7f32-4a06-99ed-91edeb1e47bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucagon stimulates", "exp": "Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone which is secreted by the A cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas. Glucagon is a group IIA hormone, i.e., acts by increasing cAMP. The actions of glucagon are somewhat opposite those of insulin.1) Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver but not in muscle. Breakdown of glycogen yields glucose.2) Glucagon stimulates production of glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis). Both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis tend to raise plasma glucose level.3) Glucagon stimulates lipolysis. Breakdown of lipids yields free fatty acids, which may be oxidized completely to carbon dioxide, or incompletely to form ketone bodies", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gluconeogenesis", "opb": "Glycogenesis", "opc": "Fatty acid synthesis", "opd": "Glycolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5fb22246-2152-4f59-a30f-5dbaaa6eaa5d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "McArdle’s disease is caused due to deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Muscle (Myo) Phosphorylase", "opc": "Lysosomal glucosidase", "opd": "Microsomal Pi transporter", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2fbf36eb-0aa2-4e8b-8de7-261bb54bc157", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The property of proteins to absorb ultraviolet rays of light is due to", "exp": "Aromatic side chains (aromatic amino acids) are responsible for the UV light absorption of most proteins.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Peptide bond", "opb": "Imino group", "opc": "Di Sulphide bond", "opd": "Aromatic amino acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "26ca949e-43a5-4ca3-9d02-2a1079cfd299", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis is caused by", "exp": "Insulin, a key inhibitor of hepatic glucose production, has effects on both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesisRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Insulin", "opb": "Glucogon", "opc": "Glucocoicoid", "opd": "Epinephrine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "e67cb133-667d-4cce-8807-b8561d21783c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "25 hydroxylation of vitamin D occurs", "exp": "Synthesis of 25-OH-D3 in Liver (Calcidiol)Vitamin D2 and/or D3 binds to specific D binding protein and is transpoed to liver.It undergoes hydroxylation at 25 position, by the enzyme 25-hydroxylase, in the endoplasmic reticulum of the mitochondria of liver cells.Coenzyme/cofactors required are: *Mg++NADPH, and *Molecular O2 A cytoplasmic factor is also required, the exact nature not known. Two enzymes, an NADPH-dependant cytochrome P450 reductase and a cytochrome P450 are involved also.25-OH-D3 (calcidiol) is the major storage form of vitamin D in liver and found in appreciable amount in circulation. The blood level of 25-OH-D3 exes feedback inhibition on the enzyme 25-hydroxylase. Reference: Chatterjea Textbook of Biochemistry pg no. 168", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "bded9944-84db-4154-ac6a-053baf67adbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Least post translational modification occurs in", "exp": "D i.e. Prokaryotic mRNA", "cop": 4, "opa": "t-RNA", "opb": "Prokaryotic r- RNA", "opc": "Eukaryotic r - RNA", "opd": "Prokaryotic mRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "db89b77b-f178-4898-835b-f75c49a81ad1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mutarotation refers to change in", "exp": "Mutarotation refers to the change in the specific optical rotation representing the interconversion of a- and b- anomers of D-glucose to an equilibrium. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 14", "cop": 2, "opa": "pH", "opb": "Optical rotation", "opc": "Conductance", "opd": "Chemical propeies", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "512ba2e5-1089-4091-b10b-70039956cbd2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intermediate metabolite in TCA cycle are A/E", "exp": "Pyruvic acid is a key substance in phase-II metabolism. 1. Principally it is formed from oxidation of glucose (glycolysis) by EM Pathway. Conversion of PA to OAA (by CO2-Fixation Reaction) Pyruvic acid can be conveed to oxaloacetate by the enzyme Pyruvate carboxylase. The enzyme requires: * 'Biotin' as a prosthetic group which brings CO2 * ATP and Mg++ * Requires 'acetyl-CoA' Acetyl-CoA does not enter into the reaction but may by combination with the enzyme maintains it in \"active\" conformation (+ve modifier). The generation of \"acetyl-CoA\" in metabolic reactions activates the enzyme and promote the formation of oxaloacetic acid (OAA) required for oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the TCA Cycle. Anaplerotic Reactions A sudden influx of Pyruvic acid (PA) or of \"acetyl-CoA\" to the TCA cycle might seriously deplete the supplies of OAA required for the citrate synthase reaction. Two reactions that are auxiliary to the TCA cycle operate to prevent this situation. These are known as anaplerotic (Filling up) reactions.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 334", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "Isocitrate", "opc": "Oxaloacetate", "opd": "Malonate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "1a843bf5-8321-4d4f-9c0c-bd1c3436dffc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin required for collagen synthesis", "exp": "The active form of vitamin C is ascorbic acid (Figure 28.8). The main function of ascorbate is as a reducing agent in several different reactions. Vitamin C has a well-documented role as a coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions, for example, hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of collagen (see p. 47). Vitamin C is, therefore, required for the maintenance of normal connective tissue, as well as for wound healing. Vitamin C also facilitates the absorption of dietary iron from the intestine.Deficiency of ascorbic acid A deficiency of ascorbic acid results in scurvy, a disease characterized by sore and spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, and anemia (Figure 28.9). Many of the deficiency symptoms can be explained by a deficiency in the hydroxylation of collagen, resulting in defective connective tissue.Ref: Lippincott, 5th edition, page no: 377", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin C", "opc": "Thiamine", "opd": "Folic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "f751c247-3392-4a11-8530-6ba4332c68ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A deficiency of substance B12 can result in an anemia. Choose the type of anemia that would occur if the substance were deficient.", "exp": "Functions of vitamin B12 a. Vitamin B12 contains cobalt in a corrin ring that resembles a porphyrin.(1). Vitamin B12 is the cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which catalyzes the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (see Fig below).(a). This reaction is involved in the production of succinyl-CoA from valine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, and the propionyl-CoA formed by the oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons.(2). Vitamin B12 is involved in the transfer of methyl groups from FH4 to homocysteine to form methionine (see Figure below).A vitamin B12 deficiency results in a megaloblastic anemia plus demyelination of nerves, because of reduced levels of SAM in the nervous system. These cells are large because the vitamin deficiency interferes with DNA synthesis, and the cells double in size without being able to replicate their DNA. Once the anemia begins, the large blast cells are released by the marrow in an attempt to control the anemia. A hypochromic, microcytic anemia can result from the lack of iron, or lack of pyridoxal phosphate. Both conditions lead to a reduction in the synthesis of heme, so the red cells cannot carry as much oxygen (which gives them the pale color). The cells are small in order to maximize the concentration of hemoglobin present in the cells. Hemolytic anemia occurs when the red cell membrane fragments, which can occur with pyruvate kinase deficiencies or a lack of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (which results in reduced NADPH levels). Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the b-globin gene, substituting a valine for a glutamic acid.The transfer of a 1-carbon unit from serine to deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to form deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). FH4 is oxidized to FH2 in this reaction. FH2 is reduced to FH4 by dihydrofolate reductase. The rectangles indicate the steps at which the antimetabolites methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil act. FH2 , dihydrofolate; FH4 , tetrahydrofolate; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH, reduced NADP.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opb": "Hypochromic, microcytic anemia", "opc": "Hemolytic anemia", "opd": "Sickle cell anemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "3d3269bb-99a9-4e70-8558-030d41829b9c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Termination nucleotide sequence among following is", "exp": "UAA (Termination codons: UAA, UAG, UGA)", "cop": 2, "opa": "AUG", "opb": "UAA", "opc": "AUA", "opd": "AGG", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Chemistry of Nucleotides ", "id": "391e01bc-e4f1-4604-8132-79b2d9462be4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vit. B12 is absorbed in the", "exp": "One molecule of IF can combine with 2 molecules of B12. This IF-B12 complex is attached with specific receptors on mucosal cells. The whole IF-B12 complex is internalized . It may be noted that B12 is absorbed from the ileum. Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 404", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Lower jejunum", "opd": "Terminal ileum", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "c3b4c2db-8c82-4d87-b14e-852fb6610598", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The mineral having sparing action on vitamin E", "exp": "The element selenium  is found in the enzyme glutathione  peroxidase  that  destroys  free radicals.  Thus, Se is also involved  in antioxidant functions like vitamin E, and both of them act synergistically.  To a certain extent, Se can spare the requirement  vitamin E, and vice versa.\nRef : Satyanarayana, 3rd ed, pg. 129", "cop": 4, "opa": "Calcium", "opb": "Iron", "opc": "Iodine", "opd": "Selenium", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5610fcc1-8b3b-4e68-850f-938c91636041", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme studied in Triphyenyl tetrazolium chloride test (TTC) to detect myocardial infarction is", "exp": "Lactate dehydrodenase. TTC stain taken up depending on enzyme activity", "cop": 2, "opa": "SDH", "opb": "LDH", "opc": "MDM", "opd": "Lecithinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7cf9fe4d-2400-408a-8697-a75e2b93ebaa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose transporter in myocyte stimulated by insulin is", "exp": "GLUT 4 is the transporter in muscle and adipose tissue that is stimulated by insulin.", "cop": 4, "opa": "GLUT 1", "opb": "GLUT 2", "opc": "GLUT 3", "opd": "GLUT 4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dcfd1819-5810-4f5c-bfb8-0a1ef2cc9d18", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Total number of dehydrogenases in Krebs cycle", "exp": "There are total 4 dehydrogenases present in kreb's cycle: 1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. a- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex 3. Succinate dehydrogenase 4. Malate dehydrogenase", "cop": 3, "opa": "3", "opb": "2", "opc": "4", "opd": "5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "TCA Cycle", "id": "bcdfcec6-96aa-44e7-8cde-01d460afc7a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Albinism results from the deficiency of", "exp": "Homogentisic acid oxidase: ALKAPTONURIA Phenylalanine hydroxylase: PHENYLKETONURIA Tyrosinase: ALBINISM Xanthine oxidase: URIC ACID SYNTHESIS ENZYME Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 353", "cop": 3, "opa": "Homogentisic acid oxidase", "opb": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opc": "Tyrosinase", "opd": "Xanthine oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "e9ee7023-bc51-4f54-9a37-001ab65c543d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First substrate of Kreb’s cycle is", "exp": "Pyruvate, the end product of aerobic glycolysis is transported into mitochondria by specific pyruvate transporter, where it is converted to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Alanine", "opd": "Lipoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c24bd863-e3a5-47cd-abe4-628b8242d15d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The metabolite accumulating in Wolman&;s disease is", "exp": "Wolman Disease and Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease:These autosomal recessive disorders are caused by lack of lysosomal acid lipase. After LDL cholesterol is incorporated into the cell by endocytosis,it is delivered to lysosomes where it is hydrolyzed by lysosomal lipase. Failure of hydrolysis because of the complete absence of the enzyme causes accumulation of cholesteryl esters within the cells. Hepatosplenomegaly, steatorrhea, and failure to thrive occur during early infancy, leading to death at the age of 1 yr.In cholesterol ester storage disease, a less-severe form than Wolman disease, there is low but detectable acid lipase activity.Reference: Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics; 20th edition; Chapter 86; Defects in Metabolism of Lipids", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amino acid", "opb": "Sulfite", "opc": "Glycogen", "opd": "Cholesteryl ester", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "df49902b-0f10-4bc5-b6e2-f9c52437f3b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cofactor for Glycogen phosphorylase in Glycogenolysis is", "exp": "Glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose as glucose-6- phosphate from glycogen. It contains pyridoxal phosphate as prosthetic group.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 124", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thiamine pyrophospohate", "opb": "Pyridoxal phosphate", "opc": "Citrate", "opd": "FAD", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "bba8c855-ee39-43f5-ba83-e9d37b9e5b80", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Positive nitrogen balance is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Malignancy", "opb": "Pregnancy", "opc": "Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus", "opd": "Burns", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8a2e78f-daa6-402b-913e-6554b2056bab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In a well fed state, acetyl CoA obtained from diet is least used in the synthesis of", "exp": "Ketone bodies (acetoacetate) synthesis is decreased in fed state, so acetyl-CoA is not used for synthesis of ketone bodies in fed state.\n\nAbout other options\n\nFatty acid (palimitoyl CoA) synthesis is increased in fed state. Fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA.\nIn fed state acetyl-CoA is oxidized via TCA cycle. Acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate.\nOxalosuccinate is an intermediate of TCA cycle.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Palmity CoA", "opb": "Citrate", "opc": "Acetoacetate", "opd": "Oxalosuccinate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7271af56-e5df-4451-be10-0d29304d079d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of collagen forming basement membrane of kidney", "exp": "Type IV collagen is abnormal, so basement membrane of kidney glomerular apparatus is abnormal. Hence, hematuria is seen, which will eventually progress to kidney failure.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 583", "cop": 4, "opa": "I", "opb": "II", "opc": "III", "opd": "IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "18fdba45-7ca8-4ed2-8296-07b9d2cb84e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane as", "exp": "Long-Chain Fatty Acids Penetrate the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane as Carnitine Derivatives Carnitine (-hydroxy--trimethylammonium butyrate), (CH3)3N+--CH2--CH(OH)--CH2--COO-, is widely distributed and is paicularly abundant in muscle. Long-chain acyl-CoA (or FFA) cannot penetrate the inner membrane of mitochondria. In the presence of carnitine, however, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I, located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, conves long-chain acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine, which is able to penetrate the inner membrane and gain access to the -oxidation system of enzymes. Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase acts as an inner membrane exchange transpoer. Acylcarnitine is transpoed in, coupled with the transpo out of one molecule of carnitine. The acylcarnitine then reacts with CoA, catalyzed by carnitine palmitoyltransferase-II, located on the inside of the inner membrane, reforming acyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix, and carnitine is liberated. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 288", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carnitine derivatives", "opb": "Pyruvate", "opc": "Acetyl coA derivatives", "opd": "Acyl CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "5486ce18-d392-4cf8-bf26-61c45afb474d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Active moiety of CoA is", "exp": "- Synthesis of coenzyme A from pantothenate occurs in a series of  reactions. Pantothenate is  first phosphorylated to  which  cysteine is  added. Decarboxylation, followed by addition of AMP moiety and a phosphate (each from ATP) results in  coenzyme A.\n-Coenzyme A serves as a carrier of activated acetyl or acyl groups (as thiol esters).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Acetyl group", "opb": "Pantothenic acid", "opc": "Thiol of beta alanine", "opd": "Thiol of pantothenic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "235c3a69-e95b-424e-b21f-4dc98224af20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Difference between reversible and irreversible reaction is", "exp": "C i.e. Work done", "cop": 3, "opa": "Entropy", "opb": "Temperature", "opc": "Work done", "opd": "Amount of heat production", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a626962-df15-4c6f-b2a9-a1b1d7d66372", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cyclic AMP increase the rate of glycogenolysis by", "exp": "The roles of cAMP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the regulation of muscle glycogenolysis during exercise have been investigated in humans using the needle biopsy technique. The fraction of phosphorylase a in resting muscle was as a mean 23%, but the rate of glycogenolysis was extremely low. Epinephrine infusion increased cAMP in muscle by 3-fold and transformed 80% of phosphorylase to the form", "cop": 1, "opa": "Promoting the formation of phosphorylase", "opb": "Acting as a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase", "opc": "Furnishing phosphate for the phosphorylysis of glycogen", "opd": "Acting as a precursor of 5' AMP which is a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "de81dfcb-574f-45f2-8746-99d232727ef8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Movement of protein from nucleus to cytoplasm can be seen by", "exp": "B i.e. FRAPFRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) primarily measures rate of lateral diffusion of lipids and it can be used to investigate diffusion of biological macromolecules (such as proteins etc) including lateral diffusion in the plane of membrane and movements into & out of nucleus.- FRET is used to visualize biochemistry of living cells such as to measure cAMP and activity of PKA.AFM (atomic force microscopy) is used to yield 3D contour map of membrane (surfaces) and visualize membrane proteins (eg microdomains or rafts etc)", "cop": 2, "opa": "FISH", "opb": "FRAP", "opc": "Confocal microscopy", "opd": "Electron microscopy", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "69b51c11-7ff8-4959-870f-ca733bf42ce8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ligand for peroxisome proliferation activating receptor (PPAR), a group of nuclear hormone receptors that are involved in the regulation of genes related to glucose and lipid\nmetabolism is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Repaglinide", "opb": "Voglibose", "opc": "Exanatide", "opd": "Rosiglitazone", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "51852b39-1d53-4a9c-93cf-7ab186c8d0ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not present in DNA", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 1, "opa": "Uracil", "opb": "Thymine", "opc": "Cystosine", "opd": "Adenine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "ce7c671c-67d3-417a-a62c-7a6ddfe164d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hexokinase is a", "exp": "The International Union of Biochemistry (IUB) name of hexokinase is ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase E.C. 2.7.1.1. This name identifies hexokinaseas a member of class 2 (transferases), subclass 7 (transfer of a phosphoryl group), sub-subclass 1 (alcohol is the phosphoryl acceptor), and \"hexose-6\" indicates that the alcohol phosphorylated is on carbon six of a hexose.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 7; Enzymes: Mechanism of Action", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transferase", "opb": "Reductase", "opc": "Oxidoreductase", "opd": "Oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "daa4c181-bf26-448b-a2b9-5b2d89a89a3f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gaucher's disease is due to enzyme deficiency of", "exp": "(A) Glucocerebrosidase# Gaucher disease refers to a duster of autosomal recessive disorders resulting from mutations in the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase. This disease is the most common lysosomal storage disorder.> This affected gene encodes glucocerebrosidase, an enzyme that normally cleaves glucose residue from ceramide> As a result, glucocerebroside accumulates principally in the phagocytic cells of the body but in some forms also in the central nervous system.> Glucocerebrosides derived mainly from the cell membranes of leukocytes and erythrocytes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucocerebrosidase", "opb": "Sphingomyelinase", "opc": "Hexosaminidase", "opd": "Ceramidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "07c191e2-b279-4c57-b564-a03430e50971", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sulfur of cysteineare not used/ utilized in the body for the following process/product", "exp": "Methionine is an essential amino acid, so it cannot besynthesized from Cysteine.- But Sulfur of cysteine is donated by sulfur ofmethionine.- This is called transsulfuration reaction.- PLP is the coenzyme of transrulfuration.- The reaction is catalyzed by Cystathionine betaSynthase and Cystathionase enzyme", "cop": 3, "opa": "Help in the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate", "opb": "Thiosulfate formation", "opc": "Introduction of sulphur in methionine", "opd": "Disulfide bond formation between two adjacent peptide.", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "83925b73-0060-4a59-b776-3fac3be11820", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipoprotein involved in reverse cholesterol transpo is", "exp": "The class B scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) has been identified as an HDL receptor with a dual role in HDL metabolism. In the liver and in steroidogenic tissues, it binds HDL apo A-I, and cholesteryl ester is selectively delivered to the cells, although the paicle itself, including apo A-I, is not taken up. In the tissues, on the other hand, SR-B1 mediates the acceptance of cholesterol effluxed from the cells by HDL, which then transpos it to the liver for excretion the bile (either as cholesterol or after conversion to bile acids) in the process known as reverse cholesterol transpo. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 259", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "60b38426-e4a8-4a02-8e97-95ed03be344e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Binds to the receptors on Leydig cells.", "exp": "LH binds to the receptors on Leydig cells and stimulates the release of testosterone. PRL, TSH, GH, and FSH do not bind to Leydig cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "LH", "opb": "PRL", "opc": "TSH", "opd": "GH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "0c3e427a-438d-438a-b442-a0858999364f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thin limbs, central obesity, fat cheeks, a ruddy complexion, and an elevated blood glucose level.", "exp": "Excess production of cortisol causes muscle breakdown (hence thin limbs), fat deposition in the face and abdomen, thin skin (due to protein breakdown), and an increase in red blood cells, resulting in a red complexion. Blood glucose levels are elevated because cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis. These symptoms do not appear due to elevated renin, aldosterone, PRL, or GH levels.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Elevated blood levels of aldosterone and renin resulting from an atherosclerotic plaque in a renal artery.", "opb": "Hyperprolactinemia due to a pituitary tumor.", "opc": "Acromegaly due to a GH-producing tumor that developed in adulthood.", "opd": "Cushing syndrome due to an adrenal tumor.", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "d441ff36-4dfe-4bc9-879b-becc85a31559", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Defect in lipoprotein lipase enzyme leads to", "exp": "Defect in either lipoprotein lipase or its cofactor Apo C II leads to Type I hyperlipoproteinemia chylomicrons, VLDL gets elevated in the body.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Type I hyperlipoproteinemia", "opb": "Type II a hyperlipoproteinemia", "opc": "Type II b hyperlipoproteinemia", "opd": "Type III hyperlipoproteinemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc5d515b-7c42-44ab-a097-7939c53dd79d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in McArdle syndrome", "exp": "Glycogen storage disorderTypeNameEnzyme DeficiencyClinical FeaturesType VMyophosphorylase deficiency,McArdle syndromeMuscle phosphorylasePoor exercise tolerance; muscle glycogen abnormally high(2.5%-4%); blood lactate very low after exerciseRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Table 18-2; Chapter 18; Metabolism of Glycogen", "cop": 1, "opa": "Muscle phosphorylase", "opb": "Liver phosphorylase", "opc": "Liver debranching enzyme", "opd": "Glycogen synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "207e03cd-31ec-415e-8a0f-9b79428a0a08", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One molecule of Hb can bind to a maximum number of", "exp": "Hemoglobins bind four molecules of O2 per tetramer, one per heme. A molecule of O2 binds to a hemoglobin tetramer more readily if other O2 molecules are already bound.Reference: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 6; Proteins: Myoglobin & Hemoglobin", "cop": 3, "opa": "Two molecules of oxygen", "opb": "One molecule of oxygen", "opc": "Four molecules of oxygen", "opd": "Six molecules of oxygen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "739af7b9-f939-4f02-8a53-0104e4ce31d4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Melatonin is synthesized from", "exp": "Ans. c (Tryptophan). (Ref. Harper, Biochemistry, 25th /pg.355)AMINOACID DERIVATIVESPhenylalanine:# Phenylalanine >> tyrosine >> dopa >> norepinephrine >> epinephrine# Phenylalanine >> tyrosine >> dopa >> dopamine >> melanin2# Phenylalanine >> tyrosine >> thyroxineTryptophan# Niacin# Serotonin# Melatonin2Histidine# Histidine -Histamine (by decarboxylation)Glycine# Porphyrin and haeme# Purines# Creatine (totally madeup of glycine + arginine + methionine; mnemonic--GAM)# Glutathione (totally made up of glycine + cystine+ glutamate; mnemonic--GCG)Arginine# Carnitine# UreaMethionine# Choline", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Methionine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Phenylalanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "ba425241-f889-4a4c-b9df-b377f2fab419", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ubiquitin is involved in", "exp": "In animals, many proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin- protease pathway. This pathway was discovered by Aaron Ciechanover, A Hershko and Irwin Roose who got Nobel Prize. Proteosome 26s Protein * Comprises more than 30 polypeptide subunits, which are arranged in the form of a hollow cylinder. * Active sites of its proteolytic subunits face the interior of the cylinder, thus preventing the indiscriminate degradation of cellular proteins. * Proteins requiring degradation are targeted to the proteasome by \"Ubiquitination\"--the process in which there is covalent attachment of one or more ubiquitin molecules. Ubiquitin: It is a small, approximately 7s residue protein that is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Ubiquitination: It is catalyzed by a large family of enzymes called \"E3 Ligases\", which attach ubiquitin to the side chain amino group of lysyl residues.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 131", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protein folding", "opb": "Protein degradation", "opc": "Synthesis of nucleic acid", "opd": "Glycosylation of proteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "3ccab36b-0714-476d-b25c-7c1b4342d8d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carbamoyl phosphate is used in", "exp": "One molecule of ammonia and co2 condenses to form Carbomy phoshate in presence of 2 molecules of ATP and carbomyl phosphate synthetase II enzyme. this carbomyl phoshate is transferred to NH2 group of ornitine to form Citrulline in urea cycle.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 203", "cop": 1, "opa": "Urea", "opb": "Uric acid", "opc": "Pyruvic acid", "opd": "Stearic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "bea38fdf-f0cc-4de5-a8c4-3d3eff7eff3c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trans fatty acids are known to form during", "exp": "Trans fatty acids (TFA) are atherogenic. They lower the HDL level and elevate LDL level. TFA is present in dairy products and hydrogenated edible oils. It is widely used in the food industry since it increases the shelf life of fried food. Cooking media containing PUFA and fast food preparations have a high content of trans fatty acids. Trans fatty acids adversely affect endothelial function and aggravate insulin resistance and diabetes. It is high in processed foods and bakery products, where hydrogenated vegetable oils are used for cooking.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 437", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hydrogenation of oils", "opb": "Beta oxiation of palmitate", "opc": "Rancidity of fats", "opd": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e5053b5d-8014-4049-9701-759723430440", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sulphur containing bond is not found in", "exp": "Hyaluronic Acid A sulfate-free mucopolysaccharide. It was first isolated from the vitreous humor of the eye. Later it was found to be present in synol fluid, skin, umbilical cord, haemolytic streptococci and in the rheumatic nodule. It occurs both free and salt-like combination with proteins and forms so-called ground substance of mesenchyme, an integral pa of the gel-like ground substance of connective and other tissues. Composition: It is composed of repeating units of N-acetyl glucosamine and D-Glucuronic acid. On hydrolysis, it yields equimolecular quantities of D-Glucosamine, D-Glucoronic acid and acetic acid (Fig. 3.20). Functions: (See below under proteoglycans) Hyaluronidase: An enzyme present in ceain tissues, notably testicular tissue and spleen, as well as in several types of pneumococci and haemolytic streptococci. The enzyme catalyzes the depolymerization of hyaluronic acid and by reducing its viscosity facilitates diffusion of materials into tissue spaces. Hence the enzyme, sometimes, is designated as spreading factor.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 34", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chondroitin", "opb": "Keratan", "opc": "Dermatan", "opd": "Hyaluronic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "d738b4b1-09c2-4e31-abc3-b1047d03dc49", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In starvation, nitrogen is carried from muscle to liver and kidney by", "exp": "Transport of alanine from muscle to liver (glucose-alanine cycle) has two functions :-\n\nProviding substrate for gluconeogenesis\nTransport of ammonia (NH4+) to liver for urea synthesis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Aspartic acid and Serine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Asparagines", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5d5f455f-b077-4767-988a-4ba0a4a76a09", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The reducing equivalents for cholesterol biosynthesis are provided by", "exp": "Cholesterol is a 27-carbon compound consisting of 4 rings and a side chain. It is synthesized from acetyl-CoA by a lengthy pathway that may be divided into five steps:(1) synthesis of mevalonate from acetyl-CoA (2) formation of isoprenoid units from mevalonate by a loss of CO2 (3) condensation of six isoprenoid unitsform squalene (4) cyclization of squalene gives rise to the parent steroid, lanosterol; (5) formation of cholesterol from lanosterol.NADPH provides the reducing equivalents.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 26; Cholesterol Synthesis, Transpo, & Excretion", "cop": 4, "opa": "FADH2", "opb": "FMNH2", "opc": "NADH", "opd": "NADPH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d94b0c8e-37f9-4812-8310-4f527c9872d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Albumin is exclusively synthesized by", "exp": "Total serum protein and albumin Measure of the biosynthetic function of the liver, as the liver is the primary site of synthesis of most plasma proteins. Roughly 70% to 80% of all plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver. These include albumin, fibrinogen, transferrin, and most components of the complement and blood coagulation cascade with the exception of von Willebrand factor, which is synthesized in the vascular endothelium. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 183", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Kidneys", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Skeletal muscle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "ee07f39f-36b9-4961-bd3e-d195b69e3686", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug detoxification and steroid synthesis occur in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Cytoplasm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bf7b46f4-c6bc-46c6-b659-a84156e36964", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Type I phenylketonuria\" is caused by a deficiency of", "exp": "Hyperphenylalaninemias arise from defects in phenylalanine hydroxylase, EC 1.14.16.1 (type I, classic phenylketonuria (PKU), frequency 1 in 10,000 bihs), in dihydrobiopterin reductase (types II and III), or in dihydrobiopterin biosynthesis (types IV and V).Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 29 Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phenylalanine transminase", "opb": "Phenylalanine hydrolaxase", "opc": "Tyrosine transaminase", "opd": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "fbcbba9b-c5c2-4d9c-93d4-bcc8c57ef552", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Splicing is a process of", "exp": "Removal of Introns : The primary transcripts are very long ;they have molecular weights more than 10 power of 7.Molecular weight of mature mRNA is about 1-2 x 10 power of 6.This means large poion of hnRNA are cleaved off. The primary transcript contains coding regions (exons)interspersed with non-coding regions (introns). These intron sequences are cleaved and the exons are spliced (combined together ) to orm the mature mRNA molecule.This processing is done in the nucleus.Splicing is an energy requiring process. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ;7th EDITION ; Page no :591.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Activation of protein", "opb": "Removal of introns", "opc": "Synthesis of protein", "opd": "Replication of DNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "8cfdd1af-eb0f-4978-b299-42060f5d3ff6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of a poion of the DNA from one bacterium to another by bacteriophage is known as", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Transformation", "opb": "Mutation", "opc": "Transduction", "opd": "Conjugation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ffcd7959-ba7b-41cd-9d1d-fb1c26f1688f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the Krebs cycle, Malonate competitively inhibits", "exp": "The first dehydrogenation reaction, forming fumarate, is catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The enzyme contains FAD and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein, and directly reduces ubiquinone in the electron transpo chain. This is inhibited by Malonate Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 163", "cop": 3, "opa": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Succinate thiokinase", "opc": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "opd": "a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "dca0f5a4-c068-4705-9b88-7c6b687899a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutamine replaced by valine in sickle cell anaemia is characterized by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Non sense mutation of beta chain", "opb": "Missense mutation of beta chain", "opc": "Degradation of beta chain", "opd": "Deletion of beta chain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0a53c3f-a1cd-4e7c-8c67-18050f795ab7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most impoant tool used in genetic engineering", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Enzymes Genetic engineering simply means manipulation of genetic material to achieve the desired goal in a predetermined way.Most impoant molecular tools in genetic engineering are enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology. (also called genetic engineering).Most impoant of these enzymes is restriction endonuclease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Genes", "opb": "Enzymes", "opc": "Ribozymes", "opd": "Peptidyl-transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cda926fd-dc28-4cc2-89f5-d2052c40c897", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "PIN number of oxygen is", "exp": "Ans: a (2,5 ) Ref: Ajay Yadov, 2nded, p. 22Pin index for gasesOxygen-2,5 Entonox(50%02 +50%N2O)-7Nitrous oxide-3,5 Carbondioxide(<7.5%)-2,6Cyclopropane-3,6 Carbondioxide(> 7.5%)-1,6Air-1,5 Nitrogen-1,4", "cop": 1, "opa": "2,5", "opb": "3,5", "opc": "2,6", "opd": "3,6", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "842225ef-27db-4c89-a110-868238be293e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arginosuccinate is synthesized from", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Citrulline and aspaate Arginosuccinate is synthesized from citrulline and aspaate in Urea cycle.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Citrulline and arginine", "opb": "Arginine and aspaate", "opc": "Citrulline and aspaate", "opd": "Citrulline and fumarate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ae7fdcb-648e-49af-8430-f6f1530d0695", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzymes level used for evaluation of myopathies is", "exp": "Clinical suspicion for a myopathy is high, generally corroborated by elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels, it is often reasonable to skip or limit the extent of the EDX studies. Finally, EDX studies may be normal in selected muscle diseases (ceain endocrine, metabolic, congenital, and mitochondrial myopathies). Thus, in the appropriate clinical context, normal EDX studies do not necessarily rule out the presence of a myopathy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)", "opb": "Creatine kinase (CK)", "opc": "Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)", "opd": "Alnine amino transferase (ALT)", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "11b2c95e-f0bf-4314-a8a9-ac43ba3de453", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol is transpoed to aerial smooth muscle by", "exp": "Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 8th Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde, page no: 434,435", "cop": 3, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "LDL", "opd": "IDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "78a526f0-cd90-4c5e-a442-6e022114bade", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unfolded proteins are handled by", "exp": "Abnormal folding of proteins may lead to prion diseases. Chaperones help to produce the correct spatial arrangement. Chaperones attach to nascent polypeptide chains and prevent wrong foldings so that folding is allowed only in the correct direction.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 604", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chaperones", "opb": "Histones", "opc": "Proteases", "opd": "Proteosomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "13e1f4a7-c03a-4cce-ad24-95b3eec5e20f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Molecular change in Lysosomal storage disorder is", "exp": "Mutation(s) in a gene encoding a lysosomal hydrolase involved in the degradation of one or more GAGsAccumulation of substrate in various tissues, including liver, spleen, bone, skin, and central nervous systemDefective lysosomal hydrolaseThe metabolic block, as in the case of the mucolipidoses.Hyaluronidase is one impoant enzyme involved in the catabolism of both hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. It is a widely distributed endoglycosidase thatcleaves hexosaminidase linkages.From hyaluronic acid, the enzyme will generate a tetrasaccharide with the structure (GlcUAb-1,3-GlcNAc-b-1,4)2, which can be degraded fuher by a b-glucuronidase and b-N-acetylhexosaminidase.A genetic defect in hyaluronidase causes MPS IX, a lysosomal storage disorder in which hyaluronic acid accumulates in the joints", "cop": 3, "opa": "Defective fusion of lysosomes and phagosomes", "opb": "Increased synthesis of some substrates", "opc": "Mutation of genes encoding lysosomal hydrolases", "opd": "Membrane defect of lysosomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0c3ccc2c-5784-4065-bf04-01192eed1126", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After overnight fasting, levels of Glucose transporters are reduced in", "exp": "Overnight fasting causes insulin levels to fall. This decreases the number of glucose transporters which are insulin dependent.\nInsulin-dependent glucose transporters are GLUT-4, present in adipocytes, skeletal and cardiac muscles. Rest of the glucose transporters are not insulin dependent.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Brain cells", "opb": "Hepatocytes", "opc": "Adipocytes", "opd": "RBCs", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a31f9a7a-4a39-43f8-93d0-4bf70616905d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol is a (an)", "exp": "Sterol\n\nCholesterol is the most important sterol.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ester", "opb": "Phospholipid", "opc": "Sterol", "opd": "Lipoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb7386e3-a6ca-479a-9951-28e183978757", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Kreb's cycle and Urea cycle the linking component is", "exp": "Urea cycle * Cleavage of argininosuccinate by argininosuccinate lyase, results in formation of arginine and release of the aspaate skeleton as fumarate (funnelled into TCA cycle) * Subsequent addition of water to fumarate forms l-malate, with subsequent oxidation forms oxaloacetate, followed by its transamination by glutamate aminotransferase then re-forms aspaate. * Argininosuccinate synthase links aspaate and citrulline forms argininosuccinate. * Thus the urea cycle is linked to TCA cycle through fumarate Ref:- Harper 30/e; pg num:- 294", "cop": 4, "opa": "Arginine", "opb": "Aspaate", "opc": "Ammonia", "opd": "Fumarate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "8824d768-bfa7-4c7e-96d7-f46fa39a4a59", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes of Calvin cycle are", "exp": "The Calvin cycle is regulated by light-dependent activation of at least 5 enzymes: Rubisco(Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase) NADP:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase Ribulose-5-phosphate kinase Of these 5 enzymes, all except rubisco are regulated by the ferredoxin-thioredoxin system. REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,304.", "cop": 2, "opa": "G-6-PD", "opb": "Sedoheptulose-7-biphosphatase", "opc": "Glycerol Kinase", "opd": "Phosphoribulose kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "29173d63-cce6-4bfd-aacf-bf206fcbcc7c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes involved in PUFA synthesis", "exp": "The biosynthesis of PUFAs involves the introduction of double bonds (desaturation) in the aliphatic chain of a fatty acid and the extension (elongation) by two carbon units, of the acyl chain. So, the biosynthetic pathway involves the alternate action of enzymes currently named desaturases and elongases. Fatty acid substrates are always in the form of thioesters of acyl carrier proteins (ACP), Coenzyme A (CoA) or esterified to phospholipidsDesaturation is an aerobic process utilizing molecular oxygen and reducing equivalents obtained from an electron transpo chain.The electron donor depends only on the subcellular location of the desaturase, being cytochrome b5 in the endoplasmic reticulum and ferredoxin in plastids and bacteria.Desaturases represent a complex group of enzymes that could be classified in different ways, depending on the kind of esterification of the fatty acid used as substrate; the solubility of the enzyme; the electron donor; subcellular localization and the regioselectivity of the reaction.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "opb": "Acyl transferase", "opc": "Acetyl transferase", "opd": "Desaturase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "87cdd640-a461-46da-9970-f2e6bf17bb46", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The gaps between segments of DNA on the lagging strand produced by restriction enzymes are rejoined/sealed by", "exp": "In molecular biology, DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formationHelicase action in DNA replication. Helicases are often used to separate strands of a DNA double helix or a self-annealed RNA molecule using the energy from ATP hydrolysis, a process characterized by the breaking of hydrogen bonds between annealed nucleotide bases.Topoisomerases are enzymes that paicipate in the overwinding or underwinding of DNAPhosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA ligases", "opb": "DNA helicase", "opc": "DNA topoisomerase", "opd": "DNA phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "3833a554-4af9-4845-837c-ca3301ced962", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of structural genes in Lac operon is", "exp": "The structural gene for b-galactosidase (lacZ) is clustered with the genes responsible for the permeation of lactose into the cell (lacY) and for thiogalactoside transacetylase (lacA). The structural genes for these three enzymes, along with the lac promoter and lac operator (a regulatory region), are physically associated to constitute the lac operonRef: Harper 27e, page: 430", "cop": 1, "opa": "3", "opb": "4", "opc": "5", "opd": "6", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "101a4c93-e47f-4e5a-8f8a-17645212d0fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "High energy compound is", "exp": "Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) i. ATP is the universal currency of energy within the living cells. Structure of ATP is shown in Figure 5.3. ii. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP (under standard conditions) releases -30.5 kJ/mol or-7.3 kcal/mol (DG0' = - 7.3). The energy in the ATP is used to drive all endergonic (biosynthetic) reactions. The energy efficiency of the cell is comparable to any machine so far invented. ATP captures the chemical energy released by the combustion of nutrients and transfers it to synthetic reactions that require energy. iii. At rest, Na+-K+ -ATPase (see Chapter 2) uses up one-third of all ATP formed. Other energy requiring processes are, biosynthesis of macromolecules, muscle contractions, cellular motion using kinesin, dynein, etc. iv. ATP is continually being hydrolyzed and regenerated. An average person at rest consumes and regenerates ATP at a rate of approximately 3 molecules per second, i.e. about 1.5 kg/ day!Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 226", "cop": 2, "opa": "ADP", "opb": "ATP", "opc": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "opd": "AMP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "21d07587-93ae-4110-9772-32869a88eb38", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Eukaryotes, mRNA is produced by", "exp": "There is only 1 RNA polymerase in prokaryotes. There are 3 eukaryotic RNA polymerases Type Location RNA transcribed Effect of a-amanitin I Nucleolous 18, 5.8, 28 rRNA Insensitive II Nucleoplasm mRNA, miRNA, snRNA Highly sensitive III Nucleoplasm tRNA, 5s rRNA , U6 snRNA Less sensitive", "cop": 2, "opa": "RNA Polymerase I", "opb": "RNA Polymerase II", "opc": "RNA Polymerase III", "opd": "RNA Polymerase IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Molecular Biology", "id": "4bd03275-5a6c-4fba-901c-c888da3ebae7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The immediate precursor of mevalonic acid is", "exp": "Beta-hydroxy beta-methyl glutaryl CoA (HMG CoA). The reduction of HMG CoA to mevalonate is catalysed by HMG CoA reductase. It is a microsomal (endoplasmic reticulum) enzyme.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 148", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mevalonyl CoA", "opb": "Mevalonyl pyrophosphate", "opc": "Acetoacetyl CoA", "opd": "Beta hydroxy-beta methyglutaryl CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "aef71a6d-2c20-4133-91da-9b7dffc19af3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in Tarui disease is", "exp": "Type name Enzyme Deficiency Clinical Features VII Tarui disease Muscle and erythrocyte phosphofructokinase 1 Poor exercise tolerance Muscle glycogen abnormally high (2.5%-4%) Blood lactate very low after exercise Also hemolytic anemia Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Table: 18-2; Page no: 179", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Muscle and erythrocyte phosphofructokinase 1", "opc": "Lysosomal a1 - 4 and a1 - 6 glucosidase", "opd": "Liver phosphorylase kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "ee2c79f4-7275-4a5b-9e07-64cdc9def892", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transcription is inhibited by", "exp": "Clindamycin -D antibiotics from StreptomycesMode of action is by inseion of phenoxa-zone ring between two G-C bp of DNA USed as anti-cancer drugRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 593 table 45.2", "cop": 1, "opa": "Actinomycin D", "opb": "Amanitin", "opc": "Chloramphenicol", "opd": "Streptomycin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "6e06ea6e-b963-4f73-a1b2-4b1b716f847a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optical transmission through a solution depends on", "exp": "The amount of light that passes through a laboratory specimen. It can be used to measure the concentration of componentsin the specimen (e.g., the amount of solute contained in a solution).Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, D M VASUDEVAN", "cop": 2, "opa": "Time", "opb": "Concentration", "opc": "Scale", "opd": "Path length", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "757546f9-a5ca-4f76-8a84-433d1b3f2699", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unwinding of DNA is done by", "exp": "In addition to binding to the nucleosome, the H1 protein binds to the \"linker DNA\" (approximately 20-80 nucleotides in length) region between nucleosomes, helping stabilize the zig-zagged 30 nm chromatin fiber Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e p360", "cop": 3, "opa": "DNA polymerase", "opb": "DNA primase", "opc": "Helicase", "opd": "DNA ligase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "91db36e4-7a04-4641-8236-ecdfe649f4ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NAD+ linked dehydrogenase is", "exp": "Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex - Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). It is a multi-enzyme complex with 5 co-enzymes and 3 apo-enzymes. The coenzymes needed are: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) Co-enzyme A (CoA) FAD NAD+ Lipoamide. The lipoic acid, otherwise called thioctic acid has two sulphur atoms and 8 carbon atoms. It can accept or donate hydrogen atoms. 6. The enzyme pa of the PDH complex is made up of three component enzymes. 6-A. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Enzyme 1): It catalyses oxidative decarboxylation. TPP is required in this step. So, Thiamine, a B-complex group vitamin is essential for utilization of pyruvate.An enzyme bound hydroxylethyl TPP is formed. 6-B. Dihydro Lipoyl Trans Acetylase (Enzyme 2): Then, hydroxyethyl group is oxidized to form an acetyl group and then transferred from TPP to lipoamide to form acetyl lipoamide. 6-C. Dihydro Lipoyl Dehydrogenase (Enzyme 3): The last step is the oxidation of lipoamide. At the end of the reaction the cofactors, namely TPP, Lipoamide and FAD are regenerated. REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY,EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,135.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PDH", "opb": "G6PD", "opc": "FAD", "opd": "FMN", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "73f8e5ee-c9d8-477c-8c4e-cdb4b6f0d2e7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cofactor for lipoprotein lipase is", "exp": "Both phospholipids and apo C-II are required as cofactors for lipoprotein lipase activity, while apo A-II and apo C-III act as inhibitors. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 257", "cop": 3, "opa": "apo A-I", "opb": "apo A-II", "opc": "apo C-II", "opd": "apo C-III", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "9b86cd8f-c355-47df-b925-633736157f17", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main function of Vitamin C in the body is", "exp": "Vitamin C is one of a group of nutrients that includes vitamin E (see p. 391) and b-carotene (see p. 382), which are known as antioxidants. Consumption of diets rich in these compounds is associated with a decreased incidence of some chronic diseases, such as coronary hea disease and ceain cancers. However, clinical trials involving supplementation with the isolated antioxidants have failed to determine any convincing beneficial effects.Reference: Lippincott, Edition 5, page no: 378", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coenzyme for energy metabolism", "opb": "Regulation of lipid synthesis", "opc": "Involvement as antioxidant", "opd": "Inhibition of cell growth", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "4a8766de-4782-4f08-b4b8-85f2d2168e73", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "UAC to UAG", "exp": "UAC, a tyrosine can be mutated to a termination codon, UAA or UAG. This leads to premature termination of the protein, and so functional activity may be destroyed. This process is called nonsense or terminator codon mutation. Frameshift mutation is due to addition or deletion of bases. Missense mutation is due to a change in amino acid may be produced in the protein. These are the effects of mutation, whereas deletion, substitution, inseion are classification of mutation.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 613", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nonsense mutation", "opb": "Frameshift mutation", "opc": "Deletion", "opd": "Missense mutation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "86fca439-b8e8-4a0d-bc7a-91879fb9d997", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dietary cholesterol is transported to extrahepatic tissue by", "exp": "LDL\n\nIt is worth noting that dietary cholesterol is not directly transported to extrahepatic tissues.\nThough the major function of chylomicrons is to transport exogenous triglyceride to various tissues, it also transports the other dietary lipids (including cholesterol) to the liver after conversion into chylomicron remnants.\nIn the liver, this dietary cholesterol and the endogenous cholesterol which is synthesized in the liver itself are incorporated into VLDL which is secreted into the circulation. In circulation, VLDL is converted to IDL and then to LDL. This LDL serves to deliver the cholesterol to various extrahepatic tissues. Thus, LDL transport dietary as well as endogenous cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues.", "cop": 2, "opa": "VLDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "Chylomicrons", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c091721-5477-4049-b9c6-4161e2b09d14", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytochrome Oxidase is a", "exp": "Cytochrome oxidase is a hemoprotein widely distributed in many tissues, having the typical heme prosthetic group present in myoglobin, hemoglobin, and other cytochromes.Ref: Harper Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 12; Biologic Oxidation", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemoprotein", "opb": "Flavin mononucleotide", "opc": "Flavin adenine dinucleotide", "opd": "flavin adenine trinucleotide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "bbb62356-6488-4a31-a3c7-6dbd18202e52", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gaucher's disease is due to deficiency of enzyme", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Sphingomyelinase", "opb": "β–Glucosidase", "opc": "Hexosaminidase–A", "opd": "β–Galactosidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b334150b-7163-4f53-8105-dd807877aa07", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fructokinase is necessary for production of", "exp": "Fructose-1-PO4 \n\nFructokinase is necessary for the production of fructose- 1 -phosphate from fructose.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fructose-1-PO4", "opb": "Fructose 1, 6 diphosphate", "opc": "Fructose 6 phosphate", "opd": "Glyceraldehyde", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "aceba12a-079e-4ea5-9956-172be2647a61", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The energy source reserved for strenuous muscular activity", "exp": "Muscle glycogen is used for energy during exercise. The glycogen is degraded to a form of glucose that can enter metabolic pathways for energy generation. Because exercise is strenuous, muscle requires large amounts of energy, and this can be generated at the fastest rate by converting muscle glycogen to pathway precursors within the muscle. Liver glycogen will produce glucose that enters the circulation. Once in the circulation, the muscle can take up that glucose and use it to generate energy; however, the rate of energy generation from liver-derived glucose is much slower than that from muscle-derived glucose.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Triacylglycerol", "opc": "Liver glycogen", "opd": "Muscle glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Nutrition & Digestion", "id": "a9d4f105-3a1c-4690-9789-327582be6d84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blood samples for glucose estimation are collected in fluoride bulbs/tubes as fluride prevents glycolysis byinhibition of", "exp": "Ans. a (Enolase) (Ref. Harper's Illustrated 26th ed., 137; 27th/Ch. 18)ENOLASE# The step of glycolysis catalyzed by enolase involves dehydration, forming phosphoenolpyruvate.# Enolase is inhibited by fluoride.- To prevent glycolysis in the estimation of glucose, blood is collected in tubes containing fluoride.# The enzyme is also dependent on the presence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+.# The phosphate of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to ADP by pyruvate kinase to generate, at this stage, two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized.# The product of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, enolpyruvate, undergoes spontaneous (nonenzymic) isomerization to pyruvate and so is not available to undergo the reverse reaction.# The pyruvate kinase reaction is thus also irreversible under physiologic conditions. EnzymeInhibitorPathway1.AconitaseFluoroacetateKrebs cycle2.L-KG dehydrogenaseArseniteKrebs cycle3.EnolaseFluorideGlycolysis4.Succinate dehydrogenaseMalonate oxaloacetateKrebs cycle5.Glyceradehyde-3 phosphateLactoacetate dehydrogenaseGlycolysis6.MOAIproniazid 7.Pyruvate dehydrogenaseArsenite 8.Carbonic anhydraseSulfanilamide", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enolase", "opb": "Aldolase", "opc": "Glucokinase", "opd": "Phosphofructokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "019d5e6b-3ee0-4586-b24b-6e8b6bd4d3fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein targeted for destruction in eukaryotes are covalently linked to", "exp": "Ubiquitin plays a major role in the degradation of proteins and is particularly associated with the disposal of misfolded proteins.\nIt is a small, highly conserved protein that plays a key role in marking various proteins for subsequent degradation in proteosomes.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Clathrin", "opb": "Pepsin", "opc": "Laminin", "opd": "Ubiquitin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b948e37-1aa5-4776-99db-9e7b893c0166", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Detoxification of drugs is controlled by;", "exp": "Ans B. Cytochrome P450 Detoxification is the removal of toxic substances from the body. Metabolism of xenobiotics takes place in two phases. In phase 1, the major reaction involved is hydroxylation, catalyzed by members of a class of enzymes referred to as monooxygenases or cytochrome P450s . The reaction catalyzed by a monooxygenase (cytochrome P450 ) is as follows:RH+O+NADPH+H+-ROH+HO+NADPRH above can represent a very wide variety of xenobiotics, including drugs, carcinogens, pesticides, petroleum products, and pollutants (such as a mixture of PCBs). In addition, endogenous compounds, such as certain steroids, eicosanoids, fatty acids, and retinoids, are also substrates. The substrates are generally lipophilic and are rendered more hydrophilic by hydroxylation. Cytochrome P450 is considered the most versatile biocatalyst known.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytochrome", "opb": "Cytochrome P450", "opc": "Cytochrome C", "opd": "Cytochrome A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory Chain", "id": "c4562c39-ae25-422e-a753-1fec90657769", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most impoant enzyme in DNA replication for chain elongation", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e.,DNA polymerase III Impoant DNA PolymerasesIn ProkaryotesDNA polymerase I :- Helps in gap filling and synthesis between okazaki fragments of lagging strand, and replaces ribonucleotides of RNA primer by deoxyribonucleotides. It has (i) 3' 5' exonuclease activity, (ii) 5' 3' exonuclease activity and (iii) polymerase (5' -> 3' polymerase) activityDNA polymerase II:- Helps in (i) proof reading (3' 5' exonuclease activity), and (ii) DNA repair.DNA polymerase III :- It is the main enzyme that synthesizes prokaryote DNA, i.e., synthesis of leading and lagging strand. It has (i) 5' -> 3' polymerase (or simply polymerase) activity for DNA synthesis, and (ii) 3'->5' exonuclease activity for proof reading.In EukaryotesDNA polymerase a :- It has primase activity (i.e. synthesizes RNA primer), and initiates DNA synthesis.DNA polymerase p :- It is a DNA repair enzymeDNA polymerase y :- Replicates mitochondrial DNADNA polymerase ?:- Helps DNA synthesis on lagging strand, i.e. elongation of okazaki fragments on lagging strand. It also has 5'->3' exonuclease activity for proof reading.DNA polymerase c :- Helps in DNA synthesis on leading strand. It also has 5'43 'exonuclease activity for proof reading.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Helicase", "opb": "DNA polymerase I", "opc": "DNA polymerase III", "opd": "Topoisomerase III", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1b987a0b-2fbc-407c-8ade-b8d813117243", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Transition mutation\" occurs in", "exp": "Replacement of purine by another purine (A to G or G to A ) or pyrimidine by pyrimidine (T to C or C to T ) is called transition mutationRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 612", "cop": 1, "opa": "A - G", "opb": "A - C", "opc": "A - T", "opd": "D - G", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "a99b7877-83fe-4995-8463-ae06ca453e30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Proteins are separated on the basis of size by", "exp": "The most widely used method for determining the purity of a protein is SDS - PAGE - Poly-acryl-amide gel-electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Electrophoresis separates charged bio-molecules based on the rates at which they migrate in an applied electrical field.Since the charge-to-mass ratio of each SDS polypeptide complex is approximately equal, the physical resistance each peptide encounters as it moves through the acrylamide matrix determines the rate of migration. Since large complexes encounter greater resistance, polypeptides separate based on their relative molecular mass (M), Individual polypeptides trapped in the acrylamide gel are visualized by staining with dyes such as Coomassie blue.Ref: Harper 28th Ed. Page-23, Harper 27th Ed. Page: 24", "cop": 1, "opa": "SDS - PAGE", "opb": "HPLC", "opc": "Affinity Chromatography", "opd": "Ion-exchange Chromatography", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "67cbedc0-cc76-4d09-8a49-2165b9b856d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complementary RNA sequence of 5&; AGTCTGACT3&;", "exp": "Adenine complementary to uracil in RNA Guanine complementary to cytosineRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 457", "cop": 1, "opa": "5' UCAGACUGA 3'", "opb": "5' UCAGACUGA 3'", "opc": "5' UCAGACUGA 3'", "opd": "5' UCAGACUGA 3'", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "54397cf1-8b30-4f15-ba3e-65077646b327", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Codons are present in", "exp": "A triplet sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is the coson for each amino acid. The codons are on the mRNA. Each codon is a consecutive sequence of three bases on the mRNA , Eg : UUU codes for phenylalanine. Reference : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO : 598", "cop": 3, "opa": "t-RNA", "opb": "r-RNA", "opc": "m-RNA", "opd": "si-RNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e99d72e0-aeda-451e-ac1b-b6581fa4d22a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amobarbital inhibit electron transpo", "exp": "Barbiturates such as amobarbital inhibit electron transpo Complex I by blocking the transfer from Fe-S to Q. At sufficient dosage, they are fatal in vivo. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 132", "cop": 1, "opa": "Complex I", "opb": "Complex II", "opc": "Complex III", "opd": "Complex IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "7936af60-31ab-430f-96db-0c691f3f6308", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NADPH+ is generated in the reaction catalysed by", "exp": "Amongst the given options, only G6-PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) is NADP linked enzyme.\nNAD+ -linked dehydrogenases: Pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase. α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, β -hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase, glycerol 3-P dehydrogenase (cytoplasmic).\n\nNADP+-linked dehydrogenases :Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 3-ketoacyl reductase, Enoyl reductase.\n\nFAD-linked dehydrogenases: Succinate dehydrogenase, fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase, glycerol-3P dehydrogenase (mitochondrial).", "cop": 2, "opa": "LDH", "opb": "G–6 PD", "opc": "G–3 PD", "opd": "Alcohol dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "909fadc2-509c-4a41-94a8-3b30717fd3c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sickling in 'HbS' disease is primarily caused by", "exp": "A i.e. Decreased Solubility", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased Solubility", "opb": "Decreased Stability", "opc": "Altered function", "opd": "Altered 02 binding capacity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ecfbbb46-9ad9-4c3a-a7ed-d4550df9911e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Benedict test is for", "exp": "It is commonly employed to detect the presence of glucose in urine. Benedict&;s reagent contains sodium carbonate, copper sulfate, and sodium citrate. In alkalain medium, sugars form enediol, cupric ions are reduced, correspondingly sugar is oxidized. Glucose is a reducing sugar. Any sugar with free aldehyde/keto group will reduce Benedict&;s reagent.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 73", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bile salts in urine", "opb": "Bile pigment in urine", "opc": "Reducing sugar in urine", "opd": "Ketone bodies in urine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "a124ef7a-e641-4b77-a354-3870262782aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most important in causing coronary artery disease (CAD) is", "exp": "LDL\n\nLDL concentration in blood has a positive correlation with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.\nLDL-cholesterol is deposited in vessels and promotes atherosclerosis.\nTherefore, LDL is called 'bad cholesterol' or 'lethally dangerous lipoprotein (LDL)'.", "cop": 2, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Triglycerides", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6b2f4f8-1d2b-4b83-b04b-b05a7ca0934f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chain initiation in protein synthesis is by", "exp": "Initiation codon AUG codes for methionine.", "cop": 1, "opa": "AUG", "opb": "GLA", "opc": "UGA", "opd": "UAG", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "407d6da8-0ca5-44d4-ad07-5f8cc680ab35", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Orotic aciduria is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Orotic aciduria an autosomal recessive disorder, can be caused by a deficiency in the enzyme UMPS, a bifunctional protein that includes the enzyme activities of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decarboxylase", "opb": "Tyrosinase", "opc": "Isomerase", "opd": "Homogentisate oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "927ba55d-b853-497d-94aa-5bc3b918a069", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acetyl CoA carboxylase is activated by", "exp": "Citrate\n\nAcetyl-CoA carboxylase is an allosteric enzyme, it is activated by citrate and inhibited by long-chain acyl-CoA (palmitoyl CoA).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Malonyl CoA", "opb": "Citrate", "opc": "Palmitoyl CoA", "opd": "Acetoacetate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "03fac5ee-cb18-4aec-a8bc-436cdb9ac125", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nucleosomes are", "exp": "Nucleosomes : The double stranded DNA wraps twice around a histone octamer formed by H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. This super - twisted helix forms a spherical paicle of 10nm diameter ; called Nucleosome. The function of the Nucleosomes is to condense DNA ; this arrangement also stabilises the DNA. REF : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK; SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO :577", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA+RNA", "opb": "DNA+Histones", "opc": "RNA+Histones", "opd": "DNA+RNA+Histones", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "14ce18d2-975a-4d72-aa37-973c5f7a4a18", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biotin is required for the activity of", "exp": "Mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, an ATP-  requiring reaction in which the vitamin biotin is the coenzyme.\nBiotin binds CO2 from bicarbonate as carboxybiotin prior to the addition of the CO2 to pyruvate.\nThe resultant oxaloacetate is reduced to malate, exported from the mitochondrion into the cytosol  and there oxidized back to oxaloacetate.\n\nKey Concept:\nBiotin is the co-enzyme for pyruvate carboxylase which carboxylates pyruvate into oxaloacetate\nRef : Harper’s illustrated biochemistry, 31st edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "opb": "Lactate dehydrogenase", "opc": "Succinate thiokinase", "opd": "Phosphohexose isomerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "003545bb-ce46-4e13-bfb1-c38579ad9fcf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pyrimidine metabolism features a/e", "exp": "D i.e. Reye syndrome decrease cytosolic carbamoyl phosphate", "cop": 4, "opa": "Require CAD polypeptide chain", "opb": "6-azauridine 1/t oritidinuria", "opc": "DHOA-dehydrogenase is mitochondrial", "opd": "Reye syndrome decrease cytosolic carbamoyl phosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c2bf397-3245-41a8-9bf5-f6287b712e95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cardiolipin is found in", "exp": "Phosphatidyl Glycerol It is formed by esterification of phosphatidic acid to glycerol. When two molecules of phosphatidic acid are linked with a molecule of glycerol, phosphatidyl glycerol or cardiolipin is formed. It is the major lipid of mitochondrial membrane. Commercially, it is extracted from the myocardium. Decreased cardiolipin level leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, and is accounted for hea failure, hypothyroidism and some types of myopathies.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 81", "cop": 2, "opa": "Outer membrane of mitochondria", "opb": "Inner membrane of mitochondria", "opc": "Lysosomes", "opd": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "8179918f-1a92-4675-a0fb-68b16fe9d824", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beta oxidation of fatty acids occur in", "exp": "Tissues in which bbb-Oxidation is carried out: The circulating FA are taken up by various tissues and oxidised. Tissues like liver, hea, kidney, muscle, brain, lungs, testes and adipose tissue have the ability to oxidise long-chain FA. In cardiac muscle, fatty acids are an impoant fuel of respiration (80% of energy derived from FA oxidation). Enzymes Involved in bbb-Oxidation bbb-oxidation takes place in mitochondrion. Several enzymes known collectively as FA-oxidase system are found in the mitochondrial matrix, adjacent to the respiratory chain, which is found in the inner membrane. These enzymes catalyse the oxidation of FA to acetyl- CoA.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Eighth Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no: 407", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nucleus", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Cytoplasm", "opd": "Peroxisomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e1a1f3d8-ed03-425c-8fc5-0a86fba6f55f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sickling in 'Hbs' disease is primaily caused by", "exp": "The primary pathophysiological event in sickling is intracellular polymerization of deoxy-HbS due to its markedly reduced solubility.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased Solubility", "opb": "Decreased Stability", "opc": "Altered function", "opd": "Altered O2 binding capacity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1ac104b-7720-4a6e-b556-7e1abd25f5c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beta alanine is a end product of", "exp": "β-alanine is a metabolite of cysteine.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cysteine", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Serine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ada1b03d-c56f-471a-8c25-ffa9542fa91f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bile acids are formed from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Amino acids", "opc": "Bilirubin", "opd": "Lipoproteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fccf6440-321a-4d54-a6ba-297cc2ca6564", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased blood levels of cholesterol that are seen in hypothyroidism are most likely due to", "exp": "Thyroid hormones induce the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is the first step in cholesterol biosynthesis.Moreover, triiodothyronine (T3) upregulates LDL receptors by controlling the LDL receptor gene activation. This T3-mediated gene activation is done by the direct binding of T3 to specific thyroid hormone-responsive elementsFuhermore, T3 controls the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), which in turn regulates LDL receptor's gene expression Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 336, 334, 676", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased calorigenesis", "opb": "Decreased production of LDL receptor in liver and the thus decreased clearance by liver", "opc": "Decreased production of LDL receptor in the adipose tissue and increases release of cholesterol from adipose tissues", "opd": "Increased breakdown of lipoproteins releasing releasing cholesterol in circulation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "23c67228-2edc-4c4f-a30e-e234a28f139d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Professional antigen presenting cells", "exp": "Antigen-presenting cells fall into two categories: professional and non-professional. Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory molecules and pattern recognition receptors are often called professional antigen-presenting cells. The non-professional APCs express MHC class I molecules.An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells. Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T cells, while other cell types can present antigens originating inside the cell to cytotoxic T cells. In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signalling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells.Dendritic cells (DC)Dendritic cells have the broadest range of antigen presentation and are necessary for activation of naive T cells. DCs present antigen to both helper and cytotoxic T cells. They can also perform cross-presentation, a process by which they present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. Cross-presentation allows for the activation of these T cells. Dendritic cells also play a role in peripheral tolerance, which contributes to prevention of auto-immune disease.MacrophagesMacrophages can be stimulated by T cell secretion of interferon gamma. After this activation, macrophages are able to express MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules, including the B7 complex and can, present phagocytosed peptide fragments to helper T cells. Activation can assist pathogen-infected macrophages in clearing the infection.B cellsB cells can internalize antigen that binds to their B cell receptor and presents it to helper T cells. Unlike T cells, B cells can recognize soluble antigen for which their B cell receptor is specific. They can then process the antigen and present peptides using MHC class II molecules. When a T helper cell with a TCR specific for that peptide binds, the B cell marker CD40 binds to CD40L on the T cell surface. When activated by a T cell, a B cell can undergo antibody isotype switching, affinity maturation, as well as the formation of memory cells.", "cop": 3, "opa": "T-cells", "opb": "B-cells", "opc": "Dendritic cells", "opd": "NK cell", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "6e0da62e-6e8a-448b-b8a2-cda268215f30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immediate energy supply for muscle contraction", "exp": "A Sprinter Uses Creatine Phosphate & Anaerobic Glycolysis to Make ATP, Whereas a Marathon Runner Uses Oxidative PhosphorylationCreatine Phosphate Constitutes a Major Energy Reserve in MuscleCreatine phosphate prevents the rapid depletion of ATP by providing a readily available high-energy phosphate that can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP.Creatine phosphate is formed from ATP and creatine at times when the muscle is relaxed and the demand for ATP is relatively low.The enzyme catalyzing the phosphorylation of creatine is creatine kinase (CK), a muscle-specific enzyme with clinical utility in the detection of acute or chronic diseases of muscle.Ref: Harper&;s biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 676", "cop": 3, "opa": "GTP", "opb": "ATP", "opc": "Creatine phosphate", "opd": "Fatty acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "f2e6924c-a9b2-48f0-9ac5-7d318bd363af", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to alpha keto acid is done by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Transaminases", "opb": "Aminases", "opc": "Transketolase", "opd": "Decarboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d419d74-f22e-4454-aacb-6f1dbb87882f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Menke's Kinky hair syndrome is due to defect in", "exp": "Menke's kinky hair syndrome is due to mutation in ATP7A gene, leading defective copper transporter.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ca transporter", "opb": "Cu transporter", "opc": "Zn transporter", "opd": "Se transporter", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d863e8d0-06e0-4825-87d2-c1d065d2a9f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "tRNA molecules vary in length from", "exp": "tRNA molecules vary in length from 74 to 95 nucleotides, like many other RNAs, are also generated by nuclear processing of a precursor molecule.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 34; Nucleic Acid Structure & Function", "cop": 3, "opa": "10-24 nucleotides", "opb": "24-46 nucleotides", "opc": "74-95 nucleotides", "opd": "96-120 nucleotides", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "7d4ee813-b867-4fe9-a47f-a6e1acb3edfd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Composition of Hyaluronic acid", "exp": "Composition of hyaluronic acid: repeating units of N-Acetyl-glucosamine and beta-1,4-Glucuronic acid.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 80", "cop": 2, "opa": "N-acetyl glucosamine + b glucosamine acid", "opb": "N-acetyl glucosamine + b-glucoraunic acid", "opc": "N-acetyl glucosamine + sulfated glucosamine acid", "opd": "N-acetyl glucosamine + iduranic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "c67fcdc6-6045-4aec-90ae-82743ebceea0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xylitol is a", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Natural sweet amino acid", "opb": "Synthetic sweet amino acid", "opc": "Natural five carbon sugar", "opd": "Synthetic five carbon sugar", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "78b9a6a3-cf3b-42ea-bbaf-edc85674abba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Gierke&;s disease is due to the deficiency of", "exp": "Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) or von Gierke&;s disease, is the most common of the glycogen storage diseases. This genetic disease results from deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and has an incidence in the American population of approximately 1 in 100,000 bihs.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 128", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gluc-6 phosphatase", "opb": "Glue-1 phosphatase", "opc": "Branching enzyme", "opd": "Mycophosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "9a60cf17-034c-48e8-ac30-82a222da9852", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Hanup&;s disease ..... is excreted in the urine", "exp": "Hanups disease is an autosomal recessive disease. Absorption of aromatic amino acids, as well as reabsorption from renal tubular, are defective. So amino acids are tryptophan excreted in urine.pellagra-like symptoms due to niacin derived from tryptophan. Diagnosis: ober Meyer test (based on aminoaciduria)Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7th edition, page no: 242", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ornithine", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Phenylalanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "85b8f42f-7c53-437b-93ff-7266390304c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the entire genome, the exonic DNA constitutes", "exp": "Human genome: Size: 3 billion base pairs Number of genes: <25,000 At least 30% of the genome consists of repetitive sequences Alu family constitutes ~10% of human genome Largest gene: DMD gene coding for dystrophin protein Only around 1.5 % of human genome is made of protein-coding (exonic) DNA", "cop": 1, "opa": "1.50%", "opb": "0.50%", "opc": "0.10%", "opd": "0.02%", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Transcription", "id": "15686293-8013-4318-ac69-1f4353feb790", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Total number of base pairs in human haploid set of chromosome", "exp": "Humanhaploid genome of each cell consist of (3*109 ) bp (3 billion bp)Current estimates predict 20,687 protein coding genes Exome constitutes 7.74% of genomeSNPs estimated is 10 million.", "cop": 2, "opa": "3 million", "opb": "3 billion", "opc": "33 billion", "opd": "5 million", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "17fe75a8-b30f-4f65-9ba7-25924988b493", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential pentosuria is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gulonolactone oxidase", "opb": "Phosphoglucomutase", "opc": "Xylulose reductase", "opd": "Fructokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "cf5e8420-b313-443d-823e-072827563a7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "FIGLU excretion test is to estimate deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Vitamin K", "opb": "Vitamin B12", "opc": "Vitamin folic acid", "opd": "Niacin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "af1f677a-d851-4840-a72e-26854456b6a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA does not require", "exp": "Pyruvate is conveed to acetyl CoA by oxidative decarboxylation catalysed by a multienzyme complex, known as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) The enzyme PDH requires five cofactors (coenzymes), namely--TPP(thiamine pyrophosphate), lipoamide, FAD, coenzyme A and NAD+ ref Satyanarayana biochemistry 4th ed page 252", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "TPP", "opc": "Pyridoxine", "opd": "FAD", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "cca8ff34-dfeb-4d7c-bf24-5ba4082a560f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein degradation occurs in", "exp": "Glycoproteins are generally transpoed fron ER to cis Golgi , then to medial Golgi and finally ti trans golgi for temporary storage. Trans Golgi is paicularly abundant with vesicles containing glycoproteins. Newly synthesized proteins are soed first according to the soing signals available in the proteins. Main function of Golgi apparatus is protein soing, packaging and secretion. Reference : DM.VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO .12", "cop": 1, "opa": "Golgi apparatus", "opb": "Peroxisomes", "opc": "ER", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "a085108a-7a19-4aba-a86c-0fb8dcfa4ec1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hb saturation with oxygen is mostly dependent on", "exp": "Increased pH (decreased H+), decreased temperature, decreased PaCO2, and decreased 2,3-DPG will increase oxygen binding to the haemoglobin Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 198,199", "cop": 1, "opa": "pO2", "opb": "pCO2", "opc": "HCO3-levels", "opd": "Hb %", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "a24e0dad-7b26-4018-9c0a-39dfd08cbbe2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The aminoacid carboxylated by vitamin K is", "exp": "Vitamin  K  acts as a coenzyme for the carboxylation  of glutamic  acid residues present in the proteins and this reaction is catalysed by  a  carboxylase (microsomal).\nRef : Satyanarayana, 3rd ed, pg 130", "cop": 4, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Aspartate", "opc": "Proline", "opd": "Glutamate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbf94472-96fc-431c-a586-81f7232f4a47", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Expected change in Vitamin B,2 deficiency", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Increased methylmalonic acid in urine Isomerization of methvlmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoAIn this reaction, active form of vitamin BI2 is deoxyadenosyl cobalamine.Propionyl-CoA is produced as catabolic end product of some alipathic amino acids andb-oxidation of odd chain fatty acids.Propionyl CoA is then conveed to succinyl CoA through methylmalonyl-CoA.Thus methylmalonyl-CoA is accumulated and excreted in urine as methylmalonic acid (methylmalonate) in vitamin B12 deficiency, i.e. methylmalonic aciduria.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased homocysteine in urine", "opb": "Increased methylmalonic acid in urine", "opc": "FIGLU in urine", "opd": "Phenylalanine in urine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3392953c-3c60-4209-9249-4ad0d8eb2603", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The primary defect in Xeroderrna pigmentosa is", "exp": "In xeroderma pigmentos a; nucleotide excision repair of damaged DNA is defective due to formation of TT dimers", "cop": 1, "opa": "Formation of thymidine dimmers", "opb": "Poly ADP ribose polymerase is defective", "opc": "Exonuclease is defective", "opd": "Formation of adenine dimmers.", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c8aa00f-cfd5-4e98-8940-36e7b5789bc4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Markers of plasma membrane are", "exp": "Markers of plasma membrane areMarker enzyme for mitochondria is ATP SynthaseMarker enzyme for golgi complex is GalactosyltransferaseAdenylyl cyclase appears to be a good marker enzyme for plasma membranes5'-Nucleotidase (5NT) is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein that is present as an enzyme in a wide variety of mammalian cells. It facilitates the hydrolysis of the phosphate group from 5'-nucleotides, resulting in corresponding nucleosides.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glactosyl transferase", "opb": "5-Nucleotidase", "opc": "Adenyl cyclase", "opd": "ATP synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "563683c2-1712-4cbb-b3a3-391ad6a420c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene for folic acid absorption is present on", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Chromosome X", "opb": "Chromosome XXI", "opc": "Chromosome V", "opd": "Chromosome XI", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7ae7b9d5-daec-46cc-9bf2-ba6689c4b2ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin A activity is inhibited by", "exp": "These results suggest that citral inhibits both the natural vitamin A in the plasma and the added synthetic vitamin A, thus producing changes in the tracheal epithelium characteristic of vitamin A deficiency.\nRef : The Effects of Vitamin A and Citral on Epithelial Differentiation in vitro, J. Embryol. exp. Morph., Vol. 11, Part 1, pp. 279-291", "cop": 3, "opa": "Linetin", "opb": "Black berries", "opc": "Citral", "opd": "Red cabbage", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e98cfed8-7b14-484f-8ae6-46c2b59b3392", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mucopolysaccharidoses are caused by", "exp": "Mucopolysaccharides are excreted in urine in abnormal amounts in the group of lysosomal storage disorders known as mucopolysaccharidoses. They can be detected by 2D gel electrophoresis techniques; some mucopolysaccharides can also be detected by simple urine screening tests like CPC test, Cetavlon test and Alcian blue staining.Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 80", "cop": 2, "opa": "An increased rate of synthesis of proteoglycans", "opb": "Defects in the degradation of proteoglycans", "opc": "The synthesis of polysaccharides with an altered structure", "opd": "An insufficient amount of proteolytic enzymes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "d6b8a29d-b17e-4735-83ca-f4233e8d5544", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NAD acts as a cofactor for", "exp": "In the TCA cycle,Step 3. In the third step, isocitrate is oxidized and releases a molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a five-carbon molecule--a-ketoglutarate. During this step, \\text{NAD}^+NAD + N, A, D, sta superscript, plus, end superscript is reduced to form \\text{NADH}NADHN, A, D, H. The enzyme catalyzing this step, isocitrate dehydrogenase, is impoant in regulating the speed of the citric acid cycle.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 6th edition, page no: 218", "cop": 2, "opa": "Citrate synthetase", "opb": "Isocitrate dehyrogenase", "opc": "a ketoglutarate dehyrogenase", "opd": "Malate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "2438e28a-5db4-4f1e-bac9-b13a0567de8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "1st clinical sign of vitamin A deficiency is", "exp": "Night blindness (nyctalopia) is  one  of  the  earliest symptoms  of  vitamin  A  deficiency.", "cop": 4, "opa": "night blindness", "opb": "bitot's spots", "opc": "xerostomia", "opd": "conjunctival xerosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5a4a54f6-c063-4044-84cf-4f80e29eb3d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following fatty acid does not belong to W6 series", "exp": "D i.e. Alpha linolenic acidAlpha linolenic acid belongs to W3 seriesQ. Rest others belong to W6 series.Carbon atoms are numbered from the carboxyl carbon (carbon no. 1). The carbon atoms adjacent to carboxyl carbon are also called. a, 13, Y respectively. The terminal methyl carbon is K/as W or n- carbonW3 Family ,MILW6 FamilyW7 FamilyW9- Alpha linolenic Q- Gamma linolenicQPalmitoleic- 0 leicQ- Timnodonic- ArchidonicQ - Elaidic- Cervonic- LinolicQ - The first double bond introduced into a saturated fatty acid (to make it unsaturated) is nearly always in 49 position. The reaction is catalyzed by 49 desaturase in presence of 02, NADH and cytochrome b5.Since animals have 49 desaturase, they are able to synthesize W9 (oleic) family.- Linoleic (W6) or a - linolenic (W3) acids required for the synthesis of other members of W6 or W3 family must be supplied in diet.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Linoleic acid", "opb": "Arachidonc acid", "opc": "Gamma linolenic acid", "opd": "Alpha linolenic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a8e7008c-388a-43b0-b336-a92ac7dae140", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Null mutation is", "exp": "Null mutation/loss of function mutation/amorphic mutations:- These mutations are the result of gene product having less or no function. It occurs when the allele has a complete loss of function. Phenotypes associated with such mutations are most often recessive.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mutation occuring in Non Coding region", "opb": "Mutation that does not change the amino acid or end product", "opc": "Mutation that codes for a change in progeny without any chromosomal change", "opd": "Mutation that leads to no functional gene product", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f93d4200-7e2d-4ef6-b79e-a12fa47a86e7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von gerke's disease is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Branching enzyme", "opb": "Debranching enzyme", "opc": "Phosphorylase", "opd": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "59fad34c-c7f4-4925-9ca9-1ae8dfcc8fc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nucleotides are", "exp": "Purines & Pyrimidines Are Heterocyclic Compounds.Nucleosides Are N-Glycosides.Nucleotides Are Phosphorylated Nucleosides .Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 32; Nucleotides", "cop": 3, "opa": "Heterocyclic Compounds", "opb": "N-Glycosides", "opc": "Phosphorylated Nucleosides", "opd": "O-Glycosides", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "45688dc1-839b-4a00-a270-5a669215ef54", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Source of ATP in RBC&;s is", "exp": "Glycolysis is the only source of energy in erythrocytes. During anaerobic (oxygen deficient) condition, when one molecule of glucose is conveed to 2 molecules of lactate, there is a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP. 4 molecules of ATP are synthesized by the 2 substrate level phosphorylations (steps 6 and 9). But 2 molecules of ATP are used in the steps 1 and 3, hence the net yield is only 2 ATP (Table 9.4). The whole reaction is summarized as Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP --> 2 Lactate + 2 ATPRef: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 93 & 96", "cop": 3, "opa": "Beta oxidation of fatty acids", "opb": "TCA cycle", "opc": "Anaerobic glycolysis", "opd": "Gluconeogenesis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "57be27c9-3e5a-495c-8b00-ae78d9e62a4d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Severe muscular exercise causes", "exp": "Intense Exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy. During intense exercise, there may not be enough oxygen available to complete the process, so a substance called lactate is made. Your body can conve this lactate to energy without using oxygen. But this lactate or <a href=\" acid</a> can build up in your bloodstream faster than you can burn it off. The point when lactic acid stas to build up is called the \"lactate threshold.\"Inhibition of Pyruvate MetabolismLeads to Lactic AcidosisArsenite and mercuric ions react with the 'SH groups of lipoic acid and inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase, as does a dietary deficiency of thiamin (see Chapter 44), allowing pyruvate to accumulate. Many alcoholics are thiamin deficient (both because of a poor diet and also because alcohol inhibits thiamin absorption), and may develop potentially fatal pyruvic and lactic acidosis. Patients with inherited pyruvate dehydrogenasedeficiency, which can be the result of defects in one or more of the components of the enzyme complex, also present with lactic acidosis, paicularly after a glucose load. Because of the dependence of the brain on glucose as a fuel, these metabolic defects commonly cause neurological disturbances. Inherited aldolase A deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes cause hemolytic anaemia. The exercisecapacity of patients with muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency is low, paicularly if they are on high-carbohydrate diets. By providing lipid as an alternative fuel, for example, during starvation, when blood free fatty acid and ketone bodies are increased, work capacity is improvedReference: Harper biochemistry page no 174", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lactic acidosis", "opb": "Ketoacidosis", "opc": "Hypothermia", "opd": "| CPK levels", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "44b8bbf7-1179-4887-831d-95c01b5ce978", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amber codon is", "exp": "Name of Stop codons: UAG - Amber codon UGA - Opal codon UAA - Ochre codon", "cop": 2, "opa": "UAA", "opb": "UAG", "opc": "UGA", "opd": "UGG", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Mutations & Codons", "id": "8d8b4784-bbb1-4805-9e6f-31fe1cdf6232", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Homocystinuria is due to abnormal metabolism of", "exp": "Homocystinuria is a group of disorder of methionine metabolism.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Methionine", "opb": "Valine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Leucine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "97452865-4209-4559-8d96-6547a8f3079a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Of the following groups of amino acids produce common component of the TCA cycle is", "exp": "Isoleucine, valine, methionine", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine", "opb": "Serine, asparagine, glycine, glutamate", "opc": "Isoleucine, valine, methionine", "opd": "Proline, leucine, tryptophan", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a962addf-87d2-4c23-8997-669be595c9c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The amino acids producing ammonia in kidney is", "exp": "Transpoation of Ammonia : Inside the cells of almost all tissues , tge transamination of aminoacids produce glutamic acid . However, glutamate dehydrogenase is available is available only in liver . In kidney the ammonia is formed to Glutamine by the enzyme Glutamine synthetase. Ref : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO : 203", "cop": 3, "opa": "Methionine", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Glutamine", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "6230944c-ebfb-4399-90a7-e673425ad563", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Activator of acetyl CoA carboxylase is", "exp": "Acetyl CoA Carboxylase It is the key enzyme; citrate activates this enzyme. The citrate level is high only when both acetyl CoA and ATP are abundant. Covalent modification is another regulatory mechanism. Phosphorylation inactivates acetyl CoA carboxylase (similar to glycogen synthase under the effect of glucagon). Hence fatty acid synthesis decreases when glucose level is low. The enzyme is inhibited by palmitoyl CoA, the end product.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 139", "cop": 3, "opa": "Malonyl CoA", "opb": "Acetoacetate", "opc": "Citrate", "opd": "Palmitoyl CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "27354064-82b9-417c-86d8-e0c7542a21ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketoacidosis without glycosuria is seen in", "exp": "Starvation: In starvation, the dietary supply of glucose is decreased. Available oxaloacetate is channeled to gluconeogenesis. The increased rate of lipolysis is to provide alternate source of fuel. The excess acetyl CoA is conveed to ketone bodies. The high glucagon level ors ketogenesis. The brain derives 60-75% ofenergy from ketone bodies under conditions of prolonged starvation. Hyperemesis (vomiting) in early pregnancy may also lead to starvation-likecondition and may lead to ketosis. The urine of a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis will give positive Benedict&;s test as well as Rothera&;s test. But instarvation ketosis, Benedict&;s test is negative, but Rothera&;s test will be positive.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 144 - 145", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspirin poisoning", "opb": "Rena tubular", "opc": "Prolonged starvation", "opd": "Paracetamol poising", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "657a171b-0ec3-4f83-b820-de7c38dac6ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transport of the cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver is through", "exp": "(HDL): (5/7. U. Satyanarayan4th edition; 243-Lippincott's 6th)HDL particles transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport)Concept map for cholesterol and the lipoproteins. HMG CoA = hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A; SREBP = sterol regulatory element-binding protein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein; LDL = low- density lipoprotein; TAG = triacylglycerol; NADP(H) = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.", "cop": 1, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "c9dcbb56-d86a-4dc3-a2a4-dae9cfd43689", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketone body formation without glycosuria is seen in", "exp": "In starvation, the dietary supply of glucose is decreased. Available oxaloacetate is channeled to gluconeogenesis The increased rate of lipolysis is to provide alternate source of fuelExcess acetyl CoA is conveed to ketone bodies", "cop": 3, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "Diabetes insipidus", "opc": "Starvation", "opd": "Obesity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "bbf44731-5189-4f59-9ea6-850a97861483", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transport form of iron is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Transferrin", "opb": "Ferritin", "opc": "Apoferritin", "opd": "Lactoferrin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "df305b7f-8deb-44d9-a138-2c9b3170edc8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NADPH is required for", "exp": "Fatty acid synthesis \n\nCofactor requirements for fatty acid synthesis include NADPH, ATP, Mn+2, biotin (a vitamin B) and HCO3- (as a source of CO2).\nNADPH is also required for reductive synthesis of cholesterol and steroids.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gluconeogenesis", "opb": "Glycolysis", "opc": "Fatty acids synthesis", "opd": "Glycogenolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "56ddfeec-946e-4c8b-9ca2-665dcb73ae89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Molecular separation of two proteins with same charge can be done by", "exp": "Molecular separation of two proteins with same charge can be done by gel diffusion chromatography. Gel diffusion chromatography is the best method to differentiate proteins. Ref: Harper 28th Ed. Page-21-22, Harper 27th Ed. Page: 21-22", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ion exchange chromatography", "opb": "Dialysis", "opc": "Gel diffusion chromatography", "opd": "Electrophoresis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "1d6861e3-1f2e-486b-9423-f9216cdb33f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein fragments separation is/are done by", "exp": "GEL FILTRATION CHROMATOGAPHY It is also called molecuar sieving .Hyrophilic cross linked gels are used for seperation of molecules based on their size. The gel is packed in a column . The gel paicles are porous in nature . These pores will allw small molecules to enter into the gel. But larger molecules could not enter into the pores of the gel and so are excluded. The small molecules can enter the gel paicles ,then come out,re-enter into the another paicle.Small molecules are held back.But large molecules cannot enter the pores and sidetrack the gel paicles; so they move in the column rapidly.In sho ,larger molecules will come out first, while smaller molecules are retained in the column. REFERNCE : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK EIGHTH EDITION ; Page no :435", "cop": 2, "opa": "Western blot", "opb": "Chromatography", "opc": "Centrifugation", "opd": "Ultrafiltration", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "b922ed12-9e31-4fcc-ad3a-1f20ba8414ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Long chain fatty acids penetrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane through", "exp": "(Carnitine derivatives) (184-lIarper 28th)* Long chain fatty; acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane as carnitine derivatives (184-Harper 28th)* The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to fatty acids. A specialized carnitine carrier system (Carnitine shuttle) operates to transport activated fatty acids from cytosol to the mitochondria (288.U. Satyanarayan 3rd)* Inhibitor of carnitine shuttle is Malonyl CoATransport of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) in to mitochondriaAfter a LCFA enters a cell, it is converted in the cytosol to its CoA derivative by long chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase (thiokinase) an enzyme of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Because b-oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the fatty acid must be transported across inner mitochondrial membrane which is impermeable to CoA. Therefore a specialized carrier transports the long chain acyl group from the cytsol into mitochondrial matrix. This carrier is carnitine and this rate limiting transport process is called the carnitine shuttle* Zellweger syndrome - is caused by the absence of peroxisomes in tissues as a result, the long chain fatty acids can not be oxidasedEntry of short and median chain fatty acids into the mitochondria (192-Lippincotf s 4th)* Fatty acids shorter than 12 carbons can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane without the aid of carnitine or the CPT system {carnitine palmitoyl transferase) once inside the mitochondria, they are activated to their CoA derivatives by matrix enzymes and are oxidized [Note- median chain fatty acids are plendiful in human milk. Because their oxidation is not dependent on CPT-1, it is not subject to inhibition by malonyl CoA)* Medium chain fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism it causes decrease in fatty acid oxidation, resulting in hypoketonemia and severe hypoglycemiaImportant Points* Hormone sensitive lipase activity is inhibited by the hormone Insulin* Two final products in P-oxidation of odd chain fatty acids are- Acetyl coA andpropionyl coA* Maximum absorption of short chain fatty acids produced by bacteria occurs in the colon*** Absorption of long chain FA is greatest in the upper parts of the small intestine* Normal fecal fat excretion is less than 6gm/day more than 6 gm 24 hours indicates malabsorptions* Steatorrhea is defined as stool fat exceeding 7 gm/day* Sudan III is the best for screening but gold standard is quantitative estimation offecal fat* Esterified FA in the form of triacylglycerols serve as the major reserve of the body* Trans Fatty Acids - Classified as unsaturated fatty acids but behave more like saturated fatty acids in the body that is they elevate serum LDL and they increase the risk of CHD** & DM* TFA are formed during the hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils** Fried foods*** Docosahexaenoid acid (DHA) is particularly needed for development of brain and retina and is supplied via the placenta and milk***", "cop": 2, "opa": "Free fatty acids", "opb": "Carnitine derivatives", "opc": "Thiokinase", "opd": "Malonyl CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "39ab864f-e927-41d1-a10a-0bb67054259e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transamination of pyruvate with glutamate produces", "exp": "Two most important transamination reactions are catalyzed by alamine transminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oxaloacetate & aspartate", "opb": "Alanine & aspartate", "opc": "Oxaloacetate & α-ketoglutarate", "opd": "Alanine & α-ketoglutarate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9e23ae7-e9c6-469d-96f6-a983795e2e59", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ladder pattern of DNA electrophoresis in apoptosis is caused by the action of the following enzyme", "exp": "1.Apoptosis progresses quickly and its products are quickly removed, making it difficult or visualize. 2.During karyorrhexis endonuclease activation leaves sho DNA fragments, regularly spaced in size. 3.this gives a characteristic laddered appearance on agar gel electrophoresis. 4.This laddered pattern is characteristic but not specific for apoptosis..It may seen in necrosis also. Ref Endonuclease. Robbins 7 th /edition, pg 26, 27and 28.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Endonuclease", "opb": "Transglutaminase", "opc": "DNAse", "opd": "Caspase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "823f3fce-239a-4bcd-829a-d2626d2e58d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum influence of local milieu on ionization is on", "exp": "Depending upon localized pH of its environment (local milieu), histidine can serve both proton donor and acceptor.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Protine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "541326be-e1bb-4beb-a2e3-9ab569f41ea5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The general test for detection of carbohydrates", "exp": "Dehydration When treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, monosaccharides undergo dehydration with an elimination of 3 water molecules. Thus hexoses give hydroxymethyl furfural while pentoses give furfural on dehydration. These furfural s can condense with phenolic compounds (a-naphthol) to form coloured products. This is the chemical basis of the popular Molisch test. In case of oligo- and polysaccharides, they are first hydrolysed to monosaccharides by acid, and this is followed by dehydration. The test solution is combined with a small amount of Molisch's reagent (a-naphthol dissolved in ethanol) in a test tube. After mixing, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added down the sides of the sloping test-tube, without mixing, to form a layer. A positive reaction is indicated by appearance of a purple red ring at the interface between the acid and test layers Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 17", "cop": 2, "opa": "Iodine test", "opb": "Molisch test", "opc": "Barfoed test", "opd": "Osazone test", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1c2e7149-8a8a-4cf5-aba5-36fe64225d9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thiamine is essential for", "exp": "The  enzyme  pyruvate  dehydrogenase catalyses  (oxidative  decarboxylation)  the irreversible conversion of  pyruvate to  acetyl CoA. This reaction is dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "opc": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Acetyl CoA synthetase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "0221d82a-1a9d-43ae-844f-4501df12d2dd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in Alkaptonuria is", "exp": "B. i.e. (Homogentisate oxidase) (259 - Harper 27th)ALKAPTONURIA = lack of enzyme homogentisate oxidase enzyme most striking clinical manifestation - occurrence of dark urine black on standing in air*** Classical type Galactosemia - Galactose-1 p- uridyl transferase enzyme* Classical phenylketonuria - Phenyl alanine hydroxylase* Type I Tyrosinemia - Fumatyl acetoacetate hydrolase enzyme* Type II Tyrosinemia - Hepatic transaminase enzyme.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "opb": "Homogentisate acid oxidase", "opc": "Phenyl alanine hydroxylase", "opd": "Cystathione synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "da0a0123-a549-4af7-a7c7-d327780c8631", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "TCA cycle does not take place in", "exp": "Erythrocytes (RBC) lack mitochondria (so TCA cycle enzymes) and completely rely on glucose as their metabolic fuel. They metabolize it by anaerobic glycolysis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hepatocytes", "opb": "Osteocytes", "opc": "Neuron", "opd": "Erythrocytes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1d3ecdb0-6438-4153-93d1-809851413ff1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cystinuria presents with excess of", "exp": "Ans. (a) CysteineRef: Harper's Biochemistry 30th edn. 1301", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cysteine", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Glutamine", "opd": "Valine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Amino Acid Metabolic Disorder", "id": "34a328ad-88c7-408b-adba-75f62b993df6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Nyctalopia(Night blindness) is the earliest symptom of vitamin A deficiency Loss of sensitivity to green light(500nm) is the earliest sign of vitamin A deficiency Up to the level of Stage 2, the manifestations are reversible if treated with vitamin A supplements. However, active conjunctival xerosis and Bitot's spots begin to resolve within 2--5 days after supplementation. Most will disappear within 2 weeks, although a significant propoion of temporal lesions may persist in shrunken form and may therefore not be completely reversible. Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin B1", "opc": "Vitamin C", "opd": "Vitamin D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "d6d043dd-88a9-4ce0-9119-bd41d8c5b003", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose is linked to hemoglobin through", "exp": "The glycated hemoglobins are together called HbA1 fraction.Out of this 80% molecules are HbA1c, where glucose is attached to the N -terminal valine of beta chain of hemoglobin. The rest of molecules are HbA1a1, where fructose 1,6-phospate and HbA1a2, where glucose-6-phosphate are attached. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBBOK ,7th EDITION; Page no :328", "cop": 1, "opa": "N linkage", "opb": "O linkage", "opc": "C-C linkage", "opd": "O-H linkage", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "8dc9a199-1ac6-483c-b8ca-5560db327fb3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Folding protein are", "exp": "Calnexin is a chaperone, characterized by assisting protein folding and quality control, ensuring that only properly folded and assembled proteins proceed fuher along the secretory pathway.Ref: Harper&;s Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th edition, page no: 508", "cop": 2, "opa": "GLUT-1", "opb": "Calnexin", "opc": "Cytochrome 450", "opd": "Insulin receptor", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "6638c261-3533-494e-b40a-2d95077df734", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Triglycerides are maximum in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Chylomicrons [Ref: Chatterjee & Shinde Biochemistry 6/e, p 338 (T21.2); Harper 26/e, p 206;Maximum content of TG's is seen in - Chylomicrons*Maximum content of exogenous TG's is seen in - Chylomicrons*Maximum content of endogenous TG's is seen in - VLDL*Maximum cholesterol is seen in - LDL*Chylomicrons are the lipoprotein particles lowest in density and largest in size, and contains the highest percentage of lipids and the smallest percentage of proteins. VLDLs and LDLs are successively denser, having higher ratios of protein to lipid. HDL particles are the densest.Composition of the lipoproteinsLipoproteinSourceDiameter (nm)Density (g/mL)CompositionMain Lipid ComponentsApolipoproteinsProtein (%)LipidChylomicronsIntestine90-1000<0.951-298-99TriacylglycerolA-I, A-II, A-IV,l B-48, C-I, C-II, C-III, EChylomicron remnantsChylomicrons45-150< 1.0056-892-94Triacylglycerol, phospholipids,cholesterolB-48, EVLDLLiver (intestine)30-900.95-1.0067-1090-93TriacylglycerolB-100, C-I, C-II, C-IIIIDLVLDL25-351.006-1.0191189Triacylglycerol, cholesterolB-100, ELDLVLDL20-251.019-1.0632179CholesterolB-100HDLLiver, intestine,VLDL, chylomicrons20-251.019-1.0633268Phospholipids, cholesterolA-I, A-II, A-IV, C-I, C-II, C-III, D,2 EHDL1HDL210-201.063-1.1253367HDL35-101.125-1.2105743PreP-HDL3<5>1.210 A-IAlbumin/free fatty acidsAdipose tissue >1.28199-1Free fatty acids 1 Secreted with chylomicrons but transfers to HDL.Associated with HDL2 and HDL3 subtractions.3Part of a minor fraction known as very high density lipoproteins (VHDL).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "LDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Cholesterol and Lipoproteins", "id": "5126f908-5636-43ae-befd-a3c60abcdd36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gaucher&;s disease is due to deficiency of enzyme", "exp": "Gaucher&;s disease is a lipid storage disease. It is due to the deficiency of beta-glucosidase. Results accumulation of glucocerebroside.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 193", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sphingomyelinase", "opb": "b-Glucosidase", "opc": "Hexosaminidase-A", "opd": "b-Galactosidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "9a32dc4b-22ac-4911-a290-9d3a42510ee6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Saturated fatty acids containing up to 16 carbon atoms are assembled in", "exp": "Cytoplasm\n\nThe end product of cytosolic fatty acid synthesis cycles is saturated 16-carbon palmitic acid.\nElongation of pre-existing fatty acid :-\n(i) Microsomnal (endoplasmic reticulum) :- Elongation of palmitic acid (16-C) into longer chain fatty acids\n(ii) Mitochondrial :- Elongation of short and medium chain fatty acids containing fewer than 16 carbon atoms", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Cytoplasm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "75ea51d0-5131-494d-9a16-2084394a41c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Site of absorption of Vitamin B12", "exp": "Mnemonic Vitamin B12: 1 + 2 = 3\nSo maximum absorption in third part of small intestine. i.e: Ileum.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Iejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "725eccb5-9849-4606-8433-1ec100650522", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The amino acid producing (a major source of) ammonia in the kidney is", "exp": "Formation and secretion ammonia by renal tubular cells maintain acid-base balance. Ammonia is formed from glutamine by glutaminase.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutamine", "opb": "Alanine, Aspartate", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "92e96f6f-7918-47a9-84fd-32f151743d4e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 5 year old boy presents with hepatomegaly, hypoglycaemia & ketosis. The diagnosis is", "exp": "Patients with type I GSD may present in the neonatal period with hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.\n\nThese children often have doll-like faces with fat cheeks, relatively thin extremities, short stature and a protuberant abdomen that is due to massive epatomegaly; the kidneys are also enlarged, whereas the spleen  and heart are normal.\nThe biochemical hallmarks of the Type Ia GSD (von Gierke’s) disease are hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mucopolysaccharidosis", "opb": "Glycogen storage disorder", "opc": "Lipopolysaccharidosis", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d90727e-6e13-46e3-97eb-01d1e14e7b42", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucogenic amino acid is transpoed to the liver most commonly by", "exp": "Ans. A. Alanine", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Lysine", "opd": "Leucine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b769cf24-11f5-4086-ae8e-5aadb4ad3f7c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prostaglandins are", "exp": "Unsaturated Fatty Acids Contain One or More Double Bonds\nUnsaturated fatty acids may be further subdivided as follows:\n\nMonounsaturated (monoethenoid, monoenoic) acids, containing one double bond.\nPolyunsaturated  (polyethenoid,  polyenoic)  acids,  containing two or more double bonds.\nEicosanoids: These compounds, derived from eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids, comprise the prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). \n\nProstanoids include prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PGIs), and thromboxanes (TXs).\nHARPERS ILLUSTRATED BIOCHEMISTRY30th ed, Page No:213", "cop": 3, "opa": "Monounsaturated fatty acids", "opb": "Polyunsaturated fatty acids", "opc": "Eicosanoids", "opd": "Saturated fatty acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1cfea052-93c2-4258-83b8-a1b0e748a83f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "1st product of tryptophan catabolism is", "exp": "Tryptophan is an aromatic essential amino acid The major metabolic fate of tryptophan is to be oxidized by tryptophan pyrrolase (tryptophan di-oxygenase) It is a hemoprotein. The enzyme is inducible by coicosteroids. <img src=\" /> in tryptophan catabolism the first product is 3-hydroxykynurenine ref Satyanarayana 4th ed page 145", "cop": 1, "opa": "kynurenine", "opb": "Bradykinin", "opc": "PAF", "opd": "Xantheurenate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "f7c4f8c5-92b7-4ed2-800a-050583f7ab04", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "FIGLU is intermediate product of metabolism of", "exp": "Ans. a (Histidine) (Ref. Harper's Biochemistry 28th/pg. 16).# Figlu or N-formimino glutamate - is formed during catabolism of Histidine.# During process, transfer of the formimino group of Figlu to tetrahydrofolate (H4 folate) forms glutamine. In folic acid deficiency, this reaction is partially or totally blocked and figlu is excreted in the urine.# Excretion of \"Figlu\" following a test dose of Histidine therefore provides a diagnostic test for folic acid deficiency.# Figlu test and Histidine test: Formimino-glutamate (figlu), a catabolite of Histidine, transfers its formimino group to H4- folate to form N5 formimino-H4 folate.In folate deficiency, Figlu will accumulate after oral challenges with Histidine.Histidine:# maximum buffering capacity- Maximum pH regulation seen# has no charge at neutral pH- proteinate and deproteinate at neutral pH# In folic acid deficiency, group transfer to THF is impaired and Figlu is excreted.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Glutamine", "opc": "Alanine", "opd": "Tryptophan", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "dc293bcd-f0b8-4389-aaa4-ba732951e659", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substrate level phosphorylation is seen in the conversion of", "exp": "Substrate level phosphorylation\n\nIt is the production of ATP (or GTP) at substrate level without participation of electron transport chain.\nIt occurs in glycolysis and citric acid cycle, at following steps :-", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acetoacetate to α-keto glutarate", "opb": "Succinyl CoA to Succinate", "opc": "Fumarate to malate", "opd": "Succinate to fumarate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bfc22787-ee6f-4739-b650-1aa323f66217", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of structural gene in Lac operon", "exp": "Lactose operone or Lac operon The lac operon is a region of DNA in the genome of E. coli that contains following genetic elements ? i) Three structural genes :- These code for 3 proteins that are involved in catabolism of lactose. These genes are 'Z' gene (codes for P-galactosidase), 'Y' gene (codes for galactoside permease), and 'A' gene (codes for thiogalactoside transacetylase). ii) Regulatory gene (lac i) It produces repressor protein. iii) A promotor site (P) :- It is the binding site for RNA polymerase. It contains two specific regions ? a) CAP site (Catabolite activator protein binding site). b) RNA polymerase binding site iv) An operator site (0) :- Repressor binds to this site and blocks transcription. 3 Structural genes are expressed only when '0' site is empty (repressor is not bound) and the CAP site is bound by a complex of cAMP and CAP (catabolite gene activator protein).", "cop": 1, "opa": "3", "opb": "4", "opc": "5", "opd": "6", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5676c39c-f60b-4ccd-9509-91428fa7df61", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gout is a metabolic disorder of", "exp": "Question repeated", "cop": 1, "opa": "Purine", "opb": "Pyramidine", "opc": "Glycogen", "opd": "Fatty acid oxidation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "933577e9-a4d3-421c-8e6d-01f4ee9c11f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tricarboxylic acid cycle does not occur in", "exp": "RBCs - don't contain mitochondria-No TCA cycle Pathways that occur in mitochondria: * Fatty acid oxidation (b-oxidation) * TCA cycle * Oxidative phosphorylation and ETC * Ketone body synthesis and Utilization . Mitochondrial Protein and DNA synthesis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myocyte", "opb": "Red blood cell", "opc": "Neuron", "opd": "Hepatocyte", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "TCA Cycle", "id": "58eb94c1-5e6a-4fb0-b7d6-8174d496710f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aspaame contains", "exp": "Aspaame is made from aspaic acid and phenylalanine , both are aminoacds . It is 200 times sweeter than sugar. Aspaame is not suitable for people with phenlketonuria. REFERNCE : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOK EIGHTH EDITION ; Page no: 99", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phenylalanine", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Tyrosine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "defd4007-55c2-445c-9431-9cbc9bbb2580", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme involved in binding of & for conjugated bilirubin formation is", "exp": "In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, making it soluble in water: the conjugated version is the main form of bilirubin present in the \"direct\" bilirubin fraction. Much of it goes into the bile and thus out into the small intestine. Ref biochemistry satyanarayana 4e", "cop": 4, "opa": "Kinases", "opb": "Ligases", "opc": "Syntheses", "opd": "Transferases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "fd72d462-31c0-41ad-87b8-7dba476792ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Genetic deficiencies of NADPH oxidase cause", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mitochondrial. myopathies", "opb": "Chronic granulomatous diseases", "opc": "Decreased ATP production", "opd": "Lactic acidosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2612ec84-5402-4d8b-a0b9-27215e19e643", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid is present in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Vitreous humar Distribution of various glycosaminoglycansHyaluronic acidSynovial fluid, vitreous humor, loose connective tissueChondroitin sulfatesCartilage, bone, corneaKeratan Sulfate ICorneaKeratan Sulfate IILoose connective tissueHeparinMast cellsHeparan SulfateSkin fibroblasts, aortic wallDermatan SulfateWide distribution", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitreous humor", "opb": "Cornea", "opc": "Blood vessels", "opd": "Lens", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Amino sugars, and Mucopolysaccharides", "id": "f1e7a63a-f468-45e3-b7e8-48e5c8275a10", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudouridine found in", "exp": "Pseudouridine (abbreted by the Greek letter psi- Ps) is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine in which the uracil is attached a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond. It is the most prevalent of the over one hundred different modified nucleosides found in RNA. Ps is found in all species and in many classes of RNA. Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p649", "cop": 4, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "rRNA", "opc": "mRNA", "opd": "tRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "1410aca7-ce2b-4fbe-a72c-cd33248aa46c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain not used for lipid", "exp": "Congo red Congo red is not used in lipid staining. It is used in the staining of antyloid protein STAINING FOR LIPIDS Non polar lipids Examples Stain used * Unconjugated lipids Fatty acids Oil red 0, Sudan black, Sudan III & IV Cholesterol Filipin * Esters Cholesteryl esters Schultz Monodi and Tri-glycerides Calcium lipase * Polar lipids - Phospholipids - Glycerol bases Phosphatidylcholine Nile blue sulfate Phosphatidylserine Nile blue sulfate Phosphatidylethanol amine Plasmal reaction - Sphingosine-base Sphingomyelins Ferric hematoxylin - Glycolipids Cerebrosides PAS Sulfatides Acetone/Toluidine blue Gangliosides PAS", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oil red 0", "opb": "Congo red", "opc": "Sudan III", "opd": "Sudan black", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "71444793-1e29-435c-9b4f-110793069d88", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Non essential amino acids", "exp": "The remaining 10 amino acids are non-essential, because their carbon skeleton can be synthesized by the body.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 27", "cop": 2, "opa": "Are not components of tissue proteins", "opb": "May be synthesized in the body from essential amino acids", "opc": "Have no role in the metabolism", "opd": "May be synthesized in the body in diseased states .", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "072ddaae-1ccc-493b-b85a-60a6f9ea7472", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Introduction of DNA with the help of electricity is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Electrotransfer", "opb": "Electroporation", "opc": "Eelectrofusion", "opd": "Electrolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "66972983-f197-460a-95a6-59240767c486", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nothern blot is used for the separation of", "exp": "Used to demonstrate specific RNA The total RNA is isolated from the cell, electrophoresed and then blotted on to a membrane This is. then probed with radioactive cDNAThere is RNA -DNA hybridization Used to detect gene expression in tissuesRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 634", "cop": 1, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "DNA", "opc": "Protein", "opd": "Protein DNA interaction", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "047273dd-0f4a-4edf-9521-826e3f8b6e14", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transamination reaction requires", "exp": "The enzyme catalyzing transamination reaction as a group are known as aminotransferases. These enzymes have pyridoxal phosphate as prosthetic group,Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 201, fig 15.8", "cop": 3, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Folic acid", "opc": "Pyridoxin", "opd": "Niacin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "dce1d9a5-141b-4f75-8be4-c05a32790923", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chian initiation in protein synthesis is by", "exp": "INITIATOR CODON : AUG is the initiator codon. It also acts as the codon for methionine. In a few proteins, GUG acts as initiator codon. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ; 8th EDITION ;Page no :586.", "cop": 1, "opa": "AUG", "opb": "GLA", "opc": "UGA", "opd": "UAG", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "0a0501ba-d215-4906-b7c8-7e0f9e2563e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "GAG affected in Sanfilippo syndromes is", "exp": "Disease name Abbretion Enzyme Defective GaG(s) affected Symptoms Sanfilippo syndrome A MPS IIIA Heparan sulfate-N-sulfatase Heparan sulfate Delay in development, motor dysfunction Sanfilippo syndrome B MPS IIIB a-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Heparan sulfate As MPS IIIA Sanfilippo syndrome C MPS IIIC a-Glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase Heparan sulfate As MPS IIIA Sanfilippo syndrome D MPS IIID N-Acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase Heparan sulfate As MPS IIIA Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no:639; Table: 50-8", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dermatan sulfate", "opb": "Heparan sulfate", "opc": "Keratan sulfate", "opd": "Chondroitin sulfate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "56cca985-bef9-493b-9204-3876c21afa0e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The reducing equivalent for fatty acid synthesis is derived from", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "Kreb's cycle", "opc": "Urea cycle", "opd": "pentose phosphate pathway", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a5f4958-e86e-48c8-a00b-b90a34f29ffd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uric acid is formed in humans in", "exp": "Uric acid is a chemical created when the body breaks down substances called purines. Purines are found in some foods and drinks. These include liver, anchovies, mackerel, dried beans and peas, and beer. Most uric acid dissolves in blood and travels to the kidneys. Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "GIT mucosa", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Joints", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "6f288d91-3a0f-40e6-a313-280b6610f299", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "During gluconeogensis reducing equivalents from mitochondria to cytosol are transpoed by", "exp": "A i.e. MalateMallate shuttle is a system by which reducing equivalents (NADH) produced in glycolysisQ are transferred from cytosol to mitochondria to yield energy.NADH produced in the glycolysisQ, is extramitochondrial where as the electron transpo chain, where NADH has to be oxidized to NAD+ is in the mitochondria (Oxidation of 1 NADH yields 3 ATP/2.5 ATP). NADH is impermeable to mitochondrial membrane, so to enable transfer of NADH inside mitochondria Shuttle system is utilized.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Malate", "opb": "Aspaate", "opc": "Glutamate", "opd": "Oxaloacetate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "444ec624-adc3-4125-bc2b-0ca790ca0fce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fatty acids can not be utilised by", "exp": "RBC can utilise only glucose even during fasting / starvation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Muscles", "opb": "Heart", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "RBC", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3fc39851-9cf1-4245-97bf-fc319b6828bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin A is stored mainly as retinol esters in", "exp": "retinal is reduced to retinol by retinal reductase in the intestinal mucosa intestine is the major site of absorption vitamin is transpoed and stored in the liver as retinol palmitate ref DM Vasudevan 8th ed page 454", "cop": 3, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Muscle", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Retina", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "17593637-5776-4910-baf4-85a6d8f6075f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Peptidyl transferase is a/an", "exp": "The Peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.12) as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Enzyme", "opb": "Catalyst", "opc": "Ribozyme", "opd": "Elongation factor", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "3f2da76c-3e7b-450a-8801-2a25d7fb4637", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The rich source of vitamin E is", "exp": "Many vegetable oils  are rich  sources of vitamin E. Wheat germ oil,  cotton seed oil, peanut oil, corn oil and sunflower oil are the good sources of this vitamin.\nRef : Satyanarayana, 3rd ed, pg. 129", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fish oil", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Sun Flower Oil", "opd": "Green vegetables", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a467755b-1c2e-451e-a3a2-237c8f0195bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The amino acid required for the synthesis of haem is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutamine", "opb": "Glutamic acid", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "75270d8f-621b-48d4-9f83-98824f35883d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After overnight fasting, levels of Glucose transpoers are reduced in", "exp": "C i.e. AdipocytesInsulin sensitive (dependent) glucose transpoer, GLUT- 4 that are found in adipose tissueQ and skeletal muscles are reduced in fasting state, when the insulin levels are low.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Brain cells", "opb": "Hepatocytes", "opc": "Adipocytes", "opd": "RBCs", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "46851ca2-2ecf-438b-a3d1-2d026f19ee6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluoroacetate blocks the Krebs cycle by inhibiting the following enzyme", "exp": "The poison fluoroacetate is found in some of the plants, and their consumption can be fatal to grazing animals. Some fluorinated compounds used as anticancer agents and industrial chemicals (including pesticides) are metabolized to fluoroacetate. It is toxic because fluoroacetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form fluorocitrate, which inhibits aconitase, causing citrate to accumulate.Reference: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 16; The Citric Acid Cycle: The Central Pathway of Carbohydrate, Lipid & Amino Acid Metabolism", "cop": 2, "opa": "Citrate synthase", "opb": "Aconitase", "opc": "a-KG dehydrogenase", "opd": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "73f93ccf-8777-4f82-ab69-6f5895b910f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Formation of Okazaki fragments occur in", "exp": "In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. During replication, these strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpa, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication", "cop": 4, "opa": "Transcription", "opb": "Translation", "opc": "Transduction", "opd": "Replication", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "604f92a1-1e5c-4a86-aa51-eb334621a345", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential amino acid is", "exp": "A semi-essential amino acid that occurs in proteins and is involved in the urea cycle and in the synthesis of creatine. Preparations of the base or the glutamate or hydrochloride salt are used in the treatment of <a href=\" and in the assessment of pituitary function.</p>Ref: Harper&;s Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th edition, page no: 237", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Serine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Proline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "387def02-a206-45f6-ba58-d106b0cf87cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Role of molecular oxygen in ETC is", "exp": "As it turns out, the reason you need oxygen is so your cells can use this molecule during oxidative phosphorylation, the final stage of cellular respiration. ... Oxygen sits at the end of the electron transpo chain, where it accepts electrons and picks up protons to form water", "cop": 3, "opa": "Transfer of reducing equivalent to CoQ", "opb": "Transfer of reducing equivalent from cytosol to mitochondria", "opc": "To act as electron acceptor", "opd": "Generation of ATP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "c2bc26db-0c03-4618-819b-adefcdd4e6dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transpo of fatty acids through mitochondrial membrane is by", "exp": "Fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm, but the beta-oxidation is in mitochondria. So transpo of fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane is essential. The long chain fatty acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore a transpoer, carnitine is involved in transfer of fatty acids. Carnitine is beta-hydroxygamma-trimethyl ammonium butyrate, (CH3)3-N+-CH2-CHOH-CH2-COOH. It is synthesized from lysine and methionine in liver and kidney.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 130", "cop": 2, "opa": "Active transpo", "opb": "Facilitated transpo", "opc": "Diffusion", "opd": "Lipases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "8987a9c1-6df3-4082-937f-fb5381da421f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ATPs generated in TCA cycle", "exp": "ATP Generating Steps in TCA Cycle There are 3 NADH molecules generated during one cycle, each of them will give rise to 2 1/2 ATPs on oxidation by electron transpo chain (ETC); so altogether they will give 3 x 2 1/2 = 7 1/2 (7.5) high energy phosphates. The FADH2 will generate 1 1/2 molecules of ATP. In addition, one molecule of GTP (equivalent to one molecule of ATP) is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. Hence, per turn of the cycle, 10 high energy phosphates are produced. These steps are marked in Figure 18.5 and in Table 18.1. The summary is shown in Box 18.2. Note: Recent work shows that in the electron transpo chain, NADH produces only 2.5 ATPs and FADH only 1.5 ATPs. The old values (used in the Table 18.1. ATP generation steps Step Reactions no. CoATPs ATPs enzyme (old(new calculation) 3Isocitrate - -- Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction is the only one irreversible step in the cycle. The free energy changes of the reactions of the cycle are such that the cycle will operate spontaneously in the clockwise direction. Only about 33% of energy liberated is trapped as ATP. The rest is used to keep the body temperature at a higher level than the environment.Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 220", "cop": 3, "opa": "15", "opb": "20", "opc": "10", "opd": "40", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "f4fb0914-2a97-45bf-b429-31a96f227a38", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Menke disease is associated with", "exp": "Menke's Disease: (X linked , a condition of Cu deficiency) Deficient production of Cu binding P- type ATPase in intestine Menke's disease is due to defective lysyl oxidase C/F: Mental retardation, Grey kinky hair. OTHER MINERAL DEFICIENCIES =Selenium - -Selenium as selenocysteine is an essential component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase Deficiency - Keshan's disease - endemic cardiomyopathy(china) muscles weakness, hypothyroidism, HTN, eczema. selenium deficiency lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer Toxicity - selenium toxicity lead to Selenosis. selenosis clinical features are emotional disturbance, diarrhea, hair loss, garlic odor (due to dimethyl selenide) in breath Selenium is also an intracellular antioxidant which complements the role of Vitamin E. Dietary sources of selenium include seafood, muscle meat, and some cereals. =Zinc Deficiency - Acrodermatitis enteropathica It is an autosomal recessive disease due to a defect in zinc absorbing transmembrane protein. Symptoms: Growth retardation Diarrhea Alopecia Dermatitis around the orifices Gonadal atrophy Impaired wound healing Zinc acts as a cofactor for: Carbonic anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Lactate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Alkaline phosphatase =Iron Deficiency - microcytic hypochromic anemia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Copper", "opb": "Selenium", "opc": "Zinc", "opd": "Iron", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "00360fd1-29a5-4f00-b009-8357d7753c2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The first lipoprotein to increase in concentration in the blood after ingestion of 400 g of jellybeans (carbohydrate) is", "exp": "VLDL is synthesized in the liver, particularly after a high carbohydrate meal. It is formed from triacylglycerols that are packaged with cholesterol, apolipoproteins (particularly, apoB-100), and phospholipids, and it is released into the blood, where it acquires apoC-II and apo E.VLDL is synthesized by the liver from dietary sugar (present in jelly-beans). LDL is the cholesterol-rich particle in the blood. Cells take up LDL by LDL binding to the LDL receptor, and the LDL-LDL receptor complex enters the cell via endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the cholesterol is released from cholesterol esters by a lysosomal enzyme and enters the cytoplasm of the cell for further processing. Chylomicrons are produced from dietary lipids and cholesterol in the intestinal epithelial cells. HDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport, which requires the LCAT reaction. Fatty acids, because they are so hydrophobic, cannot travel freely in the blood and need to be bound to albumin for transport through the circulatory system.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "LDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "a251ffd1-f911-4f0c-8a05-817af17d1f50", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CAP in Lac operon is an example of", "exp": "Catabolite activator protein(CAP) must bind to cAMP to activate transcription of the lac operon by RNA polymerase. CAP is a transcriptional activator with a ligand-binding domain at the N-terminus and a DNA-binding domain at the C-terminus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Positive regulator", "opb": "Negative regulator", "opc": "Constitutive expression", "opd": "Attenuation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "31a941bd-e763-49f1-abd6-a65458e82341", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "21st Amino acid is", "exp": "Selenocysteine, the 21st Amino AcidSelenocysteine is present at the active site of several human enzymes that catalyze redox reactions. Examples include thioredoxin reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and the deiodinase that conves thyroxine to triiodothyronine.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 27 Biosynthesis of the Nutritionally Nonessential Amino Acids", "cop": 1, "opa": "Selenocysteine", "opb": "Valine", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Hydroxyproline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "5fe92eab-0a0c-4451-b371-c19da2b02513", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hepatomegaly is an essential feature of", "exp": "Hepatomegaly is an essential feature of von Gierke's disease (all glycogen storage diseases except type 2, 5, 7), Hurler (Scheic) syndrome (& all mucopolysaccharidosis) and Nieman-Pick disease. But the hepatic involvement of hepatic porphyria is variable. Patients with chronic hepatic porphyria (porphyria cutanea tarda), however may show liver enlargement d/t fatty infiltration but frank sings of hepatomegaly and iron overload are rare.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Von Gierke's disease", "opb": "Nieman Pick disease", "opc": "Hurler syndrome", "opd": "Hepatic porphyria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "263c0564-c399-41e8-bb9e-c1a6a7eae0a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In PCR", "exp": "The enzyme is not denatured at high temperature The polymerase reaction allowed to take place at 72 *c for 30 seconds in presence of dNTP", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thermostable enzyme is needed", "opb": "211 copies formed after 'n' members of multiple", "opc": "Non specific", "opd": "Thermolabile enzyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "4a70f0cd-141f-4471-940a-6402fa612ca4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pompe’s disease is caused due to deficiency of", "exp": "Muscle Glycogen Storage Disorders:", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "opb": "Glycogen synthase", "opc": "Lysosomal glucosidase", "opd": "Microsomal Pi transporter", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "015d75f6-8e46-45bc-9d3e-b5ccb9d2e045", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sakaguchi’s reaction is specific for", "exp": "Sakaguchi’s Test for Arginine : Free arginine or arginyl residues in proteins react with alpha-naphthol and alkaline hypobromite to give bright-red color. This is due to the guanidium group.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 32", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tyrosine", "opb": "Proline", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Cysteine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b43e1a4a-1064-416f-a2a5-01031ae9a1de", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzymes engaged in the transfer of electrons are known as", "exp": "Enzymes are grouped into the following six classes: 1.Oxidoreductases: Enzymes that catalyze oxidations and reductions. 2.Transferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of moieties such as glycosyl, methyl, or phosphoryl groups. 3.Hydrolases: Enzymes that catalyze hydrolytic cleavage of C'C, C'O, C'N, and other covalent bonds. 4.Lyases: Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C'C, C'O, C'N, and other covalent bonds by atom elimination, generating double bonds.5.Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule. 6.Ligases: Enzymes that catalyze the joining together (ligation)Oxidoreductases are fuher classified into four groups: oxidases, dehydrogenases, hydroperoxidases, and oxygenasesReference: Explanation: Harper's Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 7; Enzymes: Mechanism of action", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxidoreductases", "opb": "Transferases", "opc": "Lyases", "opd": "Ligases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "b77b8eb9-90b6-4270-ae9f-8959c8f3990f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calorific value of fat is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "4", "opb": "7", "opc": "9", "opd": "2", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f922755a-d4e5-4155-b6f8-3bd78ac6191f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In translation process, proof reading of mRNA done by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "RNA polymeraes", "opb": "Amino acyl t-RNA synthetase", "opc": "Leuicine zipper", "opd": "DNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc64a490-1a86-4fe1-8146-7b2655607515", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient with abetalipoproteinemia frequently manifests with delated blood clotting. This is due to inability to", "exp": "Type-III: Familial Dys-Beta Lipoproteinaemia:Synonyms: Broad Beta disease, 'Remnant' removal diseaseThe disease is characterised by:Increase in b-lipoproteins (LDL |)Increase in Pre-b-lipoproteins (VLDL |);Actually rise is in IDL (VLDL remnant). This appears as broad b-band (\"floating\" b-band)-b- VLDL on electrophoresis. Also, there is hypercholesterolemia and hyperiglyceridemia.Inheritance: Autosomal dominant.Metabolic defects:Increased concentration of apo-E |.Increased synthesis of apo-B |.Conversion of normal VLDL to b-VLDL (IDL) and its degradation without conversion to LDL. Defect is in \"Remnant\" metabolism.Clinical feature: Presents with Xanthomastuberous and palmar Xanthomas. Premature cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis common. Also prone to develop peripheral vascular diseases.Treatment:By weight reductionLow carbohydrate diets, containing unsaturated fats and little cholesterolRef: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde, page no: 452,453", "cop": 1, "opa": "Produce VLDL", "opb": "Synthesize fatty acids", "opc": "Produce chylomicrons", "opd": "Synthesize clotting factors", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "11383716-b2e9-4de9-8439-4ead6a2c500a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hyperlipidemias are treated by administering the following vitamin in megadoses", "exp": "High doses of niacin are effective in lowering serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein-a levels and in elevating high-density lipoprotein levels. In high doses, Niacin causes dilatation of blood vessels and flushing, along with skin irritation. Intakes of both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in excess of 500 mg/d also cause liver damage.Harper 30th edition Pg: 557", "cop": 4, "opa": "B12", "opb": "Folate", "opc": "Thiamine", "opd": "Niacin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "a4e741cb-14fc-44cc-bb85-056351620896", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Receptors on blood cells accept cholesterol from", "exp": "LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues. The only apoprotein present in LDL is apo B100 . Most of the LDL paicles are derived from VLDL, but a small pa is directly released from liver. The half-life of LDL in blood is about 2 days. Metabolism of LDL and LDL Receptors LDL is taken up by peripheral tissues by receptor-mediated endocytosis. LDL receptors are present on all cells but most abundant in hepatic cells. LDL receptors are located in specialised regions called clathrin-coated pitsBinding of LDL to the receptor is by apo-B-100 and uptake of cholesterol from LDL is a highly regulated process. When the apo-B-100 binds to the apo-B-100 receptor, the receptor-LDL complex is internalised by endocytosis. The endosome vesicle thus formed fuses with lysosomes. The receptor is recycled and returns to the cell surface. The LDL paicle, along with apoproteins and cholesterol ester are hydrolysed by lysosomal hydrolases, forming amino acids and free cholesterol. The free receptors can now return to the membrane surface to bind fuher LDL molecules . Approximately 70% of LDL is degraded in the liver, and the rest in extra-hepatic tissues. For their work on LDL receptors, Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein were awarded Nobel prize in 1985. Function of LDL About 75% of the plasma cholesterol is incorporated into the LDL paicles. LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to the peripheral tissues. The cholesterol thus liberated in the cell has three major fates: i. It is used for the synthesis of other steroids like steroid hormones. ii. Cholesterol may be incorporated into the membranes. iii. Cholesterol may be esterified to a MUFA by acyl cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) for storage. The cellular content of cholesterol regulates fuher endogenous synthesis of cholesterol by regulating HMG CoA reductase.LDL and Clinical Applications LDL concentration in blood has positive correlation with incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A fraction of cholesterol is taken up by macrophages, this is not a regulated pathway. Increased levels of LDL or modification of LDL by glycation (as seen in diabetes mellitus) or oxidation increases the fraction of cholesterol taken up by macrophages. LDL infiltrates through aerial walls, and is taken up by macrophages or scavenger cells. This is the staing event of atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction . When these cells become engorged with cholesterol, foam cells are formed, that get deposited in the subendothelial space triggering formation of atheromatous plaque . Procoagulant changes are induced in the endothelium resulting in increased chances of thrombosis and coronary aery disease. Since LDL-cholesterol is thus deposited in tissues, the LDL (low-density lipoprotein) variety is called \"bad cholesterol\" and LDL as \"Lethally Dangerous Lipoprotein\" in common parlanceRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 153 - 154", "cop": 2, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "7f6ed36f-97f4-47b6-9276-ea54878fe58e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Soing of protein molecules is performed in", "exp": "Main function of golgi apparatus is protein soing, packaging, and secretion. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 12", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Golgi apparatus", "opc": "Nucleosome", "opd": "Endosome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "a8e9a4e3-ae21-45d6-8659-78105614c63c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutathione peroxidase contains", "exp": "Glutathione peroxidase is an impoant enzyme in cellular antioxidant defense systems, detoxifying peroxides, and hydroperoxides. As a component of the glutathione cycle, it protects the liver from reactive oxygen metabolites. Selenocysteine is present at the catalytic site of glutathione peroxidase, and selenium availability regulates glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cu", "opb": "Se", "opc": "Fe", "opd": "Hg", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "cfa0f013-c01c-40aa-bf83-d172cd1d9d0e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Measurement of bilirubin in serum is by", "exp": "Measurement of Bilirubin in SerumQuantitation of bilirubin employs a colorimetric method based on the reddish-purple color formed when bilirubin reacts with diazotized sulfanilic acid. An assay conducted in the absence of added methanol measures \"direct bilirubin,\" which is bilirubin glucuronide. An assay conducted in the presence of added methanol measures total bilirubin. The difference between total bilirubin and direct bilirubin is known as \"indirect bilirubin,\" and is unconjugated bilirubin.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 31; Porphyrins & Bile Pigments", "cop": 1, "opa": "Colorimetric method", "opb": "Electrophoresis", "opc": "Spectrophotometry", "opd": "Chromatography", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "3b0a7d82-5698-4aca-91ac-70bfab19afcd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lysosomal accumulation of sphingomyeline is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Farber’s disease", "opb": "Niemann-Pick disease", "opc": "Tay Sach’s disease", "opd": "Krabbe’s disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "78186b92-e6a6-42b7-89f0-b9d22e37c86e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Daily vitamin A intake", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "1000 I.U", "opb": "2000 I.U", "opc": "3000 I.U", "opd": "4000 I.U", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "70a6f70a-d6a6-4579-b2a4-54bce21a29b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Menadione is an analogue of", "exp": "ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no;492 menadione C11H8O2(2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) A compound used as a vitamin K supplement; impoant in blood clotting.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitamin C", "opb": "Vitamin A", "opc": "Vitamin D", "opd": "Vitamin K", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "d6a1451d-33b1-4369-ac9c-b35df3cddd30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Detoxification of drugs is controlled by", "exp": "Cytochrome p450enzymes are heme-containing enzymes localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver. they engage in biotransformation reactions.they are monoamine oxidase. RH+O2+NADPH+H+________________> ROH+H2O+NADP+ Cytochrome p 450contains phosphatidylcholine. Almost all common drugs are metabolized by p450 system.there are about 150 isoforms.eg: CYP1A1 THEY are inducible enzymes .phenobarbitones causes increased activity of warfarin which is metabolized by CYP2C9. Some of the isoforms exhibit low catalytic reactivity. This explains variation in drug responses in different persons.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 7th Edition, Page no: 545", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytochrome", "opb": "Cytochrome P450", "opc": "Cytochrome C", "opd": "Cytochrome A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "ddeed501-ce6d-468a-a1af-b4fcb5a17551", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes not impoant in testosterone biosynthesis", "exp": "Progesterone is conveed to 18hydroxyprogestrone by 18 -hydroxylaseThese reactions are effected by hydroxylationThese specific hydroxylases are mono-oxygenasesRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 665", "cop": 3, "opa": "5-aplha reductase", "opb": "Delta 5-4 isomerase", "opc": "18 hydroxylase", "opd": "Alpha hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "65dbd3b8-3c3d-42ea-8ecb-857133bb7fb9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme activity measured in beri beri is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Transketolase", "opb": "Transaminase", "opc": "Decarboxylase", "opd": "Deaminases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8778b286-7446-48e5-831c-a02b26e148a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "tRNA met would recognize", "exp": "initiation of protein synthesis can be studied as 4 steps Recognition stepSFormation of pre-initiation complex i.e.binding of ternary complex of met-tRNA Binging of mRNA to the pre-initiation complex to form 43s initiation complexThe 43s initiation complex is combined with the 60s ribosomal subunit to form 80s initiation complexRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 600", "cop": 1, "opa": "AUG", "opb": "UGC", "opc": "GUG", "opd": "GCU", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "b435d641-4564-4bae-9705-499814feec76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Albinism is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Tyrosinase is completely absent, leading to defective synthesis of melaninRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 238, fig 18.7", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tyrosinase", "opb": "Homogentisate oxidase", "opc": "Fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "6cca3c0f-d3f9-4825-98cf-07d693fb128c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mannose 6 phosphate containing freshly synthesized proteins are directed to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Nucleus", "opb": "Lysosomes", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Golgi apparatus", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d14ea0f7-6f4b-4ba7-8c1b-ce9ffa96f0ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The structural protein are involved in maintaining the shape of a cell or in the formation of matrices in the body. The shape of these proteins is", "exp": "Proteins responsible for maintaining the structural strength of cells (i.e. cytoskeleton) and tissues include collagens, keratin and myosin etc. These proteins are classified as fibrous proteins.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Globular", "opb": "Fibrous", "opc": "Stretch of beads", "opd": "Planar", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8843d937-1ae9-4e5a-91c7-524998614d90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Large amount of SER is found in cells storing", "exp": "Cholesterol(lipid) is synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum from acetyl CoA. The rate-limiting step is the formation of mevalonate from 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl-CoA by HMG CoA reductase and lanosterol is the first cyclic intermediate.SER synthesise lipids whereas RER synthesise proteinsRef: Harper biochemistry: 267", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipoproteins", "opb": "Lipids", "opc": "Glycogen", "opd": "Amino acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "b5781842-bd5b-4549-b9af-1354ecd14576", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Decreased glycolytic activity impairs oxygen transport by hemoglobin due to", "exp": "Decreased production of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate \n\n2, 3 DPG is produced by an alternative pathway in glycolysis.\nIf the glycolytic activity is decreased, the levels of 2,3 - DPG in RBCs will decrease.\nDecreased level of 2,3 - DPG causes:-\n\n\nShifts the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the left\nIncreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reduced energy production", "opb": "Decreased production of 2,3 - bisphosphoglycerate", "opc": "Reduced synthesis of hemoglobin", "opd": "Low levels of oxygen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "900f54a2-aa1d-4376-931b-6a71d7e504e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lack of a specific lysosomal hydrolase for glycoproteins will most likely cause", "exp": "Lack of a specific lysosomal hydrolase for glycoproteins cause a group of very rare.autosomal recessive genetic disease called glycoprotein storage diseases(oligosaccharidoses). Lysosomal acid hydrolases are specific for the removal of the component of the glycoprotein. They are primarily exoenzyme that remove their respective groups in sequence in the reverse order of their incorporation Reference: Lippincotts illustrated biochemistry 6th Edition pg 320", "cop": 1, "opa": "oligosaccharidoses", "opb": "I cell disease", "opc": "scurvy", "opd": "Ehlers danlos syndrome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "f867b035-6d59-4b1c-94bd-03dc2f878321", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SYBR Green Dye is used for", "exp": "Dyes such as SYBR Green I, that intercalate into double-stranded DNA (or for other dyes, bind to the DNA minor groove) are more convenient to have on hand and less expensive than probes.The disadvantages of dyes include detection of non-specific double-stranded reaction products (resulting in increased background or false positives). In addition, some dyes are known to inhibit the PCR reaction.", "cop": 3, "opa": "HPLC", "opb": "Immunofluorescence", "opc": "PCR", "opd": "ELISA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "53277487-7a1d-4663-9652-e9b74b2f351a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ideal biologic solvent is", "exp": "WATER IS AN IDEAL BIOLOGIC SOLVENTA water molecule is an irregular, slightly skewed tetrahedron with oxygen at its center.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 2; Water & pH", "cop": 1, "opa": "Water", "opb": "Coconut oil", "opc": "Ethyl alcohol", "opd": "Liquified nitrogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "15a2b71e-76ce-43b6-ba51-3c56ea06ca20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme regulated by phosphorylation", "exp": "Glycogen Synthase catalyzes elongation of glycogen chains. Glycogen Synthase catalyzes transfer of the glucose moiety of UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl at C4 of the terminal residue of a glycogen chain to form a (1 4) glycosidic linkage (diagrams p. 633):glycogen (n residues) + UDP-glucose glycogen (n +1 residues) + UDPRef: DM Vasudevan, 6th edition, page no: 106", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucokinase", "opb": "Glycogen synthetase", "opc": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Isocitrate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "61ef245f-0f3a-46d0-a391-77d86bb4f66f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cancer cells derive its nutrition from", "exp": "Tissues depending mainly on glucose ( Glycolysis) as metabolic fuel-White fibres of skeletal muscle, mature erythrocytes, brain, GIT, renal medulla, skin, many cancer cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "a) Glycolysis", "opb": "b) Oxidative phosphorylation", "opc": "c) Increase in mitochondria", "opd": "d) TCA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "055d47fc-77db-4e6e-80ac-9af29a5bf527", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xeroderma pigmentatosa is caused due to a group of closely related abnormalities in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Mismatch repair", "opb": "Base excision repair", "opc": "Nucleotide excision repair", "opd": "SOS repair", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1de915ab-ea64-4fa1-82d8-278ebd324f7d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trypsin cleaves", "exp": "Activation of zymogens: Enteropeptidase (formerly called enterokinase), an enzyme synthesized by and present on the luminal surface of intestinal mucosal cells of the brush border membrane, conves the pancreatic zymogen trypsinogen to trypsin by removal of a hexapeptide from the N-terminus of trypsinogen. Trypsin subsequently conves other trypsinogen molecules to trypsin by cleaving a limited number of specific peptide bonds in the zymogen. Enteropeptidase, thus, unleashesa cascade of proteolytic activity because trypsin is the common activator of all thepancreatic zymogens .", "cop": 1, "opa": "Arginine", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Lysine", "opd": "Proline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "817c9981-6b26-4a1c-96ad-95e626f171bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Colour vision is tested with help of the", "exp": "(C) Ishihara plates # ISHIHARA COLOR TEST is an example of a color perception test for red-green color deficiencies.> It was named after its designer, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara, a professor at the University of Tokyo.> The test consists of a number of colored plates, called Ishihara plates, each of which contains a circle of dots appearing randomized in color and size.> Within the pattern are dots which form a number or shape clearly visible to those with normal color vision, and invisible, or difficult to see, to those with a red-green color vision defect.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Amsler chart", "opb": "Arden gratings", "opc": "Ishihara plates", "opd": "Snellen Chart", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "1d1b8360-1ecf-42b7-b4d8-e1294d1396a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratin of skin and nail differ because of", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e Disulphide bond \" the keratins are a family of closely related fibrous proteins, whose structure is nearly entirely alpha- helical. They are a major component of tissues such as hairs and skin; their rigidity is determined by the number of disulphide bonds between the constituent polypeptide chains \" -Lippincott's BiochemThus the difference in rigidity between the keratins of hairs and nail in because of the number of disulphide bonds.Keratins are rich in cysteine*( a sulphur containing amino acid ) which provides covalent disulphide cross-link between adjacent polypeptide chains.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Disulphide bond", "opb": "Covalent bond", "opc": "Vander Waal bond", "opd": "Hydrogen bond", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Structure & Function of Proteins)", "id": "1139592f-b353-4861-b39d-86331205ecfb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complex I of ETC is inhibited by", "exp": "Inhibitors of ETC Site-I (Complex-I) Rotenone: A fish poison and also insecticide. Inhibits transfer of electrons through complex-I-NADH-Q-reductase.Amobarbital (Amytal) and Secobarbital: Inhibits electron transfer through NADH-Q reductase.Piericidin A: An antibiotic. Blocks electron transfer by competing with CoQ.Drugs: Chlorpromazine and hypotensive drug like guanethidine.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 143", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amobarbital", "opb": "Cyanide", "opc": "CO", "opd": "H2S", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "ae8926e7-a3f1-4984-b099-feeccedc1770", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ferric chloride test in PKU gives", "exp": "Urine of the patient contains phenylketones about 500- 3000 mg/day . This could be detected by adding a drop of ferric chloride to the urine . A transient blue - green color is a positive test. But this is a less reliable test. Ref : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK ; SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO : 237.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Green", "opb": "Red", "opc": "Yellow", "opd": "Blue", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "7b8f7263-5367-4741-8be4-a5869d76c432", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The amino acid that produces kinks in the b pleated structure of proteins is", "exp": "Proline and 4hydroxy proline confer strength to fibrous proteins like collagen,elastin,keratin etc. in their beta pleated structureRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 244", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycine", "opb": "Serine", "opc": "Proline", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "030c8d7d-1119-4ea1-b12d-584078b06d7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inhibition of glycolysis by increased supply of O2 is", "exp": "uCrab Tree Effect - Increasing concentrations of glucose accelerates glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose) which results in the production of appreciable amounts of ATP through substrate level phosphorylation. uPasteur effect - Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is inhibited. This inhibitory effect of oxygen on glycolysis.uWarburg Effect - Most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol, rather than by a comparatively low rate of glycolysis followed by oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria as in most normal cells.Lehninger, Albe (2008). Principles of Biochemistry. 4th ed, p. 533.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Crabtree effect", "opb": "Pasteur effect", "opc": "Lewis effect", "opd": "Warburg effect", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "a8ab8ba3-c149-4b65-88c6-4681a991cafb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "type 2 hypercholesterolemia occubrs due to", "exp": "Type II A(Primary familial hypercholesterolemia)There is elevation of LDL. Patients seldom survivethe second decade of life due to ischemic headisease (Table 25.4). The cause is the LDL receptordefect. Receptor deficiency in liver and peripheraltissues will result in the elevation of LDL levels inplasma, leading to hypercholesterolemia. The LDLreceptor defect may be due to the following reasons:1. LDL receptor deficiency.2. Defective binding of B-100 to the receptor. Asubstitution of glutamine for arginine at 3500thamino acid results in poor binding to LDLreceptors. This defect is known as B-3500 orfamilial defective apo-B.3. The receptor-ldl complex is not internalized.Secondary type II hyperlipoproteinemia is seenin hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, nephroticsyndrome and cholestasisRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 300", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipoprotein lipase deficiency", "opb": "Absence of LDL receptors on cells", "opc": "Abnormality in apo E", "opd": "LCAT deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "fc7ba1ac-0401-4352-b905-00170e17897e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum content of triglycerides are found in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. Chylomicrons Maximum content of TG's is seen in - Chylomicrons*Maximum content of exogenous TG's is seen in -Chylomicrons*Maximum content of endogenous TG's is seen in -VLDL*Maximum cholesterol is seen in - LDL*", "cop": 3, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "Chylomicrons", "opd": "VLDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Cholesterol and Lipoproteins", "id": "8ec8c1f8-e811-4fb9-8b18-7de00bd2d506", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most commonly occurring amino acid in the collagen structure is", "exp": "About 33%of aminoacids of collagen is glycine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 720", "cop": 2, "opa": "Serine", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Hydroxy proline", "opd": "Proline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "76339e9a-ee3c-4e79-b93c-f7f78b57594a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A mutation that results in premature termination of incorporation of amino acid into a peptide chain is a", "exp": "In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product. It differs from a missense mutation, which is a point mutation where a single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of a different amino acid. Some genetic disorders, such as thalassemia and DMD, result from nonsense mutations.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nonsense mutation", "opb": "Transversion", "opc": "Silent mutation", "opd": "Frameshift mutation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d2d8fa7c-99f9-4365-bd02-3ac92622422a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytochrome oxidase is inhibited by", "exp": "Site I: This involves the transfer of electrons from NADH-CoQ. Obviously, this step is omitted by succinic dehydrogenase whose FADH2 prosthetic group transfers its electrons directly to CoQ bypassing NADH. This step is blocked by piericidin, rotenone, amobarbital, ceain drugs like chlorpromazine, guanethidine. among barbital is a barbiturate derivativeRef: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 143", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cyanide", "opb": "Aluminum phosphide", "opc": "Phenobarbitone", "opd": "Carbonmonoxide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "0f39aded-e153-4f6f-a287-d638ac64ad21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of collagen in brain", "exp": "Type XXV is present in the brain Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 628 Table no: 50-1", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type IV", "opb": "Type VII", "opc": "Type XXV", "opd": "Type XXVI", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "1f3ac1ac-7607-46a1-9e9e-735a4c53d1ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biotin is needed in", "exp": "Biotin acts as co- enzymes for carboxylation reactions .Bioitin captures a molecule of CO2 which is attached to nitrogen of biotin molecule.Energy required for this reaction is provided by ATP.Tgen activated carboxyl group is transferred to the substrate.Biotin requiring CO2 Fixation reactions. Acetyl CoA + CO2 + ATP=Methyl malonyl CoA + ADP+ Pi This is the rate limiting reaction in fattyacid synthesis. Propionyl CoA + CO2 + ATP = Methyl malonyl CoA + ADP + Pi In oxidation of odd chain fatty acids. Pyruvate+ CO2 + ATP = Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi Oxaloacetate acts as catalyst for TCA cycle and as enzyme in gluconeogenic pathway Reference: DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION page no 485 Co-enzyme Main reaction using the co -enzyme Group transferred Thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP) oxidativedecarcoxylation of alpha keto acids in BPG shunt Hydroxyethyl Pyridoxalphosphate(PLP) Transamination, decarcoxylation of amino acids Aminogroup Biotin fatty acid synthesis, TCA cycle carbondioxide Co- enzyme-A ( Co-A) TCAcycle, fatty acid synthesis,gluconeogenisis, activation of acetoacetate, detoxification Acylgroup Tetrahydrofolate (FH4) Transmethylation reactions where methyl group required for synthesis of choline , epinephrine , creatine. One carbon groups Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP) universal energy currwncy Phosphate", "cop": 3, "opa": "Krebs cycle", "opb": "Urea cycle", "opc": "Fatty acid synthesis", "opd": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "0e4bcd69-feca-42a6-8bf8-a4c6ce03a8f9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alkaptonuria is due to deficiency of", "exp": "(D) Homogentisic acid oxidase # Enzyme defect in Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria):> Defective enzyme in alkaptonuria is Homogentisate oxidase in tyrosine metabolism.> Homogentisate accumulates in tissues and blood, and is excreted into urine.> Homogentisate, on standing, gets oxidized to the corresponding quinones, which polymerize to give black or brown colour.> For this reason, the urine of alkaptonuric patients resembles coA are in colour.> Homogentiste gets oxidised by polyphenol oxidase to benzoquinone acetate which undergoes polymerization to form a pigment \"Alkapton\".> Alkapton gets deposited in connective tissues, bones and various organs resulting in a condition called \"Ochronosis\".> Many patients suffer from arthritis: and this is believed to be due to the deposition of pigment alkapton in the connective tissues.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alkaptonase", "opb": "Tyrosinase", "opc": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opd": "Homogentisic acid oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "ff8c6385-0f57-4d64-b868-6d861904c5d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Composed mainly of triacylglycerols synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells is", "exp": "VLDL is synthesized in the liver, particularly after a high carbohydrate meal. It is formed from triacylglycerols that are packaged with cholesterol, apolipoproteins (particularly, apoB-100), and phospholipids, and it is released into the blood, where it acquires apoC-II and apo E.Chylomicrons contain triacylglycerols synthesized from dietary lipid in intestinal epithelial cells. LDL is the cholesterol-rich particle in the blood. Cells take up LDL by LDL binding to the LDL receptor, and the LDL-LDL receptor complex enters the cell via endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the cholesterol is released from cholesterol esters by a lysosomal enzyme and enters the cytoplasm of the cell for further processing. VLDL contains newly synthesized triglyceride and cholesterol produced by the liver. HDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport, which requires the LCAT reaction. Fatty acids, because they are so hydrophobic, cannot travel freely in the blood and need to be bound to albumin for transport through the circulatory system.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "LDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "c01eb413-8908-4fb0-969b-b0cd803adbfe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main source of energy derived from", "exp": "Liver glycogen is the first main provider of energy during short term fasting.\nLiver glycogen serves to maintain blood glucose between the meals. Therefore, liver glycogen is the most important reservoir as it comes to play its role in routine condition (between meals). Whereas, adipose tissue fuel is involved only on prolonged fasting and starvation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fat", "opb": "Glycogen", "opc": "Lactate", "opd": "Acetone", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e9832ef2-4a96-417b-af37-832905d5c129", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme not present in the skeletal muscles", "exp": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "cop": 4, "opa": "Creatinine phosphokinase", "opb": "Hexokinae", "opc": "Phosphofructokinase", "opd": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "087f0804-e1d9-4d2c-be5e-dd6d4e60d88d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transamination of Aspaate forms", "exp": "Aspaate on transamination gives rise to Oxaloacetate which initiates the TCA cycle. Aspaate aminotransferase catalyzes the reaction.Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry; DM Vasudevan; 7th edition; Page no: 226", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "Acetly CoA", "opc": "Oxaloacetate", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "d6b52d4b-ee4a-419d-a5a3-07e13c193506", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epimer combination (s) is/are", "exp": "When sugars are different from one another, only in configuration with regard to a single carbon atom, other than reference carbon atom, they are called epimers\\Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 71", "cop": 3, "opa": "D-glucose & D-fructose", "opb": "D-mannose & D-talose", "opc": "D-glucose & D-mannose", "opd": "D-glucose & D-gulose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "55be7001-4eee-4942-9e40-216ae2357e2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following is an example for unusual base", "exp": "It is present in tRNAPresent in the DHU OR D arm of tRNAServe as the recognition site for the enzyme which adds the amino acidRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 597", "cop": 1, "opa": "Di hydro uracil", "opb": "Adenine", "opc": "Cytosine", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d5f96b51-43da-49ac-b145-7d34373f1c3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stimulates the synthesis of milk proteins.", "exp": "PRL is the only hormone listed that stimulates the synthesis of milk proteins. PRL will induce a-lactalbumin, which will stimulate lactose production.", "cop": 2, "opa": "LH", "opb": "PRL", "opc": "TSH", "opd": "GH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9023d658-3d58-480e-bf58-3b41a57d03cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most essential fatty acid is", "exp": "(A) (Linoleic acid) (31- Satyanarayan(203- Harper 27th)EFA - should be supplied in the diet* Deficiency results in phrynoderma or toad skin* Cyclic fatty acids - normely chaumoogric acid is employed in the treatment of leprosy.* Most important EFA is Linoleic acid (because it server as a basis for the production of other essential fatty acids)* Essential fatty acids are- linoleic acid. Linolenic acids, arachidonic acid. Elcosapentanoic acid* Ecosanoids are formed from - C2o polyunsatured fatty acids (Arachidonic acid)*** Maximum source of linoleic is- sunflower oils*** Vegetables oils ** are rich source of poly unsaturated fatty acids.* Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is particularly needed for development of the brain and retina and is supplied via the placenta and milk *** The endoperoxide metabolites of arachidonic acid implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma are Leukotriens ***TRANS FATTY ACIDS* TFA are chemically classified as unsaturated fatty acids but I have more like saturated fatty acids in the body that is they elevated serum LDL and they increase the risk of CHD* TFA do not occur naturally in plants, but occurs in small amounts in animals. However TFA are formed during the hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils* TFA are a major component of many commercial baked gcods, such as cook ies and cakes and most deep - fried foods.* A clue to the presence of TFA in a food is the words \" partially hydrogenated\" on the list of package ingredients (363-64-Lippincorf s - Biochemistry)ALSO - REMEMBERRichest source of vit A - Fish liver oilRichest source of VIT D - cod liver oilRichest source of vit K - cow's milkRichest source of vit B12- LiverRichest source of folic acid - green leafy vegetablesRichest source of iron is - jaggeryRichest source iodine is - sea foods and cod liver oil* Fatty acids are stored as Triglycerides mainly in adipose tissue.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Linoleic acid", "opb": "Linolenic acid", "opc": "Arachidonic acid", "opd": "Palmitic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "f59cf2f2-4725-4f0f-a57d-f3891b7f0811", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amphiphatic helices are", "exp": "Many α helices have predominantly hydrophobic R-groups projecting from one side of the axis of the helix and predominantly hydrophilic R-groups projecting from the other side. These amphipathic helices are well adapted to the formation of interfaces between polar and nonpolar regions such as the hydrophobic interior of a protein and its aqueous environment. Clusters of amphipathic helices can create channels, or pores, through hydrophobic cell membranes that permit specific polar molecules to pass.\nNote: Clusters of twisted strands of β sheet are called β barrels.\nRef: Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 30th edition page no: 37", "cop": 1, "opa": "α helices having predominantly hydrophobic R-groups projecting from one side and predominantly hydrophilic R-groups projecting from the other side of the axis of the helix", "opb": "Clusters of twisted strands of β sheet", "opc": "Short segments of amino acids that join two units of the secondary structure", "opd": "Supersecondary structures", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1d17bad7-792e-4122-a4f1-ff9f32fa1307", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most abundant protein in humans is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Collagen", "opb": "Albumin", "opc": "Globin", "opd": "hemoglobin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d5aee64-39f7-4947-ab3d-088a5fa75c19", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Impaired Glucose intolerance is caused by deficiency of", "exp": "Ans. (a) ChromiumRef: Harrisons, 19th ed. pg. 96e-9* A deficiency of chromium can cause impaired glucose tolerance.* Physiologically, chromium potentiates the action of insulin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, presumably by increasing insulin receptor-mediated signaling.* Rich food sources of chromium include yeast, meat, and grain products.* Note:# Deficiency of Selenium: Can cause cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease)# Selenium toxicity: Can cause selenosis (Kashinbeck disease)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromium", "opb": "Selenium", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Cobalt", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "94e0ccfc-3924-43b1-88b7-2bdbd97819c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gel filtration chromatography separates proteins based on", "exp": "Gel filtration chromatography separates proteins based on their Stokes radius, the radius of the sphere they occupy as they tumble in solution. The Stokes radius is a function of molecular mass and shape. When rapidly tumbling, an elongated protein occupies a larger effective volume than a spherical protein of the same mass. Size-exclusion chromatography employs porous beads. The pores are analogous to indentations in a riverbank. As objects move downstream, those that enter an indentation are retarded until they drift back into the main current. Similarly, proteins with Stokes radii too large to enter the pores (excluded proteins), remain in the flowing mobile phase, and emerge before proteins that can enter the pores (included proteins). Proteins thus emerge from a gel filtration column in descending order of their Stokes radii.\nRef: Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 30th edition page no: 27", "cop": 3, "opa": "Polarity", "opb": "Hydrophobicity", "opc": "Stokes radius", "opd": "pH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "47781e14-79e5-4fdc-8b06-0611288c7a6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hyperammonemia type I is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Deficiency of any of the urea cycle enzymes result in hyperammonemia. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase1 deficiency or hyperammonemia type 1 is comparatively rare and is characterized by severe hyperammonemia.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 205", "cop": 1, "opa": "CPS-I", "opb": "CPS-II", "opc": "Arginase", "opd": "Arginosuccinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "43a2fa03-fbb7-4258-a0f3-22b6823c7857", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Structural proteins are", "exp": "Structural Proteins : COLLAGEN is the most abundant protein in mammals and is the main fibrous component of skin , bone , tendon cailage and teeth. Different arrangements of collagen fibrils in tissues are seen. Parallel bundles in tendons and sheets layered at many angles in skin. Heat denatured collagen is GELATIN. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK , EIGHTH EDITION , Page no :40 and 41", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrous", "opb": "Globular", "opc": "Branched", "opd": "Compound", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "5072a084-f99d-4b3f-a050-d507f91ac090", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urea cycle enzymes are", "exp": "Arginosuccinate synthetase is an enzyme involved. Other options are not present.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 205 .fig 15.13.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutaminase", "opb": "Asparginase", "opc": "Arginosuccinate synthetase", "opd": "Ornithine transcaroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "5990a67d-5490-49ae-895e-2dbbc789fd1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Gaucher's diseases, there is deficiency of", "exp": "Glucocerebrosidase\n\nGaucher's disease is due to deficiency of 13-glucosidase (glucocerebrosidase).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucocerebrosidase", "opb": "Glucokinase", "opc": "Sphingomyelinase", "opd": "G-6PD", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4103204b-37c0-451a-b0bf-9678784d5aad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An enzyme involved in the catabolism of fructose to pyruvate in the liver is", "exp": "Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase \n\nFructose is converted glyceroldehyde-3-phosphate which, in turn, is metabolised to pyruvate by glycolysis.\nAmongst the given options, only glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is the enzyme which is involved in glycolysis after formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glyceraldehyde–3–phosphate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Phosphoglucomutase", "opc": "Lactate-dehydrogenase", "opd": "Glucokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6a48089-6377-44a8-85bb-a4034c5a056e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Insulin acts on glucose metabolism by", "exp": "Insulin signals the cells of insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues, primarily skeletal muscle, to increase their uptake of glucose.Secondly, insulin acts on the liver to promote glycogenesis.Finally, insulin simultaneously inhibits glucagon secretion from pancreatic a-cells, thus signalling the liver to stop producing glucose glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 165, 318, 323", "cop": 2, "opa": "| permeability of glucose across cell membrane", "opb": "| permeability of glucose across cell membrane against glucose gradient", "opc": "| permeability of renal cells", "opd": "| glucose transpo to brain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "56d5d8d7-3ea1-445e-bb19-bf8c7757dac2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Organelle involved in protein soing is", "exp": "Protein soing, O glycosylation, and glycoproteins, oligosaccharide chain processing are the functions of the Golgi apparatus. Reference: Harper; 30th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Golgi apparatus", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Ribosomes", "opd": "Nuclear membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "ada57b03-65d7-4ea1-bc95-156c66fd566e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein synthesis occurs in", "exp": "Synthesis of proteins are based on the grnic information present on the DNA which is transcribef into the mRNA nucleotide sequence and then translated to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. The mRNA encodes the information,tge tRNA transposthe aminoacids and ribosomes provide the platform for the protein synthesizing machinery .Transfer RNA and ribosomal RBA are transcribed from specific genes on DNA by RNA polymerases Reference:FM.VASUDEVAN Textbook SEVENTH EDITION ,Page no: 597", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ribosome", "opb": "Golgi apparatus", "opc": "Lysosomes", "opd": "Endosomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "a8fe09e4-ef75-4466-80ee-957b1213785b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is catalysed by a", "exp": "Glutamine is a nutritionally non-essential amino acid It is synthesised from glutamate Free ammonia is ligated to glutamate (that is why ligase) with the use of energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. The enzyme is glutamine synthetase (Synthetase requires ATP while synthase does not require ATP).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lyase", "opb": "Ligase", "opc": "Transferase", "opd": "Oxidoreductase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Urea cycle", "id": "feb868aa-e06e-40b0-93d4-76c5bc13676f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lactose on hydrolysis yields", "exp": "Lactose i. It is the sugar present in milk. It is a reducing disaccharide. On hydrolysis, lactose yields glucose and galactose. Beta glycosidic linkage is present in lactose. ii. The anomeric carbon atom of beta-galactose is attached to the 4th hydroxyl group of glucose through beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage. The lactose may be alpha or beta variety, depending on the configuration of 1st carbon of glucose moiety.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 77", "cop": 4, "opa": "2 molecules of fructose", "opb": "2 molecules of glucose", "opc": "One molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose", "opd": "One molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "feafc28c-b62f-4cd4-b1e6-f94671cf5c04", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gluconeogenic capability of the cell is determined by the presence of", "exp": "Fructose 1-6 biphosphatase \n\nGlyconeogenesis refers to the synthesis of glycogen from non-carbohydrate precursors like fat or proteins, without using glucose or other carbohydrates. It should not be confused with glycogenesis which refers to the synthesis of glycogen from glucose.\nProcess of glyconeogenesis is same as for gluconeogenesis except for the last step, where glucose-6-phosphate enters the glycogen synthesis cycle instead of conversion into glucose.\nSo, glyconeogenesis and gluconeogenesis are same processes.\n\n\"The conversion of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, for the reversal of glycolysis, is catalyzed by fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase. Its presence determines whether a tissue is capable of synthesizing glucose, i.e. gluconeogenesis (or glycogen, i.e., glyconeogenesis) not only from pyruvate but also from triose phosphates\".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "opc": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "opd": "Fructose 1–6 biphosphatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a272ab4d-217e-4ce6-b73c-299abbc13c00", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary hypercholesterolemia is", "exp": "Type II A (Primary familial hypercholesterolemia)There is elevation of LDL. Patients seldom survive the second decade of life due to ischemic hea disease. The cause is LDL receptor defect. Receptor deficiency in liver and peripheral tissues will result in the elevation of LDL levels in plasma, leading to hypercholesterolemia. The LDL receptor defect may be due to the following reasons:LDL receptor deficiency.Defective binding of B-100 to the receptor. A substitution of glutamine for arginine at 3500th amino acid results in poor binding to LDL receptors. This defect is known as B-3500 or familial defective apo-B.Receptor-LDL complex is not internalised. Secondary type II hyperlipoproteinemia is seen in hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome and cholestasisRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry 6th Edition 300", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type IIa", "opc": "Type IIb", "opd": "Type III", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "42586fc0-7073-4018-96bd-12bc96fcc462", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Z DNA helix", "exp": "Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern (instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form). Z-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with A- and B-DNA.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Has fewer base pairs per turn than B DNA", "opb": "Is ored by an alternating GC sequences", "opc": "Tends to be found at 3 end to genes", "opd": "Is inhibited by methylation of the bases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "68d80c0c-7b16-4d7f-adf7-c2c06fb5e6b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Test used for cholesterol is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Salkowski test", "opb": "Schilling test", "opc": "Zellwenger’s test", "opd": "Brodie’s test", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a317dcdd-de6a-48f1-95f7-7fc4473cd6e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xanthoproteic test is used for", "exp": "Xanthoproteic test: The ring systems in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan undergo nitration on treatment with concentrated nitric acid when heated (Salkowski, 1888). The end product is yellow in color which is intensified in strongly alkaline medium. This reaction causes the yellow stain in the skin by nitric acid.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 31", "cop": 3, "opa": "Reducing sugars", "opb": "Bile salts", "opc": "Amino acids", "opd": "Ketone bodies", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "0172d766-b2e1-46aa-a1d0-f2f8a80fd233", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "If starvation exceeds 7 days, the major nutritional supply to the brain comes from", "exp": "Glucose Is Always Required by the Central Nervous System and ErythrocytesErythrocytes lack mitochondria and hence are wholly reliant on (anaerobic) glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway at all times. The brain can metabolize ketone bodies to meet about 20% of its energy requirements; the remainder must be supplied by glucose. The metabolic changes that occur in the fasting state and starvation serve to preserve glucose and the body's limited glycogen reserves for use by the brain and red blood cells and to provide alternative metabolic fuels for other tissues.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 14; Overview of Metabolism & the Provision of Metabolic Fuels", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fatty acids", "opb": "Ketone bodies", "opc": "Protein breakdown", "opd": "Carbohydrate metabolism", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "dafd78a0-167e-458c-96b4-52b0df90bd1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amphibolic cycle is", "exp": "All other pathways such as beta-oxidation of fat or glycogen synthesis are either catabolic or anabolic. But TCA cycle is truly amphibolic (both catabolic and anabolic) in nature. There is a continuous influx (pouring into) (Fig.18.9) and a continuous efflux (removal) of 4-carbon units from the TCA cycle (Fig.18.8). In a traffic circle, many roads converge and traffic flows towards one direction. Since various compounds enter into or leave from TCA cycle, it is sometimes called as \"metabolic traffic circle\". Impoant anabolic reactions related with citric acid cycle are a. Oxaloacetate is the precursor of aspaate b. Alpha-ketoglutarate can be made into glutamate c. Succinyl CoA is used for synthesis of heme d. Mitochondrial citrate is transpoed to cytoplasm, where it is cleaved into acetyl CoA, which then is the staing point of fatty acid synthesis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Citric acid cycle", "opb": "Glycolysis", "opc": "Protein synthesis", "opd": "Lipolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "21df9392-05d1-484c-8207-5c3343bbe58c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ceruloplasmin has the activity of", "exp": "Whole blood contains about 100 microgram/dl of copper. Out of this, 95% is in RBC as colourless erythrocuprein. In plasma, ceruloplasmin is an impoant copper-containing protein (see Chapter 28). Normal serum level of ceruloplasmin is 25-50 mg/dl. Ceruloplasmin is a blue-colored glycoprotein (Latin \"caeruleus\" = blue). It is also called serum ferroxidase. It promotes oxidation of ferrous ion to ferric form, which is incorporated into transferrin. The copper atoms are tightly bound with ceruloplasmin. So copper from ceruloplasmin cannot be released easily. About 10% of copper in plasma is loosely bound with albumin, which constitutes the transpo form of copper.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 428", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hydrolase", "opb": "Enolase", "opc": "Aminotransferase", "opd": "Ferroxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "eec60f19-31a9-43a6-a98a-df4fd8fa6b77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most stable amino acid at physiological pH is", "exp": "Histidine plays unique roles in enzymatic catalysis. The pKa of its imidazole proton permits histidine to function at neutral pH as either a base or an acid catalyst  without  the  need  for  any  environmentally  induced shift. \nHarper's Illustrated Biochemistry 30 th edition page no 22", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Lysine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "939f111c-41b6-42a5-9466-46403fd0440e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "pH is maximum in", "exp": "The exocrine pancreas secretes about 1000-2500 ml of juice in 24 hours. The fluid is alkaline and contains bicarbonate and enzymes. This secretion is under the control of the hormones, Secretin and cholecystokinin. Secretin is produced under the stimulation of gastric HCl. Secretin produces a secretion with high bicarbonate content. Gastrin stimulates the production of cholecystokinin (CCK), which in turn produces pancreatic secretion rich in enzymes. The major enzymes present in pancreatic juice are amylase, lipase and proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase) as their zymogensRef: DM Vasudevan, page no: 312", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pancreatic secretion", "opb": "Intestinal secretions", "opc": "Salivary secretions", "opd": "Gastric secretion", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "8d550ef9-b211-4e07-ab37-bcee3ab517c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urea is end product of", "exp": "(Amino acid nitrogen metabolism) (241-Harper 28th) (253-Lippincott's 4th)UREA CYCLE* Urea is the end product of protein metabolism (aminoacid metabolism) and accounts for about 90% of the nitrogen containing compounds of urine. One nitrogen of urea molecule is supplied by free NH3 and other nitrogen by aspartate. Glutamate is the immediate precursor of both ammonia. The carbon and oxygen of urea are derived from CO2. urea is produced by the liver and then is transported in the blood to the kidneys for excretion in the urine* Urea cycles occurs exclusively in the cytosol, urea is produced by the hydrolysis of arginine. The cleavage of argininosuccinate does not require ATP* Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS-I) is the rate limiting reaction or committed step in urea synthesisOutline of Urea cycle* The Urea cycle is linked to the TCA cycle through the productin of fumarate**, Amino acid catabolism, is therefore directly coupled to energy productionMetabolic defects in Urea cycle* Hyper ammonia type ICarbamoyl phosphate synthase I* Hyperammonia type IIOrnithine transcarbamoylase* CitrullinemiaArginosuccinate synthase* Arginosuccinic aciduriaA rginosuccinase* Hyper argininemiaArginase* Dietary consumption of a protein rich meal increases the level of N-acetylglutamate in liver which enhances urea production* Excess ammonia generated from protein nitrogen is removed by urea cycle* Excess nitrogen is removed by IV phenylacetate and benzoate that conjugate with glutamine and glycine respectively (2473-74-H17th)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aminoacid-nitrogen metabolism", "opb": "HMP. Pathway", "opc": "Fatty acid- oxidation", "opd": "Glycogenolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "6f5e8bc8-d098-4354-981c-145c188779a5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemoglobin electrophoresis is based on", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. charge Each of the major hemoglobin types has an electrical charge of a different degree, so the most useful method for separating and measuring normal and abnormal hemoglobins is electrophoresis. This process involves subjecting hemoglobin components from dissolved red blood cells to an electric field. The components then move away from each other at different rates, and when separated form a series of distinctly pigmented bands. The bands are then compared with those of a normal sample. Each band can be further assessed as a percentage of the total hemoglobin, thus indicating the severity of any abnormality.", "cop": 2, "opa": "molecular weight", "opb": "charge", "opc": "solubility", "opd": "calorimetric properties", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Biological Function of Proteins", "id": "583e3411-ab7d-49da-8c97-1def7732eee2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Riboflavin is a constituent of", "exp": "Coenzymes of B-complex Vitamins* Coenzyme (abbretion) Derived from vitamin Atom or group transferred Dependent enzyme (example) Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) Thiamine Aldehyde or kato Transketolase Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Riboflavin Hydrogen and electron L-Amino acid oxidase Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+) Riboflavin Hydrogen and electron D-Amino acid oxidase Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Niacin Hydrogen and electron Lactate dehydrogenase Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) Niacin Hydrogen and electron Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Lipoic acid Lipoic acid Hydrogen and electron Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Pyridoxal phopsphate (PLP) Pyridoxine Amino or keto Alanine transaminase Coenzyme A (CoA) Panthothenic acid Acyl Thiokinase Tetrahydrofolate (FH4) Folic acid One carbon (formyl, methenyl etc.) Formyl transferase Biocytin Biotin CO2 Pyruvate carboxylase methylcobalamin; Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin Cobalamin methyl/isomerisation Methylmalonyl CoA mutase", "cop": 1, "opa": "FMN", "opb": "NAD", "opc": "PLP", "opd": "THF", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "351c6b21-7730-4fce-8ec7-001ae43b6969", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme specificity", "exp": "Some enzymes are absolutely specific. For example, hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide is catalyzed by urease. Urea is the only substrate for urease. Thiourea, though structurally similar to urea, will not act as the substrate for urease. Similarly, glucose oxidase will oxidize only beta-D-glucose and no other isomeric form. Thus, these enzymes show absolute specificity. Enzyme activity is expressed as micromoles of substrate conveed to product per minute under specified assay conditions. One standard unit (or International Unit) of enzyme activity (U) is the amount of enzyme that will conve one micromole of substrate per minute per litre of sample and is abbreted as U/L.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 57", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amount of enzyme causing transformation of 1 H.mol of substrate per minute under standard conditions", "opb": "Amount of enzyme required per second, per mole of product formation", "opc": "Number of sited per substrate", "opd": "Amount of enzyme binding with various substrates", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "4a3ba1e5-69f3-4d8f-9819-23d3f49655a2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "LCAT deficiency increases the following", "exp": "* HDL is synthesized and secreted from both liver and intestine * Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is associated with HDL containing apo A-I. * As cholesterol in HDL becomes esterified, it creates a concentration gradient and draws in cholesterol from tissues and from other lipoproteins thus enabling HDL to function in reverse cholesterol transpo * Absence of LCAT leads to block in reverse cholesterol transpo. HDL remains as nascent disks incapable of taking up and esterifying cholesterol. Ref:- Harper 30/e; pg num:- 249, 272", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "IDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e2e0c084-d8c4-4cbc-ae0e-3c34c1454622", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutathione is composed of", "exp": "Miester Cycle.Glutathione is composed of three aminoacids,which includes gamma-glutamate, cysteine and glycine.This is catalyzed by gamma glutamyl transferase.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 198", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cysteine & Glycine", "opb": "Glutamic acid, cysteine & glycine", "opc": "Glutamic acid, glycine & cystine", "opd": "Lysine & methionine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "b3dac0e8-80cb-4cb3-8492-9ef85f65c5d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Topoisomers are DNA form that differ in", "exp": "Topoisomers are DNA form that differ in linking number Linking number Number of times one strand of DNA has to be passed through the other strand to separate both the strands completely. Its an integer for a closed circular DNA. Topoisomers are DNA forms that differ in their linking number. Topoisomerases are the enzymes which can change the linking number of DNA. Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are known as the core histones, while histones H1/H5 are known as the linker histones", "cop": 4, "opa": "GC content", "opb": "Melting temperature", "opc": "Coding region", "opd": "Linking number", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Replication", "id": "af805a1c-7599-44f4-922d-3ea99157c40c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine occurs by", "exp": "Ans. a (N-Methylation) (Ref. KDT 6th/pg. 116 and Harper biochemistry 27th/pg. 272)Cells in the adrenal medulla synthesize and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine. The ratio of these two catechola- mines in humans is roughly 8:1, with 80% of the catecholamine output being epinephrine. Synthesis of catecholamines begins with the amino acid tyrosine, which is taken up by chromaffin cells in the medulla and converted to norepinephrine and epinephrine through the following steps:SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF CATECHOLAMINESSTEPS IN CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESISCatecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate limiting enzyme and its inhibition by alphamethyl-p-tyrosine results in depletion of CAs; this can be used in pheochro- mocytoma before surgery and in inoperable cases. All enzymes of CA synthesis are rather nonspecific and can act on closely related substrates, e.g. dopa decarboxylase can form 5-HT from 5-hydroxytryptophan and a methyl DA from a methyl dopa. Synthesis of NA occurs in all adrenergic neurones, while that of Adr occurs only in the adrenal medullary cells. It probably requires high cone of glucocorticoids reaching through intraadrenal portal circulation for induction of the methylating enzyme.# Secretions of Norepinephrine and epinephrine stored in electron-dense granules are stimulated by acetylcholine release from preganglionic sympathetic fibers innervating the medulla.# Many types of \"stresses\" stimulate such secretion, including exercise, hypoglycemia and trauma.# STEPS:- Tyrosine is transported into catecholamine-secreting neurons and adrenal medullary cells where catecholamine synthesis takes place.- The first step in the process requires tyrosine hydroxylase, which like phenylalanine hydroxylase requires tetrahydrobiopterin (HJB) as cofactor.- The hydroxylation reaction generates DOPA (3,4-dihydrophenylalanine).- DOPA decarboxylase converts DOPA to dopamine, dopamine P-hydroxylase converts dopamine to norepinephrine, and phenylethanolamine.- N-methyltransferase converts norepinephrine to epinephrine.- Tyrosine=> DOPA (HYDROXYLATION)- DOPA=> Dopamine (DECARBOXYLATION)- Dopamine=> Norepinephrine (HYDROXYLATION)- Norepinephrine=> Epinephrine (METHYLATION)# This latter reaction is one of several in the body that uses SAM (S-adenosylhomocysteine) as a methyl donor.ReceptorEffectively bindsEffect of ligand bindingAlpha-1Epinephrine, NorepinephrineIncreased free calciumAlpha-2Epinephrine, NorepinephrineDecreased cyclic AMPBeta-1Epinephrine, NorepinephrineIncreased cyclic AMPBeta-2EpinephrineIncreased cyclic AMP", "cop": 1, "opa": "Methylation", "opb": "Decarboxylation", "opc": "Oxidation", "opd": "Sulphation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "d6613a97-ec25-4c03-b085-01aaf7fd3c89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "GLUT responsible for secretion of insulin from beta cells of pancreas", "exp": "Glucose transpoer 2 (GLUT2) also known as solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transpoer), member 2 (SLC2A2) is a transmembrane carrier protein that enables protein facilitated glucose movement across cell membranesGLUT2 has high capacity for glucose but low affinity (high Km, ca. 15-20 mM) and thus functions as pa of the \"glucose sensor\" in pancreatic b-cells. It is a very efficient carrier for glucose.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5824ee6f-4574-4d3f-9b8f-a4a5c5724f25", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Naf inhibits", "exp": "Enolase requires Mg2++, and by removing magnesium ions, fluoride will irreversibly inhibit this enzyme. Thus fluoride will stop the whole glycolysis.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 111", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enolase", "opb": "Glucokinase", "opc": "Hexokinase", "opd": "G-6 PD", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "07cc186e-078f-4eb5-82c8-d426261bb781", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Electron transpo from cytochrome &;b&; to cytochrome &;c&; is inhibited by", "exp": "Site II: This involves the transfer of electrons from Cytb-Cyt-c1. This step, as well as the previous one, is bypassed in the oxidation of L-ascorbate whose electrons are directly transferred to Cyt-c. This step is blocked by BAL, Antimycin A, Hypoglycaemic drug like phenformin.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 143", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oligomycin", "opb": "Antimycin", "opc": "Piericidin", "opd": "Carbon monoxide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "528ff2b7-a3e8-4163-8c71-58792b1c58d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In glycogen, the linkage at branch points is", "exp": "option c: In glycogen, the linkage at branch points is alpha-1,6 In glycogen , Linkage at straight chains alpha -1,4 branch points alpha-1,6", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alpha -1,4", "opb": "Alpha-2,3", "opc": "Alpha-1,6", "opd": "ss-1,4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Classification of carbohydrate", "id": "bd9ba135-be64-4c04-8132-4adaf69741ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The purpose of Lactate dehydrogenase in anaerobic glycolysis is", "exp": "Replenishment of NAD is important because, it helps to sustain glycolysis in anaerobic conditions.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Production of Lactate", "opb": "Production of ATP", "opc": "Replenishment of NAD", "opd": "Replenishment of NADH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "436b9818-dd0b-4cdf-83e3-b97bd4d29205", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The double bond in cholesterol structure is found in", "exp": "structure of cholesterol Cholesterol is a 27-carbon compound containing a steroid nucleus, which resembles a phenanthrene ring (rings A, B, C) to which a cyclopentane ring (ring D) is attached Methyl groups are attached at carbons 10 and 13. A side chain is attached at carbon-17. A hydroxyl group is attached at carbon-3. Double bond is present in Ring B. Reference: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry 30th Edition Pg 219", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ring D", "opb": "Ring C", "opc": "Ring B", "opd": "Ring A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "0aec278e-7fc3-457b-81e2-37486ae8804c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of", "exp": "Classical phenylketonuria (hyperphenylalaninemia type I) → Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase.\nAtypical phenylketonuria (hyperphenylalaninemia type II and III) → Defect in dihydrobiopterin reductase.\nHyperphenylalaninemia type IV and V → Defect in dihydrobiopterin synthesis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phenylalanine transaminase", "opb": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opc": "Tyrosine transaminase", "opd": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ed8144d8-e5de-40c7-9424-241dc834c924", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemoproteins are", "exp": "Conjugated protein containing <a href=\" as the prosthetic group, such as <a href=\" <a href=\" <a href=\" or <a href=\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytochrome C", "opb": "Cytochrome 450", "opc": "Myoglobin", "opd": "Hemoglobin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "8e264c5a-024e-4947-a1ce-447c65bfa9b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tyrosinase is", "exp": "Tyrosinase is a copper-containing oxidase. It is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 348", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxidase", "opb": "Transferase", "opc": "Lyase", "opd": "Isomerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "38211e5a-f1f0-4b12-9d00-755d6d074f6f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Atractiloside act as", "exp": "Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation i. Atractyloside inhibits translocaseRef: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 234", "cop": 2, "opa": "Uncoupler", "opb": "Inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation", "opc": "Inhibitor of complex I of ETC", "opd": "Inhibitor of complex III of ETC", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "338d1c37-4665-4872-ab3d-dec9271c590a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biological value of proteins refers to the", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Proteins efficiency ratio", "opb": "Proteins biologic value", "opc": "Protein energy ratio", "opd": "Calorific value", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "277e5854-0aaf-4fe7-9c9d-aa5c0be13c48", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Zn deficiency causes", "exp": "(A) (Acrodermatitis) (420- Satyanaroyan 4th)Acrodermatitis enteropathica - is a rareInherited metabolic disease of zinc deficiency caused by a defect in the absorption ofZn from the intestineZINC -- Prostate gland is very rich in Zn- Zn is mainly an intracellular element- Regarded as an Antioxidant- Gusten - a zinc containing protein of the saliva - is important for Taste sensation- Zn absorption appears to be dependent on a transport protein- Metallothionein- Zn deficiency is associated with- growth retardation, poor wound healing, anemia, loss of appetite , loss of taste sensation impaired spermatogenesis, Depression, dementia and other psychiatric disoders.Zinc containing enzymes* Superoxide dismutase (it is CU-Zn protein complex)* Carbonic anhydrase* Leucine amino peptidase* Carboxy peptide A'* Alcohol dehydrogenase *** Retinine reductase* Alkaline phosphatase* Glutamate dehydrogenase* Lactate dehydrogenase* DNA and RNA polymerase* d-ALA dehydratase", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acrodermatits", "opb": "Scaly dermatiis", "opc": "Follicular keratosis", "opd": "Skeletal fluorosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "edc37cb3-3ee9-43a9-b8ce-75aef8247b47", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apa from occurring in nucleic acids, pyrimidines are also found in", "exp": "Thiamin (vitamin B1) consists of two components: the pyrimidine moiety (4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridine) and the thiazole moiety (5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl thiazole).The thiazole and pyrimidine moieties are biosynthesized separately and then combined to form ThMP by the action of thiamine-phosphate synthase", "cop": 4, "opa": "Theophylline", "opb": "Theobromine", "opc": "Flavin mononucleotide", "opd": "Thiamine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "69373694-c60b-4ab3-9300-9ac207320913", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mitochondria havea) Plasmid DNAb) Circular DNAc) Single stranded DNAd) Double stranded DNA", "exp": "Mitochondrial DNA is small circular double stranded DNA molecule.", "cop": 1, "opa": "bd", "opb": "d", "opc": "ab", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6e99fe44-a901-40e7-b67e-47eb292f660a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipogenesis in liver is stimulated by", "exp": "Insulin", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucagon", "opb": "Insulin", "opc": "Thyroxine", "opd": "Epinephrine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f973a16-a353-4347-b1bc-05eae1bcef10", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene amplification is by", "exp": "PCR is an in-vitro DNA amplification procedure in which millions of copies of paicular sequence of DNA can be produced within a few hoursRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 638", "cop": 1, "opa": "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "opb": "Ligase chain reaction", "opc": "DNA hybridization", "opd": "In situ hybridization", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "3cafa6d5-76ac-431b-8340-e483d382a9dd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Non competitive inhibition has", "exp": "ref : satyanaryana 7th ed", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased km and decreased Vmax", "opb": "NORMAL km and decreased Vmax", "opc": "Decreased km and increased Vmax", "opd": "normal km and increased Vmax", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ab85dcc0-fd9d-4c67-9761-8dc51b208fbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trinucleotide repeats found ina) Huntigton's diseaseb) Spinocerebellar ataxiac) Amyotropic lateral sclerosisd) Sclerosis", "exp": "Examples of trinucleotide repeat mutation :-\n\n\nHuntignton's disease      \nSpinocerebella ataxia \nFriedreich ataxia      \nFragile - X-syndrome\nDystrophia myotanica\nDentorubral pallidoluysiane atrophy\nX-chromosome spinobulbar muscular atrophy", "cop": 4, "opa": "ac", "opb": "a", "opc": "ad", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "46b1e433-218c-496d-9346-06585915007d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In synthesis of fatty acid, energy is supplied by", "exp": "An impoant point to remember is that the co-enzyme utilised for de novo synthesis is NADPH. The sources of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis are 1. Pentose Phosphate Pathway This is the main source. Tissues having active lipogenesis (liver, adipose tissue, lactating mammary gland) have an active HMP shunt pathway also. 2. Malic Enzyme Malate + NADP+ - Pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ The reaction also helps to transfer cytoplasmic oxaloacetate to the mitochondria. For every molecule of acetyl CoA delivered to the cytoplasm, one molecule of NADPH is formed and reducing equivalents are generated in cytoplasRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 139", "cop": 4, "opa": "NAD", "opb": "FAD", "opc": "GTP", "opd": "NADPH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "95eba8b0-5528-41de-8bf6-34b38db8c74d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratin sulfate in urine is found in", "exp": "(C) Morquio's syndrome > Hurler syndrome, also known as Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI), Hurler's disease, also Gargoylism, is a genetic disorder that results in the buildup of glycosaminoglycans (formerly known as mucopolysaccharides) due to a deficiency of alpha-L iduronidase, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of mucopolysaccharides in lysosomes.: Without this enzyme, a buildup of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate occurs in the body. Symptoms appear during childhood and early death can occur due to organ damage.> Hunter syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis Type II, is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficient (or absent) enzyme, iduronate-2-suifatase.> Morquio's syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IV or Morquio's) is an autosomal recessive mucopolysaccharide storage disease, usually inherited. It is a rare type of birth defect with serious consequences. When the body cannot process certain types of mucopolysaccharides, they build up or are eliminated, causing various symptoms.lt involves accumulation of keratan sulfate> Sanfilippo syndrome, or Mucopolysaccharidosis III (MPS-III) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency in one of the enzymes needed to break down the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (which is found in the extra-cellular matrix and on cell surface glycoproteins).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hurler's syndrome", "opb": "Hunter's syndrome", "opc": "Morquio's syndrome", "opd": "Sanfillipo's syndrome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "3466943a-469a-4962-9e22-955477c71763", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in Cori disease is", "exp": "Type Name Enzyme Deficiency Clinical Features IIIa Limit dextrinosis, Forbe or Cori disease Liver and muscle debranching enzyme Fasting hypoglycemia Hepatomegaly in infancy Accumulation of characteristic branched polysaccharide (limit dextrin) Muscle weakness Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Table: 18-2; Page no: 179", "cop": 3, "opa": "Liver phosphorylase", "opb": "Branching enzyme", "opc": "Liver and muscle debranching enzyme", "opd": "Muscle phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "bebefba6-6417-4c22-bd37-b79061eba353", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin A intoxication causes injury to", "exp": "Hypervitaminosis A Common in arctic explorers who eat polar bear liver Organelle damaged in hypervitaminosis is Lysosomes Acute toxicity: Pseudotumor cerebri (headache, dizziness, vomiting, stupor, and blurred vision, symptoms that may be confused with a brain tumor) and exfoliative dermatitis. In the liver, hepatomegaly and hyperlipidemia Chronic toxicity: If intake of > 50,000 IU/day for > 3 months Weight loss, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bony exostosis, bone and joint pain, decreased cognition, hepatomegaly progresses to cirrhosis In pregnancy, retinoids cause teratogenic effects. ref DM Vasudevan 8th ed page 457", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lysosomes", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Microtubules", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "1d320bd2-c960-42d5-8c16-7c1747e9b5f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Impoant intermediate product of biosynthesis of fatty acid is", "exp": "Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA The first step in the fatty acid synthesis is the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA. The acetyl CoA carboxylase is not a pa of the multienzyme complex. But it is the rate-limiting enzyme. Biotin, a member of B complex vitamins, is necessary for this reaction. The enzyme is allosterically regulated, the major effectors being citrate (positive) and palmitoyl CoA (negative). The reaction is similar to carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. The elongation of the fatty acid occurs by addition of 2 carbon atoms at a time. But the 2-carbon units are added as 3-carbon, malonyl units. The whole reaction sequence occurs while the intermediates are bound to ACP (acyl carrier protein).Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 137", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Malonyl CoA", "opc": "Acetyl CoA", "opd": "Thioesterases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b7d8e9b0-fee2-4a8c-986d-445fae0ce902", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Major functions of Vitamin E in the body", "exp": "The primary function of vitamin E is as an antioxidant in prevention of the nonenzymic oxidation of cell components, for example, polyunsaturated fatty acids, by molecular oxygen and free radicals. Vitamin E deficiency is almost entirely restricted to premature infants. When observed in adults, it is usually associated with defective lipid absorption or transpo. The signs of human vitamin E deficiency include sensitivity of erythrocytes to peroxide and the appearance of abnormal cellular membranes. Reference: Lippincott Textbook of Biochemistry pg no. 391", "cop": 4, "opa": "Regulation of energy metabolism", "opb": "Carboxylation reaction", "opc": "Blood clotting", "opd": "Protection of biological membrane from free radical damage", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "e0a13cd5-4985-4f0d-92ea-17508a6aafef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phospholamban is a protein leads to", "exp": "That leads to sequestration of Ca2+ in endoplasmic reticulum Phospholamban is a protein contained within the sarcoplasmic reticulum that inhibits the activity of the sarcoplasmic calcium pump. Inactivation of the phospholamban results in an increase in calcium sequestration by the SR. In cardiac muscle, the rapid sequestration of Ca2+ shoens the duration of the contraction. In smooth muscle, sequestration causes the muscles to relax. Phospholamban has little effect on skeletal muscle contraction.", "cop": 2, "opa": "That increase interaction of calcium with myofilaments", "opb": "That leads to sequestration of calcium in endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "That leads to sequestration of calcium by mitochondria", "opd": "That activates Ca/Na pump", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "b759eb9a-a4f5-4aab-96fe-062f6146ac3c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA estimation can be done by", "exp": "Ans. b. Spectrophotometer", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spirometer", "opb": "Spectrophotometer", "opc": "pH meter", "opd": "Sphygmomanometer", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "85807a79-249b-4f78-9c89-639b61f7e7a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glycolysis occurs in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Cytosol Reactions/PathwaysSiteGlycolysisCytosolKreb's cycleMitochondriaElectron transport chainMitochondriaHMP shuntCytosolFatty acid synthesisCytosolFatty acid oxidationMitochondriaOxidation of very long chain fatty acidsPeroxisomesGlycogenesisCytosolGlycogenolysisCytosolGluconeogenesisBoth cytosol & mitochondriaUrea cycleBoth cytosol & mitochondria", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytosol", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Nucleus", "opd": "Lysosome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Glycolysis", "id": "f83608ce-ad3d-4af4-be53-27c26dcac9c8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hexosaminidase A deficiency causes", "exp": "Tay Sach&;s disease is a lipid storage disease. Due to deficiency of hexosaminidase A.GangliosideRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 193", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tay-sach disease", "opb": "Niemann pick disease", "opc": "Gaucher's disease", "opd": "Krabbe's disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "61635c8f-0039-461f-bfa9-2bfc6bf4e7d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alkaptonuria an inherited metabolic disorder is due to the deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Homogentisate oxidase", "opb": "Cystathionase", "opc": "Pheylalanine hydroxylase", "opd": "Tyrosine transaminase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1b79076-7ec8-41bd-b2c3-749be073e8a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cellular bearings of hereditary diseases seen in", "exp": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living things. All known cellular life and some viruses contain DNA. The main role of DNA in the cell is the long-term storage of information.", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "Ribosome", "opc": "RNA", "opd": "Membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "ed13d14f-d62e-4e9b-a00e-e90f0ce902f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trapping parasites using NETs is assisted by", "exp": "NEUTROPHILS AND EOSINOPHILS EMPLOY NETS TO ENTRAP PARASITESIn addition to ingesting small microorganisms such as bacteria by phagocytosis, neutrophils and eosinophils can assist in the elimination of larger invaders by trapping them within webs called neutrophil extracellular traps or NETsRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 54 White Blood Cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neutrophils and Eosinophils", "opb": "Neutrophils and Monocytes", "opc": "Eosinophils and Monocytes", "opd": "Nk cells", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "86cfff54-25f9-4a56-ae49-6eff0164bd54", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "LCAT activates", "exp": "Lipoproteins classes as per apoprotein contents Families: LP A Apolipoproteins: A-I and A-II Density class: HDL Mol. wt. range: 17000 to 28000 Function: LCAT activator, 'Scavenger'Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Eighth Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no:445, Table 25.11", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apo A1", "opb": "Apo B100", "opc": "Apo C-2", "opd": "Apo C-3", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "3dad0674-9e0e-46b9-a025-4eee71081b69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin synthesised from amino acid is", "exp": "Vitamin synthesized from amino acid niacin.Niacin, or nicotinic acid, is a substituted pyridine derivative. The biologically active coenzyme forms are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its phosphorylated derivative, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.Reference: Lippincott Textbook of Biochemistry, fifth edition, pg no. 379", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thiamine", "opb": "Ribolflavin", "opc": "Biotin", "opd": "Niacin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "50c30ab1-b98f-440b-9a98-78451c7856e7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Binding of proteins to DNA is regulated by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Copper", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "Selenium", "opd": "Nickle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3aff75d-0a77-4118-9413-de1b8ab3edd6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Banding technique most commonly employed for cytogenetic analysis", "exp": "G-banding (most common) R-banding Q-banding C-banding T-banding G stands for Giemsa R stands for \"reverse\" Q stands for Quinacrine Fluoroescent dye C stands for Constitutive heterochromatin or Centromere T stands for telomeres to produce a visible karyotype Dark regions are heterochromatin (AT) Light regions are Euchromatin (GC) Dark regions are euchromatin Bright regions are heterochromatin", "cop": 1, "opa": "G banding", "opb": "C banding", "opc": "R banding", "opd": "Q banding", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "c86b146c-2c6e-496b-8184-8cf8947cfffa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose is linked to haemoglobin through", "exp": "*When blood glucose enters the erythrocytes, it glycates the e-amino group of lysyl residues and the amino terminals of hemoglobin.*The fraction of hemoglobin glycated, normally about 5%, is propoionate to blood glucose concentration.*Since the half-life of an erythrocyte is typically 60 days, the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects the mean blood glucose concentration over the preceding 6 to 8 weeks.*Measurement of HbA 1c therefore provides valuable information for management of diabetes mellitus.*Enzymatic addition of any sugar to a protein is called \" glycosylation\", while non-enzvmatic process is termed \"glycation\".*Interpretation of HbA1C valuesHbA1C valuesInterpretation <5.5 % Normal 5.5 - 7 % Adequate control 7 - 8 % Inadequate control 8 - 9 % Poor control Any values between 5.6 and 6 .4 are to be considered as impaired glucose tolerance. Value above 6 .5 % is considered as diabetic Harper's illustrated Biochemistry ,30th ed ,page 59", "cop": 1, "opa": "N-linkage", "opb": "O-linkage", "opc": "C-C linkage", "opd": "O-H linkage", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "b53470eb-eafe-4796-a091-cc92b0e3f7cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phosphofructokinase is the key enzyme of", "exp": "Step 3 of Glycolysis -6-phosphate is fuher phosphorylated to fructose1,6-bisphosphate. The enzyme is phosphofructokinase. ii.PFK is an allosteric, inducible, regulatory enzyme. It is an impoant key enzyme of this pathway. This is again an activation process, the energy being derived by hydrolysis of yet another molecule of ATP. This irreversible step is the rate-limiting reaction in glycolysis. However, during gluconeogenesis, this step is circumvented by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 109", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycogenolysis", "opb": "Glycogenesis", "opc": "Glycolysis", "opd": "TCA cycle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "120bb24e-4ead-480e-b60b-c5b33d4c899d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Main lipid component of LDL", "exp": "LipoproteinSourceDiameter (nm)Density (g/ml)Main lipid ComponentApolipoproteinsLDLVLDL20-251.019-1.063CholesterolB-100Ref: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 25; Lipid Transpo & Storage", "cop": 2, "opa": "Triacylglycerol", "opb": "Cholesterol", "opc": "Phospholipids", "opd": "Free fatty acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "3ee61f17-5a1f-4949-9851-0a2ae1bbfbe5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fatty acids are the main source of energy for", "exp": "Fed state Preferred fuel\nStarvation preferred fuel\n\n\n\n\nRBC\n\n\nGlucose\nGlucose\n\n\n\n\nHeart\n\n\nFatty acids\nKetone bodies\n\n\n\n\nBrain\n\n\nGlucose\nKetone bodies\n\n\n\n\nLiver\n\n\nGlucose\nFatty acids / protein\n\n\n\n\nMuscle\n\n\nGlucose\nFatty acids\n\n\n\n\nAdipose tissue\n\n\nGlucose \nFatty acids.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Muscles", "opb": "Heart", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "RBC", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "df77a283-968d-4bee-a46c-503204b2dafb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The mineral having action like vitamin E", "exp": "Selenium is having action like VitE. Selenium acts as a nonspecific intracellular anti-oxidant. This action of Se is complementary to vitamin E. Availability of vitamin E reduces the selenium requirement. In Se deficiency, tissue vitamin E content is depleted. Reference: Vasudevan Textbook of Biochemistry pg no. 430", "cop": 3, "opa": "Calcium", "opb": "Iron", "opc": "Selenium", "opd": "Magnesium", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "42f623ae-5c70-4f19-8b73-9bcb47cb6f53", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most predominantly occurring amino acid in collagen is", "exp": "Tropocollagen, the repeating unit of a mature collagen fiber, consists of three collagen polypeptides, each containing about 1000 amino acids, bundled together in a unique conformation, the collagen triple helix. Every third amino acid residue in collagen is a glycine residue. Collagen is also rich in proline and hydroxyproline, yielding a repetitive Gly-X-Y pattern in which Y generally is proline or hydroxyproline.Reference: Explanation: Harper's Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 5; proteins: higher Orders of Structure", "cop": 4, "opa": "Valine", "opb": "Cysteine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "0fdc18b3-2d73-4f3c-b975-37e5e9f25569", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urea is produced by the enzyme", "exp": "UREA CYCLE: STEP 1 :One molecule of ammonia condenses with CO2 in presence of two molecules of ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate. STEP 2 :Formation of Citrulline: The carbamoyl group is transferred to the NH2 group of ornithine by ornithine transcarbamoylase. STEP 3:Formation of ARGININOSUCCINATE One molecule of aspaic acid adds to citrulline forming a carbon to nitrogen bond, which provides the 2nd nitrogen atom of urea.Argininosuccinate synthetase catalyzes the reaction. STEP 4 : Formation of Arginine Argininosuccinate is cleaved by argininosuccinate lyase to arginine and fumarate. STEP 5: Formation of Urea. The finsl reaction of the cycle is the hydrolysis of argine to urea and ornithine by arginase REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK :EIGHTH EDITION, Page no:258 & 259.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Uricase", "opb": "Urease", "opc": "Glutaminase", "opd": "Arginase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "933dc71a-08fb-4841-81c0-30e9eba34244", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inhibitor of F0 F1 ATPase in electron transpo chain is", "exp": "Inhibitors of electron transpo chainComplex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV AmobarbitalRotenonePericidin AGuanethidine Chlorpromazine Malonate Carboxin Antimycin A, BAL Naphthoquinone PhenforminCarbon monoxide CyanideHydrogen sulphide Azide Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylationuBlocking reentry of protons through ATP synthase - Oligomycin , VenturicidinuInhibitors of ATP - ADP exchange - Atractyloside , BongregateuIonophores - Valinomycin , GramicidinUncouplers of oxidative phosphorylationuPhysiological uncouplers - Thermogenin, Thyroxine, Long chain fatty acids, Unconjugated bilirubinuSynthetic uncouplers - 2,4 Dinitrophenol, 2,4 Dinitrocresol, Calcium, Aspirin, DicoumarolHarper's illustrated Biochemistry , 30th ed , page 133", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antimycin", "opb": "Oligomycin", "opc": "2,4 nitrophenol", "opd": "Barbiturate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "760d81b8-7a52-4336-bce7-1b3d2a429133", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma is by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Albumin", "opb": "Fibrinogen", "opc": "Globulin", "opd": "Prothrombin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ea01b45-9d59-4bf6-8e59-715e61e18edf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutamate is not a precursor of", "exp": "Glutamate is formed from histidine and not vice versa. Pg no.244.proline can be synthesized from glutamate with minor modification of catabolic pathway. Also glutamate is formed from proline. Pg no.201. Fig 15.7. ammonia pool is formed from glutamate also. Pg no.199.fig 15.3.Meister cycle. Glutamate is formed from glutathione and vice versa. It&;s a cycle.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7th edition, page no: 243, fig; 18.13", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ammonia", "opb": "Proline", "opc": "Glutathione", "opd": "Histidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "e326648a-4bc6-483b-b384-2aad8ea65c67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polyol pathway is responsible for formation of", "exp": "Polyol pathway is responsible for the formation of fructose from glucose Fig: The sorbitol (polyol) pathway", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fructose from glucose", "opb": "Galactose From Fructose", "opc": "Galactose From Glucose", "opd": "Glucose From Fructose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Galactose and fructose metabolism", "id": "19e25fae-506a-4aa4-ac31-c57a81ddece5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Free SH group is present in", "exp": "This is a tricky question. Option a, b and c have sulphur. But, only cysteine contains SH group. EXTRA EDGE:- Sulphur containing amino acids: Cysteine Methionine Homocysteine Taurine Sulfhydryl/thiol group-containing amino acids: Cysteine Homocysteine Sulfhydryl/thiol group-containing proteinogenic amino acids: Cysteine", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cysteine", "opb": "Methionine", "opc": "Taurine", "opd": "Homoserine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of amino acids", "id": "8c0aeede-68eb-4400-bec1-bbc383744c1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thyroid peroxidase is not involved in", "exp": "Inorganic iodine enters the body primarily as iodide, I-. After entering the thyroid follicle (or thyroid follicular cell) a Na+/I-sympoer (NIS) on the basolateral side, iodide is shuttled across the apical membrane into the colloid pendrin, after which thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide to atomic iodine (I) or iodinium (I+).The \"organification of iodine,\" the incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin for the production of thyroid hormone, is nonspecific; that is, there is no TPO-bound intermediate, but iodination occurs reactive iodine species released from TPO.The chemical reactions catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase occur on the outer apical membrane surface and are mediated by hydrogen peroxide.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 673", "cop": 3, "opa": "Oxidizes iodide to atomic iodine", "opb": "Frequent epitope of autoantibodiesent epitope", "opc": "Secretion of thyroglobulin into the colloid", "opd": "Liberates iodine for addition on to thyrosine resideues on thyroglobulin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "8531dc78-f1a1-4be6-a88b-c13de1a4993a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Energy source used by brain in later days of Starvation is", "exp": "B i.e. Ketone bodies REF: Lippincott book of biochemistry 6th ed.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Ketone bodies", "opc": "Glycogen", "opd": "Fatty acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d7c8a95c-960f-48c3-987b-5e819341e983", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flexibility of protein depends on", "exp": "Glycine is one among the commonest amino acids found in protein structure. Being small and non-polar, glycine  is  mostly  present in  the interior structure of  protein. \nSatyanarayana, Ed 3, Pg 302", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycine", "opb": "Tryptophan", "opc": "Phenylalanine", "opd": "Histidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5c93a291-a995-4c63-acb7-7f29f3e5b54b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemoproteins are a) Cytochrome Cb) Cytochrome 450c) Myoglobind) Hemoglobine) Catalase", "exp": "Hemoproteins (Proteins containing heme prosthetic group) are hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes (cytochrome C, cytochrome p456), catalase, peroxidase, tryptophan pyrrolase and nitric oxide synthase.", "cop": 1, "opa": "abcde", "opb": "bc", "opc": "abc", "opd": "bcde", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c26ce178-f419-4576-9f96-cbc568ab9793", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hypolipidemic agents act on", "exp": "HMG CoA reductase \nHypolipidemic drugs (statins) inhibit HMG-CoA reductase", "cop": 3, "opa": "HMG CoA synthetase", "opb": "HMG CoA oxygenase", "opc": "HMG CoA reductase", "opd": "HMG CoA hydratase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcfe3c8c-d0c1-42ab-b174-81474ceb7602", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Major amino acid released from muscle during starvation", "exp": "Glucose-Alanine cycle (Cahill cycle) is transpoed to liver, transaminated to pyruvate and conveed to glucose. This glucose may again enter the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvate, which in turn, can be transaminated to alanine. -alanine cycle is impoant in conditions of starvation (Fig. 9.30). Thus net transfer of amino acid (nitrogen) from muscle to liver and corresponding transfer of glucose (energy) from liver to muscle is affected. cycle is intimately related with Cori&;s cycleRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 120", "cop": 2, "opa": "Arginine", "opb": "Alanine", "opc": "Hitidine", "opd": "Glutamate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "6c1c66c1-4bb4-437b-a56b-64ae72bc820e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Daily requirement of vitamin D in children is", "exp": "Vitamins.", "cop": 1, "opa": "1 microgram", "opb": "2.5 microgram", "opc": "10 IU", "opd": "50-100 microgram", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea1876b9-ce5a-4245-bc91-24680ec6181b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "VLDL is formed in", "exp": "Chylomicrons are found in \"chyle\" formed only by the Lymphatic system draining the intestine. However, it is now realised that a smaller and denser paicle similar to VLDL is now known to be synthesised in small quantity in intestinal cells also. Chylomicrons formation fluctuates with the load of TG absorbed, whereas VLDL formation is quantitatively less, but is more constant and occurs even in the fasting state. However, bulk of plasma VLDL is of hepatic origin, being the vehicle for transpo of TG from Liver to extrahepatic tissues (carrier of \"endogenous\" TG). There are many similarities in the mechanism of formation of chylomicrons by intestinal epithelial cells and VLDL by hepatic parenchymal cells. Salient Features * Chylomicrons and VLDL are synthesised in intestinal mucosal cells and Liver cells respectively. Polysomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of these tissues synthesise apo-B48 and apo-B100 respectively. * TG is synthesised in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of both tissues. * Microsomal and cytoplasmic enzymes paicipate in cholesterol synthesis. * In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of intestinal mucosal cells and Liver cells, the lipids are incorporated with apo-B48 and apo-B100 to form chylomicrons and VLDL respectively. * B-apoproteins are finally glycosylated in the Golgi- complex, which then packs the lipoproteins into secretory vesicles and budded off from Golgi cisternae. Release: Chylomicrons and VLDL are released from either the intestinal or hepatic cell by fusion of the \"secretory vacuole\" with the cell membrane, i.e. by reverse Pinocytosis. Chylomicrons pass into the spaces between the intestinal cells, eventually making their way into the Lymphatic system (\"Lacteals\") draining the intestine. VLDL are secreted by hepatic parenchymal cells into the \"Space of Disse\" and then into the hepatic sinusoids.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Eighth Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no: 446-447", "cop": 2, "opa": "Intestine", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "From chylomicrons", "opd": "Blood", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "57f6a809-1fd7-4443-aa6f-6d269b58f6ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Example of postranslational modification is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e.,Phosphorylation Impoant post-translational modifications are :TrimmingCovalent modification : Phosphorylation, glycosylation hydroxylation, y-Carboxylation of clotting factor by vitamin K.Protein folding and Protein degradation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Methylation", "opb": "Oxidation", "opc": "Phosphorylation", "opd": "Splicing", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "aa6cee86-2448-4f60-8b7f-2433f6befbba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most stable amino acid at the physiological pH is", "exp": "As histidine titrates in the physiological pH range it remains stable.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Lysine", "opc": "Arginine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "aa8c1910-0c90-4b86-a28d-5de352d73522", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Okazaki fragments are formed during the synthesis of", "exp": "Okazaki fragments are sho, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming sho double-stranded DNA sections. Okazaki fragments are between 1000 and 2000 nucleotides long in prokaryotes (e.g. Escherichia coli) and are roughly 100 to 200 nucleotides long in eukaryotes. They are separated by ~SS120-nucleotide RNA primers and are unligated until RNA primers are removed, followed by enzyme ligase connecting (ligating) an Okazaki fragment onto the (now continuous) newly synthesized complementary strand. On the leading strand DNA replication proceeds continuously along the DNA molecule as the parent double-stranded DNA is unwound, but on the lagging strand, the new DNA is made in installments, which are later joined together by a DNA ligase enzyme. This is because the enzymes that synthesise the new DNA can only work in one direction along the parent DNA molecule and the two strands are anti-parallel. On the leading strand this route is continuous, but on the lagging strand, it is discontinuous. DNA is synthesised from 5&; to 3&;, so when copying the 3&; to 5&; strand, replication is continuous.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ds DNA", "opb": "ss DNA", "opc": "m RNA", "opd": "t RNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "f075f740-426e-4cdc-8027-d4da5c3e4247", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of double bonds in arachidonic acid is", "exp": "Arachidonic acid (20C)D5,8,11,14-all Timnodonic acid", "cop": 4, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1ed5f502-7eaa-4f50-9a5d-a25d83cfd3cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose transporters present in the Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "GLUT1", "opb": "GLUT2", "opc": "GLUT3", "opd": "GLUT4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "807b72fb-9104-4fd0-9abb-7c0b733cc7fb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carbohydrate of blood group substance is", "exp": "L-fucose is the carbohydrate poion of Blood group substances", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sucrose", "opb": "Fucose", "opc": "Arabinose", "opd": "Maltose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "48088d2d-44bb-4a3e-ba6d-d7fece6fee5b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anticodon is present in", "exp": "At the opposite side of the acceptor, arm is the anti armIt recognizes the triplet nucleotide codon present in mRNA The specificity of tRNA resides in the anticodon site, which has base sequence complementary to that of mRNA codonRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 597", "cop": 2, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "tRNA", "opc": "rRNA", "opd": "hn RNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "f282cd8d-888d-4bad-b2f5-9a7c57d6310c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ubiquitin is the key protein involved in", "exp": "Ans. b (Protein degradation) (Ref. Harper's biochemistry 27th ed., Chapter 45)# Ubiquitin targets many intracellular proteins for degradation.# It is estimated that a minimum of 4 ubiquitin molecules must be attached to commit a target molecule (e.g., a misfolded form of CFTR-protein involved in cystic fibrosis) to degradation in a proteasome.UBIQUITIN: A KEY MOLECULE IN PROTEIN DEGRADATION# Many proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, the discovery of which earned Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, and Irwin Roose a Nobel Prize.# There are 2 major pathways of protein degradation in eukaryotes:- One involves lysosomal proteases and does not require ATP.- The other pathway involves ubiquitin and is ATP-dependent.# Ubiquitin is small protein that plays key role in marking proteins for subsequent degradation in proteasomes.# Ubiquitin is known to be involved in:y- Degradation of proteins, and is particularly in disposal of misfolded proteins- Cell cycle regulation (degradation of cyclins),- DNA repair;- Activation of NFB,- Muscle wasting,- Viral infections, etc# Ubiquitin can be cleaved from a target protein by deubiquitinating enzymes and the liberated ubiquitin can be reused.MISFQLDED PROTEINS UNDERGO ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM-ASSOCIATED DEGRADATION# Chaperones present in the lumen of the ER and in the cytosol target misfolded proteins to proteasomes. Prior to entering proteasomes, most proteins are ubiquitinated and escorted to proteasomes by polyubiquitin-binding proteins.- Diseases caused by lack of a particular functioning protein, due to its degradation as a consequence of misfolding, include:* Cystic fibrosis (misfolded CFTR protein),Q* Marfan syndrome (misfolded fibrillin),* Fabry disease (misfolded alpha galactosidase),* Gaucher's disease (misfolded beta glucocerebrosidase) and* Retinitis pigmentosa 3 (misfolded rhodopsin).* Some cancers may be associated with misfolding, and hence ineffective functioning, of tumour suppressor proteins such as von Hippel Lindau protein or p53.- Many protein misfolding diseases are characterised not by disappearance of a protein but by its deposition in insoluble aggregates within the cell. E.g.:* Alzheimer's disease (deposits of amyloid beta and tau),* Type II diabetes (depositis of amylin),* Parkinson's disease (deposits of alpha synuclein),* Spongiform encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (deposits of prion protein).Educational Points:# The GOLGI APPARATUS Is Involved in Glycosylation & Sorting of Proteins.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Translation", "opb": "Protein degradation", "opc": "Protein activation", "opd": "Glycosylation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "a4545c5a-2b63-42fa-940d-b371cffce072", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutamine synthetase is a", "exp": "Ligases are enzymes that link two substrate together,usually with the simultaneous hydrolysis of ATP. Glutamine synthetase catalyses the amidation of glutamic acid to glutamine.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 49 and 224", "cop": 2, "opa": "Isomerase", "opb": "Ligase", "opc": "Lyase", "opd": "Transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "5afd52af-513a-4600-9dae-8c6bda73826b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme activated by decrease in insulin glucagon ratio", "exp": "ref : lipincott", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glucokinase", "opb": "Hexokinase", "opc": "PFK", "opd": "glucose 6 phosphatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "46f3f2c6-3459-45d6-8c71-299c136eb2b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After overnight fasting, levels of glucose transpoers reduced in", "exp": "GluT4 is the major glucose transpoer in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.GluT4 is under the control of insulin.In Type 2 diabetes mellitus, membrane GluT4 is reduced, leading to insulin resistance in muscles and fat cells.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 107", "cop": 3, "opa": "Brain cells", "opb": "RBCs", "opc": "Adipocytes", "opd": "Hepatocytes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "99023c78-540d-4c18-bf21-ba0ef9396849", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pyridoxal phosphate is required for", "exp": "Glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose as glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen (phosphorolysis). It contains pyridoxal. Formation of branches in glycogen phosphate (PLP) as a prosthetic group. The alpha-1,4 linkages in the glycogen are cleaved. removes glucose units one at a time. Enzyme sequentially hydrolyses alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages, till it reaches a glucose residue, 3-4 glucose units away from a branch point. It cannot attack the 1,6 linkage at branch point.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 124", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gluconeogenesis", "opb": "Glycogenolysis", "opc": "Glycolysis", "opd": "Fatty acid oxidation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "22d22852-6b09-4f81-8fe7-979dc0bbe9eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nobel prize in 2006 (recently) was given for the discovery of", "exp": "If an investigator introduces into an organism a duplex RNA molecule corresponding in sequence to virtually any mRNA, Dicer nuclease cleaves the duplex into short segments, called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These short (21-25 nucleotide long) si RNAs usually form perfect RNA-RNA hybrid with their targets potentially anywhere within the length of mRNA where the complementary sequence exists. Formation of such RNA-RNA duplexes between si RNAs and mRNA results in reduced specific protein production because the si RNA - mRNA complexes are degraded, mostly in specific cytoplasmic organelles termed P-bodies. The process is known as RNA interference (RNAi) for which Nobel prize was given to Andrew Fire & Craig Mello in 2006.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipoxins", "opb": "RNAi", "opc": "mt DNA", "opd": "β-transcription factor", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b536d80e-7c83-4a82-beaa-783b785c5cf0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Excessive ultraviolet [uv) radiation is harmful to life'. The damage caused to the biological systems by ultraviolet radiation.", "exp": "UV rays causes DNA damage by forming TT dimers (pyrimidine dimmers) which prevents replication", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis", "opb": "Formation of thymidine dimmers", "opc": "Ionization", "opd": "DNA fragmentation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2642bd22-8f2c-4757-8f33-7e7956624110", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Largest reserve of energy in body stored as", "exp": "Fat (triglycerides) in the adipose tissues is the largest store of energy of the body.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Liver glycogen", "opb": "Muscle glycogen", "opc": "Adipose tissue", "opd": "Blood glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "666656a2-c30f-4e33-8794-8036e056000b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Benedict&;s test will be positive in the urine after administration of", "exp": "Ascorbic acid is very common ingredient of many tonics.person taking such tonics will excrete ascorbic acid in urine. It is a powerful reducing agent. This may cause confusion, as Benedict&;s test is positive in such normal individuals.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 318", "cop": 2, "opa": "Folic acid", "opb": "Ascorbic acid", "opc": "Pantothetic acid", "opd": "Retinoic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "b0511147-7c8c-44c7-8d2f-716a5a54249c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of optical isomers possible for Glucose is", "exp": "Leber van Hoft rule for the number of stereoisomers is 2n where 'n' is the number of chiral centers. In open chain of glucose, there are 4 chiral centers. Hence it is 24 =16 isomers.Glucose, with four asymmetric carbon atoms, can form 16 isomers.Sugars have large numbers of stereoisomers because they contain several asymmetric carbon atoms.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 15; Carbohydrates of Physiological Significance", "cop": 4, "opa": "2", "opb": "4", "opc": "8", "opd": "16", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "226cad19-ed53-4052-b25c-295f61a42812", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Net ATP formed in glycolysis is", "exp": "ATP Formation in the Glycolysis pathway Reaction Catalyzed by Method of ATP Formation ATP per mol of Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Respiratory chain oxidation of 2 NADH 5* Phosphoglycerate kinase Substrate-level phosphorylation 2 Pyruvate kinase Substrate-level phosphorylation 2 Total 9 Consumption of ATP for reactions of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase 2 Net 7 *This assumes that NADH formed in glycolysis is transpoed into mitochondria by the malate shuttle. If the glycerophosphate shuttle is used, then only 1.5 ATP will be formed per mol of NADH. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 169", "cop": 2, "opa": "5", "opb": "7", "opc": "10", "opd": "15", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "669bdd23-2eef-4dd4-9314-a2c3d7d0510f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rothera's test is for", "exp": "Rothera's test is for Ketones in urine. Only acetone and acetoacetic acid can be detected using the Rotheras. Beta hydroxyl butyric acid is not detected. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 293", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ketone bodies", "opb": "Proteins", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Fatty acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "43217e6f-d58a-419f-a4d0-2fecbcd01773", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Final product in anaerobic glycolysis", "exp": "In glycolysis; During anaerobic (oxygen deficient) condition, when one molecule of glucose is conveed into 2 molecules of lactate, there is a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP. (refer,table:9.4)Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 112", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pmyruvate", "opb": "Acetyl CoA", "opc": "Lactate", "opd": "Oxaloacetate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "864a6bd1-dffd-40bd-b43c-5ea1003880cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Active form of folic acid", "exp": "Active form of Folic acid is Tetrahydrofolate. A. The folic acid is first reduced to 7,8-dihydrofolic acid and fuher reduced to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) . Both reactions are catalyzed by NADPH dependent folate reductase. B. The THFA is the carrier of one-carbon groups. One carbon compound is an organic molecule that contains only a single carbon atom. The following groups are one carbon compounds: i.Formyl (-CHO) ii.Formimino (-CH=NH) iii.Methenyl (-CH=) iv.Methylene (-CH2-) v.Hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH) vi. Methyl (-CH3) C.These one carbon compounds are attached either to the 5th or to the 10th or to both 5 and 10 nitrogen atoms of THFA. The one-carbon metabolism and their interconversions D.Methyl group in N5-methyl THFA is used for synthesis of active methionine, which takes pa in transmethylation reactions. Such transmethylation reactions are required for synthesis of choline, epinephrine, creatine, etc. Reference: Vasudevan Textbook of Biochemistry pg no. 401", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dihydrofolate", "opb": "Folinic acid", "opc": "Tetrahydrofolate", "opd": "Methylated folic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "b261484b-635b-4abb-8301-80bee3da24f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Night blindness is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin B1", "opc": "Vitamin B12", "opd": "Vitamin B6", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cd95b1b2-1e45-4854-8a7d-2e77825351b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oncogenes can be best studied by", "exp": "Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acidsinto eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are often preferred: \"transformation\" is typically used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteriaand non-animal eukaryotic cells, including plant cells. In animal cells, transfection is the preferred term as transformation is also used to refer to progression to a cancerous state (carcinogenesis) in these cells. Transduction is often used to describe virus-mediated gene transfer into eukaryotic cells. Ref satyanarayana 4e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transfection", "opb": "Transduction", "opc": "Transformation", "opd": "Conjugation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c618799f-9942-40ce-bedd-0d45bd761fb4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene transfer in bacterial system by", "exp": "Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer, in which exogenous genetic material passes from bacterium to another, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transformation", "opb": "Transduction", "opc": "Conjugation", "opd": "Location", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "2e56d475-8bb8-4d27-93ea-d0e498966d07", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Karyotyping under light microscopy is done by", "exp": "G-banding, G banding, or Giemsa banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to produce a visible karyotype by staining condensed chromosomes.It is useful for identifying genetic diseases through the photographic representation of the entire chromosome complement.", "cop": 3, "opa": "R banding", "opb": "Q banding", "opc": "G banding", "opd": "C banding", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "9b45c908-246e-4828-bd88-863d9752e81a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Physiological uncoupler among the following is", "exp": "Thermogenin (or the uncoupling protein) is a physiological uncoupler found in brown adipose tissue that functions to generate body heat, paicularly for the newborn and during hibernation in animals. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 13", "cop": 2, "opa": "2,4 dinitrophenol", "opb": "Thermogenin", "opc": "Oligomycin", "opd": "Atractyloside", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "878c21ea-82a5-485c-853b-08b6af0b988d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytochrome C oxidase is inhibited by", "exp": "Site-III (Complex IV) * Cyanide Inhibits terminal * H2S * Azide transfer of electrons to molecular O2 * Co (Carbon monoxide): Inhibits Cyt. oxidase by combining with O2 binding site. It can be reversed by illumination with light.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 143", "cop": 3, "opa": "Barbiturate", "opb": "2, 4-dinitrophanol", "opc": "H2S", "opd": "Rotenon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "463c000a-dd9c-4a94-b869-7deb4e1d245b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cellular oxidation is inhibited by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cyanide", "opb": "Carbon dioxide", "opc": "Chocolate", "opd": "Carbonated beverages", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "0eb652b6-86c2-4833-b99c-f033b4d85a1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cofactor of carbonic anhydrase is", "exp": "The active site of most carbonic anhydrases contains a zinc ion; they are therefore classified as metalloenzymes. One of the functions of the enzyme in animals is to interconve carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues and to help transpo carbon dioxide out of tissues.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Molybdenum", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Selenium", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "ba5279b1-ee5f-4f7c-a48a-1609291baf72", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acid used in the synthesis of purines", "exp": "Purine contains glycine at 7th position and amino gp of aspaate at 1st position. No other amino acids present.Ref: Textbook of biochemistry for medical students, seventh edition, page no: 563, fig: 43.10", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycine", "opb": "Ornithine", "opc": "Alanine", "opd": "Threonine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "376e3fd5-f4f7-4234-aa8d-4ae0e7312cd7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum source of linoleic acid is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. Sunflower oil Dietary sources of linoleic acidSafflower oil 73%Com oil 57%Sunflower oil 56%Soyabean oil 51%* Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acidEssential fatty acids are those that cannot be synthesized by human bodies. These are*Linoleic acidLinolenic acidArachidonic acidEicosapentaenoic acidOf these essential fatty acids the most important essential fatty acid is- linoleic acid* (because it serves as a basis for the production of other essential fatty acids).Dietary sources of other EFAArachidonic acid -Meat, eggs, milk*Linoleic acid -Soyabean oil*Eicosapentaenoic acid -Fish oil*Also Remember * Richest source of vit A -Fish liver oil** Richest source of vit D -Cod liver oil** Richest source of vit K -Cow's milk** Richest source of vit B12 -liver** Richest source of folic acid -green leafy vegetables** Richest source of iron is -Jaggery** Richest source of iodine is -seafood's and cod liver oil*", "cop": 2, "opa": "Coconut oil", "opb": "Sunflower oil", "opc": "Palm oil", "opd": "Vanaspati", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids", "id": "5ad5e2ab-3a5e-4500-ac08-dcc04c3c1f1f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cystine is formed by", "exp": "The difference in structure of cysteine and cystine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by S--S bond to form one molecule of cystine. Ref: M.N. Chatterjea - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 504", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hydroxylation of cysteine molecule", "opb": "Carboxylation of cysteine molecule", "opc": "Peptide bond between two cysteine molecule", "opd": "Disulfide bond between cysteine molecule", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "ee0a9362-ce7e-4ee7-aa6c-c8eba7289ca6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sphingomyelinase deficiency is seen in", "exp": "DiseaseEnzyme DeficiencyClinical SymptomsNiemann-PickdiseaseSphingomyelinaseEnlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation;fatal in early lifeRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 24; 24 Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids", "cop": 1, "opa": "Niemann - Pick disease", "opb": "Farber's disease", "opc": "Tay Sach's disease", "opd": "Krabbe's disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "a0a815a6-724b-4d76-9d18-1e9a781a44de", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Zellweger syndrome is due to", "exp": "Zellweger syndrome is due to absence of peroxisomes in all most all tissues, as a result of which long chain fatty acids are not oxidized and accumulated in live and brain. So this syndrome is also called as cerebrohepatorenal syndrome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Absence of peroxisome", "opb": "Absence of cytochrome", "opc": "Absence of COX", "opd": "Absence of LOX", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "07afc237-6176-40bf-8759-1d9f4541c7cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sweaty feet odor in body fluids occur d/t deficiency of", "exp": "Sweaty feet odor in body fluids a/ w neurological problems occur in deficiency of FAD linked dehydrogenase specific for isovaleryl COA.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "FAD linked dehydrogenase", "opc": "Thiamin linked decarboxylase", "opd": "Leucine transaminse", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "780d6102-6fba-472e-a98d-90858c9470be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Histidine decarboxylase is present in", "exp": "Histamine is formed from histidine by decarboxylation, catalyzed by histidine decarboxylase. The effects of histamine are summarised in Table 16.3. Smooth muscle contraction, enhanced vascular permeability, increased acid secretion are the impoant actions. So histamine causes fall in blood pressure. The major cells producing histamine are platelets, mast cells, and basophils. Ceain antigens such as penicillin will elicit IgE antibodies that are fixed on the mast cells. When the next dose of penicillin is injected, it reacts with the antibodies; and degranulation of mast cells takes place. Histamine and slow reacting substance (SRS) are released. This leads to peripheral vasodilatation, fall in blood pressure and anaphylaxis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "RBC's", "opb": "Hea", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "bc9fe6cd-5901-48b8-b624-e9106a7cfa56", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Marble bone disease, characterized by increased bone density is due to mutation in the gene encoding", "exp": "Osteopetrosis  (marble  bone  disease),  characterized  by increased bone density, is a rare condition characterized by  inability  to  resorb  bone.  One  form  occurs  along  with  renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. It is due to mutations  in  the  gene  (located  on  chromosome  8q22) encoding carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), one of four isozymes of carbonic anhydrase present in human tissues. In osteoclasts involved in bone resorption, CA II apparently provides protons to neutralize the OH−  ions left inside the cell when H+  ions are pumped across their ruffled borders.\nThus, if CA II is deficient in activity in osteoclasts, normal bone resorption does not occur, and osteopetrosis results. The mechanism of the cerebral calcification is not clear, whereas the renal tubular acidosis reflects deficient activity of CA II in the renal tubules.\nHarper, Ed 30, Pg No 642, 643", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carbonic anhydrase I", "opb": "Carbonic anhydrase II", "opc": "Carbonic anhydrase III", "opd": "Carbonic anhydrase IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "0392aca0-2b69-4ae8-9031-23dbc80d2428", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iron is stored in human body in combination with", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Albumin", "opb": "Globulin", "opc": "Albumin", "opd": "Apoferritin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5034cdbf-d464-47b8-89ad-84b256cbe42d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of collagen found in basement membrane is", "exp": "Type I is the most abundant form,seen in connective tissues in almost all regions of the body. Type II is mainly seen in cailage and vitreous humor. Type III is seen in skin, lung and vascular tissues and Type IV is seen in basement membranes.others are seen in minor quantities. About 30 genes are resposible for collagen synthesis ,and the enzymes necessary for collagen synthesis. REFERENCE : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO ;720", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "d67b3d34-768f-466b-94c2-975265526bf5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aniacinosis results in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Perleche", "opb": "Bed ben", "opc": "Pellagra", "opd": "Nyctalopia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3df94700-2611-4272-ad81-946be7988879", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beta alanine is formed by", "exp": "Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Pyridoxal phosphate", "opc": "Pantothenic acid", "opd": "Folic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "365c3023-f8e5-456f-ae6e-2636ff2d56d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In G6PD deficiency patient, hemolysis is due to decrease in", "exp": "G6PD deficiency is an inherited sex-linked trait. Although the deficiency occurs in all the cells of the affected individuals, it is more severe in RBC. HMP shunt is the only means of providing NADPH in the erythrocytes. Decreased activity of G6PD impairs the synthesis of NADPH in RBC. This results in the accumulation of methemoglobin and peroxides in erythrocytes leading to hemolysis.\nGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is most common and pyruvate kinase deficiency is 2nd most common enzyme deficiency related hemolytic anemia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "H+", "opb": "TPP", "opc": "NADH", "opd": "NADPH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "50add547-1603-406f-86d6-5c367cf45456", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ligand for LDL", "exp": "LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues. The only apoprotein present in LDL is apo B100. Most of the LDL paicles are derived from VLDL, but a small pa is directly released from liver. The half-life of LDL in blood is about 2 days.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 153", "cop": 1, "opa": "APO B 100", "opb": "APO E", "opc": "APO 48", "opd": "APO A11", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "b23da9f7-255a-4009-9e8b-93fc79aa636e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased levels of alanine in serum after fasting suggest", "exp": "During starvation, muscle proteins are degraded to serve amino acids (especially alanine) as substrates for gluconeogenesis.\nAlanine also arises from transamination of pyruvate in the muscles.\nAlanine is transported to liver for gluconeogenesis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased release of alanine from muscle", "opb": "Reduced amino acid utilisation for gluconeogenesis", "opc": "Break in continuity of plasma membrane resulting in leakage of amino acids", "opd": "Decreased uptake of alanine by liver", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a7f8d4d-4e45-46c9-816c-93ae7f74f371", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Leucine is a aminoacid with a", "exp": "Leucine is non-polar amino acid, i.e. its side chain (R) is nonpolar.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nonpolar side chain", "opb": "Polar side chain", "opc": "Negatively charged side chain", "opd": "Positively charged side chain", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a3a6ad4-5896-49d1-aeb1-16ad712c57ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficients in von gierke&;s disease", "exp": "Repreated question", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose 1 phosphatase", "opb": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "opc": "Acid maltase", "opd": "b Glucosidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "ccea4736-2b27-4c9b-a283-f716bf017c84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Restriction enzymes have been found in", "exp": "A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and provide a defence mechanism against invading viruses. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 579", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bacteriophages", "opb": "Bacteria", "opc": "Fishes", "opd": "Humans", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "bb74ae7f-dc39-4ef3-976c-3ad01aeec415", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gamma amino butyrate is synthesized from", "exp": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid or GABA is formed by decarboxylation of glutamate in presence of enzyme glutamate decarboxylase.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 224, Fig 17.2", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fumarate", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Histidine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "e457d0dd-4276-4f3e-a22e-55ad16b1ac54", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Marker of peroxisomes is", "exp": "Marker enzymesPeroxisomes-Uric acid oxidaseMitochondria-ATP synthaseLysosome-cathepsinGolgi complex-galactosyl transferaseMicrosome-glucose 6 phosphatasesCytoplasm-lactate dehydrogenases", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glutamate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "opc": "5' - nucleotidase", "opd": "Uric acid oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "e5d8af2c-ebdc-47e3-8f59-734eee568cb9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Non polar lipid act as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Electrical insulators", "opb": "Ions", "opc": "Non electrical insulators", "opd": "Electrolytes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec3f8c1e-3a4d-4463-ac23-059763d6bb6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best technique useful for initial viral load estimation is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Real time PCR", "opb": "Widal test", "opc": "Electrophoresis", "opd": "Immunofluoresence", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2dbde0cb-cd4f-40ca-90cd-5e6727503c2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Galactosemia is due to deficiency of the following enzymes", "exp": "(A) Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase[?]GALACTOSAEMIA is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly.oGalactosemia follows an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that confers a deficiency in an enzyme responsible for adequate galactose degradation.TypeEnzyme deficiencyAccumulating metabolitesIGalactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferaseGalactose, galactose-1 phosphate, galactitol, galactonateIIGalactokinaseGalactose, galactitolIIIUDP-galactose epimeraseGalactose-1 phosphate, UDP galactose", "cop": 1, "opa": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "opb": "HGPRT", "opc": "Galactokinase", "opd": "Epimerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "a29470b9-9ac4-4c03-a1ee-35247d519b39", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "To synthesize insulin on a large scale basis, the most suitable staing material obtained from the beta cells of the pancreas is", "exp": "the mRNA act as messenger transpoing the information in the gene in DNA to the protein synthesizing machinery in the cytoplasmRef: DM VASUDEVAN, 7th edition, page no: 558", "cop": 4, "opa": "Genomic DNA", "opb": "Total cellular RNA", "opc": "cDNA of insulin", "opd": "mRNA of insulin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "0697ce2e-8b3a-4335-af65-f7affca35541", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Part of eukaryotic DNA contributing to polypetide synthesisa) Exonb) Enhancerc) Leader sequenced) tRNAe) ncRNA", "exp": "Exon (coding protein) : Sequence of a gene that is represented as m-RNA.\nEnhancer: Are special cis-acting DNA sequences that increase the rate of initiation of transcription of eukaryotic genes by RNA polymerase II.\nLeader sequence: Sequence at the 5' end of a mRNA that is not translated into protein.\nNon-coding RNA (nc RNA): Functional RNA that is not translated into a protein. Non-coding RNAs include tRNA, rRNA, Sno RNA, mi-RNA, si-RNA, pi-RNA and long nc RNA like Xist & HOT AIR.", "cop": 4, "opa": "ac", "opb": "a", "opc": "ad", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8ae919dd-e996-4d5e-a221-e70c6f65631e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not glucogenic is", "exp": "CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS BASED ON METABOLISM - A. Purely Ketogenic - Leucine is purely ketogenic because it is conveed to ketone bodies. B. Ketogenic and Glucogenic - Lysine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan are paially ketogenic and paially glucogenic. How ever in humans lysine is predominantly ketogenic. During metabolism, pa of the carbon skeleton of these amino acids will enter the ketogenic pathway and the other pa to glucogenic pathway. C. Purely Glucogenic - All the remaining 14 amino acids are purely glucogenic as they enter only into the glucogenic pathway. the glucogenic amino acids are: Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspaic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Methionine Proline Serine Valine. PNEMONIC TO REMEMBER ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS -\"Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truely Valuable\" This stands for Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Threonine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan and Valine in that order. Arginine and Histidine are semi-essential amino acids; while others are essential. REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY,EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,26,27.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acetyl CoA", "opb": "Lactate", "opc": "Glycerol", "opd": "Oxaloacetate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "2455757b-3cfb-4a58-93fa-0f5d71880ae1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Source of ribose is", "exp": "By-products of HMP Shunt pathway are NADPH and riboseRef: DM Vasudevan; 7th edition; Page no: 130", "cop": 1, "opa": "HMP shunt", "opb": "Glycolytic pathway", "opc": "Uronic acid pathway", "opd": "Beta oxidation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "c7def935-2aea-4d39-ae91-b7c2bb1e6064", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene is", "exp": "A cistron is a gene. The term cistron is used to emphasize that genes exhibit a specific behavior in a cis-trans test; distinct positions (or loci) within a genome are cistronics The words cistron and gene were coined before the advancing state of biology made it clear that the concepts they refer to are practically equivalent. Ref satyanarayana 4e", "cop": 3, "opa": "Codon", "opb": "Anticodon", "opc": "Cistron", "opd": "Okazaki fragment", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "38ff42b7-350f-44ef-adbd-3b827aa4b9df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transpo of glucose from the lumen to the mucosal cell is dependent on the diffusion of", "exp": "Glucose and galactose are absorbed by a sodium-dependent process. They are carried by the same transpo protein (SGLT 1)The SGLT 1 transpoer is coupled to the Na+-K+ pump, allowing glucose and galactose to be transpoed against their concentration gradients.Harper 30th edition Pg:538", "cop": 3, "opa": "K+", "opb": "HCO3", "opc": "Na+", "opd": "Proteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "67ddd9e9-6feb-47fc-b45d-3298d49b63f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes act by reducing the", "exp": "\"All enzymes accelerate reaction rates by lowering activation energy for the formation of transition states.\"Activation energy is the minimum energy required to sta a chemical reaction.Harper 30th edition pg: 77", "cop": 1, "opa": "Activation energy", "opb": "Binding energy", "opc": "Heat energy", "opd": "Covalent energy", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "39bc0a98-0f12-4a5c-8c6a-813c432dea12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin B12 deficiency has A/E", "exp": "B i.e. Decreased methylmalonyl CoA", "cop": 2, "opa": "Folate trap", "opb": "Decreased methyl malonyl CoA", "opc": "SACD", "opd": "Megaloblastic anemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "641ae693-a45a-4bc2-bd98-3cfb5eadfe36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substrate level phosphorylation is by", "exp": "substrate level phosphorylation-- Enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase- Enzyme pyruvate kinase.", "cop": 1, "opa": "a) Pyruvate kinase", "opb": "b) Phosphofructokinase", "opc": "c) Hexokinase", "opd": "d) ATP synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f44f3478-d606-41ad-af98-91a37b81b05c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The amino acid that lacks chirality", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e. Glycine \"The Alpha carbon of each amino acid is attached to four different chemical groups and is therefore a chiral or optically active carbon atom. Glycine is the exception because its alpha carbon has two hydrogens substituents (2 H atoms attached to alpha carbon) and is therefore optically inactive (lacks chirality). \"All amino acids except glycine exists as two stereoisomers (or optical isomers or enantiomers), designated asD (dextro) &L (levo) forms.All the amino acids found in proteins are of the L-configuration*Also rememberSmallest and simplest amino acid - Glycine*Amino acid responsible for flexibility of proteins is - Glycine*", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lysine", "opb": "Leucine", "opc": "Histidine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Amino Acids Basics", "id": "aa2cb081-9363-4ae5-a319-b75136d3d491", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In hemoglobin the innate affinity of heme for carbon monoxide is diminished by the presence of", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., His E-7 The heme has high affinity for carbon monoxide (about 25000 more than for oxygen)But when heme molecule is associated with Histidine E7 [( as occurs in myoglobin), its affinity for CO is drastically reduced, because the presence of His E7 creates a hindered environment for CO by disturbing the orientation of atoms in the heme moleculeSee what Harper writes- \"Carbon monoxide (CO) binds to isolated heme about 25000times more strongly than does oxygen. The atmosphere contains traces of CO, and normal catabolism of heme itself forms small quantities of CO. Why then does not CO (rather than 02) occupy the sixth coordination position of the heme iron of myoglobin? The answer lies in the hindered environment of heme in myoglobin. The preferred orientation for CO to heme iron is with all three atoms (Fe, C, and O) perpendicular to heme ring.* While this orientation is possible for isolated heme, in myoglobin the distal histidine (His-E7) sterically hinders binding of CO at this angle. *Angles for bonding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to the heme iron of myoglobin. The distal E7 histidine hinders bonding of CO at the preferred (180-degree) angle to the plane of the heme ring. This forces CO to bind in a less favoured configuration and reduces the strength of the heme - CO bond over two orders of magnitude\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "His F8", "opb": "His E7", "opc": "GlyB6", "opd": "ThrC4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "793e8bd8-57f9-4bda-b58d-a94b992e5fb0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The relationship between sulphonamide and PABA is", "exp": "Sulfonamides have structural similarity with PABA .therefore, they competitively inhibit the enzyme responsible for the incorporation of PABA into dihydropteroic acid, the immediate precursor of folic acidRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 491, 61", "cop": 1, "opa": "Metabolic antagonism", "opb": "Synergism", "opc": "Intermediate compound formation", "opd": "Chelation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "f35d86f9-3d30-48ed-8e8f-d2a419ebd850", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inhibition of glycolysis is increased supply of O2 is", "exp": "Pasteur Effect - Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is inhibited. This inhibitory effect of oxygen on glycolysis is known as Pasteur effect. REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,134.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Crabtree effect", "opb": "Pasteur effect", "opc": "Lewis effect", "opd": "Krebs effect", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "88e58664-d8fe-4355-b229-c8ff4c23ca95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pyrimidine dimers are formed due to", "exp": "Pyrimidine dimers are molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA photochemical reactions. Ultraviolet light induces the formation of covalent linkages by reactions localized on the C=C double bonds. In dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), uracil dimers may also accumulate as a result of UV radiation. Two common UV products are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs, including thymine dimers) and 6,4 photoproducts. These premutagenic lesions alter the structure of DNA and consequently inhibit polymerases and arrest replication. Dimers may be repaired by photoreactivation or nucleotide excision repair, but unrepaired dimers are mutagenic. Pyrimidine dimers are the primary cause of melanomas in humans Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p279", "cop": 3, "opa": "X-rays", "opb": "TS-rays", "opc": "UV rays", "opd": "Infra-red rays", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "2579c04d-ae14-4d13-893d-7ff6174a14e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carnitine helps in", "exp": "Fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm, but the beta-oxidation is in mitochondria. So transpo of fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane is essential. The long chain fatty acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore a transpoer, carnitine is involved in transfer of fatty acids. Carnitine is beta-hydroxygamma- trimethyl ammonium butyrate,Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 131", "cop": 2, "opa": "Transpo of fatty acids from mitochandria to cytosol", "opb": "Transpo of fatty acids from cytosol to mitochandria", "opc": "Transpo of pyruvate into mitochandria", "opd": "Transpo of Malate in Malate shuttle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "4ba3ebef-c93d-44e2-8e64-8dc3b4e3ecaf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of ATP molecules and NADPH formed in each cycle of glycolysis In aerobic condition,", "exp": "when oxygen is in plenty, the two NADH molecules, generated in the glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction (step 5), can enter the mitochondrial electron transpo chain for complete oxidation. As each NADH provides 2.5 ATPs, this reaction generates 2.5 x 2 = 5 ATPs. Thus when oxygen is available, the net gain of energy from the glycolysis pathway is 7 ATPs. In aerobic conditions, Pyruvate is later oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle for complete oxidation. Complete oxidation of glucose through glycolysis plus citric acid cycle will yield a net 32 ATPs. Ref: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY,EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,132.", "cop": 2, "opa": "4,2", "opb": "2,2", "opc": "4,4", "opd": "2,4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5885f220-2141-4789-8b43-508ada541cba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immunoglobulin that crosses to the fetus from mother", "exp": "IgG can cross placental barrier, and protects the newborn child from infections. These maternal antibodies are seen in neonatal circulation upto 2-4 months. Placental crossing of IgG explains the Rh isoimmunization. This occurs when mother is Rh negative, and fetus is Rh positive, and when ABO system antigens are similar to both mother and fetus. Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 688, 689", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgD", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "57b415d2-a994-4525-a5c6-3a2aa95f9819", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urea cycle occurs in", "exp": "Inside the cells of almost all tissues,transamination of amino acids produce glutamic acid. How ever , Glutamate dehydrogenase is available only in liver. Therefore ,the final deamination and production of ammonia is taking place in Liver.Which fuher enters Urea cycle.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 203", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Gastrointestinal tract", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "868269c5-bc5a-4097-860d-e77746e3f78d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following metabolite is a derivative of tryptophan", "exp": "Tryptophan is conveed to Seratonin, which is then acetylated and fuher methylated to form Metatonin.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 240, Fig no 18.10.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Melatonin", "opb": "Thyroxine", "opc": "Epinephrine", "opd": "Nor epinephrine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "fa73e1eb-f7b8-48b3-bc8d-ccf3f020c9b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin K is required for", "exp": "Carboxylation The only known biological role of vitamin K is as a cofactor for an enzyme carboxylase that catalyzes carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on vitamin K-dependent proteins. The key vitamin K-dependent proteins include: Coagulation proteins: factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X Anticoagulation proteins: proteins C, S and Z Bone proteins: osteocalcin and matrix-Gla protein Gas6 is a vitamin K-dependent protein that is found throughout the nervous system, as well in the hea, lungs, stomach, kidneys, and cailage. These proteins have in common the requirement to be post-translationally modified by carboxylation of glutamic acid residues (forming gamma-carboxyglutamic acid) in order to become biologically active. Prothrombin, for example, has 10 glutamic acids in the amino-terminal region of the protein which are carboxylated. Without vitamin K. the carboxylation does not occur and the proteins that are synthesized are biologically inactive. Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues is critical for the calcium-binding function of those proteins. Also Know There are two naturally occurring forms of vitamin K: - phylloquinone synthesized by plants - menaquinones synthesized by intestinal bacteria Synthetic forms of vitamin K are: - menadiotze - menadiol - menadiol acetate", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hydroxylation", "opb": "Chelation", "opc": "Transamination", "opd": "Carboxylation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "627c6677-b31d-4ba4-b33c-eb894c70f00a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate requires", "exp": "Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). It is a multi-enzyme complex with 5 co-enzymes and 3 apo-enzymes.\nThe co-enzymes needed are:\n\nThiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)\nCo-enzyme A (CoA)\nFAD\nNAD+\nLipoamide.\nThe enzyme part of the PDH complex is made up of three component enzymes.\n\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 116", "cop": 4, "opa": "NADP+", "opb": "Cytochromes", "opc": "pyridoxal phosphate", "opd": "COASH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "96e57c1b-b2b7-4a4e-8566-8b7fe15f6893", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The apoprotein in HDL is mainly", "exp": "Most important apoprotein in HDL → apo A-1\nMost important apoprotein in chylomicrons → apo B-48\nMost important apoprotein in LDL, IDL, VLDL → apo B-100", "cop": 3, "opa": "B–100", "opb": "B–48", "opc": "A–1", "opd": "C–1", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5feca652-3c7f-49c4-ba1e-b9ffd20e71f5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a classical presentation due to deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Vitamin K", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Selenium", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b5ed97a1-f154-42e1-9b70-52fa877c95e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Initial amino acid in prokaryotic protein synthesis", "exp": "Activation of amino acid is the first phase of translation, among which initiation of protein synthesis is the first step. It is divided into 4steps .1st one is recognition steps. In eukaryotes, the first amino acid incorporated is methionine(AUG codon). But in prokaryotes, the same codon stands for N-formyl methionine, which is the first amino acid.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 600", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arginine", "opb": "Methionine", "opc": "Formyl-methionine", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "5fd86007-5bd4-4dba-a2d6-90cdadc5a253", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sweaty feet odour in body fluids occur due to deficiency of", "exp": "The impaired enzyme in isovaleric acidemia is isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Vomiting, acidosis and coma follow ingestion of excess protein. Accumulated isovaleryl-CoA is hydrolyzed to isovalerate and excreted. Characteristic odor of sweaty feet is present.\nHarper's Illustrated Biochemistry 30 th edition page no 309", "cop": 2, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase", "opc": "Thiamine linked decarboxylase", "opd": "Leucine transaminase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d4b66119-ee58-43f2-8f4f-32d90609875c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme responsible for the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 to water is present in", "exp": "CITRIC ACID CYCLE Synonyms: TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), Krebs' cycle, Krebs' citric acid cycle. Points to Remember * It is a cyclic process. * The cycle involves a sequence of compounds interrelated by oxidation-reduction and other reactions which finally produces CO2 and H2O. * It is the final common pathway of break down/catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. (Phase III of metabolism). * Acetyl-CoA derived mainly from the oxidation of either glucose or b-oxidation of FA and paly from ceain amino acids combines with oxaloacetic acid (OAA) to form citrate the first reaction of citric acid cycle. In this reaction acetyl-CoA transfers its 'acetyl-group' (2-C) to OAA. * By stepwise dehydrogenations and loss of two molecules of CO2, accompanied by internal re-arrangements, the citric acid is reconveed to OAA, which again stas the cycle by taking up another acetyl group from acetyl-CoA. * A very small catalytic amount of OAA can bring about the complete oxidation of active-acetate. * Enzymes are located in the mitochondrial matrix, either free or attached to the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which facilitates the transfer of reducing equivalents to the adjacent enzymes of the respiratory chain. * The whole process is aerobic, requiring O2 as the final oxidant of the reducing equivalents. Absence of O2 (anoxia) or paial deficiency of O2 (hypoxia) causes total or paial inhibition of the cycle. * The H atoms removed in the successive dehydrogenations are accepted by corresponding coenzymes. Reduced coenzymes transfer the reducing equivalents to the electron-transpo system, where oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP moleculesRef: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 336", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytosol", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Lysosomes", "opd": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "c5aae702-027c-449e-bdec-07e3ebf296a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Homocysteine is", "exp": "Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic alpha- amino acid Homologous to cysteine, differing by an additional methylene bridge (-CH2-) Synthesized from methionine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Amino-acid in Protein- D form", "opb": "Amino-acid in Protein- L form", "opc": "Non-protein alpha amino-acid", "opd": "Seen in Collagen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Methionine and Cysteine details", "id": "b78192de-0811-4ba5-aaa5-5318a3d18fc3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mitochondrial membrane protein contain transporter of", "exp": "The carrier proteins in inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) are highly specific in their action. They permit movement of several molecules that are important for cellular function, such as ATP, H+, malate, pyruvate, citrate, glutamate, aspartate, a-ketoglutarate and phosphate.