{"question": "Earliest feature of radiation toxicity is", "exp": "Ans. a (Erythema). (Ref. Harrison, Principles of Medicine, 15th ed., 2562).RADIATION TOXICITY TO SKIN# Skin reaction can be seen with two weeks of fractionated radiotherapy (RT).# Erythema is the earliest observed feature followed by desquamation (dry/moist).# Chronic reaction can be seen starting at 6-12 months after irradiation.# Atrophic, easily damageable epidermis, hyperpigmentation, thin skin with hair loss also occur.# Rarely malignant change can occur.Educational points:Low-energy ORTHOVOLTAGE beams (150 to 400 kV) scatter when they strike the body, much like light diffuses when it strikes particles in the air resulting in more damage to adjacent normal tissues and less radiation delivered to the tumor.MEGAVOLTAGE radiation (1 MeV) has very low lateral scatter; this produces# a skin-sparing effect,# more homogeneous distribution of the radiation energy, and greater deposit of the energy in the tumor, or target volume.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Erythema", "opb": "Desquamation", "opc": "Edematous rough skin", "opd": "Hyperpigmentation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "356e5d10-6bc2-4318-8366-3f06f58663c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common brain tumor is", "exp": "Most common Brain tumors are Secondaries or metastasis Most Common primary Brain tumor is a Meningioma Most common intraparenchymal Brain tumor is Glioma Most common calcifying Brain tumors is Craniopharyngioma Most common intraparenchymal calcifying Brain tumors is Oligodendroglioma", "cop": 3, "opa": "Meningioma", "opb": "Oligodendroglioma", "opc": "Secondaries", "opd": "Craniopharyngioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "1063f72f-9494-4fd3-a4ea-00eb0c3cb08f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ring sign with dilated bronchi on CXR is a feature of", "exp": "(B) Bronchiectasis # RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES of BRONCHIECTASIS> Plain film: Chest x-rays are usually abnormal, but are inadequate in the diagnosis or quantification of bronchiectasis. Tram-track opacities are seen in cylindrical bronchiectasis, and air-fluid levels may be seen in cystic bronchiectasis.> Overall there appears to be an increase in bronchovascular markings, and bronchi seen end on may appear as ring shadows 8.> Pulmonary vasculature appears ill-defined, thought to represent peribronchovascular fibrosis 8-9.> CT: CT and HRCT especially excels at demonstrating the airways, and is able to a greater or lesser degree to distinguish some of the various underlying causes.> A number of features are helpful in diagnosing bronchiectasis 8-9; Bronchus visualised within 1 cm of pleural surface Especially true of lung adjacent to costal pleura Most helpful sign for early cylindrical change Lack of tapering Increased bronchoarterial ratio Diameter of a bronchus should measure approximately 0.65 -1.0 times that of the adjacent pulmonary artery branch Between 1 and 1.5 may be seen in normal individuals, especially those living at high altitude Greater than 1.5 indicates bronchiectasis> A number of ancillary findings are also recognised: Bronchial wall thickening: normally wall of bronchus should be less than half the width of accompanying pulmonary artery branch Mucoid impaction Air-trapping and mosaic perfusion> Signs described on CT include: Tram-track sign Signet ring sign String of pearls sign Cluster of grapes sign", "cop": 2, "opa": "Asthma", "opb": "Bronchiectasia", "opc": "Bronchiolitis", "opd": "Candidiasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "bfab86fc-fd4f-4f67-8786-db27f3f65489", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a radiological finding of scurvy", "exp": "Fraying is seen in Rickets.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Palkan spur", "opb": "Pencil - thin cortex", "opc": "Wimburger sign", "opd": "Fraying of metaphysis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0452790b-ffe1-4b13-9448-2de489f68fbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ionization radiation acts on tissue leading to", "exp": "B i.e. Excitation of electron from orbit", "cop": 2, "opa": "Linear acceleration injury", "opb": "Excitation of electron from orbit", "opc": "Formation of pyramidine dimer", "opd": "Thermal injury", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3f753fa-ada0-4752-b14c-12cda07bb8d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radio iodine is used in treatment of", "exp": "C i.e. Follicular Cell CA", "cop": 3, "opa": "Papillary CA thyroid", "opb": "Medullary CA thyroid", "opc": "Follicular CA thyroid", "opd": "Anaplastic CA thyroid", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "82aa26fd-5c18-4f41-bf01-54fdf8ac0670", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Collar button sign is associated with", "exp": "\"Collar button ulcers\" are manifestations of inflammatory processes within the bowel, seen with Ulcerative colitis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ulcerative colitis", "opb": "Hirshsprung disease", "opc": "Plummer Vinson syndrome", "opd": "Chiladiti syndrome", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "7b847ec7-ab6f-4ad5-be57-33dd54bca7e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Missed IUD (IUCD) is recognized by", "exp": "B i.e. USG", "cop": 2, "opa": "X-Ray", "opb": "USG", "opc": "Barium meal", "opd": "CT Scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c428bad-5721-41bb-ad50-14467821b4f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dense calcification is seen in", "exp": "B i.e. Chondrosarcoma - Most common bone tumor = Osteochondroma Bone tumor with Dense calcification = Chondro Sarcoma Bone tumor with Calcified secondaries = Osteosarcoma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chondroblatoma", "opb": "Chondrosarcoma", "opc": "Osteosarcoma", "opd": "Fibrosarcoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6c1e887f-e480-4e6c-b3a5-18cb730288d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for torsion testis is", "exp": "Ans: a) Colour Doppler [ Ref:- Sutton - 7th edition Page No:-Doppler ultrasound is the imaging of choice for torsion testis. It helps in the diagnosis of torsion by virtue of reduced vascularity ( absence or poor colour flow, reduced peak systolic velocities) compared with the unaffected side.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Colour Doppler", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "CT", "opd": "Routine USG", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Genito Urinary System", "id": "09ce1ce5-7586-4ed1-a7f1-e68eec24514c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A Gamma camera is used for", "exp": "Gamma Camera (Aka Scintillation Camera or Anger Camera) It is used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes.\nThis technique is known as scintigraph.\nGamma camera is able to detect and make images from the very small amounts of ionising radiation emitted from patients having a nuclear medicine study.\nThe gamma camera detects radioactive energy that is emitted from the patient's body and converts it into an image.\nThe gamma camera does not emit any radiation.\nThe gamma camera is composed of radiation detectors, called gamma camera heads.\nThe most common type of gamma camera is the single-headed system.\nit consists of a gamma camera detector mounted on a gantry that allows the camera head to be positioned in a flexible way over different regions of the patient’s body.\nDual-headed gamma cameras are becoming increasingly popular.\nIn these systems, two gamma camera heads are mounted onto the gantry.\nAlso Note: SPECT involves the rotation of the gamma camera heads around the patient's body to produce more detailed, three-dimensional images.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Imaging organs", "opb": "To scan surface of tumor", "opc": "To measure surface contamination", "opd": "To image radioactivity emitted from organs", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "353fb5bf-8ba1-4b54-b189-3c50284fc5e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Radiological sign of Ulcerative colius", "exp": "Raspberry / rose thorm appearance is seen in crohn's disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Raspberry appearance", "opb": "Toxic megacolon", "opc": "Lead Pipe appearance", "opd": "Pseudopolyps", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1bc0617-a6e3-4f28-880e-f5f5d2c1354c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fraying of anterior ends of ribs is seen in", "exp": "Ans. Rickets", "cop": 2, "opa": "Scurvy", "opb": "Rickets", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Osteoporosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d40d1cf1-49bd-4430-acff-746afc3d6f94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Emergency radiotherapy is given in", "exp": "Note the swelling of his face first thing in the morning (left) and its resolution after being upright all day (right). Specialty. Pulmonology.\nSuperior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), is a group of symptoms caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava\n(a short, wide vessel carrying circulating blood into the heart).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Superior vena cava syndrome", "opb": "Pericardial temponade", "opc": "Increased ICP", "opd": "Spinal cord compression", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "14f33968-46ad-484c-a9cc-79ba5ff50d83", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Radiological finding of pericardial effusion", "exp": "Dock's sign (inferior notching of 3-8 ribs).\nSeen in coarctation of aorta.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cardiomegaly", "opb": "Oreo cookie sign", "opc": "Water bottle or flask shaped heart", "opd": "Dock's sign", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f931b08c-2568-49b1-997e-44e226b3c591", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vesicoureteric reflux is demonstrated by using", "exp": "C i.e. MAG3 - Tc99", "cop": 3, "opa": "DMSA", "opb": "DTPA", "opc": "MAG3 - Tc 99", "opd": "I123 iodocholesterol", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcab10b0-b3d6-4b05-ac13-b166cc4837b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Geographic lytic lesions in vault of skull with bevelled edges are seen with", "exp": "B i.e. Eosinophillic Granuloma Features Disorder Geographic lytic skullQ Eosinophillic granuloma/Hand? Veebrae planaQ Schuller Christian ds/ Histocytosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multiple myeloma", "opb": "Eosinophilic granuloma", "opc": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opd": "Reticular cell CA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a75ca21-40ce-440c-8c59-4544adad4665", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "High resolution computed tomography of the chest is the ideal modality for evaluating", "exp": "B i.e. Interstitial Lung disease Routine chest CT examinations consists of adjacent 8-10 mm sections through the area of interest. Intravenous contrast medium may be injected when the primary purpose of examination is to show the mediastinum or hilar structures. High resolution CT (HRCT) uses very thin 1-2 mm thick.Q HRCT of lung is designed primarly to diagnose : - BronchiectasisQ - Interstial Lung diseaseQ as fibrosing alveolitis, asbestosis etc. - When lung biopsy is required, HRCT is useful for determining most appropriate area from which biopsy sample should be taken.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pleural effusion", "opb": "Interstitial lung disease", "opc": "Lung mass", "opd": "Mediastinal adenopathy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8621f68c-c511-4fbc-a625-acdb97752f54", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Floating teeth sign is seen in", "exp": "Radiological features of Langerhans cell histiocytosis : Punched out lytic lesions of skull with bevelled edges. Geographic skull. Floating teeth sign due to radiolucent lesion around the teeth. Veebra plana", "cop": 3, "opa": "Metastasis", "opb": "Osteitis fibrosa", "opc": "Histiocytosis", "opd": "Asbestosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "c3bfcaf4-744c-47cc-8ec3-2a3b550aa354", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tripple bubble sign is seen in", "exp": "CHPS - Single bubble sign\nDuodenal atresia - Double bubble sign\nJejunal atresia - Triple bubble sign\nIleal atresia - Multiple bubble sign.", "cop": 3, "opa": "CHPS", "opb": "Duodenal atresia", "opc": "Jejunal atresia", "opd": "Ileal atresia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1da975f6-f21d-439e-9fc7-ec13dbb8ee46", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flowing Candle Wax appearance seen in", "exp": "Dripping candle wax sign, also known as flowing candle wax appearance, describes the appearance of sclerotic coical thickening in melorheostosis/LERI disease. The irregular coical hyperostosis typically occurs on one side of the involved bone and undulates along much like melted wax down a candle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myositis ossificans", "opb": "Leri Ossificans", "opc": "Caffey's Disease", "opd": "Parosteal Osteosarcoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "d770ad43-00cb-4e54-bf2d-879f5de41746", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for removascular hypertension", "exp": "IOC for Renovascular hypertension - MR angio.\nCatopril renal scintigraphy - preferred screening test.\nSpiral CT : Most sensitive and specific screening (after angio).", "cop": 4, "opa": "IVP", "opb": "Captopril induced radio nucleotide scan", "opc": "Spiral CT", "opd": "MR angiography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "843c91f3-a3d6-4e82-a395-28956b2bbbeb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The fundamental particle present in protons is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Boson", "opb": "Lepton", "opc": "Quark", "opd": "Neutrino", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7fd00a08-1cdf-436e-85ac-b1832a98a39d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mathematical representation of inverse square law is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "I2/I1 = (D2)2 / (D1)2", "opb": "I1/I2 = (D2)2 / (D1)2", "opc": "I2/I1 = (D2) / (D1)", "opd": "I1/I2 = (D2) / (D1)", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b2424b79-d471-4682-acc8-3f0f16ae61e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Radiological feature of achalasia cardia", "exp": "Antral nipple sign - Feature of Congenital hypertrophic pyloric Stenosis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Megaesophagus", "opb": "Bird beak appearance", "opc": "Rat tailed appearance", "opd": "Antral nipple sign", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c876ff25-28cf-4dd5-b695-a9f9e008e910", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Continuous diaphragm sign is seen in", "exp": "Air collects beneath the pericardium so the central part of diaphragm become visible represents pneumo mediastinium.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumo mediastinium", "opb": "Pseudo pneumomediastrinium", "opc": "Pleural effusion", "opd": "Pulmonary infarct", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0d4c905-4798-400f-8e4e-a0eef23b74aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sunray/ spoke wheel vasculature is a feature of", "exp": "On DSA- The classic angiographic appearance of a meningioma is a radial \"sunburst\" of vessels extending from the base of the tumor toward its periphery. Dural vessels supply the core or center of the lesion, radiating outward from the vascular pedicle of the tumor. DSA image showing characteristic SUNBURST PATTERN of meningioma. Mother in law sign- Lesions that enhance early during the aerial phase and remain opacified well after the venous phase and is seen in meningioma. Other Features of Meningioma Dural tail sign Hyperdense on CT Isointense/Hypointense on T2 Calcification Skeletal Hyperostosis Pneumosinus dilatans", "cop": 4, "opa": "Craniopharyngioma", "opb": "Glioblastoma multiforme", "opc": "Oligodendroglioma", "opd": "Meningioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "6b64255f-bea4-4caa-9a7e-8d06e924bdc4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optimal Doppler angle should be", "exp": "Ideal Doppler Angle for color doppler is 0 degrees ,Most blood vessels course parallel to the skin and zero Doppler angle is seldom obtainable. In addition, no Doppler shift is obtained at 90 degrees since the cosine of 90 degrees is 0. Thus, the optimal Doppler angle lies between 45 and 60 degrees.", "cop": 2, "opa": "90 degrees", "opb": "45-60 degrees", "opc": "60-80 degrees", "opd": "80-110 degrees", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "2d018b3b-6d9a-4de3-8471-113343d1f8f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thickness of lead apron is", "exp": "Thickness of lead apron is 0.5 mm.", "cop": 4, "opa": "0.25 mm", "opb": "0.3 mm", "opc": "0.4 mm", "opd": "0.5 mm", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3493e863-e23c-48d4-a8ba-5857efdd8eb8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Preoperative investigation to be done in down's syndrome posted for surgery", "exp": "Endocardial cushion defect is most commonly present in Down's syndrome patient.\nEcho is done prior.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CT", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "X-ray of hand", "opd": "Echo", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "17c5f73e-6b4f-4bc5-8bf0-0065f67784c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radioactive iodine for thyroid carcinoma is given by", "exp": "Radioactive iodine (131-I) is a radioactive isotope that is administered orally, in a liquid or capsule form.Thyroid tissue concentrates iodine. For this reason, 131I can be given in order to deliver tumoricidal doses of radioactivitydirectly to thyroid tissue, both benign and malignant. In the setting of thyroid cancer, all normal tissue should be removed (total thyroidectomy) along with any gross neck disease (neck dissection) in order for any residual microscopic disease or distant metastases to receive an optimal dose.(Ref: Practical Management of Thyroid Cancer: A Multidisciplinary ApproachErnest L. Mazzaferri et al, page 22)Bailey and Love 27e pg: 819", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oral route", "opb": "Intravenous route", "opc": "Topical route", "opd": "Intraaerial route", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "819ce624-f90f-4600-8981-6fbb7b54fa73", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Among the natural radiation, the one that contributes to\nmore radiation exposure of general population", "exp": "The general population is exposed to radiation primarily from natural background and medical sources.\nRadon and its decay products may become attached to dust particles that can be inhaled and deposited on the bronchial epithelium in the respiratory tract. Radon is estimated to be responsible for approximately 73% of the background exposure of the world’s population. \nKey Concept", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cosmic", "opb": "Terrestrial", "opc": "Radon", "opd": "Consumer products", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aee9dea8-5868-49e2-b25c-dbe4c6b04a6c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a radiological feature of scleroderma", "exp": "Bullet shaped vertebra is seen in Achondroplasia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Acroosteolysis", "opb": "Calcinosis", "opc": "Erosion of superior aspect of ribs", "opd": "Bullet shaped vertebra", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a504573a-e95d-45a6-9469-44bf58e28637", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stratosphere sign is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Pleural effusion", "opb": "Pneumothorax", "opc": "Rib fracture", "opd": "Bronchogenic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "117c286d-b1e2-483b-a87d-ccfcc6e4ec7f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thyroid dose from panoramic radiography is about", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "22 μGY", "opb": "34 μGY", "opc": "51 μGY", "opd": "74μGY", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "baab6335-5dd8-4bb6-acd2-1afa5188f51c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most appropriate initial method of investigation for carcinoma head of pancreas", "exp": "(A) EUS guided Transgastric biopsy [?]Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS):EUS can image the primary cancer and be a means of obtaining a FNA of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.When a mass cannot be visualized on CT scan, sonography through the wall of the stomach or duodenum can image tumors in the body or tail and head of the pancreas, respectively.Suspicious lesion by imaging should be treated with resection.In specific patients a tissue diagnosis may be needed, such as in patients entering a clinical trial, prior to neoadjuvant therapy, and prior to chemotherapy in advanced tumors (EUS can be highly accurate).EUS has a sensitivity for histologic diagnosis of 91% with a specificity of 100% with a pancreatic mass.Other Options[?]Multiphase Multidetector Helical Computerized Axial Tomography:Among diagnostic imaging techniques, abdominal CT scanning is the most common for confirming suspected pancreatic malignancy.Standard CT techniques are relatively insensitive for the assessment of resectability.Vascular involvement & liver metastases can be most optimally assessed with newer CT imaging techniques.Cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation of a pancreatic tumor is the multiphase CT scan, with i.v. contrast CT through pancreas during arterial, portal venous, & parenchymal phases of enhancement.[?]Magnetic Resonance Imaging:To date, MRI has not been widely used to assess pancreatic cancer.This method was initially limited by long scanning times and the resultant artifact caused by organ motion.Dynamic MRI, with i.v. contrast enhance have sensitivity & specificity comparable to those for helical CT.Some found MRI more accurate at predicting malignancy of the pancreatic duct due to findings of concurrent MRI cholangiopancreatography, but use of this imaging method for pancreatic cancer is currently not widespread.[?]Staging Laparoscopy:Laparoscopy & multiphase CT have evolved concurrently as methods to evaluate a pancreatic mass.Both have emerged as highly effective in evaluating the tumors, but CT as a noninvasive modality supplants the use of routine laparoscopy.Laparoscopy that precedes planned resection can accurately identify metastases that avoid detection by CT, and when combined with laparoscopic ultrasound, can delineate vascular invasion as well as metastases within the hepatic parenchyma.Currently, routine use of laparoscopy is not warranted.Few patients will have findings on laparoscopy that add to information found at CT scanning.The group at JHMI retrospectively reviewed 188 cases of patients studied preoperatively using CT and treated through a laparotomy.Preoperative laparoscopy would have benefited a maximum of 2.3% of patients with a pancreatic head tumor.Lesions in the body and tail were more likely to have misleading CT scans (35.3%).American Hepato-Pancreato-biliary Association recommends laparoscopy be limited to select patients with primary tumors greater than 3 cm in diameter, body or tail tumors, equivocal findings of metastasis on CT, & CA19-9 level greater than 100U/mL.Using these criteria, the subset of patients with advanced tumors not identified on CT scan can be accurately assessed by laparoscopy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "EUS guided Trans gastric biopsy", "opb": "CT guided Biopsy", "opc": "MRI guided biopsy", "opd": "Laparoscopic Biopsy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "21acd5c7-8ddd-4813-bf27-ea56ba7e3ac6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pulmonary embolism is best diagnosed by", "exp": "D i.e. CT Scan Investigation of choice (IOC) is CT angiography (contrast CT) followed by pulmonary aeriography followed by a ventilation - perfusion scanQ. Advantages & Disadvantages of various tests for DTE Dx Test Advantages Disadvantages 1. Plasm D-dimer ELISA Normal results make PE highly unlikely Level is elevated in various systemic illnesses 2. Lung (V-P) Scanning Standard initial imaging test for Most scans are neither high probability nor PEQ. High probability scans are reliable for detecting PE normal/near normal scans are reliable for precluding PE normal/near normal; most are equivocal 3. Pulmonary angiography Gold standard for diagnosisQ Invasive, Costly & Uncomfoable ; so not a first line investigation 4. CT angiography (helical) - Noninvasive, widely available test - Initially it was a sensitive method of that has replaced pulmonary detecting central segmental, lobar & main angiography (conventional) as the pulmonary aery emboli upto 4th order vessel main stay investigation for PEQ. (-- 7mm diameter) i.e., from aoic arch to - Stratifies risk, obtains images of inferior pulmonary vein. However, with RV & LV advent of helical & multidetector CT (MDCT) has improved resolution of peripheral aeries upto 6th order.", "cop": 4, "opa": "USG", "opb": "X Ray Chest", "opc": "Ventilation - Perfusion Scan", "opd": "CT Scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "358c6310-60d0-4f7f-82ad-a39402dc77bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lacunar skull is a radiological feature of", "exp": "Lacunar skull - Arnold chiari malformation.\nCotton wool skull - Paget's disease.\nGeographic skull - Eosinophilic granuloma.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Paget's disease", "opb": "Eosinophilic granuloma", "opc": "Fibrous skull", "opd": "Arnold chiari malformation.", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5d6d8ec0-d8e4-4417-9dab-f2ac9a05f5df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Champagne glass pelvic inlet is seen in", "exp": "Achondroplasia\n\nTrident hand\nChampagne glass pelvic inlet\nBullet vertebra.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cushing's syndrome", "opb": "Addison's disease", "opc": "Achondroplasia", "opd": "Hypothyroidism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09f516ef-c8d6-4371-b85c-a6bbd236c1d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pop corn calcification is a characteristic of", "exp": "Pop corn calcification is characteristic of pulmonary hamartoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sarcoidosis", "opb": "TB", "opc": "Pulmonary hamartoma", "opd": "Metastasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc99cb98-c0d0-4d0e-9b9a-6eb7af80d3b0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The recommended monthly limit to the fetus is", "exp": "The NCRP recommends a monthly limit of 0.5 mSv (50 mrem) to the embryo or fetus once a woman declares her pregnancy. In contrast to this, the ICRP recommends a limit of 2 mSv (200 mrem) to the surface of the woman&;s abdomen (lower trunk) for the remainder of the pregnancy. These recommendations are essentially similar and are designed to limit the risk of mental retardation, other congenital malformations, and carcinogenesisReference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.05 mSv", "opb": "0.1 mSv", "opc": "0.5 mSv", "opd": "2 mSv", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "afa59aab-d3f0-4361-9107-fb774aa7988f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a radiological finding of Hemophilic arthropathy", "exp": "Knee intercondylar notch widening is seen in Hemophilia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Patellar squaring", "opb": "Subchondral cyst", "opc": "Shortening of intercondylar notch of knee", "opd": "Epiphyseal Overgrowth", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "91ba6cde-981c-43f5-9cb6-6c6eacb11337", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Square root sign\" is a radiological finding of", "exp": "\"Square root sign\" - Contrictive pericorditis.\nGround glass ventricular septum - HOCM.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Constrictive pericarditis", "opb": "HOCM", "opc": "ASD", "opd": "Pleuro - pericardial cyst", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b1946420-b56d-4e22-a2d9-d74093436f33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a radiological feature of rickets", "exp": "Ans. c (Subluxation of epiphysis) (Ref. RRM 6th ed., 156)RICKETS# Faulty mineralization of the bone before the fusion of growth plate, i.e., during enchondral bone growth, is known as RICKETS.# Histo: zone of maturation has an increase in number of maturing cartilage cells with loss of normal columnar arrangement; zone of preparatory calcification does not form; failure of osteoid mineralization also in shafts so that osteoid production elevates periosteum.# Location: Metaphyses of long bones subjected to stress are particularly involved (wrist, ankles, knees)# X-rav features:- Widening and lengthening of growth plate (zone of provisional calcification affected) is earliest radiographic feature of rickets.- Reaction of periosteum may occur - - Indistinct cortex - Coarse trabeculation - Knees + wrists + ankles mainly affected - Rickets- Epiphyseal plates widened + irregular - Tremendous metaphysis (fraying, splaying, cupping) - Spur (metaphyseal) - Additional features: --- * Bowing of long bones* Genu recurvatum* At costochondral junction, epiphyseal widening results in typical 'rachitic rosary'* Frontal bossing* Scoliosis* Slipped capital femoral epiphysis* Triradiate pelvis* Basilar invaginationEducational point:D/d of Frayed Metaphyses# Congenital infections (rubella, syphilis)# Hypophosphatasia # Achondroplasia # RicketsMnemonic: CHARMS# Metaphyseal dysostosis # Scurvy The radiological features of scurvy1)Spurs (Pelkan Spur)Metaphyseal spurs projecting at right angles to axis of shaft2)Subperiosteal hemorrhagesDiaphyseal subperiosteal hematoma with calcification of elevated periosteum is the sure sign of healing (woody-leg)3)Cortical thinning\"Pencil-thin\" cortex4)Corner sign of ParkeSubepiphyseal infarction or comminution causing mushrooming or cupping of epiphysis5)5)OsteoporosisCharacteristically \"ground-glass\" osteoporosis6)Rarefaction zone of TrummerfeldMetaphyseal radiolucent zone on shaft side7)White line of FrankelMetaphyseal zone of provisional/preparatory calcification also seen in lead or phosphorus or bismuth poisoning and in healing rickets8)Wimberger's signSclerotic ring seen around the low-density osteopenic epiphysis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Splaying of metaphysis", "opb": "Cupping of metaphysis", "opc": "Subluxation of epiphysis", "opd": "Widening of metaphysis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal System", "id": "2d71e498-595d-476d-83fc-7c9268e10044", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iridium 192 half life", "exp": "Ans. (c) 74 daysRef: Basic radiological physics 2nd ed. /180* Iridium-192, emits gamma rays. It has energy of 0.4MeV.* Tl/2 of iridium 192: 74 daysImportant Half Life of Radionuclides* Gold-198: 2.7 days* Iodine- 123: 13.3 hours* Iodine-131: 8 days* Phosphorus-32: 14.3 days* Yttrium 90: 64 hours* Cobalt-60: 5.26 years* Caesium-137: 30 years* Radium-226: 1620 years", "cop": 3, "opa": "2.7 days", "opb": "8 days", "opc": "74 days", "opd": "16 hours", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Physics of Radiotherapy", "id": "9b3cda10-913a-4b26-bd56-93f4d5cf5def", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum damage to skin is caused by", "exp": "Ans. c (Orthovoltage X-ray) (Ref. Harrison's medicine 17th ed. 484)# External Beam therapy unit includea. X-ray machine orb. Teletherapy unit (i.e. Linear Acclerator or Cobalt-60 unit)# Beams used for external radiotherapy are# X-ray beams:a. Conventionalb. Superficial: 40 to 120 kVc. Orthovoltage: 250 to 400 kVd. Megavoltage: (> 1Mv) - 2, 4, 6, 12 & 35 MeV# Gamma ray beams:a. Cobalt -60 beamb. Cesium -137 beam# Particle beams:a. Electronsb. Protonsc. NeutronsThus routine radio-therapy treatment is by X-ray beams in the super voltage or mega voltage range.# Orthovoltage or deep X-ray therapy machine produce X-rays with a voltage of 200-300 kV.# For many years they were the most powerful machines in radiotherapy and were used to irradiate most sites, however now been replaced by megavoltage equipments because of following advantages of megavoltage therapy (2 to 8 million volts);# Skin sparing effects: With orthovoltage X-rays maximum dose is received by skin surface whereas with high voltagesmaximum dose is at some distance beneath skin, the skin is thus spared with high dose.# Greater penetration of beam# Differential absorption in tissues# Improved collimation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Super voltage X-ray therapy", "opb": "Mega voltage X-ray", "opc": "Orthovoltage X-ray", "opd": "Cobalt-60", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "c3a8761f-af83-4be4-bff7-5e429a9b9064", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Honey comb lung appearance is seen in", "exp": "Honey comb lung\nHistiocytosis-x, scleroderma, Rheumatoid arthritis, ILD, TB.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Consolidation", "opb": "Alveolar cell carcinoma", "opc": "Scleroderma", "opd": "Pulmonary edema", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b7492bb7-c8c5-41b5-8eaa-7e79d45e0a69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Saw tooth appearance on barium study is seen in", "exp": "Diveiculosis Saw-tooth appearance to the colon, usually sigmoid, with shoening of the bowel, crowding of haustra and picket-fencing of folds Ischemic colitis - thumb printing sign.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Intussusception", "opb": "Ileocecal TB", "opc": "Ischemic colitis", "opd": "Diveiculosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "f87bcf29-9381-4164-8539-19b470c9ed8e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sestamibi Scan is used in", "exp": "C i.e. Parathyroid gland", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ectopic thyroid", "opb": "Ectopic parathyroid", "opc": "Parathyroid adenoma", "opd": "Extra adrenal pheochromocytoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "76c0f159-bcb9-44f0-a317-94a0b54e1b86", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common endocrine complication of intracranial radiotherapy is", "exp": "Growth hormone deficiency is M/c endocrine complication.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Growth hormone deficiency", "opb": "Cushing's syndrome", "opc": "Addison's disease", "opd": "TSH deficiency", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "846d1705-6f33-4f25-9cce-2ee3ccc996f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Goose neck deformity is seen in", "exp": "Ileocecal TB: Goose neck deformity occurs due to contracted, cicatrized, and pulled-up cecum as well as straightening of the terminal ileum.", "cop": 3, "opa": "CHPS", "opb": "Ischemic colitis", "opc": "Ileocecal TB", "opd": "Crohn's disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "53fdd984-8e85-4c96-a7d7-403f33712050", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The minimum amount of tooth demineralization required for radiographic detection of dental caries is", "exp": "Lesions confined to enamel may not be evident until approximately 30% to 40% demineralization has occurred. For this reason, the actual depth of penetration of a carious lesion is often deeper than seen in the image.\n \nOral radiology by White & Pharaoh 7th ed. Page no 288", "cop": 2, "opa": "20%", "opb": "40%", "opc": "60%", "opd": "80%", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "877bcad6-c84d-4421-baf3-e9c396a24657", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation not useful in Multiple Myeloma", "exp": "The Bone scan is a nuclear scan done using Tc99m-MDP and shows a hot spot in areas of osteoblastic activity. As Multiple myeloma has osteolytic metastasis, So bone scan is not sensitive for detecting these bone mets and usually appear as cold areas Multidetector CT (MDCT) is more sensitive in detecting Myeloma and a low-dose technique can be used to limit radiation to the patient", "cop": 3, "opa": "CT SCAN", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "BONE SCAN", "opd": "PET", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "CT SCAN", "id": "c2e96c6e-776e-4c0f-9b96-218a2ec38711", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calcification of Posterior Longitudnal Ligament is best diagnosed by", "exp": "* Calcifications are best seen on CT Scan images. * Calcification of Posterior Longitudnal Ligament is (OPLL) Ossified Posterior Longitudnal Ligament and was traditionally considered more frequent in Japan and common in cervical spine Figure: Illustration of OPLL Figure: OPLL On plain film Figure: OPLL on sagittal CT scan Calcification of Posterior Longitudnal Ligament is also known as Japan's Disease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "X-Ray", "opb": "CT", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "PET", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "CT SCAN", "id": "25c493ba-e82c-4893-8c38-367c25a19dc5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most radiosensitive among the following is", "exp": "(D) Nucleosomal DNA > Among the factors contributing to the distribution of DNA damage within irradiated mammalian cell nuclei are the interactions of DNA with nuclear proteins and the formation of multi-molecular chromatin structures. Studies on the manipulation of chromatin structures of isolated nuclei are summarised.> The majority of chromatin within the nucleus of living cells is tightly compacted into nucleosomal superhelices and other higher order structures which have a limited ability to be damaged by radiation.> The treatment of isolated nuclei with hypotonic buffers causes a decondensation of these structures and markedly sensitises the DNA to radiation, while retaining the majority of the chromosomal proteins", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nuclear DNA", "opb": "Mitochondrial DNA", "opc": "Satellite DNA", "opd": "Nucleosomal DNA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "60fa1475-03dc-4cf5-a4cf-a4481696d728", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiological investigation of female of reproductive age group is restricted to", "exp": "B i.e. First ten days of M.C. Ten day Rule : Radiological investigation in a reproductive age gp. female should be carried out within 10 days of last Menstrual Period i.e. Ist 10 days of M.C. Q (i.e. within in 10 days of onset of menstruation). This was stated in the belief that there was then least likelihood of conception taking place (but if it did, the embryo would be most sensitive to radiation) it is now believed that fetus is relatively insensitive to radiation in early stages of pregnancy, any adverse effect leads to spontaneous aboion. The fetus is most sensitive to radiation, at 8-15 weeks gestation for increased incidence of Down's Syndrome and slight reduction in IQ.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Menstrual Period", "opb": "First 10 days of Menstrual Cycle", "opc": "10-20 days of M.C.", "opd": "Last 10 days of M.C.", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7375dcd1-14ae-4372-b66d-cd166983fe92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Soap bubble appearence on abdominal radiograph is associated with", "exp": "Soap-bubble' effect of gas mixed with 'meconium', commonly seen with 'meconium ileus'.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Achalasia cardia", "opb": "Meconium ileus", "opc": "Duodenal atresia", "opd": "CHPS", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "96b4ddb8-d8c2-44bd-aee3-8fa9d5acb9bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most commonly used Piezoelectric crystal is", "exp": "Most Commonly used Piezoelectric Crystal in Ultrasound probe is Lead Zirconate Titanate. Quaz is a natural piezoelectric crystal. Piezoelectric Crystals conve electrical energy into sound waves and sound waves back into electric current. Ultrasound transducers act as both transmitter and receiver. Other impoant points for USG: - USG uses Harmonic imaging (better image quality) - USG uses Pulse echo principle - Frequency of USG waves in USG is 2-20 MHz NOTE Lead Lead is m/c agent used for radiation shielding. Lead aprons safeguard workers from effects of scattered radiations TLD badgesthat are worn under the aprons, to monitor radiation dose are made up of Lithium flouride/dysprosium. Walls and glass of CT scan room are made up of lead.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Quaz", "opb": "Lead zirconate", "opc": "Barium zirconate", "opd": "Titanium", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "7a8fa6ed-835e-4f42-96d8-481c7470136a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Impared Renal Function is assessed by", "exp": "A i.e. MAG3", "cop": 1, "opa": "MAG3", "opb": "IodoHippurate", "opc": "DMSA Scan", "opd": "DTPA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3c909b4-1fd7-41be-ac32-25907e42095d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tumor associated with extracranial spread", "exp": "B i.e. Medulloblastoma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ependymoma", "opb": "Medulloblastoma", "opc": "Glioblastoma multiformae", "opd": "Choroid plexus papilloma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2310bcfd-beca-4016-99a3-ad67cc340e6e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best view to visualize zygomatic arches is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Jug Handle view", "opb": "Occipito mental view", "opc": "Orthopantamogram", "opd": "Skull PA view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b0833139-ef09-4e03-a7b7-3077b79f3804", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Point A in radiotherapy for Ca cervix corresponds to", "exp": "Manchester-Point A SystemThe Manchester System was designed for use with LDR radium brachytherapy. It is the most commonly used technique. Point A - Representing the paracervical triangle (where the uterine aery crosses the ureter). This is the commonly repoed dose point. The position has varied several times, but the most modern definition is 2 cm along the most inferior source within the tandem (alternatively 2 cm along the tandem from the external cervical os), and 2 cm lateral to the tandem. Point A is recorded for all brachytherapy treatments, even those that use image-guided techniques.Point B - Representing the pelvic sidewall/obturator nodes, Point B is located 5 cm lateral to the midline at the same level as point A. It also gives a guide as to the lateral spread of the radiation dose.ICRU Repo 38The ICRU released repo 38 regarding dosimetry of cervical cancer brachytherapy. It discouraged the use of Point A and Point B.It also recommended that bladder and rectal point doses be included.Bladder Point - After inseion of a Foley catheter, the balloon is inflated with 7 ml of contrast. The catheter is then pulled until the balloon rests against the urethra. The bladder point is the most posterior pa of an anteroposterior line drawn through the center of the balloon.Rectal Point - The rectal point is located 5 mm posterior to the posterior vaginal wall, along with a line perpendicular to the midpoint of the activity of the ovoids.The ICRU also recommended repoing of multiple other dose points, including pelvic wall points. These are not commonly repoed. The repoing of the dose delivered to the treatment volume was based on the length, width, and depth of the pear-shaped volume generated by the treatment.(Diagnosis and Management of Cancer by Asok Metha,page73)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lateral pelvic lymph nodes", "opb": "Urinary bladder", "opc": "Rectum", "opd": "Uterine vessel crossing ureter", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d27f1ed3-1b6c-4f41-85be-ac8f39b1e5f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cobra head deformity is characterstic of", "exp": "B i.e. Ureterocele", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior urethral valve", "opb": "Ureterocele", "opc": "Bladder tumor", "opd": "Cytitis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a578c2f1-a1b3-4664-ac49-1da702ccdee0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unilateral elevation of diaphragm is commonly due to", "exp": "Causes of unilateral elevation of the dome of diaphragm: 1. Idiopathic 2. Eventration 3. Muscular disease 4. Radiation therapy 5. Neurologic disease (Stroke, polio) 6. Trauma, Erb's palsy", "cop": 2, "opa": "Obesity", "opb": "Large Liver", "opc": "Scoliosis", "opd": "Congenital causes", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "8ca8600f-f815-4a1f-8c81-e4e88a673605", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most useful investigation of choice for liver abscess is", "exp": "Ans. (b) UltrasoundRef: Bailey & Love 25th 169* On ultrasound, an abscess cavity in the liver is seen as a hypoechoic or anechoic lesion with ill-defined borders; internal echoes suggest necrotic material or debris. The investigation is very accurate and is used for aspiration, both diagnostic and therapeutic.* Where there is doubt about the diagnosis, a computerized tomography (CT) scan may be helpful.Also KnowDiagnostic pointers for infection with Entamoeba histolytica* Bloody mucoid diarrhoea in a patient from an endemic area or following a recent visit to such a place* Upper abdominal pain, fever, cough, malaise* In chronic cases, a mass in the right iliac fossa = amoeboma* Sigmoidoscopy shows typical ulcers--biopsy and scrapings may be diagnostic* Serological tests are highly sensitive and specific outside endemic areas* Ultrasound and CT scans are the imaging methods of choice.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Exploratory laparotomy", "opb": "Ultrasound", "opc": "Liver enzymes", "opd": "Parasite in the stool", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Abdominal Radiography", "id": "76fa27eb-c7c3-4ce3-8798-984f093ec630", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most impoant investigation for posterior urethralvalve is", "exp": "D i.e. MCU", "cop": 4, "opa": "Urethroscopy", "opb": "IVP", "opc": "Retrograde cystogram", "opd": "Micturating cystogram (MCU)", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36b276e4-bff4-4e7b-b218-55f8bd24560a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Slip ring technology is used in", "exp": "A Slip ring is an electromechanical device that allows the transmission of power and electrical signals from a stationary to a rotating structure. A slip ring can be used in any electromechanical system that requires rotation while transmitting power.", "cop": 4, "opa": "First generation CT", "opb": "Ultrasound", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "Spiral CT", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "CT SCAN", "id": "f931166e-d8ad-4261-9252-d99b3e8b012a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of widening of C loop of duedenum", "exp": "M/c cause - Carcinoma head of pancreas.