\nIt should be remembered that though shuttle systems move NADH produced in the cytosol into the mitochondria, there is no direct transporter for NADH. First reducing equivalent of NADH is transferred to malate which then is transported into the mitochondria and returns the reducing equivalent to mitochondrial NAD+ to form NADH. So, NADH is not transported but for one NADH produced in the cytosol one NADH is produced inside the mitochondria after transport of reducing equivalent by shuttle system.", "cop": 4, "opa": "NADH", "opb": "Acetyl COA", "opc": "NADPH", "opd": "ATP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "103359d1-d493-461f-a681-03cfcad16060", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids occurs", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Peroxisomes", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cytoplasm", "opb": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Lysosome", "opd": "Peroxisomes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "58ef16af-233a-4bce-b7c4-1e6c59269084", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dietary fibre is rich in", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 2, "opa": "Starch", "opb": "Pectin", "opc": "Collagen", "opd": "Proteoglycan", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "64c1b402-6cb1-445b-96f0-e9c7ef040d11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest symptom of Tay sach disease", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Exaggerated stale response Tay-Sach diseaseClinical symptoms are usually evident in the first year of lifeInitial signs are not dramatic and present as enfeeblement, spasticity and slow development.An exaggerated stale response to sound may be the most significant early sign of which a parent is aware.Other features are mental retardation, deterioration of vision and early death.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Exaggerated stale response", "opb": "Bone deformation", "opc": "Hepatomegaly", "opd": "Excessive bleeding", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f213b11b-b60c-4859-b6fc-944f3c34b42c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gluconeogenesis takes place in", "exp": "Only liver can replenish blood glucose through gluconeogenesis because glucose-6phosphatase is present mainly in liver. So liver plays the major role in maintaining the blood glucose level.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 118", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "RBC", "opc": "Adipocyte", "opd": "Myocyte", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "8895b866-d1eb-491f-8a9b-71b29ac44a8a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reverse transcription involves", "exp": "Generally, the genes are made up of DNA . Usually , DNA dependent RNA polymerase transfers the information of DNA to mRNA . But Retrovirus group , RNA acts as a template Based on this RNA , the enzyme , RNA dependent DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase will make a new DNA strand. Reference : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO : 593.", "cop": 1, "opa": "RNA dependent DNA synthesis", "opb": "DNA dependent RNA synthesis", "opc": "DNA dependent DNA synthesis", "opd": "RNA dependent RNA synthesis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "4b0d870c-db7c-472f-a6c7-fa7feeb883e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Degeneracy of codons means", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "More than one codon for a single amino acid", "opb": "Termination of protein synthesis", "opc": "Transcription", "opd": "Translation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8ae1de96-f3cb-4e59-a47b-c1acb418648a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed is known as", "exp": "Respiratoryquotient (RQ) is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced/oxygen consumed RQ Glucose 1.00 Protein 0.81 Fat 0.71 Alcohol 0.66 Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 503", "cop": 2, "opa": "Basal metabolic rate", "opb": "Respiratory quotient", "opc": "Specific dynamic action", "opd": "Paial pressure of carbon dioxide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "58d1b02e-fb58-44c6-b4cf-99c23d5bfacd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluoride, used in the collection of blood samples for glucose estimation, inhibits the enzyme", "exp": "Enolase requires Mg+ +, and by removing magnesium ions, fluoride will irreversibly inhibit this enzyme. Thus, fluoride will stop the whole glycolysis. So when blood collecting for sugar estimation, fluoride is added to the blood. If not, glucose is metabolized by the blood cells, so that lower blood sugar values are obtained.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 111", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucokinase", "opb": "Hexokinase", "opc": "Enolase", "opd": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "43ed6880-bf10-42c3-a372-c35ffacfa680", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The biosynthesis of Epinephrine from Norepinephrine requires", "exp": "S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) is the methyl donor for the conversion of Norepinephrine to Epinephrine.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pyridoxal phosphate", "opb": "Biotin", "opc": "Cytochrome P450", "opd": "S-adenosyl methionine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Classification and metabolism of amino acids", "id": "cefd7837-8bfd-4447-8a95-333ccb79493f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cystine is formed from", "exp": "The difference in structure of cysteine and cystine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by S--S bond to form one molecule of cystine.Ref: M.N. Chatterjea - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 504", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arginine", "opb": "Histidine", "opc": "Cysteine", "opd": "Alanine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "ebc6f4e3-68b3-4fd3-b4f2-52ffeb6dd5ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transketolase requires", "exp": "Vitamin B complexCo-enzyme formReactions used by the enzymeActivity assessmentThiamine Thiamine pyrophosphate Oxidative decarboxylation | RBC transketolase activity Riboflavin Flavin adenine dinucleotide Oxido reduction , Deamination | RBC glutathione reductase activity Niacin Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideOxido reduction , Deamination Koenig reaction , Xanthurenic index Pantothenic acid Co enzyme A , ACP Co A derivatives , Acyl carrier proteins Pyridoxine Pyridoxal phosphate Transamination , Decarboxylation Tryptophan loading test,Xanthurenic indexBiotin Biotin Carboxylation MethylcobalamineHomocysteine methyl transferaseMethyl malonylaciduria index Folic acidFIGLU test Harper's illustrated Biochemistry ,30th ed ,page 190", "cop": 2, "opa": "FAD", "opb": "TPP", "opc": "PLP", "opd": "FMN", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "d8419f6a-9d73-4e0e-8c13-dff78e594147", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In muscle, phosphorylase b is kept in inactivated state by", "exp": "(A) cAMP", "cop": 1, "opa": "cAMP", "opb": "ATP", "opc": "Calcium", "opd": "Glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "05acae19-9ac3-43e2-8a93-9101e47a5ccd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary Hyperoxaluria occurs in defect in metabolism of", "exp": "Primary Hyperoxaluria : increased excretion of oxalates is observed upto 600 mg/day ,compred to a normal of 50 mg /day .The oxaluria is due to increased production of oxaltes. It is an autosomal recessive trait. The disease is due to a protein targetting defect.Normally , the enzyme alanine glyoxalate amino transferase is located in hepatic peroxiomes :but in these patients the enzyme is present in mitochondria. This leads to increased pool size of glyoxalate ,and excess production of oxalate.Rnal depositionof oxalateswould cause nephrolithiasis,renal colic and hematuria.Extrarenal oxalosis may be seen in hea, blood vessels ,bone etc TYPE 2 primary hyperoxaluria is a milder condtion causing only urolithiasis and results from deficient activity of cytoplasmic glyoxalte oxidase. The pricipl of management is to increase oxalate excretion by increased water intake.Also try to minimize dietery intake of oxalates by restricting the intake of leafy vegetables,sesame seeds, tea ,cocoa,beetroot,spinach etc. in normal persons , oxalate can arise from Glyoxalate metabolism. from ingestion of leafy vegetables. from ascorbic acid degradation.The third source is minimal in human beings. REF : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ,7TH EDITION ; Pageno :213", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cystein", "opb": "Tryptophan", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c8634c2d-78f6-4dd8-8ed3-a3ba40bc9ecc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amber codon refers to", "exp": "Stop codons UAA - ochre; UAG - amber; UGA - opal.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mutant codon", "opb": "Stop codon", "opc": "Initiating codon", "opd": "Codon for more than one amino acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4b4e7a22-e647-4556-80aa-d3687caf639d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acridine orange is a fluorescent dye used to bind", "exp": "DNA and RNA Acridine orange is a nucleic acid selective metachromatic stain useful for cell cycle determination Acridine orange interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attraction respectively - DNA intercalated Acridine orange fluoresces green - RNA electrostatically bound acridine orange fluoresces red It may distinguish between quiescent and activated proliferating cells and may also allow differential detection of )multiple GI compaments. - Acridine orange is also a useful method for measuring apoptosis and for detecting intracellular pH gradients and the measurement of proton pump activity. Uses of Acridine orange Demonstration of mucin Staining of DNA and RNA As a stain for electron microscopy study of mitochondria) osteoclasts Distinguish proliferating and resting cells Genetic determination of plasmodium falciparum and H. Pylori Also know D.N.A. can be best demonstrated by --> Feulgen Other methods of demonstrate D.N.A --> Methyl green pyronin, Gallocyanin chrome alum method Method of choice for demonstrating R.N.A --> Methyl green pyronin Other methods to demonstrate R.N.A. - Gallocyanin chroms alum, Acridine orange", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA and RNA", "opb": "Protein", "opc": "Lipid", "opd": "Carbohydrates", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "381e8ace-898f-4262-b56a-1f5c2335afac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Last electron acceptor in electron transpo chain is", "exp": "Complex IV: Cyt-c Oxidase The system functions: * As proton pump * Catalyses transfer of electrons to molecular O2 to form H2O. This is the terminal component of ETC. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from Cyt-c to molecular O2 Cyt-a, Cu++ ions and Cyt-a3.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 142", "cop": 4, "opa": "FADH2", "opb": "NADH2", "opc": "Cytochrome C", "opd": "O2", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "19e6358b-5c9d-45e1-a963-fd956c814c70", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fireflies produce light due to", "exp": "Light production in fireflies is due to a type of chemical reaction called bioluminescence. This process occurs in specialized light-emitting organs, usually on a firefly&;s lower abdomen. The enzyme luciferase acts on the luciferin, in the presence of magnesium ions, ATP, and oxygen to produce light. Gene coding for these substances has been inseed into many different organisms (see Luciferase - Applications). Firefly luciferase is used in forensics, and the enzyme has medical uses -- in paicular, for detecting the presence of ATP or magnesium. All fireflies glow as larvae. Bioluminescence serves a different function in lampyrid larvae from the function served in adults. It appears to be a warning signal to predators since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic.", "cop": 3, "opa": "NADH", "opb": "GTP", "opc": "ATP", "opd": "Phosphocreatinine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "31fb3254-eb87-49af-bd2e-54d285d856b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Principal serum enzyme used in clinical diagnosis of Wilson disease", "exp": "Serum enzymeDiseaseAspaate aminotransferase(AST, or SGOT)Myocardial infarctionAlanine aminotransferase(ALT, or SGPT)Viral hepatitisAmylaseAcute pancreatitisCeruloplasminHepatolenticular degeneration(Wilson disease)Creatine kinaseMuscle disorders and myocardialinfarctiong-Glutamyl transferaseVarious liver diseasesLactate dehydrogenaseisozyme 5Liver diseasesLipaseAcute pancreatitisb-GlucoscerebrosidaseGaucher diseasePhosphatase, alkaline(isozymes)Various bone disorders,obstructive liver diseasesRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 7 Enzymes: Mechanism of Action", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aspaate aminotransferase", "opb": "Ceruloplasmin", "opc": "b-Glucoscerebrosidase", "opd": "Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "33b5de75-0818-409d-936c-d77c8632d332", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cardiac enzymes are", "exp": "These tests can measure blood levels of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK), also called creatine kinase (CK), and a more specific form of this enzyme called CK-MB. Additionally, cardiac enzyme tests can be used to check the blood levels of the proteins myoglobin and troponin.", "cop": 1, "opa": "CPK", "opb": "LDH", "opc": "SGOT", "opd": "ALK. Phosphatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "21d2ab1b-d049-4622-bb81-328f711cd68a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Niemann Pick disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "(C) Sphinomyelinase EXAMPLES OF SPHINGOLIPIDOSESDiseaseEnzymeDeficiencyLipid AccumulatingClinical SymptomsTay-Sachs diseaseHexosaminidase ACer--Glc--Gal(NeuAc) / GalNAcMental retardation, blindness, muscular weakness. GM2 Ganglioside Fabry's diseasea-GalactosidaseCer--Glc--GalGalSkin rash, kidney failure (full symptoms only in Globotriaosylceramidemales; X-linked recessive).MetachromaticleukodystrophyArylsulfatase ACer--Gal/OSO3Mental retardation and psychologic disturbances in adults; demyelination. 3-SulfogalactosylceramideKrabbe's diseaseb-GalactosidaseCer/ GalMental retardation; myelin almost absent. Galactosylceramide Gaucher's diseaseb-GlucosidaseCer/ GlcEnlarged liver and spleen, erosion of long bones, Glucosylceramidemental retardation in infants.Niemann-Pick diseaseSphingomyelinaseCer/ P--cholineSphingomyelinEnlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation; fatal in early life.Farber's diseaseCeramidaseAcyl/SphingosineHoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation, mental retardation; fatal in early life.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Galactokinase", "opb": "Galactosidase", "opc": "Sphingomyelinase", "opd": "Hexosaminidase A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "d6c72d23-4b61-4884-a7c8-1f8d12ab3227", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sickle cell anemia is the clinical manifestation of homozygous genes for an abnormal haemoglobin molecule. The event responsible for the mutation in the Beta chain is", "exp": "Point mutation is a random SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) mutation in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that occurs at one point. Point mutations usually take place during DNA replication. DNA replication occurs when one double-stranded DNA molecule creates two single strands of DNA, each of which is a template for the creation of the complementary strand. A single point mutation can change the whole DNA sequence. Changing one purine or pyrimidine may change the amino acid that the nucleotides code for.Point mutation is a random SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) mutation in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that occurs at one point. Point mutations usually take place during DNA replication. DNA replication occurs when one double-stranded DNA molecule creates two single strands of DNA, each of which is a template for the creation of the complementary strand. A single point mutation can change the whole DNA sequence. Changing one purine or pyrimidine may change the amino acid that the nucleotides code for.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 612", "cop": 4, "opa": "Inseion", "opb": "Deletion", "opc": "Non-disjunction", "opd": "Point mutation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "9b36f1dd-1493-4330-805f-13caa80c2de0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The brush border bound hydrolase linked with sucrase is", "exp": "Hydrolysis of sucrose (optical rotation +66.5deg) will produce one molecule of glucose (+52.5deg) and one molecule of fructose (-92deg). Therefore the products will change the dextrorotation to levorotation, or the plane of rotation is inveed. Equimolecular mixture of glucose and fructose thus formed is called inve sugar. The enzyme producing hydrolysis of sucrose is called sucrase or invease. Honey contains inve sugar. Inve sugar is sweeter than sucrose.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 68", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alpha dextrinase", "opb": "Glucose hydrolase", "opc": "Trehalase", "opd": "Alpha fructase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "44d622b6-68cd-4b6b-89a9-2e10c3f91f93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In cytochrome P450, P stands for", "exp": "Molecular oxygen is incorporated into a variety of substrates by enzymes designated as oxygenases; many drugs, pollutants, and chemical carcinogens (xenobiotics) are metabolized by enzymes of this class, known as the cytochrome P450 systemCytochromes P450 Are Monooxygenases Impoant in Steroid Metabolism & for the Detoxification of Many DrugsReaction and also works together with cytochromes P450 in drug detoxificationRef: Harper&;s biochemistry text, 30th edition, biological oxidation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Structural proteins", "opb": "Substrate protein", "opc": "Pigment", "opd": "Polymer", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "e02563e4-9d79-4380-846e-88daa99903ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential fatty acid", "exp": "Linoleic and a-linolenic acids are the only fatty acids known to be essential for the complete nutrition of many species of animals, including humans, and are termedthe nutritionally essential fatty acids. In most mammals, arachidonic acid can be formed from linoleic acid.Ref: Harper 9e pg: 238", "cop": 1, "opa": "Linoleic acid", "opb": "Palmitoleic acid", "opc": "Oleic acid", "opd": "Arachidonic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "11003ff8-d721-4792-8644-fef7fa76a2a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Under metabolic conditions associated with a high rate of fatty acid oxidation, liver produces", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Glutamate", "opb": "Acetoacetate", "opc": "Cholesterol", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "062bda6e-0055-4269-8cc8-1b0962191841", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Components of chromosome area) DNAb) t RNAc) m RNAd) r RNAe) Histone", "exp": "Nucleosomes are further arranged into increasingly more complex structures that organize into chromosomes.\nChromosomes are made up of DNA, histones, and non-histone protein.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ae", "opb": "b", "opc": "ab", "opd": "ad", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bc9a69e0-7e70-46a8-8447-3cad986a2e98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytochromes are", "exp": "Cytochromes These are very impoant enzymes which contain haem and are involved in cellular oxidation. ( Fe-porphyrin protein) The oxidized form of cytochrome possesses a single Fe+3 ion and is called ferricytochrome. It is reduced to ferrocytochrome having a Fe+2 ion on accepting an electron. * Cytochromes are identified by their characteristic absorption spectra. Ferricytochrome shows diffuse and non-characteristic absorption band invisible spectrum. Ferrocytochrome exhibit characteristic absorption bands called a aa, b bb, and ggg-soret bands. * Cytochromes are categorized into different groups according to the light wavelength at which the a-band shows its peak (a absorption maxima). They also differ with respect to haem prosthetic group, the apoprotein, and binding between the haem and apoprotein.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 137", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pyridine nucelotides", "opb": "Metal containing flavoproteins", "opc": "Peroxidases", "opd": "Iron-porphyrin proteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "27519bcd-a3e6-442e-b557-a1661de24543", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In leucine zipper model, Leucine residue is seen after every", "exp": "*An a helix in which there is a periodic repeat of leucine residues at every seventh position. *This occurs for eight helical turns and four leucine repeats. * Similar structures have been found in a number of other proteins associated with the regulation of transcription in mammalian and yeast cells. * It is thought that this structure allows two identical monomers or heterodimers (eg, Fos-Jun or Jun-Jun) to \"zip together\" in a coiled-coil and form a tight dimeric complex *This protein-protein interaction may serve to enhance the association of the separate DNA binding domains with their target <img class=\"fr-dib\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\" /> Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 574", "cop": 3, "opa": "3 amino acids", "opb": "6 amino acids", "opc": "7 amino acids", "opd": "12 amino acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "5b9af513-b50e-4463-8b8c-9fae3559ae51", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bicarbonate moves out of RBC in peripheral tissues in exchange for", "exp": "Unlike carbon dioxide, bicarbonate is very soluble in the blood plasma and therefore must return thereby moving out of the red blood cell. However, as it moves across the membrane, a chloride ion is brought into the cell. This is known as the chloride shift and it takes place in order to maintain electric neutrality. Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 197-200", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "HP02 4-", "opc": "Cl-", "opd": "S02 4-", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "3bf46306-e8cf-4849-9b32-3c674692d637", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After digestion by restriction endonucleases, DNA strands can be joined again by", "exp": "In mammals, after many Okazaki fragments are generated, the replication complex begins to remove the RNA primers, to fill in the gaps left by their removal with the proper base-paired deoxynucleotide, and then to seal the fragments of newly synthesized DNA by enzymes referred to as DNA ligases. DNA ligase Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.Ref.: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry; 30th edition; page no: 383", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA polymerase", "opb": "DNA ligase", "opc": "DNA topoisomerase", "opd": "DNA gyrase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "ceb431c6-7ce1-4143-b79a-e6119c685589", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In starvation, glucose is mainly utilized as metabolic fuel by", "exp": "In the fasting state, as the concentration of glucose in the poal blood coming from the small intestine falls, insulin secretion decreases, and skeletal muscle and adipose tissue take up less glucose. The increase in secretion of glucagon by a cells of the pancreas inhibits glycogen synthetase and activates glycogen phosphorylase in the liver leading to glycogenolysis. The resulting glucose-6-phosphate is hydrolyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase, and glucose is released into the bloodstream for use by the brain and erythrocytes. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Chapter 14; Page no: 148", "cop": 1, "opa": "Erythrocytes", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Skeletal muscle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "4085fc10-628f-4431-a2c2-62431bbfda41", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "High energy phosphate compounds are", "exp": "Adenosine triphosphate, coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms; the process in which energy is moved throughout the cell", "cop": 1, "opa": "ATP", "opb": "ADP", "opc": "Creatinine phosphate", "opd": "Acetyl CoA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d715593e-e430-4c1c-a971-f5913ec66680", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a marker for muscle tumor", "exp": "Markers for smooth muscles tumor are : (t) Muscle specific actin, (ii) Intermediate filament, and (iii) Desmin. Neurofilament is a marker of neural tumors.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Desmin", "opb": "Actin", "opc": "Neurofilament", "opd": "Intermediate filament", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "282934a6-f9aa-4545-96a8-8be48cbbdb59", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Promoter sequence is an example for", "exp": "Trans acting factors control the expression of cis-regulatory element Cis-regulatory elements are DNA sequences present on the same molecule of DNA (chromosome) as the gene they regulate. E.g. Promoter is a cis-regulated element usually located upstream of the transcribed region. Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that can be located upstream, downstream, within the introns,", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cis acting factor", "opb": "Trans acting factor", "opc": "Coactivator", "opd": "Mediator", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Transcription", "id": "37a2c44a-f18d-4de0-bc65-84c6e06048a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Regan isoenzyme is increased in", "exp": "The Regan isoenzyme is a placental-type alkaline phosphatase that is expressed in a number of human tumors, paicularly in gonadal and urologic cancers. Evidence now points to seminoma as a consistent producer of Regan isoenzyme although much more work will be required to establish its clinical utility. Ref:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Seminoma", "opb": "Paget's disease", "opc": "Osteoporosis", "opd": "Cholestasis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "cf9a7700-208c-460a-8573-680004f61ca0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Choose the major fuel that is being used by the brain after 1 day of fasting.", "exp": "Production of ketone bodies by the livera. As glucagon levels rise, adipose tissue breaks down its triacylglycerol stores into fatty acids and glycerol, which are released into the blood.b. Through the process of b-oxidation, the liver converts the fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).c. Acetyl CoA is used by the liver for the synthesis of the ketone bodies, acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate. The liver cannot oxidize ketone bodies and hence releases them into the blood.Blood glucose is the major fuel for the brain, except when, after 3 to 5 days of fasting, ketone bodies in the blood reach a concentration at which the brain can begin to utilize them. Even at this point the nervous system still obtains 60% of its energy from glucose. The brain does not take up, to an appreciable extent, fatty acids, and fatty acid oxidation does not provide much energy for the brain. The brain's glycogen stores are very small, and alanine is not used as an energy source under any conditions by the nervous system.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ketone bodies", "opb": "Blood glucose", "opc": "Fatty acids", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "c75de527-1dc2-44bb-a56d-027aebbcdb45", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The role of vitamin K in epoxide cycle is", "exp": "Carboxylation of glutamate is the role of VitK in epoxide cycle. Vitamin K is necessary for coagulation. Factors dependent on vitamin K are Factor II (prothrombin); Factor VII (SPCA); Factor IX (Christmas factor); Factor X (Stua Prower factor) All these factors are synthesized by the liver as inactive zymogens. They undergo post-translational modification; gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues. These are the binding sites for calcium ions. The gamma-carboxy glutamic acid (GCG) synthesis requires vitamin K as a co-factor Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 462 image satyanarayana 4th ed page 131", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carboxylation of glucatamate", "opb": "Dehydrogenation of glucatamate", "opc": "Carboxylation of glutamate", "opd": "Dehydrogenation of aspaate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "1e43e0bf-bbd1-4750-afea-f38c447530ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Home to bilirubin conversion is carried out by", "exp": "Within the macrophage, heme derived from haemoglobin is broken down by heme oxygenase, conveing it to biliverdin Carbon monoxide and iron arereleased as by-productsReference: Harper biochemistry 30th edition page no 672", "cop": 1, "opa": "Heme oxygenase", "opb": "Heme reductase", "opc": "Heme isomerase", "opd": "Heme hydrolase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "84733d91-02fd-4eda-a7b5-9de87d086c77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin K dependent clotting factor is", "exp": "Vitamin K dependent clotting factors (VKCF) are clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII (Proconvertin), IX (Christmas factor), X (Stuart Prover Factor), protein C, protein S and protein Z.", "cop": 1, "opa": "VII", "opb": "I", "opc": "XI", "opd": "XII", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bf51a57c-7701-4b35-824d-64d0798e4a94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis is seen in", "exp": "Step 9 of Glycolysis i. Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) is dephosphorylated to pyruvate, by pyruvate kinase. First PEP is made into a transient intermediary of enol pyruvate; which is spontaneously isomerized into keto pyruvate, the stable form of pyruvate. ii. One mole of ATP is generated during this reaction. This is again an example of substrate-level phosphorylation (Fig. 9.13). iii. The pyruvate kinase is a key glycolytic enzyme. This step is irreversible. The reversal, however, can be brought about in the body with the help of two enzymes (pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and hydrolysis of 2 ATP moleculesRef: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 96", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyruvate kinase", "opb": "Succinate thiokinase", "opc": "Enolase", "opd": "PDH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "10f68f28-a0a6-4ced-b696-a6140f45c2ee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratin of skin and nail differ because", "exp": "Keratins - Keratins are proteins present in hair, skin and nails, horn, hoof, etc. The fibers present are called alpha keratins and matrix as keratohyalin. They mainly have the alpha helical structure. Each fibril has 3 polypeptide chains and each bundle has about 10-12 fibrils. The keratohyalin matrix has cysteinerich polypeptide chains which are held together by disulfide bonds. The more the number of disulfide bonds, the harder the keratin is. REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY,EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,674.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vander waal bond", "opb": "Lipolysis", "opc": "Disulphide bond", "opd": "Covalent bond", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "7bc92e64-6559-4216-bcce-f97d89db6f8b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA repair defects are seen in", "exp": "Xeroderma pigmentosa is autosomal recessive conditionMutation in any one of the gene XP leads to dis conditionUv light causes the formation of thymine dimers where covalent bonds are formed between thymine residues Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 584, 584", "cop": 1, "opa": "Xeroderma pigmentosa", "opb": "Bloom's syndrome", "opc": "Ataxia telangiectasia", "opd": "Li-Fraumani syndrome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "8af1ee6a-aa52-4e42-8cf3-7d929c2d8606", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Defect in SNURPs causes", "exp": "Spliceosomes : Small nuclear RNA (snRNAs) takes pa in formation of spliceosomes. All of them located in nucleus. They complex with specific proteins, to form smal nuclear ribonucleoprotein pacles (SnRNPs) REF : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ; 8th EDITION ; Page no:573", "cop": 3, "opa": "Defect in 5'capping", "opb": "Defect in addition of poly A tail", "opc": "Defect in splicing", "opd": "Defect in terminal addition of nucleotide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "50e6351e-db64-475f-8d8b-38d4ac3c8bdd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The common feature of Nuclear Localization Signals is", "exp": "Many nuclear proteins contain NLSs that are rich in basic arginine and lysine residues, which may be located anywhere in the polypeptide chain. Reference: Harper; 30th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "They are rich in acidic amino acid residues and are located at the C-terminus of the protein", "opb": "They are rich in basic amino acid residues and are located at the C-terminus of the protein", "opc": "They are rich in acidic amino acid residues and may be located anywhere in the protein sequence", "opd": "They are rich in basic amino acid residues and may be located anywhere in the protein sequence", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "686238d0-252d-49fd-a933-8a41eefe399d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Southern blot is used to visualize", "exp": "A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. Ref-D.M.Vasudevan 7/e p546", "cop": 2, "opa": "RNA", "opb": "DNA", "opc": "Protein", "opd": "Antibody", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "13dc3057-3716-4f9f-8c94-059e1da6d46d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complimentary sequence of 5' GCACC 3'", "exp": "Ans: d (5' GGTGC 3') Ref: Lippincott 3rd ed/p. 395.Adenine (A) always pairs with Thiamine (T).There are 2 Hydrogen bonds between A and T.Cytosine(C) always pairs with Guanine (G).There are 3 Hydrogen bonds between C and G.Complementary sequence of 5'-3' end always proceeds from 3'-5'.Therefore,5'GCACC 3' Complements 3'CGTGG 5'This can also be rewritten in 5' - 3' as5' GGTGC 3'", "cop": 4, "opa": "5' CCACG3'", "opb": "5' CGTGG 3'", "opc": "3' GGTGC 5'", "opd": "5'GGTGC 3'", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Molecular Genetics", "id": "51941593-5d9c-45f1-83aa-800bddf31e0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A segment of a eukaryotic gene that is not represented in the mature mRNA, known as", "exp": "The primary transcript are very long, they have molecular weights more than 10^7The primary transcript contains coding regions -extrons and non-coding regions -intronsThe introns sequence are cleaved and the exons are spliced to form mature mRNA moleculeRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 591", "cop": 1, "opa": "Intron", "opb": "Exon", "opc": "Plasmid", "opd": "TATA box", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "34e0aefe-8d42-4621-b5c5-e2848ca4a882", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cell shape and motility are provided by", "exp": "Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form pa of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to cells", "cop": 2, "opa": "Microfilaments", "opb": "Microtubules", "opc": "Golgi apparatus", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "f139912a-c07a-4af0-830e-9d38780acd2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Karyotyping under light microscopy is", "exp": "B i.e. G banding [Ref: Nagesh Rao: Human genetics", "cop": 2, "opa": "L Banding", "opb": "G banding", "opc": "C Banding", "opd": "FUdR banding", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "36e46b65-0fca-4531-b76e-57f07d869115", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Different sequence of amino acids having similar structure of proteins is an example of", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. Convergence Divergence and convergence are two evolutionary processes by which organisms become adapted to their environments.Convergence has been defined as the acquisition of morphologically similar traits between distinctly unrelated organisms.Convergence occurs at every level of biological organization.Functional ConvergenceThis refers to molecules that serve the same function but have no sequence or structural similarity and carry out their function by entirely different mechanisms.Mechanistic convergenceMechanistic convergence occurs when the sequence and structure of molecules are very different but the mechanisms by which they act are similar.Structural ConvergenceThis refers to molecules with very different amino acid sequences that can assume similar structural motifs, which may carry out similar functions.Sequence ConvergenceIn sequence convergence, one or more critical amino acids or an amino acid sequence of two proteins come to resemble each other due to natural selection. (In protein evolution, sequence divergence, rather than sequence convergence is the rule.)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Divergence", "opb": "Convergence", "opc": "Opportunistic", "opd": "Incidental", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzyme Specificity and Allosteric Regulation", "id": "7c95875a-6167-4078-b493-fde025856a15", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At physiological pH buffering action in the blood is caused by", "exp": "Maximal buffering capacity occurs at pH equal to pKa of the buffer.\nTherefore, to work as the best buffer at physiological pH amino acid should have pKa value close to physiological pH (7.4).\nAmino acids can have buffering action due to three ionizable groups:-\n\n\nα-carboxyl group:- Different amino acids have pKa value of α-carboxyl group between 3.5-4. So, the carboxyl group of amino acids has maximum buffering capacity between pH 3.5-4.\nα-amino group:- Different amino acids have pKa value of α-amino group between 8.0-9.0. Thus, the α-amino group has maximum buffering capacity between pH 8.0-9.0.\nSpecial ionizable group (in some amino acids):- Among the special ionizable group of amino acids, imidazole group of histidine has pKa value 6.5-7.4, which is closest to physiological pH. Hence, histidine (due to imidazole group) has maximum buffering capacity at physiological pH.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Methionine", "opc": "Homocysteine", "opd": "Arginine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ac69d450-0c23-4c9f-9e4f-e06c2185786e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The gaps between segments of DNA on the lagging strand produced by restriction enzymes are rejoined sealed by", "exp": "RNA primer is excised by DNA polymerase I creating a gap between okazaki fragments which is filled by DNA polymerase I only, and remaining nick is sealed by DNA ligase.", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA Ligases", "opb": "DNA Helicase", "opc": "DNA topoisomerase", "opd": "DNA phosphorylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea63fd70-9c02-47c4-9a9c-1a52fccb6e3e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Translation occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Ribosomes", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Nucleus", "opd": "Cytoplasm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b317d0f0-a43d-46b0-b9f9-f6bdcb13be6c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The conjugation of bilirubin to glucuronic acid in the liver;", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. converts a hydrophobic compound to a hydrophilic one.Ref: Harrison 16th/e p 239 (15th/e p 255)Bilirubin is produced in the reticuloendothelial cells of spleen and liver. This unconjugated bilirubin is not soluble in water so is bound to albumin for its transfer in plasma.Liver uptakes this unconjugated bilirubin and conjugates it with glucuronic acid generating bilirubin glucuronide which is water soluble.For more on this topic see Question no. 12 Nov. 1999", "cop": 2, "opa": "Converts a hydrophilic compound to a hydrophobic one", "opb": "Converts a hydrophobic compound to a hydrophilic one", "opc": "Enables the bilirubin molecule to cross the cell membrane", "opd": "Is increased during neonatal jaundice", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "4e12570f-6786-4f77-b8c6-5578e29dde85", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Adenine in DNA binds with", "exp": "A=T and G=C Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e p389", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thymine", "opb": "Guanine", "opc": "Cytosine", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "775f4afe-e0c9-4ed2-b0ae-fe40cce8dc73", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Okazaki fragment", "exp": "The small DNA molecules attached to its own primer RNA are called Okazaki fragments The synthesis along the lagging strand is in 5&;-3&; direction As it moves, the primers synthesizes sho RNA primer to which deoxynucleotides are added by DNA polymeraseRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 581", "cop": 3, "opa": "DNA fragment", "opb": "RNA fragment", "opc": "DNA fragment with RNA head", "opd": "RNA fragment with DNA head", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "102924f4-46c8-4b37-b1b2-4f994f9f3068", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acyl carrier protein (ACP) occurs in a bound state to a derivative of the following vitamin", "exp": "Vitamin FunctionsDeficiency DiseasePantothenic acid The functional pa of CoA and acyl carrier protein: fatty acid synthesis and metabolismPeripheral nerve damage (nutritionalmelalgia or \"burning foot syndrome\")Ref: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 44 Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals", "cop": 3, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Folic acid", "opc": "Pantothenate", "opd": "Pyridoxine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "91b8b6be-93ee-4e0d-abf7-5f8b4577a1a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rate controlling enzyme of fatty acid synthesis", "exp": "Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA The first step in the fatty acid synthesis is the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA. The acetyl CoA carboxylase is not a pa of the multienzyme complex. But it is the rate-limiting enzyme. Biotin, a member of B complex vitamins, is necessary for this reaction (step 1 in Fig. 11.15). The enzyme is allosterically regulated, the major effectors being citrate (positive) and palmitoyl CoA (negative). The reaction is similar to carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. The elongation of the fatty acid occurs by addition of 2 carbon atoms at a time. But the 2-carbon units are added as 3-carbon, malonyl units. The whole reaction sequence occurs while the intermediates are bound to ACP (acyl carrier protein).Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 137", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thioesterase", "opb": "Transacetylase", "opc": "Acetyl-CoA carboxylase", "opd": "Ke tacyl synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e1025f1a-2927-42e2-b223-8aa30151b321", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pentose pathway is essential for the production of", "exp": "The major metabolic role of the HMP shunt pathway is to provide cytoplasmic NADPH for reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroidsRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 130", "cop": 3, "opa": "NAD", "opb": "FAD", "opc": "NADPH", "opd": "NADH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "1fba8193-8c01-4d83-83aa-08dc1e9cc10b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Restriction fragment length polymorphism is used for", "exp": "RFLP can be observed by cleaving the DNA into fragments with restriction enzymes. The length of the restriction fragments is altered if the genetic variant alters the DNA. It doesnot estimate DNA but detects variation in DNA structure. DNA is contained in chromosomes. RFLP also used to trace chromosomes from parents to offspring.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Analysis of chromosomes structures", "opb": "DNA estimation", "opc": "Synthesis of nucleic acid", "opd": "Detecting proteins in a cell", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a54993c-93f3-4b4c-b532-ebf51d50433a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Principle function of cyanocobalamine is", "exp": "The principle function of cyanocobalamine is coenzyme for one carbon transfer in nucleic acid metabolism. When the methyl group replaces the adenosyl group, it is known as methylcobalamin. This is the major form seen in blood circulation as well as in the cytoplasm of cells. Tetrahydrofolate is mostly trapped as N5-methyl THF in which form it is present in the circulation. Vitamin B12 is needed for the conversion of N5-methyl THF to THF, in a reaction wherein homocysteine is conveed to methionine. This step is essential for the liberation of free THF and for its repeated use in one-carbon metabolism. In B12 deficiency, conversion of N5-methyl THF to THF is blocked Ref: satyanarayana 4th ed page 151", "cop": 3, "opa": "Post translational carboxylation of protein", "opb": "Acts as coenzymes for methionine synthase and L methyl melonyl CoA synthase", "opc": "A coenzyme for one carbone transfer in nucleic acid metabolism", "opd": "A cofactor for decarboxylase of ketoacid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "ddf64cfa-adfe-4d03-9c9a-e890e697da85", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Total numbers of codons are", "exp": "Twenty different amino acids are required for the synthesis of the cellular complement of proteins; thus, there must be at least 20 distinct codons that make up the genetic code. Since there are only four different nucleotides in mRNA, each codon must consist of more than a single purine or pyrimidine nucleotide. Codons consisting of two nucleotides each could provide for only 16(42 )-distinct codons, whereas codons of three nucleotides could provide 64(43 )-specific codons. It is now known that each codon consists of a sequence of three nucleotides; that is, it is a triplet code (see Table 37-1). The initial deciphering of the genetic code depended heavily on in vitro synthesis of nucleotide polymers, paicularly triplets in repeated sequence. This synthetic triplet ribonucleo- tides were used as mRNAs to program protein synthesis in the test tube, and allowed investigators to deduce the genetic code.Ref: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 414", "cop": 4, "opa": "60", "opb": "61", "opc": "62", "opd": "64", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "72bfc397-ff87-407a-a48c-42bb1d2cd6b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene duplication plays an impoant role in the evolution of", "exp": "Analysis of the human genome suggests novel genes created by retroposition may play an impoant role in primate evolution. However, data from non-human primates is still scarce. A comprehensive comparison was thus performed among four primate genomes (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, and macaque), which detects elevated rates of retroposition in both the common ancestor of hominoids and macaques. Fuher analysis shows approximately 10% of intact retrocopies may be under positive selection and at least 4% of retrocopies become functional copies eventually. Moreover, human intact retrocopies were found enriched in transcription-related functions. Collectively, these findings emphasize the impoant contribution of retroposition to primate genome evolution", "cop": 1, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "rRNA", "opc": "tRNA", "opd": "hnRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "39a82898-60e0-406b-b86b-211196d6eb90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Western Blot detects", "exp": "In this technique, proteins are identified Proteins are isolated from the tissue and electrophoresis is done Separated protein are then transferred on to nitrocellulose membrane After fixation, it is probed with radioactive antibody and autoradiographedRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 634", "cop": 3, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "RNA", "opc": "Protein", "opd": "mRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d3005b12-49be-47d2-b8ba-1df1a2cd5d6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein di sulphide isomerase is involved in", "exp": "Disulfide bonds between and within polypeptides stabilize teiary and quaternary structures. However, disulfide bond formation is nonspecific. Under oxidizing conditions, a given cysteine can form a disulfide bond with the --SH of any accessible cysteinyl residue. By catalyzing disulfide exchange, the rupture of an S--S bond and its reformation with a different paner cysteine, protein disulfide isomerase facilitates the formation of disulfide bonds that stabilize a protein&;s native conformationPeptidyl cis-trans isomerase, protein disulphide isomerase and chaperones are involved in protein folding", "cop": 3, "opa": "Protein synthesis", "opb": "Protein degradation", "opc": "Protein folding", "opd": "Protein quaernary structure formation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "04794897-0e4a-4a72-948a-7952ff0f530b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A segment of a eukaryotic gene that is not represented in the mature messenger RNA is known as", "exp": "The primary transcript contains introns & exons. Splicing removes introns (segment of the gene that is not represented in mature m-RNA) from primary transcript.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Intron", "opb": "Exon", "opc": "Plasmid", "opd": "TATA box", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6eeff04b-382f-4126-9f59-e738e8cd394f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most essential fatty acid is", "exp": "Linoleic acid \n\nLinoleic acid is the most important essential fatty acid because it serves as a basis for the production of other EFA like arachidonic acid.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Linoleic acid", "opb": "Linolenic acid", "opc": "Arachidonic acid", "opd": "Palmitic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "692a2b71-a512-428a-95ec-d04c500a8213", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of ATP formed per turn of citric acid cycle is", "exp": "TEN ATP ARE FORMED PER TURN OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE As a result of oxidations catalyzed by the dehydrogenases of the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH and one of FADH2 are produced for each molecule of acetyl-CoA catabolized in one turn of the cycle. These reducing equivalents are transferred to the respiratory chain, where reoxidation of each NADH results in the formation of ~2.5 ATP, and of FADH2, ~1.5 ATP. In addition, 1 ATP (or GTP) is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinate thiokinase. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 164", "cop": 3, "opa": "5", "opb": "7", "opc": "10", "opd": "15", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "41be1a90-7b2a-4736-961c-7e6a501dd7ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "End product of glycolysis in RBC is", "exp": "Under anaerobic conditions, the NADH cannot be reoxidized through the respiratory chain, and pyruvate is reduced to lactate catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. This permits the oxidization of NADH, permitting another molecule of glucose to undergo glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is transpoed into mitochondria and undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA then oxidation to CO2 in the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis in erythrocytes always terminates in lactate, because the subsequent reactions of pyruvate oxidation are mitochondrial, and erythrocytes lack mitochondria. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 171", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "Lactic acid", "opc": "Acetyl CoA", "opd": "Oxaloacetate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "f6f60da6-ce39-4745-aeaf-c1a11d1feb67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in Natowicz syndrome is", "exp": "Disease name Abbretion Enzyme Defective GaG(s) affected Symptoms Natowicz syndrome MPS IX Hyaluronidase Hyaluronic acid Joint pain, sho stature Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no:639; Table: 50-8", "cop": 2, "opa": "Iduronate sulfatase", "opb": "Hyaluronidase", "opc": "b-Glucuronidase", "opd": "Galactosamine 6-sulfatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "11d155ff-d12d-436b-a0cc-b0fcda0e4f54", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A respiratory quotient of 0.7 means", "exp": "Respiratory Quotient (RQ) i. Respiratory quotient is defined as the ratio of volume of CO2 produced in L/g to the oxygen consumed in L/g. ii. RQ of carbohydrates is 1; RQ of fats is 0.7; that of proteins is 0.8 For a mixed diet it is between 0.7 and 1, often around 0.82-0.85. When the rate of utilization of fat increases in relation to carbohydrates, RQ falls. This happens in diabetes mellitus when utilization of carbohydrate is reduced. The RQ is lowest when ketolysis is very active. iv. The energy produced is approximately equal to 20 kJ/L of oxygen for all metabolic fuels (Table 36.1, last column).Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 432", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pure fat utilisation", "opb": "Pure protein utilisation", "opc": "Overfeeding", "opd": "Ketogenesis/ketoacidosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "f56b183b-44f0-41a0-a6a9-ba4f901d0ea4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Barbiturate precipitates symptoms of porphyria\nbecause", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "they induce ALA synthase", "opb": "they inhibit ALA synthase", "opc": "they induce heme oxygenase", "opd": "they inhibit heme oxygenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd286eed-fba2-4f25-b265-72b417a67f11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The transmembrane region of a protein is likely to have", "exp": "Some of the integral membrane proteins span the whole bilayer and they are called transmembrane proteins (Fig. 2.4). The hydrophobic side chains of the amino acids are embedded in the hydrophobic central core of the membrane. The transmembrane proteins can serve as receptors (for hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters), tissue-specific antigens, ion channels, membrane-based enzymes, etc.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 12", "cop": 1, "opa": "A stretch of hydrophilic amino acids", "opb": "A stretch of hydrophobic amino acids", "opc": "A disulphide loop", "opd": "Alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "3c2affa2-2d5f-43d7-95eb-0a1d2b566583", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ribosome has following enzymatic activity", "exp": "The Peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis.In Prokaryotes, the 50S (23Scomponent) ribosome subunit contains the peptidyl transferase component and acts as a ribozyme.In Eukaryotes, the 60S (28Scomponent) ribosome subunit contains the peptidyl transferase component and acts as the ribozyme.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peptidyl transferase", "opb": "Peptidase", "opc": "Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase", "opd": "GTPase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "1a39657a-611c-464a-9e93-83025f07c9ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytoplasmic process during processing is", "exp": "D i.e. Attachment of CCA in tRNA", "cop": 4, "opa": "5' capping", "opb": "Poly (A) tailing", "opc": "Methylation of tRNA", "opd": "Attachment of CCA in tRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "57e4fc89-b736-455a-863a-df36628e8484", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The initiation of DNA synthesis requires", "exp": "The initiation of DNA synthesis requires priming by a sho length of RNA, about 10 to 200 nucleotides long. In E coli this is catalyzed by dnaG (primase), in eukaryotes, DNA Pol a synthesizes these RNA primers. Harper30e pg: 383", "cop": 3, "opa": "Five carbon sugar", "opb": "Deoxyribose alone", "opc": "A sho RNA molecule", "opd": "Proteins with free hydroxyl groups", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "9d3e3d81-8353-47d4-a265-e094b26fdf2a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Restriction endonuclease cleaves", "exp": "Restriction endonuclease Cleaves double stranded DNA at palindromic sites/ restriction sites 5' --AAGCTT-- 3'3' --TTCGAA-- 5' A palindromic sequence is a sequence which reads the same backwards as forwards. Found in bacteria Can create sticky ends or blunt ends Restriction endonuclease Sticky ends Blunt ends single-stranded overhangs no overhangs Example - EcoRI Example -SmaI", "cop": 1, "opa": "Double stranded DNA", "opb": "Single stranded DNA", "opc": "Single stranded RNA", "opd": "Polypeptide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of DNA", "id": "da25135b-36fc-47e7-8e64-7b78be836830", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Conversion of fat to glucose is", "exp": "Ans: c (gluconeogenesis) Ref: Vasudevan 4th ed/p.92.Gluconeogenesis is the process by which new glucose is synthesised from non-carbohydrate precursors.Substrates for gluconeogenesis are:-i) Gluconeogenic amino acids - Alanine is the major gluconeogenic amino acid, all but Leucine and Lysine, are gluconeogenicii) Lactate (from anaerobic glycolysis)iii) Glycerol 3- phosphate (from TAG in adipose) minor sourceiv) Propionyl CoA from odd chain fatty acids - minor source PFK = Phospho fructokinaseDHAP = dihydroxy acetone phosphatePEP = phosphoenol pyruvatePEPCK = phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinaseOAA = OxaloacetoacetatePDH = Pyruvate dehydrogenaseReversible enzymes:i) Glyceraldehyde 3P Dehydrogenaseii) Phosphoglycerate kinaseiii) Mutaseiv) EnolaseIrreversible enzymes:i) Pyruvate carboxylase - mitochondrial enzymeii) Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase - cytoplasmiii) Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate - cytoplasmiv) Glucose- 6-phosphate - endoplasmic reticulum", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "Kreb's cycle", "opc": "Gluconeogenesis", "opd": "Saponification", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "b051ad46-8959-4ce9-b7e6-08e111463ec3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Source of energy in Kreb cycle is", "exp": "TCA / Krebs cycle Characteristics of TCA cycleuSite of occurrence - Mitochondria u20 ATPs are produced in one cycleuAmphibolic pathway (Anabolic + Catabolic pathway)uAnaplerotic reaction of TCA cycle - Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate by Pyruvate carboxylase Inhibitors Enzyme Inhibitor Aconitase Fluoroacetate Alpha ketoglutarate Arsenite Succinate dehydrogenase Malonate Irreversible reactions Reactions Enzyme Oxaloacetate - Citrate Citrate synthase Alpha ketoglutarate - Succinyl Co-AAlpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Oxidative / Substrate level phosphorylation Reactions Enzyme Succinyl Co-A - Succinate Succinate thiokinase Energetics 20 ATPVitamins in TCA cycle Riboflavin Niacin Thiamine Pantothenic acid FAD as cofactor NAD as cofactor Thiamine diphosphate as cofactor Coenzyme A as cofactor Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase;Succinate dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase;Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; Malate dehydrogenase Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseAcetyl CoA; Succinyl CoAHarper's illustrated Biochemistry , 30th ed , page 164", "cop": 4, "opa": "NAD", "opb": "NADP", "opc": "NADPH", "opd": "NADH", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "af84a898-17da-45b7-bf6d-24c9f875d917", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following is considered to be the key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis", "exp": "Phosphofructokinase is both inducible and subject to allosteric regulation and has a major role in regulating the rate of glycolysis.These reactions, catalyzed by hexokinase (and glucokinase), phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, are the major sites of regulation of glycolysis.Phosphofructokinase is considered key regulator.Harper 30th edition pg: 172", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hexokinase", "opb": "Phosphofructokinase", "opc": "Phosphoglycerate kinase", "opd": "Pyruvate kinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "9ee7772e-b139-4c11-87a5-e6dfa77c9538", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Basic amino acids are", "exp": "(Lysine and Arginine) (47- U.Satyanarayan 3rd)Classification of Amino acids1.Amino acid with aliphatic side chains - Glycine, Alanine, valine, leucine and Isoleucine2.Hydroxyl group containing amino acids- Serine, threonine and tyrosine3.Sulfur containing amino acids - cysteine, methionine4.Acidic ami noacids - Aspartic acid, glutamic acid5.Basic amino acids - Lysine, arginine, histidine6.Aromatic amino acids - Phenyl alanine, tyrosine and tryptophan7.Imino acids - Proline", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lysine and Arginine", "opb": "Serine and cystein", "opc": "Phenylalanine and Tyrosine", "opd": "Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "4529f542-11f5-4a0c-bd56-001a4f1883a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Refsum's disease is due to accumulation of", "exp": "Refsum disease is a rare neurologic disorder due to a metabolic defect that results in the accumulation of phytanic acid, which is found in dairy productsand ruminant fat and meat. Phytanic acid is thought to have pathological effects on membrane function, protein prenylation, and gene expression.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 22; Oxidation of Fatty Acids: Ketogenesis", "cop": 4, "opa": "C26-C38 polyenoic acids", "opb": "C6-C10 o-dicarboxylic acids", "opc": "Palmitic acid", "opd": "Phytanic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "e7695256-d345-418e-9719-0e7f62c337ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In response to change in pH, increase glutaminase\nactivity is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased secretion of ammonia", "opb": "Increased reabsorption of bicarbonate", "opc": "Increased excretion of H+ ions", "opd": "Increased excretion of OH+ ions", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5d05e574-00ad-4300-b930-b07109d0dc42", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Edman's reagent is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Phenyl-isocyanateDetermination of amino acid sequence (sequence analysis) is performed by Edman degradation method on automatic mechines, called cyclic sequentors. Edman's reagent is phenyl-isothiocyanate, and forms a covalent bond to N-terminal of amino-acid. This can be identified.Sanger's reagent (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) can be used in place of Edman's reagent.", "cop": 3, "opa": "2-4 dinitrophenol", "opb": "1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene", "opc": "Phenyl-isocyanate", "opd": "Cynogen bromide", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a14e701a-2ea7-4448-a669-5b274ddf25f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Post translational modification of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline is by", "exp": "Ans: a (Vit C) Ref: Vasudevan 4th ed/p.415Post translational modification:-* Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues of prothrombin under the influence of vitamin K.* Hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen with the help of Vitamin C* C- terminal amidation and cyclisation of N-terminal amino acid of TRH* Phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine or tyrosine by kinases.eg. glycogen phosphory- laseCotranslational glycosylation, whereby carbohydrates are attached to serine or Threonine residues* Methylation of lysine, Histidine and Arginine residues eg. Histones* Acylation eg.myelin proteolipid or transferring receptor.Post transcriptional modification:-* 5' capping: - this is the first of the processing reactions for hn RNA. 7-methyl guanosine is attached 'backwards' to the 5' terminal of the mRNA. This serves to stabilise the mRNA.* Addition of poly-A tail (3' polyadenylation): About 40-200 adenine are attached to the 3' end of the mRNA. These tails help to stabilize the mRNA and facilitate its exit from the nucleus. After mRNAenters the cytosol, the poly-A tail is gradually shortened.Removal of introns (splicing):- Introns or intervening sequences that do not code for protein are removed. This splicing occurs in the nucleus and serves to bring the exons together. After removal of the introns, the mature mRNA molecules leave the nucleus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vit C", "opb": "Vit K", "opc": "Vit E", "opd": "Vit D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "0f4d2b47-6457-499a-ad21-2f6ee92f7d59", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The energy for glycogenesis is provided by", "exp": "UDP glucose is formed from glucose-1-phosphate and UTP (uridine triphosphate) by the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase Glucose-1- --------------- UDP-glucose phosphate +UTP + PPiRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 125", "cop": 3, "opa": "GTP", "opb": "GDP", "opc": "UTP", "opd": "AMP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "b02f72e8-d32a-428c-b5e1-ba7555ec2707", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glutamine in blood acts as", "exp": "Glutamine is the major transport form of ammonia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "NH3 transporter", "opb": "Toxic element", "opc": "Store energy", "opd": "Abnormal metabolite", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c97ab29e-81d2-4ad4-a63b-05e544d2cd33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thymidylated RNA present in", "exp": "The only RNA which contains thymidine (ribothymidine) is tRNA.", "cop": 3, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "rRNA", "opc": "tRNA", "opd": "16-S-RNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "97c5d5f3-574e-4148-a7d8-f7b7b0b4ea3e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nyctalopia is due to deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin B", "opc": "Vitamin C", "opd": "Vitamin E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cdc0bbbc-6b84-4ff4-927d-4641d2b07d58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of synthesis for", "exp": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum is concerned with Protein synthesis*\nInitial folding of the polypeptide chains with the formation of disulfide bonds Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is concerned with Steroid synthesis\n* Detoxication processes As sarcoplasmic reticulum plays important role in skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction *", "cop": 1, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Cholesterol", "opc": "Carbohydrate", "opd": "Fat", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "929a2703-eac8-4d10-9758-c31f144990aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First product of purine metabolism", "exp": "Humans catabolize purines to uric acid. But, first purines are catabolized to xanthine, which is fuher catabolized to purine.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Uric acid", "opb": "Xanthine", "opc": "P-alanine", "opd": "CO2", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "126ac7a1-cd6a-45bd-8e2a-2a6ecf3a9913", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phenylketonuria caused by deficiency of", "exp": "(C) Phenyalanine hydroxylase # Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder inherited from a person's parents.> It is due to mutations in the PAH gene which results in low levels of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.> This results in the build up of dietary phenylalanine to potentially toxic levels. It is autosomal recessive meaning that both copies of the gene must be mutated for the condition to develop.> There are two main types, classic PKU and variant PKU, depending on if any enzyme function remains.> Those with one copy of a mutated gene typically do not have symptoms.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tyrosine transaminase", "opb": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "opc": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opd": "Phenylketonuria hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "ec52d55a-71e0-420b-b01e-410856e4742a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase maximum increased in", "exp": "A. i.e. (Alcoholism) (107- U. Satyanarayan 3rd) (600- Rana -Shinde 7th)Important enzymes in the diagnosis of disease* SGPT / ALT- Liver disease (Hepatitis)* SGOT/AST- MI & Liver disease* LDH- MI, Infective hepatitis* CPK- Myocardial infarction* Aldolase- Muscular dystrophy* 5 - Nucleotidase- Hepatitis* Y- Glutamyl- transpeptidase (GGT)- Alcoholism* Y- GT is the most sensitive indicator in alcoholism* Useful test for MI in later stages* Increase serum activity seen with pancreatic disease* It is a valuable parameter in differentiating between skeletal (bone) and hepatic dysfunction associated withincreased serum ALP", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alcoholism", "opb": "Pancreatitis", "opc": "Myocardial infarction", "opd": "Hepatitis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "5a8fc085-abb7-45e4-b30f-e1c2651df622", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The buffering capacity of a buffer is maximum at pH equal to", "exp": "The pH of a buffer is determined by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation So, at the max buffering capacity, = . This is because a buffer reacts in the following manner--it is able to buffer against equal amounts of acid (H+) or base (OH-) added. A- + H+ - HA HA + OH- - H2O + A- Finally, we can see from the above Henderson-Hasselbalch equation that when = , pH = pKa.", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.5 pKa", "opb": "pKa", "opc": "pKa+1", "opd": "2pKa", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "3d114a0e-0ef4-479e-bb7b-baf6b3724d75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketosis is caused by", "exp": "KETOSISNormally the rate of synthesis of ketone bodies by the liver is such that they can be easily metabolised by the extrahepatic tissues. Hence the blood level of ketone bodies is less than 1 mg/dl and only traces are excreted in urine (not detectable by usual tests).But when the rate of synthesis exceeds the ability of extrahepatic tissues to utilise them, there will be accumulation of ketone bodies in blood.This leads to ketonemia, excretion in urine (ketonuria) and smell of acetone in breath. All these three together constitute the condition known as ketosis.Causes for KetosisDiabetes Mellitus: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is the most common cause for ketosis. Even though glucose is in plenty, the deficiency of insulin causes accelerated lipolysis and more fatty acids are released into circulation. Oxidation of these fatty acids increases the acetyl CoA pool. Enhanced gluconeogenesis restricts the oxidation of acetyl CoA by TCA cycle since the availability of oxaloacetate is less.Starvation: In starvation, the dietary supply of glucose is decreased. Available oxaloacetate is channeled to gluconeogenesis. The increased rate of lipolysis is to provide alternate source of fuel. The excess acetyl CoA is conveed to ketone bodies. The high glucagon level ors ketogenesis. The brain derives 60-75% of energy from ketone bodies under conditions of prolonged starvation. Hyperemesis (vomiting) in early pregnancy may also lead to starvation-like condition and may lead to ketosis.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 144", "cop": 2, "opa": "Excessine utilization of glucose", "opb": "Over production of acetyl-CoA", "opc": "Excessine secretia of insulin", "opd": "Excessine intake of carbohydrates", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "a9eafaba-150c-43a1-8575-bebbdc9cfdfb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The predominant isozyme of LDH in cardiac muscle is", "exp": "In myocardial infarction, total LDH activity is increased, while H4 iso-enzyme ( monomer of LDH ) is increased 5-10 times more. The magnitude of the peak value, as well as the area under the graph, will be roughly propoional to the size of the myocardial infarct. Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 304", "cop": 1, "opa": "LD-1", "opb": "LD-2", "opc": "LD-3", "opd": "LD-5", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "45de53e3-cfa6-46bf-bc43-580fcb56f2f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sulphur containing amino acid is/are", "exp": "Based on the chemical structure of side chain (R), amino acids are classified into:-\n\n1) Aliphatic amino acids:- Alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, valine. \n2) Hydroxy amino acids:- Serine, threonine, tyrosine.\n3) Sulfur containing amino acids:- Cysteine, methionine.\n4) Dicarboxylic amino acids:- Aspartic acid (aspartate), glutamic acid (glutamate).\n5) Amide containing amino acids:- Glutamine, asparagine (these are amides of dicarboxylic amino acids.\nGlutamine is amide of glutamic acid and asparagine is amide of aspartic acid). \n6) Aromatic amino acids:- Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan.\n7) Amino acids or heterocyclic amino acids: - One of the 20 amino acids, proline is an amino (- NH) acid, not an amino (-NH2) acid, as are other 19.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspartic acid", "opb": "Glutamine", "opc": "Methionine", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "50c2caca-e842-42ff-b713-1c244f500b00", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Second most important intracellular cation is", "exp": "(A) Magnesium # MAGNESIUM is the second most important intracellular divalent cation and is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including glucose metabolism, ion channel translocation, stimulus-contraction coupling, stimulus secretion coupling, peptide hormone receptor signal transduction.> Normal concentrations of extracellular magnesium and calcium are crucial for normal muscular activity.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Magnesium", "opb": "Calcium", "opc": "Sodium", "opd": "Iron", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "624335d2-ae39-4f85-81f8-9bdca11bb855", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose transpo along cell membranes occurs along with", "exp": "The co-transpo system may either be a sympo or an antipo. In sympo, (Fig. 2.12) the transpoer carries two solutes in the same direction across the membrane, e.g. sodium-dependent glucose transpoer (Chapter 8). Phlorhizin, an inhibitor of sodium-dependent co-transpo of glucose, especially in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, produces renal damage and results in renal glycosuria. Amino acid transpo is another example for sympo.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 17", "cop": 2, "opa": "K+", "opb": "Na+", "opc": "CI", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "84ff8412-d46a-46d5-aaaf-3ab7076a48c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ammonia formed in brain, is conveed into", "exp": "The transpo form of Ammonia in blood and from Brain is Glutamine. Glutamine is Non-toxic form of storage and transpoation of ammonia in blood. In liver this ammonia is used for the production of urea.