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pancreatitis", "opb": "Carcinoma head of pancreas", "opc": "Choledochal cyst", "opd": "Retroperitoneal masses", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4229aa6b-113b-4875-8b22-bf274c793c21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hamman's sign is positive in emphysema.", "exp": "Mediastinal", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mediastinal", "opb": "Surgical", "opc": "Panacinar", "opd": "Interstitial", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0d8665b-6a21-4ee4-963e-6da8cebd1eef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gestation sac is picked up by USG earliest at", "exp": "Earliest by 4 1/2 weeks of gestation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "5 - 6 weeks of gestation", "opb": "6 - 8 weeks of gestation", "opc": "8 - 10 weeks of gestation", "opd": "12 weeks of gestation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "786c53d8-b2e6-4a83-932e-bba2f450d7b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radioisotope used for thyroid treatment of metastasis / ablation", "exp": "Ans. (b) 1-131Ref: Sutton 7th/1504* Iodine-131 has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days.* Iodine-131 exhibits a beta mode of decay, and leads to death in cells that it penetrates up to several millimeters and hence is useful for thyroid ablation.* 1-123 has a half-life of 13.22 hours and is a radioactive isotope of iodine used in nuclear medicine imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography.", "cop": 2, "opa": "1-123", "opb": "1-131", "opc": "Jan-83", "opd": "Jan-90", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "f9019ae7-abc6-41ed-845b-a6bc2f682dc0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The given lesion is best associated with", "exp": "Pale infarctions in the CNS best characterize the lesions associated with an atherosclerotic (ischemic) stroke. The four major causes of a cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, in order of frequency, are ischemia (60% to 90% of cases), intracerebral hemorrhage (e.g., hypeensive bleed), subarachnoid hemorrhage (e.g., ruptured berry aneurysm, aeriovenous malformation), and embolic infarction (e.g., hemorrhagic infarction). As a general rule, ischemic strokes are pale (80% of cases) and the other three are hemorrhagic. The majority of ischemic strokes are due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic infarctions are most commonly secondary to a thrombus overlying an atheromatous plaque at the origin of the internal carotid aery. Consequences of atherosclerosis involving the cerebral vessels include cerebral infarction, cerebral atrophy, ischemic encephalopathy (laminar necrosis, watershed infarcts), transient ischemic attacks, and thromboembolism of a poion of atherosclerotic plaque to a distant location. They are usually pale infarcts because the atherosclerotic plaque occludes most of the lumen and reperfusion of the infarcted area usually does not occur. Grossly, there is softening of the brain after 6 hours, with a visible loss of normal demarcation between the gray and white matter. Microscopically, \"red neurons\" (i.e., apoptosis of individual neurons), nuclear pyknosis, and degeneration of myelin are present. After 2 to 10 days, the brain tissue is gelatinous. Neutrophils transiently invade the necrotic area but are soon replaced by microglial cells, many of which have engulfed lipid and appear as gitter cells. From 10 days to 3 weeks, liquefactive necrosis produces cystic areas in the brain. The subjacent brain parenchyma contains reactive astrocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm. Cerebral infarcts present with a gradual onset of symptoms (i.e., transient ischemic attacks; TIAs), followed by localizing neurologic signs of contra lateral hemiplegia, aphasia, and visual defects (amaurosis fugax), depending on the site of infarction and whether the dominant hemisphere is involved. The majority of patients recover and regain paial restoration of their initial deficits. TIAs occur in patients with fixed atherosclerotic disease and are often caused by dislodgment of platelet and/or cholesterol emboli into the peripheral vessels. They generally last a few seconds to a few minutes and, by definition, recovery is within 24 hours. Unilateral symptoms suggest carotid ischemia, whereas bilateral symptoms suggest veebrobasilar ischemia, especially if accompanied by veigo, dysahria, or dysphagia. Ticlopidine, which inhibits the synthesis of adenosine diphosphate, or aspirin, which decreases the synthesis of thromboxane A2, are commonly used to prevent TIAs.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Embolic stroke", "opb": "Hypeensive bleed", "opc": "Atherosclerotic (ischemie) stroke", "opd": "Ruptured berry aneurysm", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "ef4f9875-8cf6-46e7-9b38-a436bbe2d8dd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Egg shell calcification seen in silicosis is due to", "exp": "(a) Hilar lymphnode enlargement > Enlargement of the hilum is common with chronic and accelerated silicosis. In about 5-10% of cases, the nodes will calcify circumferentially, producingso-called \"Eggshell\" calcification.> This finding is not pathognomonic (diagnostic) of silicosis. In some cases, the pulmonary nodules may also become calcified.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hilar lymphnode enlargement", "opb": "Pleural thickening", "opc": "Pulmonary edema", "opd": "Dilated vessels", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "7367a56d-342d-4ebb-874e-6d21cd5d4296", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "'Stipple sign’ in transitional cell carcinoma of the renal collecting system is best demonstrated by", "exp": "An intravenous pyelogram, also called an intravenous urogram, is a radiological procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Intravenous urography", "opb": "Retrograde pyeloureterography", "opc": "Radionuclide scan", "opd": "Ultrasound scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fdc9869f-1ffc-462e-bbb3-358e37255f3b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best view to seen pneumoperitoneum is", "exp": "Best view to seen pneumoperitoneum - Chest x-ray in erect position.\nIf unable to stand - Left lateral decubitus View.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chest X-ray in erect position", "opb": "X-ray abdomen", "opc": "USG abdomen", "opd": "FAST", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0b02819d-58a0-43de-96c9-7399113e36f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Renal cell carcinoma investigation of choice to evaluate inferior venacava & renal vein for thrombus", "exp": "B i.e. Coloured Doppler", "cop": 2, "opa": "IVP", "opb": "Coloured Doppler", "opc": "USG", "opd": "CT scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3416ac0-42bc-4099-850d-e6476d509c97", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best investigation for Traumatic paraplegia", "exp": "B i.e. MRI MRIQ is the investigation of choice for imaging traumatic spine (ex paraplegia). CT is second best investigation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CT Scan", "opb": "Routine Tomography (MRI)", "opc": "X Ray spine", "opd": "Myelography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9cb41110-fcf1-42ab-abac-e65a364239e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Radiological feature of ileal atresia", "exp": "Multiple bubble sign in seen in ileal atresia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Obstruction on Barium meal", "opb": "Microcolon on Barium enema", "opc": "Double bubble sign", "opd": "Apple - Peel appearance", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e01c79e5-39c2-4b94-a4d8-96202c2edbe9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The radiographic appearance of Botryoid odontogenic cyst is", "exp": "An unusual form of cyst called botryoid odontogenic cyst, manifests radiographically with a multilocular pattern, is simply a polycystic variant of the lateral periodontal cyst developing through cystic transformation of multiple islands of dental lamina rests. The  botryoid odontogenic cyst appears similar, except that its polycystic nature is often evident through its multi-locular pattern on the radiograph.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Apple green appearance", "opb": "Grape bunch appearance", "opc": "Lemon peel appearance", "opd": "Orange peel appearance", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "17bde1d1-8aad-47c0-8a91-2de7f03bea48", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calcified lesions are better seen on", "exp": "CT is better in detecting calcification (eg. pericardial calcification, coronary calcification) bone injury, lung and chest imaging.", "cop": 3, "opa": "USG", "opb": "X-ray", "opc": "CT", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "CT SCAN", "id": "0526bf40-7ce8-4395-b00f-cb9eddac8807", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The diagnostic procedure not done in case of pheochromocytoma.", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. FNAC 1551 \"Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of chromaffin tumors is contraindicated; indeed, pheochromocytoma should be considered before adrenal lesions are aspirated.\" -Harrison\"Catastrophic hypertensive crisis and fatal cardiac arrhythmias can occur spontaneously or may be triggered by intravenous contrast dye or glucagon injection, needle biopsy of the mass, anesthesia, and surgical procedures.\" -", "cop": 3, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "FNAC", "opd": "MIBGscan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Endocrine System", "id": "049819f9-15f1-41a8-a2db-9c490daa97db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sea shore sign on USG is see in", "exp": "Sea shore sign - Normal lung.\nLoss of this pattern (stratosphere sign) - Pneumothorax.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pneumo thorax", "opb": "Normal lung", "opc": "Pleural effusion", "opd": "Pulmonary edema", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "35e55ba3-462a-42b1-9a60-7284007dd60f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation mediates its effect by", "exp": "Ans. Denaturation of DNA", "cop": 1, "opa": "Denaturation of DNA", "opb": "Ionization of the molecules", "opc": "Protein coagulation", "opd": "Osmolysis of cells", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f34fe8e-301d-438f-8734-1b05ed9f5b30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of Choledochal cyst", "exp": "Type 1 - m/c.\nType 5  - Least common.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Type 1", "opb": "Type 2", "opc": "Type 3", "opd": "Type 4", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9d69182c-0e19-486e-8490-a0c6fc931957", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cause of Unilateral Hypertranslucent hemithorax", "exp": "Poland's (U/L congenital absence of pectoral muscles) - thus hypertransluscency.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pleural effusion", "opb": "Pneumonectony", "opc": "Poland's syndrome", "opd": "Collapse", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1b083d2-5bfd-453e-b487-5e87f3b86824", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hair on end appearance is most common is", "exp": "All of the above causes Hair on end appearance.\nThalassemia major > Sickle cell disease.\nNo Thalassemia major in Options.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sickle cell disease", "opb": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "opc": "G6PD deficiency", "opd": "Cyanotic heart disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "22815ec2-46ca-4ad8-9e50-8b595580895d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Principle used in radiotherapy is", "exp": "B i.e. ionization of molecule", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytoplasmic coagulation", "opb": "Ionization of molecule", "opc": "DNA damage", "opd": "Necrosis of tissue", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cb8b5553-6aa6-49aa-94d6-b82206257be4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ioc in Choledocholithiasis", "exp": "IoC for Cholelithiasis - USG\nIoC for Choledocholithiasis - MRCP.", "cop": 2, "opa": "USG", "opb": "MRCP", "opc": "ERCP", "opd": "HIDA Scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e620ceb0-655b-4475-a462-a785fad13d77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Central dot sign on CT scan is seen in", "exp": "Caroli disease is a congenital disorder comprising of multifocal cystic dilatation of segmental intrahepatic bile ductsalso classified as a type V choledochal cyst, according to the Todani classificationPathologically, belongs to the spectrum of fibropolycystic liver disease which results from in utero malformation of the ductal plateTwo types - simple and peripoal fibrosisImaging features:CT/US/ MR:central dot sign = poal vein radicles completely surrounded by dilated bile ductsCholangiography (diagnostic):segmental saccular/fusiform/beaded dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts extending to the periphery of liver up to 5 cm in diameterbridge formation across dilated luminaintraluminal bulbar protrusionsfrequent ectasia of extrahepatic ducts + CBDComplications:Intraductal stonesCholangitis and AbscessLiver cirrhosisCholangiocarcinomaTodani classification:(Ref: Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, page 797)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Caroli's disease", "opb": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis", "opc": "Polycystic liver disease", "opd": "Liver hamaoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c8c9779d-0855-4933-a47c-4b22d33b2361", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stereotactic radiotherapy is used in", "exp": "Ans. b. Stage I lung carcinoma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Miliary tuberculosis", "opb": "Stage I lung carcinoma", "opc": "Lymphangitis Carcinomatosa", "opd": "Carcinoma base of tongue with positive lymph nodes", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0569a79-7818-4fe1-a5af-8fac859c10eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Multiple radio opacities are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Multiple myeloma", "opb": "Cherubism", "opc": "Osteopetrosis", "opd": "Odontomas", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9be1b06c-9c0f-4e0c-87f6-779d00eea8fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best method of investigation is case of acute cholecystitis is", "exp": "Radionuclide imaging", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ultrasound", "opb": "ERCP", "opc": "OCG", "opd": "Radionuclide imaging", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce1cafe6-3ac1-4a95-8f21-075291d25450", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best view to detect minimal Right sided pleural effusion", "exp": "As little as 10 - 25 ml of fluied can be demonstrated.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Right lateral decubitus view", "opb": "Left lateral decubitus view", "opc": "Right oblique view", "opd": "Left oblique view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1abadc95-421d-4a1f-85fe-4c48d435c785", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tram track calcification is seen in", "exp": "Sturge weber syndrome", "cop": 2, "opa": "Eosinophilic granuloma", "opb": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opc": "Weber Christain syndrome", "opd": "Neurofibroma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2588e2c5-3ce6-4adb-a718-dddde3962c0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vesicouretric reflux is demonstrated by", "exp": "VUR - Tc 99 - DMSA\nGFR estimation Tc 99 - DTPA", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tc-99 - DTPA", "opb": "Tc-99 - DMSA", "opc": "Tc-99 - MAG-3", "opd": "I - 123 - OIH", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6fb4aece-8420-4662-856d-a3f0b0838b74", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hockey stick appearance on echo is a feature of", "exp": "Echocardiographic features of mitral stenosis:-Thickened and calcified mitral leaflets and subvalvular apparatus -Decreased E-F slope (M-mode)-Hockey stick appearance of the anterior mitral leaflet in diastole(long axis view)-Immobility of the posterior mitral leaflet (a similar appearance can be seen in hypereosinophilia or ergot use)-Fish mouth orifice in the sho axis view-Increased LA size, with the potential for thrombus formationDynamic CT: the Restricted opening of the thickened valve from commissural fusion (especially with rheumatic valve disease), valve calcification, or both results in a \"fish-mouth\" appearance on sho-axis images. Bowing of a thickened and fibrotic anterior leaflet during diastole may result in a \"hockey-stick\" appearance which is best seen on two- or four-chamber images(Ref: The echo manual by Jae K Oh; J B Seward; A Jamil Tajik, page no 202)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mitral stenosis", "opb": "Mitral incompetence", "opc": "Aoic stenosis", "opd": "Aoic regurgitation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "aeb677ed-4e3d-42a2-bc16-d26a4fc90b34", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of Vertebra plana", "exp": "Vertebra plana:\n\nUniform collapse of a vertebral body into a thin, flat disc.\nM/c cause - Eosinophilic granuloma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Eosinophilic granuloma", "opb": "Leukemia", "opc": "TB", "opd": "Metastasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c67645da-be45-485f-a7b5-87c882d4a6c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acro Osteolysis is seen in", "exp": "Acroosteolysis\n\nSclerodeima\nHyperparathyoidism\nRheumatomoid arthritis\nRaynaud's\nPsoriatric arthropathy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Amyloidosis", "opb": "Gout", "opc": "Psoriatic arthropathy", "opd": "Multiple myeloma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "deed7eef-d5f7-41b0-ba00-7b796f74f124", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for evaluation of upper abdominal trauma", "exp": "Initial investigation in abdominal trauma is FAST (USG) IOC in Abdominal Trauma - CECT", "cop": 2, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT", "opc": "SCINTIGRAPHY", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "721cba3b-6106-49b1-9787-f32caf2941ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best Investigation for diagnosing Minimal Right Pleural Effusion is", "exp": "*IOC for minimal Pleural Effusion is USG *Best X ray View for minimal Pleural Effusion is Ipsilateral Lateral Decubitus View.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Right Lateral Decubitus Xiew X ray", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "USG", "opd": "Left Lateral Decubitus X ray", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "8eb751a7-c2a5-42f6-92ae-c7896592032e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SI unit of Radioactivity is", "exp": "SI unit - Becquerel\nOld unit - Curie", "cop": 2, "opa": "Curie", "opb": "Becquerel", "opc": "Roentgen", "opd": "Sievert", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "140a19fc-a436-4fd0-9795-268f35ab2682", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MRI magnet is a", "exp": "MRI uses a Superconducting magnet which is kept cool using Helium. A superconducting MRI magnet comprises a steel cryostat with the superconducting coils immersed in liquid helium at 4.2 Kelvin (-269degC or -452degF).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ferromagnet", "opb": "Paramagnet", "opc": "Simple magnet", "opd": "Superconducting-magnet", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "id": "2585e290-0e06-4b09-8ea5-a42aff4e560f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pesudo fracture of looser's zone is seen in", "exp": "C i.e. Osteomalacia", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osteoporosis", "opb": "Osteopetrosis", "opc": "Osteomalacia", "opd": "Scurvy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b2205c34-1423-4c04-8cd1-45c1eb329d5b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Absent lateral third of clavicle is seen in", "exp": "CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA/DYSOSTOSIS (CCD)Autosomal recessive disease with faulty intramembranous bone ossificationLarge head with small face, abnormal dentition and drooping hypermobile shouldersRadiological features:Skulla. Platybasia b. Large foramen magnum c. Wormian bonesd. Persistent metopic suture e. 'Hot cross bun' skull f. BrachycephalyThoraxa. Agenesis or hypoplasia of clavicles b. Small winged scapulaePelvisa. Underdeveloped pelvis b. Coxa valgus earlySpinea. Biconvex veebrae b. HemiveebraeExtremitiesElongated 2nd metacarpalD/d: pyknodysostosis (confused with CCD because of similar clavicular and skull changes, and pyknodysostosis is also confused with osteopetrosis because generalized increase in bone density, however these patients are not sho which differentiate it from CCD)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypoparathyroidism", "opb": "Turner's syndrome", "opc": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opd": "Cleidocranial dysostosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "03810e16-d8b3-414b-a4d5-d1abe3f5ee67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Capsule endoscopy is used for", "exp": "Video capsule endoscopy provides visualization of the GI tract by transmitting images wirelessly from a disposable capsule to a data recorder worn by the patient.WCE (wireless capsule endoscopy) has been approved for a number of indications in patients as young as 2 years. Most common indications :obscure GI bleeding (OGIB), both ove and occult, including iron deficiency anaemia (2) suspected Crohn's Disease (3) surveillance of patients with polyposis syndromes; (4) suspected small-intestine tumours; (5) suspected or refractory malabsorptive syndromes (eg, celiac disease).Relative contraindications:(1) with known or suspected GI obstruction, strictures, or fistulas based on the clinical picture or pre-procedure testing, (2) with cardiac pacemakers or other implanted electromedical devices, (3) with swallowing disorders, (4) who are pregnant.However Multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT enterography with wireless capsule endoscopy found significantly greater sensitivity with CT enterography than capsule endoscopy (88 vs 38%) in identifying a source of occult gastrointestinal bleeding.In clinical practice, CT enterography and capsule endoscopy are complementary, paicularly in the investigation of benign causes of blood loss(Ref: Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, page no 674 and Aicle on Wireless capsule endoscopyVolume 78, No. 6: 2013 GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY)", "cop": 3, "opa": "GERD", "opb": "Motility disorder", "opc": "Bleeding", "opd": "Peritoneal metastsis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7818b324-7b74-466e-a346-28704108cb34", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for determing the etiology of sub arachnoid hemorrhage", "exp": "Four vessels (Both carotid and both vertebral) digital subtraction angiography is the IOC for determing the etiology of SAH.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Non - contrast CT", "opb": "CECT", "opc": "Four vessel DSA", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "61d676f3-d9c9-4067-a67e-9ba6ef92a2cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xray view for superior orbital fissure is", "exp": "In plain AP view and Towne&;s view we can see the Temporal bone and sinus, zygoma, zygomatic arch and mandibleSuperior orbital fissure can be seen by Caldwell view and water&;s view.X-ray views of OrbitPA view, Caldwell Luc view Superior orbital fissureAp view, Townes viewInferior orbital fissureRhese viewOptic foramenPNS/ Water&;s viewFloor of orbit", "cop": 4, "opa": "Towne's", "opb": "AP", "opc": "Basal view", "opd": "Caldwell", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2fa162db-d696-47e0-8ed4-3b14a228bb28", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "1 Gray is equal to", "exp": "Ans: c (100 Rad) Ref: Practical Radiotherapy- Physics and equipment 2nd ed/p.25, 2521 Gray = 100 RadGray is defined as: ' The absorbed dose (D) is the quotient of de by dm, where de is the mean energy imparted by the ionising radiation to matter of mass dm. D = de dmThe S.I unit of absorbed dose is gray. 1 Gray = 1 joule per kg = 100 RadIntensity is defined as the X - ray energy passing through unit area per unit time and is measured in roentgens.Rem is the Rontgen equivalent man, where absorbed dose of rads is multiplied by the quality factor of the type of radiation. The biological effect of radiation is expressed in Rem.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 Rontgen", "opb": "1 Rad", "opc": "100 Rad", "opd": "1 Rem", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "d127a044-5c98-4ddc-a065-a4b41d8e5ddd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following RAIU studies demonstrate", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Graves Disease", "opb": "Toxic Adenoma", "opc": "MNG", "opd": "Lingual Thyroid", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Contrast Agents", "id": "15f028c1-6297-4572-b9df-5a2f317de36c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The sialographic appearance of a normal salivary gland is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Branching with bloom", "opb": "Branching with leaves", "opc": "Branchless with fruit laden", "opd": "Branchless with leaves", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "81137d4a-d49d-41ef-83cd-76f245c9a6ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mexican hat sign is seen in", "exp": "Pedunculated colonic polyps form the \"Mexican hat sign.\" The Mexican hat sign is formed by the appearance of 2 concentric rings; the outer ring represents the \"en face\" visualization of barium coating the surface of the head of a pedunculated polyp, while the inner ring represents a meniscus of barium surrounding the stalk of the polyp visualized through the head", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sigmoid volvulus", "opb": "Midgut volvulus", "opc": "Sessile colonic polyp", "opd": "Pedunculated polyp", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "eb9acde9-586a-43f6-9777-71893212bd69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stereotactie surgery is used for treatment of", "exp": "Ans. a. Brain tumor", "cop": 1, "opa": "Brain tumor", "opb": "Lungs carcinoma", "opc": "Cervix cancer", "opd": "Renal carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c2447135-aeff-4b99-b403-e275516b7e9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The \"Great Hilar Dance\" sign of flouroscopy is seen in", "exp": "Vigorous arterial pulsations due to increased blood flow, seen flouroscopically in patients with ASD.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ASD", "opb": "VSD", "opc": "TGA", "opd": "TAPVC", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "75f62036-edc6-4b43-a72c-bb0ae3d455e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for retinoblastoma is", "exp": "Retinoblastoma is malignant congenital intraocular tumour arising from primitive photoreceptor cells of the retina (included in primitive neuroectodermal tumour group)Two types -Heritable and non-heritableTrilateral retinoblastoma (rare variant)= bilateral retinoblastomas + neuroectodermal pineal tumor (pineoblastoma)Quadrilateral retinoblastoma= trilateral retinoblastoma + 4th focus in suprasellar cisternMRI is the modality of choice for pre-treatment staging on retinoblastomaPrognosis: Spontaneous regression in 1%Calcification is a ourable prognostic signContrast enhancement is a poor prognostic sign(Ref: Radiology Review ManualBy Wolfgang Dahne 6thEtd, 351)", "cop": 4, "opa": "X ray", "opb": "USG", "opc": "CECT", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "69e3dda1-3cb2-4193-849a-5866249ec4d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a characteristic feature of meningioma", "exp": "Meningioma is extra axial tumor.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Calcification", "opb": "Dural tail sign", "opc": "Mother in law sign", "opd": "Intra axial tumor", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5aff936b-4baf-463b-a4c0-bbcf10f92a81", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trapped air sign in upper abdomen on plain xray is seen in", "exp": "Shopfner described this sign in patients with peri Gastric adhesions.It consists of trapped air pockets in pas of the Gastric antrum, elevated and fixed by perigastric adhesions to adjacent organs like liver and pancreasValuable in excluding Gastric carcinomasMost commonly seen in benign conditions", "cop": 4, "opa": "Splenic tumour", "opb": "Renal stones", "opc": "Pancreatitis", "opd": "Chronic duodenal ulcer", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a491e238-fd7d-4746-a86e-7cda9dd2a8eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An oval radiolucent area between the apices of maxillary incisors is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Nasopalatine foramen", "opb": "Lingual foramen", "opc": "Nasal fossa", "opd": "Incisive canal", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec8bb7ac-e653-47e8-b76e-7c167559c7f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for acute head injury", "exp": "Ans. A. NCCT brain* CT is the investigation of choice to identify acute intracranial bleed and hence is the preliminary investigation in acute head injury.* Investigation of choice for brain hemorrhage is NCCT brain* Investigation of choice for calcification is NCCT Brain* Other than above three pathology investigation of choice for neurological lesion is MRI.Investigation of choice in Neurology* Investigation of choice for optic neuritis is MRI* Investigation of choice for vestibular schwannoma is MRI* Investigation of choice for Multiple sclerosis is MRI* Investigation of choice for hippocampal volumetry is MRI* Investigation of choice for viral encephalitis is MRI* Investigation of choice for Pituitary adenoma is MRI* Investigation of choice for Spinal cord tumor is MRI* Investigation of choice for Neurofibroma is MRI* Investigation of choice for hemorrhagic stroke is NCCT brain* Investigation of choice for ischemic stroke is diffusion weighted MRI* Investigation of choice for Stroke is NCCT brain (since initially, we have to rule out hemorrhagic stroke).", "cop": 1, "opa": "NCCT brain", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "X-ray", "opd": "USG", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "3790ed15-03fd-4918-bd21-8419751c32ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest radiological change to appear in case of acute osteomyelitis is", "exp": "Ans. Loss of plane between soft tissue and muscle", "cop": 2, "opa": "Periosteal reaction", "opb": "Loss of plane between soft tissue and muscle", "opc": "Sequestrum formation", "opd": "Bony sclerosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7683bac8-a577-49d5-abb2-51eb6167c688", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudokidney sign' on USG is seen in", "exp": "Ans. CA stomach", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trichobezoar", "opb": "CA stomach", "opc": "CA kidney", "opd": "Polycystic kidney", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "df3970b5-3069-468f-8f62-1998c296b1fd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest radiological feature of ulcerative colitis", "exp": "Mucosal granularity is earliest sign.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mucosal granularity", "opb": "Pseudo polyps", "opc": "Thumb printing", "opd": "Loss of haustral folds", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "635b5238-0890-432a-92a3-c96b2a78bca8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best way to know the position and integrity of ICD (implantable Cardioverter defibrillator) is", "exp": "Best way to know the position and integrity of ICD is to do a plain radiograph.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Plain radiograph", "opb": "CT", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "PET", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "40bbd327-f403-4346-a6f6-3427f0f901f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a radiological finding of papillary necrosis on excretory urogram is", "exp": "Ans is 'c'. i.e. Increased dense nephrogramThe diagnosis of papillary necrosis depends on the demonstration of calyceal and papillary abnormalities without associated parenchymal loss. The calyceal and papillary abnormalities fall into two groups:Those that are characteristic of papillary necrosisTracks and horns of contrast medium arising from the calyceal Fornices (representing necrosis around the papillary margin.)Egg in a cup appearance (due to central necrosis producing central pool of contrast within the papillae)Ring shadow (Papillary sloughing produces a central lucent filling defect with a surrounding ring of contrast medium)Those that are non-specificThe end result of papillary sloughing is clubbed, blunt or truncated calyces.Renal papillary necrosis refers to coagulative necrosis of the renal medullary pyramids and papillae brought on by several associated conditions and toxins that exhibit synergism toward the development of ischemia. Renal papillary necrosis may be localized or diffuse and unilateral or bilateral.Renal papillary necrosis can lead to secondary infection of desquamated necrotic foci, deposition of calculi, and/or separation and eventual sloughing of papillae, with impending acute urinary tract obstruction. Sinus like tracts and cavitation's may be seen surrounding the sloughed papilla. Multiple sloughed papillae can obstruct their respective calyces or can congregate and embolize to more distal sites (eg, ureteropelvic junction, ureter, ureterovesical junction)Renal papillary necrosis is potentially disastrous and, in the presence of bilateral involvement or an obstructed solitary kidney, may lead to renal failure.Certain conditions have a known association with renal papillary necrosis, and the underlying mechanism of these conditions is ischemia, which ultimately leads to renal papillary necrosis.Analgesic abuseObstruction of the urinary tract with infectionSickle cell diseaseDiabetes mellitus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tracks and horns from calyces", "opb": "Ring shadow", "opc": "Increased dense nephrogram", "opd": "Egg in cup appearance", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Urogenital System", "id": "6d27d50a-0933-410e-ae9d-0b0f9b79105b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common supratentorial tumor in children", "exp": "M/c supratentorial tumor in children is craniopharyngioma. It is a suprasellar tumor.arising from embryonic rathkes pouch.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Craniopharyngioma", "opb": "Meningioma", "opc": "Astrocytoma", "opd": "Oligodendroglioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f433b12-2d0b-458b-a280-b22a22ca6f00", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calcification of meniscal cailage is a feature of", "exp": "Notable sites of chondrocalcinosis in pseudogout include: * knee: medial meniscus and patellofemoral joint * wrist: triangular fibrocailage complex and lunotriquetral ligaments * pubic symphysis * spine - interveebral discs", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gaucher's disease", "opb": "Pseudogout", "opc": "Achondroplasia", "opd": "Hyperparathyroidism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "f08578f1-63e8-4793-b0cb-25b9f331f7d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Globular heart with plethoric lung fields is seen in", "exp": "Globular heart with plethoric lung fields - TGA\nGlobular heart with Oligemic lung fields - Tricuspid atresia, Ebstein's anomaly", "cop": 1, "opa": "TGA", "opb": "TAPVC", "opc": "Tricuspid atresia", "opd": "Ebstein's anomaly", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9d52c475-7bae-48d0-9498-3b748c934ffc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iodine paicle ratio for Ionic dimer is", "exp": "Iodine paicles ratio: I: P Ionic monomer 3: 2 High osmolar Low Osmolar Ionic dimer 6: 2 Nonionic monomer 3: 1 Low osmolar Non-ionic dimer 6: 1 Iso-osmolar to plasma(290-300mosm)", "cop": 3, "opa": "6:01", "opb": "3:02", "opc": "6:02", "opd": "2:06", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Contrast Agents", "id": "8f47b7ef-9bb9-46d9-8957-e5e89766d1ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Clover Leaf Skull is seen in", "exp": "Clover Leaf Skull is seen in Thanatophoric dysplasia type II, premature closure of saggital, coronal and lambdoid sutures causing severe craniosynotosis giving rise to trilobate shape of skull. Luckenschadel skull or Lacunar Skull is seen in Chiari II malformations. Geographical skull is seen in Eosinophilic Granuloma. Rain Drop Skull is seen in Multiple Myeloma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chiari Malformation", "opb": "Thanatophoric Dysplasia", "opc": "Eosinophilic Granuloma", "opd": "Multiple Myeloma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal Radiology", "id": "33d05dc0-3e8c-4b58-bad8-452cfa70f60f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Direct action of radiation is the dominant process for", "exp": "Ionizing radiation acts by two methods: Direct and IndirectDirect action is radiation directly causing DNA damage; example: neutrons and alpha paiclesIndirect action is radiation causing free radical production which acts on DNA; example: photons and gamma raysReference: Khan Physics of Radiation therapy; 5th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "X-rays", "opb": "Neutrons and alpha paicles", "opc": "Electrons", "opd": "Gamma rays", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "7db5693e-a3c3-445d-b52c-de6681717f5f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diffuse axonal injury is best detected in", "exp": "The diffuse axonal injury is the result of shearing forces, typically from rotational acceleration Due to the slightly different specific gravities (relative mass per unit volume) of white and grey matter, shearing due to change in velocity has a predilection for axons at the grey-white matter junction, as the name implies. In the majority of cases, these forces result in damage to the cells in a way that causes cell oedema. Imaging featuresThe diffuse axonal injury is characterized by multiple focal lesions with a characteristic distribution: typically located at the grey-white matter junction, in the corpus callosum and in more severe cases in the brainstem CTNon-contrast CT of the brain is routine in patients presenting with head injuries. But it is not terribly sensitive to subtle diffuse axonal injury. The appearance depends on whether or not the lesions are ovely hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic lesions will be hyperdense and range in size from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter. Non-hemorrhagic lesions are hypodense. They typically become more evident over the first few days as edema develops around them. They may be associated with significant and dispropoionate cerebral swelling. MRIMRI is the modality of choice for assessing suspected diffuse axonal injury even in patients with entirely normal CT of the brain.SWI or GRE sequences, exquisitely sensitive to paramagnetic blood products may demonstrate small regions of susceptibility aifact at the grey-white matter junction, in the corpus callosum or the brain stem. Some lesions may be entirely non-hemorrhagic (even using high field strength SWI sequences). These will, however, be visible as regions of high FLAIR signal. MR spectroscopyMRS can be of benefit in identifying patients with grade I injury which may be inapparent on other sequences. Features typically demonstrate elevation of choline peak and reduction of NAASTAGING, GRADING, AND CLASSIFICATION: The Adams and Gennarelli classification defines mild, moderate, and severe grades of TBI.In mild TBI, lesions are seen in the frontotemporalgraywhite matter interfaces. The injury is designated as moderate when the lobar white matter and corpus callosum are affected. In severe TBI, lesions are present in the dorsolateral midbrain and upper pons. More than half of all TBI cases with DAI are designated as moderate to severe.(Ref: Osborn's Brain: Imaging, Pathology, and Anatomy, page 37)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Non contrast CT", "opb": "Contrast CT", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "Transcranial Doppler", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "32b38ad5-664c-48df-9f98-913d37f2734c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient is suspected to have vestibular schwanomma. The investigation of choice for its diagnosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Gadolinum enhanced MRI", "opb": "Contrast enhanced CT", "opc": "SPECT", "opd": "PET scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3707a2cf-27df-4b2a-9d16-6dbec86dfd7b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Loss of Lamina dura is observed in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypothyroidism", "opb": "Hypo Parathyroidism", "opc": "Hyperthyroidism", "opd": "Hyper Parathyroidism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "648eb723-e62b-456d-9ef4-f4402aa21bc1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for pulmonary embolism", "exp": "B i.e. Contrast CT", "cop": 2, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "Contrast CT", "opc": "Ventillation - Perfusion Scan", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9046a2c0-9824-4626-8760-d2f12dc01e90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Seminoma is best treated by", "exp": "(B) Radiation and surgery # Seminomas are radiosensitive and excellent results have been obtained by irradiating stage 1 & stage 2 tumours.> If there is no metastasis ,95%of patients will be alive 5 years after orchidectomy and radiotherapy or chemotherapy. If there is metastasis survival drops to 75%.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Radiation alone", "opb": "Radiation and surgery", "opc": "Radiation and chemotherapy", "opd": "Surgery alone", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "c24218be-a74c-4f0f-af02-d56306b360b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Brain infarct is detected at the earliest by", "exp": "Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is the most sensitive sequence for stroke imaging, becomes positive within minutes in >95% cases\"Diffusion-negative\" acute strokes may be Small (lacunar) infarcts, Brainstem lesions, Rapid clot lysis/recanalization, and Transient/fluctuating hypoperfusionDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is even more sensitive than DWI, especially for pontine and medullary lesionsOn CT Early signs of ischemiaHypo attenuating brain tissueObscuration of the lentiform nucleusInsular Ribbon signDense MCA signHemorrhagic infarcts(Osborn's Brain: Imaging, Pathology, and Anatomy, page 189,190,191)", "cop": 4, "opa": "NCCT", "opb": "CECT", "opc": "X ray", "opd": "Diffusion weighted MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "802a25fa-ef7d-455d-b49e-9f98085448df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "String of kantor is seen in", "exp": "The gastrointestinal string sign (string sign of Kantour) refers to the string-like appearance of a contrast-filled bowel loop caused by severe narrowing of a bowel loop.Originally used to describe the reversible narrowing caused by spasms in Crohn disease, it is now used for any severe narrowing of the bowel lumen, including that seen in hyperophic pyloric stenosis, gastrointestinal tuberculosis, carcinoid tumor and colon cancer.(Ref: Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, 662)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ulcerative colitis", "opb": "Crohn's disease", "opc": "TB", "opd": "Carcinoma colon", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "402adce9-9191-4c3d-b8af-491d4b28b1f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gyromagnetic propey of Hydrogen nucleus is used in", "exp": "MRI is based on Gyromagnetic propey of H+ ions, Protons. ULTRASOUND is based on Pulse echo principle and Piezoelectric effect. CT SCAN is based on Linear attenuation of X rays.", "cop": 4, "opa": "USG", "opb": "PET", "opc": "CT", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "id": "ecd9f418-7f3a-4ad8-bd7b-1884e13cc78f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thyroid malignancies appear on USG as", "exp": "On sonography, thyroid tumors are solid,hypoechoic masses.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypoechoic", "opb": "Anechoic", "opc": "Hyperechoic", "opd": "Isoechoic", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "59c0554b-a859-4a76-83b9-307ae14499cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive structure in cell for radiotherapy is", "exp": "(C) DNA # Radiotherapy is a physical form of treatment that damages any tissues in its path. Tumor cells seen somewhat more sensitive to the lethal effects of radiation than normal tissues primarily because of differences in ability to repair sublethal DNA & other damage.> In the target tissue,radiation damages DNA (usually single stand breaks) & generates free radicals form cell water that are capable of damaging cell membranes,proteins & organelles.> Since DNA is the most important subcellular target of ionizing radiation,rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive than quiescent cells. Radiation- damage is dependent on 02 ; hypoxic cells are more resistant. Cells in cell cycle of late G,& S are more reristant to radiation & cells in the G2 & M phases are most sensitive to Radiation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cell membrane", "opb": "Mitochondrial membrane", "opc": "DNA", "opd": "Enzymes", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "6605822e-dc95-421f-add1-6c551bdb5d69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best view for interlobar pleural effusion", "exp": "Major fissure (oblique) is seen only in Lateral x-ray, - so, it is best to view for interlobar pleural effusion.", "cop": 3, "opa": "AP view", "opb": "PA view", "opc": "Lateral view", "opd": "Oblique view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f0455950-2b30-4237-8ca5-00c107a668e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MRI finding of face of panda appearance is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Wilson disease", "cop": 1, "opa": "Wilson disease", "opb": "Menke disease", "opc": "Huntington chorea", "opd": "Parkinsonism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "859932b8-7172-453b-9719-6d08e2572ad0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sitting duck heart is radiological finding of", "exp": "Sitting duck heart - Persistent truncus arteriosus.\nJug handle appearance - Primary pulmonary hypertension.", "cop": 2, "opa": "TAPVC", "opb": "Persistent truncus arteriosus", "opc": "Ebstein's anomaly", "opd": "Constrictive pericarditis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da9bebb7-c2fd-43bd-a083-8fb5da7df03b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum radiation exposure occurs in", "exp": "Ans. d. CT scan Maximum radiation exposure occurs in CT scan among the given options.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bone scan", "opb": "X-ray", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "CT scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04a017ae-dc2a-4e0c-809d-cfed5040a14b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive sonological indicator for aneuploidy is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. Nuchal translucency Rumack writes - \"The most effective sonographic marker of trisomy 21 and other chromosomal defects is increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness at 11 to 14 weeks gestation.\"", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gestational sac volume", "opb": "Crown-rump length", "opc": "Nuchal transluscency", "opd": "Serum P HCG level", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "0816b77c-a2c1-4276-a8cb-bb21e4bfce7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Duplex ultrasound is a combination of", "exp": "Duplex Scan Combination of B-mode imaging with Pulsed Doppler USG - gives both anatomical & physiological information of vascular system. Colour Duplex Scan Addition of colour frequency mapping - Colour Duplex imaging.", "cop": 2, "opa": "A mode and pulse wave doppler", "opb": "B mode and pulse wave doppler", "opc": "M mode and spectral doppler", "opd": "3D USG and Elastography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "42a3f865-4516-4015-8b96-937cfb32b891", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cervical burnout is a phenomenon caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased X-ray absorption in the cervical region of teeth with proximal caries", "opb": "Decreased X-ray absorption in the cervical region of normal teeth", "opc": "Decreased X-ray absorption in the cervical region of teeth with root caries", "opd": "Decreased X-ray absorption in the cervical region of hypoplastic teeth", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a239a665-e989-4a8e-93af-84e5122e6411", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unit of measurement to compare radiation damage", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Exposure", "opb": "Absorbed dose", "opc": "Effective dose", "opd": "Equivalent dose", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3a8aa6a-8437-4aed-b205-3d3f310f175b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Double track sign is seen in", "exp": "Double/triple track sign is seen in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Duodenal atresia", "opb": "CHPS", "opc": "Gastric ulcer", "opd": "Achalasia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c33f6d09-4b71-45d0-9022-256c88f4407f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "'Flower vase' appearance on intravenous urogram is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Duplex system with upper moeity ureterocele", "opb": "Polycystic kidney disease", "opc": "Horse-shoe kidney", "opd": "Retro-caval ureter", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "39799343-6f0f-4b45-a205-8645b9e512a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A deterministic effect", "exp": "Deterministic effect: severity increases with dose; practical threshold; the probability of occurrence increases with dose; e.g., cataract.Stochastic effect: severity independent of dose; probability of occurrence increases with dose; no threshold; e.g., cancerReference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Has a threshold in dose but the severity of the effect is otherwise dose-independent", "opb": "Has a threshold in dose and the severity of the effect increases with dose", "opc": "Has no threshold in dose and the severity of the effect is a constant function of dose", "opd": "Has no threshold in dose and the severity of the effect increases with dose", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "c227b680-8cd6-4927-9cf2-671025466eac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An expiratory film is particularly useful to detect", "exp": "Best view for Pneumothorax - PA view in full expiration.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pleuraleffusion", "opb": "Pneumothorax", "opc": "Pulmonary edema", "opd": "Pulmonary infarct", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a9acf0b-82f8-4dc3-98d3-4ba908f9fdd3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Three dimensional localization of a tooth in maxillary sinus is best achieved with the following", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "IOPA + maxillary Occlusal", "opb": "Lateral cephalogram + maxillary occlusal", "opc": "OPG + maxillary occlusal", "opd": "Water + maxillary occlusal", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2022bc6b-d58b-4e46-8c25-e05f9a0f3a80", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Molar pregnancy can be best diagnosed by", "exp": "USG is the investigation of choice for molar pregnancies.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Clinical history & examination", "opb": "Ultrasound study", "opc": "Laproscopy", "opd": "CT Scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "81ae860a-0f78-4870-b8b9-5f54a533b966", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "On USG finding of cystic hygroma in fetus is suggestive of", "exp": "C i.e. Turner's Syndrome", "cop": 3, "opa": "Down's syndrome", "opb": "Marphan's syndrome", "opc": "Turner's syndrome", "opd": "Klinfelter's syndrome", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dcf71d51-f812-4c7f-b037-8ebeb710b70d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flat waist sign is seen in", "exp": "FLAT WAIST SIGN Flattening of the contours of the aoic knob and adjacent main pulmonary aery. Seen in left lower lobe collapse Caused by leftward displacement and rotation of the hea", "cop": 4, "opa": "Right upper lobe collapse", "opb": "Right middle lobe collapse", "opc": "Left upper lobe collapse", "opd": "Left lower lobe collapse", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "576becd0-fec5-419a-a02e-30065865b3e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Characteristic radiological finding in sarcoidosis", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Parenchymal disease", "opb": "Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy", "opc": "Unilateral hilar lymphadenopathy", "opd": "Miliary shadow", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc77dd4e-6b09-43a2-a856-a6b48023d3e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common lesion to simulate a cementoblastoma is", "exp": "The most common lesion to simulate a cementoblastoma is a solitary lesion of periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia. The differential interpretation may be difficult in some cases, and the presence or absence of symptoms or observation of the lesion over a period of time may be required. Generally, the radiolucent band around the cementoblastoma is usually better defined and\nuniform than with cemento-osseous dysplasia. Also, owing to the pattern of concentric growth of the cementoblastomas, the overall shape is more uniform and spherical than the more irregular undulating outline of the cementoosseous dysplasia. Other lesions that may be included in the differential interpretation may include periapical sclerosing osteitis, dense bone island, and hypercementosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia", "opb": "Periapical sclerosing osteitis", "opc": "Dense bone island,", "opd": "Hypercementosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "812dfaba-171a-45f4-9429-6687a9777861", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of Achondroplasia", "exp": "Achondroplasia :- - an autosomal dominant condition with altered FGFR3 Gene - Most common skeletal dysplasia - It has Rhizomelic Dwarfism(Shoened Proximal Bones) - M/C/C of dispropoionate dwarfism Features includes :- - champagne glass pelvis - tombstone iliac bone - bullet shaped veebra Bowed and sho bones of the legs with square lilac blades and champangne glass pelvis. Achondroplasia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tombstone iliac bone", "opb": "Champagne glass pelvis", "opc": "Acromelic dwarfism", "opd": "Bullet shaped veebra", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal Radiology", "id": "1733c556-7505-4b1d-a0de-5fe99a9c61f5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiological sign of ischemic colitis is", "exp": "B i.e. Thumb printing", "cop": 2, "opa": "Popcorn appearance", "opb": "Thumb print apperance", "opc": "Cobrahead app", "opd": "Inveed 3 sign", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e9535130-0ead-46df-8c56-c77bafa49fea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Double bubble sign is seen in A/E", "exp": "D i.e. Diaphragmatic hernia", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lad's band", "opb": "Annular pancreas", "opc": "Pancreatic pseudocyst", "opd": "Diaphragmatic hernia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c17786d4-1ef8-4a2b-bc7a-bf5907c6f454", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum radio opaque shadow in ovary is seen in", "exp": "A i.e. Teratoma In teratoma, there may be presence of tooth & other calcified bodies giving rise to radio-opaque shadows.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Dysgerminoma", "opc": "Mucinous cystadenoma", "opd": "Granulosa cell tumor", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "684696bf-822c-4d60-a01e-fa4dddc282e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following will be most helpful radiological investigation in a patient suspected of left pleural effusion", "exp": "B i.e. Left lateral decubitus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right lateral decubitus", "opb": "Left lateral decubitus", "opc": "Left lateral erect", "opd": "Right lateral erect", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bde888af-623a-4af6-93fc-98a11baf2d5e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Obscuration of left hea border is suggestive of", "exp": "Silhouette sign : Obscuration of a mediastinal border occurs by a pathology which is in close anatomical contact with it Obscuration of Rt Hea Border Rt Middle Lobe Pathology Obscuration of Left Hea Border Lingular Pathology Obscuration Of Aoic Knuckle Left Apicoposterior pathology Obscuration of Hemidiaphgrams Lower lobe pathologies", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pneumothorax", "opb": "Pleural effusion", "opc": "Right upper lobe collapse", "opd": "Lingular pathology", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "4d7d223c-aa01-4d92-a809-081396621ac5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum scattering in X Ray plate occurs in", "exp": "C i.e. H+ Major difference between x-rays & light are wave length (A) & energyQ Electromagnetic radiation or photon waves are non paiculate (0-mass), non charged (0-charge) waves, that do not require a medium to travel (i.e. can travel in vaccum) and transfer energy from one location to another at the speed of light (c= 3x108 m/s). The major difference between various forms of photons/electromagnetic radiation lies in their wave length (X) and frequency (n), which accounts for their differences in energy carried. E n/A. So Xrays with shoer wave length in comparison to visible light carries 5000 times higher energies. Because for EM waves energy is propoional to frequency (n) and inversly propoional to wave length N. - EM radiation spectrum consists of photons with wave length, frequency and energy ranges over 10 orders of magnitude (the range is really infinite). From low energy to high energy these are Radar waves, Microwaves, Infra-red, Light (visible photons), Ultraviolet, X rays and Gamma rays. (Mn- \"Reliance MILL Xtra Grand\"). - When a photon beam falls, it can exit (transmitted electrons) or interact with matter (attenuation). With increasing amount of photon energy 5 possible interactions are possible, which are coherent scattering (very low energy electrons;1.022 to > 10 MeV), and photodisintegration (very high energy; > 8-10 MeV) - Maximum compton scattering occurs with hydrogenQ b/o highest electron density. In photoelectric effect, the most tightly bound-inner most electron completely absorbs all energy of falling low energy photonQ, so much so that the photon is completely absorbed and no longer exists and inner orbital electron (now called photoelectron) is ejected. The interaction can occur with other orbital electrons but the most probable interaction is with inner most shell electron. The vacency created in inner shell is filled by an electron from outer orbit with simultraneous emission of X-ray or Auger electron. In Compton Scattering incident higher energy photon transfers only a pa of its energy to a loosely bound outer shell electronQ. and is deflected or scattered off in a new direction with lower energy. The outer shell electron (now called compton/recoil electron) is ejected with no production of X-ray or Auger electron. Charged heavy paicles (such as protons and a-paicles) have a finite range and experience a rapid increase in energy loss near the end of their track (range/path), dumping most of their remaining energies quickly and producing an ionization curve with a peak near end (K/ a Bragg peak). - When a light mass-charged paicle (such as electron or 8-paicle) with high energy passes close to the nucleus's positive electrical field, it is deflected & decelerated by electro static attractions and loses energy in form of X-ray photons called bremsstrahlung or braking radiation. So Bragg peak is produced by charged heavy paicles mainly, whereas Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by charged light paiclesQ. - Collisional energy losses (& heat production) dominate at lower energyies, whereas radiative losses dominate at higher energies (Vt more efficient X-ray production)Q. Because of dependency on atomic number (Z2) and 1/velocity2; collisional energy losses increases as atomic number increases and paicle velocity decreases. So electrons are stopped sooner in low Z than high Z materialsQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carbon", "opb": "Mercury", "opc": "H+", "opd": "Ca++", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d195247-afdc-4910-abf6-7b6a304fb069", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best radiographic view for fracture C1 and C2 veebra is", "exp": "Odontoid view is best to view fractures of C1 & C2.", "cop": 2, "opa": "AP view", "opb": "Odontoid view", "opc": "Lateral view", "opd": "Oblique view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "6859c85a-1524-4953-9be3-fbe3b34cc59b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Principles of Linear accelerators is used in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "X-rays", "opb": "Gamma - rays", "opc": "Alpha rays", "opd": "Infrared rays", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "87bbb66f-0887-495e-bf27-767dde3f3d11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phosphorus32 emits", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Beta particles", "opb": "Alpha particles", "opc": "Neutrons", "opd": "X–rays", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e7b4411-dc75-441e-a5f4-427465c9a167", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anencephaly can be diagnosed by USG at", "exp": "A i.e. 10-12 weeks of gestation Earliest detectable congenital anomaly on USG is Anencephaly.Q Anencephaly can be diagnosed - Earliest at 10 weeksQ Best at 12 weeksQ (100% accuracy)", "cop": 1, "opa": "10-12 weeks of gestation", "opb": "14-18 weeks of gestation", "opc": "20-24 weeks of gestation", "opd": "24-28 weeks of gestation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b53d5c36-82ff-49b7-b285-a4a3f17bf85f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a radiosensitizing agent", "exp": "Chlorhexidine is Radioprotector.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Metronidazole", "opb": "Actinomycin-D", "opc": "Hyperbaric Oxygen", "opd": "Chlorhexidine", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "030d8263-1d2c-4967-91a4-27676d90d4ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "International Day of Radiology is celebrated on", "exp": "8th November of each year is celebrated as International Day of Radiology(IDOR) X Rays were discovered by W.C.Roentgen on 8th November 1895, so 8th November is celebrated as International Day of Radiology every year. Theme for IDOR 2019: spos imaging", "cop": 3, "opa": "6th November", "opb": "7th November", "opc": "8th November", "opd": "9th November", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "X-RAYS", "id": "3c301cf9-b223-4258-934b-ee2bf075a0b0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Split Pleura sign is seen in", "exp": "The split pleura sign is seen with pleural empyemas and is considered the most reliable CT sign helping to distinguish an empyema from a peripheral pulmonary abscess. The sign results from fibrin coating both the parietal and visceral surfaces of the pleura with resulting ingrowth of blood vessels with accompanying enhancement. Both layers of the pleura can then be visualized as linear regions of enhancement that come together at the margins of the collection.Ref: Kazerooni Ella A and Barry H Gross. The Core Curriculum: Cardiopulmonary Imaging. 1st ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003. ISBN: 0781736552", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lung abscess", "opb": "Pleural Empyema", "opc": "Pleural Fibroma", "opd": "Dressler Syndrome", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "58982879-ea0c-408d-9cba-ede60b0d9d5a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most probable diagnosis on this barium film is", "exp": "Features on barium small bowel follow-through in Crohn&;s disease include:mucosal ulcersaphthous ulcers initiallydeep ulcers (>3 mm depth)longitudinal fissurestransverse stripeswhen severe leads to cobblestone appearancemay lead to sinus tracts and fistulaewidely separated loops of bowel due to fibrofatty proliferation (creeping fat) thickened folds due to oedemapseudodiveicula formation: due to contraction at the site of ulcer with ballooning of the opposite sitestring sign: tubular narrowing due to spasm or stricture depending on the chronicitypaial obstructionon control films presence of gallstones, renal oxalate stones, and sacroiliac joint or lumbosacral spine changes should be soughtSource:", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lymphoma", "opb": "Brucellosis", "opc": "TB", "opd": "Crohn's disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c502c657-8f56-47f4-8ec6-ee50eef66d76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of renovascular hypertension in children and young adults", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Atherosclerotic disease", "opb": "Fibromuscular dysplasia", "opc": "Ectopic kidney", "opd": "PCKD", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e160f9f7-2f2d-4078-974d-156cb3358a23", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Expansible pulsating secondary metastasis is a feature of", "exp": "B i.e. Renal Cell carcinoma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opb": "Renal cell carcinoma", "opc": "Osteogenic sarcoma", "opd": "Carcinoma prostate", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e249f58e-839d-4d08-99e9-0e0186145e4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spinnaker sign is a feature of", "exp": "Thymic sail sign is the normal appearance of thymic shadow abutting the Hea shadow seen on Chest X ray of a normal Infant Spinnaker sail sign is the lifting of the Thymic shadow with the lucency of air between Thymus and Hea in cases Of Pneumomediastinum thymus sail sign- normal spinnaker sign", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pleural effusion", "opb": "Pneumothorax", "opc": "Pneumomediastinum", "opd": "Fracture of bronchus", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "aa7e83dd-7d59-4f5e-b408-1b4199189eff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Value of total filtration for 70 kVp is", "exp": "Total filtration is the sum of the inherent and added filtration. Governmental regulations require the total filtration in the path of a dental x-ray beam to be equal to the equivalent of 1.5 mm of aluminum for a machine operating at up to 70 kVp and 2.5 mm of aluminum for machines operating at higher voltages.\nOral Radiology, Principles and Interpretation / Stuart C. White, Michael J. Pharoah - 7th ed - pg - 10,11", "cop": 3, "opa": "2.1 mm", "opb": "2.3 mm", "opc": "1.5 mm", "opd": "2.5 mm", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb1eb410-82d8-4e16-9def-48eb9d6951ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Perihilar fluffy opacities on Xrays are seen in", "exp": "Pulmonary venous hypeension:It is caused by increased resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary veins, due to obstruction or reduced compliance within the left atrium, at the mitral valve, or within the left ventricle.It is divided into 3 grades of severity:Grade I PVH:a. Reversal of normal gravity dependent gradient of pulmonary blood flow with the diameter of upper lobar vessels greater than that of lower lobe vesselsb. Enlargement of the right superior pulmonary vein with loss of hilar angle lateral concavity of hilumc. Loss of visibility of mid and distal poions of the right descending pulmonary trunkGrade ii PVH:d. Interstitial pulmonary edemae. Pleural effusionGrade iii PVH:f. Alveolar pulmonary edema with bilateral fluffy alveolar opacitiesg. Cardiomegaly left atrial enlargement*Flask-shaped / Pear-shaped / Leathe- bottle / Money-bag shaped hea - Pericardial effusion* Boot-shaped hea / Coer-en-sabot - Fallot&;s tetralogy* Box shaped appearance - Tricuspid atresia* Jug Handle appearance - Primary pulmonary aery hypeension* \"3\" like appearance - Coarctation of Aoa* Egg on side appearance - Transposition of great vessels* Egg in cup appearance - Constrictive pericarditis* Snow-man hea - TAPVC (total anomalous pulmonary venous connection)* Figure of &;8&; - TAPVC (total anomalous pulmonary venous connection)* Cottage Leaf appearance - TAPVC* Pericardial calcification - Constrictive pericarditis* Calcification in hea wall - is seen in - Carcinoid syndrome* Calfication of ascending aoa - Atherosclerosis, Syphilis* Hilar dance on fluoroscopy - Atrial Septal Defect* Xray finding in Ebstein&;s anomaly - Pulmonary oligemia* Posterior displacement of trachea - seen in - aneurysm of the aoa* Obliteration of left border of hea (PA view of the chest) is - suggestive of - Lingular pathology (left lung)* Bat&;s wings appearance - Pulmonary edema* Pruned tree appearance (of pulmonary circulation) - Pulmonary aery hypeensionLungs* Ground glass appearance - Hyaline membrane disease* Solitary pulmonary mass lesion > 4cms - is most commonly due to - Bronchial adenoma* HoneyComb appearance - -Sarcoidosis -Histiocytosis X -Interstitial lung disease -Tuberculosis -Collagen disorders -Pneumoconiosis -Drugs - bleomycin, busulphan, melphalan, cyclophosphamide* Meniscus sign / Crescent sign (mobile mass in pulmonary cavity) is most commonly seen in - Aspergilloma (fungal ball lesion)* Egg-Shell calcification - SilicosisQ , SarcoidosisQ , Coal miner&;s pneumoconiosis, Lymphoma following radiotherapyQ* Pop-corn calcification / Craggy pop-corn calcification - Pulmonary Hamaoma* Pleural calcification - the commonest cause is - Tuberculosis (Asbestosis)* Diaphragmatic Pleura calcification - is due to - Asbestosis* Calcification of a pulmonary metastasis - is most commonly due to - Osteosarcoma* Coin shadow in the lung (single), with calcification in the center - Epidermoid carcinoma* For radiologically evident pleural effusion - the minimal amount of pleural fluid that should be present is - 250 ml* Plethoric lung fields - seen in - L-R shunts ( VSD, PDA, ASD)* Oligemic lung fields - Pulmonary atresia, Stenosis; Ebstein&;s anomaly* Perihilar fluffy opacities - seen in - Pulmonary venous hypeensionRibs* Superior surface notch of ribs - seen in - Hyperparathyroidism, Neurofibromatosis, Connective tissue disorders* Inferior surface notch of ribs - seen in - Coarctation of Aoa, SVC obstruction, Chest wall AV fistula, Aoic Thrombosis,* Unilateral notching of ribs - Coarctation of Left subclan aery, Subclan aery block, Blalock-Taussig OperationOthers* Displacement of tracheal shadow - most common cause is - Thyroid swelling* Water Lily sign - Ruptured hydatid cyst(Ref: David Sutton; Textbook of radiology and imaging, 7th edition, page no.552-3, 866; Grainger&;s diagnostic radiology, 4th ed,. 874)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sarcoidosis", "opb": "Pulmonary edema", "opc": "Silicosis", "opd": "Lung carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "edcb3367-9aec-4255-952f-4f719d8d96ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Radioprotector", "exp": "BUDR is a Non-hypoxic cell Radiosensitizer.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amifostine", "opb": "IL-1", "opc": "GM-CSF", "opd": "BUDR", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3023c2db-63c5-4b69-8155-9f45818d48d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Technitium 99 is most commonly used in", "exp": "RADIO NUCLIDE IMAGING 99Tc is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical, for imaging in nuclear medicine.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cardiology", "opb": "Radiotherapy", "opc": "Radiodiagnosis", "opd": "Nuclear medicine", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "20298da2-69a7-4a1a-982b-576195ae1be9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bird of prey sign is seen in", "exp": "Sigmoid volvulus is a cause of large bowel obstruction and occurs when the sigmoid colon twists on the sigmoid mesocolon. Imaging signs areRadiograph:coffee bean signFrimann Dahl&;s sign - three dense lines converge towards the site of obstructionabsent rectal gas water-soluble contrast enema - the beak sign (or bird beak sign). CTlarge gas-filled loop without haustral markings, forming a closed-loop obstructionwhirl sign: twisting of the mesentery and mesenteric vesselsbeak sign: if rectal contrast has been administered (Ref: Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, chapter 25)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gastric volvulus", "opb": "Intussusception", "opc": "Sigmoid volvulus", "opd": "Caecal volvulus", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "284409b1-3833-4094-a0ca-155a726cce83", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for Aoic Dissection is", "exp": "C i.e. MRI", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aoography", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "X-Ray chest", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b0785171-0961-4010-8451-b78ed97d989b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In a child of one month age with history of nonbilious vomiting and no weight gain with palpable epigastric lump, first investigation to be done is", "exp": "Ans. b (Ultrasonography) (Ref. Bailey and Love 25th/pg. 79)CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS (CHPS/IHPS)# Increased incidence in firstborn male child with M:F ratio 4:1. Incidence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is approximately 2-5 per 1,000 births per year.# Most commonly affects boys aged 2-8 weeks# Characterised by projectile vomiting after feeds# Gastric peristalsis can be seen and a lump felt# Inherited as dominant polygenic trait.# Ultrasound (investigation of choice)The diagnosis can be confirmed by an ultrasound scan, which shows the thickened pyloric muscle.# Pyloric muscle wall thickness 2.5-3 mm# Pyloric volume > 1.4 cm3# Pyloric length > 1.2 cm# Pyloric transverse diameter 13-16 mm with pyloric channel closed.- Target Sign: Hypoechoic ring and hypertrophied pyloric muscle around echogenic mucosa centrally (transverse scan).- Cervix sign and antral-nipple sign: indentation of muscle mass on fluid-filled antrum (longitudinal scan).Normal values:# Pyloric canal length: < 15 mm# Muscle wall thickness: < 3 mm# Pyloric width: < 7 mm# Contrast radiology (*Barium study) is now not necessary.# Upper Gl Imaging (barium study) -features- Elongation and narrowing of pyloric canal (2-4 cm length) with string sign, double/triple track sign, diamond sign/twining recess, pyloric teat/teat sign, beak sign/antral beaking, umbrella/kirklin/mushroom sign and caterpillar sign may be seen.# Treatment:- Ramsted's Pyloromyotomy (splits the hypertrophied muscle leaving the mucosa intact).Additional Educational points:ULTRASOUND is investigation of choice for diagnosing:# Initial test of choice (Screening) for blunt trauma abdomen (Focused Assessment by Sonography for Trauma), focal liver lesions, obstructive jaundice or acute abdomen.# Hydrocephalus in infants, Neonatal cerebral hemorrhage# To differentiate cystic and solid nodule in thyroid# Screening of rotator cuff injury# Pleural effusion# Gallstones, CHPS, ascitis (Minimal), Pelvic abscess# Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)/ CDH# Scrotal lesions", "cop": 2, "opa": "Barium study", "opb": "Ultrasonography", "opc": "Endoscopy", "opd": "CT scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "d162aa0f-73fb-4b2f-b534-f342049c862a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NMR based in the principle of", "exp": "NMR stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. MRI is based on the ability of a small number of protons within the body to absorb and emit radio wave energy when the body is placed in the strong magnetic field.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Electron beam", "opb": "Proton beam", "opc": "Magnetic field", "opd": "Neutron beam", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals in Radiology", "id": "24668fde-3ef1-43e1-b32c-e1507a3691f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dye used for myelography", "exp": "contrast agents used for myelography are : Iohexol Iopamidol Metrizamide Myodil", "cop": 2, "opa": "Conray 320", "opb": "Myodil", "opc": "Dianosil", "opd": "Iopaoic acid", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals in Radiology", "id": "858c4c56-8d14-48dd-bb95-5195df720725", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bare orbit sign is a feature of", "exp": "Bare Orbit sign is seen in cases of NF-1 and is due to sphenoid Dysplasia especially Greater wing of sphenoid, with Absent innominate line on frontal skull radiograph NF1 is associated with some characteristic bone dysplasias, including lambdoid sutural dysplasia, thinning of long bone coices and kyphoscoliosis with a high thoracic acute curve. One of the most common is sphenoid wing dysplasia marked by a bone defect which allows herniation of the temporal lobe through the orbit. On plain radiography, this produces the 'empty' or 'bare' orbit.", "cop": 1, "opa": "NF-1", "opb": "NF-2", "opc": "Schwannoma", "opd": "Ependymoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "bac0a2cf-fde3-4775-bc2a-a16c1d2af007", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gas shadow in hea and vessels are seen in", "exp": "Robe sign - the presence of a gas shadow within the hea or the greater vessels, seen in cases of fetal death in utero.It is a rare sign caused by postmoem blood degeneration, usually seen 1-2 days after death; and may be seen as early as 12 hours(Ref: Diagnostic Ultrasound by Carol M. Rumack, Stephanie R. Wilson, J. William Charboneau, and Deborah Levine,4thed, page 1090)", "cop": 1, "opa": "IUD", "opb": "Still bih", "opc": "Aboion", "opd": "Live IUGR", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "88b4d6b4-790c-40a1-997a-bb0d94d28ab9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The phase of cell cycle, most sensitive to radiation isa) M Phase  b) G2Phase  c) S Phase  d) Early G1 Phase e) G0Phase", "exp": "Cells are most radiosensitive in late G, and early M phase → especially G2M interphase.", "cop": 2, "opa": "ac", "opb": "ab", "opc": "de", "opd": "cd", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b38c8fc9-53de-4cf8-8ea7-812ac5230eba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Air under central tendon of diaphragm is", "exp": "The 'Cupola sign' is seen on a supine chest/abdominal radiograph in the presence of pneumoperitoneum. It refers to non-dependent gas that rises within the abdominal cavity of the supine patient to accumulate underneath the central tendon of the diaphragm in the midline.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Air under diaphragm sign", "opb": "Cupola sign", "opc": "Doges cap sign", "opd": "Falciform ligament sign", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "f8ad01ff-a0a6-4a0c-a575-4b4994b5c3f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiological feature of ischemic colitis is", "exp": "C i.e. Thumb printing", "cop": 3, "opa": "Saw toothing", "opb": "Craggy popcorn appearance", "opc": "Thumb printing", "opd": "Cobble stone appearance", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "18a420fa-2f40-45ab-9ec6-e6ccf9981303", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MRI magnetic field strength is measured in units of", "exp": "(A) Tesla # tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit of magnetic field B (which is also known as \"magnetic flux density\"). One tesla is equal to one weber per square meter. This SI unit is named after Nikola Tesla. 1 tesla is equivalent to: 10,000 (or 104) G (gauss), used in the CGS system. Thus, 10 G = 1 mT (millitesla), and 1 G = 10-4 T.> The Hounsfield unit (HU) scale is a linear transformation of the original linear attenuation coefficient measurement in one in which the radiodensity of distilled water at standard pressure and temperature (STP) is defined as zero Hounsfield units (HU), while the radiodensity of air at STP is defined as -1000 HU.> For a material X with linear attenuation coefficient ?X, the corresponding HU value is therefore given by where is the linear attenuation coefficient of water.> Thus, a change of one Hounsfield unit (HU) represents a change of 0.1% of the attenuation coefficient of water since the attenuation coefficient of air is nearly zero.> It is the definition for CT scanners that are calibrated with reference to water.# Tissue CT number (HU) Bone 1000 Liver 40 - 60 White matter -20-30 HU Grey matter -37-45 HU Blood 40 Muscle 10-40 Kidney 30 Cerebrospinal fluid 15 Water 0 Fat-50--100 Air-1000> rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose. It was restated in SI units in 1970 as the dose causing 0.01 joule of energy to be absorbed per kilogram of matter.> Megahertz is a frequency measurement unit used for Ultrasound crystals.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tesla", "opb": "Hounsfield", "opc": "Rad", "opd": "Megahertz", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "1553292e-739f-464c-8b39-4b8b4b4e48b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Signet ring appearance” on CT is seen in", "exp": "Bronchiectasis may result from an infection or medical condition, such as pneumonia or cystic fibrosis. Mucus builds up and breeds bacteria, causing frequent infections.\nSymptoms include a daily cough that occurs over months or years and daily production of large amounts of phlegm.\nTreatment may include physiotherapy and medication, such as antibiotics and drugs to help loosen mucus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bronchitis", "opb": "Emplysema", "opc": "Bronchiectasis", "opd": "Bronchogenic Carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ffcc3c3f-c063-4503-bbbd-a5c266c3a610", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The thresholds for permanent sterility in men for an acute exposure and prolonged exposure conditions are", "exp": "Studies of patients receiving radiation therapy indicate that permanent sterility can result from 2.5 to 3 Gy (250-300 rad) in a fractionated regime over 2 to 4 weeks. The induction of sterility by radiation in human males does not produce significant changes in hormone balance, libido, or physical capability. The original single-dose data came from the irradiation of prisoners, which showed that a dose in excess of 6 Gy (600 rad) is needed to result in permanent sterility. In contrast to most organ systems, where fractionation of dose results in sparing, fractionated courses cause more gonadal damage than a single doseReference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "6 Gy and 2.5-3 Gy respectively", "opb": "2.5 to 3 Gy and 1.5 Gy respectively", "opc": "6 Gy and 2-5 Gy respectively", "opd": "7.5 to 10 Gy and 6 Gy respectively", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "43329469-c307-4081-bd1d-a5a3bfb710eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest congenital malformation that may be detected on USG is", "exp": "C i.e. Anencephaly Neural tube defects (NTDs) i.e. anencephaly, meningomyelocele, encephalocele and spina bifidaQ can be caused by antifolate & antiepileptic drugs, maternal diabetes, lower maternal folate status, reduced activity of 5, 10, methylene - THE reductase (MTHFR) enzyme (d/t C677 T-polymorphism in MTHFR gene) and possibly by mutation of other enzymes eg. methionine synthase and serine-glycine hydroxymethylase. Folate supplementation at the time of conception and in first 12 weeks of pregnancy reduce 70% incidence of NTDs (and also hare lip and cleft palate). - Neural tube defects are best detected by amniocentesisQ. Earliest detectable congenital anomaly on USG is anencephalyQ. It can be diagnosed as early as at 10 weeksQ. It is best diagnosed (100% accuracy) at 12 week.Q - Karyotypic analysis (for chromosomal abnormalities), biochemical & molecular analysis of DNA obtained from cells can be done in either chronic villi of 1,, trimester or amniotic fluid of 2nd fetus. Test Done at Comment Amniocentesis 14-16 weeksQ - M.C. used procedure; M.C. reason to perform this is advanced maternal age (removal of small (early 2nd (>35 yrs), the best known correlate of trisomy amount of amniotic trimester) - Other reasons are ? fluid) 1. Abnormal (maternal serum) triple marker assayQ (HCGQ, a-FetoproteinQ and unconjugated estriolQ in maternalQ serum) and inhibin also (in quad marker assay) predict risk of trisomy 21 or 18 2. Mid trimester USG abnormalitiesQ - estimated risk of chromosomal abnormality is dependent on USG finding & is maximum in cystic hygromaQ >Omphalocele > congenital hea ds > nonspecific > choroid plexus cyst 3. More recently, 1, trimester screening involving measurement of nuchal translucency (on USG) and levels of PAAP-A and HCG are used to identify women at increased risk. Early Amniocentesis 12-14 weeks Has greater risk of spontaneous aboion or fetal injury but provides results at an earlier stage of pregnancy Chrionic Villus Earlier (8-12 - 2nd m.c. procedure. It allows for an earlier detectionQ of abnormalities & a safer Sampleing (CVS) wks)Q pregnancy termination (d/t early diagnosis), if desired (Transcervical/ preferably 10-12 - Spontaneous aboions are more common in comparison to amniocentesis but is abdominal biopsy of wks. overall a safe procedure (spontaneous aboions fetal trophoblastic - Risk of limb defectsQ increases if CVS is doneweeks.So it is applicable tissue/chorion) during very narrow window of time Percutaneous 2nd -- 3.1 trimester - Done under USG control. Usually performed when USG abnormalities are Umbilical Blood of pregnancy detected late in 2,,d trimester. Sampling (PUBS) (> 18 wks) - Also done to clarify cytogenetic results of amniocentesis as detection of (fetal blood for lvmphocvtic culture) mosaicism. Pre implantation Before implant- To detect single gene disorder such as -Mn : \"SC ST\" molecular diagnostic ation invitro S - Sickle Cell Anemia testing (eg- PCR) feilizationQ at C - Cystic fibrosis 8-10 cell stage ST - Sachs-Tay disease (Tay-Sachs ds) * Endometrial biopsy is done at Premenstrual periodQ to avoid risk of endometriosis. Chordocentesis is done at 18 wee Q. Amniocentesis is not useful in cleft lip detection. Golden Amniotic fluid is diagnostic of Rh incompatibilityQ. Saffron coloured meconium is seen in post maturityQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Down's syndrome", "opb": "Hydrocephalous", "opc": "Anencephaly", "opd": "Sacral Agenesis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "35af115a-ca54-4e48-a172-db9cce930f12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Driven snow appearance is seen in", "exp": "Driven snow appearance  - Pindborg tumor.\nFallen fragment sign - Simple bone Cyst.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Osteoid osteome", "opb": "Simple bone cyst", "opc": "Aneurysmal bone cyst", "opd": "Pindborg tumor", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c551ee91-1fb9-4d87-a5b7-685863c4131c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Extra mammary Paget's involves", "exp": "(A) Vulva[?]Paget's Disease of the Vulva:Also known as extra mammary Paget's Disease.Represents close to 1% of all vulvar cancers.Occurs in the late reproductive & post menopausal age group.Presents as pruritic & burning, red, crusted patches interspersed with white & ulcerated areas.Can be very extensive & multifocal.>95% of cases it is confined to the epidermis, considered a primary cutaneous in-situ adenocarcinoma arising from either pluripotential cells or from sweat glands.<5% of cases it represents secondary vulvar skin involvement by a regional cancer.Microscopically it is characterized by an intraepithelial proliferation of malignant cells with vesicular nuclei & cytoplasmic mucin.In about 30% of cases it can invade the dermis.It is very difficult to excise & tends to recur.If it invades the dermis for a distance of more than 1mm it has metastatic potential.Paget's Disease:A rare extra mammary disease.Apocrine sweat glands are involved.Slighted elevated, sharply demarcated, white indurated/eczematous lesion found in post-menopausal woman do pruritis.Biopsy reveals typical large pale vacuolated cells in epidermis. These Paget's cells are adeno carcinomatous mucus secreting round cells with vesicular nucleus and pale cytoplasm.Treatment - Vulvar Paget's Disease:Local excision or vulvectomy depend upon the extent of disease.Poor prognostic markers: Greater depth of invasion & lymphovascular involvement.Moh's micrographic surgery: Lower recurrence rate.RT or C/T?Long-term F/U (high risk of recurrence)Annually inspection of vulva & survey tumors at other site (breast, lung, colorectum, gastric, pancreas, ovary)[?]Extramammary Paget's Disease:This is rare lesion of the vulva and some times the perianal region & presents as a pruritic, red, sharply demarcated, area.Most commonly affects the Labia majora:-In contrast to Paget's disease of the nipple, in which 100% of patients show an underlying ductal breast carcinoma, vulvar lesions are most frequently confined to the epidermis of the skin.[?]Extramammary Paget's Disease (EMPD):Like that of breast, is essentially a form of intraepithelial carcinoma.Unlike breast, vulvar Paget's disease have no demonstrable underlying carcinoma.Microscopically, red, scaly plaque; characterized by spread of malignant cells within the epithelium, occasionally with invasion of underlying dermis.It is a rare, slow-growing, usually noninvasive intra-epithelial (in the skin) adenocarcinoma outside the mammary gland and includes Paget's disease of the vulva and the extremely rare Paget's disease of the penis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vulva", "opb": "Vagina", "opc": "Cervix", "opd": "Uterus", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "8ab459af-8d7a-400b-bb55-12e8bf51ac8a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xeroradiography is used in detection of", "exp": "Xeroradiography is the technology for recording radiographic images without the need for any chemical processing whatsoever. To make an image a selenium photoreceptor, or plate is charged to a uniform surface potential on the order of 1000 volts. When this photoreceptor is exposed to x-rays, its surface charge is depleted by photoconduction in amounts propoional to the radiation intensity striking it. A residual potential pattern which is a shadowgraph of the object being x-rayed is then formed. After exposure, the electrostatic image on the plate is developed by a powder cloud technique in which charged, pigmented paicles are blown over the plate and adhere to it in the pattern of the image. This powder or toner is the ink which defines the image. Following development, the toner is transferred to paper and fixed into a permanent image by low-temperature heat fusing. It requires more radiation exposure. Historically used in mammography prior to the advent of digital mammographyXeromammography is a form of xeroradiographyDental xeroradiography has peculiar positive propeies which enable both detailed bony and soft tissue examination, as well as subtle visualization of structures(Ref: Proc. SPIE 0026, Quantitative Imagery in the Biomedical Sciences I, 71 (June 1, 1971);doi:10.1117/12.975328, Xeroradiography-Principles and practice By Wm. J. Kearns, Christensen&;s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology, chapter 18)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach carcinoma", "opb": "Breast carcinoma", "opc": "Pancreatic carcinoma", "opd": "Colonic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d194a306-a40e-4353-b9ac-08a5506cfb96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dili. SLAinks 101", "exp": "Ans. a. Breast Imaging Repoing and Data System BIRADS stands for Breast Imaging Repoing and Data System BIRADS (Breast Imaging Repoing And Data System) Category Definition 0 Incomplete assessment, need additional imaging evaluationQ 1 Negative, routine mammogram in 1 year is recommendedQ 2 Benign findings, routine mammogram in 1 year is recommendedQ 3 Probably benign findings, sho term follow-up suggestedQ 4 Suspicious abnormality, biopsy should be consideredQ 5 Highly suggestive of malignancy, appropriate action should be takenQ 6 Known biopsy-proven malignancy", "cop": 1, "opa": "Breast Imaging Repoing and Data System", "opb": "Best Imaging Repoing and Data System", "opc": "Brain Imaging Repoing and data system", "opd": "Best imaging Repoing and Data System", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "49290256-3a9e-4827-afdd-66291d2e4b01", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Functional analysis of kidney is best done by", "exp": "A i.e. Radionuclide scanning", "cop": 1, "opa": "Radionuclide scanning", "opb": "IVP", "opc": "Ultrasound", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dad4b67a-1f3c-4a1b-8a2b-95bf734a1894", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hot nodule in a liver scan is due to", "exp": "50% of the focal nodular hyperplasia shows the presence of Kupfer cells (phagocytes). So uptake of sulfur colloid is noted in these lesions. No uptake is seen in HCC, hepatic adenoma, and metastases.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepatic adenoma", "opb": "Focal nodular hyperplasia", "opc": "Metastasis", "opd": "HCC", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "GIT and hepatobiliary system", "id": "91beb4c4-95e3-488e-a22b-b3a44dfcdbaa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The radioisotope used for ablation of thyroid gland is", "exp": "Ans. (c) Iodine 131Sutton 7th/1504", "cop": 3, "opa": "Iodine 123", "opb": "Iodine 125", "opc": "Iodine 131", "opd": "Technetium 99 pertechnate", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiation treatment planning", "id": "b342567d-640c-42d0-bc13-a64b968017a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice to demonstrate vesico ureteral reflux", "exp": "B i.e. Contract MCU - Patients with suspected urolithiasis (stone) present with painful hematuria and /or recurrent UTI. Ultrasound and KUB X-ray are the initial screening modalityQ followed by unenhanced (i.e. non contrast) helical or spinal CT (imaging modality of choice) if screening is negative. However, IVU (intravenous urography) or IVP is still the best investigation if CT is not available. The test of choice at most centers for diagnosing an acute stone is a non contrast helical CT ScanQ. Helical CT (Non contrast) has the advantage of detecting uric acid stones in addition to the traditional radioopaques stones, and CT does not expose the patient to the risk of radio contrast agents. - Calcification is best detected by CTscanQ. MRI and PET scan have no role in diagnosing renal stone. Intravenous urography (IVP) is the only method which can detect early renal tuberculosis and papillary necrosis. It is the most sensitive and investigation modality of choice for early renal TB. However in advanced cases it should be integrated with cross sectional CT imagesQ. Micturating/Voiding cystourethrography is the best method to visualize posterior urethra, posterior urethral valve & vesico ureteric refluxQ. In post urethral valve,Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCU) shows dialation of prostatic urethra & filling defect corresponding to the valve. VU Reflux occurs when urinary bladder contracts so contrast studies of urinary bladder done during micturation is best way to see VU Reflux. Radionucleotide cystogram is Inv of 2nd choice. It's advantage is that it avoids the need for bladder catheterization. The disadvantage is its lack of anatomical detail. So it may be useful in follow up (not initial assessment).