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutamine", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Cysteine", "opd": "Urea", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "18a781c6-8dc5-4dfd-bdfd-ebb50e1e711c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Difference between High mannose & complex glycoprotein", "exp": "D i.e. Presence of G1C - NAc - Gal - NANA in complex glycoprotein", "cop": 4, "opa": "Core pentasacharide", "opb": "Protein chain", "opc": "Asparagine", "opd": "Presence of G1C - NAc - Gal - NANA in complex glycoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c3e1fddc-44ea-4c47-85c2-c6d03267452f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA foot printing is used to detect", "exp": "Techniques of detection of DNA-Protein interaction : DNA footprinting Yeast one-hybrid system Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Single nucleotide polymorphisms", "opb": "Variable number of tandem repeats", "opc": "Parent of origin of the child", "opd": "DNA-protein interaction", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Techniques in molecular biology", "id": "53e13be6-87c8-4229-b3b3-02e714bfb0c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In sickle cell anemia, sickle shape occurs due to polymerization of", "exp": "B. i.e. (Deoxyhemoglobin) (205 - U. satyanarayan 3rd)* Sickling is due to polymerization of deoxy HbS, Therefore if HbS is maintained in the oxygenated form (or with minimum deoxy HbS) sickling can be prevented.* The sticky patch of one deoxy HbS binds with the receptor of another deoxy HbS and this process continous resulting in the formation of long aggregate molecules of deoxy HbS. Thus the polymerization of deoxy HbS molecules leads to long fibrous precipitates these stiff fibres distort the erythrocytes into a sickle or cresent shape. The sickled erythrocytes are highly vulnerable to lysis* Basic defect in HbS is - altered solubility**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxyhemoglobin", "opb": "Deoxyhemoglobin", "opc": "Methoxyglobin", "opd": "Carboxy hemoglobin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "2cd2a494-7996-45f4-a0ea-4d2a257c1bce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Estrogen receptors are seen in", "exp": "The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated enhancer protein that is a member of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily.Two genes encode mammalian ER: ERa and ERb.ER binds to specific DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (EREs) with high affinity and transactivates gene expression in response to estradiolRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 57", "cop": 3, "opa": "Microsomes", "opb": "Membrane bound", "opc": "Nucleus", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "6cf8ec1a-115c-4d45-b50b-6bb37538cf3f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The conjugation of bilirubin to glucuronic acid in the liver", "exp": "In liver bilirubin which is a hydrophobic compound is conjugated with glucuronic acid, to make it water soluble. The fuher transpo of bilirubin into bile is an active process Only unconjugated bilirubin elevates in neonatal/hemolytic jaundiceRef: Textbook of biochemistry for medical students, seventh edition, page no: 277", "cop": 2, "opa": "Conves a hydrophilic compound to a hydrophobic one", "opb": "Conves a hydrophobic compound to a hydrophilic one", "opc": "Enables the bilirubin molecule to cross the cell membrane", "opd": "Is increased during neonatal jaundice", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "32e19f65-0d31-47db-b688-fbeb7c7146e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A major lipid of mitochondrial membrane is", "exp": "Inner mitochondrial membrane: The inner mitochondrial membrane is very rich in proteins and the ratio of lipid to proteins is only 0.27:1 by weight. It contains high propoion of the phospholipid cardiolipin. In contrast to outer membrane, the inner membrane is viually impermeable to polar and ionic substances. These substances enter the mitochondrion only through the mediation of specific transpo proteins.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 6", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lecithin", "opb": "Inositol", "opc": "Plasmalogen", "opd": "Cardiolipin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "496681cd-d398-4bb5-ae3e-ed79b247d827", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytosolic Cytochrome C mediates", "exp": "A i.e. Apoptosis Cytochrome C has two very opposite roles. Within the mitochondrial membrane it serves as electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation. But when it leaks out into cytosol it combines with Apaf I and activates caspase-9 to mediate apoptosisQ. This dual functioning is known as moonlighting.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptosis", "opb": "Electron transpo", "opc": "Krebs cycle", "opd": "Glycolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6403ec0e-f15e-4460-a249-ce37d07c0079", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Familial hypercholesterolemia there is deficiency of", "exp": "LDL receptors \n\nFamilial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) is due to deficiency of functional LDL receptors as a result of different types of mutations.", "cop": 1, "opa": "LDL receptor", "opb": "Apoprotein A", "opc": "Apo protein C", "opd": "Lipoprotein lipase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fabc62e9-fb0e-472f-b241-0c4bcf67fb58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CAP in LAC operon is", "exp": "In prokaryotes, the genes involved in a metabolic pathway are often present in a linear array called an operon, for example, the lac operonThe structural gene for b-galactosidase (lacZ) is clustered with the genes responsible for the permeation of lactose into the cell (lacY) and for thiogalactoside transacetylase (lacA). The structural genes for these three enzymes (lacZ, lacY, lacA), along with the lac promoter and lac operator (a regulatory region), are physically associated to constitute the lac operonImmediately upstream of the lac operon promoter is the binding site (CRE) for the cAMP binding protein, CAP, the positive regulator of lac operon transcriptionRef: Harper 29e, page: 430", "cop": 1, "opa": "Positive regulator", "opb": "Negative regulator", "opc": "Attenuation", "opd": "Constitutive expression", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "432fdacc-8c7a-4557-b07a-71ffa23c7598", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Saponification means hydrolysis of fats by", "exp": "Alkali\n\nHydrolysis of a fat by alkali is called saponification.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acid", "opb": "Alkali", "opc": "Water", "opd": "Enzymes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "49debfee-03a5-48ac-af1f-543c6a5148d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Krabbes&; disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Krabbe's DiseaseAn inherited disorder of lipid metabolism, a lipid storage disease (lipidosis)Enzyme deficiency: Galactocerebrosidase (bbb-galactosidase). The enzyme normally catalyzes the hydrolysis of galactocerebrosides and it splits the linkage between ceramide and galactoseNature of lipid accumulating: Galactosylceramide Clinical manifestations:Severe mental retardation in infantsTotal absence of myelin in central nervous system Globoid bodies found in white matter of brain. Note: Galactocerebroside is an impoant component of myelin Diagnosis: Depends on the determination of galactocerebrosidase activity in leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. Prognosis: Fatal.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Eighth Edition, Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no: 62", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sphingomyelinase", "opb": "Beta galactocerebrosidase", "opc": "Hexosaminidase", "opd": "Arylsulfatase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "0ac7cf55-421c-4700-b5c6-9bb18df414d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NADPH+, H+ is generated in the reaction catalyzed by", "exp": "uThe limited metabolic pathways present in red blood cells renders them completely reliant on the pentose phosphate pathway or, to be more specific, the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. uReduced NADPH is needed for the reduction of GSSG to GSH, a key intracellular antioxidant, by the enzyme glutathione reductase. uA deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase renders red blood cells hypersensitive to oxidative stress. uIndividuals harboring G-6-PD deficiency are vulnerable to attacks of hemolytic anemia, resulting from the inability to generate sufficient reduced glutathione to combat episodes of oxidative stress. Harper's illustrated Biochemistry , 30th ed , page 693", "cop": 2, "opa": "LDH", "opb": "G-6-PD", "opc": "G-3-PD", "opd": "Alcohol dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "f5c4c2b4-e8b6-48b5-af12-f12bc3fee7f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein that precipitates on heating to 45 C and redissolves on boiling is", "exp": "Bence-Jones&; Protein An abnormal protein occurs in blood and urine of people suffering from a disease called multiple myeloma (a plasma cell tumour). Defined as monoclonal light chains present in the urine of patients with paraproteinaemic states. Either monoclonal `k&; or `l&; light chains are excreted in significant amounts in about 50 percent cases of multiple myeloma. It has a molecular weight 45000 and has sedimentation coefficient of 3.5 S. Sometimes the chains excreted may be a `dimer&; of L-chains. Identification--Heat Test * The protein is identified easily in urine by a simple Heat Test. On heating the urine 50 to 60oC, Bence-Jones&; proteins are precipitated, but when heated fuher it dissolves again. Reverse occurs upon cooling. * Best detected by zone electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of concentrated urineRef: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 104", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bence Jones Protein", "opb": "Gamma globulin", "opc": "Albumin", "opd": "Myosin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "a4edae34-707a-4552-afb4-090c447b685f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transcription is the synthesis of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Single stranded complimentary copy of DNA", "opb": "Double stranded complimentary copy of DNA", "opc": "Complimentary copy of RNA", "opd": "Complimentary copy of rRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7fe22ca2-5ae5-4342-82f4-15f35ec7c1ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum energy store in", "exp": "It is the storehouse of energy in the body (about 1,35,000 kcal)The free fatty acid (FFA) mobilized from adipose tissue is the preferred fuel for muscle during starvationThe energy is stored in the concentrated form, triacylglycerol. The chylomicrons and VLDL are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase present on capillary walls. It is activated by insulin.Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 87", "cop": 1, "opa": "Adipose", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Muscle", "opd": "Blood glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "11674eb2-8903-4d38-a7a6-b07cc7ba8350", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NO is synthesized by", "exp": "Nitric oxide is formed from Arginine by the enzyme Nitric oxide synthase.The enzyme utilizes NADPH and molecular oxygen. Citrulline is also formed.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 227", "cop": 4, "opa": "Uracil", "opb": "Aspaate", "opc": "Guanosine", "opd": "Arginine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "a51f3c93-9360-464a-92e9-91e648312b8a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Accumulation of the following causes fatty liver", "exp": "Fatty liver refers to the deposition of excess triglycerides in the liver cells. The balance between the factors causing fat deposition in liver versus factors causing removal of fat from liver determines the outcomeCauses of Fatty Liver:A. Causes of fat deposition in liver1. Mobilization of NEFA from adipose tissue.2. Excess synthesis of fatty acid from glucose.B. Reduced removal of fat from liver3. Toxic injury to liver. Secretion of VLDL needs synthesis of apo B-100 and apo C.4. Decreased oxidation of fat by hepatic cells.An increase in factors (1) and (2) or a decrease in factors (3) and (4) will cause excessive accumulation, leading to fatty liverRef: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 142", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Triglycerides", "opc": "Cholesterol ester", "opd": "Phospholipids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "79083391-fd8a-4e48-9b71-0a4a209b8480", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Introns are exised by", "exp": "Introns are excised by RNA splicing by Sn-RNAs/Snurp.", "cop": 1, "opa": "RNA splicing", "opb": "RNA editing", "opc": "Restriction endonuclease", "opd": "DNAase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "002bc54b-1848-4d1a-8faa-2771da6c0938", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most impoant in causing coronary aery disease (CAD) is", "exp": "B i.e. LDL", "cop": 2, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Triglycerides", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6fe2d7f9-954b-479d-9501-75bbea46ebea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substance for gluconeogenesis is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycogen", "opb": "Acetyl CoA", "opc": "Glycerol", "opd": "Leucine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ccd9585e-f874-49d4-9cb8-c83db1a32479", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Homocystinuria is caused by deficiency of", "exp": "PLP is the coenzyme for many reactions if amino acids containing sulphur. PLP plays an impoant role in methionine and cysteine metabolism. Homocysteine + Serine - Cystathionine. (Enzyme Cystathionine synthase) Cystathionine - Homoserine + Cysteine (Enzyme Cystathionase) Both these reactions require PLP. Hence in vitamin, B6 deficiency homocysteine in the blood is increased. Homocysteine level is correlated with myocardial infarction. Therefore, pyridoxine is used to prevent homocysteinemia. Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 471", "cop": 3, "opa": "Riboflavin", "opb": "Biotin", "opc": "Pyridoxine", "opd": "Thiamine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "8db2d3bd-e155-43ac-99ed-7cf54dc57b14", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Components of 60 S subunit of ribosome are", "exp": "The mammalian ribosome has a sedimentation consisting of 80s unitIt has larger 60s subunit and another smaller 40s subunit The larger ribosomal subunit has 28s, 5.8S, and 5S rRNA And small subunit has only 18SrRNA", "cop": 1, "opa": "5.8 S", "opb": "23 S", "opc": "16 S", "opd": "18 S", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e542fbf2-ed4f-4ab7-9740-b0c5d790c522", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol concentration is maximum in", "exp": "Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 151", "cop": 4, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "Chylomicron", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "LDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "7181a417-fd87-4f64-b2fb-d2c027225256", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The protein defective in cystinosis is responsible for", "exp": "The protein defective in cystinosis is Cystinosin CTNS (lysosomal efflux). Clinical features:- Renal Fanconi's syndrome & Renal failure Rickets Photophobia Hypotonia Do not confuse cystinuria and cystinosis. Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease due defective transpo of cystine out of lysosomes.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Absorption of cysteine from intestine", "opb": "Absorption of cysteine from renal tubules", "opc": "Efflux cysteine from endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Efflux of cysteine from lysosome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Methionine and Cysteine details", "id": "00fe9e74-e6f7-425e-a40c-9cc676241223", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Watson and Crick model is for", "exp": "Watson and crick model Double helical structure of DNA.Adjacent bases are seperated by 0.34nm. The diameter or width of the helix is 2 nanometers. Phosphate bonds form the rail of stair case. Bases jutting inside form the steps of staircase. REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK;8th EDITION ;Page no 557.", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "mRNA", "opc": "rRNA", "opd": "tRNA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "72a125d9-2d08-4697-9136-a0d35695956a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "PKU is a congenital amino acid metabolic disorder. In the following rare variants of PKU, dihydrobiopterin synthesis is affected. The enzyme deficient is", "exp": "In Type 2 and 3 of PKU, there is deficiency of enzyme dihydrobiopterin reductase. Hence there is deficiency of dihydrobiopterin.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 236", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histidine decarboxylase", "opb": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opc": "Dihydropterin reductase", "opd": "Tyrosine deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "374c8275-2e81-42b8-86bd-460b098c70f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Insulin receptors are", "exp": "Insulin receptor is a tyrosine kinase which is heterotetrameric glycoproteinRef: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 7th edition, KD Tripathi, page no: 261", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tyrosine Kinase receptors", "opb": "Phosphodiesterase", "opc": "Calcium calmodulin", "opd": "Lipoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9209209e-6c97-41c4-abe9-1101892bd66f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aromatic enzyme complex is involved in the biosynthesis of", "exp": "Ovarian Hormones They are C18 estrogens, C19 androgens, and C21 progesterone. These are produced by the ovarian follicles. The follicular thecal cells produce C19 androgens. These are conveed to C18 estrogens by granulosa cells, by aromatization of ring A and loss of C19 methyl group. Estradiol is the most impoant estrogen. It is conveed to estrone by liver. It is fuher hydroxylated to estriol, which is inactive. Estradiol is bound to plasma SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). Estradiol(E2) is the predominant sex hormone present in females; however, it is present in males, at lower levels, as well. Estradiol has not only a critical impact on reproductive and sexual functioning but also affects other organs including the bones. Estradiol enters cells freely and interacts with a cytoplasmic target cell receptor. After the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand, estradiol can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription, which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell. Estradiol binds well to both estrogen receptors, ER-alpha, and ER-beta. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) preferentially act on one of these receptors.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 536-537", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Adrenal homones", "opc": "Vitamins D3", "opd": "Estradiol/estrogens", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "35033c00-f6fc-447d-a8ef-7c063dd8506a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apoproteins present in LDL", "exp": "LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) - LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues. The only apoprotein present in LDL is apo B100. Most of the LDL paicles are derived from VLDL, but a small pa is directly released from liver. The half-life of LDL in blood is about 2 days. Function of LDL - About 75% of the plasma cholesterol is incorporated into the LDL paicles. LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to the peripheral tissues. The cholesterol thus liberated in the cell has three major fates: It is used for the synthesis of other steroids like steroid hormones. Cholesterol may be incorporated into the membranes. Cholesterol may be esterified to a MUFA by acyl cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) for storage. The cellular content of cholesterol regulates fuher endogenous synthesis of cholesterol by regulating HMG CoA reductase. REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION, PG.NO.,153,154.", "cop": 2, "opa": "B-48", "opb": "B-100", "opc": "C-I", "opd": "C-III", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "a2a958a6-253c-461e-8b0a-3fc2f3860a2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin K is required for rpt Q33", "exp": "The principal role of vitamin K is in the posttranslational modification of various blood clotting factors, in which it serves as a coenzyme in the carboxylation of ceain glutamic acid residues present in these proteins. Vitamin K exists in several forms, for example, in plants as phylloquinone (or vitamin K1), and in intestinal bacterial flora as menaquinone (or vitamin K2). A synthetic form of vitamin K, menadione, is available. Function of vitamin K 1. Formation of g-carboxyglutamate (GLA): Vitamin K is required in the hepatic synthesis of prothrombin and blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. These proteins are synthesized as inactive precursor molecules. Formation of the clotting factors requires the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamic acid residues to Gla residues (Figure 28.26). This forms a mature clotting factor that contains GLA and is capable of subsequent activation. The reaction requires O2, CO2, and the hydroquinone form of vitamin K. The formation of GLA is sensitive to inhibition by dicumarol, an anticoagulant occurring naturally in spoiled sweet clover, and by warfarin, a synthetic analog of vitamin K. Ref: Lippincott, 5th edition, page no: 389", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hydroxylation", "opb": "Chelation", "opc": "Transamination", "opd": "Carboxylation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "8d4f2ac4-e403-400e-af58-955298b851f5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anion gap means", "exp": "i. The sum of cations and anions in ECF is always equal, so as to maintain the electrical neutrality. Sodium and potassium together account for 95% of the cations whereas chloride and bicarbonate account for only 86% of the anions. Only these electrolytes are commonly measured.ii. Hence, there is always a difference between the measured cations and the anions. The unmeasured anions constitute the anion gap. This is due to the presence of protein anions, sulphate, phosphate and organic acids. iii. The anion gap is calculated as the difference between (Na+ + K+) and (HCO3- + Cl-). Normally this is about 12 mmol/L.Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 399", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gap in anion molecule", "opb": "Difference between high and normal anion gap acidosis", "opc": "Unmeasured ions", "opd": "Primary deficit of anions", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "fb11e15d-8477-4bd1-aef2-6a9c21d6f83d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Marfans Syndrome affecting eyes, skeletal system, and the cardiovascular system is caued by the mutation in the gene", "exp": "Marfan Syndrome Is Caused by Mutations in the Gene for Fibrillin-1. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It affects the eyes (eg, causing dislocation of the lens, known as ectopia lentis), the skeletal system (most patients are tall and exhibit long digits and hyperextensibility of the joints), and the cardiovascular system (eg, causing weakness of the aoic media, leading to dilation of the ascending aoa). Abraham Lincoln may have had this condition. Most cases are caused by mutations in the gene (on chromosome 15) for fibrillin-1.Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene have also been identified as the cause of acromicric dysplasia and geleophysic dysplasia, which are characterized by sho stature, skin thickening, and stiff joints. Congenital contractural arachnodactyly is associated with a mutation in the gene for fibrillin-2.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 50; The Extracellular Matrix", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrillin 1", "opb": "Fibrillin 2", "opc": "Fibulin", "opd": "Elastin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "7a26e088-4af9-4d66-925f-e4e91d76f6ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The proteins presents in Deoxyribonucleic acid is", "exp": "(Histone) (225 - RS 7th)DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides and is found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The nuclear DNA is bound to basic proteins called HistonesHistones - These are basic proteins rich in Arginine & Histidine", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protamines", "opb": "Histone", "opc": "Albumins", "opd": "Globulins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Molecular Genetics", "id": "e527a977-2fa4-4c90-a46a-85b55c07bcc4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hyperammonemia impairs Citric acid cycle by depleting", "exp": "Hyperammonemia, as occurs in advanced liver disease, leads to loss of consciousness, coma, and convulsions as a result of the impaired activity of the citric acid cycle, leading to reduced formation of ATP. Ammonia both depletes citric acid cycle intermediates (by withdrawing a-ketoglutarate for the formation of glutamate and glutamine) and also inhibits the oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoglutarate. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 161", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyruvate", "opb": "a-ketoglutarate", "opc": "Oxaloacetate", "opd": "Succinate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "a2b34e00-c6d7-48ab-8f9f-1373fd510bdf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of ATPs produced from adipose tissue from 1 NADH (NAD+ / NADH) through respiratory chain", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "0 ATP", "opb": "1 ATP", "opc": "2 ATP", "opd": "2.6 ATP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b02d06b-d952-4858-bc35-a49c4416f570", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sumoylation of histones proteins is associated with", "exp": "Sumoylation of histones is associated with Transcription repression Histone post-translational modifications & their role: Post-translational modifications Role Acetylation of histones H3 and H4 Activation or inactivation of gene transcription Acetylation of core histones Chromosomal assembly during DNA replication Phosphorylation of histone H1 Condensation of chromosomes during the replication cycle ADP-ribosylation of histone DNA repair Methylation of histone Activation and repression of gene transcription Mono-ubiquitylation Gene activation, repression, and heterochromatic gene silencing Sumoylation of histones Transcription repression", "cop": 3, "opa": "Activation of gene transcription", "opb": "Condensation of chromosome", "opc": "Transcription repression", "opd": "Inactivation of gene transcription", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Basics of DNA", "id": "0a765deb-0d9b-4b03-89a0-60cff2fe3491", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhoea are features of", "exp": "Deficiency of niacin causes pellagra, a disease involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and CNS. \nThe symptoms of pellagra progress through the three Ds: dermatitis (photosensitive), diarrhea, and dementia. If untreated, death (a fourth D) occurs. \nHartnup disorder, characterized by defective absorption of tryptophan, can result in pellagra-like symptoms.\n\nRef : Lippincott’s illustrated reviews for biochemistry , 7th edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bed Bed", "opb": "Pellagra", "opc": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "opd": "Pyridoxine deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d5b312d-ee7d-46be-abd4-b1fba9c8d3d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes stored in muscle is", "exp": "SGOT is normally present in a number of tissues such as hea, liver, muscle, brain, and kidney. It is released into the bloodstream whenever any of these tissues get damaged. For instance, blood AST level is increased in conditions of muscle injury and hea attacks. Hence, it is not highly specific liver tissue damage indicator as it can be elevated in conditions other than liver damage. The aminotransferases catalyze the chemical reactions involving the amino acids, where an amino group is transferred from the donor amino acid to the recipient molecule. Aminotransferases are also referred to as transaminases. Another name for AST is serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Similarly, another name for ALT is serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). Hence, AST is also referred to as SGOT and ALT is also referred to as SGPT. By contrast, SGPT is normally present in large concentrations in the liver. Hence, due to liver damage, its level in the blood rises, thereby, serving as a specific indicator for liver injury. To regard SGOT and SGPT as liver function tests is a misnomer that is commonly prevalent in the medical community as they do not reflect the functioning of the liver. They only detect any type of liver injury or damage done to the liver due to any type of infection and inflammatory changes. The liver may keep functioning normally even in cases when both of these enzymes are highly raised.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alkaline phosphatase", "opb": "SGOT", "opc": "SGPT", "opd": "CPK", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "58e00057-9698-4d47-bb30-8ff2dabddd4d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Congenital lactic acidosis may occur d/t defect in", "exp": "B i.e. PDH complex", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pvruvate decarboxylase", "opb": "PDH complex", "opc": "Transketolase", "opd": "a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b8f4cacf-8429-4fd8-b88e-925d9ce00181", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol from the liver is transpoed to the tissue mainly by", "exp": "LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) - LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues. The only apoprotein present in LDL is apo B100. Most of the LDL paicles are derived from VLDL, but a small pa is directly released from liver. The half-life of LDL in blood is about 2 days. Function of LDL - About 75% of the plasma cholesterol is incorporated into the LDL paicles. LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to the peripheral tissues. The cholesterol thus liberated in the cell has three major fates: It is used for the synthesis of other steroids like steroid hormones. Cholesterol may be incorporated into the membranes. Cholesterol may be esterified to a MUFA by acyl cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) for storage. The cellular content of cholesterol regulates fuher endogenous synthesis of cholesterol by regulating HMG CoA reductase. REF: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION, PG.NO.,153,154.", "cop": 2, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "LDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "ac6e5b2b-b2a8-4676-9800-9f33b9ff17fc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Limiting factor for Fatty acid synthesis", "exp": "Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA The first step in the fatty acid synthesis is the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA. The acetyl CoA carboxylase is not a pa of the multienzyme complex. But it is the rate-limiting enzyme. Biotin, a member of B complex vitamins, is necessary for this reaction (step 1 in Fig. 11.15). The enzyme is allosterically regulated, the major effectors being citrate (positive) and palmitoyl CoA (negative). The reaction is similar to carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. The elongation of the fatty acid occurs by addition of 2 carbon atoms at a time. But the 2-carbon units are added as 3-carbon, malonyl units. The whole reaction sequence occurs while the intermediates are bound to ACP (acyl carrier protein).Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 137", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acetoacetate synthesis", "opb": "Acyl transferase", "opc": "Acetyl COA carboxylase", "opd": "Biotin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d0cfe3c8-8010-4e71-a367-b53fa02def24", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase is linked to", "exp": "There are three isoenzymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase. One, which uses NAD+, is found only in mitochondria. The other two use NADP+ and are found in mitochondria and the cytosol. Respiratory-chain-linked oxidation of isocitrate occurs through the NAD+-dependent enzyme. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 163", "cop": 1, "opa": "NAD", "opb": "FAD", "opc": "NADP", "opd": "FMN", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "b43e2ef0-1669-4f11-b01c-04a561bc1060", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Creatinine is formed from", "exp": "Creatinine and creatine are synthesized from glycine, arginine, and methionine. Synthesis of creatine and creatinine Creatine and creatinine are not amino acids, but specialized products of amino acids. Creatine is synthesized from glycine, arginine, and methionine. The synthesis stas with the formation of guanidinoacetate from glycine and arginine in the kidney. Fuher reactions take place in the liver and muscle. REF: Lippincott book of biochemistry 6th ed.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycine", "opb": "Lysine", "opc": "Leucine", "opd": "Histamine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b9ece799-4add-4ddd-8093-0ef345a41547", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cation used in PCR is", "exp": "All polymerases require divalent cations for their activity but some tend to function in buffers containing Mn2+ as well, although a little less efficiently.dNTPs and oligonucleotides bind to Mg2+ and therefore its concentration should exceed the molar concentration of phosphate groups that are contributed from both the dNTPs and primers.dNTPs bind in equimolar concentration with Mg2+.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Calcium", "opb": "Lithium", "opc": "Magnesium", "opd": "Sodium", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "9a96a2e7-cf8d-4bd0-b0a2-7a029e49eea6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme marker of electron transpo system is", "exp": "Complex III: CoQ-Cyt.C Reductase Functions as * Proton pump, and * Catalyses transfer of electrons SECTION TWO This system catalyses transfer of electrons from CoQ.H2 to Cyt-c Cyt-b and Cyt-c1. The electrons from CoQ.H2 is first accepted by Cyt-b566 and then transferred to Cyt-b562, which reduces Co.Q.H2 CoQ Fe+++ accepts electron and is oxidised to Fe++. The system also acts as a proton pump. It is believed that 4 (four) protons are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane during the oxidation. The energy change permits ATP formation (Site II). Role of Q cycle and Rieske FeS in complex III Electrons are passed from Q.H2 to cytochrome C complex III-Q cytochrome C oxidoreductase: Q. H2 + 2 Cyt C + 2H+ - Q + 2 CytC + 4H+ Oxidised matrix reduced membrane space The process is believed to involve cytochromes C1, b1 and bHH and a Rieske FeS. Rieske FeS is an unusual FeS in which one of the Fe atoms is linked to two histidine -SH groups rather than two cysteine -SH groups and is called as the Q cycle. Q may exist in three forms: * Oxidised quinone, * Reduced quinol, or * Semiquinone. The semiquinone is formed transiently during the cycle, one turn of which results in the oxidation of 2Q.H2 to Q, releasing 4H+ into the intermembrane space, and the reduction of one Q to QH2, causing 2H+ to be taken up from the matrix. Note It is to be noted that while Q carries two electrons, the cytochromes carry only one, thus the oxidation of one Q.H2 is coupled to the reduction of two molecules of cytochrome C the Q. cycle. Other options are not paicipating in ETC.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 142", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytochrome reductase", "opb": "Fumarase", "opc": "Pyruvate", "opd": "Malate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "1ea3a23f-dafe-462f-82c7-8602a737e88b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The dietary fats are transmitted from GIT to adipocytes in the form of", "exp": "TG derived from intestinal absorption of fats are transpoed in the blood as a lipoprotein complex called chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are small microscopic paicles of fats, about 1m in diameter and are responsible for transpo of exogenous (TG) in the blood. * Similarly, TG that are synthesised in Liver cells is conveed to lipoprotein paicles, called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and thrown into the circulation. VLDL is mainly concerned with transpo of endogenous TG. In addition to above: * Fatty acids released from adipose tissue by hydrolysis of TG are thrown in the circulation as free fatty acid (FFA). They are carried in non-esterified state in plasma, hence also called NEFA. In circulation, FFA/ NEFA combines with albumin and are carried as albumin-FFA complex. Some 25 to 30 mols of FFA are present in combination with one mol. of albumin.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 8th Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde page no: 445", "cop": 4, "opa": "Diacyl glycerol", "opb": "Triacylglycerol", "opc": "Fat misseles", "opd": "Chylomicrons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "f352b39c-1ce3-49f3-b4dc-49aa21aedb36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stored triacylglycerol and cholesterol are released by", "exp": "Lipolysis The prevailing state of high glucagon-insulin ratio stimulates cAMP-mediated lipolysis by increasing the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase. Then skeletal muscle, hea, and kidney will shut down their glucose utilization; and will depend mainly on fatty acids for energy needs (glucose-fatty acid cycle). Inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation is the basis of this change. The stimulation of the activity of CAT by glucagon ors increased rate of beta-oxidation. The increased rate of lipolysis and beta-oxidation provides an alternate source of fuel as acetyl CoA and subsequently ketone bodies. Ketone bodies provide fuel fortissues like hea muscle, skeletal muscle and to some extent the brain. It is seen that brain stas utilizing ketone bodies from 3rd day of starvation. By 10th day of starvation, about 60% of energy for brain is derived from ketone bodies. The cyclic AMP-mediated activation cascade enhances the intracellular hormone-sensitivelipase (Fig. 11.16 and Table 11.4). The phosphorylated form of the enzyme is active which acts on TAG and liberates fatty acids. iii. Under conditions of starvation, a high glucagon, ACTH, glucocoicoids and thyroxine have lipolytic effect. The released free fatty acids (FFA) are taken up by peripheral tissues as a fuel. Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 89,140", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lysosomal lipase", "opb": "Lipoprotein lipase", "opc": "LCAT", "opd": "Hormone sensitive lipase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d2a1062e-ac67-49a0-b962-d5522f980f4a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common lysosomal storage disorder is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Gaucher's diseaseRef: Harper's Biochemistry, 30th ed. pg. 251LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE* Lyzosomal storage disorders are a group of approximately 50 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function.* Lysosomal storage disorders are caused by lysosomal dysfunction usually as a consequence of deficiency of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of lipids, glycoproteins (sugar containing proteins) or so-called mucopolysaccharides.* Gaucher's disease is the most common of the lysosomal storage diseases. It is a form of sphingolipidosis (a subgroup of lysosomal storage diseases), as it involves dysfunctional metabolism of sphingolipids.* The disorder is characterized by bruising fatigue, anemia, low blood platelets, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gaucher's disease", "opb": "Taysach's disease", "opc": "Wolman disease", "opd": "Niemann pick's disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "3cfcb9f6-855d-4b35-a3bf-3d65ddc8a154", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Strongest interactions among the following", "exp": "Strongest bond - CovalentWeakest bond - Van der wals forcesMoleucular interactionsThere are two types of interactions between molecules that stabilize molecular structures :-i) Covalent bonds, e.g. peptide bonds and disulphide bonds.i) Non-covalent bonds.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Covalent", "opb": "Hydrogen", "opc": "Electrostatic", "opd": "Van der Waals", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "22887541-fe3d-4981-8843-8d39f32b4273", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RNA polymerase is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., DNA dependent RNA polymerase The major enzyme involved in transcription (i.e. synthesis of DNA to RNA) is RNA polymerase.It is DNA dependent RNA polymerase.DNA dependent DNA polymerase DNA plymerase (In DNA replication)DNA dependent RNA polymerase - RNA polymerase (In transcription)RNA dependent DNA polymerase -> Reverse transcripatase (In reverse transcription)", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA dependent RNA polymerase", "opb": "RNA dependent DNA polymerase", "opc": "DNA dependent DNA polymerase", "opd": "RNA dependent RNA polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bdf3d8c0-f7a8-4ca7-a53b-fabd67836774", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme defect in galactosemia is", "exp": "Inability to metabolize galactose occurs in the galactosemias, which may be caused by inherited defects of galactokinase, uridyl transferase, or 4-epimerase Though deficiency of uridyl transferase is best known.Harper 30th edition pg: 205", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aldose reductase", "opb": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase", "opc": "Galactokinase", "opd": "Aldolase B", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "9771ef1d-4939-4293-9165-60a67e1ca8a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malate shuttle is important in", "exp": "Most of the guides have given glycolysis as the answer. According to me, which is incorrect.\nThe most important function of malate shuttle is to transport cytosolic reducing equivalents (generated in glycolysis) into the mitochondria.\nBut, malate shuttle has no direct role in the occurrence of any reaction of glycolysis, i.e. malate shuttle does not take part in the glycolytic process itself. Its role is to generate ATP by transporting NADH into the mitochondria.\nYou can easily understand this by the fact that anaerobic glycolysis occurs without any participation of the malate shuttle. Hence, presence or absence of malate shuttle has no direct effect on the glycolytic process itself.\nOn the other hand, the malate shuttle is directly involved in gluconeogenesis by transporting malate out of the mitochondria into the cytosol. Thus without malate shuttle, gluconeogenesis cannot occur.\nThus, malate shuttle is a part of the gluconeogenic process while it is not a part of the glycolytic process.\nIn short\nMost important function of malate shuttle is to transport the reducing equivalents (generated in glycolysis) into the mitochondria.\nMalate shuttle is not a part of the glycolytic process itself\nMalate shuttle is a part of the gluconeogenic process.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycogenolysis", "opb": "Glycolysis", "opc": "Gluconeogenesis", "opd": "HMP shunt", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "98c76707-2058-4bd6-a104-ab9ec23c6f6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The inhibitor of complex IV of electron transpo chain is", "exp": "Complex IV inhibitors i. Carbon monoxide inhibits cellular respiration ii. Cyanide (CN-) iii. Azide (N3-) iv. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 234", "cop": 3, "opa": "Barbiturates", "opb": "Animycin A", "opc": "Hydrogen sulfide", "opd": "Dimecaprol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "864f8d4b-5b7b-438c-849a-da0f44b786ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reducing equivalents produced in glycolysis are transpoed from cytosol to mitochondria by", "exp": "Malate-Aspaate Shuttle Mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH. The NADH equivalents generated in glycolysis are therefore to be transpoed from the cytoplasm to mitochondria for oxidation. This is achieved by malate-aspaate shuttle or malate shuttle, which operates mainly in the liver, kidney, and hea. The cycle is operated with the help of enzymes malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and aspaate aminotransferase. From one molecule of NADH in the mitochondria, 2 1/2 ATP molecules are generated.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 260", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carnitine", "opb": "Creatine", "opc": "Malate shuttle", "opd": "Glutamate shuttle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "a57af29d-df33-4a39-a805-689935f3592a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prader willi syndrome and Angel man syndrome are examples of", "exp": "Genomic imprinting is a proces of epigenetic modification of nucleotides in which only one allele of specific gene is functioning, while the other allele is silenced based on the parent of origin.", "cop": 2, "opa": "RNA interferance", "opb": "Genomic Imprinting", "opc": "Gene Knockout", "opd": "Impaired DNA repair", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6811e59d-14d7-4e29-a5e6-2e8aaad12b3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The conversion of propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA requires the following vitamins/coenzymes", "exp": "Propionate is a major precursor of glucose in ruminants; It enters gluconeogenesis the citric acid cycle. After esterification with CoA, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to d-methylmalonyl-CoA, catalyzed by propionyl-CoA carboxylase, a biotin-dependent enzyme.l-methylmalonyl-CoA undergoes isomerization to succinyl-CoA catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is a vitamin B12-dependent enzyme, and in deficiency methylmalonic acid is excreted in the urine (methylmalonic aciduria).Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 19; Gluconeogenesis & the Control of Blood Glucose", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thiamine pyrophosphate", "opb": "FAD and NAD+", "opc": "Coenzyme A", "opd": "Biotin and B12", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "36fd3c9c-bcd0-48b3-a097-60574a471317", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A glycoprotein that regulates folding of proteins that are expoed from the cell is", "exp": "Glycoproteins Calnexin and Calreticulin regulate folding of proteins that are expoed from the cellRef: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 46; Glycoproteins", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mucins", "opb": "Transferrin", "opc": "Calnexin", "opd": "Lectin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "168ed0bb-73c6-440b-ade9-57bce4bdba0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Two solutions with equal osmotic pressures are", "exp": "Ans: a (Isotonic solution) Ref: Gcmong 22nd ed/p.5Osmosis: - The diffusion of solvent molecules into a region in which there is a higher concentration of a solute to which the membrane is imperme-able.Osmotic pressure: - The pressure necessary to prevent solvent migration is the osmotic pressure of the solution.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Isotonic solution", "opb": "Hypertonic solution", "opc": "Hypotonic solution", "opd": "Normal solution", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "27f1802f-c0a8-41a0-816e-3fa4125464ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apart from occurring in nucleic acids, pyrimidines are also found in", "exp": "Usually, purine and pyrimidine are found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) as a part of nucleotides.\nPyrimidines also occur in thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan.\nPurine is also a structural component of a number of essential coenzymes, e.g. coenzyme-A, NAD+, NADP+ and FAD+.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Theophylline", "opb": "Theobromine", "opc": "Flavin mononucleotide", "opd": "Thiamine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8f646eef-68da-4dcf-b0d0-e79c771a54fb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cataract in diabetes is caused by", "exp": "B. i.e. (Sorbitol) (186 - Harper 27th) (280- U-satyanarayan 3rd)Sorbitol Pathway in Diabetes MellitusIn uncontrolled diabetes (hyperglycemia) large amounts of glucose enter the cells which are not dependent on insulin. Significantly the cells with increased intracellular glucose levels in diabetes (lens, retina, nerve cells, Kidney etc) possess high activity of aldolase reductase, and sufficient supply of NADPH. This results in a rapid and efficient conversion of glucose to sorbitol. The enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase however is eithr low in activity or absent in these cells, hense sorbitol is not converted to fructose. Sorbitol cannot freely pass through the cell membrane, and accumulate in the cells where it is produced. Sorbitol due to its hydrophilic nature- causes strong osmotic effects leading to swelling of the cells. Some of the pathological changes associated with diabetes (like Cataract formation, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy) are believed to be due to the accumation of sorbitol)* Cataract in a diabetic is caused by sorbitol which is formed by interaction on glucose by - Aldolase reductase*** Essential fructosuria - due to deficiency of enzyme fructokinae** Hereditary fructose intolerance- is due to absence of enzyme - aldolase - B*** Essential pentosuria - deficiency of xylitol- dehydrogenase**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Sorbitol", "opc": "Fructose", "opd": "Sucrose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "00aa7c65-5d05-48f5-8ab5-3d03f84e99f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biosynthesis of glucuronic acid requires the", "exp": "Glucuronic acid is a sugar acid derived from glucose, with its sixth carbon atom oxidized to a carboxylic acid. In living beings, this primary oxidation occurs with UDP-a-D-glucose (UDPG), not with the free sugar.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 120", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxidation of UDP glucose", "opb": "Oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate", "opc": "Oxidation of 6-phophoguconate", "opd": "Oxidanation of glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "118a41bf-d869-48c0-ad65-d81f861b5964", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urea cycle enzymes area) Glutaminaseb) Asparaginasec) Argininosuccinate synthetased) Ornithine transcarboxylasee) Glutamate dehydrogenase", "exp": "Enzymes involved in the urea cycle are carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-I, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthase, arginosuccinase, and arginase.\nRead the option 'd' carefully, it is ornithine transcarboxylase (not ornithine transcarbamylase, which is involved in urea cycle).\nI am not sure whether both are the same enzyme or not as no textbook has mentioned this. But according to the following statement, ornithine transcarboxylase is involved in the urea cycle:-\n\n\"With the exception of X-linked ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency, urea cycle disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion\".\n\nAnd all textbooks have mentioned that all urea cycle disorders are autosomal recessive, except for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, which is X-linked disorders.\nThus, my interpretation is that both are same.", "cop": 4, "opa": "ab", "opb": "bc", "opc": "bd", "opd": "cd", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "98861e5a-dc85-4439-8530-80f8c986341b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HDN is seen due to deficiency of vitamin", "exp": "Vit k is necessary for coagulation. Factors dependent on Vit k are synthesised on the liver as inactive zymogen. They undergo gamma carboxylation, which requires Vit k as a cofactor. Clinical Manifestations of Deficiency i. Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is attributed to vitamin K deficiency. The newborns, especially premature infants have relative vitamin K deficiency. This is due to lack of hepatic stores, limited oral intake (breast milk has very low levels, 15 mg/litre) and absence of intestinal bacterial flora. ii. It is often advised that pre-term infants be given prophylactic doses of vitamin K (1 mg Menadione iii. In children and adults, Vitamin K deficiency may be manifested as bruising tendency, ecchymotic patches, mucous membrane haemorrhage, post-traumatic bleeding Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 462", "cop": 3, "opa": "A", "opb": "C", "opc": "K", "opd": "E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "4f2db490-9287-4af1-9043-b545a09f652b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The absorption of dietary triglycerides from the gut is mainly as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Triglycerides", "opb": "Mono acyl glycerol", "opc": "Di acyl glycerol", "opd": "Fatty acids and glycerol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "93b2fa60-5e51-45ed-89e6-e3f6e0ae493f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type 2 hypercholesterolemia occurs due to", "exp": "Type II A(Primary familial hypercholesterolemia) There is elevation of LDL. Patients seldom survive the second decade of life due to ischemic hea disease (Table 25.4). The cause is LDL receptor defect. Receptor deficiency in liver and peripheral tissues will result in the elevation of LDL levels in plasma, leading to hypercholesterolemia. The LDL receptor defect may be due to the following reasons:LDL receptor deficiency.Defective binding of B-100 to the receptor. A substitution of glutamine for arginine at 3500thamino acid results in poor binding to LDL receptors. This defect is known as B-3500 or familial defective apo-B.Receptor-LDL complex is not internalised. Secondary type II hyperlipoproteinemia is seen in hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome and cholestasis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipoprotein lipase deficiency", "opb": "Absence of LDL receptors on cells", "opc": "Abnormality in apo E", "opd": "LCAT deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "948f4f7c-292d-4458-875f-daa65f22f4eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme involved in Variegate porphyria", "exp": "Enzyme InvolvedType Major Signs and SymptomsResults of Laboratory TestsProtoporphyrinogen oxidaseVariegate porphyria (hepatic)Photosensitivity, abdominal pain,neuropsychiatric symptomsUrinary ALA, PBG, and coproporphyrinIII and fecal protoporphyrinIX increasedRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 31 Porphyrins & Bile Pigments", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ferrochelatase", "opb": "Protoporphyrinogen oxidase", "opc": "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase", "opd": "ALA dehydratase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "54f58f03-ac4b-4aa5-8e4c-bf2073734dd8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In competitive inhibition, the relation Km and Vmax is one of the following", "exp": "Competitive inhibitors increase Km by interfering with the binding of the substrate they do not affect VmaxIn non-competitive inhibition Km doesn&;t change because Km is a measure of the enzyme for its substrate, here Vmax decreases", "cop": 2, "opa": "Km and Vmax are the same", "opb": "Km increases and Vmax is the same", "opc": "Km decreases and Vmax is the increases", "opd": "Km and Vmax increases", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "fc5d7c40-57de-42a6-a035-5ee5e5644dc6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Abnormal base in tRNA is", "exp": "The D Arm or DHU region is so named due to the presence of a dihydrouridine in that areaThe DHU arm serves as the recognition site for the enzyme which adds the amino acidRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 597", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dihydrouracil", "opb": "Orotic acid", "opc": "Methyl Xanthine", "opd": "Cystine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "e3bf7b6b-69a6-40b5-9155-018bbb94413a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "PKU is a congenital amino acid metabolic disorder. In one of the following rare variants of PKU Dihydro Biopterin synthesis is affected. The enzyme deficient is", "exp": "Atypical form of phenylketonuria is due to deficiency of dihydrobiopterin reductase which is required for converion of H2-biopterin intorin. H4-biopterin is required for oxidation of phenylalanine because it is a cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histidine decarboxylase", "opb": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "opc": "Dihydropterin reductase", "opd": "Tyrosine deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a605ec5a-14df-4bc3-9c42-4958103bc36c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol levels in abnormal person should be preferably less than", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "200 mg/dl", "opb": "180 mg/dl", "opc": "150 mg/dl", "opd": "120 mg/dl", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc465612-cc22-4034-8c0f-625b0276ebc5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The structure of Phospholipid consists of", "exp": "Phospholipid - 2 Fatty acid+ Glycerol+ PO + Choline or ethanolamine ( 2 Fatty acid + Glycerol is called Diacylglycerol or Diglyceride) Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 31st edition page196", "cop": 2, "opa": "Monoglyceride+phosphate+choline", "opb": "Diglyceride+phosphate+choline", "opc": "Triglyceride+phosphate+choline", "opd": "Glycerol+phosphate+choline", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "1d5bee12-e421-44ff-81cf-6e688602f892", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not seen in alpha helix", "exp": "a-Helix: A peptide chain forms regular helical coils called a-helix. These coils are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl O of 1st amino and amide N of 4th amino acid residues. Thus in a-helix intrachain hydrogen bonding is present. The a-helices can be either right handed or left handed. Left-handed a-helix is less stable than right-handed a-helix because of the steric interference between the C = O and the side chains. Only the right-handed a-helix has been found in protein structure. Each amino acid residue advances by 0.15 nm along the helix, and 3.6 amino acid residues are present in one complete turn. The distance between two equivalent points on turn is 0.54 nm and is called a pitch. Small or uncharged amino acid residues such as alanine, leucine, and phenylalanine are often found in a-helix. More polar residues such as arginine, glutamate, and serine may repel and destabilize a-helix. Proline is never found in a aa aa-helix. The proteins of hair, nail, skin contain a group of proteins called keratins rich in a aa aa-helical structureRef: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 89", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Leucine", "opc": "Proline", "opd": "Isoleucine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "4cf54361-20f0-48cc-aa15-37769f099be7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In oxidative phosphorylation, the ATP production and respiratory chain are linked by", "exp": "The chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis is the most accepted theory which explains the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.\nThe theory states that free energy of electron transport is conserved by pumping protons (111 from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, so as to create an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electrochemical potential of this gradient is used to synthesize ATP.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chemical methods", "opb": "Physical methods", "opc": "Chemiosmotic methods", "opd": "Conformational changes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c912613-b5dc-47f3-9a5b-77aa02e81864", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hybridoma cell line is a product of fusion", "exp": "The B cells are mixed with mouse myeloma cells and exposed to polyethylene glycol, which causes cell fusion. The product of this fusion is a permanentcell line called a hybridoma capable of providing a continuous supply of monoclonal antibodies.Ref: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 52; 52 Plasma Proteins & Immunoglobulins", "cop": 1, "opa": "B cells with mouse myeloma cells", "opb": "T cells with mouse myeloma cella", "opc": "B cells with Guinea pig myeloma cells", "opd": "T cells with guinea pig myeloma cells", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "eb555e0a-2cad-44b7-b899-1507573d5a87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluoroacetate inhibits", "exp": "Fluoroacetate is similar to acetate, which has a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. disrupts the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) by combining with coenzyme A to form fluoroacetyl CoA, which reacts with citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate which binds very tightly to aconitase, thereby halting the citric acid cycle. This inhibition results in an accumulation of citrate in the blood. Citrate and fluorocitrate are allosteric inhibitors of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), a key enzyme in the breakdown of sugars. When PFK-1 is inhibited, cells are no longer able to metabolize carbohydrates, depriving them of energy.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Citrate synthetase", "opb": "Aconitase", "opc": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "c42d4b2e-4a37-4e0c-80ad-417dbef599e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Proteins are soed by", "exp": "Because of the complex internal organization of The first step in protein soing takes place while , the , and secretion from the cell are synthesized on The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes are thus distinguished from other cytoplasmic organelles by their common involvement in protein processing and connection by vesicular transpo.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 605", "cop": 1, "opa": "Golgi bodies", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Ribosomes", "opd": "Nuclear membrane", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "5a3f300b-b9ce-4ea3-8bdc-6ea669551ef9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NADPH is produced by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "Citric acid cycle", "opc": "Hexose monophosphate shunt", "opd": "Glycogenesis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "765c48b3-f3bb-462a-bf20-37b4ac85ffaf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most impoant source of reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis in the liver is", "exp": "The oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway(HMP pathway) are the chief source of the hydrogen required for the reductive synthesis of fatty acids. NADPH is involved as a donor of reducing equivalents.Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that conves glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO- + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)The citric acid cycle is the final pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein. Their common end metabolite, acetyl-CoA, reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate. By a series of dehydrogenations and decarboxylations, citrate is degraded, reducing coenzymes, releasing two CO2, and regenerating oxaloacetate.The reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the respiratory chain linked to the formation of ATP. Thus, the cycle is the major pathway for the formation of ATP and is located in the matrix of mitochondria adjacent to the enzymes of the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The uronic acid pathway is an alternative pathway for the oxidation of glucose that does not provide a means of producing ATP but is utilized for the generation of the activated form of glucuronate, UDP-glucuronate which is mainly used for detoxification of foreign chemicals and for the synthesis of Mucopolysaccharides. The utilized glucuronate produced in this pathway is conveed to xylulose 5-p which is fuher metabolized through HMP pathway.The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, the last one a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic.There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosolRef: Harpers biochemistry 30th edition; page no-234", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "TCA cycle", "opc": "Uronic acid pathway", "opd": "HMP pathway", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "2dac27b0-0373-4e57-820b-d2ed01fc00c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Denaturation of double stranded DNA involves", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "It gets broken down to nucleotides", "opb": "It becomes single stranded reversibly", "opc": "It becomes single stranded irreversibly", "opd": "It becomes double stranded irreversibly", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7afa0b04-5930-4ecf-acbf-5998bcaec2d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following enzyme defect causes acute intermittent porphyria", "exp": "The defective enzyme in acute intermittent porphyria is hydroxymethylbilane synthase (uroporphyrinogen I synthase)ALA and porphyrobilinogen accumulate in body tissues and fluids.It is an autosomal dominant disorder.While most porphyrias are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, congenital erythropoietic porphyria is inherited in a recessive mode. The defective enzyme in congenital erythropoietic porphyria is uroporphyrinogen III synthase,Harper 30th edition pg: 329", "cop": 3, "opa": "Uroporphyrinogen III synthase", "opb": "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase", "opc": "Hydroxymethylbilane synthase", "opd": "Protoporphyrinogen oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "0c08d002-3df0-42cd-8aee-c63b2b747639", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in Farber disease is", "exp": "DiseaseEnzyme deficiencyClinical symptomsTay-Sachs diseaseHexosaminidase AMental retardation, blindness, muscular weaknessFabry diseasea-GalactosidaseSkin rash, kidney failure (full symptoms only in males;X-linked recessive)MetachromaticleukodystrophyArylsulfatase AMental retardation and psychologic disturbances inadults; demyelinationKrabbe diseaseb-GalactosidaseMental retardation; myelin almost absentGaucher diseaseb-GlucosidaseEnlarged liver and spleen, erosion of long bones,mental retardation in infantsNiemann-PickdiseaseSphingomyelinaseEnlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation;fatal in early lifeFarber diseaseCeramidaseHoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation,mental retardation; fatal in early lifeRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 24 Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids", "cop": 4, "opa": "Arylsulfatase A", "opb": "Sphingomyelinase", "opc": "Ceramidase", "opd": "Hexosaminidase A", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "6c37f45a-7fca-4072-93e5-8213842bed2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of Multiple Carboxylase deficiency is", "exp": "Multiple carboxylase deficiencies is characterized by deficient activities of three biotin-dependent enzymes, propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, and beta-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase. Multiple carboxylase deficiencies is a form of metabolic disorder involving failures of carboxylation enzymes. The deficiency can be in biotinidase or holocarboxylase synthetase. These conditions respond to biotin. Forms include Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency - neonatal; Biotinidase deficiency - late onset; If left untreated, the symptoms can include feeding problems, hypotonia, generalized erythematous rash with skin exfoliation and alopecia, failure to thrive, seizure, coma, developmental delay, foul-smelling urine, metabolic acidosis, ketosis, and hyperammonemia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Pyridoxine", "opc": "Thiamine", "opd": "Folic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "7bf8ea29-03ab-46a2-b347-ef6343c408f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carboxylation is governed by", "exp": "Coenzyme role of Biotin Play a role in gene expression, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis and serve as a CO2 carrier for Carboxylases enzymes and gene regulation by histone biotinylation. Coenzyme for ATP dependent Carboxylation reaction (Carbon Dioxide Fixation) Pyruvate Carboxylase (Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate) Propionyl CoA Carboxylase (Propionyl CoA to Methyl Malonyl CoA) Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA) Methyl Crotonyl CoA Carboxylase ref DM Vasudevan 8th ed page 473", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biotin", "opb": "Niacin", "opc": "Thiamine", "opd": "Pyridoxine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "930ddd28-6412-4082-9c73-ac10104a4171", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The major driving force for formation of membrane lipid bilayer is", "exp": "The molecules align themselves to form monolayers with the polar heads pointing in one direction and the nonpolar tails in the opposite direction (Figs 7.7A and B). Only fatty acids with more than 6 carbon atoms form monolayers. This explains their role as components of biomembranes The self-assembly of phospholipids into bilayers is driven by hydrophobic interaction. They also act as detergents and emulsifying agents. In vivo, they act as pulmonary surfactants.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 79", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hydrogen bonding", "opb": "Hydrophobic interactions", "opc": "Van der waal forces", "opd": "Not known", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "0f539252-ea49-4a09-b4be-c85de7189bfd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hunter syndrome is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Iduronate Sulfatase", "cop": 3, "opa": "Beta galactosidase", "opb": "Sphingomyelinase", "opc": "Iduronate Sulfatase", "opd": "Hyaluronidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a4e3dbfd-e7a1-446e-a9b5-14c1a6bda7b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pancreatic secretions are a rich source of", "exp": "Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is elevated in cases of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic sPLA2 serve for the initial digestion of phospholipid compounds in dietary fat. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 174", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phospholipase A1", "opb": "Phospholipase A2", "opc": "Phospholipase C", "opd": "Phospholipase D", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "15515191-ab92-44b5-94a7-94f9608be795", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nucleic acid absorbs light at wavelength of 260 mm due to", "exp": "DNA bases (purines and pyrimidines) absorb UV light of 260 nm.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "Ribose", "opc": "Purines & Pyrimidines", "opd": "Deoxyribose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0d54f11-e7a3-4780-b9ac-c603c5334eed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Micro RNA is transcribed bya) RNA polymerase Ib) RNA polymerase IIc) RNA polymerase IIId) DNA Polymerasee) Drosha", "exp": "Micro RNA (mi-RNA) are typically 21-25 nucleotides in length and are generated by nucleolytic processing of the products of distinct genes/transcription units. These precursors are single-stranded but have extended intramolecular secondary structure.\nMost mi-RNA are processed from RNA polymerase II transcripts of severed hundred to thousands of nucleotides in length called Pri-miRNA (primary transcript). Within these long transcripts are sequency that fold into a hairpin structure. A nuclear RNAase specific for dsRNA called Drosha acts with a nuclear ds-RNA binding protein called DGCR in human (Pasha in Drosophila) and cleaves the hairpin region out of long precursor RNA generating a pre-miRNA.", "cop": 3, "opa": "ab", "opb": "ad", "opc": "be", "opd": "ce", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec23b974-95b3-47e1-8ce4-192382ffb6e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Different sequence of amino acid having similar structure of proteins is an example of", "exp": "Convergence is an evolutionary process by which distinctly unrelated organisms (protein) acquire morphologically similar traits (function), whereas divergence produces different traits (functions) in related same ancestor organisms (proteins).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Divergence", "opb": "Convergence", "opc": "Opportunistic", "opd": "Incidental", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe200b63-1527-4dbe-abee-e767057a46e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Choose the major fuel that is being used by the chest muscles used during weightlifting.", "exp": "We will illustrate, in addition, how biochemical measurements can pinpoint a disorder and allow one to determine which enzyme is functioning improperly.a. Mouth(1). Salivary glands produce a-amylase, which cleaves a-1,4 bonds between glucose residues in dietary starch. (Pancreatic a-amylase catalyzes the same reaction.)b. Stomach(1). Chief cells produce the proteolytic enzyme pepsin, as its inactive precursor pepsinogen. Pepsin digests proteins.(2). Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.(a). HCl causes pepsinogen (the precursor of pepsin) to cleave itself (autocatalysis), producing pepsin.(b). Intrinsic factor binds dietary vitamin B12 and aids in its absorption.(c). Vitamin B12 is the cofactor for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and methyl malonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoAc. Gallbladder(1). Bile salts, synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, pass through the gallbladder into the intestine, where they aid in lipid digestion.(2). Bilirubin diglucuronide, produced in the liver from bilirubin (the excretory product of heme degradation), passes through the gallbladder into the intestine.d. Pancreas(1). The pancreas produces bicarbonate (HCO3- ), which neutralizes stomach acid as it enters the intestinal lumen. The subsequent increase in pH in the lumen allows more extensive ionization of bile salts (so they serve as better detergents) and increases the activity of digestive enzymes.(2). The pancreas produces digestive enzymes (e.g., trypsin, chymotrypsin, the carboxypeptidases, elastase, a-amylase, lipase).(3). The B (or b) cells of the endocrine pancreas produce insulin (the hormone that stimulates the storage of fuels in the fed state) and the A (or a) cells produce glucagon (the hormone that stimulates the release of stored fuels during fasting).e. Intestine(1). The enzymes from the exocrine pancreas digest food in the intestinal lumen.(2). The intestinal digestive enzymes are bound to the brush borders of intestinal epithelial cells (aminopeptidases, dipeptidases and tripeptidases, lactase, sucrase, maltases, and isomaltases).(3). The absorption of digestive products occurs through the intestinal epithelial cells.(4). The intestinal epithelial cells produce chylomicrons from the digestive products of dietary fat (fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerols) and secrete the chylomicrons into the lymph.(5). Most bile salts are resorbed in the ileum and recycled by the liver. Only 5% are excreted in the feces. This excretion of bile salts, along with cholesterol secreted by the liver into the gut via the gallbladder, is the major means by which the body disposes of the cholesterol ring structure (sterol nucleus).f. Liver (the enzymic regulation of liver function is summarized in Tables below)(1). Functions of the liver include:(a). Storage of glycogen produced from dietary carbohydrate.(b). Synthesis of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), mainly from dietary carbohydrate.