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Isotope cystogram", "opb": "Contrast Micturating Cysto Urethrogram", "opc": "IVP", "opd": "Cystoscopy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5eb912a4-1514-4bd6-8db6-89002b512a76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Great Hilar Dance on Fluoroscopy is a feature of", "exp": "*Great Hilar Dance is Vigorous pulmonary aerial pulsations seen due to increased blood flow, seen fluoroscopically in patients with Atrial septal defects.", "cop": 2, "opa": "PDA", "opb": "ASD", "opc": "VSD", "opd": "MS", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular Radiology", "id": "c2c1c9d3-ac59-4a4f-841a-e74b5dd09f46", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thumb print sign is seen in", "exp": "Thumb printing: Indentation in contrast or air-filled bowel lumen caused by sub mucosal infiltration and resembling a thumb printing; e.g. Ischemia Thumbprinting is a Radiographic sign of large bowelwall thickening, usually caused by edema, related to an infective or inflammatory process ('colitis'). The normal haustra become thickened at regular intervals appearing like 'thumb-prints' projecting into the aerated lumen.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ileal atresia", "opb": "Meconium ileus", "opc": "Crohn's disease", "opd": "Ischemic colitis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "53ab159c-2611-43bc-af70-c1e76c26d7f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation dose is measured in", "exp": "Units for Radiation dose or absorbed radiation are : Traditional unit : Rad SI unit : Gray", "cop": 4, "opa": "Roentgen", "opb": "Sieve", "opc": "Rem", "opd": "Gray", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals in Radiology", "id": "da34788b-f7e6-43ef-9503-3fab22b429b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The 'String of beads' or sausage appearance of the renal aery is due to", "exp": "Fibromuscular dysplasia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibromuscular dysplasia", "opb": "Subadventitial fibroplasia", "opc": "Medial fibroplasia with aneurysms", "opd": "Outercoat fibroplasia with aneurysms", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "868e58aa-0959-4378-a96e-15681c40ad4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lead pipe appearance is seen in", "exp": "B i.e. Ulcerative colitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chron's disease", "opb": "Ulcerative colitis", "opc": "Schistosomiasis", "opd": "Carcinoma colon", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ae5fe37d-0b05-418a-8578-df155884ae9d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intercavitatory radiotherapy is treatment modality for", "exp": "Intracavitary brachytherapy is used most commonly in patients with cancer cervix after radiation therapy has been completed.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ca Cervix", "opb": "Ca Oesophagus", "opc": "Ca Stomach", "opd": "Renal cell CA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4d01f037-27bb-4e72-ae90-ce32057e4113", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neural tube defect is best detected by", "exp": "C i.e. Amniocentesis", "cop": 3, "opa": "USG", "opb": "Chromosomal analysis", "opc": "Amniocentesis", "opd": "Placentography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4dc31e6e-76d1-4dee-bb0c-86a99f0b9c02", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apical root fracture is visible in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Intra-oral periapical X-ray", "opb": "Bite-wing X-ray", "opc": "Occlusal X-ray", "opd": "OPG", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11c9242f-26ab-497b-94dc-12372db422a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Finger in glove sign is seen in", "exp": "The finger in glove sign can be seen on either chest radiograph or CT chest and refers to the characteristic sign of a bronchocoele. The same appearance has also been referred to as:rabbit ear appearancemickey mouse appearancetoothpaste shaped opacitiesY-shaped opacitiesV-shaped opacitiesThe finger-in-glove sign is the chest CT/radiographic finding of tubular and branching tubular opacities that appear to emanate from the hila, said to resemble gloved fingers.The tubular opacities represent dilated bronchi impacted with mucus. The CT finger-in-glove sign is branching endobronchial opacities that course alongside neighboring pulmonary aeries. The finding is classically associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), seen in persons with asthma and patients with cystic fibrosis, but may also occur as an imaging manifestation of the endobronchial tumor, bronchial atresia, cystic fibrosis, and postinflammatory bronchiectasis.Bronchoscopy may be necessary to exclude endobronchial tumor as the cause of the finger-in-glove sign. The tubular opacities that occur in ABPA result from hyphal masses and mucoid impaction and typically affect the upper lobes( Ref: AJR:202, March 2014, Walker et al.Imaging Pulmonary Infection: Classic Signs and Patterns)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chronic bronchitis", "opb": "Bronchocele", "opc": "Bronchogenic carcinoma", "opd": "Pleuritis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6ab7bb7c-bca3-450c-813d-aa34c665ee6d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mount Fuji sign is a feature of", "exp": "Mount Fuji sign refers to the presence of gas (pneumocephalus) between the tips of the frontal lobes with a heaped-up appearance giving the appearance of Mount Fuji or M like appearance.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fahr's disease", "opb": "Acute bleed", "opc": "Chronic bleed", "opd": "Tension pneumocephalous", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "a4e1f85e-3fe5-46b1-b86b-ea9a9c976f87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The technique employed in radiotherapy to counteract the effect of tumour motion due to breathing is known as", "exp": "Gating Respiratory gating : It is a technique in radiotherapy in which the radiation is applied during that phase of respiratory cycle in which the tumour is in the best range. This is to prevent unnecessary radiation exposure to normal structures.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arc technique", "opb": "Modulation", "opc": "Gating", "opd": "Shunting", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy Pa 1", "id": "24273860-3e7a-46a3-a884-7338e8d07211", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation produces its effect on tissue by", "exp": "C i.e. Charring of nucleoprotein Radiotherapy is treatment of malignant tumors with ionizing radiation (m.c. y rays)Q ; which causes excitation or ionization (ejection of electron from orbit) of electronQ and kills tumor cells by producing double strand breaks in DNA (direct) or free radicles (indirect). So ionizing Radio Therapy acts (on tissue) by- Excitation of electron (to higher energy levels without actual ejection) - and Ionization of electron (Removal of orbital e-). Ionizing radiation is of two types - electromagnetic on) and paiculate radiation. Type Mass Charge Comment Electromagnetic X Ray & y ray do X Ray 0 0 not differ except in Gamma Ray 0 0 the source. y rays are produced intranuclearly and X rays are produced extranuclearly (i.e. mechanical) Paiculate Electron (e) e -1 ? Proton (p) 2000xe +1 Exhibit Bragg peak (most of energy is given abruptly causing ionization) Neutron (n) 2000xe 0 Can't be accelerated by an electrical field Alpha paicle 2p+2n +2 Helium Paicle (8000xe) (2p+2n) - The biological effects produced by a radiation is quantified as relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which compairs them to effects produced by 250KV photon radiation as a standard. - RBE value depends on Linear energy transfer (LET; is amount of ionization occurring per unit length of radiation tract), dose, dose rate & nature of biological system. - Absorption of energy from radiation in tissue leads to ionization &/or excitation leading to various biological effects Q. - Radiation must produce double-strand breaks (not single-strand) in DNA to kill a cell. It can indirectly kill by producing free radicles. - Chromosomal abnormalities occur in cells irradiated in G1 Phase of cell cycle before doubling of genetic material. - Chromatid aberration occurs in cells irradiated in G2 Phase. Most sensitive phase to radiation is M> G2M interphaseQ. Most resistant phase to radiation is end of S phaseQ. Lymphocyte analysis provides evidence of recent total body exposure. -- Ionization radiation (most commonly y rays/X rays) is used for . It causes excitation and ionization of electron from orbit Vt double strand break in DNA (i.e. charring of nucleoprotein) and free radical production in tissueQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coagulation of cytoplasm", "opb": "Increasing the temperature", "opc": "Charring of nucleoprotein", "opd": "Hydrolysis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a449025b-2ae3-4aab-8df7-5804d61800b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IoC to detect minimal ascites", "exp": "Ioc to detect minimal ascites → USG.", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "PET", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "49019d6c-e89f-4ad8-93af-f31b94127112", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Colon cut off sign is seen in", "exp": "Colon cut off sign - Distension of the colon upto the transverse colon with a paucity of gas distal to splenic flexure - seen in Acute pancreatitis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute pancreatitis", "opb": "Chronic pancreatitis", "opc": "Pancreatic carcinoma", "opd": "Ulcerative colitis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3bf883ad-31d5-47e4-b2d2-be8ddd0ad7d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best method to reduce radiation caries is application of", "exp": "The best method to reduce radiation caries is daily application of a viscous topical 1% neutral sodium fluoride gel in custom-made applicator trays. The best results are achieved from a combination of restorative dental procedures, excellent oral hygiene, a diet restricted in cariogenic foods, and topical applications of sodium fluoride. Patient cooperation in maintaining oral hygiene is extremely important because radiation caries is a lifelong threat. Teeth with gross caries or periodontal involvement are often extracted before irradiation.\nKey Concept:\nThe best method to reduce radiation caries is daily application of a viscous topical 1% neutral sodium fluoride gel in custom-made applicator trays.\nWhite and Pharoah's Oral Radiology Principles and Interpretation 8th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.5% neutral sodium fluoride gel", "opb": "1% neutral sodium fluoride gel", "opc": "0.5% stannous fluoride gel", "opd": "1% stannous fluoride gel", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee9d2a51-7bb2-4031-bbf9-9adb37e6905b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A dense renogram is obtained by", "exp": "C i.e. Rapid (Bolus) injection of dye Dense nephrogram or intensified renal images are obtained (iatrogenically) by - - Rapid/bolus injection of same contrast dose concentration (preferred method)(2. - Increased contrast concentration is less preferred than rapid injection method. The quantity that can be used safely depends on weight & hydration of patient. - Abdominal (ureteric) compression may be used to temporarily obstruct the upper urinary tract but is demanding. - Dehydration method used in past is not used now b/o more chances of precipitation of proteins in renal tubules, obstruction, oliguria & anuria.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dehydrating the patient", "opb": "Increasing the dose of contrast media", "opc": "Rapid (Bolus) injection of dye", "opd": "Using non ionic media", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "de7f0b46-699f-48bd-9093-85d74fc3ae1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Right heart border is mainly formed by", "exp": "Right heart border: SVC, Rightatrium, Ivc mainly by Right atrium.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Right atrium", "opb": "Superior vena cava", "opc": "Right ventricle", "opd": "Inferior vena cava", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e79825a2-536a-4247-9f59-f7b9976b0321", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Leukodystrophy with Bilateral occipital lobe involvement is seen in", "exp": "Adrenoleukodystrophy Also known as X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy, (ALD) is a rare, genetic disorder Characterized by the breakdown or loss of myelin in the brain and progressive dysfunction of the adrenal gland. Adrenoleukodystrophy involves bilateral occipital lobes. Alexanders Disease involves bilateral frontal lobe.it is associated with megalencephaly (large skull). Krabbes Disease - involves Bilateral Thalami", "cop": 4, "opa": "MELAS", "opb": "Canavan disease", "opc": "Alexander disease", "opd": "Adrenoleucodystrophy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "ce22200d-868c-4eb3-86d7-b58b382a1c88", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Half value layer refers to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "The rate at which an X-ray photon transfer its energy to irradiated matter", "opb": "The thickness of a substance required to reduce the number of X-ray photons by half", "opc": "The time taken for X-ray photons to travel half the distance from the source to the object", "opd": "The heel-effect seen when the anode is placed at an angle to the electron stream in the X-ray cathode tube", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "77fbf716-2c56-4a63-80c5-8502b783a434", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Whirlpool sign is feature of", "exp": "'Midgut volvulus' is a complication of mal-rotated bowel. It may result in proximal bowel obstruction with resultant ischemia if prompt treatment is not instigated. Radiological Findings on CT include: Whirlpool sign of twisted mesentery Malrotated bowel configuration Inveed SMA/SMV relationship Bowel obstruction Free fluid/free gas in advanced cases", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sigmoid volvulus", "opb": "Midgut volvulus", "opc": "Intussusception", "opd": "Diveiculosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "85639f7a-dedd-4f73-8bde-e74c0753190b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "45yr old female with sudden onset headache and neck rigidity There is no history of trauma ..", "exp": "ref : david sutton 9th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "SAH", "opb": "Meningitis", "opc": "SDH", "opd": "Hemorrhagic stroke", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "fe1187c0-df87-473e-981d-0bcf47d1c47c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "'Onion peel' appearance is seen with", "exp": "Ans. d (Ewing's sarcoma) (Ref.Grainger's Diagnostic Radiology, 4th/pg. 1891)EWING'S SARCOMA# Has specific cytogenetic analysis, i.e., t(11,12) & CD99 positivity. Mic gene +.Q# Histologically, small oval/round tumor cells are seen arranged in sheets with occasional rosette-like pattern and most tumors are PAS-positive indicating presence of glycogen in the tumor cells.# Anaplastic small blue cell malignant tumor . Q# Most common in boys 5-15.# Bone tumor metastasizing to bone. Q# Bone tumor clinically resembling acute osteomyelitis. Q# Commonly appears in diaphysis Q of long bones, pelvis, scapula, and ribs.Radiological features# Ill-defined osteolytic medullary lesion involving diaphysis# Extension along the length of the marrow with permeative bone destruction# Cortical saucerization# Classical multilaminar periosteal reaction giving 'onion-skin' appearance# Codman's triangles with elevated periosteum, although classically seen in osteosarcoma# Soft tissue mass disproportionately large compared to the extent of osseous involvement, resembling osteomyelitisRx:# MRI is investigation of choice# Radiosensitive Q# Extremely aggressive with early metastases, but responsive to chemotherapy.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Osteoclastoma", "opb": "Chondrosarcoma", "opc": "Osteosarcoma", "opd": "Ewing's sarcoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal System", "id": "61c773f4-680a-427b-a5d8-7a2a0bf50554", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bear claw's sign is seen in", "exp": "Bear claw sign is seen in liver trauma on CECT Note- Bear paw's sign- xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgA nephropathy", "opb": "Glomerular nephritis", "opc": "Liver lacerations", "opd": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "135aa17a-d5bb-447d-a308-105de3599ad8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudoahrosis of Tibia is seen associated with", "exp": "Pseudoahrosis of the tibia is usually seen associated with NF-1,a false joint between knee and ankle. Sphenoid wing dysplasia is also seen in NF-1. Acoustic Neuromas/Schwannomas are seen with NF-2. Multifocal haemangioblastomas are associated with VHL. Powine stain,leptomeningeal vascular malformations and Tram Track appearanceare seen with Sturge Weber syndrome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "NF-1", "opb": "NF-2", "opc": "VHL", "opd": "STURGE WEBER SYNDROME", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "709d266a-f484-4fc4-9a09-e351183c08c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frequency of sound waves used for transabdominal ultrasonography is", "exp": "Ans. 3.5-5.0 MHz", "cop": 2, "opa": "2.5-3.5 MHz", "opb": "3.5-5.0 MHz", "opc": "5.0-7.5 MHz", "opd": "7.5-10 MHz", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ccc68702-f2e1-4ad2-9876-26fdc6bffd11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spinnaker Sail sign is seen in", "exp": "Pneumo mediastinium\n\nRing around the artery sign\nSpinnaker sail sign\nContinuous diaphragm sign", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumo mediastinium", "opb": "Pseudo pneumo mediastinium", "opc": "Pleural effusion", "opd": "Pulmonary infarct", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02f66096-c05a-4bb5-9cd5-df63ae930acf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NMR is based on the principle of", "exp": "The phenomenon of 'nuclear induction', later to be termed 'nuclear magnetic resonance' (NMR), was described by Bloch and Purcell and their colleagues in 1946. NMR has been used extensively for studying the propeies of matter at the molecular level (NMR spectroscopy). In applications to medicine, the term 'nuclear' has been dropped, leaving it as magnetic resonance or MR(Ref: Grainger&;s diagnostic radiology, 6th ed; page 90)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Electron beam", "opb": "Proton beam", "opc": "Neutron beam", "opd": "Magnetic field", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1b2662c4-4c24-4ae5-a239-ec16030621a5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Isotope used in RAIU", "exp": "B i.e. I123", "cop": 4, "opa": "I131", "opb": "I123", "opc": "I125", "opd": "I127", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7900b860-ddcb-4f46-a73b-8829ace37221", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "For teletherapy, isotopes commonly used are", "exp": "C i.e. Co-60", "cop": 3, "opa": "1-123", "opb": "Cs-137", "opc": "Co-60", "opd": "Tc-99", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ac8c4e2-ff75-4ac1-8cab-4c4f48a3c5b0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phantom Tumor is name given to", "exp": "*Fissural Interlobar effusion is called as Phantom Tumor *It appears biconvex sharply marginated along the fissural lines viewed on a Lateral view", "cop": 3, "opa": "Loculated Pleural Effusion", "opb": "Subpulmonic effusion", "opc": "Interlobar effusion", "opd": "Pericardial effusion", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "7629d92d-369e-420d-bbb8-1ac75de9e3a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Deep sulcus sign is seen in", "exp": "Deep Sulcus sign is seen On Supine chest x-ray in Expiration phase in a case of Pneumothorax where the lucency of air in the costophrenic angle gives the appearance of a deep sulcus. Other Findings of Pneumothorax on CXR: Absent Bronchoalveolar markings Visceral Pleural Reflection", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumothorax", "opb": "Pleural effusion", "opc": "Tuberculosis", "opd": "Pneumonia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "79facad3-e300-4bb8-a1e9-2bd3fbf9b84c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spot the diagnosis in the following IVU", "exp": "Note the ectopic kidney seen in the pelvis on left side above the urinary bladder. This patient had solitary right kidney, which was normal in position. Ectopic kidneys are found in one in 1000 people, usually on the left near the pelvic brim. The other kidney is generally normal. A diseased ectopic kidney may present diagnostic problems and may be mistakenly excised as an unexplained pelvic mass.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Horse shoe kidney", "opb": "Bladder diveiculum", "opc": "Pelvic mass", "opd": "Ectopic kidney", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Genitourinary radiology", "id": "19383a25-6995-4415-a34b-7e5ae4da4563", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Artifical radioisotopsa) Radiumb) Uraniumc) Plutoniumd) Iridiume) Cobalt", "exp": "Important artificial radionuclides :- Tritium - 1, Carbon - 14, Cobalt - 60, Strontium 89, Strontium - 90, Iodine 131, Cesium 134, Cesium 137, Plutonium - 239, Iridium, Tc - 99.", "cop": 3, "opa": "ab", "opb": "bc", "opc": "de", "opd": "bd", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3c63dae1-94ee-43ba-a69c-8eadf2d7b7f9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice in obstructive jaundice is", "exp": "B i.e. USG", "cop": 2, "opa": "ERCP", "opb": "USG", "opc": "Cholecystography", "opd": "Laproscopy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "524dd61d-4682-452e-8e68-004fc1d28abe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SI unit of radiation absorbed dose is", "exp": "Absorbed dose - Gray (SI)\nExposure dose - C/kg (SI)\nDose equivalent - Sievert", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rem", "opb": "Gray", "opc": "Rad", "opd": "C/kg", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d89cf38-ea5e-4461-ad57-9e7f3924845f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Remote after loading is used in", "exp": "ref : david sutton 9th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Brachytherapy", "opb": "proton beam", "opc": "Electron beam", "opd": "Cyberknife therapy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "842d56f3-0b01-42de-bde2-63f17e90f5a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best view for visualizing Cl and C2 veebrae is", "exp": "Ans. Odontoid", "cop": 3, "opa": "AP", "opb": "Lateral", "opc": "Odontoid", "opd": "Oblique", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e31f07d-8561-44b9-8448-2102278eac5e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paint brush appearance is a feature of", "exp": "Paint brush appearance - Medullary sponge kidney.\nEgg in CUP appearance  - Papillary necrosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hydronephrosis", "opb": "PCKD", "opc": "Medullary sponge kidney", "opd": "Papillary necrosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "450b17fb-946c-4b38-8d02-a0bd1e34fb98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beheaded Scottish terrier sign is seen in", "exp": "Optimal view for visualizing (spondylolysis) defect is=X-ray spine oblique view: - Scotty dog with \"broken collar or neck\" = Spondylolysis. - Beheaded Scotty dog = Spondylolisthesis. Oblique radiograph of lumbar spine is best view for radiographic diagnosis of spondylosis. Note the description of Scottish dog appearance as seen on oblique LS spine view and classical spondylolysis:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spondylosis", "opb": "Spondylolisthesis", "opc": "Fracture transverse process of lumbar veebra", "opd": "Fracture rib", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiology Q Bank", "id": "eccfe288-fab4-47e6-8487-d07771846d9d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common intracranial neoplasm", "exp": "M/c intracranial neoplasm - Metastasis.\nM/c primary intracranial neoplasm - Gliomas.\nM/c extra - axial intracranial neoplasm - Meningioma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gliomas", "opb": "Meningioma", "opc": "Metastasis", "opd": "Schwamoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4cd7bae7-9af7-46d6-84f3-25d3fac42480", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stereotactic radiosurgery is a form of", "exp": "Stereotactic radiosurgery means delivery of precise high dose radiation in a single fraction to intracranial targetsReference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Radiotherapy", "opb": "Cryosurgery", "opc": "Neurosurgery intervention", "opd": "Embolisation and radiofrequency ablation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "2b937e1d-c1a1-4364-9313-63a2ff374ac4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Onion peel appearance on radiograph is not seen in", "exp": "Fibrous dysplasia- \nThe normal radiolucent maxillary sinus may be partially or totally replaced by the increased radiopacity of  this lesion. The degree of radiopacity depends on its stage of development and the relative amounts of bone and fibrous tissue present. Usually the radiopaque areas have a uniform characteristic ground-glass appearance on extraoral images or an orange-peel appearance on intraoral views. Onion-peel appearance is not seen in this condition.\nWhite and Pharoah, 7th ed, pg- 485", "cop": 4, "opa": "Garre's osteomyelitis", "opb": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opc": "Osteogenic sarcoma", "opd": "Fibrous dysplasia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c4c8239-53c7-4c27-b9c4-11add8cc0198", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Renal coical imaging is done by", "exp": "(Ref: Grainger&;s diagnostic radiology, 6th ed; page 133)", "cop": 2, "opa": "DTPA", "opb": "DMSA", "opc": "MAG3", "opd": "UIH", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c37712db-8348-4700-a8a9-f40e552feb87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Initial investigation for an amoebic liver abscess is September 2009", "exp": "Ans. A: USG Ultrasonography is the preferable initial diagnostic test. It is rapid, inexpensive, and is only slightly less sensitive than CT scan (75-80% sensitivity vs 88-95% for CT scan). Ultrasonography simultaneously evaluates the gallbladder and avoids radiation exposure. As opposed to scanning with technetium-99m, sonography often can distinguish an abscess from a tumor or other solid focal lesion. The lesions tend to be round or oval, with well-defined margins, and hypoechoic. CT scan is sensitive but the findings are not specific. The abscess typically appears low density with smooth margins and a contrast-enhancing peripheral rim. The use of injected contrast may differentiate hepatic abscesses from vascular tumors. MRI is sensitive, but the findings are not specific. This test provides information comparable with less expensive imaging procedures. Technetium-99m liver scanning is useful for differentiating an amebic liver abscess from a pyogenic abscess; however, it is not used as a first-line test. Because amebic liver abscesses do not contain leukocytes, they appear as cold lesions on hepatic nuclear scanning, with a typical hot halo or a rim of radioactivity surrounding the abscess. In contrast, pyogenic liver abscesses contain leukocytes and, therefore, typically appear as hot lesions on nuclear scanning. Gallium scanning is helpful in differentiating pyogenic abscess (similar to technetium-99m nuclear hepatic scanning) but requires delayed images, which makes the test less helpful. Hepatic angiography is only useful to differentiate liver abscesses from vascular lesions. Plain chest or abdominal films may show elevation and limitation of motion of the right diaphragm, basilar atelectasis, and right pleural effusion or gas within the abscess cavity. None of the imaging tests can definitely differentiate a pyogenic liver abscess, an amebic abscess, or malignant disease. Clinical, epidemiological, and serological correlation is needed for diagnosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG", "opb": "Exploratory laparotomy", "opc": "CT scan", "opd": "Technetium-99 scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b05aadae-930a-4d73-bac2-837a490add5d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Preferred method for obtaining dense nephrograms", "exp": "Rapid (bolus) injection of contrast is preferred method.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased concentration of contrast", "opb": "Dehydration", "opc": "Uretric compression", "opd": "Rapid injection of contrast", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f0919ed-a427-4c7e-8076-50b2344f25d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Egg shell\" calcification in hilar nodes suggest", "exp": "Silicosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Asbestosis", "opb": "Silicosis", "opc": "Berylliosis", "opd": "Baritosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3575e0bd-c8ec-4757-94b8-287f4649693f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An exaggerated smile line seen in OPG is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Patient's chin positioned too high", "opb": "Patient's head positioned too far back", "opc": "Patient's chin positioned too low", "opd": "Patient's head positioned too forward", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "56f6f368-771b-4bf5-b1f7-1acab1fd80a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inveed Moustache Sign is seen in", "exp": "Suggestive Of Congestive Hea Failure Reverse Moustache Sign, Stag Antler Sign, Hands Up sign Indicate prominence of Upper Lobe Vessels(cephalization) TAPVC -Figure of 8 Constrictive pericarditis -Egg in Cup PAPVC- Scimitar Sign", "cop": 4, "opa": "TAPVC", "opb": "PAPVC", "opc": "Constrictive pericarditis", "opd": "CHF", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular Radiology", "id": "5efde524-1c03-49e5-aa14-7a709a5fe1bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Father of Radioactivity is", "exp": "Henry Becquerel was the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him. W.C. Roentgen was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Rontgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Godfrey Hounsfield was an English electrical engineer who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Allan McLeod Cormack for his pa in developing the diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomography(CT). Henri Becquerel", "cop": 1, "opa": "Henry Bacquerel", "opb": "Marie Curie", "opc": "W.C Roentgen", "opd": "Godfrey Hounsefield", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "X-RAYS", "id": "4dfdfab1-d14d-4740-bc07-7105bf1e4488", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following is used in PET scan", "exp": "Explanation:\n\"Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most common positron-labeled radiotracer in positron emission tomography fPET), in most tissues,\nincluding cancer, there is little phosphatase activity. The intracellular metabolite, FDG-6-phosphate cannot undergo further conversions and is therefore trapped inside the cell.\nFDG is useful in staging and metastasis of Renal cell cancer by PET. \" (Ref: Wolfgang) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)\n● It is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body.\nThe system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule.\nThree-dimensional images of tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer analysis.\nIn modern scanners, three-dimensional imaging is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient during the same session, in the same machine.\nIf the biologically active molecule chosen for PET is FDG, an analogue of glucose, the concentrations of tracer imaged then give tissue metabolic activity, in terms of regional glucose uptake.\nThe electron-positron decays result in two 511 keV gamma photons being emitted at almost 180 degrees to each other; hence, it is possible to localize their source along a straight line of coincidence (also called the line of response, or LOR). A collimator is a device that narrows a beam of particles or waves.\nLead collimators are used in X-rays and linear accelerators.", "cop": 1, "opa": "FDG", "opb": "DTP A", "opc": "MAG-3", "opd": "I 131", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d5cb18bf-13dd-4e99-84ba-c9737c4b74c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest & characteristic radiological finding of leukemia", "exp": "All the above are the findings of leukemia. But Earliest & characteristic finding is option A.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Translucent transverse metaphyseal bands", "opb": "Metaphyseal Osteosclerosis", "opc": "Periosteal reaction", "opd": "Metaphyseal cortical erosions", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2bc48e56-e4a5-41f5-b626-e31419fd80e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Spongy appearance\" with central sunburst calcification is seen in", "exp": "Serous cyst adenoma (Ref: Sutton Radiology, 7/e, p 793] \"The serous cyst adenoma, or inicrocystic adenoma, is a benign tumor of elderly women, presenting with vague abdominal symptoms. A large calcified mass is often seen, with the calcification having a characteristic sunburst pattern within a central fibrotic scar\". - Sutton Splenocolic ligament Small and large bowel mesentry Left broad ligament in women Left spermatic cord in men", "cop": 4, "opa": ">Pancreatic adenocarcinoma", "opb": "Mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma", "opc": "Somato statinoma", "opd": "Serous cyst adenoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27043481-8710-46b6-bbae-47ecd49a94d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most radiosensitive cells in the body are", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Endothelial cells", "opb": "Epithelial cells", "opc": "Red blood cells", "opd": "White blood cells", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da7ee476-22ac-4e4a-8368-3aedf546e654", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Egg shell calcification in hilar lymph nodes is seen ina) Sarcoidosisb) Histoplasmosisc) Tuberculosisd) Carcinoma lunge) Silicosis", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "bcde", "opb": "abcd", "opc": "abce", "opd": "abde", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d901ce07-d2d9-4470-b5f5-6a4271ebf6ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CTDI represents", "exp": "CT Dose Index (CTDI): It is a standardized measure of radiation dose output of a CT scanner which allows the user to compare the radiation output of different CT scanners. In CT the computed tomography dose index (CTDI), and the dose-length product (DLP) are used. These operational dose qualities are often stored together with patient information in the digital archives like PACS and thus the radiation exposure of individual patients may be retrieved afterward.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CT densitometry index", "opb": "CT dose index", "opc": "CT duplication index", "opd": "CT detection index", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "CT SCAN", "id": "1e7a08b4-7917-4551-9ea2-03ad3afbcbe9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The gold standard for diagnosis of echinococcal cyst is", "exp": "USG is the cornerstone for diagnosis and staging of cystic echinococcus (especially liver).MRI is capable of reproducing ultrasound features of cystic echinococcal and is preferred over CT where USG cannot be used because of a difficult location.Serological tests are commonly employed to supplement the radiological data in the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. The current gold standard serology test for echinococcosis detects IgG antibodies to hydatid cyst fluid-derived native or recombinant antigen B subunits. This is performed using ELISA or immunoblot formats Classification of hydatid cyst:GharbiWHOUS characteristicsType 1CE 1Unilocular cyst + wall + internal echogenicitiesType 2CE 3Detached membraneType 3CE 2Multivesicular, multiseptated cyst, daughter cystsType 4CE 4Heterogeneous cyst, no daughter vesiclesType 5CE 5Cyst with a wall calcification(Ref: Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, 770)", "cop": 4, "opa": "X-ray", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "USG", "opd": "ELISA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "81822435-3b5b-4eae-a726-5c1d33ff40e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of osteoblastic bone metastais", "exp": "Prostate carcinoma-M/c osteoblastic.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Renal cell carcinoma", "opb": "Prostaic carcinoma", "opc": "Wilm's tumor", "opd": "Neuroblastoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2799595d-5201-466e-bb91-24f4c55f37f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Floating water lily sign is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e. Hydatid cyst Separated membranes floating with the cyst give the appearance of water lily.It is pathognomonic of hydatid cyst.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspergillosis", "opb": "Hamartoma", "opc": "Hydatid cyst", "opd": "Cavitating metastasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Imaging of Alveolar Lung Disease", "id": "edde6c42-9c80-4e34-ae79-7e9da9cff4a5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Lemon sign\" & \"Banana sign\" on Antenatal USG is seen in", "exp": "*The Anterior bossing of frontal bone is called as Lemon sign *Wrapping of cerebellum around brain stem is called as Banana sign *Lemon sign and Banana sign are features of Chiari -II Malformation and also seen with spina bifida.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Down syndrome", "opb": "Chiari Malformation", "opc": "Turner syndrome", "opd": "Klienfelters syndrome", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "384b6dbe-852d-4951-b1b8-6d86c94ae4b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for a pregnant lady with upper abdominal mass", "exp": "Ans. MRI", "cop": 2, "opa": "Barium meal", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "CT scan", "opd": "DSA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7ddaab07-b0e4-45e0-a5c3-820befecacbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Molten wax appearance is seen in", "exp": "Motten wax or Flowing candle wax appearance feature of Melorheostosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Achondroplasia", "opb": "Pseudogout", "opc": "Melorheostosis", "opd": "Osteopetrosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9797bc4-a4b4-4832-983f-3f9fc40f54e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Short 4th metacarpal is a feature of", "exp": "Seen in pseudohypoparathyroidism and Pseudo pseudo hypoparathyroidism.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypothyroidism", "opb": "Hyperthyroidism", "opc": "Pseudohypoparathyroidism", "opd": "Hypoparathyroidism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64810c55-8ff5-46bd-83b4-475c6a6b9fe0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alpha particle is similar to", "exp": "Ans: d (Helium nucleus) Ref: Vasudevan 4th ed/p 464.Alpha particle consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound together into a particle identical to Helium nucleus He2+.Beta particles are high energy, high speed electrons or positrons emitted by radioactive nuclei. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation of high frequency.X-rays are low energy photons.Penetration powen-Gamma ray > X ray. Beta particle > alpha particleIonising and damaging power: -Alpha particle> Beta particle > X ray> Gamma ray", "cop": 4, "opa": "Electron", "opb": "Proton", "opc": "Neutron", "opd": "Helium nucleus", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "2fa545dc-0cea-4724-89f6-4a5bf1018f6a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Months or years following radiotherapy, the irradiated oral mucosa", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Undergoes necrosis", "opb": "Develops candidiasis", "opc": "Becomes atrophic", "opd": "Develops granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "970026d1-792b-4963-99e2-3305202e037c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation exposure is least in", "exp": "MCU : 1 - 2 (msv) - 60 chest x - ray.\nCystography : 1- 8 (msievert) - 90cxr.\nIVP : 2 - 4 - 120cxr.\nCT pelvis : 10 - 500cxr.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CT pelvis", "opb": "IVP", "opc": "Cystography", "opd": "Micturating cysto - Urethrogram", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "546df1c3-bf39-49a0-a7b8-1c6beac30ec4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum radiopaque shadow in ovary is seen in", "exp": "Teratoma is most radio-opaque because of its calcifications (Ref: Radiology Review Manual by Wolfgang Dahne 6thEtd, 1010)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Dysgerminoma", "opc": "Mucinous cyst adenoma", "opd": "Granulose cell tumour", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9e14a61e-9991-453a-a7fb-5b0d7251cea0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A developer at high temperature will cause", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Clear white spots on the film", "opb": "Yellow stains", "opc": "Very dark image", "opd": "Very light image", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "21dc3af9-d9cf-42a4-a8f7-156bfea3b933", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for pyonephrosis", "exp": "IOC for pyonephrosis - USG.", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CECT", "opc": "IVP", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebbbe8f9-cae4-4df6-a21b-c3bcfb9a7f1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for acoustic neuroma", "exp": "IOC for acoustic neuroma - Gadolinium enhanced MRI.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CT", "opb": "GD enhanced MRI", "opc": "Angiography", "opd": "Four vessels DSA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3edf2f52-3ac9-49e2-9724-e9fb4e109adf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Claw sign or pincer sign is seen in", "exp": "Other signs in intusucception: Target sign pseudokidney sign coiled spring sign solar eclipse sign", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ischemic colitis", "opb": "Ileocaecal TB", "opc": "Volvulus", "opd": "Intussusception", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "8f5df5fb-3a56-411b-a150-d2f2fbb88bd1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best method to reduce radiation caries is application of viscous", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "0.5% neutral sodium fluoride gel", "opb": "1% neutral sodium fluoride gel", "opc": "0.5% stannous fluoride gel", "opd": "1% stannous fluoride gel", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e01aada0-9c45-4e0e-b7db-f6fe2b639bd4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Substance with same atomic number but different mass number", "exp": "Ans. a (Isotope). (Ref. Radioactive isotope in medicine and biology by Quimby, 2nd ed., 26)TermDefinitionIsotopesAtoms having same atomic numbers, different mass numbers (hence different neutron number) e.g., 17CI35, 17CI37 (same no.of protons and electrons)IsobarsAtoms having same mass numbers, different atomic number (hence different neutron number) e.g., 28Ni64, 30Zn64IsotonesAtoms have same neutron number, different atomic mass number e.g., 18A40IsomersAtoms having same atomic and mass numbers but different energy states in nucleus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Isotope", "opb": "Isobar", "opc": "Atom", "opd": "Mineral", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nuclear Medicine", "id": "a8cb66d9-4fee-40a9-97e1-cf726cac0e5a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Air bronchogram on chest Xray denotes", "exp": "A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion is a mass in the lung smaller than 3 centimeters in diameter.\nIt can be an incidental finding found in up to 0.2% of chest X-rays and around 1% of CT scans.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Intrapulmonary lesion", "opb": "Extrapulmonary lesion", "opc": "Intrathoracic lesion", "opd": "Extrathoracic lesion", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6824393d-ba23-4e3e-8d74-504f0533c999", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for diagnosis of spleenic rupture", "exp": "C i.e. CT Scan", "cop": 3, "opa": "Peritoneal lavage", "opb": "Ultrasound", "opc": "CT scan", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da0bdc2a-8a00-44cf-a165-0cb32ebfe998", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radioprotector among the following is", "exp": "Amifostine is an organic thiophosphate cytoprotective agent indicated to reduce the cumulative renal toxicity associated with repeated administration of cisplatin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer or non-small cell lung cancer and also to reduce the incidence of moderate to severe xerostomia in patients undergoing post-operative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. Amifostine is a prodrug that is dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase in tissues to a pharmacologically active free thiol metabolite, believed to be responsible for the reduction of the cumulative renal toxicity of cisplatin and for the reduction of the toxic effects of radiation on normal oral tissues. Healthy cells are preferentially protected because amifostine and metabolites are present in healthy cells at 100-fold greater concentrations than in tumour cells.Reference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amifostine", "opb": "Mesna", "opc": "Paraffin wax", "opd": "Leucovorin", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "197d11fa-d387-452a-aefc-a361bea807b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SPECT Stands for", "exp": "SPECT stands for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, It uses a 360 degree revolving Gamma Camera and Acquires 3D images using Tc99m labelled radioisotopes like HMPAO (Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Single Proton Emission Computed Tomography", "opb": "Single Positron Emission Computed Tomography", "opc": "Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography", "opd": "Single Positive Emission Computed Tomography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "CT SCAN", "id": "52d9eccf-370b-4c6e-b178-025534088313", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for cardiac tamponede", "exp": "IOC for cardiac tamponade - 2D Echo.\nIOC for cardiomyopathy  - 2D Echo.", "cop": 1, "opa": "2D - Echo", "opb": "USG", "opc": "CT", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5f556d5-c396-4ea0-bb4a-710ec58da398", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shepherd's crook deformity is a characteristic radiological feature of", "exp": "Shepherd's crook deformity - Fibrous dysplasia\nCoat - hanger appearance - Osteochondroma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osteosarcoma", "opb": "Chondrosarcoma", "opc": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opd": "Vertebral hemangioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb741426-080c-4a68-ac75-a78917e80365", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "On MRI the differential diagnosis of spinal cord edema is", "exp": "Both cord edema and myelomalacia appear hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2 image.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myelodysplasia", "opb": "Myelomalacia", "opc": "Myeloschisis", "opd": "Cord tumors", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d958f70d-b640-4b0b-b11e-7ddb659cafea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Main advantage of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is", "exp": "Ans. a (Site of origin of thrombus can be detected). (Ref. Grainger, Diagnostic Radiology, 4th ed., 697, 977)Advantages of TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHO (TEE)# Widely available, noninvasive (relatively)# Can be performed at the bedside within 10-15 minutes.# Can be performed on an unstable patient.# TEE is useful in patients in whom adequate echo images cannot be obtained by the standard echo techniques (most often because their chest walls are particularly thick, or because they have emphysema.)# Best for detecting perioperative ischemia and is a cardiovascular monitoring.# Provides additional useful information:- AI,- Pericardial effusion,- Coronary ostia visualization,# TEE can be performed in the operating room during open heart surgery (Intraoperative TEE is especially useful during valve reconstruction surgery).# Posterior structures (pulmonary veins, the atria & their appendages & atrioventricular valves) are especially well imaged & hence the thrombi that are common in atria and their appendages (especially the left atrial thrombus) can be easily detected.# Best for detecting vegetations on the valves in IE.Disadvantages of TEE# Contraindicated in patients with: esophageal varices, tumours and strictures.# Potential complications:- Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm.- The most common problem with the TEE is certain amount of gagging and throat discomfort during the procedure.- Patients often have sore throats for a few days after the procedure.- Rarely, perforation of the esophagus or bleeding can occur.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Site of origin of thrombus detected", "opb": "Lung tumors can be easily diagnosed", "opc": "TEE guided ECG can be done", "opd": "Ease in taking lung biopsy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Cardiac and Pericardiac Imaging", "id": "5e7c7a27-fd87-4b8c-8021-aa1423571acd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for stroke is", "exp": "IOC FOR STROKE is NCCT as it differentiates hemorrhagic stroke from ischemic stroke The initial investigation in all cases of Cerebrovascular accidents should be NCCT IOC FOR ISCHEMIC STROKE/ACUTE INFARCT is DWI-MRI IOC for Head trauma is NCCT IOC For Acute SAH IS NCCT", "cop": 1, "opa": "NCCT", "opb": "X-ray", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "CECT", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "e4f91020-2fdd-4fdf-a362-ed686a38a87a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Renal GFR is best measured by", "exp": "C i.e. Tc99 DTPA 99mTcDMSA (gold standard) and 99mTc- GFIA are morphologic agents. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) labelled with technetium-99m is most satisfactory tracer for imaging renal anatomyQ (e.g. in renal ectopia and anomalies like horseshoe kidney), differentiating functional renal masses (with radiotracer uptake) from pseudomassesQ (abscess, cysts or tumors which show no uptake of DMSA and appear photon deficient on renal images) and detecting infection and scarringQ. 99Tc-DMSA scan is most accurate (non invasive) method for estimating distribution of function between two kidneysQ. It is used to locate functional renal tissue, to find out scar or non-functioning areas of renal parenchymaQ (or to differentiate renal coex form soft tissue masses in or near kidney) and to estimate the functional contribution of each abnormal kidney. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) labelled with technetium-99m is most satisfactory tracer for imaging renal anatomyQ (e.g. in renal ectopia and anomalies like horseshoe kidney), differentiating renal masses (with radiotracer uptake) from pseudomassesQ abscess, cysts or tumors which show no uptake of DMSA and appear photon deficient on renal images) and detecting infection and scarringQ. 99mTc-MAG3 (preferred), 99mTc-DTPA (preferred in emergency) and 1311OIH, (ohoiodohippurate) are functional agents. Functional agents are used for assessment of renal perfusion, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration and tubular secretion and are applied in dynamic radionuclide studies of urinary tract obstruction. (obstructive uropathy), vesico-ureteral reflux, renovascular hypeension, and acute renal failure. (anuria/oliguria). Radionucleide that are excreted almost entirely by glomerular filtration can be used to estimate GFR and these are - Tc99 in- labelled DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid)Q and Chromium 51- labelled - EDTAQ", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tc99 DMSA", "opb": "Tc99 Pyrophosphate scan", "opc": "Tc99 DTPA", "opd": "Creatinine clearance", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1005c1d4-84e4-4dea-849b-48456604803e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Obliteration of Costophrenic angle is seen in", "exp": "A Small Amount of free fluid may be undetectable on an erect PA chest radiograph as it tends initially to collect under the lower lobes. As the amount of effusion increases, the posterior and then the lateral costophrenic angles become blunted, by which time a 200 to 500-mL effusion is present", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pneumothorax", "opb": "Pleural effusion", "opc": "Tuberculosis", "opd": "Pneumonia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "b85e18cf-d18a-41df-b4c2-33af966109ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In pantamograph, if patient chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appears to be", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Blurred and Diminished", "opb": "Blurred and Magnified", "opc": "Either magnified or diminished", "opd": "Only Blurred", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "807dfc6c-69aa-4e03-8c35-f1f63bdcb18e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive tissue to Radiaton is", "exp": "B i.e. Gonads", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Gonads", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Skin", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa65eb78-5950-4cea-89d9-ff611c8645a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dye used for myelography is", "exp": "Myelography uses a real-time form of x-ray called fluoroscopy and an injection of contrast material in subarachnoid space to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots and meninges. Iofendylate (Myodil) is a radiocontrast agent, typically used for performing myelography studies.It is paicularly useful for assessing the spine following surgery and for assessing disc abnormalities in patients who cannot undergo MRI.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Conray 320", "opb": "Myodil", "opc": "Dianosil", "opd": "Iopanoicacid", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8b1f0b8e-7eba-4977-8580-ca9b406b6df2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 35 year old female presented with history of multiple transient ischemic attacks. The Given Carotid angiogram is suggestive of", "exp": "Beaded or toous appearance of internal carotid aery Fibromuscular dysplasia Characterised by an idiopathic, non-inflammatory,non-atherosclerotic angiopathy of small and medium-sized aeries. More common in young women, typically diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 50 DSA is the gold standard. The characteristic findings alternating stenosis and dilatations, causing a String of beads appearance.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atherosclerosis", "opb": "Fibromuscular dysplasia", "opc": "Thrombosis", "opd": "Carotid dissection", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "c932fa85-79f8-48b9-8df2-7ce484673aa0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best radiographic view for fracture C1, C2 veebra is", "exp": "(Ref: Radiology Review ManualBy Wolfgang Dahne 6thEtd, Page no:183)", "cop": 2, "opa": "AP view", "opb": "Odontoid view", "opc": "Lateral view", "opd": "Oblique view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e236aa68-3e25-46aa-b50f-202acbe5f3a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Egg shell calcifications can be seen in Sarcoidosis Silicosis Aspergillosis Pulmonary aery hypeension Amyloidosis scleroderma", "exp": "Egg shell calcification is peripheral rim like calcifications seen in cases of Sarcoidosis, Silicosis,Pneumoconiosis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "1,2,3,4", "opb": "1,2,4,5", "opc": "1,2,3,6", "opd": "1,2,5,6", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiology Q Bank", "id": "717053c9-c6c3-4fbc-9950-6e7b117026dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In pulmonary embolism, findings in perfusion scan isa) Perfusion segmental defectb) Perfusion defect with normal lung scan & radiographyc) Tenting of diaphragmd) Normal chest scan", "exp": "At least 2% of patients with PE have normal V/Q scan and 4% of patients with normal V/Q scan have pulmonary embolism.\n41% of patients with PE have high probability scan which includes 2 or more segmental perfusion defects with normal chest radiograph and normal lung ventilation scan.", "cop": 1, "opa": "abd", "opb": "bcd", "opc": "abc", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e3c0f24-54f7-46cc-b155-76cfc7879009", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior acoustic enhancement is seen with", "exp": "Posterior acoustic enhancement is seen with cystic lesions, gall bladder and urinary bladder. Posterior acoustic shadowing is seen with air, bone, calcification. Acoustic shadowing on an ultrasound image is characterized by a signal void behind structures that strongly absorb or reflect ultrasonic waves. This happens most frequently with solid structures, as sound conducts most rapidly in areas where molecules are closely packed such as in bone and stone.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Air", "opb": "Bone", "opc": "Cyst", "opd": "Calcification", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "f75c3490-5929-44dd-ab5c-78718eb96f8a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum radiation dose tolerable tissue is", "exp": "Tissue-specific radiation riskHigh riskGonadsStomachColonlungBone marrowBreastModerate riskBladderOesophagusLiverThyroidLow riskBrainBoneSkinSalivary glands(Ref: Farr&;s Physics for Medical Imaging, 2nd Edition, chapter 2)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hematopoietic tissue", "opb": "Testis", "opc": "Bone", "opd": "Ovary", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ecf4c134-1f5d-4fc0-b8c8-a518520b0445", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Accordian sign is seen in", "exp": "The 'Accordion sign' (also known as 'conceina sign') is seen on CT examinations of the abdomen Refers to the similarity between the thickened oedematous wall of Pseudomembranous colitis and the folds of an accordion. This appearance is the result of hyperaemic enhancing mucosa stretched over markedly thickened submucosal folds. Also seen when contrast is trapped between oedematous haustral folds and pseudomembranes formed on the luminal surface of the colon.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pseudomembranous colitis", "opb": "Intussusception", "opc": "Ileocecal TB", "opd": "Ischemic colitis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "a85d45e7-06f2-478f-a861-e3693b6e7ab7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wavelength of light is", "exp": "Ans: a (400-700nm) Ref: Vasudevan 4th ed p. 479Wavelength of visible light is 400-700nm.Violet- 420 nmBlue- 470 nmGreen- 520 nmYellow- 580 nmRed- 680 nm", "cop": 1, "opa": "400-700 nm", "opb": "500-800 nm", "opc": "700-900 nm", "opd": "300-600 nm", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "d5619788-c7d9-413f-8d1e-aa9fab0b32ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Compared with calcium tungstate screens, rare earth screens decrease patient exposure by about", "exp": "Compared with the older calcium tungstate screens, rare earth screens decrease patient exposure by 55% in panoramic and cephalometric radiography.", "cop": 3, "opa": "15%", "opb": "35%", "opc": "55%", "opd": "75%", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "95c72f10-d228-4d10-9010-51b617729f06", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ground glass appearance is not seen in", "exp": "B i.e. Left to Right Shunt Ground Glass Appearance It is radiological marker of pathology in air space or interstitiumQ. Presents with increased lung density which on chest X Ray obscures broncho vesicular markings (but present on CT ; if bronchial & vascular markings are absent both in X Ray & CT then k/a consolidation) Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (TAPVD) Due to Interstial & alveolar edema caused by pulmonary venous hypeension Obstructed TAPVD usually presents in neonatal period with cynosis and severe respiratory distress and it is difficult to differentiate it from pulmonary hypeension & severe pulmonary disease.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyline membrane disease", "opb": "Left to right shunts", "opc": "Pneumonia", "opd": "Obstructive TAPVC", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ac0beba-61e5-48bc-945d-ce605a81af61", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spongy appearance with sunburst calcification is seen in", "exp": "Serous cystadenoma-Serous cystadenomas (microcystic adenomas) are the second most common cystic tumours of the pancreas. The clinical presentation of serous cystadenomas is similar to that of mucinous cystic pancreatic tumours.- An association with VHL disease has been described.-Most patients present with nonspecific symptoms of vague abdominal pain or discomfo, but many have a palpable mass.- These tumours can be large, with a size of 1-25 cm. Because of increasing use of cross-sectional imaging, many of these tumours are detected as an incidental, asymptomatic finding.- On CT scans, sunburst central calcification in a spongy mass is pathognomonic of this tumour, but this finding occurs only in 10% of patients.- Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) allows better resolution of the honeycomb structure than CT. At times, the cysts may be large, a feature that makes it difficult to differentiate these cysts from MCNs.g. Hypervascularity may be demonstrated on angiograms, and some tumours occur with intra-abdominal haemorrhage.-Analysis of the cyst fluid characteristically reveals low viscosity and low levels of CEA, with negative cytologic results for malignant cells, as the vast majority of serous cystadenomas are benign.-Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for symptomatic tumours and tumours that show continuous growth.-Many of these tumours may require a Whipple procedure or distal pancreatectomy, depending on the anatomic location. Distal pancreatectomy may be performed and the spleen can be preserved, given the absence of malignant potential.Mucinous cystic neoplasmsa. Nonenhanced CT scans show a well-defined, unilocular or multilocular, externally smooth, round-to-ovoid mass with fluid attenuation.b. The attenuation values of the multilocular cysts vary according to the degree of haemorrhage or protein in the mucoidc. Visualization of nodular or papillary excrescences with irregular borders of the septae is possible. If present, calcification is curvilinear or punctate and confined to the cyst wall or septa. Contrast-enhancedd. CT scans show enhancement of the cyst wall, internal septations, mural nodules, and other intracavitary projections. CT more clearly demonstrates the enhancement of cystic walls and septa than do other studies.e. Compared with serous cystic tumours, the cysts in MCNs are larger (>20 mm in diameter) and less numerous (usually <6).f. CT guided aspiration of the cyst can provide fuher diagnostic clues and enable their differentiation from other pancreatic cystic masses (eg, pseudocyst, serous cystadenoma, and solid and pseudopapillary neoplasm).g. MCN cyst fluid typically has a high viscosity, low amylase levels, and high CEA and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 72-4 levels, and they may show malignant cytology in patients with mucinous cystadenocarcinomas.h. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and May Grunwald/Giemsa (MGG) stains are usually positive for extracellular as well as intracellular mucin.i. Treatment is the same as that of serous cystadenoma.(REF. SCHWAZ SURGERY 8TH EDITION PG 1572; David Sutton; Textbook of radiology and imaging, 7th edition, page no.793 )", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma", "opb": "Mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma", "opc": "Somatostatinoma", "opd": "Serous cyst adenoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7345cf08-dfb7-4a2f-950c-70d25d4b9c30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Luftsichel sign on chest radiograph is indicative of", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "RUL collapse", "opb": "Combined RLL and RML collapse", "opc": "LUL collapse", "opd": "LLL collapse", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "da57e38b-6a98-4608-89f8-273f0e9f37a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for aortic dissection in unstable patient", "exp": "Stable patient - MRI.\nUnstable patient - TEE (Trans esophageal Echo).", "cop": 3, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "TEE", "opd": "PET", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1eadfd76-ebb9-4960-8793-1eb050de561d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Measurement used to estimate gestational age in first trimester.", "exp": "Crown - rump length - 1st trimeter.\nFL - 2nd and 4rd trimeter.\nAC and HC  - 3rd trimester.", "cop": 1, "opa": "CRL", "opb": "Femur length", "opc": "BPD", "opd": "Head circumference", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "092f027e-c48d-4b07-8b89-3ba06bea7393", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Balthazar grading is used for acute pancreatitis based on findings on", "exp": "CT grading of acute pancreatitis - Balthazar grading.", "cop": 2, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "ERCP", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ccd3a421-fa11-4a45-8281-8e8afcf4700f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transrectal ultrasonography in carcinoma prostate is most useful for", "exp": "A i.e. Guided prostatic biopsy The major role of transrectal USG is to guide prostatic biopsiesQ.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Guided prostatic biopsies", "opb": "Seminal vesicle involvement", "opc": "Measurement of prostatic volume", "opd": "To detect hypoechoic area", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e2ccfaf-8556-4bee-b7fd-c5a496a3f40d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiopharmaceutical used for the liver scan is", "exp": "Tc-99m sulphur colloid is used in liver scan.Tc-99m DTPA measurement of GFR.Tc99m-sestamibi is taken up by cells with a high concentration of mitochondria i.e. highly cellular/metabolically active tissues such as the hea but also abnormal tissues such as oxyphil cell parathyroid adenomas, myeloma and breast cancer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tc-99m sulphur colloid", "opb": "Tc-99m mebrofenin", "opc": "Tc-99m MIBI", "opd": "Tc-99m DTPA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "GIT and hepatobiliary system", "id": "da329f21-34db-46ee-86d7-dadd692f8868", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tissue weighing factor for gonads is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "0.12", "opb": "0.08", "opc": "0.04", "opd": "0.01", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "17ed15be-cd47-4163-aec2-2d9882c539d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One gray equals", "exp": "SI unit of radiation absorbed dose is GRAY (1 Gy= 1J/Kg)Absorbed dose is the energy absorbed as ionization or excitation per unit mass of the material irradiated.The concept of absorbed dose applies to all kinds of ionizing radiation (direct and indirect) and to any material.Before 1980 the international dose of absorbed dose is RAD1 Gy=100 rad (1rad=1cGy=10 mGy)(Ref: Farr&;s Physics for Medical Imaging, 2nd Edition, Page No 17)", "cop": 2, "opa": "10 RAD", "opb": "100 RAD", "opc": "1000 RAD", "opd": "10000RAD", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9c8e94bf-5259-4e1c-8924-f910c96c00f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "For the treatment of deep seated tumors, the following rays are used.", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. X-rays and Gamma-rays X-rays and gamma rays are electromagnetic waves with highest penetrating power.For deep seated tumours rays with maximum penetrating power is required so x-rays and gamma rays are used.Harrison 141h/e states - \"Megavoltage X-rays are used to irradiate internal deep seated lesions since high energy penetrating beams deliver a less intense superficial dose and spares the skin\".", "cop": 1, "opa": "X- rays and Gamma- rays", "opb": "Alpha rays and Beta -rays", "opc": "Electrons and positrons", "opd": "High power laser beams", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiation treatment planning", "id": "427f176d-57fb-44b0-a649-b199eb36f692", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cystic lesion in suprasellar region with calcification", "exp": "ref : david sutton 9th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Craniophangioma", "opb": "Meningioma", "opc": "pituitary adenoma", "opd": "Oligodendroglioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f9bdf708-4247-4b70-8658-d92a705dbc8d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pruned tree appearance of pulmonary circulation is a feature of", "exp": "Prunel tree appearance of pulmonary circulation in X-ray - Pulmonary artery hypertenion.\nPrunel tree appearance of pulmonary circulation in ERCP or MRCP - Primary scleroing cholangitis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pulmonary stenosis", "opb": "Pulmonary regurgitation", "opc": "Pulmonary embolism", "opd": "Pulmonary artery Hypertension", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4cc1ac3c-6994-46ee-b14f-46e9a42f6d61", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dawson Fingers are feature of", "exp": "Multiple sclerosis :- - is m/c immune mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS - autoimmune destruction of myelin formed - Dawson fingers - are radiological feature of Multiple sclerosis - are periventricular white matter hyperintensities perpendicular to ventricles - involvement of calloso-septal interface - open ring/ horseshoe enhancement is suggestive of demyelination", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parkinsonism", "opb": "Multiple Sclerosis", "opc": "Progressive supra nuclear palsy", "opd": "CJD", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "00fbc03c-202e-4401-9887-44517b2cdac0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest sign of fetal life is best detected by", "exp": "D i.e. Doppler Doppler is an interpretation of audible signals of USG By listening fetal hea sounds and seeing blood flow, we can detect fetal life at earliest.", "cop": 4, "opa": "X-Ray", "opb": "Feto scopy", "opc": "Real time USG", "opd": "Doppler", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "30986bdc-c29a-40f9-8af7-6faccd97787a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Location of the indicated arrow in internal capsule is", "exp": "(A) Rubrospinal tract# Rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system. It is a part of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract.> Path: In the midbrain, it originates in the magnocellular red nucleus, crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum. In the spinal cord, it travels through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the company of the lateral corticospinal tract.> Function: It is a major motor control pathways for the mediation of voluntary movement. Responsible for large muscle movement as well as fine motor control, and it terminates primarily in the cervical spinal cord, suggesting that it functions in upper limb but not in lower limb control. It primarily facilitates flexion in the upper extremities. It is small and rudimentary in humans.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rubrospinal tract", "opb": "Lateral corticospinal tract", "opc": "Reticulospinal tract", "opd": "Vestibulospinal tract", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "cfd9bc90-7342-4e28-b88f-203a32c224cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sieve is a unit of", "exp": "Ans. is'd'i.e., Dose equivalentRef: A Textbook of Sciencefor the Health Professions p. 132Sieve is new (Sl) unit of dose equivalent replacing Rem", "cop": 4, "opa": "Radioactivity", "opb": "Radiation exposure", "opc": "Absorbed dose", "opd": "Dose equivalent", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "193e0c73-ecb4-4589-abe2-b39fb20e4ee5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best test to determine etiology of SAH", "exp": "C i.e. Intra aerial digital Substraction Once dx is done by CT Scan; digital substraction angiography (DSA) is done to determine etiology. DSA is most sensitive & best inv. for determining etiologyQ. Now DSA is being replaced by noninvasive methods as MRA (MRI - angiography) & CTA (CT - Angiography).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Enhanced CT", "opb": "Unenhanced CT", "opc": "Intra aerial digital Substraction Angiography", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "89b0e78b-256b-40dd-bc0f-3076ca98a0e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "B/L spider leg sign on IVP suggests", "exp": "B i.e. Polycystic Kidney", "cop": 2, "opa": "Renal stone", "opb": "Polycystic kidney", "opc": "Hypernephroma", "opd": "Hydronephrosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af08f474-5389-4653-b29b-76a380199645", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radon exposure is known to cause", "exp": "ETIOLOGY OF CANCERS OF LUNG\n■ Chromium,\n■ Nickel, other metals\n■ Tobacco smoking,\n■ Ionising radiation (uranium)\n■ Radon.\n■ Asbestosis (May predispose to Bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma, gastrointestinal cancer). Suspected Carcinogens", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carcinoma lung", "opb": "Leukemia", "opc": "Carcinoma colon", "opd": "Brain tumors", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "84961ceb-359a-403b-abb0-afd949245166", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Late Complication of radiotherapy", "exp": "Mucositis (Inflammation of mucosa) is a late complication.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nausea", "opb": "Thrombocytopenia", "opc": "Mucositis", "opd": "Erythema", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1bca398f-c080-445f-a052-a76d86dfbf43", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Zygoma fractures can be best viewed by", "exp": "The occipitomental (Waters view) radiograph provides an image of the whole zygoma and maxillary sinus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Occipitomental view", "opb": "Lateral oblique", "opc": "Towne's view", "opd": "Lateral skull", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "743d8a6e-0952-4802-908c-a61f14255291", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "T sign is seen in", "exp": "T sign - membrane in a monochoronic twin pregnancy.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Genito urinary TB", "opb": "PCOD", "opc": "Spina bifida", "opd": "Membrane in twin pregnancy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8ba42d2c-f8f2-4614-86f5-f2d7a9f6c03d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Base of hea is formed by", "exp": "D i.e. RA + LA The base of hea forms its posterior surface. It is formed mainly by the left atriumQ and by small pa of right atriumQ.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rt. ventricle", "opb": "LV", "opc": "LV + RV", "opd": "RA + LA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aac96543-91b2-485d-a5c6-8824e2f21a5f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best radiographic view for TMJ is", "exp": "The panoramic image is a useful tool for providing a broad overview of the TMJ and surrounding structures. It serves the purpose of allowing the clinician to rule out gross disease, and for some patients, it is the only imaging required before conservative therapy is initiated. Gross osseous changes in the condyles may be identified, such as asymmetries,  extensive erosions, large osteophytes, tumors, or fractures. The panoramic projection also provides a means of comparing left and right sides of the mandible and can reveal odontogenic diseases and other disorders that may be the source of TMJ symptoms.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lateral oblique", "opb": "PA view", "opc": "Waters view", "opd": "OPG", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a01800c-9be6-43c9-a45a-12f0530803fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Multiloculated cystic lesion in liver is a CT feature of", "exp": "Ans: a) Hydatid cyst On CT scans hepatic echinococcal cysts (hydatid cyst) appear as well defined round or oval cystic masses with a density near that of water.Daughter cysts, indicating viability, give the lesion a multilocular appearance. Extensive calcification usually indicates that the lesion is no longer viable.Liver is the commonest site of hydatid disease. Most cysts are in the right lobe and are clinically silent.Calcification is seen in 20-30% of cases and although calcification doesn't necessarily indicate death of the parasite, extensive calcification favours an inactive cyst.Hydatid cyst in kidneyCyst is usually polar and calcification is curvilinear or heterogenous.Hydatid cyst in lungsMost common in right lower lobes.Various Chest x-rav signsi) Meniscus / Moon signCyst communication with bronchial tree.ii) Crescent signThin radioluscent crescent in uppermost part of the cyst due to rupture of pericyst with air dissecting between pericyst and laminated membrane.iii) Cumbo sign:Air fluid level inside endocystiv) Serpent sign:Collapsed membrane inside cyst outlined by air.v) Water lilly sign/ Sign of CamalotteCompletely collapsed crumpled cyst membrane floating on the cyst fluid.Regarding option d -metastases: they are uniloculated purely cystic lesions in liver - seen with adenocarcinomas such as mucinous carcinoma of the colon and cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary.Option c - Hepatocallular carcinomaAppear as a hypodense mass with attenuation values more than that of water. It is usually unilocular but may appear multifocal.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hydatid cyst", "opb": "Necrotic mass", "opc": "Hepatocellular carcinoma", "opd": "Metastasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "0d03fbba-e8a4-4b18-ac9f-b3d011504e0f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Point B in treatment of Ca cervix corresponds to", "exp": "B i.e. Obturator Lymph node", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mackenrodts ligament", "opb": "Obturator Lymph node", "opc": "Isheal tuberosity", "opd": "Round ligament", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5a4e4b5e-84c7-41f0-92a8-5347a79b0ecb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Onion peel appearance is more characteristic of", "exp": "Onion peel appearance is a periosteal reaction more characteristic of Ewing's sarcoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osteosarcoma", "opb": "Osteoclastoma", "opc": "Ewings sarcoma", "opd": "Metastasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a9f4b603-e42e-48ae-addc-7433512f7365", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Penny test is the quality assurance test to detect", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fixer depletion", "opb": "Unsafe illumination", "opc": "Machine malfunction", "opd": "Contaminated solution", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ff0191a-4368-4d28-8002-498d40995d55", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Interpret the following chest Xray", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "PDA", "opb": "Pericardial effusion", "opc": "Constrictive pericarditis", "opd": "Emphysema", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ecac0565-ae60-4628-aecb-22af0ab89e70", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Yolk sac is visible on USG first at", "exp": "yolk sac should be seen on transabdominal scanning when the mean sac diameter (MSD) is 20 mm or at a gestational age of 7 weeks and is usually seen endovaginally with an MSD of 8-10 mm or gestational age of 5.5 weeks.The gestational sac (GS) is the first sign of early pregnancy on ultrasound The threshold level identifies the earliest one can expect to see a sac (4 weeks, 3 days), and the discriminatory level identifies when one should always see the sac (5 weeks, 2 days).(Ref: Diagnostic Ultrasound by Carol M. Rumack, Stephanie R. Wilson, J. William Charboneau, and Deborah Levine,4thed, page 1079,1080)", "cop": 3, "opa": "4th week POG", "opb": "Early 5th week POG", "opc": "Late 5th week POG", "opd": "6th week POG", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a865ae13-e387-4dfc-9cb8-24524b6fdc2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ultrasonic sound waves employed in ultrasound machine for medical sonography have the frequency of", "exp": "Frequency refers to a characteristic of the sound that is, the number of times that conduction paicles vibrate back and foh per second. Frequency of sound waves is usually between 1 and 20 MHz in medical sonography. Hence the best answer for this question would be A. 2-20 MHz Christensen's Physics of Diagnostic Radiology, 4/E,Pg no 347", "cop": 1, "opa": "2 - 20 MHz", "opb": "Less than 1 MHz", "opc": "20-20,000 Hz", "opd": "Greater than 100 MHz", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals in Radiology", "id": "335c2741-901d-4fb7-a845-c22980d7f1a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calcification in basal ganglia is seen in", "exp": "Ans. Hypoparathyroidism", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypothyroidism", "opb": "Hypoparathyroidism", "opc": "Hypopituitarism", "opd": "Hypoaldosteronism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "55ec0736-2327-4a1e-92af-5ae54d95939f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chain of lakes appearance in ERCP is seen is", "exp": "B i.e. Chronic Pancreatitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute Pancreatitis", "opb": "Chronic Pancreatitis", "opc": "Carcinoma Pancreas", "opd": "Ductal Adenoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "21f04dbf-447e-4c3a-a33b-cde6a3c194b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The characteristic finding in USG of ectopic pregnancy is", "exp": "<img alt=\"\" src=\" />An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a feilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Resistance in color doppler", "opb": "Absence of gestational sac in uterus", "opc": "Free fluid in peritoneal cavity", "opd": "Complex adnexal mass", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Obstetrics and gynaecology", "id": "b407c678-8efe-4612-b856-607a2929e768", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arrange the radiographic findings of Congestive Hea Failure in sequential order with earlier changes first and advanced findings later. 1. Kerley Lines 2. Cephalisation 3. Equalisation of Upper Lobe and Lower lobe vessels 4. Batwing appearence", "exp": "Equalisation of Upper Lobe and Lower lobe vessels | Cephalisation | Kerley Lines | Batwing appearance", "cop": 1, "opa": "3-2-1-4", "opb": "3-2-4-1", "opc": "4-3-1-2", "opd": "1-3-2-4", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular Radiology", "id": "29e9f138-9cd7-40fb-9c10-7a8daf4db354", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Key hole sign is seen in", "exp": "Key hole sign - Posterior urethral valve.\nCrescent sign - Hydronephrosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hydronephrosis", "opb": "Posterior urethral valve", "opc": "Ectopic ureter", "opd": "PCKD", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c15cbcad-6103-4eb1-bd67-6d23c1a96488", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Half life of I131 is", "exp": "B i.e. 8 days", "cop": 2, "opa": "4 hours", "opb": "8 days", "opc": "4 days", "opd": "10 days", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "785166e0-b62a-4e6c-a2c7-6bc717c60e16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest CXR feature of left atrial enlargement is", "exp": "A i.e. Elevation of the left main bronchus Left atrial enlargment presents radiologically with elevation of left main bronchus (earliest feature)Q, splaying or widening of carinaQ (to right or obtused angle), indentation & displacement of oesophagus posteriorly, double contour/shadow/density or double right hea borderQ, and prominent left atrial appendage. Left Atrial Enlargement LA does not form any pa of cardiac border in normal subjects (on PA view) because it lies in midline & posteriorly. It usually, enlarges postriorly & to the right causing indentation & displacement of oesophagus posteriorly (on barium swallow) . Elevation of left main bronchusQ is the earliest evidence (feature) of left atrial enlargmentQ. Subequently there is splaying of carina (i.e. carinal angle widens and become right or obtused angled as compared to normal 51-71 degree). The right border of an enlarged left atrium is visible as double contour (shadow/density) adjacent to the right hea border usually within the main cardiac shadow. Double right hea border is formed d/t bulging of left atrium into right lung & eventually forming right hea border. The borders of left & right atria are differentiated by the fact that left atrial border passes medially towards spine & border of right atrium is limited below by entry of IVC (inf. venacava). With massive enlargment LA can form the most pa of right cardiac border - Left border of LA is rarely visible, although left atrial appendage, when dilated, is seen as a bulge below the main pulmonary aery. - On lateral view postero-superior pa of cardiac shadow becomes prominent. Right Atrium Enlargement - In early stage, only RA appendage fills the space b/w front of heat & back of sternum (prominent anterosuperior pa on lateral view). - It causes an increase in the curvature of right hea border, which becomes more convex, prominent and also protudes to the right away from midline (>3cm beyond right lateral veebral border). It is often accompanied by enlargment of superior venacava and increase in RA height (most reliable sign). In normal individuals, the distance b/w top of aoic arch and the junction of SVC & RA is more than the distance between the later & right cardiophrenic angle. When the reverse happens (i.e. SVC/RA to RCPA distance >AA to SVC/RA distance), the RA is said to be enlarged. Left Ventricle Enlargment On PA view, there is prominent left hea border with rounding. Hyperophy produces rounding of cardiac apex whereas dilatation causes elongation/displacement of cardiac apex to the left or to the left & downwards Lateral view shows prominent postero-inferior pa of cardiac shadow Right Ventricle Enlargement RV enlarges mainly to the left & anteriorly, so there is prominence of left hea border on PA view and prominence of anterior pa of cardiac shadow with encroachment of retrosternal space in upper pa on lateral view. Pulmonary conus (outflow tract) becomes prominent. It may form left cardiac border and can rotate LV to the left with elevation of cardiac apex. This rotation tends to swing the aoa to right, so that aoic knukle becomes less prominent.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elevation of the left main bronchus", "opb": "Double cardiac shadow", "opc": "Widening of carina", "opd": "Pericardial effusion", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "38a4c704-bdac-4689-aa02-2e0682684486", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dural tail sign is high suggestive of", "exp": "Dural tail sign - highly s/o meningioma.\nOther lesions are metastasis, glioma, acoustic neuroma, sarcoidosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Meningioma", "opb": "Metastases", "opc": "Glioma", "opd": "Acoustic neuroma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e19ceb23-1692-483e-b7f0-1572392842eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diamond sign is seen in", "exp": "\"Diamond\"sign is a transient triangular tent-like cleft/niche in the middle of the pyloric canal, Seen in case of Congenital Hyperophic Pyloric Stenosis . Congenital hyperophic pyloric stenosis :- - usually presents around 3-12 weeks of age; as non bilious vomiting in a 1st born male - IXOC - USG - On USG appears as - target sign /cervix sign/antral nipple sign Other signs seen in CHPS :- - string sign - diamond sign - mushroom sign", "cop": 3, "opa": "Zenker's diveiculum", "opb": "Morgagni hernia", "opc": "CHPS", "opd": "Bochdalek hernia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "2f59fcbf-4fff-4e75-ba0c-0b0b6c24654b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intracranial Irradiation most commonly leads to deficiency of", "exp": "*Growth Hormone is most radiosensitive pituitary hormone and intracranial irradiation leads to hypopituitarism mainly due to hypothalamic damage rather than pituitary damage *Least radiosensitive pituitary hormone is TSH", "cop": 4, "opa": "TSH", "opb": "ACTH", "opc": "PROLACTIN", "opd": "GROWTH HORMONE", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy Pa 1", "id": "35d55391-09bf-416f-8887-f3f830020451", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The four points of probe placement in focused abdominal sonogram for trauma (FAST) in thoracoabdominal trauma are", "exp": "FAST - Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination is a bedside screening tool to identify free intraperitoneal, pleural and pericardial fluid. It is limited ultrasound examination with 6 views. - The average time to perform a complete FAST examination is 2-4 minutes. The four points of probe placement in focused abdominal sonogram for trauma (FAST) in thoracoabdominal trauma: 1) Subxiphoid To look for pericardial fluid & 4 chamber view of the hea 2) Right intercostal oblique view To look for right pleural effusion 3) Right coronal view To look for free fluid in Morrison's pouch and paracolic gutter 4) Left intercostal oblique view To look for left pleural effusion, free view fluid in subphrenic space 5) Left coronal view For left paracolic gutter 6) Pelvic (longitudinal/ transverse) views To detect free fluid in cul-de-sac", "cop": 1, "opa": "subxiphoid, (R) upper quadrant, (L) upper quadrant , suprapubic", "opb": "Epigastrium, (R) and (L) hypochondria, (R) iliac fossa", "opc": "Epigastrium, (R) and (L) lumbar region, (R) Lower Chest", "opd": "Hypogastrium, (R) and (L) lumbar region, (R) lower chest", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "570882e1-192f-4408-9fe6-14c46c215a57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Punch drunk syndrome is associated with", "exp": "Punch drunk syndrome is neurological defects seen associated with boxers and usually associated with subdural hematoma due to chronic head trauma in boxers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Subdural hematoma", "opb": "Extradural hematoma", "opc": "Subarachnoid hematoma", "opd": "intraventricular bleed", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "6a4e0ed8-1c6e-42f7-959c-0859f75ce990", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum radiation exposure", "exp": "X-ray abdomen- Single spot film, therefore comparatively less radiation exposure. Chest X ray- Single spot film, therefore comparatively less radiation exposure. IV pyelography- Sequential/ multiple imaging but covers less area,* therefore, comparatively less radiation exposure. Barium Enema- Sequential/ multiple imaging, covers larger area. therefore comparatively maximum radiation exposure. PET CT - Has highest radiation exposure. Diagnostic Procedure Typical Effective Dose Chest Radiograph(PA) 0.02msv Extremities /limbs 0.01msv Skull 0.07msv pelvis 0.7msv Abdomen 1.0msv Mammography (bilateral in 2 planes) 0.5msv Intravenous pyelography 2.5msv Head Ct 2.3msv Chest CT 8 Abdominal CT 10 PET 7.2msv Barium Enema 7-8msv", "cop": 4, "opa": "X-ray abdomen", "opb": "Chest X ray", "opc": "IV pyelography", "opd": "Barium Enema", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "deb1eb75-74a6-4b4e-9103-74f61a5fc6f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Parathyroid adenoma best diagnosed by", "exp": "Ans d Tc99m-Th201 scan. (Ref. Grainger, Diagnostic Radiology 4th ed., 1380)PARATHYROID SCINTIGRAPHY# Tc-99m -thallium substraction scan has 70-92% sensitivity & 43% specificity# Tc-99m sestamibi has 88-100% sensitivity & 91-98% specificity best scan.# Radionuclide scintigraphy with 201 (Technetium-thallium) or \"m Tc- MIBI (Technetium-99m sestamibi), using a subtraction technique whereby the image of thyroid gland as shown by \"m Tc or 123 I is removed, is thus a noninvasive & other best technique for tumor & other lesions localization of parathyroid gland.Educational points:# Presently, Tc-99m sestambi is the best available agent for parathyroid scanning.# Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.# Subperiosteal resorption of bones including erosion of lamina dura, \"Pepper-pot\" skull, phalangeal erosions, platyspondyly, osteitis fibrosa cystica, Brown's tumors are few typical X-ray findings of hyperparathyroidism.# \"Superscan\" appearance on Tc99m-MDP bone scan is a prominent feature of hyperparathyroidism.# A notable point - in primary hyperparathyroidism osteoporosis is common feature while in secondray hyperparathy- roidism osteosclerosis (\"Rugger-Jersey spine\") is a important feature.", "cop": 4, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "I-131 scan", "opd": "Tc99m-Th201 scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Endocrine System", "id": "50e5af7b-d42f-41d5-bee8-938efa9a1766", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Multiple rain drop osteolytic lesions are seen in", "exp": "Multiple lytic lesions are seen in Acute disseminated langerhans cell histiocytosis (aka Letterer-Siwe disease)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lead poisoning", "opb": "Littere siwe disease", "opc": "Intracranial lesion", "opd": "Multiple fractures", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "42087134-0225-44aa-b469-e7b5d52343af", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intraoperative Radiotherapy for treating pancreatic carcinoma mainly uses", "exp": "Electron Beam is preferred for intraoperative Radiotherapy. The Intraoperative radiotherapy (IO) appears to be an ideal therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer, Having the advantage of enabling the delivery of high doses of radiation to areas that are at risk for microscopic disease, saving critical organs and reducing the possibility of inducing radiotoxicity.