(c). Production of high-density lipoprotein, which transfers CII and E apolipoproteins to chylomicrons and VLDL, converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters (via the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction), and reduces blood by which cholesterol and cholesterol esters are transported from tissues to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport).(d). Maintenance of blood glucose levels during fasting via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.(e). Production of urea from nitrogen derived, in part, from amino acids because they are being converted to glucose (via gluconeogenesis) during fasting.(f). Production of ketone bodies from fatty acids derived from lipolysis of adipose triacylglycerols during fasting.(g). Synthesis of cholesterol (which is also made in other tissues).(h). Conversion of cholesterol to bile salts.(i). Production of many blood proteins (e.g., albumin, blood-clotting proteins).(j). Production of purines and pyrimidines, which are transported to other tissues via red blood cells.(k). Degradation of purines (to uric acid) and pyrimidines (to CO2 , H2 O, and ammonia).(l). Oxidation of drugs and other toxic compounds via the cytochrome P450 system.(m). Conjugation of bilirubin and excretion of bilirubin diglucuronide into the bile.(n). Oxidation of alcohol via alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS).(o). Synthesis of creatine (from guanidinoacetate), which is used to produce creatine phosphate, mainly in the muscle and brain.(p). Conversion of dietary fructose to glycolytic intermediates.(2). If liver cell function is compromised (e.g., in viral hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis):(a). NH4+ , which is toxic (particularly to the central nervous system), increases in the blood.(b). The BUN level decreases because the liver has a decreased capacity to produce urea.(c). Blood glucose decreases because of decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.(d). Blood cholesterol levels decrease owing to an inability to produce and secrete VLDL.(e). The production of bile salts decreases.(f). Bilirubin levels increase in the body (causing jaundice) because of reduced conjugation with glucuronic acid.(g). Lysis of damaged liver cells allows enzymes to leak into the blood.1. Lactate dehydrogenase increases.2. Alanine aminotransferase increases.3. Aspartate aminotransferase increases.4. Alkaline phosphatase increases.(h). Chronic liver problems result in decreased protein synthesis.1. Serum proteins (e.g., albumin) decrease.2. VLDL production decreases because of decreased apolipoprotein B-100 and triacylglycerols accumulate in the liver. A fatty liver results.g. Brain(1). Glucose is the major fuel for the brain.(2). The brain can use ketone bodies, but only after 3 to 5 days of fasting when blood ketone body levels are elevated.(3). The brain needs energy to think (i.e., memory involves RNA synthesis), conduct nerve impulses, synthesize neurotransmitters, and so on.h. Red blood cells(1). Red blood cells lack mitochondria, so they have no TCA cycle, b-oxidation of fatty acids, electron transport chain, and other pathways that occur in the mitochondria.(2). Glucose is the major fuel for red blood cells.(a). Glucose is converted to pyruvate and lactate.(3). Red blood cells carry bases and nucleosides from the liver to other tissues.(4). The major function of red blood cells is to carry O2 from the lungs to the tissues and to aid in the return of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.i. Adipose tissue(1). The major fuel of adipose tissue is glucose.(2). Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose into adipose cells.(3). The function of adipose tissue is to store triacylglycerol in the fed state and release it (via lipolysis) during fasting.(a). In the fed state, insulin stimulates the synthesis and secretion of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which degrades the triacylglycerols of chylomicrons and VLDL in the capillaries. Fatty acids from these lipoproteins enter adipose cells and are converted to triacylglycerols and stored. Glucose provides the glycerol moiety. (Glycerol is not used because adipose cells lack glycerol kinase.)(b). During fasting, adipocyte triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase (phosphorylated and activated via a cAMP-mediated mechanism) initiate lipolysis in adipose cells.j. Muscle(1). Muscle uses all fuels that are available (glycogen stores, and fatty acids, glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, and amino acids from the blood) to obtain energy for contraction.(2). During fasting, muscle protein is degraded to provide amino acids (particularly alanine) for gluconeogenesis.(3). Creatine phosphate transports high-energy phosphate from the mitochondria to actinomyosin fibers and provides ATP for muscle contraction.(4). Creatinine is produced nonenzymatically from creatine phosphate, and a constant amount (dependent on the body muscle mass) is released into the blood each day and excreted by the kidneys.(5). Muscle glycogen phosphorylase differs from liver phosphorylase but catalyzes the same reaction (glycogen+Pi-glucose-1-phosphate).(6). Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose into muscle cells.k. Heart(1). The heart is a specialized muscle that uses all fuels from the blood.(2). The muscle-brain (MB) isozyme of CK is found in heart muscle. Its release can be used to monitor a heart attackl. Kidney(1). The kidney excretes substances from the body via the urine, including urea (produced by the urea cycle in the liver), uric acid (from purine degradation), creatinine (from creatine phosphate), NH4+ (from glutamine via glutaminase), H2SO4 (produced from the sulfur of cysteine and methionine), and phosphoric acid.(2). Daily creatinine excretion is constant and depends on the body muscle mass. It is used as a measure of kidney function (the creatinine-clearance rate).(3). Glutaminase action increases during acidosis and produces NH3 , which enters the urine and reacts with H+ to form NH4+ . NH4+ buffers the urine and removes acid (H+) from the body.(4). Uric acid excretion is inhibited by lead (Pb) and metabolic acids (ketone bodies and lactic acid). High blood uric acid can result in gout. Gout can be caused either by increased production or by decreased excretion of uric acid. Deficiency of the base salvage enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome results in increased production of uric acid.(5). Kidney dysfunction can lead to increased BUN, creatinine, and uric acid in the blood and decreased levels of these compounds in the urine.(6). During ketoacidosis, ketone bodies are excreted by the kidney, and during lactic acidosis, lactic acid is excreted.(7). Elevated blood glucose levels (over 180 mg/dL) in DM results in the excretion of glucose in the urine.Muscles, particularly those with a preponderance of white fibers, use their glycogen stores when exercising. Weight training is an anaerobic activity, and the muscles will degrade their own glycogen stores to provide glucose for energy. Blood glucose will not become available until the AMP levels increase significantly in the muscle.When Blood Sugar Increases:When Blood Sugar Decreases:Insulin is released, which leads to the dephosphorylation of:Glucagon is released, which leads to the phosphorylation of:PFK-2 (kinase activity now active)PFK-2 (phosphatase activity now active)Pyruvate kinase (now active)Pyruvate kinase (now inactive)Glycogen synthase (now active)Glycogen synthase (now inactive)Phosphorylase kinase (now inactive)Phosphorylase kinase (now active)Glycogen phosphorylase (now inactive)Glycogen phosphorylase (now active)Pyruvate dehydrogenase (now active)Pyruvate dehydrogenase (now inactive)Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (now active)Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (now inactive)Which leads to activeGlycolysis GlycogenolysisFatty acid synthesisFatty acid oxidationGlycogen synthesisGluconeogenesis Liver Enzymes Regulated by Activation/InhibitionEnzymeActivated byState in Which ActivePhosphofructokinase 1Fructose 2,6-bisP, AMPFedPyruvate carboxylaseAcetyl-CoAFed and fastingAcetyl-CoA carboxylaseCitrateFedCarnitine palmitoyltransferase ILoss of inhibitor (malonyl-CoA)FastingLiver Enzymes Regulated by Phosphorylation/DephosphorylationEnzymeActive formState in Which ActiveGlycogen synthaseDephosphorylatedFedPhosphorylase kinasePhosphorylatedFastingGlycogen phosphorylasePhosphorylatedFastingPhosphofructokinase- 2/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (acts as a kinase, increasing fructose2,6-bisP levels)DephosphorylatedFedPhosphofructokinase-2/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (acts as aphosphatase, decreasing fructose 2,6-bisP levels)PhosphorylatedFastingPyruvate kinaseDephosphorylatedFedPyruvate dehydrogenaseDephosphorylatedFed", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ketone bodies", "opb": "Blood glucose", "opc": "Fatty acids", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "a79eb0b4-9c8e-427f-ba81-b7945fe5bab8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transition mutation of GATCCT is", "exp": "Point mutation is of 2 types:-\n\n\nTransition Purine base is replaced by another purine base or pyrimidine base is replaced by another pyrimidine base.\nTransversion Purine base is replaced by pyrimidine base or vice vessa.\n\nIn given question,\n   GATCCT and GGTCCT  → only option A shows transition mutation", "cop": 1, "opa": "GGTCCT", "opb": "GTTCCT", "opc": "GABCCT", "opd": "GrUGGT", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2952d934-db58-42ec-a8ae-1bd006fcf107", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tangier disease is characterized by", "exp": "DyslipoproteinemiasDefectRemarksFamilial alpha-lipoprotein deficiencyTangier diseaseFish-eye diseaseApo-A-I deficienciesAll have a low or near absence of HDLA tendency toward hyperiacylglycerolemia as a resultof the absence of apo C-ll, causing inactive LPL. Low LDLlevels. Atherosclerosis in the elderlyRef: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 26; Cholesterol Synthesis, Transpo, & Excretion", "cop": 1, "opa": "Low HDL", "opb": "Defective LDL receptors", "opc": "No chylomicrons", "opd": "Overproduction of VLDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0539a0e5-09a6-40a2-8d02-7665aef13ace", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glyconeogenesis is", "exp": "Glyconeogenesis Synthesis of glycogen from non-carbohydrate precursors This pathway is the same as gluconeogenesis, but the last step is different i.e. In glyconeogenesis, glucose-6-Phosphate directly enters glycogen synthesis. So glucose-6-phosphatase step is not required. Glycogenesis -Synthesis of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis- Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose. Gluconeogenesis- Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources", "opb": "Synthesis of glycogen from glucose", "opc": "Synthesis of glucose from glycerol", "opd": "Synthesis of glycogen from non-carbohydrate sources", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Glycogen", "id": "0c980801-0650-4cb1-8a35-d57cbee02376", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential pentosuria can occur due to deficiency in metabolic pathway of", "exp": "Ans. a (Uronic acid) (Ref. Harper's Biochemistry-26th/pg. 105, 163, 170; 27th/pg. 177)Glucuronic acid is synthesized from glucose via the uronic acid pathway, of major significance for the excretion of metabolites and foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) as glucuronides. A deficiency in the pathway leads to essential pentosuria. Considerable quantities of L-xylulose appear in the urine because of absence of the enzyme necessary to reduce L-xylulose to xylitol. Parenteral administration of xylitol may lead to oxalosis, involving calcium oxalate deposition in brain and kidneys.URONIC ACID PATHWAY# In liver, uronic acid pathway catalyzes conversion of glucose to glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, & pentoses.# It is also an alternative oxidative pathway for glucose, but--like the pentose phosphate pathway--it does not lead to the generation of ATP.# Glucose 6-phosphate is isomerized to glucose 1-phosphate, which then reacts with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc) in a reaction catalyzed by UDPGlc pyrophosphorylase, as occurs in glycogen synthesis. UDPGlc is oxidized at carbon 6 by NAD-dependent UDPGlc dehydrogenase in a two-step reaction to yield UDP-glucuronate.Deficiencies in the enzymes of fructose and galactose metabolism lead to essential fructosuria and the galactosemias.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Uronic acid", "opb": "Hexose-mono-phosphate", "opc": "Glycogen", "opd": "Fructose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "97813adf-0c84-4c2b-8ff2-0b7568055597", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The two strands of DNA are held together by", "exp": "Two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary pairs of bases.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Van-der-Waal bond", "opb": "Hydrogen bond", "opc": "Covalent bond", "opd": "Ionic interaction", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ef859f50-8df6-40b5-927f-c997d6c44436", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In humans, telomeres have the following sequence", "exp": "The ends of each chromosome contain structures called telomeres. Telomeres consist of sho TG-rich repeats. Human telomeres have a variable number of repeats of the sequence 5'-TTAGGG-3', which can extend for several kilobases. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 531", "cop": 2, "opa": "5'-GGCTTG-3'", "opb": "5'-TTAGGG-3'", "opc": "5'-TAACGT-3'", "opd": "5'-GTAGGC-3'", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "afc4a072-085d-4cc0-a47c-525fd7be7066", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Heparin helps in the release of the enzyme", "exp": "The repeating disaccharide heparin contains glucosamine (GlcN) and either of the two uronic acids (Figure 50-11). Most of the amino groups of the GlcN residues are N-sulfated, but a few are acetylated. The GlcN also carries a sulfate attached to carbon 6.Heparin is found in the granules of mast cells and also in liver, lung, and skin.It is an impoant anticoagulant. It binds with factors IX and XI, but its most impoant interaction is with plasma antithrombin(discussed in Chapter 55).Heparin can also bind specifically to lipoprotein lipase present in capillary walls, causing a release of this enzyme into the circulation.Reference: Harper biochemistry, 30th edition, page no 637", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyluronidase", "opb": "Lipoprotein lipase", "opc": "Amylase", "opd": "Invease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "f99d0cfc-5e57-484d-b46b-e9d10fca18ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alkaline phosphatase contains", "exp": "ALP is a nonspecific enzyme which hydrolyzes aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic compounds. the pH optimum for the enzyme reaction is between 9 and 10.it is activated by magnesium and manganese. zinc is a constituent ion of ALP.Ref: DM Vasudevan Biochemistry, page no: 305", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cobalt", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "Iron", "opd": "Copper", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "618c87f7-7a3d-4dd1-88fb-b2ec732fbc78", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The primary role of chaperones is to help in", "exp": "Proteins must fold to achieve their functional form. Folding can be spontaneous or facilitated by chaperones. Proteins that are defective (for example misfolded) or destined for rapid turnover are marked for destruction by the attachment of chains of a small, highly conserved protein called ubiquitin. Ubiquitinated proteins are rapidly degraded by a cytosolic complex known as the proteasome. Reference: Lippincotts illustrated reviews of Biochemistry Sixth edition: page no; 807", "cop": 4, "opa": "Protein synthesis", "opb": "Protein degradation", "opc": "Protein denaturation", "opd": "Protein folding", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "38642ef6-bbe9-4587-b606-f3b312acd0ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bone affection in scurvy is due to", "exp": "Major consequences of vitamin C deficiency caused by impaired forma on of collagen. Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 414", "cop": 2, "opa": "Poor mineralization of the osteoid tissue", "opb": "Defective osteoid matrix formation", "opc": "Defective calcification in osteoid", "opd": "Increased degradation of osteoid tissue", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f63da087-8a62-42d7-a1a2-2108592b7738", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The protein synthesis is sorted out at / by", "exp": "(Golgi - Apparatus) (7 RS 7th)Golgi - complex (or Golgi - apparatus) or Dietysomes - Recent evidence suggests strongly that the complex serve as unique sorting device that recieve newly synthesized proteins* The post translational modifications takes place in the golgi lumen (median part) where the carbohydrate and lipid precursors are added to proteins to form glycoproteins and lipo proteins respectively* Ribosomes - are the centre of factories of protein synthesis* Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) synthesizes membrane lipids and secretory proteins**", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ribosomes", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Golgi - apparatus", "opd": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "51a3fa6b-04c3-4df1-a8b9-9f4a5735930a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Endoplasmic reticulum do not paicipate in", "exp": "Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein synthesis. EPR also involved in glycosylation of N linked glycoproteins. Exocytic pathway of protein soing is done by both RER & GA (Golgi apparatus) Reference: Harper; 30th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protein synthesis", "opb": "Muscle contraction", "opc": "Protein soing", "opd": "Glycoproteins", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "d91b6810-8ed0-4068-960c-f61bb841a52b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A deficiency of substance Folate can result in an anemia. Choose the type of anemia that would occur if the substance were deficient.", "exp": "a. The 1-carbon groups that FH4 receives are transferred to various compounds (see Figure I below, steps 5 to 8).(1). Purine precursors obtain carbons 2 and 8 from FH4 . Purines are required for DNA and RNA synthesis.(2). dUMP forms dTMP by accepting a 1-carbon group from FH4 (Figure II). This reaction produces the thymine required for DNA synthesis.(a). The methylene group is reduced to a methyl group in this reaction, and FH4 is oxidized to FH2 .(b). FH2 is reduced to FH4 in the NADPH-requiring reaction catalyzed by FH2 reductase.(3). Glycine obtains a 1-carbon group from FH4 to form serine.(4). Vitamin B12 obtains a methyl group from 5-methyl-FH4 . The methyl group is transferred from methyl-B12 to homocysteine to form methionine (see Figure III, reaction 8). This is the only fate of 5-methyl-FH4 .Folate deficiency results in a megaloblastic anemia because of decreased production of purines and the pyrimidine thymine. Thus, lack of folate causes decreased DNA synthesis. In contrast with a vitamin B12 deficiency, neurologic problems do not occur in a folate deficiency. A hypochromic, microcytic anemia can result from the lack of iron, or lack of pyridoxal phosphate. Both conditions lead to a reduction in the synthesis of heme, so the red cells cannot carry as much oxygen (which gives them the pale color). The cells are small in order to maximize the concentration of hemoglobin present in the cells. Hemolytic anemia occurs when the red cell membrane fragments, which can occur with pyruvate kinase deficiencies or a lack of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (which results in reduced NADPH levels). Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the b-globin gene, substituting a valine for a glutamic acid.I. The sources of carbon (1 to 4) for the FH4 pool and the recipients of carbon (5 to 8) from the pool. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate; dTMP, deoxythymidine monophosphate; FH2 , dihydrofolate; FH4 , tetrahydrofolate; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH, reduced NADP; Pi, inorganic phosphate; PPi, pyrophosphate.II. The transfer of a 1-carbon unit from serine to deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to form deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). FH4 is oxidized to FH2 in this reaction. FH2 is reduced to FH4 by dihydrofolate reductase. The rectangles indicate the steps at which the antimetabolites methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil act. FH2 , dihydrofolate; FH4 , tetrahydrofolate; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH, reduced NADP.III. The decarboxylation of glutamate to form GABA. PLP, pyridoxal phosphate. GABA, g-aminobutyric acid.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opb": "Hypochromic, microcytic anemia", "opc": "Hemolytic anemia", "opd": "Sickle cell anemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "3f01f612-0bab-43e2-adc2-cb1f340a115b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Farber&;s disease is due to the deficiency of", "exp": "Farber disease (also known as Farber&;s lipogranulomatosis, ceramidase deficiency, \"Fibrocytic dysmucopolysaccharidosis,\" and \"Lipogranulomatosis\" is an extremely rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease marked by a deficiency in the enzyme ceramidase that causes an accumulation of fatty material sphingolipids leading to abnormalities in the joints, liver, throat, tissues and central nervous system. Normally, the enzyme ceramidase breaks down fatty material in the body's cells. In Farber Disease, the gene responsible for making this enzyme is mutated. Hence, the fatty material is never broken down and, instead, accumulates in various pas of the body,", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ceraminidase", "opb": "Sphingomyelinase", "opc": "Glucocerebrosisase", "opd": "Neuraminidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "41701f03-d960-4046-ae0b-57032e343298", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beta alanine is formed from", "exp": "Beta alanine is formed from cytosine and Uracil.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adenosine and thymine", "opb": "Cytosine and Uracil", "opc": "Cytosine alone", "opd": "Adenosine alone", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bc3959e6-b787-4e57-a014-f1a6fdf45456", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gluconeogenesis enzyme stimulated in starvation", "exp": "In starvation, there is excessive breakdown of fatty acids resulting in the formation of Acetyl CoA in the liver. They ensure the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetic acid. It acts as allosteric activator of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase and inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase of Glycolysis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carboxylase", "opb": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "opc": "Pyruvate kinase", "opd": "Glucokinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "cc49d868-220f-4d2a-8b8e-9d6af30226d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 3, "opa": "HMG CoA synthetase", "opb": "HMG CoA lyase", "opc": "HMG CoA reductase", "opd": "Mevalonate synthetase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e7a4c605-901c-4ac2-bedb-262017e96668", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Essential fatty acids", "exp": "ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDSThree polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid are called \"essential fatty acids\" (EFA). They cannot be synthesised in the body andmust be provided in the diet. Lack of EFA in the diet can produce growth retardation and other deficiency manifestation symptoms.Which EFA is Impoant?Linoleic acid is most impoant as, arachidonic acid can be synthesised from linoleic acid by a three-stage reaction by addition of acetyl-CoA. Pyridoxal phosphate is necessary for this conversion. Biologically arachidonic acid is very impoant as it is precursor from which prostaglandins and leukotrienes are synthesised in the body.Why EFA cannot be Synthesised?Introduction of additional double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid is limited to the area between - COOH group and the existing double bond and that it is not possible to introduce a double bond between the - CH3 group at the opposite end of the molecule and the first unsaturated linkage. This would explain body's inability to synthesise an EFA from oleic acid.Functions of EFA: (Biomedical Impoance)Structural elements of tissues: Polyunsaturated fatty acids occur in higher concentration in lipids associated with structural elements of tissues.Structural element of gonads: Lipids of gonads also contain a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which suggests impoance of these compounds in reproductive function.Synthesis of prostaglandins and other compounds: Prostaglandins are synthesised from Arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase enzyme system. Leucotrienes are conjugated trienes formed from arachidonic acid in leucocytes by the Lipoxygenase pathway.Structural element of mitochondrial membrane: A deficiency of EFA causes swelling of mitochondrial membrane and reduction in efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. This may explain for increased heat production noted in EFA deficient animals.Serum level of cholesterol: Fats with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids tends to lower serum level of cholesterol.Effect on clotting time: Prolongation of clotting time is noted in ingestion of fats rich in EFA.Effect on fibrinolytic activity: An increase in fibrinolytic activity follows the ingestion of fats rich in EFA.Role of EFA in fatty liver: Deficiency of EFA produces fatty liver.Role in vision: Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) is the most abundant polyenoic fatty acids present in retinal photoreceptor membranes. Docosahexaenoic acid is formed from dietary linolenic acid. It enhances the electrical response of the photoreceptors to illumination. Hence linolenic acid is necessary in the diet for optimal vision.Deficiency manifestations: A deficiency of EFA has not yet been unequivocally demonstrated in humans. In weaning animals, symptoms of EFA deficiency are readily produced. They are Cessation of growth.Skin lesions: Acanthosis (hyperophy of prickle cells) and hyperkeratosis (hyperophy of stratum corneum). Skin becomes abnormally permeable to water. Increased loss of water increases BMR.Abnormalities of pregnancy and lactation in adult females.Fatty liver accompanied by increased rates of fatty acids synthesis lessened resistance to stress.Kidney damage.CLINICAL ASPECTHuman deficiency: Some cases ofEczema like dermatitis,Degenerative changes in aerial wall andFatty liver in man may be due to EFA deficiency.There are also some repos that administration of EFA in such cases may produce:Some improvement of eczema in children kept on skimmed milk,Prevent fatty liver (some cases) andLowering of cholesterol levels.Infants and babies with low-fat diet develop typical skin lesions which have shown to be improved with EFA (linoleic acid).Fate of EFA: EFA undergoes b-oxidation after necessary isomerisation and epimerisation, like other unsaturated fatty acids.CLINICAL ASPECTAbnormal Metabolism of EFAAbnormal metabolism of EFA, which may be concerned with dietary insufficiency, has been noted in a number of disease like cystic fibrosis, hepatorenal syndrome, Crohn's disease, acrodermatitis enteropathica, Sjogren's syndrome, Cirrhosis and Reye's syndrome.Ref: M.N. Chatterjee - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 48-49", "cop": 1, "opa": "Linoeic acid", "opb": "Linolenic acid", "opc": "Arachiconic acid Palmitic acid", "opd": "Plamitic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "87536275-17f1-4f83-9d48-af98c41713d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malonate competetively inhibits", "exp": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fumarate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Succinate thiokinase", "opc": "Aconitase", "opd": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3866df61-91a8-4564-873a-39dc56915235", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice in Thiamine deficiency is", "exp": "Severe thiamine deficiency is associated with: Decreased RBC transketolase activity this is the earliest manifestation seen even before clinical disturbances Thiamin is a cofactor of Transketolase pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and lactate level in blood increases in thiamine deficiency ref: DM Vasudevan 8th ed page 467", "cop": 2, "opa": "RBC-Thiamine levels", "opb": "RBC - Transketolase levels", "opc": "RBC - Glutathione reductase levels", "opd": "WBC - Ascorbic acid levels", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "dfa2bcdf-9111-4a23-b9cb-d49f74a2f469", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Function of Endonucleases", "exp": "(D) Cut DNA at specific DNA sequences # Restriction enzymes(endonucleases) are bacterial proteins that recognize specific DNA sequences and cut DNA at or near the recognition site. These enzymes are widely used in molecular genetics for analyzing DNA and creating recombinant DNA molecules. The ability of restriction enzymes to reproducibly cut DNA at specific sequences has led to the widespread use of these tools in many molecular genetics techniques. Restriction enzymes can be used to map DNA fragments or genomes. Mapping means determining the order of the restriction enzyme sites in the genome. These maps form a foundation for much other genetic analysis. Restriction enzymes are also frequently used to verify the identity of a specific DNA fragment, based on the known restriction enzyme sites that it contains.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Enhancers", "opb": "To point out the coding regions", "opc": "To find out antibiotic resistance", "opd": "Cut DNA at specific DNA sequences", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "cbe496f3-c632-4a94-8613-676b3ae41185", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In muscle, Phosphorylase a is inactivated by", "exp": "In the liver, the role of glycogen is to provide free glucose for export to maintain the blood concentration of glucose. \nIn muscle the role of glycogen is to provide a source of glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis in response to the need for ATP for muscle contraction.\nIn both tissues, the enzyme is activated by phosphorylation catalyzed by phosphorylase kinase (to yield phosphorylase a) and inactivated by dephosphorylation catalyzed by phosphoprotein phosphatase (to yield phosphorylase b), in response to hormonal and other signals.\nThere is instantaneous overriding of this hormonal control. Active phosphorylase a in both tissues is allosterically inhibited by ATP and glucose-6-phosphate; in liver, but not muscle, free glucose is also an inhibitor.​\n\nHarper 30th edition page 179", "cop": 4, "opa": "cAMP", "opb": "Ca2+ ion", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "ATP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "011ba556-7c40-4b06-82f3-716be05ba359", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Gierke disease enzyme deficient", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "opb": "Branching enzyme", "opc": "Debranching enzyme", "opd": "Phospharylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "85c36979-fd47-4b54-9431-37a7b58a298a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best technique to isolate DNA from enamel and dentin is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cryogenic grinding", "opb": "Crushing", "opc": "Horizontal section", "opd": "Conventional endodontic process", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a6a93fb-927b-4372-8858-bbfd59998930", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Magnesium", "exp": "It is uncommon and always due to excessive intake either orally (antacids), rectally (enema) or parenterally. Causes of hypermagnesemia are listed in Box 35.19. Magnesium intoxication causes depression of neuromuscular system, causing lethargy, hypotension, respiratory depression, brady- cardia and weak tendon reflexes. In severe conditions, acute rhabdomyolysis results. Hypermagnesemia induces decrease in serum calcium by inhibiting PTH secretion, which in turn will have deleterious effects.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 412", "cop": 1, "opa": "Is essential for efficient secretion and peripheral action of PTH", "opb": "Is essential for efficient secretion and peripheral action of calcitonin", "opc": "Is cofactor for vitamin D in bone", "opd": "Competitively occupies calcium slots in bone", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "2b58d19d-c47c-4914-801f-752a7d066be4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Renal threshold for glycosuria", "exp": "For glucose, the renal threshold is 180 mg/dl and Tm is 375 mg/min. In other words, glucose stas to appear in urine when blood level is more than 180 mg/dl, and all the glucose molecules above 375 mg are excreted in the urine. abnormal conditions, the renal threshold may be lowered so that even at lower blood levels, compounds are excreted in urine, e.g. renal glycosuria (glucose); and renal tubular acidosis (bicarbonate).Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 316", "cop": 2, "opa": "100 mg/dl", "opb": "180 mg/dl", "opc": "300 mg/dl", "opd": "350 mg/dl", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "a89aceeb-93c1-4503-afef-917af5fa307e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carbamoyl phosphate intermediates the synthesis of", "exp": "(B) Urea & Pyrimidine # Biosynthesis of urea begins with the condensation of CC>2, NHs and ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate, a reaction catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthase I which is a mitochondrial enzyme, and rate limiting or pacemaker enzyme and the enzyme is active only in the presence of its allosteric activator N-acetylglutamate, which enhances the affinity of synthase for ATP.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Urea", "opb": "Urea & Pyrimidine", "opc": "Uric acid", "opd": "Ketone body", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "ef7b70d9-9605-46ad-b894-73476befdceb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most abundant type of collagen in human body", "exp": "The major structural protein found in connective tissue is the collagen..It is the most abundant protein found in body. Type I is the most abundant forn , seen in connective tissues in almost all regions of the body. Type II is mainly seen in cailage and vitreous humor. Type III is seen in skin, lung and vascular tissues and Typa IV is seen in the basement membranes. THE COLLAGEN IS SYNTHESIZED BY FIBROBLASTS INTRACELLULARLY,AS A LARGE PRECURSOR,CALLED PROCOLLAGEN.iT IS THEN SECRETED. REFERENCE: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO :720", "cop": 1, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type III", "opc": "Type IV", "opd": "Type VI", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "2d170051-318a-4895-b844-3b14926979c8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nephelometry is based on the principle of", "exp": "Light attenuated in intensity by scattering [Ref: nephelonzetyy and turbidimetry methods are based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed paicles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering.In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured.In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.The intensity of the scattered radiation depends on several factors, including the wavelength of the incident radiation and the paicle size; however, in a given system, the scattering is directly propoional to the concentration of the paiculate matter.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Light attenuated in intensity by scattering", "opb": "Refraction of light", "opc": "Reduced transmission of light", "opd": "Filtration of solutes by kidney", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b0996fb3-25a3-445b-9769-a7a137aca6b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acid required for formation of thyroxine", "exp": "Metabolic role of Tyrosine * Synthesis of thyroid hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) * Synthesis of catecholamines * Synthesis of melanin pigment * Formation of tyramine * Formation of phenol and cresol * Formation of tyrosine-O-sulphateRef: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 497", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "Tyrosine", "opc": "Glutamine", "opd": "Cysteine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "65e7e508-fc24-4d54-b5a8-780da1e94862", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Leucine zipper complex is", "exp": "Proteins that bind to DNA contain a limited number of motifs.The helix-loop-helix motif is an example found in a number of proteins that function in a number of proteins that function as transcription factors Example: zinc fingers, and leucine zippers . REF :LIPPINCOTT'S TEXTBOOK OF BICHEMISTRY ;8th EDITION ;Page no :18 AND 422.", "cop": 3, "opa": "B cell epitomes", "opb": "Receptor ligand protein", "opc": "DNA binding protein", "opd": "Membrane attack complex", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "1347f5ed-eaae-4658-bed8-f1899f21a268", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serum enzyme used for MI", "exp": "The enzymes routinely measured in the clinical laboratory for the purpose of diagnosing and monitoring myocardial infarction include creatine kinase (CK), aspaate aminotransferase (sGOT or AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).", "cop": 1, "opa": "CK", "opb": "Alkaline phophatase", "opc": "Acid phosphatase", "opd": "Lipase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "9b17df46-175c-497f-ad68-5c02b61e2f09", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phenylbutyrate is used in urea cycle disorders because it", "exp": "In all urea cycle disorders there is accumulation of NH3 (hyperammonemia) which is very toxic and has to be removed Using scavenging agents:- One of the treatment of urea cycle disorder is the use of NH3 scavenging agents These are Phenylbutyrate and Sodium benzoate Phenyl butyrate reacts with glutamine to get conveed in to phenyl acetyl glutamine which can be excreted. Other method to treat urea cycle disorders: Give Arginine (1st line Treatment ) An essential amino acid Provides ornithine (required in 2nd step of urea cycle) Activator of NAGS But it is contraindicated in Arginase deficiency Restrict protein intake to 50% of normal", "cop": 1, "opa": "Scavenges nitrogen", "opb": "Activates enzymes", "opc": "Maintains renal output", "opd": "Maintains energy production", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Urea cycle", "id": "20f8f840-fc2f-4190-ba11-a43453b07b82", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Niacin", "opb": "folic acid", "opc": "glycin", "opd": "ascorbic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "f471cbb7-7ef1-44fe-8e84-9f7247a2c3d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lesh Nyhan syndrome is associated with deficiency of", "exp": "REF :DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK :7th EDITION ;Page no :403 Disease deficient enzyme GPD Deficiency G6PD Gaucher's disease beta glucosidase Lesch-Nyhan syndrome HGPase", "cop": 2, "opa": "HGP (paial)", "opb": "HGP (total)", "opc": "PRPP (paial)", "opd": "PRPP (total)", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "731a6857-96f9-4bcc-82d3-59b18c8d0d14", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The human plasma lipoprotein containing the highest percentage of triacylglycerol by weight is", "exp": "CHYLOMICRONS Synthesis of chylomicrons Chylomicrons are formed in the intestinal mucosal cells, and secreted into the lacteals of lymphatic system (Chapter 11). They are rich in triglyceride (Fig. 12.9). If lipemic serum is kept overnight in the refrigerator, chylomicrons rise as a creamy layer to the top, leaving the subnatant clear. When the chylomicrons are synthesised by the intestinal mucosa, they contain only apo-B-48 and apo-A but apo-C and apo-E are added from HDL in blood during transpo (Fig. 12.10). Metabolism of Chylomicrons i. Main sites of metabolism of chylomicrons are adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. The half-life of chylomicrons in blood is about 1 hour. ii. The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LpL) is located at the endothelial layer of capillaries of adipose tissue, muscles, and hea; but not in liver. Apo C-II present in the chylomicrons activates the LpL (Table 12.4). The LpL hydrolyses triglycerides present in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol. Muscle or adipose tissue cells take up the liberated fatty acids (Fig. 12.10). iii. Following injection of heparin, the LpL is released from the tissues and lipemia is thus cleared. This is called post-heparin lipolytic activity. Lack of C-II leads to decreased activity of LpL and consequent accumulation of chylomicrons and VLDL in blood. Insulin increases LpL activity. Liver Takes up Chylomicron Remnants As the TAG content is progressively decreased, the chylomicrons shrink in size. These remnants containing apo-B-48 and apo-E are taken up by hepatic cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Apo-E binds the hepatic receptors (Fig. 12.10). Function of Chylomicrons Chylomicrons are the transpo form of dietary triglycerides from intestines to the adipose tissue for storage, and to muscle or hea for their energy needs.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 153", "cop": 2, "opa": "VLDL", "opb": "Chylomicrons", "opc": "HDL", "opd": "LDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d2cd30ec-2587-4f98-ae9d-beeb1abe2b89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Adenylate cyclase conves", "exp": "Adenylate cyclase (calmodulin-sensitive) trimer, Bacillus anthracis Epinephrine binds its receptor, that associates with a heterotrimeric G protein. The G protein associates with adenylyl cyclase, which conves ATP to cAMP, spreading the signs", "cop": 3, "opa": "ATP to ADP", "opb": "ADP to ATP", "opc": "ATP to cAMP", "opd": "AMP to ADP", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "573e68a4-51c0-401f-8944-b314ab07fe6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not seen in hypervitaminosis", "exp": "Hypervitaminosis A causes Acute toxicity: Pseudotumor cerebri (raised intracranial tension) (headache, dizziness, vomiting, stupor, and blurred vision, symptoms that may be confused with a brain tumour) loss of hair (alopecia), Weight loss, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bony exostosis, bone and joint pain, decreased cognition, hepatomegaly progresses to cirrhosis hypervitaminosis D causes weakness, polyuria, intense thirst, hypeension, weight loss. ref DM Vasudevan 8th ed page 457, 460", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alopecia", "opb": "Polyuria", "opc": "Pseudo tumor cerebri", "opd": "Hyperostosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "09d1ff29-be17-4d52-8073-cce2147afd21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA proof reading and repair is done by", "exp": "DNA Polymerases Ecoli Eukaryotic Function I Gap filling following DNA replication, repair, and recombination II DNA proofreading and repair b DNA repair g Mitochondrial DNA synthesis III e Processive, leading strand synthesis a Primase d Processive, lagging strand synthesis Harper30e pg: 383", "cop": 1, "opa": "DNA polymerase", "opb": "DNA ligase", "opc": "DNA gyrase", "opd": "DNA primase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "0f005198-848d-47bf-a1fd-ee2990bbf819", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Peroxidase enzyme is used in estimating", "exp": "The blood glucose analysis is ordered to measure the amount of blood at the time of sample collection. It is used to detect both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and helping the diagnosis of diabetes. An ideal blood glucose estimation method should determine only glucose. It is adaptable for both macro- and semi-micro- techniques. Reagents are relatively inexpensive and the method should require a minimum of time, techniques and apparatus, be accurate and yield reproducible results. Glucose oxidase(peroxidase) is an enzyme highly specific for glucose and is not react with blood saccharides. So it has been employed for the estimation of blood glucose.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Haemoglobin", "opb": "Ammonia", "opc": "Creatinine", "opd": "Glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "b571adbe-6710-49d0-91df-2f5076befd9c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme deficiency in Acute intermittent porphyria is", "exp": "B. i.e. (Uroporphyrinogen- I synthase) (286 - Harper 27th)Enzyme involvedPorphyria* ALA synthase* Uroporphyrinogen I synthase- X- linked sideroblastic anemia- Acute Intermittent porphyria* Uroporphyrinogen III synthase- Congenital erythropoietic porphyria* Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase- Porphyria cutanea tarda* ALA synthase is the rate controlling step in hepatic porphyrin biosynthesis*** Porphyrins are synthesized mainly in Liver and bone marrow*** The conversion of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III is an example of - Decarboxylation*** Prophobilinogen in urine produces pink colour with Ehrlich's aldehyde reagent**", "cop": 2, "opa": "ALA synthase", "opb": "Uroporphyrinogen I- synthase", "opc": "Uroporphyrinogen III synthase", "opd": "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "356c1013-deae-4ea0-87dd-c0c3dcc72b2f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An Immunoglobulin molecule represents the following level of organized protein structure", "exp": "A complete immunoglobulin molecule represents Ouanternary level of organization between four polypeptide chains (two light chains and two heavy chains). It has a heterotetrameric quaternary structure.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Primary structure", "opb": "Secondary structure", "opc": "Tertiary structure", "opd": "Quartenary structure", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff421d5f-b831-45a8-9f1a-25903fa614be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol is a(an)", "exp": "Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 146", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ester", "opb": "Phospholipid", "opc": "Sterol", "opd": "Lipoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d774c3c1-1b99-4ab0-a11a-2bd0d7e324dd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amino acid cannot used for glycogen synthesis", "exp": "Question Repeated", "cop": 3, "opa": "Muscle", "opb": "RBCs", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "0a19f6f6-95e7-4b72-af2c-d884b1a220e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iron is absorbed in", "exp": "You should know the site of absorption of the following:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Jejunum and ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "3b9b5dd5-4e22-485a-8708-aba7bd103fc7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urea synthesis is mediated by", "exp": "Arginase catalyses the formation of urea from arginine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ornithine decarboxylase", "opb": "Aspartate transaminase", "opc": "Arginase", "opd": "Citrulline synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "21380971-757b-494d-9217-d95d8bf118e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Boiled cabbage or rancid butter smelling urine is seen in Phenylketonuria", "exp": "REF: Lippincott book of biochemistry 6th ed. Tyrosinaemia is an error of metabolism, inherited, in which the body cannot effectively break down the amino acid tyrosine, found in most animal and plant proteins. It is an autosomal recessive, which means two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for this to develop. There are three types of tyrosinemia, each with distinctive symptoms and caused by the deficiency of a different enzyme. One of the symptoms of Tyrodinaemia type 1 is an odor like cabbage or rancid butter.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tyrosinemia", "opb": "Isovaleric Acidaemia", "opc": "Multiple carboxylase deficiency", "opd": "Phenylketonuria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "e6dcb535-1982-49e6-a3f7-8238fd42d575", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Azathioprine is used as", "exp": "CompoundUseNucleoside analogueBromodeoxyuridineaStudy cell proliferationThymidine analogueAllopurinalAnti gout drugHypoxanthine analogueAzathiopineImmunosuppressantPurine analogue", "cop": 1, "opa": "Immunosuppressant", "opb": "Antigout drug", "opc": "Anti-retro virus", "opd": "Anti- cancer", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c0ff211-0e33-4e63-a254-37aa3c88b72a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Myocardial infarction is associated with increased of", "exp": "C. i.e. (CPK - MB) (III - U. Satyanarayan 3rd) (599- Rana Shinde 7th)CPK exists as three isoenzyme - Each isoenzyme is a dimmer composed of two subunits - M (muscle) or B (brain) or bothIso enzymeSubunitTissue of originCPK,BBBraincpk2MBHeartCPK3MMSkeletal muscle* CPK2- MB is the earliest reliable indication of myocardial infarction* Troponins are more sensitive and specific*** CPK - NOT found in RB cells and it level is not affected by haemolysis* Normal value - 4 - 60 IU/L (at 37degC)", "cop": 3, "opa": "CPK", "opb": "CPK-MM", "opc": "CPK-MB", "opd": "CPK - BB", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "5a1d86c6-a976-4b37-8328-1267c462e05b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chymotrypsinogen is a", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. Zymogen * Proteolytic digestive enzymes known as proteases have two main classes depending on specificity for the amino acids forming the peptide bond to be hydrolysed.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zymogen", "opb": "Carboxypeptidase", "opc": "Transaminase", "opd": "Elastase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Mechanisms of Enzyme Action", "id": "a734afc0-05a7-4012-a09a-ed7869fccd01", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Agranular cytoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. lipid [Ref: Guyton 11/e, p 20, 21; Chatterjee Shinde 6/e, p 6, 71There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum :Rough or granular ER or ergastoplasmThey are coated with ribosomesFunction of rough ERprotein synthesisSmooth or agranular ERThey do not have attached ribosomesFunctions of smooth ERlipid synthesismodification and transport of protein synthesized in rough ERprovides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown when glycogen is to be used for energyprovides a vast number of enzymes that are capable of detoxifying substances, such as drugs, that might damage the cell", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Lipid", "opc": "Vitamin", "opd": "Carbohydrate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Structure & Function of Proteins)", "id": "95f71a4c-2e8c-4c57-b7d7-c35628fa2b19", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Taysach's disease is due to the deficiency of", "exp": "(A) Hexosaminidase # Tay-Sachs disease (TSD, GM2 gangliosidosis, Hexosaminidase A deficiency or Sphingolipidosis) is a genetic disorder, fatal in its most common variant known as Infantile Tay-Sachs disease. TSD is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.> Disease occurs when harmful quantities of a fatty acid derivative called a ganglioside accumulate in the nerve cells of the brain.> Gangliosides are lipids, components of cellular membranes, and the ganglioside GM2, implicated in Tay-Sachs disease, is especially common in the nervous tissue of the brain.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hexosaminidase", "opb": "Lysozomal enzyme", "opc": "Galactocerebroside", "opd": "Ceramidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "1d4ef008-ad71-45d4-a5a2-9cfe418f2a23", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of ATP molecules and NADH formed in each cycle of glycolysis", "exp": "Glycolysis Site of occurrence Cytosol Aerobic glycolysis Glucose - Pyruvate ; 8 ATP Anaerobic glycolysis Glucose - Lactate ; 2 ATPReaction occurring in aerobic conditions only Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate - 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate Inhibitors Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphateIodo acetate 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate Arsenite Enolase Fluoride Glycolysis TCA cycle Malate shuttle ( Liver , Hea , Kidney )38 ATP / 32 ATP ( new )Glycolysis TCA cycle Glycerophosphate shuttle ( Brain , White skeletal muscles )36 ATP / 30 ATP ( new )Irreversible reactions Reactions Enzymes Glucose - Glucose-6-phosphateHexokinase Fructose-6-phosphate - Fructose-1,6,bisphosphatePhosphofructokinasePhosphoenolpyruvate - Pyruvate Pyruvate kinase Oxidative / Substrate level phosphorylation Reactions Enzymes 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate - 3 phosphoglyceratePhosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoenol pyruvate - Pyruvate Pyruvate kinase DM Vasudevan , Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students , 7th ed, page 108", "cop": 2, "opa": "4,2", "opb": "2,2", "opc": "4,4", "opd": "2,4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "5aaba224-3294-414d-86e4-7f37c1839fc7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The genetic defect in Refsum's disease lies in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Alpha oxidation of fatty acids", "opb": "LDL receptors", "opc": "Fatty acid synthase complex", "opd": "Recognition of apo A1", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "83eacf74-ad3d-4f1f-b324-fbbe152ebe9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Zinc is a cofactor for", "exp": "More than 300 enzymes are zinc-dependent. Some impoant ones are carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcoholdehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase. RNA polymerase contains zinc and so it is required for protein biosynthesis. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is zinc-dependentand so, zinc has antioxidant activity.Alternatively, all-trans-retinal is transpoed to liver and then reduced to all-trans-retinol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an NADH dependent enzyme. ADH contains zinc, and therefore, zinc is impoant in retinol metabolism. The all-trans-retinol is isomerized to 11-cis-retinol and then oxidized to 11-cis-retinal in the liver. This is then transpoed to the retina. This completes the Wald&;s visual cycleRef: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 429", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Pyruvate decarboxylase", "opc": "a-keto glutarate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Alcohol dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "fbbf047e-80ce-4137-be78-a897d858ab6d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apolipoprotein E is rich in", "exp": "TYPES OF APOPROTEINS PRESENT IN VARIOUS LIPOPROTEIN FRACTIONS (CHEMISTRY OF APOPROTEINS)HDL: Two major apoproteins of HDL are designated as apo-A-I and apo-A-II. In addition to the above, HDL also contains apo-C-I, C-II, and C-III. HDL-3 is characterised by having apo-D and HDL may also acquire arginine-rich apo-E.LDL: The main apoprotein of LDL is apo-B100, which is also present in VLDL.Chylomicrons: Principal apoprotein of chylomicrons is apo-B48 (Mol.wt = 200 Kd). In addition, chylomicrons also contain apo-A (AI and AII) and apo-C (C-II and C-III), also arginine-rich apo-E (34 Kd). Apo- C seems to be freely transferable between chylomicrons and VLDL on one hand and HDL on the other.VLDL and LDL: Principal apoproteins of VLDL, IDL, and LDL is apo-B100 (350 Kd). They also contain apo-C (C-I, C-II, and C-III), and apo-E. IDL carries some apo-E apoprotein. Apo-E: Arginine-rich apo-E, isolated from VLDL. It contains arginine to the extent of 10 percent of the total amino acids and accounts for 5 to 10 percent of total VLDL apo-proteins in normal subjects but is present in excess in the \"broad\" b-VLDL of patients of type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Carbohydrate content: Carbohydrates account for approx. 5 percent Apo-B and include mannose, galactose, fucose, glucose, glucosamine and sialic acid. So, some of the lipoproteins are glycoproteins.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 8th Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde page no: 445", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lysine", "opb": "Arginine", "opc": "Histidine", "opd": "Methionine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "e1deab6e-e333-4927-944f-1e3e33f573f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid in clotting factor II, VII and protein C is dependent on", "exp": "A i.e. Vitamin K", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin K", "opb": "Vitamin C", "opc": "Vitamin A", "opd": "Vitamin E", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "be4727a0-b3e6-477f-83cf-912a8aa152b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ammonia in brain is trapped by", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e.,Glutamine The brain is a rich source of glutamine synthase and predominantly detoxifies ammonia by synthesis of glutamine.Glutamate + NH4 - Glutamine sythetase - Glutamine", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Glutamine", "opc": "Ornithine", "opd": "Aspaate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "79acea54-907c-4af3-a3b0-33978c39c713", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Formation of DNA using RNA template is done by", "exp": "There exists in one species of animal viruses (retroviruses) a class of enzymes capable of synthesizing a single-stranded and then a dsDNA molecule from a single-stranded RNA template. This polymerase termed RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, or \"reverse transcriptase,\" first synthesizes a DNA-RNA hybrid molecule utilizing the RNA genome as a template. A specific virus-encoded nuclease, RNase H, degrades the hybridized template RNA strand, and the remaining DNA strand, in turn, serves as a template to form a dsDNA molecule containing the information originally present in the RNA genome of the animal virus.Ref: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 387", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA dependent RNA polymerase", "opb": "Reverse transcriptase", "opc": "DNA polymerase", "opd": "RNA polymerase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "a7749b4f-3c36-4618-9c62-4929ba616b44", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of", "exp": "Barbiturates such as amobarbital inhibit electron transpo Complex I by blocking the transfer from Fe-S to Q. At sufficient dosage, they are fatal in vivo. Antimycin A and dimercaprol inhibit the respiratory chain at Complex III. The classic poisons H2S, carbon monoxide, and cyanide inhibit Complex IV and can therefore totally arrest respiration. Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of Complex II Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 132", "cop": 2, "opa": "Complex I", "opb": "Complex II", "opc": "Complex III", "opd": "Complex IV", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "89945912-4e23-4438-8494-9abda43c5cc9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a dietary source of vit. B12", "exp": "C i.e. Soyabean", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fish", "opb": "Meat", "opc": "Sovabean", "opd": "Liver", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "42983b5c-e934-4764-921d-66bcd3abb085", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ketone bodies are not utilized by", "exp": "Red blood cells lack mitochondria, and hence the enzymes of the TCA cycle, electron transpo chain, b-oxidation pathway, or ATP synthase. This renders them incapable of utilizing fatty acids or ketone bodies as metabolic fuel. Consequently, red blood cells are completely reliant on glycolysis to generate ATP. Glucose enters red blood cells by facilitated diffusion, a process mediated by the glucose transpoer (GLUT1), also known as glucose permease.Ref: Harper&;s biochemistry; 30th edition; Page no: 691", "cop": 2, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "RBC", "opc": "Hea", "opd": "Skeletal muscle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "f9aafc5e-5be4-45dd-a1f7-12512f050105", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratin of skin is softer than keratin in nail because keratin in skin has", "exp": "Keratin in skin is softer than keratin in nail, horns because of lesser disulphide linkages between cysteine residues Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 489", "cop": 1, "opa": "Less number of disulphide bridges", "opb": "Less number of salt bridges", "opc": "High sodium content", "opd": "Different affinity for water", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "80f3e2e9-c853-4a10-a759-248976677be2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The sequence that targets protein to lysosmoes", "exp": "Mannose 6 - phosphate acts as a tag for the proteins to reach lysosomes. Defects in the process of tagging  this sequence to protein result in I - Cell disease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose 6 - phosphate", "opb": "Mannose 6 - phosphate", "opc": "Ribose 5 - Phosphate", "opd": "Fructose 1 - phosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "7f90ac4a-504c-4f1f-a8a5-43bfd1972b5f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tricarboxylic acid cycle to be continuous requires the regeneration of", "exp": "Oxaloacetate may be viewed as a catalyst, which enters into the reaction, causes complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and comes out of it without any change.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 249", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyruvic acid", "opb": "oxaloacetic acid", "opc": "α-oxoglutaric acid", "opd": "Malic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a691f5cb-9bac-4210-a608-a42f0e2493f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Signal peptides are synthesized in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "ER", "opb": "Free ribosomes", "opc": "Membrane bound ribosomes", "opd": "Golgi body", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "99c29d75-984c-4b1b-ad67-f07f0e13c248", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Familial hypercholesterolemia there is", "exp": "A i.e. LDL receptor", "cop": 1, "opa": "LDL receptor", "opb": "Apo protein A", "opc": "Apo protein C", "opd": "Lipoprotein lipase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "49c0a498-57cd-4d18-812d-a92f01332a95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Marquios disease not seen is", "exp": "Morquio syndrome is an inherited disease of metabolism in which the body is missing or doesn&;t have enough of a substance needed to break down long chains of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans (formerly called mucopolysaccharides).SymptomsAbnormal development of bones, including the spineBell-shaped chest with ribs flared out at the bottomCoarse facial featuresKnock-kneesLarge head (<a href=\" spaced teeth</a>", "cop": 2, "opa": "Corneal opacity", "opb": "Mental retardation", "opc": "Stunted growth", "opd": "Absent clavicle", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "73564a51-b790-4540-8d90-68e603dccc9f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uncoupler in ETC", "exp": "Dinitrophenol (DNP) a potent uncoupler is amphipathic and increase the permeability of the lipoid inner mitochondrial membrane to protons (H+), thus reducing the electrochemical potential and sho-circuiting the ATP synthase. In this way, oxidation can proceed without phosphorylation.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 146", "cop": 3, "opa": "H2S", "opb": "Antimycin a", "opc": "2, 4-dinitrophenol", "opd": "Barbiturates", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "2bea30b9-bcfa-4ed4-8657-a528bf894fa5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol is a predominant lipid in", "exp": "LDL and HDL lipoproteins are the major carrier of cholesterol . Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 31st edition page 248", "cop": 1, "opa": "LDL and HDL", "opb": "HDL and VLDL", "opc": "Chylomicron and VLDL", "opd": "IDL and HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "d6e71404-55a7-4c6e-bad8-edd000d7f432", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maple syrup urine disease is due to", "exp": "Maple syrup urine disease is also known as Branched chain ketonuria. The basic biochemical deformity is deficient decarboxylation of branched-chain keto acid. This is due to the deficiency of alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 230", "cop": 1, "opa": "a-ketoacid decarboxylase", "opb": "Transaminase", "opc": "Isomerase", "opd": "Mutase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "58e7980b-d203-4064-9bab-30afcedefe6d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Northern Blot is used to detect", "exp": "Southern Blot - DNA\nNorthern Blot - RNA\nWestern Blot - Proteins.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "RNA", "opc": "DNA", "opd": "Enzymes", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc5ce8df-6d6f-4c9c-84bb-e5297b9a3d7f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NADPH is used in", "exp": "FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS Materials Required for the SynthesisEnzymes-Fatty acid synthase, a multienzyme complex-Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, also a multienzyme complexCoenzymes and cofactors: Biotin, NADPH, Mn++CO2: Source of CO2 is bicarbonateATP: For energyFirst reaction (reduction): The keto-acyl group is reduced to hydroxy group (-OH) to form \"b-OH butyryl-ACP\" catalyzed by the enzyme \"keto-acyl reductase\". Second reaction (dehydration): A molecule of H2O is removed from \"b-OH-butyryl-ACP\" to form \"a, bunsaturated butyryl-ACP\" (also called crotonyl-ACP), catalyzed by the enzyme \"b-OH-acyl dehydratase\". Third reaction (reduction): The third and final reduction is catalyzed by \"enoyl-reductase\" using NADPH + H+, as a result, the double bond is saturated to form \"butyryl-ACP\" (4 carbon). All the above three reactions occur on \"Pan-SH\" of monomer II.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 417", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fatty acid synthesis", "opb": "Ketone synthesis", "opc": "Glucogenesis", "opd": "Glycolysis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "1a08cacb-6839-44a9-b3ff-26d58daf4807", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Disulphide bond is seen between", "exp": "Disulphide bonds: These are formed between two cysteine residues. They are strong, high energy covalent bonds.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 89", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arginine and histidine", "opb": "Arginine and cysteine", "opc": "Cysteine and cysteine", "opd": "Lysine and cysteine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "3a8669c0-841f-4023-a8fb-2c47b9fddb6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cyanide is toxic because it", "exp": "Site-III (Complex IV) (CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ) * Cyanide Blocks electron transfer from cyt b to c1 Inhibits terminal * H2S * Azide transfer of electrons to molecular O2 * Co (Carbon monoxide): Inhibits Cyt. oxidase by combining with O2 binding site. It can be reversed by illumination with light.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inhibits cytochrome oxidase", "opb": "Forms cyan meth Hb", "opc": "Inhibits ATP carrier in mitochondria", "opd": "Inhibits Na-K-ATP ase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "5060a74c-fe32-47ef-aeff-2612431fd7e7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Casein, the milk protein is", "exp": "Phosphoproteins: These contain phosphorus. Casein of milk and vitellin of egg yolk are examples. The phosphoric acid is esterified to the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine residues of proteins.\nReference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 43", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nucleoprotein", "opb": "Chromoprotein", "opc": "Phosphoprotein", "opd": "Glycoprotein", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bac325d7-0fe2-4cd8-9451-b5f4df6739b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ammonia is detoxified in brain by formation of", "exp": "The transpo form of Ammonia in blood and from Brain is Glutamine. From muscles, it is Alanine. The answer is not glutamate because free ammonia is trapped by glutamine Glutamate is formed transamination of amino acids, not from free ammonia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutamate", "opb": "Uric acid", "opc": "Glutamine", "opd": "Urea", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Urea cycle", "id": "c47357ef-9bb6-4ba7-8d54-5d5f552ea814", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Histidine is the most impoant amino acid for buffering in normal conditions because", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., PKa value is closer to pH Maximal buffering capacity occurs at pH equal to pka of buffer.Therefore, to work as a best buffer at physiological pH amino acid should have pka value close to physiological pH (7.4).Amino acids can have buffering action due to three ionizable groups :a-carboxyl group :- Different amino acids have pka value of a-carboxyl group between 3.5-4. So, carboxyl group of amino acids has maximum buffering capacity between pH 3.5-4.a-amino group :- Different amino acids have pka value of a-amino group between 8.0-9.0. Thus, a-amino group has maximum buffering capacity between pH 8.0-9.0.Special ionizable group (in some amino acids):- Among special ionizable group of amino acids, imidazole group of histidine has pka value 6.5-7.4, which is closest to physiological pH. Hence, histidine (due to imidazole group) has maximum buffering capacity at physiologial pH.", "cop": 3, "opa": "It regulates kidney acid-base balance", "opb": "PKa value is higher than pH", "opc": "PKa value is closer to pH", "opd": "PKa value is very low", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3593dd61-deea-442b-b396-8c91a7fa541d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by", "exp": "Succinate is dehydrogenated to fumarate, an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, by succinate dehydrogenase (step 6, Fig.18.2). The hydrogen atoms are accepted by FAD. The FADH2 then enters into ETC to generate ATPs. The enzyme is a flavoprotein. The succinate dehydrogenase is competitively inhibited by malonateRef: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 219", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fluoroacetate", "opb": "Cyanide", "opc": "Arsenite", "opd": "Malonate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "025e1da9-196c-442c-b551-913dfeada053", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Creatinine is synthesized from", "exp": "Creatine & CreatinineCreatinine is formed in muscle from creatine phosphate by irreversible, nonenzymatic dehydration, and loss of phosphate. Since the 24-hour urinary excretion of creatinine is propoionate to muscle mass, it provides a measure of whether a complete 24-hour urine specimen has been collected. Glycine, arginine, and methionine all paicipate in creatine biosynthesis. Synthesis of creatine is completed by methylation of guanidinoacetate by S-adenosylmethionine.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 30; Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycine, Arginine and Methionine", "opb": "Glycine and Methionine", "opc": "Ornithine and Glycine", "opd": "Thymine and Ornithine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "c56d0082-bf64-48a0-9e05-1d391b7a96b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The primary defect in Xeroderma pigmentosa is", "exp": "In xerodenna pigmentosa; nucleotide excision repair of damaged DNA is defective due to formation of TT dimers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Formation of thymidine dimmers", "opb": "Poly ADP ribose polymerase is defective", "opc": "Exonuclease is defective", "opd": "Formation of adenine dimmers", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9febb73-abd5-41e4-a673-67dc73e00b99", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In DNA, Cytosine is passed with", "exp": "In DNA , Cytosine pairs with Guanine and Thymine pairs with Adenine. Ref : DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK ; SEVENTH EDITION ; PAGE NO : 560", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thymine", "opb": "Guanine", "opc": "Ademine", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "a7febec7-b6f2-49b3-bfa3-9fffe0eed25b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neutral amino acid is", "exp": "Classification of aminoacids based on side chain and charges. Acidic amino acids (with negative charge) Basic amino acids (with positive charge) Neutal aminoacids (having non-polar side chains )(hydrophobic) Neutral amino acids (having polar side chains )(hydropilic) Tyrosine Lysine Alanine Aspaic acid Arginine Valine Serine Glutamic acid Histidine Leucine Threonine Isoleucine Cysteine Methionine Glutamine Phenylalanine Asparagine Tryptophan Proline REFERENCE: DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK EIGHTH EDITION ;Page no:27 t", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspaate", "opb": "Arginine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Histidine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "e3bf0674-286b-492f-8aa5-c7c7be8defee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased uric acid level in plasma is due to", "exp": "Salvage pathway ensures the recycling of purines formed by the degradation of nucleotides.Some reactions will consume PRPP and produce more nucleotides will inhibit the enzymes thus salvage pathway is blocked.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 567", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased purine utilization", "opb": "Decreased purine synthesis", "opc": "Decreased degradation purine", "opd": "Decreased reutilization purine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "c7a66cd8-752f-4938-b5d7-b4bb1784bde5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cholesterol present in LDL", "exp": "On accumulation in the cell inhibits replenishment of LDL receptors\n\nIf LDL cholesterol is increased inside the cell, it down regulates LDL receptors so that further uptake is inhibited.\nHDL cholesterol is the cholesterol that is removed from peripheral tissues; LDL cholesterol represents the cholesterol which is to be delivered to peripheral tissues.\nLDL binds to LDL receptors and whole LDL particle is endocytosed by receptor mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits (not by diffusion:- diffusion and endocytosis are different processes).\nIntracellular cholesterol activates intracellular enzyme acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Represents primarily cholesterol that is being removed from peripheral cells", "opb": "Binds to a receptor and diffuses across the cell membrane", "opc": "On accumulation in the cell inhibits replenishment of LDL receptors", "opd": "When enters a cell, suppresses activity of acyl-CoA; cholesterol acytransferase ACAT", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b085b90f-c2bb-4097-92d9-5e7b16109741", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vit B1 is a cofactor for", "exp": "Vit B1 is a cofactor for Transketolase. Transketolase: The second group of enzymes that use TPP as co-enzyme are the transketolases, in the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway of glucose the main role is in carbohydrate metabolism Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 467", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transketolase", "opb": "Transaldolase", "opc": "Aldolase A", "opd": "Aldolase B", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "7748685e-f39a-4dda-8e38-196c82b7c59b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The structural proteins are involved in maintaining the shape of a cell or in the formation of matrices in the body. The shape of these proteins is", "exp": "Collagen is the most abundant of the fibrous proteins that constitute more than 25% of the protein mass in the human body. Other prominent fibrous proteins include keratin and myosin. These fibrous proteins represent a primary source of structural strength for cells (i.e., the cytoskeleton) and tissues.Ref: Harper 28th Ed. Page-40, Harper 27th Ed. Page: 38", "cop": 2, "opa": "Globular", "opb": "Fibrous", "opc": "Stretch of beads", "opd": "Planar", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "95f067b2-fa1e-4af0-92a3-f539f112bfda", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chitin held together by", "exp": "(P (1-4) gluycosidic bonds) (22-US 3rd)CHITIN - is composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units held together by p (1 - 4) glycosidic-bondsStarch* Amylose - a (1-4) glycosidic linkage* Amylopectin - a (l- 6) glycosidic bonds at the branching points and a (l- 4) linkages* Amylase - acts specifically on a (1-4) glycosidic bondsGlycogen - Glucose is the repeating unit in glycogen joined together by a (1-4) glycosidic bonds and a (1-6) glycosidic bonds at branching points.Cellulose - composed of b-D-glucose units linked by b (1- 4) glycosidic bondsIn isomaltose, the glucose units are held together by a (1- 6) glycosidic linkage", "cop": 3, "opa": "a (1 - 4) glycosidic bond", "opb": "a (1 - 6) glycosidic bonds", "opc": "b (1 - 4) glycosidic bond", "opd": "b (1 - 6) glycosidic bonds", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "5c5f0ca2-f5c4-4a93-aca0-4fdd91615909", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the", "exp": "C i.e. Ileum", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c810e057-c1a8-4534-8e5e-6e1644c5e2e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xeroderma pigmentation is caused due to a group of closely related abnormalities in", "exp": "Autosomal recessive conditionThere are seven xeroderma pigmentosum genes necessary for NER mechanism in humans Mutation in any of them lead to the condition XPRef: DM VASUDEVAN 7th edition, page no: 584", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mismatch repair", "opb": "Base excision repair", "opc": "Nucleotide excision rapair", "opd": "SOS repair", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "93da5b2c-6644-47e8-a7ed-a4046747ad2a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glucose transpoer in myocyte stimulated by insulin is", "exp": "GLUT 4 is the insulin-regulated glucose transpoer found in adipose tissue and striated muscleinsulin induces rapid increase in the uptake of glucose by inducing the translocation of GLUT 4 from these vesicles to the plasma membraneRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 108", "cop": 4, "opa": "GLUT 1", "opb": "GLUT 2", "opc": "GLUT 3", "opd": "GLUT 4", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "afbe0643-c42f-44dd-8b98-2c247a7d7e33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fatty liver in Kwashiorkor occurs due to", "exp": "Fatty liver is seen in some cases of kwashiorkor, but not in marasmus. Fatty liver is due to decreased lipoprotein synthesis.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 440", "cop": 3, "opa": "High carbohydrate content in the diet", "opb": "High fat content in the diet", "opc": "Lack of substrates for protein synthesis in liver", "opd": "Lack of substrates for gluconeogenesis in liver", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "nutrition and digestion", "id": "84a3e863-2e06-4c6b-828c-a7425dbab204", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coenzyme required for transketolase reaction is", "exp": "Transketolase transfers the two-carbon unit comprising carbons 1 and 2 of a ketose onto the aldehyde carbon of an aldose sugar. It, therefore, effects the conversion of a ketose sugar into an aldose with two carbons less and an aldose sugar into a ketose with two carbons more. The reaction requires Mg2+ and thiamin diphosphate (vitamin B1) as the coenzyme. Measurement of erythrocyte transketolase and its activation by thiamin diphosphate provides an index of vitamin B1 nutritional status.Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 20; The Pentose Phosphate Pathway & Other Pathways of Hexose Metabolism", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ca2+", "opb": "Mg2+", "opc": "H+", "opd": "PO4-", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "c1c34e74-acee-4437-9401-24012d87f236", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reduction potential of potassium is", "exp": "K+ + e- = K(s) -2.93", "cop": 1, "opa": "-2.93", "opb": "-0.44", "opc": "-0.34", "opd": "0.54", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "3468f8da-a85f-428d-ba6a-a8fe2ca81fcd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biuret test is used for detection of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Carbohydrate", "opb": "Cholesterol", "opc": "Protein", "opd": "Steroid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b974496c-f356-480a-bc73-7302c7cb7846", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mousy (musty) odour of urine is feature of", "exp": "Ans. a (Phenylketonuria) (Ref. Harper's Biochemistry 25th/pg. 335,815)INBORN ERRORS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL ODORInborn error of metabolismUrine odor1Glutaric acidemia (type II)Sweaty feet, acrid2HawkinsinuriaSwimming pool3Isovaleric acidemiaSweaty feet, acrid4Maple syrup urine diseaseMaple syrup/Burnt sugar5HypermethioninemiaBoiled cabbage6Multiple carboxylase deficiencyTomcat urine7Oasthouse urine diseaseHops-like8PhenylketonuriaMousy or musty9TrimethylaminuriaRotting fish10TyrosinemiaBoiled cabbage, rancid butterPHENYLKETONURIA# impaired ability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine fall into three broad groups:- Classic Phenylketonuria or Type I - Phenylalanemia -^Defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase- Phenylalanemia type II and III - defect in Dihydrobiopterin reductase- Type IV and V defect - in Dihydrobiopterin biosynthesis.# Catabolites phenyl acetate and others are excreted in urine and responsible for \"Mousy odor\"# C/F:- Mental retardation- Seizures- Psychoses- Eczema- Mousy odor# Diagnosis By:- Guthrie's test (Microbiological test, phenylalanine is necessary for growth of Bacillus subtilis)Q- 10% ferric chloride test: on fresh urine: Emerald green color Q.- Fluorometric assay- Dinitrophenylhydrazine: yellow ppt. with fresh or old urine.# T/t:- Diet restriction of phenylalanine but not completely- As it is necessary for normal growth and may be terminal by age 6 yrs.- MR can be prevented if diet restriction is initiated within few weeks after birth.MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE (BRANCHED-CHAIN KETONURIA)# Absence of alpha-keto acid decarboxylase# Leads to defect in metabolism of Branched-chain amino acid--leucins, isoleucine and valine# \"Maple syrup or Burnt sugar\" odor of urine# FeC12 test gives Navy Blue colorISOVALERIC ACIDAEMIA:# Sweety foot syndrome# Deficiency of Isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase.# C/F-- \"Cheesy odor\" of breath and body fluids.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phenylketonuria", "opb": "Maple syrup urine disease", "opc": "Glutaric acidemia", "opd": "Howkinsinuria", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "3a34e1f0-c551-4b2f-adcf-fa8bd962c4d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phospholipid is", "exp": "Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 46", "cop": 2, "opa": "Leukotrienes", "opb": "Lecithin", "opc": "Cerebroside", "opd": "Ganglioside", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "c4840de3-8e4c-4b9f-914d-23683b7e678c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin B6 deficiency cause increased excretion of", "exp": "Vit B6 deficiency causes increased excretion of Xanthurenic acid.Pyridoxal phosphate is required for the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan (one vitamin is necessary for synthesis of another vitamin) (Figs17.8 and 17.9). 3-hydroxy kynurenine - 3-hydroxy anthranilic acid (Enzyme Kynureninase). Kynureninase is a PLP dependent enzyme. Hence in vitamin B6 deficiency niacin production is less. Moreover, kynurenine cannot be conveed fuher, which is metabolized to xanthurenic acid and excreted through urine. The metabolic disorders which respond to vitamin B6 therapy are xanthurenic aciduria and homocystinuria.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 397", "cop": 2, "opa": "Methylmalonyl CoA", "opb": "Xanthurenic acid", "opc": "Branched chain keto acids", "opd": "Ketore Bodies", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "e1b751d3-7358-46b0-a8e2-7d706bf70a06", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HMG Co A production in liver is inhibited by", "exp": "Insulin", "cop": 1, "opa": "Insulin", "opb": "Thyroxine", "opc": "Glucagon", "opd": "Cortisol", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "22eebd22-77ee-4030-aa34-ba8d7811812a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In E.coli structural gene of lac operon is stimulated in", "exp": "JACOB and MONAD theory was based on the observation on lactose metabolism in E.coli Cell grown in glucose medium does not contain beta-galactosidase But when cells are transferred to medium containing only lactose, then the enzyme level in the cell increases several thousand foldsRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 617", "cop": 4, "opa": "Presence of glucose only", "opb": "Presence of lactose only", "opc": "Presence of glucose and absence of lactose", "opd": "Presence of lactose and absence of glucose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "9d2e1083-a598-465b-bfa4-ad3f449e5878", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wilson's disease is characterized by the deposition of one of the following minerals in the tissue", "exp": "(B) Cu # Wilsons' disease (hepatolenticular degeneration):# A rare disorder of abnormal copper metabolism and is characterized by the following manifestations:> Copper is deposited in abnormal amounts in liver and lenticular nucleus of brain.> This may lead to hepatic cirrhosis and brain necrosis> Low levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in plasma with increased excretion of copper in urine.> Copper deposition in kidney causes renal damage.> This leads to increased excretion of amino acids, glucose, peptides and hemoglobin in urine.> Intestinal absorption of copper is very high, about 4-6 times higher than normal.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fe", "opb": "Cu", "opc": "Hg", "opd": "F", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "2ba65f36-14b2-4db2-a34f-c49fccca7784", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The nitrogen content in 50 gm of a typical dietary protein is most likely to be", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "5 gm", "opb": "8 gm", "opc": "10 gm", "opd": "16 gm", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "c17c9ab3-aec1-4f4f-a342-d61bf64592a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The collagen triple helix structure is not found in", "exp": "Like most secreted proteins, collagen is synthesized on ribosomes in a precursor form, preprocollagen, which contains a leader or signal sequence that directs the polypeptide chain into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. As it enters the endoplasmic reticulum, this leader sequence is enzymatically removed.Following secretion from the cell by way of the Golgi apparatus, extracellular enzymes called procollagen aminoproteinase and procollagen carboxyproteinase remove the extension peptides at the amino and carboxyl terminal ends, respectively forming the monomeric units of collagen, termed tropocollagen. Newly synthesized proteins are soed first according to the soing signals available in the proteins. Then they are packaged into transpo vesicles having different types of coat proteins. Finally they are transpoed into various destinations; this is an energy dependent process Ref: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th edition, page no: 535 Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 7E (DM Vasudevan)(2013)Pg no 12.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytoplasm", "opb": "Golgi apparatus", "opc": "Lumen of endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Intracellular vesicles", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "0b4f12d6-338c-4bc7-8d2e-e5e78e21ac87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A deficiency of substance Intrinsic factor can result in an anemia. Choose the type of anemia that would occur if the substance were deficient.", "exp": "We will illustrate, in addition, how biochemical measurements can pinpoint a disorder and allow one to determine which enzyme is functioning improperly.a. Mouth(1). Salivary glands produce a-amylase, which cleaves a-1,4 bonds between glucose residues in dietary starch. (Pancreatic a-amylase catalyzes the same reaction.)b. Stomach(1). Chief cells produce the proteolytic enzyme pepsin, as its inactive precursor pepsinogen. Pepsin digests proteins.(2). Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.(a). HCl causes pepsinogen (the precursor of pepsin) to cleave itself (autocatalysis), producing pepsin.(b). Intrinsic factor binds dietary vitamin B12 and aids in its absorption.(c). Vitamin B12 is the cofactor for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and methyl malonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoAc. Gallbladder(1). Bile salts, synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, pass through the gallbladder into the intestine, where they aid in lipid digestion.(2). Bilirubin diglucuronide, produced in the liver from bilirubin (the excretory product of heme degradation), passes through the gallbladder into the intestine.d. Pancreas(1). The pancreas produces bicarbonate (HCO3- ), which neutralizes stomach acid as it enters the intestinal lumen. The subsequent increase in pH in the lumen allows more extensive ionization of bile salts (so they serve as better detergents) and increases the activity of digestive enzymes.(2). The pancreas produces digestive enzymes (e.g., trypsin, chymotrypsin, the carboxypeptidases, elastase, a-amylase, lipase).(3). The B (or b) cells of the endocrine pancreas produce insulin (the hormone that stimulates the storage of fuels in the fed state) and the A (or a) cells produce glucagon (the hormone that stimulates the release of stored fuels during fasting).e. Intestine(1). The enzymes from the exocrine pancreas digest food in the intestinal lumen.(2). The intestinal digestive enzymes are bound to the brush borders of intestinal epithelial cells (aminopeptidases, dipeptidases and tripeptidases, lactase, sucrase, maltases, and isomaltases).(3). The absorption of digestive products occurs through the intestinal epithelial cells.(4). The intestinal epithelial cells produce chylomicrons from the digestive products of dietary fat (fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerols) and secrete the chylomicrons into the lymph.(5). Most bile salts are resorbed in the ileum and recycled by the liver. Only 5% are excreted in the feces. This excretion of bile salts, along with cholesterol secreted by the liver into the gut via the gallbladder, is the major means by which the body disposes of the cholesterol ring structure (sterol nucleus).f. Liver (the enzymic regulation of liver function is summarized in Tables below)(1). Functions of the liver include:(a). Storage of glycogen produced from dietary carbohydrate.(b). Synthesis of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), mainly from dietary carbohydrate.(c). Production of high-density lipoprotein, which transfers CII and E apolipoproteins to chylomicrons and VLDL, converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters (via the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction), and reduces blood by which cholesterol and cholesterol esters are transported from tissues to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport).(d). Maintenance of blood glucose levels during fasting via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.(e). Production of urea from nitrogen derived, in part, from amino acids because they are being converted to glucose (via gluconeogenesis) during fasting.(f). Production of ketone bodies from fatty acids derived from lipolysis of adipose triacylglycerols during fasting.(g). Synthesis of cholesterol (which is also made in other tissues).(h). Conversion of cholesterol to bile salts.(i). Production of many blood proteins (e.g., albumin, blood-clotting proteins).(j). Production of purines and pyrimidines, which are transported to other tissues via red blood cells.(k). Degradation of purines (to uric acid) and pyrimidines (to CO2 , H2 O, and ammonia).(l). Oxidation of drugs and other toxic compounds via the cytochrome P450 system.(m). Conjugation of bilirubin and excretion of bilirubin diglucuronide into the bile.(n). Oxidation of alcohol via alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS).(o). Synthesis of creatine (from guanidinoacetate), which is used to produce creatine phosphate, mainly in the muscle and brain.(p). Conversion of dietary fructose to glycolytic intermediates.(2). If liver cell function is compromised (e.g., in viral hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis):(a). NH4+ , which is toxic (particularly to the central nervous system), increases in the blood.(b). The BUN level decreases because the liver has a decreased capacity to produce urea.(c). Blood glucose decreases because of decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.(d). Blood cholesterol levels decrease owing to an inability to produce and secrete VLDL.(e). The production of bile salts decreases.(f). Bilirubin levels increase in the body (causing jaundice) because of reduced conjugation with glucuronic acid.(g). Lysis of damaged liver cells allows enzymes to leak into the blood.1. Lactate dehydrogenase increases.2. Alanine aminotransferase increases.3. Aspartate aminotransferase increases.4. Alkaline phosphatase increases.(h). Chronic liver problems result in decreased protein synthesis.1. Serum proteins (e.g., albumin) decrease.2. VLDL production decreases because of decreased apolipoprotein B-100 and triacylglycerols accumulate in the liver. A fatty liver results.g. Brain(1). Glucose is the major fuel for the brain.(2). The brain can use ketone bodies, but only after 3 to 5 days of fasting when blood ketone body levels are elevated.(3). The brain needs energy to think (i.e., memory involves RNA synthesis), conduct nerve impulses, synthesize neurotransmitters, and so on.h. Red blood cells(1). Red blood cells lack mitochondria, so they have no TCA cycle, b-oxidation of fatty acids, electron transport chain, and other pathways that occur in the mitochondria.(2). Glucose is the major fuel for red blood cells.(a). Glucose is converted to pyruvate and lactate.(3). Red blood cells carry bases and nucleosides from the liver to other tissues.(4). The major function of red blood cells is to carry O2 from the lungs to the tissues and to aid in the return of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.i. Adipose tissue(1). The major fuel of adipose tissue is glucose.(2). Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose into adipose cells.(3). The function of adipose tissue is to store triacylglycerol in the fed state and release it (via lipolysis) during fasting.(a). In the fed state, insulin stimulates the synthesis and secretion of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which degrades the triacylglycerols of chylomicrons and VLDL in the capillaries. Fatty acids from these lipoproteins enter adipose cells and are converted to triacylglycerols and stored. Glucose provides the glycerol moiety. (Glycerol is not used because adipose cells lack glycerol kinase.)(b). During fasting, adipocyte triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase (phosphorylated and activated via a cAMP-mediated mechanism) initiate lipolysis in adipose cells.j. Muscle(1). Muscle uses all fuels that are available (glycogen stores, and fatty acids, glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, and amino acids from the blood) to obtain energy for contraction.(2). During fasting, muscle protein is degraded to provide amino acids (particularly alanine) for gluconeogenesis.(3). Creatine phosphate transports high-energy phosphate from the mitochondria to actinomyosin fibers and provides ATP for muscle contraction.(4). Creatinine is produced nonenzymatically from creatine phosphate, and a constant amount (dependent on the body muscle mass) is released into the blood each day and excreted by the kidneys.(5). Muscle glycogen phosphorylase differs from liver phosphorylase but catalyzes the same reaction (glycogen+Pi-glucose-1-phosphate).(6). Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose into muscle cells.k. Heart(1). The heart is a specialized muscle that uses all fuels from the blood.(2). The muscle-brain (MB) isozyme of CK is found in heart muscle. Its release can be used to monitor a heart attackl. Kidney(1). The kidney excretes substances from the body via the urine, including urea (produced by the urea cycle in the liver), uric acid (from purine degradation), creatinine (from creatine phosphate), NH4+ (from glutamine via glutaminase), H2SO4 (produced from the sulfur of cysteine and methionine), and phosphoric acid.(2). Daily creatinine excretion is constant and depends on the body muscle mass. It is used as a measure of kidney function (the creatinine-clearance rate).(3). Glutaminase action increases during acidosis and produces NH3 , which enters the urine and reacts with H+ to form NH4+ . NH4+ buffers the urine and removes acid (H+) from the body.(4). Uric acid excretion is inhibited by lead (Pb) and metabolic acids (ketone bodies and lactic acid). High blood uric acid can result in gout. Gout can be caused either by increased production or by decreased excretion of uric acid. Deficiency of the base salvage enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome results in increased production of uric acid.(5). Kidney dysfunction can lead to increased BUN, creatinine, and uric acid in the blood and decreased levels of these compounds in the urine.(6). During ketoacidosis, ketone bodies are excreted by the kidney, and during lactic acidosis, lactic acid is excreted.(7). Elevated blood glucose levels (over 180 mg/dL) in DM results in the excretion of glucose in the urine.Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12 . Lack of B12 (or folate) results in a megaloblastic anemia. In a B12 deficiency, irreversible neurologic problems (due to demyelination) also occur. When decreased intrinsic factor causes a B12 deficiency, the condition is called pernicious anemia. An iron-deficiency anemia is characterized by small, pale RBCs. The lack of iron reduces the synthesis of heme, so the red cells cannot carry as much oxygen (which gives them the pale color). The cells are small in order to maximize the concentration of hemoglobin present in the cells. Hemolytic anemia occurs when the red cell membrane fragments, which can occur with pyruvate kinase deficiencies or a lack of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (which results in reduced NADPH levels). Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the b-globin gene, substituting a valine for a glutamic acid.When Blood Sugar Increases:When Blood Sugar Decreases:Insulin is released, which leads to the dephosphorylation of:Glucagon is released, which leads to the phosphorylation of:PFK-2 (kinase activity now active)PFK-2 (phosphatase activity now active)Pyruvate kinase (now active)Pyruvate kinase (now inactive)Glycogen synthase (now active)Glycogen synthase (now inactive)Phosphorylase kinase (now inactive)Phosphorylase kinase (now active)Glycogen phosphorylase (now inactive)Glycogen phosphorylase (now active)Pyruvate dehydrogenase (now active)Pyruvate dehydrogenase (now inactive)Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (now active)Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (now inactive)Which leads to activeGlycolysis GlycogenolysisFatty acid synthesisFatty acid oxidationGlycogen synthesisGluconeogenesis Liver Enzymes Regulated by Activation/InhibitionEnzymeActivated byState in Which ActivePhosphofructokinase 1Fructose 2,6-bisP, AMPFedPyruvate carboxylaseAcetyl-CoAFed and fastingAcetyl-CoA carboxylaseCitrateFedCarnitine palmitoyltransferase ILoss of inhibitor (malonyl-CoA)FastingLiver Enzymes Regulated by Phosphorylation/DephosphorylationEnzymeActive formState in Which ActiveGlycogen synthaseDephosphorylatedFedPhosphorylase kinasePhosphorylatedFastingGlycogen phosphorylasePhosphorylatedFastingPhosphofructokinase- 2/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (acts as a kinase, increasing fructose2,6-bisP levels)DephosphorylatedFedPhosphofructokinase-2/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (acts as aphosphatase, decreasing fructose 2,6-bisP levels)PhosphorylatedFastingPyruvate kinaseDephosphorylatedFedPyruvate dehydrogenaseDephosphorylatedFed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opb": "Hypochromic, microcytic anemia", "opc": "Hemolytic anemia", "opd": "Sickle cell anemia", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Vitamins and Minerals", "id": "5c521ead-eb7a-4c5a-b7bb-a741453b860e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein efficiency ratio is", "exp": "A. i.e. (Gain in weight / Protein consumed) (702- Rana Shinde 7th) (512 - U. satyanarayan 3rd)1. PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO (PER) - consists of feeding weaning (21 days old) albino rats with a 10% test protein diet and recording the gain in body weight for a period of 4 weeks.Gain in weight of young animals per unit weight ofprotein consumed**PER =Gain in body weight (g)Protein consumed (g)The PER for egg protein is 4.5 : for milk protein 3.0 for rice protein 2.22. BIOLOGICAL VALUE - defined % of absorbed nitrogen retained by bodyBV =Nitrogen retained-----------Nitrogen absorbedx 1003. NET - Protein Utilization (NPU) - defined % of food Nitrogen that is retained in the bodyNPU =Digestibility Cofficient x Biological valueProtein intake (gm)4. CHEMICAL SCORE - based on the chemical analysis of the protein for the composition of essential amino acids which is then compared with a reference protein (usually egg protein)Chemical score =mg of the limiting amino acid/g. test proteinmg. of the same amino acid/g.egg proteinx 100", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gain in weight / protein consumed", "opb": "Product of digestibility coefficient and biological value divided by 100", "opc": "Percentage of nitrogen retained out of nitrogen absorbed", "opd": "Percentage of protein absorbed after digestion", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "c5074b82-7ba2-469f-8ab0-82d1f2d304e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most abundant in bone", "exp": "Hydroxyproline is catabolized more or less similar to proline. It is confer strength to fibrous proteins like collagen , elastin, keratin.etc.In vitamin C deficiency hydroxyproline synthesis is reduced , causing strength of fibers , leading to scurvy. The excretion of hydroxyproline in urine is increased in tumours infiltrating bones and in diabetic patients due to enhanced rate of protein catabolism. REFERENCE: DM.VASUDEVAN.TEXTBOOK SEVENTH EDITION ;PAGE NO : 244", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alanine", "opb": "Hydroxyproline", "opc": "Lysine", "opd": "Arginine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "8b259223-8bd9-4cea-824c-c00711fe642f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation in megaloblastic anemia leads to the improvement of anemia due to", "exp": "Deficiency of folic acid Reduced DNA Synthesis because THF derivatives are involved in purine synthesis and thymidylate Synthesis Megaloblastic Anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency and Folate deficiency can lead to this condition In Vitamin B12 deficiency Megaloblastic anemia is due to folate trap ref DM Vasudevan 8th ed page 476", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased DNA synthesis in bone marrow", "opb": "Increased hemoglobin production", "opc": "Erythroid hyperplasia", "opd": "Increased iron absorption", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "bc191b12-a85e-41ef-99b9-a1aad5fa6c37", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following enzymes is not a protein", "exp": "A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction. The ribozyme catalyses specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes.\nAlso called catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome where they join amino acids together to form protein chains. Ribozymes also play a role in other vital reactions such as RNA splicing, transfer RNA biosynthesis, and viral replication.", "cop": 4, "opa": "DNAse", "opb": "Abzyme", "opc": "Eco RI", "opd": "Ribozyme", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "d67244f4-94d2-4faf-bc3e-048c09821c12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fructose is transpoed by", "exp": "GluT5 is present in small intestine, testis, sperms, kidney. :: fructose transpoer; poor ability to transpo glucose.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 106", "cop": 1, "opa": "GLUT 5", "opb": "GLUT 4", "opc": "GLUT 3", "opd": "GLUT 7", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "2922fc3d-06b2-49fb-bc57-2aa8e97584b0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Membrane fluidity is increased by", "exp": "The cholesterol content of the membrane alters the fluidity of the membrane. When cholesterol concentration increases, the membrane becomes less fluid on the outer surface, but more fluid in the hydrophobic core. The effect of cholesterol on membrane fluidity is different at different temperatures. At temperature below the Tm cholesterol, in-7 creases fluidity and thereby permeability of the membrane. At temperatures above the Tm, cholesterol decreases fluidity. Linoleic acid increases the membrane fluidity.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 11", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stearic acid", "opb": "Palmitic acid", "opc": "Cholesterol", "opd": "Linoleic acid", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "74bf6d2f-9d50-4d22-aef8-981a70fae2d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "RNA polymerase does not require", "exp": "RNA Polymerases Mammalian : RNAP type II or B is the main enzyme synthesizing mRNAs.It is inhibited by alpha amanitin. Amanitin blocks the translocation of RNAPduring mRNA synthesis. SnRNA and mRNA are also synthesized by the same RNAP B. RNAP has two large and 12 smaller subunits. Phosphorylation activates RNAP II The templte strand is transcribed to give rise to mRNA. BACTERIAL : BacterialRNAP enzyme contains two alpha , two beta subunits ,one omega subunit and ine sigma factor and two zinc molecules. Beta subunit fixes at the initiation site. The sigma factor recognizes the promoter site and increases the affinity if the holoenzyme to the promoter site. REF : DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ; 7th EDITION ; Page no :589", "cop": 2, "opa": "Divalent metal ions", "opb": "Primer", "opc": "Template", "opd": "Activated precursors", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "052dbeb5-ee37-42f8-a2f9-ee840e77e9a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trinucleotide repeat is seen in", "exp": "(A) Fragile X syndrome # Trinucleotide repeat disorder> Trinucleotide repeat disorders (also known as trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders, triplet repeat expansion disorders or codon reiteration disorders) are a set of genetic disorders caused by trinucleotide repeats in certain genes exceeding the normal, stable, threshold, which differs per gene.> The mutation is a subset of unstable micro satellite repeats that occur throughout all genomic sequences.> If the repeat is present in a healthy gene, a dynamic mutation may increase the repeat count and result in a defective gene.> The first triplet disease to be identified was fragile X syndrome that has since been mapped to the long arm of the X chromosome.> At this point, there are from 230 to 4000 CGG repeats in the gene that causes fragile X syndrome in these patients, as compared with 60 to 230 repeats in carriers and 5 to 54 repeats in normal persons.> The chromosomal instability resulting from this trinucleotide expansion presents clinically as mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and macroorchidism in males.> The second, related DNA-triplet repeat disease, fragile X-E syndrome, was also identified on the X chromosome, but was found to be the result of an expanded GCC repeat.> Identifying trinucleotide repeats as the basis of disease has brought clarity to our understanding of a complex set of inherited neurological diseases.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fragile X syndrome", "opb": "Down's syndrome", "opc": "Trisomy 13", "opd": "Turner's syndrome", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "e661df66-f591-4b54-8549-324c499e98c7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme does not act by", "exp": "Enzyme decreases the activation energy & thus they increase the rate of reaction. Mostly in Enzyme-Substrate (ES) interactions, non covalent interactions are formed (Hydrogen, Hydrophobic & Ionic bonds). Gibb's Free Energy graph for enzyme catalyzed and enzyme uncatalyzed reaction. On X- axis, reaction progress taken (i.e. S getting conveed to P). For any spontaneous reaction, S has more free energy as compared to P. For S to be conveed to P, first S has to acquire Activation energy (DG uncatalyzed) and reach high energy state (Transition state). Only then it can be conveed to P.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Forming non-covalent interactions", "opb": "Catalyzing the reaction", "opc": "Increasing activation energy", "opd": "Increasing the rate of reaction", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzyme basics and serine proteases", "id": "d7399f61-ffc7-45b2-a16e-92e9c334d834", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Least energy producing cycle", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e.,HMP shunt HMP shunt does not produce energy.HMP shunt is paicularly impoant for two purposes :-Synthesis of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid formation.Formation of NADPH which plays impoant role in several other biological processes, e.g. synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones and neurotransmitters.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "Kreb's cycle", "opc": "HMP shunt", "opd": "Fatty acid oxidation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "11ae1018-e1f9-44ea-8f50-17d74c044078", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unwinding of DNA during replication is done by", "exp": "Helicases are enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid-protein complexes. There are DNA and RNA helicases. DNA helicases are essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied Ref-Sathyanarayana 4/e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ligase", "opb": "Helicase", "opc": "Polymerase", "opd": "Prinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "dfa21168-31de-4598-a02a-b3e9e4703b92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzyme activated by covalent phosphorylation is", "exp": "Glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose as glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen(phosphorolysis). It contains pyridoxal phosphate as a prosthetic group.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 124", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "opb": "Acetyl CoA carboxylase", "opc": "HMG CoA reductase", "opd": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "bd39d066-3e04-4658-a01e-1663494a8076", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tryptophan gives rise to", "exp": "Melatonin is synthesised from serotonin which in turn is from tryptophan.Ref: Textbook of medical biochemistry, MN Chatterji, 8th edition, page no: 519", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thyroxine", "opb": "Melatonin", "opc": "Melanin", "opd": "Epinephrine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "01930a8b-dbbd-4a5d-b1b9-526d29e2baf6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase", "exp": "Pyridoxal phosphate is an essential cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thiamine pyrophosphate", "opb": "Pyridoxal phosphate", "opc": "Citrate", "opd": "FAD", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "85ea95eb-b74e-4a72-8a34-03f9cabda7df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In TCA cycle, CO2 is released from", "exp": "During the citric acid cycle, two carbon dioxide molecules are removed in the following reactions: A. Step 3, isocitrate (oxalosuccinate) to alpha-ketoglutarate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase B. Step 4, alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA.it is from substrate co2is raised..not from enzymes. They are just catalyzing the reaction.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 219", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thioinase", "opb": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "opc": "Citrate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Alpha ketoglutrate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "91d7d72f-62a3-4acf-9a72-8c96f956d86a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urine osmolality in Diabetes insipidus is", "exp": "Diabetes insipidus is condition characterised by excessive thirst excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine Those with diabetes insipidus continue to uinate large amount of urine in spite of water deprivation.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 373", "cop": 1, "opa": "<150 mmol/L", "opb": "<300 mmol/L", "opc": "<600 mmol/L", "opd": "<900 mmol/L", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "c51ac107-3607-4bb8-8ed2-f6b8984f2cd1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gluconeogenesis in fasting state is stimulated by", "exp": "Ans. b. Activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl Co-A", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyruvate kinase stimulated by citrate", "opb": "Activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl Co-A", "opc": "Activation of pyruvate kinase by fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate", "opd": "Stimulation of phosphofructokinase-1 by fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "beb34377-5bd1-413f-8bc5-09b61add6792", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Niacin deficiency causes", "exp": "Deficiency of niacin: A deficiency of niacin causes pellagra, a disease involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and CNS. The symptoms of pellagra progress through the three Ds: dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia--and, if untreated, death. Reference: Lippincott Textbook of Biochemistry pg no. 380", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pigmentation", "opb": "Diarrhea", "opc": "Rash", "opd": "Lactic acidosis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "ef6c3a44-67c2-4815-ac75-306af543e853", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "FSH, LH, TSH acts through", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cyclic AMP", "opb": "Cyclic GMP", "opc": "Adenosine cyclate", "opd": "Calcium release", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "2e48f79c-8c38-49f4-9c41-4e5b72792df1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transition temperature of lipid bilayers of cell membranes is increased by", "exp": "The cholesterol content of the membrane alters the fluidity of the membrane. When cholesterol concentration increases, the membrane becomes less fluid on the outer surface, but more fluid in the hydrophobic core. The effect of cholesterol on membrane fluidity is different at different temperatures. At temperature below the Tm, cholesterol increases fluidity and thereby permeability of the membrane. At temperatures above the Tm, cholesterol decreases fluidity.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 11", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Saturated fatty acids", "opc": "Unsaturated fatty acids", "opd": "Hydrocarbons", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "membrane structure and function", "id": "8a5c9062-4ff4-4409-b1f1-faf27007f2a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Citrullinemia type I results from deficiency of the", "exp": "(B) Argininosuccinate synthase# Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) presents as a clinical spectrum that includes an acute neonatal form (the \"classic\" form), a milder late-onset form, a form without symptoms or hyperammonemia, and a form in which women have onset of severe symptoms during pregnancy or post partum.> Citrullinemia type I results from deficiency of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase (ASS), the third step in the urea cycle in which citrulline is condensed with aspartate to form argininosuccinic acid.> Untreated individuals with the severe form of citrullinemia type I have hyperammonemia (plasma ammonia concentration 1000- 3000 pmol/L).> Plasma quantitative amino acid analysis shows absence of argininosuccinic acid and concentration of citrulline usually greater than 1000 pmol/L (normal: <50 pmol/L).> Argininosuccinate synthase enzyme activity, measured in fibroblasts, liver, and in all tissues in which ASS is expressed, is decreased.> ASS1 is the only gene in which mutation is known to cause citrullinemia type I.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Argininosuccinate synthase", "opc": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "opd": "Sucinyl Co-A synthase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "39c95dcc-9e79-42ce-96fa-1dc76ca64d2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scavenger receptors uptake", "exp": "LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues. The only apoprotein present in LDL is apo B100. Most of the LDL paicles are derived from VLDL, but a small pa is directly released from liver. The half-life of LDL in blood is about 2 days. Metabolism of LDL and LDL Receptors LDL is taken up by peripheral tissues by receptor-mediated endocytosis. LDL receptors are present on all cells but most abundant in hepatic cells. LDL receptors are located in specialised regions called clathrin-coated pitsBinding of LDL to the receptor is by apo-B-100 and uptake of cholesterol from LDL is a highly regulated process. When the apo-B-100 binds to the apo-B-100 receptor, the receptor-LDL complex is internalised by endocytosis. The endosome vesicle thus formed fuses with lysosomes. The receptor is recycled and returns to the cell surface. The LDL paicle, along with apoproteins and cholesterol ester is hydrolysed by lysosomal hydrolases, forming amino acids and free cholesterol. The free receptors can now return to the membrane surface to bind fuher LDL molecules (Fig. 12.13). Approximately 70% of LDL is degraded in the liver, and the rest in extra-hepatic tissues. For their work on LDL receptors, Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein were awarded Nobel prize in 1985. Function of LDL About 75% of the plasma cholesterol is incorporated into the LDL paicles. LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to the peripheral tissues. The cholesterol thus liberated in the cell has three major fates: i. It is used for the synthesis of other steroids like steroid hormones. ii. Cholesterol may be incorporated into the membranes. iii. Cholesterol may be esterified to a MUFA by acyl cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) for storage. The cellular content of cholesterol regulates fuher endogenous synthesis of cholesterol by regulating HMG CoA reductase.LDL and Clinical Applications LDL concentration in blood has positive correlation with incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A fraction of cholesterol is taken up by macrophages, this is not a regulated pathway. Increased levels of LDL or modification of LDL by glycation (as seen in diabetes mellitus) or oxidation increases the fraction of cholesterol taken up by macrophages. LDL infiltrates through aerial walls and is taken up by macrophages or scavenger cells. This is the staing event of atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction (see coronary aery diseases in Chapter 25). When these cells become engorged with cholesterol, foam cells are formed, that get deposited in the subendothelial space triggering formation of atheromatous plaque (see Fig. 25.3). Procoagulant changes are induced in the endothelium resulting in increased chances of thrombosis and coronary aery disease (Fig. 25.4). Since LDL-cholesterol is thus deposited in tissues, the LDL (low-density lipoprotein) variety is called \"bad cholesterol\" and LDL as \"Lethally Dangerous Lipoprotein\"Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 153-154", "cop": 3, "opa": "HDL", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "LDL", "opd": "IDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "dfc9a0fa-a3a1-4667-b64c-d40b01a14113", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Branching enzyme deficiency is seen in", "exp": "Type Name Enzyme Deficiency Clinical Features IV Amylopectinosis, Andersen disease Branching enzyme Hepatosplenomegaly Accumulation of polysaccharide with few branch points Death from hea or liver failure before age 5 Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Table: 18-2; Page no: 179", "cop": 1, "opa": "Andersen disease", "opb": "McArdle's syndrome", "opc": "Cori disease", "opd": "Von Gierke disease", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "cc367b2d-15dc-4b26-aba8-9aaa6c69c740", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Muscle cannot make use of glycogen for energy because of deficiency of", "exp": "Muscle doesn&;t contain glucose -6-phosphate. only liver contain. Glucose -6-phosphatase hydrolyze glycose-6-phosphate into glucose and released into the blood.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucokinase", "opb": "Phosphoglucomutase", "opc": "G-6-phosphatase", "opd": "Muscle phosphorylae", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "ef1332d1-21a6-46ff-a9ff-f4d9c785d17b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Methylation of cytosine is associated with", "exp": "DNA methylation is essential for normal development and is associated with a number of key processes including genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, repression of transposable elements, aging, and carcinogenesis. Two of DNA's four bases, cytosine and adenine, can bemethylated Ref satyanarayana 4e", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mutation", "opb": "Increased expression of gene", "opc": "Decreased expression of gene", "opd": "No effect", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "679819ae-0314-4768-9aac-a2dec9b0a36c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neurotoxicity is seen with excess of", "exp": "Neurotoxicity is seen with excess of Vit B6. Toxicity of pyridoxine: Pyridoxine is the only water-soluble vitamin with significant toxicity. Neurologic symptoms (sensory neuropathy) occur at intakes above 200 mg/day, an amount more than 100 times the RDA. Substantial improvement, but not complete recovery, occurs when the vitamin is discontinued. Reference: Lippincott Textbook of Biochemistry pg no. 378", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin B6", "opb": "Vitamin B12", "opc": "Vitamin B2", "opd": "Vitamin C", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "a554693a-564b-407d-8182-3447169c0d5f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blue daper syndrome is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Tryptophan malabsorption", "opb": "Tryptophan hyperabsorption", "opc": "Tyrosine malabsorption", "opd": "Tyrosine hyperabsorption", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c2a6208-86a2-48f7-969b-a5b04b9bedce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reducing equivalents in fatty acid synthesis are supplied by", "exp": "Ans. b (NADPH + H+) (Ref. Harper's, Illustrated, 27th/ 87-88, 176)DEHYDROGENASES# Dehydrogenases cause the transfer of hydrogen from one substrate to another in a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction.# These dehydrogenases are specific for their substrates but often utilize common coenzymes or hydrogen carriers, eg, NAD+.# This type of reaction, which enables one substrate to be oxidized at the expense of another, is particularly useful in enabling oxidative processes to occur in the absence of oxygen, such as during the anaerobic phase of glycolysis.# NADH dehydrogenase acts as a carrier of electrons between NADH and the components of higher redox potential. Other dehydrogenases such as succinate dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial glyceroI-3- phosphate dehydrogenase transfer reducing equivalents directly from the substrate to the respiratory chain.# Both NADH and NADPH donate reducing equivalents for the reduction of these cytochromes.# Most of the energy liberated during the oxidation of carbohydrate, fatty acids, and amino acids is made available within mitochondria as reducing equivalents (?H or electrons).# The reduced NADH of the respiratory chain is in turn oxidized by a metalloflavoprotein enzyme--NADH dehydrogenase. This enzyme contains FeS and FMN, is tightly bound to the respiratory chain, and passes reducing equivalents on to Q.# The pentose phosphate pathway, an alternative to part of the pathway of glycolysis, is a source of reducing equivalents (NADPH) for biosynthesis and the source of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis.# The reducing equivalents from the NADH + H+ formed in glycolysis are taken up into mitochondria for oxidation via one of the two shuttles.# NADPH is involved as donor of reducing equivalents in both the reduction of the 3-ketoacyl and of the 2,3-unsaturated acyl derivatives.Also remember:MAJOR OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS WHICH GENERATE ATP AND NADH ARE:# Glycolysis# Fatty acid oxidation# Citric acid cycle and# Electron transport coupled to oxidative phosphorylation (respiratory or electron transport chain)", "cop": 2, "opa": "NADH + H+", "opb": "NADPH + H+", "opc": "FADH2", "opd": "QH2", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Lipids", "id": "6953d3b8-d563-4236-a03e-1626f708b6d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acetyl CoA carboxylase is rate limiting enzyme of", "exp": "Some rate limiting enzymes", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cholesterole synthesis", "opb": "Fatty acid synthesis", "opc": "Urea synthesis", "opd": "Gluconeogenesis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "5bed9658-1891-43e1-966f-d61668111ee4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A person on total parenteral nutrition was given 62.5 g of protein. Calculate the amount of nitrogen present in this amount of protein.", "exp": "Approximately, Nitrogen contributes to 16% of proteins 100 gm of protein contains 16 gm of nitrogen. So, 62.5 gm of protein will contain, 62.5 X 16/100 gm of nitrogen, i.e. 10 gm of nitrogen. Extra Edge: Formula for calculating the nitrogen balance of patients: Nitrogen balance = Nitrogen intake - Nitrogen loss = (Protein intake x 0.16) - (24-hour urinary urea nitrogen + 4) Why to add 4? 4 gm of nitrogen is lost through other sources.", "cop": 3, "opa": "32 g", "opb": "6.25 g", "opc": "10 g", "opd": "100 g", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Glycine Metabolism Detail", "id": "84c8a1e0-09b2-47fc-9d34-1ad7e5cc3f82", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DNA repair proofreading in prokaryotes are caused by", "exp": "The in vivo functionality of Pol II is under debate, yet consensus shows that Pol II is primarily involved as a backup enzyme in prokaryotic DNA replication.The enzyme has 5' - 3' DNA synthesis capability as well as 3' - 5' exonuclease proofreading activity.DNA Pol II interacts with multiple binding paners common with DNA Pol III in order to enhance its fidelity", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA Polymerase I", "opb": "DNA Polymerase II", "opc": "DNA Polymerase III", "opd": "Gyrase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "01d5a23b-3503-4bcd-8946-8c3416a606d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HDL is increased by", "exp": "Exercise\n\nAerobic exercise increases the level of HDL cholesterol.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Exercise", "opb": "400 mg Vit. E daily", "opc": "Aspirin", "opd": "DHEA", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "dace72b9-1a3d-4564-999f-85825d39921e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enzymes not used in glycogen metabolisma) Glycogen phosphorylase Bb) Glycogen synthase Ic) Glycogen synthase Cd) Glycogen synthase A", "exp": "Glycogen synthase 1 & Glycogen synthase C", "cop": 4, "opa": "ab", "opb": "ad", "opc": "bd", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0fdea85-c782-483c-b784-56f00be573c8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sickling in &;HbS&; disease is primarily caused by", "exp": "sickle-cell disease, which is caused by mutation of a single base out of the 3 x 109 in the genome, a T-to-A DNA substitution, which in turn results in an A-to-U change in the mRNA corresponding to the sixth codon of the b-globin gene. The altered codon specifies a different amino acid (valine rather than glutamic acid), and this causes a structural abnormality of the b-globin molecule leading to haemoglobin aggregation and red blood cell \"sickling.\".When HbS is deoxygenated, it undergoes a pronounced decrease in solubility", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased solubility", "opb": "Decreased stability", "opc": "Altered function", "opd": "Altered O2 binding capacity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "5ff2afff-2fd7-4700-835b-1236049b36b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thiamine deficiency causes decreased energy production because rpt Q18", "exp": "Thiamine pyrophosphate is the biologically active form of the vitamin, formed by the transfer of a pyrophosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to thiamine. Thiamine pyrophosphate serves as a coenzyme in the formation or degradation of a-ketols by transketolase.and in the oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acids. Clinical indications for thiamine The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate, which plays a key role in energy metabolism of most cells, is paicularly impoant in tissues of the nervous system. In thiamine deficiency, the activity of these two dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions is decreased, resulting in a decreased production of ATP and, thus, impaired cellular function. [Note: Thiamine deficiency is diagnosed by an increase in erythrocyte transketolase activity observed on addition of thiamine pyrophosphate. Ref: Lippincott, 5th edition, page no: 378, 379", "cop": 4, "opa": "It is required for the process of transamination", "opb": "It is co-factor in oxidative reduction", "opc": "It is co-enzyme for transketolase in pentose phosphate pathway", "opd": "It is co-enzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "61d2dd1f-1a97-48d9-b706-0674cb5882f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Choose the major fuel that is being adapted by the brain after 1 week of fasting.", "exp": "The brain then takes up and oxidizes the ketone bodies to derive energy. Consequently, the brain decreases its use of glucose, although glucose is still a major fuel for the brain.Ketone bodies are used by the brain after 3 to 5 days of fasting. This is done to spare protein degradation to provide carbons for gluconeogenesis. Approximately 60% of the brain's energy needs will still be dependent on glucose, but the other 40% can be realized from ketone body oxidation. The brain will not oxidize fatty acids because they have trouble crossing the blood-brain barrier, and the brain has very low levels of glycogen.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ketone bodies", "opb": "Blood glucose", "opc": "Fatty acids", "opd": "Glycogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Carbohydrates", "id": "7444ac71-9741-4a81-a6ba-4c49e84f0470", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein implicated in Familial Amyloidosis is", "exp": "A Classification of AmyloidosisTypeProtein ImplicatedPrimaryPrincipally light chains of immunoglobulinsSecondarySerum amyloid A (SAA)FamilialTransthyretin; also rarely apolipoprotein A-1,cystatin C, fibrinogen, gelsolin, lysozymeAlzheimer's diseaseAmyloid b peptideDialysis-relatedb2-microglobulinRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 52; Plasma Proteins & Immunoglobulins; Table 52-7", "cop": 4, "opa": "Serum amyloid A", "opb": "b2-microglobulin", "opc": "Amyloid b peptide", "opd": "Transthyretin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "2837b4c5-860f-4f47-a36a-d06c4ef3e793", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The molecular weight of a protein can be determined by", "exp": "the molecular weight of an unknown protein can be determined by using the SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) method. Although there are some other methods (i.e. analytical ultracentrifugation and light scattering) for calculating the size or molecular weight (MW) of an unknown protein, they are not commonly used for this purpose since they use large amounts of highly purified proteins and require costly equipment.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Native acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)", "opb": "Sodium dodecyl Sulphate h-PAGE", "opc": "Isoelectric focusing", "opd": "Ion Exchange Chromatography", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "0f01c84d-8718-4af9-85af-cadba9304717", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Okazaki fragments are found during", "exp": "DNA synthesis is always into 5&; to 3&; direction in both strands The strand which is discontinuously synthesized is referred to as the &;lagging strand &; otherwise called the retrograde strand The small DNA molecules attached to its own primer RNA are called Okazaki fragments The synthesis along the lagging strand is in 5&; to 3&; directionRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 580, 581", "cop": 1, "opa": "Replication", "opb": "Translation", "opc": "Translocation", "opd": "Transcription", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "c26ebb3c-2829-447d-a540-1e885f643b75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "New DNA synthesis occurs in", "exp": "During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.There are three stages of interphaseG1 (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell growsSynthesis (S), in which the cell duplicates its DNA ( semi-conservative replication).G2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 582", "cop": 4, "opa": "Prophase", "opb": "Anaphase", "opc": "Telophase", "opd": "Interphase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "d2891c6c-dbff-4c48-8c9e-550c69c8c6d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein synthesis", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "ER", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Cytosol", "opd": "Golgi apparatus", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3e9bf11-36a9-414e-a126-4f14942d9cbc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A molecule used to direct the presence of specific fragment of DNA or RNA is known as", "exp": "Probe is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length (usually 100-1000 bases long) which can be radioactively labeled.It can then be used in DNA or RNA samples to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences (the DNA target) that are complementary to the sequence in the probe.The probe thereby hybridizes to single-stranded nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) whose base sequence allows probe-target base pairing due to complementarity between the probe and target.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Primosome", "opb": "Probe", "opc": "Pseudogene", "opd": "Signal", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "2f65ed75-3e79-4755-bcc1-8f1cd4c65d7a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main enzyme responsible for activation of xenobiotics is", "exp": "Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in extrahepatic tissues often play a dominant role in target tissue metabolic activation of xenobiotic compounds. They may also determine drug efficacy and influence the tissue burden of foreign chemicals or bioavailability of therapeutic agents.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytochrome P - 450", "opb": "Glutathione S - transferase", "opc": "NADPH cytochrome P - 450 reductase", "opd": "Glucoronyl transferase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Enzymes", "id": "7a375d0b-5231-4b3d-98af-e648ac587051", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pyridoxine is involved in", "exp": "Pyridoxine is involved in trans-sulfuration.Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids PLP plays an impoant role in methionine and cysteine metabolism. a.Homocysteine + Serine - Cystathionine. (Enzyme Cystathionine synthase) b.Cystathionine - Homoserine + Cysteine (Enzyme Cystathionase) Both these reactions require PLP. Here transfer of sulphur group occurs.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 396", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carboxylation", "opb": "Trans-sulfuration", "opc": "Oxidation-reduction", "opd": "Transketolation", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "vitamins", "id": "31d2bc48-9d8f-477f-ab1a-f8be4a569f69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epimer combination(s) is/are", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 3, "opa": "D-glucose & D-fructose", "opb": "D-glucose & D-talose", "opc": "D-glucose & D-mannose", "opd": "D-glucose & D-idose", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "1254274a-2ae1-47c6-b88d-cb992512b717", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In sickle cell anaemia, sickle shapes occur due to polymerization of", "exp": "The substitution of hydrophilic glutamic acid by hydrophobic valine causes a localized stickiness on the surface of the molecule. The deoxygenated HbS may be depicted with a protrusion on one side and a cavity on the other side, so that many molecules can adhere and polymerize.Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 291,292", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxyhemoglobin", "opb": "Deoxyhemoglobin", "opc": "Methoxyglobin", "opd": "Cyanohemoglobin", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "864c0c33-56db-4c37-8095-87996fb9f0ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Man can not synthesise ascorbic acid due to deficiency of enzyme", "exp": "ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C):\n\nThe active form of vitamin C is ascorbic acid. \nIts main function is as a reducing agent. \nVitamin C is a coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions (for example, hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues in collagen) where its role is to keep the iron (Fe) of hydroxylases in the reduced, ferrous (Fe+2) form. \nThus, vitamin C is required for the maintenance of normal connective tissue as well as for wound healing. Vitamin C also facilitates the absorption of dietary nonheme iron from the intestine by reduction of the ferric form (Fe+3) to Fe+2.\nMan and other primates, guinea pigs and bats cannot synthesize ascorbic acid due to the deficiency of a single enzyme namely L-gulonolactone oxidase.\n\nKey Concept:\nMan cannot synthesize ascorbic acid due to the deficiency of a single enzyme namely L-gulonolactone oxidase.\nRef : Lippincott’s illustrated reviews for biochemistry , 7th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "L gulanolactone oxidase", "opb": "Gluco cerbrosidase", "opc": "Peroxidase", "opd": "Lysyl oxidase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "bfcd4445-af7b-495a-a607-67341f25e810", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nohern blotting is used for analysis of", "exp": "To demonstrate specific RNA The total RNA is isolated from the cell, electrophoresed and then blotted on membrane Probed with radioactive cDNA There will b RNA-DNA hybridization Used to detect the gene expression in a tissueRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 634", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA", "opb": "RNA", "opc": "Proteins", "opd": "Polysaccharides", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of nucleic acids", "id": "460ac798-d372-4327-8b46-862d0b2d9aea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Defect in phenylketonuria", "exp": "In this condition phenylalanine can&;t be conveed to tyrosine, so phenylalanine accumulates and it&;s level in blood is elevated.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 236, fig 18.1", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phenylanine hydroxylase", "opb": "Homogentisate oxidase", "opc": "Pyruvate hydroxylase", "opd": "Fumarylacetoacetate hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "6de47633-7987-4af3-a025-15bd9ffee34f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gaucher&;s disease is caused by deficiency of", "exp": "Repeated question", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ceramidase", "opb": "Be ta galactosidase", "opc": "Beta glucosidase", "opd": "Spingomyelinase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of carbohydrate", "id": "e7bdc9de-11cc-44ce-b002-b550519b23a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Force not acting in an enzyme substrate complex", "exp": "This question is a controversial one.\nThe substrate bind to the active site of the enzyme by noncovalent interactions like hydrogen bond, ionic (electrostatic) bond and hydrophobic bonds.\nThere is confusion between noncovalent van der Waals forces and covalent bond. Some guides have given option `c' as the answer, which is incorrect.\n\n\"Enzymes bind to the substrate by a combination of hydrogen and ionic (electrostatic) bonds, as well as by hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions\". \n\"Most enzyme-substrate combinations are mostly due to noncovalent hydrogen, hydrophobic, ionic (electrostatic) and Van der Waals forces\".       \n\"There is a precise substrate interaction that occurs at the active site of enzyme stabilized by numerous weak interactions (hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic contacts, and Van der Walls forces)\".\n\nMany other references have mentioned the same.\n\nThus Van der Walls forces are also involved in enzyme substrate reaction.\nNow we are left with covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are also involved in some enzymatic reactions called covalent catalysis. In which there is the formation of covalent bond between enzyme and substrate. The modified enzyme then becomes a reactant. For example, the serine residue at the active site of chymotrypsin forms a covalent link with the substrate.\nSo, all the four forces given in the options are involved in the enzyme-substrate interaction. However, amongst the given options, I will go for covalent bonds because most of the enzyme-substrate interactions involve weak non-covalent interactions, whereas covalent catalysis mechanism is found only in few enzymes like proteases (chymotrypsin and trypsin) and few others.\n\nThe best option, in a given scenario, the answer is a covalent bond.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Electrostatic", "opb": "Covalent", "opc": "Van der waals", "opd": "Hydrogen", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "1069ec57-e5e9-45b9-aba5-308b3cfb161e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Base Stacking of DNA is characterised by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Electrophoresis", "opb": "Hyperchromicity", "opc": "Linear dichromicity", "opd": "Hypochromicity", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "e67146a7-e323-4471-8d6f-c7a647fb1fe9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transversion seen in", "exp": "SubstitutionReplacement of a purine by another purine (A to G or G to A) or pyrimidine by pyrimidine(T to C or C to T) is called transition mutation. If purine is changed to a pyrimidine (A to C) or a pyrimidine to a purine(T to G), it is called a transversion mutation.Ref: Textbook of biochemistry ( DM Vasudevan), 6th edition, page no. 612", "cop": 1, "opa": "Guanine - cytosine", "opb": "Guanine - adenine", "opc": "Guanine - thymine", "opd": "Adenine - thymine", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of protein and amino acid", "id": "3b2e953d-16e8-4ef4-aba9-a5f9fb02e3bd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pepsin is a type of", "exp": "(D) Hydrolase# PEPSIN:> Pepsin is produced by the serous cells of the stomach as pepsinogen, the inactive zymogen or proenzyme.> Pepsin A is the most predominant gastric protease which preferentially cleaves peptide bonds formed by amino groups of phenylalanine or tyrosine or leucine.> Protease or Peptidase or Proteinase: is any enzyme that performs proteolysis; protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.> It break down the bonds by a process - hydrolysis and convert proteins into smaller chains - peptides or even smaller units - amino acids.> Pepsinogen is converted to active pepsin either by autocatalysis, brought about by other pepsin molecules or by gastric HCI (pH < 2).HYDROLASESPhospholipids-PhospholipaseLysophospholipidsLecithin - LysolecithinEnzymes Acting on Peptide Bonds:Exopeptidases-CarboxypeptidaseAiminoacidsEndopeptidase-Aminopeptidases(smallerpeptides)E.g.Pepsin > Removal of a fragment of polypeptide chain (44 amino acids in case of pig enzyme) makes the inactive enzyme active after attaining a proper conformation.> Pepsin is an acid-stable endopeptidase optimally active at a very low pH (2.0).> The active site of the enzyme contains two carboxyl groups, which are maintained at low pH.> Pepsin digestion of proteins results in peptides and a few amino acids which act as stimulants for the release of the hormone cholecystokinin from the duodenum.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oxidoreductase", "opb": "Ligase", "opc": "Transferase", "opd": "Hydrolase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)", "id": "3e2c66e8-3180-4cbe-a219-58e471f4546b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Guanido acetic acid is formed in.... from....", "exp": "Ans. A. Kidney; Arginine + GlycineSteps of synthesis of CreatinineStep I Glycine Arginine Amido TransferaseFirst step in the Kidney.Guanidino group of Arginine is transferred to Glycine to form Guanidino Acetic Acid.Step II Guanidino Acetate Methyl TransferaseSecond step in the LiverCreatine is formedS Adenosyl Methionine is the methyl donorStep III Creatine KinaseThird step in the MuscleCreatine Phosphate is formedStep IVOccur spontaneouslyCreatinine is formed.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Kidney; Arginine + glycine", "opb": "Liver; Methionine + glycine", "opc": "Liver; Cysteine + arginine", "opd": "Muscle; Citrulline + aspartate", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Proteins and Amino Acids", "id": "58fe215e-b59e-4bde-913b-de5717626ef0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reducing agent used in lipogenesis is derived from", "exp": "NADPH is involved as donor of reducing equivalents in both the reduction of the 3-ketoacyl and of the 2, 3-unsaturated acyl derivatives. The oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate are the chief source of the hydrogen required for the reductive synthesis of fatty acids.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pentose phosphate pathway", "opb": "Glycolysis", "opc": "TCA cycle", "opd": "Gluconeogenesis", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e9995db-ab45-40c2-bea9-7349d06857fd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fatty liver is due to excessive accumulation of", "exp": "Imbalance in the rate of Triacylglycerol Formation & Expo Causes Fatty Liver For a variety of reasons, lipid--mainly as triacylglycerol--can accumulate in the liver. Extensive accumulation is regarded as a pathologic condition. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder worldwide. When the accumulation of lipid in the liver becomes chronic, inflammatory and fibrotic changes may develop leading to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to liver diseases including cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma, and liver failure. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 260", "cop": 1, "opa": "Triacylglycerols", "opb": "Phospholipids", "opc": "Cholesterol", "opd": "Free fatty acids", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "9895028a-61bb-41d1-b589-b595c5d70706", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "exp": "Nitric oxide is formed from arginine by the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase (NOS).It contains heme, FAD, FMN and tetrahydrobiopterin. The enzyme utilizes NADPH and molecular oxygen. Calmodulin is required to modulate its activity.The guanidino nitrogen of arginine is incorporated into NO.. From the molecular oxygen, one atom is added to NO. and the other into citrulline. Therefore, the enzyme is a di-oxygenase Ref: D M Vasudevan 7th edition Page no: 228", "cop": 4, "opa": "Is inhibited by Ca++", "opb": "Catalyzes a dioxygenase reaction", "opc": "Accepts electrons from NADH", "opd": "Requires NADH, FAD, FMN & Heme iron", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "7a37f47c-1f49-4a5f-97f2-c2733e39e9e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal serum alkaline phosphatase level is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "100-400 Bodansky units", "opb": "1000-4000 Bodansky units", "opc": "0.1-0.4 Bodansky units", "opd": "1-4 Bodansky units", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc579218-c050-440b-a284-1bfde08a6993", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fredrickson&;s type II hyperlipoproteinemia is due to excess amount of", "exp": "Type II: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FHC): A common disorder which has been extensively investigated.The disease is characterised by:Hyper b-lipoproteinaemia (LDL |)Associated with increased total cholesterol |VLDL may be raised, hence total TG may be high.But plasma usually remains clear.Inheritance: Autosomal dominant; Frequency--0.2 percentEnzyme deficiency (metabolic defect): There is no enzyme deficiency. Metabolic defects are:An increased synthesis of apo-B |Defective catabolism of LDL. Deficiency of LDL receptors in fibroblasts demonstrated.Clinical features: Xanthomas of tendinous and tuberous type have been describedCorneal arcusOccasionally xanthelasma. Clinically most impoantis the increased incidence of atherosclerosis andpremature cardiovascular diseases.Note: Type-II Pattern can develop as a result of hypothyroidism(secondary hyper or lipoproteinemia).Ref: M.N. Chatterjee - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 451", "cop": 3, "opa": "VLDL remnats", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "Floating LDL", "opd": "HDL", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Metabolism of lipid", "id": "2581af8b-6b08-4c97-93a7-98fc19d509c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NADPH+, H+ is generated in the reaction catalysed by", "exp": "Step 1 of HMP Pathway Glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized by NADP+ dependent Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD). 6-phospho gluconolactone is formed. One molecule of NADPH is formed in the reaction (Fig. 10.1). This is the rate-limiting step. Regulation is affected by this enzyme.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th Edition, Page no: 113", "cop": 2, "opa": "LDH", "opb": "G-6 PD", "opc": "G-3 PD", "opd": "Alcohol dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Respiratory chain", "id": "ec5218aa-d782-4b67-95a9-78f2f85311c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Boiled cabbage or rancid butter smelling urine is seen in", "exp": "Tyrosinemia REF: Sapira's a & science of bedside diagnosis - Page 138, Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine by Gary R. Fleisher, Stephen Ludwig Page 1566 Tyrosinaemia is an error of metabolism, inherited, in which the body cannot effectively break down the amino acid tyrosine, found in most animal and plant proteins. It is an autosomal recessive, which means two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for this to develop. There are three types of tyrosinemia, each with distinctive symptoms and caused by the deficiency of a different enzyme. One of the symptoms of Tyrodinaemia type 1 is an odor like cabbage or rancid butter.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phenylketonuria", "opb": "Tyrosinemia", "opc": "Isovaleric Acidaemia", "opd": "Multiple carboxylase deficiency", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a48c652-ecd2-40d4-b57b-074bf293d393", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin C is present in largest amount in body in", "exp": "Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Eye", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Testis", "opd": "Adrenal coex", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "4612f4cb-e737-4c1b-96c7-4344ef7c6d7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rossman flod associated NADH domain is found in", "exp": "Rossmann fold is seen in family of oxidoreductases that shares a common N-terminal NAD(P)+-D binding domain Lactate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase D-glycerate dehydrogenase 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Formate dehydrogenase Reference: Harpers illustrated Biochemistry 31st edition pg 37", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "opb": "Lactate dehydrogenase", "opc": "Acetyl coA dehyrogenase", "opd": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Biochemistry", "topic_name": "Structure and function of protein", "id": "74a4e2e6-afe1-4bad-a3b2-f9bdc1e2f8d8", "choice_type": "single"}