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alpha Rays", "opb": "Gamma Rays", "opc": "Electron Beam", "opd": "Proton beam", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy Pa 1", "id": "010bd06f-977c-4fca-87e3-79f12c60b476", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bulging fissures in lung is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus pneumonia", "opb": "Klebsiella pneumonia", "opc": "Pulmonary edema", "opd": "Pneumoconiasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "a65a5c2b-ce7e-42ef-93e6-2842f5e1f749", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arthroscopy of TMJ is useful in", "exp": "Soft tissues of the joint (articular disk) can be imagined with MRI or Arthrography. MRI produces superb images of the soft tissues in internal derangement of the disk. Arthrography is invasive and has the risk of infection and allergic reaction due to the contrast agent.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Internal derangement", "opb": "Fracture of condyle", "opc": "Ankylosis", "opd": "Hyperplasia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d41908b-786d-4537-bf6f-d4dc2204699d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive investigation for air embolism is", "exp": "C i.e. Doppler Ultrasound", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased tidal volume of CO2", "opb": "Decreased tidal volume of NO2", "opc": "Doppler ultrasound", "opd": "Central Venous Presure", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe85c253-98e1-4223-96c6-f2898dda42b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Preveebral space thickness in adult is", "exp": "The preveebral component is measured on sagittal imaging as the distance between the anterior border of the veebral body and the air within the pharynx/tracheaNear-normal distribution of thickness in normal patients depending on body build and expected variationPlain radiographs:C2/3: <7 mm and C6/7: <21 mmCT:C1: 8.5 mmC2: 6 mmC3: 7 mmC4/C5: variable due to variable height for cricoid/oesophagusC6: 18 mmC7: 18 mmAccording to age:C20-2 years of age: 7.6 mm3-6 years of age: 8.4 mm7-10 years of age: 6.8 mm11-15 years of age: 6.8 mmC60-2 years of age: 9.0 mm3-6 years of age: 9.8 mm7-10 years of age: 12.1 mm11-15 years of age: 14.5 mm(Ref: Radiology Review ManualBy Wolfgang Dahne 6thEtd, chapter 2)", "cop": 2, "opa": "7mm", "opb": "15mm", "opc": "22mm", "opd": "30mm", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3114b798-7939-45eb-86a1-47e04d66616d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Epiphyseal tumors", "exp": "Simple bone cyst (Unicameral bone cyst) is a Metaphyseal tumor.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chondroblastoma", "opb": "Osteoclastoma", "opc": "Clear cell Chandrosarcoma", "opd": "Simple bone Cyst", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "67a939b9-daa4-46ad-b7bf-36dc31189c94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best method for detecting minimal Bronchiectasis", "exp": "B i.e. CT Scan High Resolution CT ScanQ with sensitivity 97% & specificity almost 100% has become the investigation of choiceQ. Investigation of IInd choice is BronchographyQ which is now occasionally used in recurrent hemoptysis when all other investigations are negativeQ, to demonstrate bronchopleural fistulas and congenital lesions such as sequestration & agenesis. It is C/I in massive hemoptysisQ, active infections (TB, pneumonia) & impaired pulmonary function.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bronchogram", "opb": "CT Scan", "opc": "Radio nucleotide scan", "opd": "Chest X Ray", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f40cec4f-fc31-4a0b-b0cb-a660a9f6e7f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most important screening test in pulmonary thromboembolism is", "exp": "(D-dimer) (266-70-CMDT-10) (1653-H17th)D-dimer serves as an excllant screening test with a sensitivity of 96.4% and negative predictive value of 99.6% but only for out patient or emergency department patients, not for hospitalized patients (1562-H16th)PULMONARY VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (PE)Laboratory findings* ECG - Most common abnormality are sinus tachycardia*** Arterial blood gases - reveal acute respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation* Plasma level of D-dimer - using a D- dimmer threashold between 300 and 500 ng/ml, a rapid quantitative ELISA has shown a sensitivity for venous thromboembolism of 95-97% and a specificity of 45%. Therefore a D-dimer >500 ng/ml using the rapid ELISA provides strong evidence against venous thrmboembolism with a likehood ratio of 0.11 -0.13* Serum troponin I, troponin T, and beta natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are increased* CT - helical CT pulmonary angiography has essentially supplanted V/Q scanning as the initial diagnostic study in North America for suspected PE (Proximal pulmonary variety)* Pulmonary angiography - remains the reference gold standard for the diagnosis of PE**** Best investigation when there is clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism in a patient is - Multi detector CT angiogrphy**1. Increased D-dimer values are associated with(a) DIC (secondary fibrinolysis)(b) Arterial or venous thrombosis (Deep vein thrombosis)(c) Renal or liver failure(d) Pulmonary embolism(e) Late in pregnancy preclampsia(f) Myocardial infarction(g) Malignancy inflammation and severe infection2. D- dimmer values are increased with tPA anticoagulant therapy3. D- dimmer assay is not specific* CT of the chest with intravenous contrast is the principal imaging test for diagnosis of pulmonary empolism (1654-H17th)* Lung scanning is now second-line diagnostic test for PE {Mostly used for patients who cannot tolerate intravenous contrast)", "cop": 1, "opa": "D-dimer", "opb": "X-rays", "opc": "ECG", "opd": "Angiography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "f9e76304-d056-4103-9c43-4f44c5fe989f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common hormone deficiency that occurs after intracranial irradiation is", "exp": "The development of hypopituitarism occurs after 5-15 years and usually reflects hypothalamic damage rather than the absolute destruction of pituitary cells.Though the pattern of hormone loss is variable, Growth hormone deficiency is most common, followed by gonadotropins and ACTH deficiency.(Ref: Harrison's principals of Internal medicine, 16th Ed page 2078)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Prolactin", "opb": "Gonadotropins", "opc": "ACTH", "opd": "Ggrowth hormone", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "98fcae86-df6f-44d4-b3e4-9a86f72e8532", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wimberger sign is seen in", "exp": "Radiological features of scurvy: Palkan spur : metaphyseal spurs projecting at right angles to the shaft. White line of Frankel : calcified cailage in the metaphysis Trumefeld zone : zone of rarefraction below the white line of Frankel Wimburger sign : ring surrounding the ephiphyseal centres of ossification Pencil thin coex Subperiosteal hemorrhages Generalised osteoporosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lead poisoning", "opb": "Scurvy", "opc": "Osteomalacia", "opd": "Bone infarct", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "f2a63e55-1cb0-4587-9e63-24e9f3e85319", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Triangular shaped heart is a radiological finding of", "exp": "Triangular shaped heart - Constrictive Pericarditis.\nPentagon shaped heart - Mitral incompetence.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Constrictive pericarditis", "opb": "Mitral incompetence", "opc": "TAPVC", "opd": "Ebstein's anomaly", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fca7c65e-fd88-4ce5-b6b0-034401b4f414", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best investigation for acute cholecystitis is", "exp": "C i.e. HIDA Scan HIDA Scan & PIPIDA are best test to rule out acute cholecystitisQ with.--400% negative predictive value. It can be pseudo positive in chronic malnutrition, & Parenteral nutrition & alcoholic liver disease.", "cop": 3, "opa": "ERCP", "opb": "Oral cholecystography (OCG)", "opc": "HIDA scan", "opd": "IV cholangiography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f43debf-c33c-46f7-9154-95c79396e2c7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most accurate method to diagnose Hemangioma of liver", "exp": "Most accurate method - MRI > hepatic scintigraphy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "USG", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "Hepatic Scintigraphy", "opd": "CECT", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dea7b34b-cfb8-4844-8c75-cbbb7fd78700", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "USG velocity", "exp": "Answer: d) Is lower in tissues with a higher fat or water contentUltrasound velocity:It is a product of the frequency and wavelengthIt is inversely proportional to the square root of the material densityUltrasound travels faster in stiff, non-compressible mediaVelocity in a given medium is virtually independent of the frequency. With velocity being constant, an increase in the frequency causes a proportional decrease in wavelengthThe velocity of ultrasound in fat and water is lower than in an average soft tissue.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increases in frequency in a medium", "opb": "Equal to Ultrasound frequency", "opc": "Equal to Ultrasound wavelength", "opd": "Is lower in tissues with a higher fat or water content", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "30c2ae05-528f-42f5-897a-6572d7c6256f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A radiolucency in bone without periosteal bone reaction is seen in", "exp": "Any lesion of bone destruction that has ill-defined borders and a lack of peripheral bone response (sclerosis) should be viewed with suspicion.\nSquamous cell carcinoma originating in bone \nThe internal structure is wholly radiolucent with no evidence of bone production and very little residual bone left within the center of the lesion.\nPeriapical image reveals bone destruction similar to periodontal disease around the lateral incisor from a squamous cell carcinoma originating in the soft tissues of the alveolar process. In image A note the lack of a sclerotic bone reaction at the periphery.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Garres osteomyelitis", "opc": "Osteosarcoma", "opd": "Chronic osteomyelitis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b99cb906-0a7b-428e-8a53-313a99929659", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Linear accelerator produces", "exp": "X-rays - Linear accelerator.\nγ-rays - emitted by radioactive materials.", "cop": 1, "opa": "X-rays", "opb": "γ-rays", "opc": "α-particles", "opd": "β-particles", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fbc3082d-e2bd-4f6c-b465-37b68e3e4fa4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for pericardial calcification", "exp": "Pericardial calcification - CT scan.\nPericardial effusion - 2D echo.", "cop": 1, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "2D-Echo", "opc": "TEE", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "539cf2cd-be48-47ff-9bb3-236d722614ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scan used to estimate collecting system dilatation is", "exp": "(Ref: Grainger&;s diagnostic radiology, 6th ed; page 134)", "cop": 1, "opa": "99m Tc- DTPA scan", "opb": "MAG 3 scan", "opc": "DMSA scan", "opd": "Hippuran scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "001352e5-dd8b-4df0-8f38-9c46bacb906c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most radiosensitive tumor among the following is", "exp": "A dysgerminoma is a type of germ cell tumor; it usually is malignant and usually occurs in the ovary.\nA tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name: seminoma in the testis or germinoma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bronchogenic carcinoma", "opb": "Parotid carcinoma", "opc": "Dysgerminoma", "opd": "Osteogenic sarcoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5f91eea6-2b0f-49d5-9961-3c114f19e74c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tear drop heart is seen in", "exp": "Tear drop heart - Chronic emphysema.\nPentagon shaped heart - Mitral incompetence.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pulmonary Vein obstruction", "opb": "Mitral incompetence", "opc": "Chronic emphysema", "opd": "Constrictive pericarditis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a8226978-7606-455d-a475-3c29ee7887bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apple core lesion is seen in", "exp": "The Radiological hallmarks of the classic colonic Apple core lesion are sho, sharply defined regions of annular colonic narrowing with overhanging margins; ulcerated mucosa; and eccentric, irregular lumen. An apple core lesion can have a number of causes, the most serious being malignant neoplasm.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Diveiculosis", "opb": "Diveiculitis", "opc": "Ca- colon", "opd": "Intussusception", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "62d801f8-dd05-49cb-8486-f61c1c229b66", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Submentovertex view is best useful for", "exp": "SUBMENTOVERTEX PROJECTION\nStructures Shown: \nA full axial view of the base of the cranium showing a symmetrical projection of the petrosa, the mastoid process, foramen ovale, spinosum canals, carotid canals, sphenoidal sinuses, mandible, maxillary sinus, nasal septum, odontoid process of the atlas and the entire atlas, axial inclination of the mandibular condyles. Helps to study destructive/expansile lesions affecting the palate, pterygoid region or base of the skull, sphenoidal sinus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sinuses", "opb": "Zygoma fractures", "opc": "Mandibular fractures", "opd": "Maxillary fractures", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e755668-dc7b-4da7-b83b-e3b854fbd7fb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for SAH is", "exp": "Ans: a) Non enhanced CT SAH is caused by damage to blood vessels on the pia- arachnoid.Non contrast CT scanning of the brain is the first step in the evolution of SAH. If the scan is performed within 12- 24 hrs after hemorrhage, 92 - 100 % cases can be detected. After 1 day and upto 1 week CT scans performed will appear normal.On CT scans, SAH present as hyperdensity representing acute hemorrhage visualized in the sulci overlying the cerebral convexities, within the sylvian fissurs, basal cisterns and interhemispheric fissure.Non enhanced CT is the modality of choice in the evaluation of SAH because of the hyperdensity clotted blood.It is difficult to visualize SAH with MRI because the high O, concentration in CSF prevents the degradation of oxyHb to deoxyHb.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Non enhanced CT", "opb": "Enhanced CT", "opc": "Non enhanced MRI", "opd": "Gd enhanced MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "12a0c23c-1251-463b-a777-80bfae2ef709", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keyhole Appearence on ultrasound is seen in", "exp": "*Key hole appearance on antenatal scan is a feature of posterior urethral valve *Key hole appearance/linguine sign on breast MRI is a feature of intracapsular Breast implant rupture.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Polycystic kidney", "opb": "Hydronephrosis", "opc": "Intracapsular Breast implant rupture.", "opd": "Posterior urethral valve", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Genitourinary radiology", "id": "fc114234-3807-4b98-8b2c-30e6d93d1e9f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bilateral pleural thickening in lower and middle lung zone is radiological feature of", "exp": "Bilateral pleural thicking (Pleural plaques) in lower & middle lung is seen in Asbestosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Silicosis", "opb": "Stannosis", "opc": "Asbestosis", "opd": "Siderosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e84044f4-408d-4f58-a88f-0263fae683f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bone with a bone appearance is seen in", "exp": "Bone within bone appearance is seen in : Osteopetrosis Acromegaly Bisphophonate therapy sickle cell anemia Healed phase of rickets and scurvy. Normal neonate.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "opb": "Osteopetrosis", "opc": "Scurvy", "opd": "Rickets", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "c21c4f58-73f1-4a58-992b-96f596b8c8f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Water lily sign is seen in", "exp": "Classical signs of pulmonary hydatid cyst on chest X-rayUncomplicated hydatid cystComplicated hydatid cystWell circumscribed round radio-opacity (resembling canon ball on AP and rugby ball on lateral projection)Crescent signPolycyclic and bilobed appearanceCumbo or double arch signSlot sign (impending rupture)Waterlily or camelotte signRising sun signDry cyst sign(Ref: Chapman and Nakielny's Aids to Radiological Differential Diagnosis 6thEtd, page no.82)", "cop": 3, "opa": "TB", "opb": "Aspergillosis", "opc": "Hydatid cyst", "opd": "Cryptococcosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "899a1e57-b680-4adb-b4c0-f93e7dc1175d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for diagnosis and staging of renal cell carcinoma", "exp": "IOC - CECT.\nIOC if renal vein or IVC involved  - MRI.", "cop": 2, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CECT", "opc": "IVP", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "150819c0-cc18-464a-815a-2e4f89505df5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The thresholds for permanent sterility in women for prepubeal exposure and premenopausal exposure conditions are", "exp": "In women, radiation is highly effective at inducing permanent ovarian failure, but there is a marked age dependence insensitivity. The dose required to induce permanent sterility varies from 12 Gy (1,200 rad) prepubeal to 2 Gy (200 rad) premenopausal. Pronounced hormonal changes, comparable to those associated with the natural menopause, accompany radiation-induced sterilization in females.Reference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 Gy and 0.2 Gy, respectively", "opb": "6 Gy and 2 Gy, respectively", "opc": "12 Gy and 2 Gy, respectively", "opd": "0.5 to 2 Gy and 20 Gy, respectively", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "028bbe8c-9630-4137-919c-2b3170614ddf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The facial aspect of an intraoral film is determined by the", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Anatomic landmarks", "opb": "Concavity of the embossed dot", "opc": "Convexity of the embossed dot", "opd": "Curvature of the arch", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4637f068-dddd-4d83-914b-2b0b570ead0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bowler hat sign is seen in", "exp": "BOWLER HAT SIGN: Cup shaped filled defect seen on air contrast barium enema that represents POLYP if it points towards lumen. The \"bowler-hat sign\" represents the appearance of a sessile colonic polyp observed at an oblique angle on a double contrast barium enema. The bowler-hat sign is formed by a ring of barium adjacent to the base of the polyp surrounding a domed layer of barium coating the surface of the polyp.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sigmoid volvulus", "opb": "Midgut volvulus", "opc": "Intussusception", "opd": "Sessile colonic polyp", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "aedbff9a-974c-4517-9e64-4e7aa5b771da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 16 film radiographic survey consists of the 12 film survey and the addition", "exp": "4 film survey requires 2 anterior occlusal and 2 bitewing radiographs.​\n8 film survey requires 4 posterior, 2 anterior occlusal and 2 bitewing radiographs.​\n12 film survey requires 4 IOPAs for posterior teeth, 4 canine IOPAs, 2 incisor IOPAs and 2 bitewing radiographs.​\n16 film survey requires 4 permanent molar radiographs additional to the 12 film survey.​\n\nRef: Principles and practice of Pedodontics by Arathi Rao", "cop": 3, "opa": "4 canine periapicals", "opb": "2 posterior bitewings and 2 occlusal", "opc": "4 permanent molar periapicals", "opd": "2 posterior bitewing, 1 OPG and 1 Lateral cephalogram", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc18060d-4ae9-4865-8b4d-adeaf580b64d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive and specific investigation for screening of Renovascular hypeension", "exp": "C i.e. Spiral CT Scan (CTA) - The presence of aerial collaterals indicates that renal aery stenosis is hemodynamically significantQ. The diameter of stenotic segment may also give an indication of hemodynamic significance, but is only reliable if the stenosis is either very severe or minimal. Conventional contrast renal aeriography (or digital substraction angiography or intraaerial catheter angiography) is the gold standard for diagnosis of renal aery stenosisQ against which all other modalities are compared. On angiography, the presence of collateral vessels to the ischemic kidneyQ suggest a functionally significant lesion (i.e. a lesion that occludes >70% of lumen of affected renal aery). A lateralizing renal vein renin ratio (>1.5 of affected side/contralateral side) has a 90% predictive value for a lesion that would respond to vascular repair and result in BP control. After percutaneous aeriography, the next most sensitive and specific screening test for diagnosis of RAS is CT angiographyQ (using spiral and more recently multidetector CT) almost equvalent to DSA. However, it requires use of large amount of iodinated contrast medium (like IVP) precluding its use in renal insufficiency and also exposes to ionizing radiation. - Captopril enahanced radionuclide renal scintigraphy, is most widely performed screening test for diagnosis of renovascular hypeension, (neither most sensitive nor most specific). 99mTcMAG 3 is slightly preferred over 99mTc-DTPA; 131IOIH is not used now. It can be used as screening test to establish hemodynamic significance of RAS, to predict the outcome of revascularizaation and in the follow up after successful revascularization. Disadvantages include low sensitivity in patients with azotemia or underlying renal dysfunction & with bilateral RAS. Branch aery stenosis cannot be diagnosed and provides functional not anatomical data. Summary: The decreasing order of sensitivity & specificity for diagnosis of renal aery stenosis (related renovascular hypeension) is conventional contrast / intraaerial-catheter angiography >CT angiography (using spiral/MDCT) > CE-MRA (dynamic) > SSFP non contrast. enhanced MRA > captopril enhanced radionuclide renal scintigraphy (99mTcMAG3 and 99mTcLLEC preferred over 99mTcDTPA). All have their pros & cons.", "cop": 3, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "Captopril enhanced radionuclide scan", "opc": "Spiral CT angiography (CTA)", "opd": "Duplex - Doppler flow study", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07e2d1bc-098f-4ed0-92a4-30f3f139385a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "'Adder head' appearance on voiding cystourethrogram in bladder is feature of", "exp": "Ans. c (Ureterocele) (Ref: Diagnostic Radiology by Grainger, 4th/pg. 1620, 1739)URETEROCELE# Ureterocele is cystic dilatation of intramural (subepithelial) segment of intravesical part of ureter.# IVU shows early filling of bulbous terminal ureter (\"cobra head\" appearance) and a radiolucent halo (ureteral wall + adjacent bladder urothelium) giving \"spring onion\" appearance. Thus, ureterocele leads to repeated infection of renal system and has above explained radiological features.Types# Simple Ureterocele - congenital prolapse of dilated ureter and orifice into the bladder lumen at usual location of trigone and typically is seen with single ureter (orthotopic Ureterocele). 30% cases are bilateral.M:F = 2:3.# Ectopic Ureterocele -usually seen in upper moiety ureter of duplex PC system with 80% incidence.# Pseudoureterocele - no protrusion of ureter into bladder lumen; however, thick irregular halo seen in urinary bladder as e.g., in impacted ureteral calculus (edema in the ureteric wall at the UV junction due to impacted ureteral calculus shows EDLING SIGN, i.e., filling defect surrounded by radiolucent halo of edema).# Caecoureterocele - Ureterocele going into bladder outlet and causing outlet obstruction.# Imaging:# Rx: SurgeryEducational points:X-ray AppearanceDiagnosis\"Egg-in-cup\" appearance, Ring shadows & HornsPapillary necrosis'Cobra head or adder head' appearanceUreterocele'Flower-vase' ureterHorse-shoe kidney'Cork-screw' ureterTubercular ureteritisFish-hooked/Reverse 'J' ureterBPHNotching of ureterRAS with collaterals'Cow-horn' deformity of ureterSchistosomiasis'Drooping-Lilly' signDuplication of ureter with ectopic ureterFetal head calcification of bladderSchistosomiasis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Horse shoe kidney", "opb": "VUR", "opc": "Ureterocele", "opd": "Carcinoma of urinary bladder", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Urogenital System", "id": "7bcc7023-7370-4fa6-92cd-895ea96c143b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Notching of the ribs is seen in man", "exp": "Coarctation of aoa", "cop": 3, "opa": "TR", "opb": "TOF", "opc": "Coarctation of aoa", "opd": "PDA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d61b4b3-2e53-42c7-a522-664232329f13", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most radiosensitive cells are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vegetative intermitotic cells", "opb": "Differential intermitotic cells", "opc": "Reverting post mitotic cells", "opd": "Fixed post mitotic cells", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eaacbf90-96df-463b-b961-5245d899926c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trifoliate appearance is seen in", "exp": "Trifoliate appearance is due to secondary duodenal diverticula which occurs as a result of scarring of peptic ulcer.", "cop": 3, "opa": "CHPS", "opb": "Achalasia", "opc": "Peptic ulcer", "opd": "Pneumoperitoneum", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a7a8bf6-3608-450b-8391-e2d4856a447f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oreo cookie sign is a radiological finding of", "exp": "Oreo - cookie sign - radioopaque pericardial fluid is borderd on either side by echo - dense pericardial fat.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aberrant subclavian artery", "opb": "Pericardial effusion", "opc": "Left atrium enlargement", "opd": "Endomyocardial fibrosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "571227a2-68c2-4724-8902-699b1c8593f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for pericardial effusion is", "exp": "Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is usually the initial investigation of suspected pericardial disease. It is cheap and widely available and has high accuracy for detecting pericardial effusions and signs of tamponade. TTE is also helpful for guiding diagnostic or therapeutic pericardiocentesis. Restricted acoustic windows limit its evaluation of the entire pericardium; loculated collections, intrapericardial blood clot, and pericardial thickening may be difficult to assess.CT and MR are indicated when TTE is inconclusive or when loculated or hemorrhagic effusion or pericardial thickening is suspectedIOC for aoic dissection-- MRI IOC for pericardial effusion= M- mode ECHOIOC for valvular disease = 2 D - ECHO IOC FOR RADIOTHERAPY CAUSED FIBROSIS= BIOPSY(Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, page 240)", "cop": 4, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "CT", "opc": "X ray", "opd": "Echo", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "27a37d0c-501f-409a-a9c0-916de9b0e467", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sensitivity of mammography is low in young females because", "exp": "Young females have dense brest tissue,thus sensitivity of mammo is low.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Young breast have dense tissue", "opb": "Young breast have more fat", "opc": "has less fat", "opd": "less glandular tissue", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0f78f03f-37cc-4b8f-8288-f6176296f41a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intra cavitary Radiotherapy is used for the treatment of", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e.Ca Cervix Intracavitary radiotherapy is a form of brachytherapy in which radiation source is placed inside the body cavity e.g. Vagina, cervical canal or uterine cavity.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CA stomach", "opb": "CA Cervix", "opc": "CA Oesophagus", "opd": "CA Renal cell", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "e1659500-be1e-4634-9d01-0e99a400f08c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Expansile lytic lesion of sacrum with specks of calcification is suggestive of", "exp": "Chordoma: This is a locally malignant, sometimes actually malignant tumour supposedly originating from the remnants of notochord. Sacrum and cervical spine are common sites. It presents with a persistent pain and swelling, sometimes with a neurological deficit. Bone destruction is the only hallmark feature of this tumour. Treatment, wherever possible, is complete excision. If complete excision is not possible, radiotherapy is done. Chordoma 1 It is a destructive bone tumor believed to arise from ectopic remnants of notochord/notochord cell rest. 2 Its maximum incidenceis between 50-70 years. 3 It is locally malignant with strong tendency to recur after excision. n Predilection for sacral (50%) and cranial (40%) regions (the extreme ends of the axial skeleton). 4 In sacrum at S4and S5and in cranium basisphenoid (clivus and dorsal aspect of sella) 5 Above sacrum and below C2, chordomas are rare. 6 Radiologically appears as a oval or lobulated well-defined purely lytic mass in midline, which may contain calcification and a soft tissue component. 7 Recurrence rate is high but its metastasis occurs late. 8 Chordoma at the base of skull carries best prognosis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osteosarcoma", "opb": "Secondaries in bone", "opc": "Chordoma", "opd": "Fibrous histiocytoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal Radiology", "id": "32e8cb6d-40be-40ae-89ae-2219c0858f32", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acoustic shadow in USG is due to", "exp": "C i.e. Reflection", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aefact", "opb": "Absorption", "opc": "Reflection", "opd": "Refraction", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce2972d9-3386-4940-8ea4-075e20605ac1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Bone within a Bone\" appearance is", "exp": "Osteopetrosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "opb": "Osteopetrosis", "opc": "Scurvy", "opd": "Rickets", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b19ccc9-5f69-40df-9178-a87059e38b18", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Segment IV of liver corresponds to", "exp": "Segment 1 - Caudate Lobe.\nSegment IV - Quadrate Lobe.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Caudate Lobe", "opb": "Quadrate Lobe", "opc": "Left lateral superior", "opd": "Left lateral inferior", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e7e7ab7-0438-43c1-8539-ee6525e4429a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radioactive emissions used in radiotherapy are", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Gamma rays", "opb": "Alpha particles", "opc": "Beta particles", "opd": "X-ray", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3a4fd19-5ab2-4e14-80d6-f110c0d6a070", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best radiographic view for fracture of C1, C2 veebrae is", "exp": "B i.e. Odontoid View Open mouth odontoid (peg) view is the best radiographic view to visualize upper cerical C1, C2 veebraeQ. Atlanto-axial (C1-C2) aiculation and integrity of dens & body of C2 are best seen on the odontoid viewQ.", "cop": 2, "opa": "AP view", "opb": "Odontoid view", "opc": "Lateral view", "opd": "Oblique view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a575af78-bad7-4049-b236-0ac773c2a57b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Atomic number of tungsten", "exp": "Answer: c) 74", "cop": 3, "opa": "42", "opb": "181", "opc": "74", "opd": "82", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "a5d4c37c-cb60-4330-8356-0601b360158a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Longest half life is seen in", "exp": "B i.e. Radium", "cop": 2, "opa": "Radon", "opb": "Radium", "opc": "Uranium", "opd": "Cobalt", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a1b2794-7707-405e-b6f7-4624a8021d0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Luftsichel sign is seen in", "exp": "Luftsichel sign is a sickle shaped lucency of air seen On Chest Radiographs, Seen in Left Upper lobe collapse with Compensatory Left Lower lobe hyperinflation.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Right upper lobe collapse", "opb": "Right middle lobe collapse", "opc": "Left upper lobe collapse", "opd": "Left lower lobe collapse", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "c7a0adfc-66e3-428e-9d05-394a7ae19359", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation dose safe in pregnancy is", "exp": "(Ref: Farr&;s physics for medical imaging 2e,39)", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 rad", "opb": "5 rads", "opc": "50 rads", "opd": "500 rads", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f0cf11c3-b26e-42ce-830a-d94106328936", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Time of Flight\" technique is used in", "exp": "Time of Flight is used in MR imaging.", "cop": 2, "opa": "HRCT", "opb": "MR imaging", "opc": "Spiral CT", "opd": "Conventional radiography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d20f95e0-4e9b-49db-a3a8-cd42ce66c4e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frequency for trans vaginal USG for obstetric purpose", "exp": "Transabdominal USG - 3 - 5 MHz.\nTrans vaginal USG - 5 - 7.5 MHz.", "cop": 2, "opa": "3 - 5 MHz", "opb": "5 -7.5  MHz", "opc": "7.5 - 20  MHz", "opd": "> 20 MHz", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "13c3b382-7a1e-4ff4-868b-0b9ac570a6ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a radiological feature of sickle cell anemia", "exp": "Chondrocalcinosis is a feature of Pseudogout.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hair on end appearance", "opb": "Bone within bone appearance", "opc": "Diaphyseal or epiphyseal infarct", "opd": "Chondrocalcinosis.", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e495216-f694-4b5f-b715-44cbff9224ee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optium phase for cardiac and coronary vessel imaging are", "exp": "Optimum phase for cardiac and coronary vessel image is \n\nMid-diastole at low or intermediate heart rates.\nLate-systole - at high heart rates.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Early systole", "opb": "Mid-diastole", "opc": "Early diastole", "opd": "Late diastole", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9b56dd04-0684-4520-b26d-488dbf1c4d10", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A low kilovoltage technique is most advantageous in\ndemonstrating", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Resorption of alveolar crest", "opb": "Periapical lesions", "opc": "Incipient caries", "opd": "Nutrient canals", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "53aa3d32-eafd-4c7d-b785-ecbff0e9161e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of Air bronchogram", "exp": "All the above are causes of AIr bronchogram.\nM/C cause is consolidation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pulmonary edema", "opb": "Consolidation", "opc": "Hyaline membrane disease", "opd": "Alveolar cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "767ae666-64df-4767-8a7d-15a1c98468f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation tolerance of liver is", "exp": "Liver injury tends to be more common in those patients with radiation doses greater than 30 Gy or when the whole-liver is irradiated .It is usually seen as a result of therapy to adjacent organs, such as pancreatic carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, retroperitoneal lymphoma, pleural mesothelioma, distal esophageal and other lower thoracic malignancies.", "cop": 2, "opa": "15 Gy", "opb": "30 Gy", "opc": "40 Gy", "opd": "45 Gy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "GIT and hepatobiliary system", "id": "38bf6b5f-6819-49ba-8071-53d5c2fb7f7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "C Xylose test diagnostic of", "exp": "Coeliac disease", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coeliac disease", "opb": "Lactose intolerance", "opc": "Bacterial over growth", "opd": "Whipples disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b7e61999-a26f-4441-afa2-816ae60436aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for choledocolithiasis is", "exp": "(Ref: Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, chapter 32)", "cop": 1, "opa": "CT", "opb": "USG", "opc": "PET scan", "opd": "HIDA scan", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "18a71bc8-a98a-4d33-a4ec-0b2811e11161", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A young man with tuberculosis presents with massive recurrent hemoptysis. Most probable cause would be.", "exp": "B i.e. Broncheal aery In great majority of patients hemoptysis originates from systemic rather than pulmonary aeries and the bronchial vessels are almost universally involved. (Grainger) Massive hemoptysis in a patient of T.B. is usually d/ t erosion of bronchial aery which bleeds at systemic pressure.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pulmonary aery", "opb": "Bronchial aery", "opc": "Pulomary vein", "opd": "Superior vena cava", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "77a7099f-d422-4ce4-86de-4c40717977bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In MRI the field used is", "exp": "MR scans are obtained by placing the patient in a static magnetic field of 0.02 to 4 tesla (T) strength.", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.05 tesla", "opb": "100 tesla", "opc": "1.1 tesla", "opd": "11 tesla", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "111ddce1-dfec-4a94-be09-cf732a4277fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Large discrete ulcers in esophagus are seen in", "exp": "Oesophagitis including HIV and CMV oesophagitis usually manifest as one or more large ovoid or diamond-shaped ulcers.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Achalasia cardia", "opb": "Plummer Vinson syndrome", "opc": "Esophageal carcinoma", "opd": "CMV esophagitis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "af8f0ee8-e5eb-40af-b540-d44ad02dce90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xeroradiography is used in... cancer detection.", "exp": "Ans. Breast", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Breast", "opc": "Colonic", "opd": "Pancreatic", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c9ec318-3147-4831-b806-04eff86d3e0f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calcification is best detected by", "exp": "C i.e. CT Scan", "cop": 3, "opa": "X-ray", "opb": "USG", "opc": "CT Scen", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "71a7b2f0-b659-4bd0-8a39-224b0f59e685", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiological feature of Pneumothorax on USG", "exp": "Lung sliding sign & Sea shore sign - Normal lung.\nB lines - Comet tail artefact below the pleura.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lung sliding sign", "opb": "Sea shore sign", "opc": "B Lines", "opd": "Stratosphere sign", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "193646cd-6bce-4756-997a-2ecb0649e104", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most radiosensitive bone tumor is", "exp": "Ans. a (Ewing's sarcoma). (Ref. Essential Orthopedics by Maheshwari, 2nd ed., 220; Harrison 18th/ch. 98)Osteosarcoma is relatively radioresistant and wide surgical resection and chemotherapy is the RX. There is no role of RT in Rx of Aneurysmal bone cyst and Chondroblastoma.EWING'S SARCOMA# Ill-defined osteolytic medullary lesion involving diaphysis.# Small round cell PNET tumor.# Age group 5-15 years with 75% patients being under the age of 20 years and having male predilection.# Extension along the length of the marrow with permeative bone destruction.# Cortical saucerization.# Classical multilaminar periosteal reaction giving 'onion-peel' appearance.# Codmann's triangles with elevated periosteum.# Soft tissue mass disproportionately large compared to the extent of osseous involvement, resembling osteomyelitis.# Bone tumor metastasizing to bone.# Ewing's sarcoma is the highly malignant primary bone neoplasm having specific cytogenetic analysis i.e. t( 11,22), is a PNET.# CD99 is important marker# It is thought to be radiosensitive bone tumor, and supposed to melt with radiotherapy. However, Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for Ewing's primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) and rhabdomyosarcomas.External beam radiation therapy is an adjuvant to limb-sparing surgery for improved local control. Preoperative radiation therapy allows the use of smaller fields and smaller doses but results in a higher rate of wound complications. Postoperative radiation therapy must be given to larger fields, as the entire surgical bed must be encompassed, and in higher doses to compensate for hypoxia in the operated field. This results in a higher rate of late complications. Brachytherapy or interstitial therapy, in which the radiation source is inserted into the tumor bed, is comparable in efficacy (except in low- grade lesions), less time-consuming, and less expensive. Although Ewing's sarcoma is radiosensitive, systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of therapy, often being used before surgery. Doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide, etoposide, vincristine, and dactinomycin are active drugs. Topotecan or irinotecan in combination with an alkylating agent are often used in relapsed patients. Targeted therapy with an anti IGF 1 alpha antibody appears to have promising activity in refractory cases. Local treatment for the primary tumor includes surgical resection, usually with limb salvage or radiation therapy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opb": "Osteosarcomna", "opc": "Aneurysmal bone cyst", "opd": "Chondroblastoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal System", "id": "6136bb1e-1d32-4fa5-b61e-a9358d7d28de", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Odontoid view is", "exp": "(C) Open mouth view# AP open mouth projection of the odontoid peg can be troublesome. The main difficulty arises from the fine line between successful positioning and unsuccessful positioning.> There are a number of objectives when performing the AP open mouth odontoid peg view superimpose the outer table of the occiput of the skull with the patient's central incisors position the patient's head in a true AP position ensure the patient's mouth is open as wide as possible cone to include the anatomy of interest don't injure the patient in the process.> Anteroposterior: From front to back. When a chest x-ray is taken with the back against the film plate and the x-ray machine in front of the patient it is called an anteroposterior (AP) view. As opposed to from back to front (which is called posteroanterior).> Posteroanterior: From back to front. A chest x-ray taken with the chest against the film plate and the x-ray machine behind the patient is a posteroanterior(PA) view. As opposed to anteroposterior (AP).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anteroposterior view", "opb": "Posteroanterior view", "opc": "Open mouth view", "opd": "Lateral view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "fe86cc3c-5500-478c-8c85-2bec7af06a16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cause of Opaque hemithorax", "exp": "A, b, c are causes of U/L hypertranslucent hemithorax.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Poland's syndrome", "opb": "Mcleod's syndrome", "opc": "Congenital lobar emphysema", "opd": "Foreign body", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7bceba1b-b3dd-4667-a281-8337bd958ead", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MARTEL'S sign is seen in", "exp": "Ans. A. GoutCystic changes, well-defined erosions with sclerotic margins (often with overhanging bony edges), and soft tissue masses are characteristic radiographic features of advanced chronic tophaceous gout. Martel sign sharply marginated bony erosions from a long standing soft tissue tophus in patient with gout.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gout", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "Takayasu", "opd": "Kawasaki disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal System", "id": "0977da5d-fe8e-4781-ac74-f2cedcd79027", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A newborn baby has not passed meconium for 48 hours since bih. She has vomiting and distension of abdomen. The most appropriate investigation for evaluation would be", "exp": "C i.e. Lower GI contrast study Lower GI contrast study confirms the diagnosis & indicate the type of involvement, in cases of lower intestinal obstruction causing failure to pass meconium timelyQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anorectal manometry", "opb": "Rectal biopsy", "opc": "Lower G1 contrast study", "opd": "Trypsin estimation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa91f225-85c2-492e-a9dc-ebf08e98c0c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cobra head  deformity is characterstic of", "exp": "A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality found in the ureter. In this condition the distal ureter balloons at its opening into the bladder,\nforming a sac-like pouch. It is most often associated with a duplicated collection system, where two ureters drain their respective kidney instead of one.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Posterior urethral valve", "opb": "Carcinoma of bladder", "opc": "Bladder tumor", "opd": "Ureterocele", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c7aeaa24-9491-4e46-b742-9d847a01fcf8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Extradural hematoma CT scan finding is", "exp": "Ans. Hyperdense biconvex lesion", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypodense biconvex lesion", "opb": "Hyperdense biconvex lesion", "opc": "Concavo convex hyperdense lesion", "opd": "Low attenuated biconvex lesion", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "24fceec9-1e0a-4fe6-98f4-6aac7c3fa316", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bear paw sign is seen in", "exp": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP): Rare form of chronic pyelonephritis and represents a chronic granulomatous disease resulting in a non-functioning kidney. Radiographic features are usually specific. CT findings are most helpful in reaching the correct diagnosis. The normal renal outline is lost and enlarged with a paradoxical contracted renal pelvis. The calyces, in contrast, are dilated giving a multiloculated appearance that has been likened to the Paw print of a bear (bear's paw sign). Sometimes there is a perinephric extension with thickening of Gerota's fascia. Calcification can be better delineated on CT scan. Bear paw sign in xanthogranulomatous pyelonepritis. Bear claw sign is seen in liver trauma on CECT.", "cop": 4, "opa": "IgA nephropathy", "opb": "Glomerular nephritis", "opc": "Liver lacerations", "opd": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "CT SCAN", "id": "e0fcc488-d1fa-469e-8462-6dd69abbe3a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest sign of increased intracranial tension is", "exp": "Adults - Erosion of dorsum sella.\nChildren - Suture diastasis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Silver beaten appearance", "opb": "Erosion of dorsum sella", "opc": "Suture diastasis", "opd": "J shaped sella", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea74ec5c-06a3-4dfe-bf84-3e706e255c5d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most commonly used method of display of ultrasound is", "exp": "Applications- A-Mode- Commonly used for orbital biometry,Axial Length of eyeball. B-Mode (Brightness) : Most commonly used mode. M-mode (motion): Used for valvular morphology and motion,Echocardiography and Fetal Hear Rate monitoring.", "cop": 2, "opa": "A-Mode", "opb": "B-Mode", "opc": "M-Mode", "opd": "D-Mode", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "fb10759f-dae8-4439-8c2b-52ed0979c41d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cardiotoxicity caused by radiotherapy & chemotherapy is best detected by", "exp": "D i.e. Endomyocardial Biopsy and CT cause fibrosis; which can be best diagnosed by seeing the tissue under microscope Endomyocardial Biopsy.Q IInd best answer is Radionucleotide scanQ.", "cop": 4, "opa": "ECHO", "opb": "ECG", "opc": "Radionucletide Scan", "opd": "Endomyocardial Biopsy", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b5f008f4-7e77-4c90-a285-b631a2d08559", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The disadvantage of standard cephalometric radiograph is that it", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Has cumbersome developing and fixing procedure", "opb": "Produces two dimensional representation of a three dimensional structure", "opc": "Is difficult to handle the X-ray unit", "opd": "Has high radiation hazard", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09948ff0-e252-43ce-9d33-2456e6bd4cb4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Onion peel\" appearance is seen in", "exp": "Ans. a (Ewing's sarcoma) (Ref. RRM Radiology, 6th ed., p.)The four main types of rosettes in pathology :1. Homer Wright rosette: typically seen in neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). It consists of a halo of tumor cells surrounding a central region containing neuropil.2. Flexner-Wintersteiner Rosette: characteristic of retinoblastomas. It consists of tumor cells surrounding a central lumen that contains cytoplasmic extensions from the tumor cells.3. True Ependymal Rosette: consists of tumor cells surrounding an empty lumen. Are characteristic of ependymoma, but not seen in all cases.4. Perivascular Pseudorosette: consists of tumor cells collected around a blood vessel. It's called a pseudorosette because the central structure isn't part of the tumor. These rosettes are common in ependymomas, but you also see them in medulloblastoma, PNET, central neurocytomas, and glioblastomas.EWING'S SARCOMA# Incidence: Constitutes ~10 to 15% of all bone sarcomas.# Age: Peak incidence in the second decade of life.# Origin: Arises in the medullary cavity of the bones.# Location:involves the diaphyseal region of long bones (especially femur) & flat bones (especially pelvis).# X-ray: permeative destructive lytic lesion with \"onion peel\" periosteal reaction with soft tissue mass.# Histopathology:- It is composed of sheets of monotonous, small, round, blue cells and can be confused with lymphoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and small-cell carcinoma.- The cells are rich in glycogen (PAS positive cells).6- The presence of \"Homer-Wright rosettes\" is indicative of neural differentiation.- Most PNETs arise in soft tissues; they include:* Peripheral neuroepithelioma,* Askin's tumor (chest wall), and* Esthesioneuroblastoma.- The presence of p30/32, the product of the mic-2 gene (which maps to the pseudoautosomal region of the X and Y chromosomes) is a cell-surface marker for Ewing's sarcoma (PNETs).- The classic cytogenetic abnormality associated with this disease (and other PNETs) is t(11;22).- CD99 +.# It is very aggressive tumor and considered a systemic disease and mimics acute osteomyelitis.# Common sites of metastases are lung, bones (bone to bone metastases/), and bone marrow.# Rx:# Systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of therapy, often being used before surgery.# Local treatment for the primary tumor includes surgical resection, usually with limb salvage or radiation.# Ewing's is a curable tumor, even in the presence of obvious metastasis, especially in children <11 years old.Also Know:TranslocationTtimor# (22q11)Chronic myelogenous leukemia# (12;22)(q 13 ;q 12)Malignant melanoma of soft parts (MMSP)# (11;14)(q13;q32)Mantle cell lymphoma# (14; 18)(q32;q21)Follicular lymphoma# (1;22)(q24;q12)Ewing's sarcoma# (1;7)(p34;q35)T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)# (8;14)(q24;q32)Burkitt's lymphoma, B cell ALL# (11;22)(pl3;q12)Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT)# (2;13)(q35;ql4)Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma# (1; 13)(p36;q 14)Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma# (10; 17)(q 11.2;q23)Papillary thyroid carcinomas# (x, 18)Synovial cell sarcoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opb": "Osteosarcoma", "opc": "Chondrosarcoma", "opd": "Aneurysmal bone cyst", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal System", "id": "d783a763-b632-41f6-b870-5ea9d339c037", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bone within a Bone appearance is not seen in", "exp": "Bone within a Bone appearance is seen in Hypothyroidism & Hypoparathyroidism.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osteopetrosis", "opb": "Acromegaly", "opc": "Hyperthyroidism", "opd": "Hypercalcemia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5a697d4c-afe4-4aea-b7d0-e50fa2120812", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radioresistant tumor is", "exp": "List of highly radioresistant tumors : Osteosarcoma Melanoma Pancreatic cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opb": "Osteosarcoma", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "Neuroblastoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "594a8b54-651c-46ca-a293-bbc3154ffa5b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ideal imaging method for diagnosis of hydrocephalous in infant is", "exp": "C i.e. USG", "cop": 3, "opa": "X-Ray", "opb": "CT Scan", "opc": "USG", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "582ed582-6464-4ee4-b524-3fa9c6cafbcf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for juvenile nasoangiofibroma", "exp": "Contrast CT is the investigation of choice as extent of the tumor can be seen.", "cop": 4, "opa": "X-ray", "opb": "Angiography", "opc": "USG", "opd": "CT Scan – contrast enhanced", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5a61d517-11d9-47ed-a451-24c2c30a7bb8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice in aoic dissection is", "exp": "C i.e. MRI Aoic dissection - Most patients are in 50-70 years age group present with very sudden onset pain, often accompanied by tearing sensation. It is usually felt in the precordium & substernal region but may be in back between scapula. These patients are usually misdiagnosed as having cardiac ischemia, which increases risk of complications. - Dialation & dissection in Morphan SyndromeQ are probably caused by a failure to resist shearing stress in media. In Ehlers-DanlosQ collagen molecule abnormalities predispose to dialation & saccular aneurysms but not to dissection these patients have normal resistance to shearing stress. - Stanford classifies it into two types as Type A (involving ascending aoa) - which is more common & carry high probability of complications & moality; and Type B (not involving ascending aoa). * Aoography is the gold standardQ", "cop": 3, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT Scan", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "Digital substraction Angiography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6d1db53-c01e-48a7-a022-aedb4d9b66b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thimble bladder is seen in", "exp": "Tuberculous urinary infection is secondary to renal tuberculosis.Early tuberculosis of the bladder stas around the ureteric orifice or trigone, the earliest evidence being pallor of the mucosa due to submucous oedema. Subsequently, tubercles may be seen and, in longstanding cases, there is marked fibrosis and the capacity of the bladder is greatly reducedA contracted bladder ('thimble' bladder) with ureteric orifices that are in-drawn ('golf-hole' ureter) may be seen; these changes are due to fibrosis.Bailey and love 27e pg 1442", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cystitis", "opb": "Chronic tubercular cystitis", "opc": "Neurogenic bladder", "opd": "Acute tubercular cystitis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4779c3ff-4ed9-4ce3-ae66-ecd8b0c546d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Suprasellar calcification with growth retardation is seen in", "exp": "D i.e. Craniopharyngeoma", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pineal body tumor", "opb": "Pituitory tumor", "opc": "Thalmic tumor", "opd": "Craniopharyngioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be646e0e-08aa-4869-976f-828d24f8a773", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Doppler effect results from the change in", "exp": "An ultrasound beam insonating a blood vessel is paially reflected by red blood cells. If these are moving, there is a change in the frequency of the reflected pulse: an increase in frequency if the flow is towards the probe and a decrease if it is away from it. This is the Doppler effect and the changes in frequency referred to as the Doppler shift. (Ref: Grainger and Allison&;s diagnostic radiology 6th edition, page 63)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amplitude of sound", "opb": "Frequency of sound", "opc": "Direction of sound", "opd": "Intensity of sound", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e475729b-3881-44f6-bb54-941a5892d8d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ideal position for dentist to stand while taking radiographs", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Behind head of patient", "opb": "At an angle of 90-135 degrees and six feet away from patient", "opc": "In 11'o clock position", "opd": "At an angle of 180° and 9 feet away", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ac28ec8-22c8-4012-bc28-6b48a5e67483", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "To obtain better information of a cyst eroding the surface of cortex", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Exposure time should be reduced", "opb": "Exposure time should be increased", "opc": "Voltage should be increased", "opd": "Milliamperage increased", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b08db707-1961-4934-a408-a703c56f4e57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Windswept deformity is seen in", "exp": "Valgus deformity of one knee in association of varus deformity of other knee is known as windswept deformity. Seen in Rickets, Rheumatoid arthritis etc.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rickets", "opb": "Scurvy", "opc": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opd": "Hypothyroidism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8648096b-797d-4768-a674-9d52d3bb1797", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shiny Corner Sign is seen in", "exp": "*Shiny corner sign is a finding in ankylosing spondylitis, representing reactive sclerosis at the superior and inferior endplates of the veebral bodies. Eventually, the veebral bodies become squared in Ankylosing Spondylitis. *Note- Corner Sign Of Park is metaphyseal Clefts Seen In Scurvy", "cop": 2, "opa": "Psoriatic Ahritis", "opb": "Ankylosing Spondylitis", "opc": "Rheumatoid Ahritis", "opd": "Gouty Ahritis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Musculoskeletal Radiology", "id": "4860a218-ad32-4ad2-9022-09938693ccc7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Field carcinogenesis theory is commonly seen in", "exp": "Smoking causes diffuse epithelial injury in the oral cavity, neck, esophagus and lung. Patients cured of squamous cell cancers of the lung and esophagus, oral cavity and neck are at risk (as high as 5% per year) of developing second cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. Cessation of cigarette smoking does not markedly decrease the cured cancer patient&;s risk of second malignancy, even though it does lower the cancer risk in those who have never developed a malignancy. Smoking cessation may halt the early stages of the carcinogenic process (such as metaplasia) but it may have no effect on late stages of carcinogenesis. This \"field carcinogenesis\" hypothesis for upper aerodigestive tract cancer has made \"cured\" patients an impoant population for chemoprevention of second malignancies.Reference: Harrison; 19th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Head and neck cancer", "opb": "Prostate cancer", "opc": "Cervical cancer", "opd": "Breast cancer", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "701fe3cf-611a-4258-97dd-3286c77a467e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fleishner sign is characteristic of", "exp": "Fleshner sign - Wide gaping of ileocecal value with narrowing of terminal ileum characteristic of Ileocecal tb.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ulcerative colitis", "opb": "Crohn's disease", "opc": "Ischaemic colitis", "opd": "Ileocecal tb", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3c6c2c2e-8453-4f5b-8a71-f125584b622b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonly used collimating device", "exp": "The collimating device often used is a lead diaphragm with a circular aperture for circular PIDs or a rectangular aperture for rectangular PIDs and the lead-lined PID. \nFrommer’s Radiology for Dental Professional, pg-22", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aluminium filter", "opb": "Lead diaphragm", "opc": "Molybdenum cup", "opd": "Tungsten filament", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37bc8b69-b4dc-43a1-b516-5567da29775e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intraoperative is given in", "exp": "C i.e. Carcinoma Pancreas Intraoperative radiotherapy is used in carcinoma pancreasQ. Because of poor local control achieved with postoperative EB & chemotherapy, the use of intraoperative in pancreatic cancers in rational. The cpmbination of EB plus IOE in locally advanced/ unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma result in improvement in local control and survival.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ca Cervix", "opb": "Ca Breast", "opc": "Ca Pancreas", "opd": "Ca Thyroid", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d9ac2cf-c04e-4def-97cd-aef847faab95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Air bronchogram on a CXR denotes", "exp": "Air bronchogram Air bronchograms appear on a CXR whensomething other than air is present in the alveoli adjacent to a bronchus or bronchiole, making the air-filled bronchus more conspicuous than normal. That something is usually fluid, and this is most commonly due to pneumoniaalthough pulmonary oedema and haemorrhage can also cause air bronchograms. The presence of an air bronchogram indicates that the airway proximal to it is patent, which can be a helpful sign. In the magnified example here, the air bronchograms were caused by extensive pneumonia in this patient's lingula and left lower lobe. The image on the right has been manipulated to fuher increase the conspicuity of the air bronchograms for illustrative purposes. Note the left internal jugular venous line. Six causes of Air bronchogram are: 1. Lung consolidation 2. Pulmonary edema 3. Non-obstructive pulmonary atelectasis 4. Severe interstitial disease 5. Neoplasm 6. Normal expiration 7. ARDS/ Hyaline membrane disease", "cop": 1, "opa": "Intrapulmonary lesion", "opb": "Extrapulmonary lesion", "opc": "Intra-thoracic lesion", "opd": "Extra-thoracic lesion", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "707d471f-517c-4b3b-9c79-6f63cd93e075", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for mesial temporal sclerosis is", "exp": "MRI is the IOC.\nFeature :\n\nHippocampal atrophy.\nAtrophy of ipsilateral mammillary body, fornix.", "cop": 3, "opa": "CECT", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "PETCT", "opd": "USG", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c37f8f6e-2da3-46cb-802e-db5cb7b462cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fir tree  appearance of bladder is seen in", "exp": "Neurogenic bladder is bladder dysfunction (flaccid or spastic) caused by neurologic damage. Symptoms can include overflow incontinence, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and retention.\nRisk of serious complications (eg, recurrent infection, vesicoureteral reflux, autonomic dysreflexia) is high.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Schistosomiasis", "opb": "Neurogenic bladder", "opc": "Tuberculosis", "opd": "Pelvic abscess", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f95fa81c-e19a-47d0-992d-fdc3a2a9cf11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An example of a isotope that is predominantly a beta emitter is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "125 Iodine", "opb": "32 Phosphorus", "opc": "51 Chromium", "opd": "99m Technetium", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64d924b2-548e-4716-a929-add93d21d894", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause for subdural hematoma", "exp": "Injury to MMA or MMV - Epidural.\nRupture of berry aneurysm - SAH.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Injury to middle meningeal artery", "opb": "Injury to middle meningeal vein", "opc": "Tearing of cortical bridging veins", "opd": "Rupture of berry aneurysm", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8a1a0e1-9add-40e3-9aae-2b9f63ee4463", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased Radioisotope uptake is seen in A/E", "exp": "D i.e. Pseudoahrosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Primary bone tumor", "opb": "Osteomylitis", "opc": "Paget's disease", "opd": "Pseudoahrosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "17a3a33b-8c2d-41fd-8b5f-7f66910676d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug used as pharmacological stress in stress echo", "exp": "Pharmacological stress : Dobutamine.\nPhysiological stress : Ttreadmill or bicycle exercise.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dopamine", "opb": "Dobutamine", "opc": "Isoprenaline", "opd": "Nitroprusside", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "03607438-cc16-4e6a-b81b-031292eb8417", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gamma camera is used for", "exp": "(Ref: Grainger&;s diagnostic radiology, 6th ed; page 120)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Organ imaging", "opb": "Measuring radioactivity", "opc": "Monitoring surface contamination", "opd": "RIA", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b0d22001-9eca-46e7-983f-b8a9ce3478a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Effective dose in radiation at 2 m, is 1 gray ; At 1 m, it will be", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "0.25", "opb": "0.5", "opc": "2", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "30dc073a-f774-4d60-a1c8-2d7303674c3f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ultrasonogrsphy of umbilical aery is done to know about", "exp": "A i.e. Hea beat USG of umbilical aery is done to know about hea beatQ.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hea beat", "opb": "Gastational age", "opc": "Fetalweight", "opd": "Fetal maturity", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f23e7490-e8ef-4cc2-b3ac-287a992a969a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ground glass ventricular septum is seen in", "exp": "Four bump heaMS/MR Due to left atrial appendage enlargementGlassy hea on ECHOAmyloidosisDouble Cardiac shadow, Double density sign, Bedford signLeft Atrial EnlargementDock&;s sign, E-Sign, Figure of 3 sign, Reversed E sign, Inveed 3 signCoarctation of the aoaDouble aoic knuckleAoic dissectionJughandle appearancePrimary pulmonary hypeensionMaladie de Roger effectsmall VSDHilar dance (Pulmonary plethora)ASDBox-shaped heaTricuspid atresiaWater bottle / Flask shaped hea / Leather bottle / Pear shaped / money bag hea/Purse like hea/Epicardial fat pad signPericardial effusionCoeur en Sabot ie., Boot shaped heaTetrology of heaSpade-like deformity on ECHOAtypical HOCMEgg in Cup appearance, Square root signConstrictive PericarditisInveed moustache signMitral stenosisEgg on side appearance, Egg shaped hea, Egg in StringD-Transposition of great aeries (D-TGA)Convex left hea borderL-TGAGround glass ventricular septumHyperophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)Straight left upper cardiac borderEbstein&;s anomalyConcave main pulmonary segment and right aoic archPersistent TruncusAeriosusSnowman sign, Figure of 8 sign, Cottage loaf signTotal Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)Gooseneck signAtrio-ventricular septal defectTubular heaEmphysemaStag antler / Hands up signCCFSchimitar sign / Turkish sword appearanceCongenital venolobar syndromeSitting duck signpersistent TruncusAeriosusYin Yang SignPseudoaneurysmSmall hea signTension PneumopericardiumHigh attenuating Crescent signImpending rupture of an abdominal aoic aneurysmDraped Aoa signContained rupture of an abdominal aoic aneurysm(Ref: Problem Solving in Radiology: Cardiovascular Imaging by SuhnyAbbara and SanjeevaKalva)", "cop": 2, "opa": "TOF", "opb": "HOCM", "opc": "TGA", "opd": "CHF", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8fbc2341-0392-4065-bb10-067bb070786b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "High brachytherapy is", "exp": "According to ICRU repo 38, treatment dose rates fall into three categories * Low Dose Rate (LDR) brachytherapy ranges between 0.4 and 2 Gy/h. However, in routine clinical practice, LDR brachytherapy is usually delivered at dose rates between 0.3 and 1 Gy/h. This is compatible with conventional manual or automatic afterloading techniques. * Medium Dose Rate (MDR) brachytherapy ranges between 2 Gy/h and 12 Gy/h. MDR can also be delivered by manual or automatic afterloading, although the latter is far more frequent. * High Dose Rate (HDR) brachytherapy delivers the dose at 12 Gy/h or more, and only automatic afterloading can be used because of the high source activity.(Ref: Radiobiology of Brachytherapy and the Dose-Rate Effect by JJ Mazeron et al, 95)", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.4-2 Gy/hour", "opb": "12 Gy/hour", "opc": "2-12 Gy/hour", "opd": "0.01-0.3 Gy/hour", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8e3a828c-cdf4-4260-b79a-4c1c936b586b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Craniospinal irradiation is used in the Treatment of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Oligodendroglioma", "opb": "Pilocytic astrocytoma", "opc": "Mixed oligoastrocytoma", "opd": "Medulloblastoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a220c323-3029-488c-bad2-1f30cee8b2b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site of Metastasis of Lung carcinoma", "exp": "Brain is m/c site of metastasis of lung carcinoma.\nAdrenal is m/c endocrinal site to be involved.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Adrenals", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3d7b3311-b348-464b-b57b-b76adf4a5dd6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cancer worldwide is", "exp": "Lung cancer is the most common cancer and the most common cause of cancer death in the world.Reference: Harrison; 19th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Breast cancer", "opb": "Lung cancer", "opc": "Cervical cancer", "opd": "Leukemia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "0efab873-267a-4370-8a35-32350de3e20f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for studying Renal Coical mass", "exp": "C i.e. 99 - Tc - DMSA DTPA (Renogram) DMSA (Isotope Scanning) - DTPA is freely filtered at glomerulus with no - Tc.99 DMSA is used for renal morphological tubular reabsorption or excretion (i.e. GFR = (anatomic) imagine Excretory function) - This compound gets fixed in renal tubules & images - DTPA is useful for evaluating perfusion and may be obtained after 1-2 hours of injection. Lesions excretory function of each kidneyQ such as tumors & benign lesions as cysts show filling - Indications: defectQ 1. Measurement of relative renal - Used to assess coical function of KidneyQ and detect functionQ in each kidney. renal scarringQ. 2. Urinary tract obstructionQ 3. Diagnosis of Renovascular cause of hypeensionQ 4. Investigation of Renal transplantQ", "cop": 3, "opa": "99 Tc DTPA", "opb": "53 Cr Study", "opc": "99 Tc DMSA", "opd": "99 Tc Pyrophosphate", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4254bc4f-f865-4cf4-ab70-9270f4c1cc58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IoC for chronic pancreatitis", "exp": "ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography) is IoC for Chronic Pancreatitis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "USG", "opb": "Abdominal X-ray", "opc": "Barium study", "opd": "ERCP", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b96666f4-ecdd-4df3-996e-c0565dd08744", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Battered baby syndrome is associated with", "exp": "Battered child syndrome, shaken baby syndrome, and non-accidental trauma are all terms to describe the complex of non-accidental injuries in infants and young children as a result of abuse. Subdural hematoma can occur as a result of severe angular acceleration, deceleration and direct impact as the head is shaken voilently and due to rupture of bridging veins.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Subdural hematoma", "opb": "Extradural hematoma", "opc": "Subarachnoid hematoma", "opd": "Acute bleed", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "296630ad-2d51-4a64-83b4-d09ba2e5f356", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fat halo sign is associated with", "exp": "The 'Fat halo sign' refers to a feature seen on CT examination of the abdomen, and represents infiltration of the submucosa with fat, between the muscularis propria and the mucosa. It is characterized by an inner (mucosa) and outer (muscularis propria and serosa) ring of enhancing bowel wall along with a non-enhancing middle layer (submucosa).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ulcerative colitis", "opb": "Crohn's disease", "opc": "Plummer Vinson syndrome", "opd": "Chiladiti syndrome", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal Radiology", "id": "a7ab503a-1bd9-4ff2-824a-6739b9642785", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Atomic number of Tungsten is", "exp": "Tungsten -74\nIodine - 53", "cop": 1, "opa": "74", "opb": "53", "opc": "63", "opd": "64", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7fe3a06c-f768-4bde-ad9a-0a7a1adc7842", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Chain of lakes appearance\" On ERCP is seen in", "exp": "Beaded appearance due to alternating dilatation and stenosis → Chain of lakes appearance or string of pearl appearance seen in chronic pancreatitis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute pancreatitis", "opb": "Chronic pancreatitis", "opc": "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma", "opd": "Crohn's disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4ea7adf9-329d-4a24-bdee-fa9a1e3077b0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most radiosensitive tissue of body among the following is", "exp": "Ans. a (Bone marrow). (Ref. Harrison, Medicine, 15th ed., 2588)The minimal tolerance dose (Rads) for (TD 5/5):Bone marrow250 (radiosensitive)Spleen1000Kidney1500Brain5000 (radioresistant)Liver2500Intestine4500Heart3000Lung3000Testis600-1000 (radiosensitive)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bone marrow", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "828020dc-9837-4844-a579-84f1053f589c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Characteristic of subdural hematoma is", "exp": "B i.e. Concave Convex hyperdense", "cop": 2, "opa": "Convex Hyperdensity", "opb": "Concavo convex Hyperdense", "opc": "Biconvex hyperdense", "opd": "Concavo convex hypodense", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb4283eb-c6a2-4a48-af68-90fea5f09fe4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Radiological sign of Crohn's disease", "exp": "Thumb printing - mucosal edema seen in ischaemic colitis > Ulcerative colitis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "String sign of Kantor", "opb": "Thumb printing", "opc": "Creeping fat sign", "opd": "Cobble stone appearance", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c554e331-da54-4333-a1fc-97dec9d054db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medusa head appearance on MRI is seen in", "exp": "Veins are small at periphery and gradually enlarge as they approach a central draining vein - caput medusa or medua head.\nserpentine apperance of the curvilinear peripheral draining veins seen in venous malformation (venous angioma).", "cop": 2, "opa": "AV malformation", "opb": "Venous angioma", "opc": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opd": "Vein of galen malformation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ed64b9c4-55f2-42d6-95e9-e84bd308855b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Egg in cup appearance is seen in", "exp": "Egg in cup - Constrictive pericarditis\nEgg on side - Uncorrected TGA", "cop": 3, "opa": "TGA", "opb": "TAPVC", "opc": "Constrictive pericarditis", "opd": "TOF", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec6debd2-2e16-4245-a551-5d38d4d1224d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice in diffuse esophageal spasm is", "exp": "Investigation of choice for motor disorders (including diffuse esophageal spasm) is esophageal manometry.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Manometry", "opb": "Esophagoscopy", "opc": "Barium examination showing tertiary contractions", "opd": "CT thorax", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a7ca1fe5-051c-483d-a296-67fc55c07543", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "On DSA, typical \"STRING OF BEADS\" appearance of arteries is seen in", "exp": "Ans. c (Fibromuscular dysplasia) (Ref. Harrison's medicine 17th/ 1554; 1569)FMD is identified angiographically by a \"string of beads\" appearance/ \"Pile of plates\" appearance/ \"Beaded\" appearance caused by thickened fibromuscular ridges contiguous with thin, less-involved portions of the arterial wall.FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA# This is a hyperplastic disorder affecting medium-sized and small arteries.# Usually involves renal and carotid arteries but can affect extremity vessels, such as the iliac and subclavian arteries.# Although fibromuscular dysplasia may occur at any age, it has a strong predilection for young Caucasian women.# F>M.# There are several histologic variants- medial fibroplasia,- perimedial fibroplasia,- medial hyperplasia, and- intimal fibroplasia.# Medial dysplasia is subdivided into- medial fibroplasia,- perimedial fibroplasia, and- medial hyperplasia.# Medial fibroplasia is the most common type and is characterized by alternating areas of thinned media and fibromuscular ridges.# Medial fibroplasia is the most common variant and accounts for approximately two-thirds of patients.0# The lesions of fibromuscular dysplasia are frequently bilateral, and in contrast to atherosclerotic renovascular disease, tend to affect more distal portions of the renal artery.# Patients with FMD have more favourable outcome than atherosclerosis.# The internal elastic lamina is usually preserved. The iliac arteries are the limb arteries most likely to be affected by fibromuscular dysplasia.Few important angiographic appearance.DiseaseAngiographic findings1FMD\"String of beads\" appearance/ \"Pile of plates\" appearance/ \"Beaded\" appearance2Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)Smooth, tapering segmental lesions in the distal vessels are characteristic, as are collateral vessels at sites of vascular occlusion.3Takayasu's arteritisIrregular vessel walls, stenosis, poststenotic dilatation, aneurysm formation, occlusion, and evidence of increased collateral circulation.4MeningiomaSpoke-wheel appearance\"Mother-in-law\" sign5Moyamoya disease (bilateral supraclinoid ICA block; a cause of paediatric stroke)\"Puff of smoke appearance\"6Carotid body tumorLyre's sign (splaying of ECA from ICA) JIPMER20127RCC, AngiofibromaTumor blush (Suitable tumors for Pre-Op embolization)8Budd-Chiari syndrome\"Spider-web\" collaterals", "cop": 3, "opa": "Takayasu's disease", "opb": "Atherosclerotic stenosis", "opc": "Fibromuscular dysplasia", "opd": "Middle aortic syndrome", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Peripheral and Visceral Vascular Imaging", "id": "653ffe2e-60df-47c2-94e0-debf9554c99e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pleural effusion without evident lung infiltration is most often due to", "exp": "Tuberculosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Viral pleurisy", "opb": "Lymphoma", "opc": "Carcinoma", "opd": "Tuberculosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1735e768-80fd-4f77-a5bf-ecbd0cf93d83", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tc labelled RBC's are used for", "exp": "D i.e. Splenic disease Tc99 - labelled RBCs provides information about red cell pooling, so it is used in : Haerningioma detection Gastrointestinal bleedingQ Spleenic diseaseQ Cardiac ventriculography", "cop": 4, "opa": "Biliary tree", "opb": "Renal disease", "opc": "Pulmonary embolism", "opd": "Spleenic disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec73c641-417f-4da4-bd1f-d43432f08b9d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In medical radiotherapy linear particle accelerator emits", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Electron and photons", "opb": "Electron and positrons", "opc": "Neutrons and positrons", "opd": "Neutrons only", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "51c34203-733c-4397-af5a-aa871ede9fd7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation necrosis from recurrence Of brain malignancy can be best differentiated by", "exp": "Radiation necrosis from recurrence Of brain malignancy can be best differentiated by PET Scan. Radiation necrosis is a phenomenon seen in high grade gliomas after radiotherapy and may mimic tumour recurrence, thus challenging in clinician's decision for treatment of the same. Conventional MRI sequences are not able to differentiate between these two entities. On PET scan, radiation necrosis may show (not always) decreased uptake in comparison to tumour recurrence. Thus, ideally the best way to differentiate between two entities is brain biopsy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "PET Scan", "opc": "SPECT", "opd": "CT", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "d2907304-22ed-49b6-aa68-a264675d7180", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chondrocalcinosis is seen with", "exp": "C i.e. Pseudogout Chondrocalcinosis term is used for finding of radiopaque crystals in hyaline or fibrocailage. It is seen in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD)Q, of which pseudogoutQ is a manifestation.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gout", "opb": "Osteoahritis", "opc": "Pseudogout", "opd": "Septic ahritis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09095528-2428-4e8c-9b1b-a033e2c51662", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for radiotherapy / Chemotherapy induced myocardial damage", "exp": "IOC for radio / chemo induced myocardial damage - Endomyocardial biopsy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "Endo myocardial biopsy", "opd": "Precordial doppler", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "38952187-8f13-40b8-bd06-3a343970a10f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wide diploic space of skull with brush border (hair on end) appearance is characteristic of", "exp": "A i.e. Congenital hemolytic anemia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Congenital haemolytic anaemia", "opb": "Multiple myeloma", "opc": "Raised intracranial tension", "opd": "Meningioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aafbcca2-0aaa-4768-a509-35a0b4d857f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for a pregnant lady with upper abdominal mass is", "exp": "Ultrasound is the most commonly used imaging exam during pregnancy. It usually focuses on the baby in the womb. When ultrasound does not provide a clear answer, or if other pas of your body need to be imaged, an MRI is usually performed. MRI does not use x-rays.", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG", "opb": "X-ray", "opc": "CT", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Women Imaging", "id": "89fb0e3c-eda7-4f28-a897-713062a6a3ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "High resolution CT of the lung is a specialized CT technique for greater detail of lung parenchyma and it utilizes", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bone algorithm for image reconstruction HRCT gives detailed images of the lung parenchyma (which is comparable to gross tissue inspection) and thus allows detection of diseases at an earlier stage than conventional CT scans.HRCT utilizes thin collimation (i.e., thin slices of 1 or 2 mm.) as compared to thick slices of conventional CT scan (of 5 to 7 mm.)The field of view is reduced to increase the resolution of the image.HRCT utilizes High spatial frequency algorithms, such as bone algorithms, rather than traditional soft-tissue algorithms (as used in conventional CT scan) for image reconstruction. It smoothens the image data and gives more sharp images and finer lung details.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Special lung filters", "opb": "Thick collimation", "opc": "Bone algorithm for image reconstruction", "opd": "Large field of view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Ultrasonography, CT, and MRI", "id": "3967b932-d2f4-44e9-bc9d-a6f1edb4d645", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ghost like shadow is seen in", "exp": "Structures located between the X-ray source and moving center of rotation (orange zone) cast ghost images.\nOn the panoramic image, ghost images appear on the image on the opposite side of its true anatomic location and at a higher level, because of the upward inclination of the X-ray beam. Because the object is located outside of the focal plane and close to the X-ray source, the ghost image is blurred and significantly magnified. Several anatomic structures cast ghost images.", "cop": 2, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "OPG", "opc": "CT", "opd": "Cephalogram", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a4052f6-ec9c-42f5-89c6-eff0880f072b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Multiple cystic lesions seen in muscle and brain of 16 year old boy died of Status epilepticus. The diagnosis is", "exp": "(D) Neurocysticercosis# Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by CNS infection with the pork tapeworm Taenia solium.> Demographics & clinical presentation: The disease is endemic in Central and South America, Asia and Africa. There is a variable time interval between point of infection and the onset of symptoms (ranging from 1-30 years).> Clinical presentation includes: Seizures: most common cause of seizures in young adults in endemic areas; headaches; hydrocephalus; altered mental status and neurological deficits> CSF serology may be helpful with the initial diagnosis especially in cases of intraventricular/subarachnoid infection.> Pathology: Infection which leads to extra-intestinal disease (including neurocysticercosis) usually occurs as a result of eating food or drinking water contaminated by human feces containing T. solium eggs. This is distinct from the 'normal' life cycle in which the undercooked pork is eaten and the larval cysts contained within mature into adult intestinal tape worm.> Extra-intestinal infection undergoes specific clinical and imaging changes at it progresses through four stages of infection.> Stages: There are four main stages (also known as Escobar's pathological stages):1. Vesicular: viable parasite with intact membrane and therefore no host reaction.2. Colloidal vesicular: parasite dies within 4-5 years 1 untreated, or earlier with treatment and the cyst fluid becomes turbid. As the membrane becomes leaky oedema surrounds the cyst. This is the most symptomatic stage.3. Granular nodular: oedema decreases as the cyst retracts further; enhancement persists.4. Nodular calcified: end-stage quiescent calcified cyst remnant; no oedema.# Location: Infection can be both intra and extra axial. Commonest location is the subarachnoid space over the cerebral hemispheres.> Other locations in order of decreasing frequency are: subarachnoid space over the cerebral hemispheres - may be large basal cisterns - may be \"grape like\" (racemose): most lack an indentifiable scolex; parenchyma ventricles - usually solitary cysts; 4th ventricle most frequent> Typically the parenchymal cysts are small (1cm) whereas the subarachnoid ones can be much bigger (up to 9cm): differential therefore being arachnoid cyst. It is the most common cause of epilepsy in endemic areas (South-east Asia, South America) with progression through the 4 stages taking anywhere between 1 to 9 years.> Radiographic features: Imaging findings depend on location and stage of infection.> Subarachnoid-intraventricular: When in the subarachnoid space/intraventricular, the the cysts typically do not have a visible scolex. In the basal cisterns they can be grape-like (racemose). The cysts are typically 1-2 cm in diameter 2. Usually the cysts are similar in signal intensity to CSF, although occasionally cyst fluid may somewhat differ.> In the ventricles there is often (79%) 2 associated ventriculitis often leading to aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus.> Parenchymal: Parenchymal cysts usually involve the grey white matter junction.> Vesicular: cyst with dot sign; CSF density/intensity; hyperintense scolex on T1 can sometimes be seen; no enhancement is typical, although very faint enhancement of the wall and enhancement of the scolex may be seen> Colloidal vesicular: cyst fluid becomes turbid CT: hyperdense to CSF; MRI T1: hyperintense to CSF; surrounding oedema; cyst and the wall becomes thickened and brightly enhances scolex can often still be seen as an eccentric focus of enhancement> Granular nodular: oedema decreases; cyst retracts; enhancement persists but is less marked>Nodular calcified: Endstage quiescent calcified cyst remnant, no oedema; no enhancement on CT; signal drop out on T2 and T2* sequences; some intrinsic high T1 signal may be present; long term enhancement may be evident on MRI, and may predict ongoing seizures.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cerebral amebiasis", "opb": "Neurosarcoidosis", "opc": "CNS toxoplasmosis", "opd": "Neurocysticercosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "6153d6b8-b70a-4139-b731-f660eeacdb29", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contrast material used in the diagnosis of esophageal atresia is", "exp": "C i.e. Dianosil", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gastrograffin", "opb": "Conray 420", "opc": "Dianosil", "opd": "Myodii", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9d3ae768-4ffb-4ea6-98ff-80c9a2ab885a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best X Ray view for minimal pleural effusion", "exp": "D i.e. Lateral decubitus", "cop": 4, "opa": "A - P", "opb": "PA", "opc": "Lateral", "opd": "Lateral decubitus", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d1bc93da-bf38-4fd6-a927-cf0b3d0319fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Point A in radiotherapy for carcinoma cervix corresponds to", "exp": "<img alt=\"\" src=\" />", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lateral pelvic lymph nodes", "opb": "Urinary bladder", "opc": "Rectum", "opd": "Uterine vessel crossing the ureter", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Obstetrics and gynaecology", "id": "67560313-545a-42f8-a8cf-7e2a710b8a81", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common investigation done for obstructive jaundice", "exp": "B i.e. Ultrasonography - USG is most sensitive in detecting gall stone & is the first screening method and investigation of choice for gall stone (obstructive jaundice)Q. - Most common cause of obstructive jaundice is stone in gall bladder or CBD. And the stones are best visualized by USG. Other advantage of USG is that it's a noninvasive & cheap procedure, easily available every where. - If asked obstructive jaundice d/t tumours condition, then investigation of choice will be CT Scan. Though CT Scan may yield similar information, is more expensive and is not good as ultrasound when the stones are concerned.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "USG", "opc": "X-Ray", "opd": "ERCP", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "45206859-19e3-4550-a404-12343861a2c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radioresistant tumour is", "exp": "Highly resistantHighly sensitiveMaligant melanomaOsteosarcomaSeminomaMultiple myelomaEwings sarcomaWilms tumourLymphoma(Ref: Harrison's principals of Internal medicine, 17th Ed page 612)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opb": "Osteosarcoma", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "Neuroblastoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "67a6bd83-8f34-441b-a50b-b2800338aa36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mammography uses", "exp": "Answer: b.There are two types of x-radiation produced when electrons hit the x-ray tube anode.Bremsstrahlung is the most common and is in the form of a broad continuous photon energy spectrum with a maximum energy determined by the selected KV value.Characteristic radiation is produced under certain conditions and is confined to just a few photon energies.The molybdenum filter attenuates and blocks much of the bremsstrahlung spectrum above the energy of 20 keV.This results in the spectrum that is most often used in mammography, produced with the \"moly/moly\" anode/filter combination.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bremsstrahiung X rays", "opb": "Characteristic X rays", "opc": "Electrons", "opd": "Gamma rays", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "f72ae7e7-5aec-42ae-8f76-1e25ad494d6f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dysphagia lusoria is best diagnosed by", "exp": "Ans. is'c'i.e., CT AngiographyRef: Human Malformations and Related Anomalies p. 130Dysphagia lusoria is an impairment of swallowing due to compression from an aberrant right subclan aery (aeria lusoria)CT angiography and MRI thorax are the best diagnostic modalities that could identify the aeria lusoria.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Plain radiography", "opb": "Fluoroscopy", "opc": "CT Angiography", "opd": "Ultrasound", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eabfc886-28b8-4450-81f3-4598f7534301", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Swirl sign is associated with", "exp": "Swirl sign is a hypodense area noted within a hyperdense Epidural hematoma suggestive of active bleeding, a hyperacute unclotted blood.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Subdural hematoma", "opb": "Epidural hematoma", "opc": "Subarachnoid hematoma", "opd": "Acute bleed", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "875f1499-6006-4769-b2af-661ad1310d22", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "William's syndrome is associated with", "exp": "A i.e. Congenital Supravalvular Aoic stenosis William's Syndrome or Idiopathic Hypercalcemia of Infancy It is characterized by: Hypercalcemia d/ t abnormal sensitivity to vitamin D Supravalvular aoic stenosisQ & other congenital defects Mental retardation Elfin facies (Round face with full cheeks & lips)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Congenital Supravalvular Aoic stenosis", "opb": "Congenital Subvalvular Aoic stenosis", "opc": "VSD", "opd": "ASD", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1c6f8163-7108-4088-ade3-78f015157b87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Agenesis of cerebellar vermis,large posterior fossa with megacisterna magna is a feature of", "exp": "Dandy-Walker Malformation is associated with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, with the fouh ventricle communicating with cisterna manga producing Mega Cisterna Magna and a large Posterior Fossa. The Dandy-Walker continuum (DWC) is a spectrum of anomalies that includes Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), vermian hypoplasia (VH),Blake pouch cyst (BPC), and mega cisterna magna (MCM).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome", "opb": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opc": "Chiari malformation", "opd": "Dandy Walker malformation", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "15648d73-525d-4943-9152-d8132b457e88", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nuchal translucency is used in", "exp": "Fetuses with trisomy 21 and other chromosomal anomalies often have excess fluid in the subcutaneous tissue behind the fetalSonographically, this appears as an echolucent fluid collection between the soft tissue over the cervical spine and an echogenic line representing the skin edge. This fluid space is called the nuchal translucency (NT).The lucency is thought to represent mesenchymal edema and is often associated with distended jugular lymphatics.The prevailing theory suggests an alteration in lymphangiogenesis and delayed lymphatic development. Other possible etiologies include cardiac failure and abnormal extracellular matrix, but these do not explain the localized and transient nature of the NT. Most likely, the etiology is a complex interaction of factors.NT normally increases with advancing gestational age, and therefore the measurement is compared to crown-rump length (CRL). A thin NT is seen in most normal fetuses.An NT greater than 95% for CRL is considered thickened. An NT greater than 99% does not change significantly with CRL and is approximately 3.5 mm(Ref: Diagnostic Ultrasound by Carol M. Rumack, Stephanie R. Wilson, J. William Charboneau, and Deborah Levine,4thed, page 1190)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Head scan", "opb": "MRI neck", "opc": "ANC USG", "opd": "Anthropometry", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6e595549-2f49-4011-bebe-866363c6d11f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spoked wheel appearance is seen in", "exp": "Spoked wheel appearance - Oncocytoma.\nB/L spider leg deformity - PCKD.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oncocytoma", "opb": "Wilm's tumor", "opc": "Hydronephrosis", "opd": "PCKD", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "23a86e88-b970-4364-a657-64f9942da9ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epiphyseal enlargement is seen in", "exp": "D i.e. Juvenile Rheumatoid", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rickets", "opb": "Scurvy", "opc": "Spondo-epiphyseal dysgenesis", "opd": "Juvenile Rheumatoid Ahritis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5d6bfb9f-6b4c-4227-a686-27a6e5f54d90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calcification of Interveebral Disc is seen in", "exp": "C i.e. Alkaptonuria Features Disease Fish Mouth Veebrae - Sickel Cell AnemiaQ HomocystinuriaQ Cod Fish Veebra (Biconcave veebra) - Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Hyperparathyroid Rugger jersey spine (sclerosis of upper & lower spine borders) - CRF induced osteomalaciaQ - Osteopterosis (marbel bone disease) Calcification of Interveebral disc - Alkaptonuria (m.c.) Picture Frame veebrae - Paget's disease Veebrae plana - Eosinophilic granulomaQ", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gout", "opb": "Rheumatoid", "opc": "Alkaptonuria", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "624e62b0-95e0-4265-8aa2-9ae53784b4b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum penetrating radiation among the below is", "exp": "The penetrating power of alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays varies greatly. Alpha paicles can be blocked by a few pieces of paper. Beta paicles pass through paper but are stopped by aluminium foil. Gamma rays are the most difficult to stop and require concrete, lead, or other heavy shielding to block them.Reference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Electrons", "opb": "Gamma rays", "opc": "Alpha paicles", "opd": "Beta paicles", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "38d663ab-6f9e-4ca5-8610-1f00256369f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phosphorous 32 emitts", "exp": "A beta particle also called beta ray or beta radiation is a high-energy,\nhigh-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Beta particle", "opb": "Alpha particle", "opc": "Neutron", "opd": "X-rays", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8070032-f800-4f55-a5b8-e08aecc89031", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NMR principle is based on", "exp": "NMR/MRI principle is based on ability of protons in the body to absorb and emit radio waves when the body is placed in strong magnetic field", "cop": 3, "opa": "Positron", "opb": "Neutron", "opc": "Proton", "opd": "Electron", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals in Radiology", "id": "fc4bb80a-2fdb-4dd2-bf4c-2b45d33affb5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CT number of water and bones respectively", "exp": "Answer: c) 0, + 1000CT- scan or CAT scanInvented by God Frey Hounsfield in 1963, awarded Nobel Prize.Basic principle of CT is linear attenuation of x-rays.Incident x-rays are linearly attenuated by their interaction with orbital electrons of tissues.Measurement of attenuation of emerging / detected beam - gives density of intervening tissues and this density forms basis of signal intensity variation obtained in x-ray tomograms.Two type of contrast agents are usedIonic - water soluble iodide dyes (e.g. Na- diatrizoate, megliumine, conray, urograffin, angiografin) - may cause anaphylaxisNon ionic- Safer but expensive e.g. iohexol (Omnipaque), lopamiroElectron density of tissues in numbered as Hounsfield number (H.N.) or Hounsfield units.Air have a value of -1000 HUFat:-120 to-200 HUWater-0 HUSoft tissue: 20-60 HUBlood: 50-60 HUBone:+1000 HU", "cop": 3, "opa": "100,0", "opb": "0,-1000", "opc": "0, +1000", "opd": "+1000,-100", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "0ff57921-71e4-4af2-af59-7ed50b0e6af6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest feature of pulmonary venous hypeension", "exp": "B i.e., Upper lobar diversion of vessels Upper lobe venous diversion is the first radiological sign of pulmonary venous hypeensonQ.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kerley B lines", "opb": "Upper lobar diversion of vessels", "opc": "Left atrial enlargement", "opd": "Pleural effusion", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1df1c14b-af37-4e06-9996-1271efa3b554", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amniocentesis is done at", "exp": "Amniocentesis normally done at 14 - 16 weeks.\nEarly Amniocentesis 12 - 14 week.", "cop": 2, "opa": "12 - 14 weeks", "opb": "14 - 16 weeks", "opc": "8 - 10 weeks", "opd": "18 - 20 weeks", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1cdf2793-9c8e-4b67-8b1f-b9422d1191fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Atelectasis with reverse S sign is seen in", "exp": "The Golden S-sign is seen on both PA chest radiographs and on CT scans. It is named because this sign resembles a reverse S shape, and is therefore sometimes referred to as the reverse S-sign of Golden. Although typically seen with right upper lobe collapse, the S-sign can also be seen with the collapse of other lobes. It is created by a central mass obstructing the upper lobe bronchus and should raise suspicion of a primary bronchogenic carcinoma. It can also be caused by other central masses, such as metastasis, primary mediastinal tumour, or enlarged lymph nodes(Grainger&;s diagnostic radiology, 6th ed, 328)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Asthma", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Bronchogenic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c846cfaf-e3d2-4121-ba67-67b28b886f99", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dense middle cerebral aery (MCA) Sign in brain is seen in", "exp": "The hyperdense MCA sign refers to the focally increased density of the middle cerebral aery on CT and is a direct visualization of thromboembolic material within the lumen. It is thus the earliest visible sign of MCA infarction as it is seen within 90 minutes after the event - acute infarct. It is the longitudinal equivalent of the MCA dot sign and hyperdense basilar tip sign.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute infarct", "opb": "Subacute infarct", "opc": "Subacute haemorrhage", "opd": "Chronic infarct", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "cc30fbd2-c8d3-47c4-922f-0888c2b98d85", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest radiological finding of chron's disease", "exp": "Earliest change are aphthous lesions or erosions.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coable stone appearance", "opb": "Raspberry appearance", "opc": "Aphthous lesions", "opd": "String sign of kantor", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "295fc5b8-bc7a-4a5e-b808-616162916e36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Excretory urography should be cautiously performed in", "exp": "B i.e. Multiple Myeloma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bone 2deg", "opb": "Multiple myeloma", "opc": "Neuroblastoma", "opd": "Leukemia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c880a90-a92d-469c-bf24-fdb7a170e266", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spoke wheel calcification in an osteolytic lesion is seen in", "exp": "Radiological findings in intraosseous hemangioma are : Prominent trabecular pattern Better visualization of thickened veical trabeculation: polka-dot appearance on axial images and corduroy sign on coronal and sagittal images. Lytic calvarial lesions with spoke-wheel appearance Irregular and lytic in long bones, with a honeycomb appearance", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hemangioma", "opb": "Secondaries", "opc": "Plasmacytosis", "opd": "Hydatid disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal system", "id": "0f663d17-82df-4855-aab6-7d0b327713ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rim sign in IVP is seen in", "exp": "B i.e. Hydronephrosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Polycystic Kidney", "opb": "Hydronephrosis", "opc": "Chronic pyelonephritis", "opd": "Hypernephroma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "322ec0cf-b5a4-4f66-824d-f92f5934b4bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonly used criteria for response evaluation during cancer treatment", "exp": "A complete response is defined as disappearance of all evidence of disease and a paial response as >50% reduction in the sum of the products of the perpendicular diameters of all measurable lesions. The determination of paial response may also be based on a 30% decrease in the sums of the longest diameters of lesions (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors ). Progressive disease is defined as the appearance of any new lesion or an increase of >25% in the sum of the products of the perpendicular diameters of all measurable lesions (or an increase of 20% in the sums of the longest diameters by RECIST). Tumor shrinkage or growth that does not meet any of these criteria is considered a stable disease. Some sites of involvement (e.g. bone) or patterns of involvement (e.g.lymphangitic lung or diffuse pulmonarg infiltrates) are considered unmeasurable.Reference: Harrison; 19th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "RECIST", "opb": "WHO pain score", "opc": "Drug dose score", "opd": "Ki67 score", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "0f8a8990-3f71-4c2d-b01b-2906cd29bcc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Least useful for diagnosing spondylolisthesis", "exp": "D i.e. X ray spine AP view Spondylolisthesis is a forward slip of one veebrae upon another; so it is best viewed (or seen earliest) in sagittal images of spine i.e. lateral and oblique X rays of spine and saggital & axial views of CT & MRIQ. AP views of X ray can only be used to demonstrate indirect evidences (eg. inveed Napoleon's hat sign) of late/ severe spondylolisthesis. Oblique view of spine display the lamina and aicular processes more clearly than the classical anteroposterior & lateral views. The shadow of neural arch resembles that of Scottish terrier dogQ. Spondylothesis is forward slip of one veebrae upon another. Majority of cases are due to stress fracture of pars interaicularis leading to broken neck or presence of collar on the Scottie doe. More displacement will lead to Beheaded (without head) Scottie terrier sign(2. Spondylolisthesis : ventral slipping or gliding of all or pa of one veebrae on a stationary veebra beneath it. Most common is between L5 - S1 and between L4 -- L5. \"Inveed Napoleon's HatQ\" sign: A severe degree of spondylolisthesis at L5 - Si can be identified on A-P view by ventrocaudal displacement of L5 over sacrum and creates curvilinear densities.", "cop": 4, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "CT", "opc": "X ray spine lateral view", "opd": "X ray spine AP view", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da26f70b-0e1a-4b26-a35e-dee02578ce36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Subdural haematoma most commonly results from", "exp": "C i.e. Rupture of coical bridging veins", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rupture of intracranial aneurysm", "opb": "Rupture of cerebral AVM", "opc": "Injury to coical bridging veins", "opd": "Hemophilia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c7698d98-4ea2-4527-aa11-d3af40295b40", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Premature filling of veins on cerebral angiography is a feature of", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trauma", "opb": "Brain tumour", "opc": "Aeriovenous malformation", "opd": "Aerial occlusion", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "dbde29ed-b3d5-46cc-b927-0e9f304a9a87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most accurate assessment of gestational age by USG is done by", "exp": "D i.e. Crown rump length", "cop": 4, "opa": "Femur length", "opb": "Gestational sac size", "opc": "Menstrual history", "opd": "Crown rump length", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "caffbede-d0e0-48ab-8668-97e2bb66c270", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inferior rib notching is seen in", "exp": "A i.e. Coarctation of aoa Inferior rib notching in coarctation of aoa is d/t pressure erosion of intercostal aeriesQ It usually takes several years to develop, so is unusual before 10 years of age.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coarctation of aoa", "opb": "Rickets", "opc": "ASD", "opd": "Multiple myeloma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8fb373b4-0b85-4fcf-9387-2e0d138a6260", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best investigation to detect rupture of breast implant is", "exp": "Linguine sign is seen in ruptured breast implant.", "cop": 3, "opa": "USG", "opb": "Mammography", "opc": "MRI", "opd": "X - ray", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e672310b-7640-48ad-abbd-6b0c3993871b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Assymetric growth on ultrasound imaging is seen in", "exp": "Anencephaly", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anencephaly", "opb": "Trisomy 18", "opc": "Congenital rubella syndrome", "opd": "Renal anomalies", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09aceb3c-03b8-49c0-acef-83a7db176838", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Distribution of functional renal tissue is seen by", "exp": "A. i.e. DMSA", "cop": 1, "opa": "DMSA", "opb": "DTPA", "opc": "MAG3 - Tc 99", "opd": "1123 iodocholesterol", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec38c261-8739-45ef-acb5-518898c1ee4c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hydrocephalus in infant is best diagnosed by", "exp": "Ans. a (USG cranium). (Ref. Grainger, Diagnostic Radiology, 4th ed., 2469)Cranial ultrasound of Infants# USG cranium is best method to diagnose hydrocephalus through the anterior and posterior fontanalles.# Progression of hydrocephalus can be estimated by comparison with previous studies.# USG is also helpful in following ventricular decompression in patients treated for hydrocephalus.# Neonatal hydrocephalus can also be evaluated by Doppler to assess indirectly intracranial pressure and help to determine the need for shunt placement.Cranial CT# CT enable us to evaluate the brain structure and ventricular size by noninvasive highly reliable technique.# But due to the ionizing radiations hazard, CT as a screening investigation is less preferable.Qhstretk. (Fetal) Cranial ultrasound# Obstretic ultrasound study is one of the best methods for antenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus as it is noninvasive & hazard free not only to fetus as well as to mother. However assessment prior to GA of 20 weeks may be difficult, as ventricles constitute a large portion of cranial vault.# Signs suggestive of fetal hydrocephalus on obstretic USG study are:- Atrial size > 10 mm- Dangling \"Choroid plexus\" sign- BPD > 95th percentile- +- PolyhydramniosEducational points:# Lemon sign:- Concave/linear frontal contour abnormality located at coronal suture strongly associated with spina bifida.# Banana sign:- Cerebellum wrapped around posterior brainstem + obliteration of cisterna magna secondary to small posterior fossa + downward traction of spinal cord in Chiari II malformation.# Key points about Obstetric color Doppler study:- Assessment of flow in MCA is important parameter to diagnose fetal anemia.- Assessment of flow in umbilical vessels is important parameter to diagnose fetoplacental insufficiency.- Reduced diastolic flow in umbilical artery is the earliest sign of fetoplacental insufficiency.- Reversal of flow in umbilical artery (as well as pulsatile flow in umbilical vein) is the most ominous sign and may indicate impending fetal death.", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG cranium", "opb": "CT scan head", "opc": "Encephalogram", "opd": "Lumbar-puncture", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "685d2f83-c9ce-40b4-90c4-0acd533bb8d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following is not a differential diagnosis for middle mediastinal mass", "exp": "Neuroenteric cyst - Posterior mediastinum.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tortuous innominate artery", "opb": "Bronchogenic cyst", "opc": "Aortic arch aneurysm", "opd": "Neuro enteric cyst", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "175d9915-d44c-4ab1-8dab-73284f2a94ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sunburst appearance on the radiograph is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Osteosarcoma", "opb": "Osteofibroma", "opc": "Osteomalacia", "opd": "Osteopetrosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "51945f8c-c646-408b-aabe-cdb4aa389bae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation dose monitoring in occupational personal is done by", "exp": "ref : david sutton", "cop": 1, "opa": "TLD Badge", "opb": "Linear accelerator", "opc": "Collimators", "opd": "Grid", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1c052be9-16b8-495a-9178-6de9eb1eea43", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most radiosensitive cells are", "exp": "The most sensitive cells are those that are undifferentiated, well nourished, dividing quickly and highly active metabolically. Amongst the body cells, the most sensitive are spermatogonia and erythroblasts, epidermal stem cells, gastrointestinal stem cells. The least sensitive are nerve cells and muscle fibres.Very sensitive cells are also oocytes and lymphocytes, although they are resting cells and do not meet the criteria described above. The reasons for their sensitivity are not clear.Reference: Eric J Hall Textbook of Radiobiology for Radiologist; 5th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bone-marrow cells", "opb": "Muscle cells", "opc": "Nerve cells", "opd": "Breast glandular cells", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Radiotherapy", "id": "690a6cc3-cbc4-4900-831c-0bc69cdfa147", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "S.I Unit of radioactivity is", "exp": "UNITS OF RADIATION Physical quantity S.I. Unit Non S.I. Unit Conversion Radioactivity Becqueral (Bq) Curie (Ci) 1 Ci = 3.7 X 1010 Bq Absorbed dose Gray (Gy) Rad 1 Gy = 100 rads 1 rad = 0.01 gy Dose equivalent Sieve (SV) Rem 1 SV = 100 rem 1 Rem = 0.01 Sv Exposure coulomb/kg Roentgen 1R= 2.58 x 10-4coulomb/kg of air", "cop": 1, "opa": "Becquerel", "opb": "Curie", "opc": "Gray", "opd": "Sieve", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Introduction to Radiology", "id": "338b1141-a8be-4223-8f5c-8b24db8c55fc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 5 year old child diagnosed with cystic lesion with a enhancing mural nodule seen in cerebellar hemisphere on Brain MRI has", "exp": "Cystic lesion with an enhancing mural module in a child is suggestive of Pilocytic astrocytoma In a adult above finding is suggestive of Hemangioblastoma Figure: Large posterior fossa cystic lesion with enhancing mural nodule.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Meningioma", "opb": "Schwannoma", "opc": "Pilocytic astrocytoma", "opd": "Glioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "db39d832-192e-4022-933b-f422636648c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Golden S is seen in", "exp": "Golden \"S\" sign is a Reverse \"S\" sign seen on Frontal Chest Radiograph In patients with Bronchogenic Ca with Right Upper lobe collapse Lower convexity of the Reverse S is due to the mass Upper concavity of the \"S\" is due to Right UPPER LOBE atelectasis with the upward shifting of the horizontal fissure.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Left upper lobe collapse", "opb": "Pleural Effusion", "opc": "Left lower lobe collapse", "opd": "Bronchogenic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory Radiology", "id": "a847371a-b9f1-4edb-a9b9-4bec0653d804", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common hormone deficiency seen after intracranial radiation therapy", "exp": "Growth hormone Harrison writes ? \"Cranial irradiation may result in long-term hypothalmic and pituitary dysfunction, especially in children and adolescents. The development of hormonal abnormalities correlates strongly with irradiation dosage and the time interval after completion of radiotherapy. The development of hypopituitarism occurs after 5 to 15 years and usually reflects hypothahnic damage rather than absolute destruction of pituitary cells Though the pattern of hormone loss is variable, GH deficiency is most common, followed by gonadotropin and ACTH deficiency\"", "cop": 4, "opa": ">Prolactin", "opb": ">Gonadotropins", "opc": "ACTH", "opd": ">Growth hormone", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ed0d768-a240-4e06-b4b7-653a2ca3991f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CBCT stands for", "exp": "Cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging is the most significant technologic advance in maxillofacial imaging since the introduction of panoramic radiography. CBCT imaging was initially developed commercially for angiography in the early 1980s. It uses a divergent cone-shaped or pyramid-shaped  source of ionizing radiation and a two-dimensional area detector fixed on a rotating gantry to provide multiple sequential transmission images that are integrated directly, forming volumetric  information.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cone beam computed tomography", "opb": "Coil beam computed tomography", "opc": "Combined beam computed tomography", "opd": "Circular beam computed tomography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "129dfcbb-2770-4d91-99a6-9b8e6f21f1cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best investigation for cardiac temponade is", "exp": "A i.e. 2 D Echocardiography M- Mode Echo is also k/a One dimensional echo, it uses stationary beam so informations are updated very rapidly. It is often more conventient for assessing distance & motion of selected cardiac structure. 2-Dimensional echo has replaced it for most diagnostic purposes. It is expected that 3D imaging will replace most 2D imaging in future. 2-D-Echocardiography is investigation of choice for: Pericardial effusionQ Cardiac TemponadeQ Valvular hea ds Cardiomyopathy", "cop": 1, "opa": "2-D Echocardiography", "opb": "M-Mode Echocardiography", "opc": "Real time echocardiography", "opd": "USG", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f72f890c-fe0f-47f9-96f4-d8b047e1ca3b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In bitewing radiographs, occlusal pit caries of enamel\nappears as a", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Circular radiolucent area", "opb": "Triangular radiolucent area with its base towards the dentino-enamel junction", "opc": "Triangular radiolucent area with its base towards the surface", "opd": "Vertical radiolucent line", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e22dde3e-9e5c-4b3d-b57a-a9ae4b762210", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation Dose Monitoring in Occupational Workers is done by", "exp": "TLD Batch (Thermoluminescent Dosimeter) It is used to evaluate occupational radiation exposure It is made up of lithium flouride (LiF) or Calcium suphate Dysprosium It is worn under lead apron", "cop": 1, "opa": "TLD Badge", "opb": "Linear Accelerator", "opc": "Collimators", "opd": "Grid", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "NEET Jan 2020", "id": "71dc4eee-1183-46b5-933a-02dc81b5a43e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Stochastic side effect of radiation", "exp": "Stochastic - Dose independent.\nEx: Cancer, Genetic S/E, Teratogenicity.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cancer", "opb": "Genetic Side effects", "opc": "Infertility", "opd": "Teratogenicity", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "76da0ed6-2ed7-42ee-adde-494ce8665899", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contrast used for MRI", "exp": "MRI Contrast Agents : Are contrast agents used to improve the visibility of internal body structures in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). The most commonly used compounds for contrast enhancement are Gadolinium-based.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gadolinium", "opb": "Radium", "opc": "Iridium", "opd": "TDT", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "id": "a3ce70df-9592-4868-bdc5-85be51c2c441", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polka dot sign on CT is a feature of", "exp": "Polka dot sign/ Corduroy/vertical striations – Vertebral hemangioma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vertebral hemangioma", "opb": "Eosinophilic granuloma", "opc": "Osteosarcoma", "opd": "Ewing's sarcoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a14a13b1-2557-4dff-ba02-4ca761ecb6d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spongy appearance\" with central sunburst calcification is seen in", "exp": "Serous cyst adenoma", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma", "opb": "Mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma", "opc": "Somato statinoma", "opd": "Serous cyst adenoma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b8710ca3-6e5f-437c-b3e6-1d31ddcbea33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "| energy linear acceleration used in", "exp": "A i.e. X-ray", "cop": 1, "opa": "X-ray", "opb": "Cathode rays", "opc": "Photon rays", "opd": "a- rays", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b2ded6b8-f5ba-4b7a-8969-e8f175cb4bf3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOC for Acute Aoic Dissection", "exp": "IOC for acute Aoic Dissection is CT-Angio In Unstable patients- Transesophageal Echocardiography MRI is NOT used in Acute conditions but is helpful in chronic dissections to better delineate the true and false lumen - Dissection of aerial wall forming shreds within false lumen - COB WEB SIGN - False lumen form an acute angle giving BEAK SIGN in aoic dissection COB WEB SIGN BEAK SIGN", "cop": 2, "opa": "Usg", "opb": "CT-angio", "opc": "Mr-Angio", "opd": "Doppler", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular Radiology", "id": "9ecd5b6b-4c29-458b-a6b6-38ca62f8e911", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Half life of Iridium 192", "exp": "Answer: c) 73.8 daysISOTOPES USED IN MEDICINEReactor Radioisotopes (half-life indicated in brackets):Molybdenum-99 (66 h): Used as the 'parent' in a generator to produce technetium-99m.Technetium-99m (6 h): Used in to image the skeleton and heart muscle in particular, but also for brain, thyroid, lungs (perfusion and ventilation), liver, spleen, kidney (structure and filtration rate), gall bladder, bone marrow, salivary and lacrimal glands, heart blood pool, infection and numerous specialized medical studies.Uses of Technetium 99 tagged RBC's:Commonly indicated in Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.Relatively sensitive & very specific imaging method for noninvasive diagnosis of liver hemangioma.Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction. Assessment of regional wall motion (left and right ventricles).Chromium-51 (28 d): Used to label RBC's and quantify gastro-intestinal protein loss.Cobalt-60 (10.5 months): Formerly used for external beam radiotherapy.Copper-64 (13 h): To study genetic diseases affecting copper metabolism. Eg: Wilson's and Menke's diseases.Dysprosium-165 (2 h): Used as an aggregated hydroxide for synovectomy treatment of arthritis.Erbium-169 (9.4 d): Use for relieving arthritis pain in synovial joints.Holmium-166 (26 h): Being developed for diagnosis and treatment of liver tumours.Iodine-125 (60 d): Used in brachytherapy (prostate and brain), to evaluate the filtration rate of kidneys and to diagnose DVT in the leg. It is also used in radioimmuno-assays to show the presence of hormones in tiny quantities.Iodine-131 (8 d): Used in treating thyroid cancer, imaging the thyroid; in diagnosis of abnormal liver function, renal (kidney) blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. A strong gamma emitter, but used for beta therapy.Iridium-192 (74 d): Supplied in wire form for use as an internal radiotherapy source for cancer treatmentIron-59 (46 d): Used in studies of iron metabolism in the spleen.Lutetium-177 (6.7 d): emits just enough gammas for imaging while the beta radiation does the therapy on small (eg endocrine) tumours. Its half-life is long enough to allow sophisticated preparation for use.Palladium-103 (17 d): Used to make brachytherapy permanent implant seeds for early stage prostate cancer.Phosphorus-32 (14 d): Used in the treatment of polycythemia vera (excess red blood cells). Beta emitter.Potassium-42 (12 h): Used for the determination of exchangeable potassium in coronary blood flow.Rhenium-186 (3.8 d): Used for pain relief in bone cancer. Beta emitter with weak gamma for imaging.Rhenium-188 (17 h): Used to beta irradiate coronary arteries from an angioplasty balloon.Samarium-153 (47 h): Sm-153 is very effective in relieving the pain of secondary cancers lodged in the bone, sold as Quadramet. Also very effective for prostate and breast cancer. Beta emitter.Selenium-75 (120 d): Used as seleno-methionine to study the production of digestive enzymes.Sodium-24 (15 h): For studies of electrolytes within the body.Strontium-89 (50 d): Very effective in reducing the pain of prostate & bone cancer. Beta emitter.Xenon-133 (5 d): Used for pulmonary (lung) ventilation studies.Ytterbium-169 (32 d): Used for cerebrospinal fluid studies in the brain.Ytterbium-177 (1.9 h): Progenitor of Lu-177.Yttrium-90 (64 h): for brachytherapy and as silicate colloid for relieving pain of arthritis. Pure beta emitter.Radioisotopes of caesium, gold and ruthenium are also used in brachytherapy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "17 days", "opb": "60 days", "opc": "73.8 days", "opd": "5.26 years", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Fundamentals In Radiology", "id": "11ba17c8-5276-44fb-9b24-7c266c8734ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presented with minimal Rt. sided pleural effusion. The best method to detect this would be", "exp": "D i.e. Right lateral decubitus Ipsilateral decubitus is investigation of choice for minimal pleural effusionQ", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rt. lateral", "opb": "Left Lateral", "opc": "Left lateral decubitus", "opd": "Right lateral decubitus", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e96ad95-41cb-4398-8125-84a1b5823ea1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Film exposed to light during development will be", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Blurred", "opb": "dark", "opc": "Light", "opd": "reticulated", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11e40afd-2578-429e-bfdb-067a23db7d94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Filarial Dance sign is seen on", "exp": "The Filarial dance sign refers to a twirling motion of microfilariae (e.g.W. bancrofti) noted in dilated lymphatic channels. It is identified as a characteristic sign and indicator of scrotal filariasis. The dilated channels are identified with absence of color flow on Color Doppler study (CDS) and the microfilariae as curvilinear echogenic undulating structures within it. Generally 5-6 microfilariae are seen per channel. GIF image: Filarial dance sign on USG", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG", "opb": "CT", "opc": "Scintigraphy", "opd": "Radiography", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "b91ddc94-4ffd-4511-89f8-02e638c8fd7c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Punctuated lesion and floating teeth are seen in", "exp": "Skullsolitary or multiple punched-out lytic lesions without sclerotic rimdouble contour/beveled edge appearance /hole within a hole signbutton sequestrum representing residual bonegeographic skull/ raindrop skullMandibleirregular radiolucent areas involving superficial alveolar bonefloating tooth: loss of lamina duraSpineveebra plana: most common cause of veebra plana in childrenLong bonespermeative and aggressive appearing lesionmainly involves diaphysis or metadiaphysis endosteal scalloping, periosteal reaction, coical thinning, intracoical tunneling, and associated soft tissue mass (Ref: Radiology Review ManualBy Wolfgang Dahne 7thEtd, Page no:115,116)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Metastasis", "opb": "Osteitis fibrosa", "opc": "Histiocytosis", "opd": "Asbestosis", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "35333ead-8fa7-4081-9227-7cc1587a463b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Half life of Technetium is", "exp": "A i.e. 6 hours Half life (tin) of radium (Ra226)is 1602-1626 years (longest)Q; Cesium (137Cs) is 30 yearsQ; Cobalt (60Co) is 5.2 yearsQ; iridium (1921r)is 74.5 daysQ; Iodine (P31)is 8 daysQ; 1123 is 13 hoursQ; technitium (Tc99) is 6 hoursQ; and 1132 is 2.3 hoursQ.", "cop": 1, "opa": "6 hours", "opb": "12 hours", "opc": "24 hours", "opd": "26 hours", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbf4bbe9-4c1d-49c7-ba9e-14bec3764e6a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice in bronchiectasis", "exp": "Ans: b (HRCT)Second investigation of choice (earlier): Bronchography (not Bronchoscopy)HRCT signs:Honeycomb patternTram-track patternGrape cluster patternTooth paste patternSignet ring patternVery importantSome Investigations of choice:Bronchiectasis :HRCTRenal TB (early) :IVPRenal TB (advanced) :CT>IVPRenal calculus :Non contrast Helical CT scanDental pathology andTM joint pathology :pantamogramPregnant lady with upper abdominal mass :MRIPosterior urethral valve and VUR :MCU (Micturating cystourethrogram)Osteoporosis :DEXA", "cop": 2, "opa": "MRI", "opb": "HRCT", "opc": "bronchoscopy", "opd": "chest x-ray", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "ea40b635-2a91-4e22-8e8f-7c4b91875b1e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Defenitive test to diagnose pulmonary embolism", "exp": "CTPA is defenitive test or gold standard test.", "cop": 3, "opa": "V/Q Scan", "opb": "Chest X-ray", "opc": "CT pulmo angrography", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f9a7e257-324f-4926-a21d-df34e560653a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contrast media of choice for myelogram is", "exp": "C i.e. lohexol - Dianosil is used in oesophageal atresiaQ, as in most cases it is frequently associated with tracheooesophageal fistula; so on instillation of contrast media, there is risk of flooding in the lungs. Water soluble-nonionic LOCM are licenced for intrathecal use eg Iohexol (omnipaque) and Iopamidol (neopam)Q and are contrast agents of choice for myelographyQ. These are non neurotoxic, donot cause epileptic fits, can be used without withdrawing other drugs & are devoid of arachioid toxicity and anticonvulsant cover is unnecessary. Whereas ionic contrast media (both HOCM & LOCM) are very very toxic & often fatal when injected into subarachnoid space.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Urografin 75%", "opb": "Conray 470", "opc": "lohexol", "opd": "Biligrafin", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9cfca7d5-0ad4-424e-ae27-c2931b49236b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MRI finding in cavernous angioma", "exp": "MRI finding of cavernous malformation (cavernous angioma or covernoma) demonstrate typical 'Popcorn like' smoothly circumscribed, well - delineated complex lesion.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Reticular popcorn like pattern", "opb": "Arterial feeders", "opc": "Well defined Indus", "opd": "Phebectasia", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd6459d6-d9a2-4dbd-b7cf-c50945f6fc57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HIFU stands for", "exp": "HIFU stands for High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound. HIFU uses High Intensity Focused Ultrasound beam in the treatment of uterine fibroids and other lesions. it acts due to the thermal, mechanical and cavitational effects of the high-intensity Ultrasound beam in tissues.", "cop": 2, "opa": "High Intensity Fluoroscopic Ultrasound", "opb": "High Intensity Focused Ultrasound", "opc": "High Interval Fractionated Ultrasound", "opd": "High Interference Fragmented Ultrasound", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "ULTRASOUND", "id": "e04eeded-ee56-4419-bbe2-9d14a07477f9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Upstream and downstream hydrocephalus is seen in", "exp": "Most Brain tumors usually produce only upstream hydrocephalus. Choroid plexus papilloma is a CSF producing tumor located in occipital horns of lateral ventricle and produces both upstream and downstream hydrocephalus. CECT axial image showing intensely enhancing lesion in occipital horn of left lateral ventricle s/o Choroid plexus papilloma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ependymoma", "opb": "Pineal germinoma", "opc": "Choroid plexus papilloma", "opd": "Meningioma", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Neuroradiology", "id": "1049b5c4-6413-4e05-9926-c2babc2e8b9c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The fastest dental film currently available has the speed\nrating of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "\"D\" speed", "opb": "\"C\" speed", "opc": "\"F\" speed", "opd": "\"E\" speed", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "16b7dee9-fb45-4bd5-8bb7-c9af6089c51c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Penetration power is more for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hard X-rays", "opb": "Soft X-rays", "opc": "X-rays with long wavelength", "opd": "Grenz rays", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7db89b6f-d7d0-444b-8608-db03e49dc66a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Puff of smoke appearance in cerebral angiography is a feature of", "exp": "Lenticulostriate arteries form a rich collateral network around occlusive lesion - puff of smoke.\nAnterior circulation > posterior.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carotid artery thrombosis", "opb": "Alexander disease", "opc": "Moya moya disease", "opd": "Krabbe's disease", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "30a3a2ff-b30c-4f1b-a466-64e128026d01", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most important cause of bulging fissure", "exp": "All the above are causes of bulging fissure.\nMost important cause is Klebsiella pneumonia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Klebsiella pneumonia", "opb": "Legionella pneumonia", "opc": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "opd": "Staph aureus", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "31e6d303-24ee-4886-bd7d-cae40cea8534", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Salt and Pepper pot appearance of skull is seen in", "exp": "(A) HyperparathyroidismHYPERPARATHYROIDISM:Uncontrolled production of parathyroid hormone causes | bone mass secondary to | number of osteoclasts, | osteoid volume (defect in mineralization), slightly | number of osteoblasts.Loss of lamina dura of tooth, Pepper pot appearance in skull, \"Rotting fence post' appearance of proximal femur in childrenBone Resorption: Subperiosteal (most constant & specific finding; virtually Pathognomonic of Hyperparathyroidism).Lacelike irregularity of cortical margin; may progress to scalloping/spiculation (pseudoperiostitis), involves phalangeal tufts (earliest involvement), radial aspect of middle phalanx of 2nd & 3rd finger beginning in proximal metaphyseal region (early involvement)Subchondral collapse of cortical bone & overlying cartilage with development of erosion, cyst, joint narrowing.Cortical resorption, trabecular resorption, subligamentous bone resorption.Bone Softening: Basilar impression of skull, Wedged vertebrae, kyphoscoliosis, biconcave vertebral deformities, bowing of long bones, Slipped capital femoral epiphysis.Brown Tumor: Eccentric, cortical frequently solitary expansile lytic wellmarginated cystlike lesion, endosteal scalloping, seen in jaw, pelvis, rib, metaphyses of long bones (femur), facial bones, axial skeleton (DDx--GCT).Osteosclerosis - 'Rugger jersey spine' - sclerosis of vertebral endplates with intervening normal osseous densitySoft-Tissue Calcification: Metastatic calcification cornea, viscera (lung, stomach, kidney), periarticular in hip, knee, shoulder, wrist & chondrocalcinosis in menisci, wrist, shoulder, hip, elbow.Erosive Arthropathy, Periosteal New-Bone Formation.Sequele Hyperparathyroidism 1. Renal stones & nephrocalcinosis 2. osteoblastic activity--osteitis fibrosa Cystica, brown tumours (primary Hyperparathyroidism) bone softening (fractures), 3. Peptic ulcer disease, 4. Calcific pancreatitis, 5. Soft-tissue calcifications (Secondary Hyperparathyroidism).Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Hypercalcemia due to uncontrolled secretion of parathormone by one or more hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands featuring brown tumor & chondrocalcinosisSecondary Hyperparathyroidism: Diffuse adenomatous hyperplasia of all four parathyroid glands as a compensatory mechanism in any state of hypocalcemia featuring soft-tissue calcifications & osteosclerosis.Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: Development of autonomous PTH adenoma in patients with chronically overstimulated hyperplastic parathyroid glands (renal insufficiency).Pseudo hyperparathyroidism: Ectopic parathormone production in paraneoplastic syndrome in bronchogenic carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma.CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY APPEARANCES'Sun-ray1 appearance... Osteogenic sarcoma'Soap bubble' appearance... Osteoclastoma'Moth-eaten' appearance around epiphysis... Rickets'Rain drop' osteolytic lesions in skull ... Letterer-Siwe disease, Multiple myeloma'Saw tooth' appearance of metaphysis... Congenital syphilis'Cup and Pencil' joint appearance ... Rheumatoid arthritis'Ground glass' appearance... Fibrous dysplasia'Honeycomb' appearance ... Chronic osteomyelitis, Paget's disease, Osteoclastoma, Adamantinoma'Cricket bat* shaped ribs... Morquio disease'Ribbon ribs'... Neurofibromatosis'Shepperd crook' deformity of femur... Fibrous dysplasia'Flask shaped' femur... Thalassemia'Bag of bones' appearance... Charcot's joints'Moth eaten' appearance of skull... Pyogenic osteomyelitis'Onion peel' appearance... Ewing's sarcoma'Bossing' of calvarium & 'Cupping' of distal... Rickets end of radius & ulna'Bone within a bone' appearance ... Osteopetrosis, Periostitis, Scurvy, Gaucher's disease & congenital syphilis'Swiss cheese' appearance... Plasmacytoma'Floating teeth' appearance... Histiocytosis'Celery stick' of long bones in infants... Congenital rubellaBilateral iliac horns ... Nephrotic syndrome'Pencil in cup' appearance... Arthritis mutilans type of Psoriatic arthritis'Trident hand' is seen in... Achondroplasia'Spina ventosa' (air within a small bone)... Tuberculous dactylitis'Sabre tibia'... Congenital syphilis'Hot cross bun' appearance of skull... Congenital syphilis'Bucket handle' Epiphyseal cartilage... Battered Baby'Lace-work' periostitis... Tertiary syphilis'Bayonet-like' wrist... Madelung's deformity'Candle wax' appearance... Meliorheostosis'Marble bone'... Osteopetrosis'Wormian bones'... Fibrous dysplasiaBanana fracture... Paget's diseaseEnlarged sclerotic ivory vertebra ... Paget's diseaseIvory dense vertebra ... Hodgkin's lymphoma'Cod-fish' vertebra... Hyperparathyroidism, Osteomalacia'Spoke wheel' calcification within osteolytic ... Haemangioma lesion of bone'Squaring' of vertebral bodies ... Ankylosing spondylitis'Bamboo-spine' appearance... Ankylosing spondylitis'Hair brush' appearance of skull... Hyperparathyroidism'Geographical' appearance of skull... Hand-Schuller Christian", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Paget's Disease", "opc": "Multiple Myloma", "opd": "Pseudo hyperparathyroidism", "subject_name": "Radiology", "topic_name": "Skeletal System", "id": "5ae498cf-5150-4d58-94a2-29be8de8d5ce", "choice_type": "single"}