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<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The problem of chondromalacia patellae.? [/INST] Daily activity subjects the human patella to forces often several times the individual's body weight. Healthy cartilage can adjust to these forces if they are not too excessive, concentrated, or repetitive. Such abnormal stresses most frequently occur with the disturbance of normal patellar mechanical function. Chondromalacia patellae is the result common to a wide variety of unusual traumata. Treatment must be directed primarily not toward the damaged patellar cartilage but toward a correction of the mechanical abnormality causing it. Until proven otherwise, a young female complaining of knee joint pain, particularly if bilateral, should be considered as suffering from a subluxating patella, with or without chondromalacia patellae. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Reconstructive surgery in the myelomeningocele hip.? [/INST] In 17 myelomeningocele patients with subluxating or dislocated hips, 31 posterolateral iliopsoas were treated by transfers, as described by Sharrard, in addition to complimentary procedures to balance muscle power and center the hip joint. Surgical goals are to stablize the hips within the acetabulum and prevent the occurrence of severe fixed flexion and adduction contractures of the hip and secondary lumbar lordosis. Surgery is performed at about 1 year of age with bilateral adductor transfer to the ischium, followed in 2 weeks by the posterolateral transfer of the iliopsoas muscle, first on one hip and 2 weeks later following with the other hip. Adductor transfer to the ischium reduces the adductor and secondary flexor power of the adductor longus and anterior fibers of the adductor brevis. After transfer it provides some extensor power. The range of abduction is increased. The transferred iliopsoas muscle has a better mechanical advantage in its new function as an abductor and extensor, and the hips were better centered radiographically than the cases with iliopsoas transfer alone. Fewer bony procedures were required to center the hips when the iliopsoas transfer was performed in children before the age of 1 1/2 years. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Talectomy in the treatment of the myelomeningocele patient.? [/INST] This paper is an analysis of a series of 11 pediatric myelomeningocele patients in whom 20 talectomies were performed for correction of rigid equinovarus of paralytic vertical talus deformities. In most of the patients talectomy achieved a satisfactory correction of the foot deformity with maintenance of the correction for up to 5 years of follow-up in this study. Failure of the procedure related to two factors: (1) severe external rotational contracture of the hips in patients with high spinal lesions; (2) incomplete removal of the talus because of extensive scarring and fibrosis due to prior infection or surgery. Correction of the external rotational deformity of the hip or a derotational supramalleolar osteotomy of the tibia can prevent the first cause of failure. An intra-operative X-ray of the foot can prevent the latter. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Folic acid dosage for chronic hemodialysis patients.? [/INST] The doses of folic acid, necessary to avoid folic acid deficiency in patients being maintained on hemodialysis, have been estimated to be between 1 and 5 mg daily. To more precisely define an adequate dose of folic acid, 6 anephric patients were studied. The patients were maintained on hemodialysis and received, in a crossover fashion, 1 mg and 5 mg of folic acid for 3 wk. In a second crossover study, 3 anephric patients were first maintained on 0 and then on 1 mg of folic acid after each dialysis for 3 wk periods. Pre- and postdialysis folic acid blood levels were measured and dialyzer clearances of folic acid were determined. The results of this study support the conclusion of the Food and Drug Administration report suggesting that daily doses of 1 mg of folic acid are adequate to sustain therapeutic folate levels. The data further indicate that the administration of 1 mg of folic acid after each dialysis, rather than 1 mg of folic acid daily, can provide adequate folate. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A statistical approach to the recognition of inferior wall myocardial infarction by the Q/R ratios.? [/INST] To sharpen ECG criteria for diagnosis of inferior wall myocardial infarction (IWMI), the distribution of Q duration and Q/R ratios in leads 3 and aVF in four groups have been analyzed. Two of these groups are teaching samples (200 ECGs of patients with various diagnoses, but in whom no myocardial infarction was found on post-mortem, and 123 ECGs of patients in whom IWMI was found on post-mortem examinations) and two control samples (408 ECGs of healthy men and 60 ECGs of patients with clinically proved IWMI). The chosen combination of conditions Q/R3 greater than 25 percent and Q/RaVF greater than 10 per cent gives minimal number of errors for the teaching samples. The diagnostic rule gave 5-7 percent errors over the control samples. It is shown that use of Q duration greater than 0.04'' gives less satisfactory results in the diagnosis of IWMI. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine and mechanisms of resistance.? [/INST] Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and mechanisms of resistance to the drug are discussed on the basis of experiments performed with Candida albicans ATCC 26790 and with 50 selected clinical isolates of C. albicans belonging to serological type A or B and representing various degrees and models of 5-FC resistance (sensitivity). Incorporation of 5-fluorouridylic acid into RNA appeared as a prerequisite to antifungal activity, although at a given incorporation rate, growth inhibition varied considerably from one strain to the other. The amino acid pool was unbalanced, and there was evidence for disturbance of protein synthesis. These dysfunctions of RNA probably account for growth inhibition and cell death, whereas up to the present, there was no proof of formation of 5-fluorodeoxyuridylic acid nor of subsequent inhibition of thymidylate synthetase. Incorporation of fluorinated pyrimidine into RNA was lower in normally sensitive type B strains than in normally sensitive ones of type A, whereas the frequency of 5-FC-resistant mutants was the same. The two serological types did not differ in the activity of cytosine permease nor in that of cytosine deaminase. Among 29 clinical isolates with 6-FC resistance (or impaired sensitivity) no instance of cytosine permease deficiency was found. Two isolates (belonging to the serological type A) were deficient in cytosine deaminase, whereas the majority was probably deficient in uridine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase or had a surplus of de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. Relative 5-FC resistance was more common than complete resistance. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Kinetics and mechanisms of action of 'folate synthesis inhibitors', alone or in combination, on Escherichia coli. III. Pyrimethamine, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.? [/INST] The inhibitory activity of pyrimethamine (PMA) is 1/290 of the activity of trimethoprim (TMP) against E. coli as evaluated from a plot of C.ko/ko-kapp VS. C. Even at high concentrations the effect of PMA in contrast to TMP seems to be cateriostatic. Combinations of TMP and PMA reveal an additive effect. In PMA-treated cultures, the slope of the logarithmic growth curve decreases after an initial inhibited growth, and a second steady state is established. This second steady state has a different reason than the one observed in TMP-treated cultures; whereas the second phase in TMP-inhibited cultures depends on the number of germs, in the case of PMA it depends on the number of generations. Using prewashed cell cultures, it was shown that there is no influence on the two steady states in PMA-inhibited cultures; for TMP, however, it was shown that the presence of the first phase is due to an antagonist excreted into the culture medium. These observations hint at differences in the mode of action of TMP and PMA in addition to differences in the affinity to the target enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Combination of PMA with sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) at concentrations where both drugs are acting only bacteriostatically leads to effects considerably greater than would be expected from simple additivity. The kill rate observed is the same as observed for TMP/SMZ combinations despite of the considerable lower activity of PMA and SMZ. The results support the assumption that it might be possible to select drug combinations considering the best pharmacokinetical fit and not necessarily the most effective drugs in the series studied. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Mucolytic and antibiotic effect of a new compound in chronic bronchitis.? [/INST] The purpose of the study was the objective evaluation of the mucolytic and antibiotic properties of Fluimucil Antibiotic, a molecular combination of acetylcysteine and thiamphenicol. The preparation was administered to 45 patients in the dose of 3 tablets daily each containing 500 mg of thiamphenical. Statistical analysis of the data obtained showed mucolytic effects on the 4th to 5th day of treatment and marked antibiotic activity. The evaluation is positive particularly if the relatively low dose of antibiotic normally used in chronic bronchitis is considered. The preparation Fluimucil Antibiotic can be recommended for the treatment of chronic bronchitis also in view of its good tolerability. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The effect of co-trimoxazole on antitoxin response to tetanus toxoid.? [/INST] The effect of a 4-day course of co-trimoxazole (Septrin) on antitoxin response to tetanus vaccine was assessed in a double-blind study involving 22 healthy adults. The tetanus antitoxin levels were measured by in vivo and in vitro methods for up to 8 weeks after the first of two injections of tetanus vaccine, given 4 weeks apart. No sigificant difference was observed in the level of tetanus antitoxin produced in subjects who received co-trimoxazole (Septrin) in recommended therapeutic dosage during the first 4 days of the trial from that in subjects who received placebo tablets. The results indicate that a 4-day course of co-trimoxazole (Septrin) does not affect antibody production. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Results obtained with combination therapy of VM-26, natulan and prednisolone in generalized Hodgkin's disease.? [/INST] By evaluating the results obtained in 50 patients the authors stated that VM-26 given in combination with Natulan and Prednisolone is a drug of value in the therapy of generalized Hodgkin's disease. It cause milder side effects than drugs previously used in combination therapy. Complete or partial remissions were obtained in 84% of patients treated. 75% of the therapy-resistant cases proved to be Hodgkin's sarcoma by the postmortem examination. Remission lasted longer in stage III than in stage IV and the previously untreated patients responded better than the treated one. Definite correlation could not be revealed between histologic type and duration of remission. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Antimalarials: screening of (orally administered) silver solfonamides against Plasmodium berghei.? [/INST] Orally administered silver sulfadiazine is effective against Plasmodium berghei. Attempts to synthesize an active analogue with antimalarial activity failed. Although several of the analogues were chemically stable (like silver sulfadiazine) in sodium chloride, none of the analogues were biologically active. This suggests that the antimalarial activity of silver sulfadiazine is stereo-specific. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about In vitro and in vivo microbiological evaluation of Cephapirin, a new antibiotic.? [/INST] The microbiological properties of cephapirin, a new semisynthetis cephalosporin, have been studied. This antibiotic, if compared with ampicillin, shows a greater activity against gram positive bacteria, a lack of sensitivity to staphlococcal beta-lactamase, and a lower sensitivity to those produced by gram-negative bacteria. Useful therapeutic of cephapirin levels can be detected in human serum 6 h after administration of 500 and 1,000 mg parenterally. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Doxycycline in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. A field trial.? [/INST] As part of the Pan-European multi-centre trial of doxycycline in the treatment of respiratory tract infections during the winter of 1973/1974, a field trial was carried out in Austria. 95 physicians provided 540 case reports for evaluation. Very good or good results were obtained in 93.9% of patients and the rate of improvement as indicated by fall in temperature, reduction in cough, sputum and pain, and easing of inflammatory symptoms was rapid; 77.8% of patients showed complete remission of acute symptoms after 3 days of treatment. Only 5.6% of patients suffered from side-effects which were mostly mild. Comparison with a previous field trial in Austria in 1968/1969 showed that doxycycline has retained its efficacy over the years. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A multi-centre trial of alpha-6-desoxy-5-oxytetracycline (doxycycline).? [/INST] 23 physicians in Italy took part in a multi-centre clinical trial of doxycycline in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The case records of 290 patients were assessed with respect to both subjective and objective improvement and clinical cure: most patients were considered improved by the third day and cured by the fifth. The recommended dose of doxycycline was 200 mg on the first day and 100 mg daily thereafter; only 11 of the patients had to continue treatment beyond the tenth day. The antibiotic was extremely well tolerated; gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 10 patients. Overall, 88.6% of the patients achieved a very good or good result. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Treatment of acute respiratory tract infections with doxycycline in general practice.? [/INST] A multi-centre general practitioner trial was carried out in the Netherlands during the winter of 1973/1974. This trial was part of a larger pan-European study. There were 13- cases studied in the Netherlands who were only treated with doxycycline, by 17 physicians. All patients included in the trial had an acute infection of either the upper or lower respiratory tract. tthere were 64 females and 66 males. The results were excellent at 100 patients (76.9%) had a very good result, 21 patients (16.2%) had moderate or fair results, and only 7 patients (5.4%) had poor or negative results. Doxycycline was well tolerated as no side-effects were noted in 122 of the patients (93.8%). In the 8 patients who experienced side-effects they were mild and self-limiting. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Vibramycin in paediatrics. An evaluation of the onset of action and efficacy.? [/INST] The effectiveness of and tolerance to doxycycline (Vibramycin, Pfizer) was investigated in a group of 188 children and the radpidity of both subjective and objective improvement was assessed in a second group of 58 children. Doxycycline was found to be very effective. It was possible to analyse the results of treatment in 245 out of the total of 246 patients. Cure was obtained in 168 patients (68.6%) and marked improvement was seen in 59 (24.1%). The overall success rate was thus 92.7%. 18 patients (7.3%) failed to respond; these either had a history of relapsing infections or were infected with resistant organisms. Doxycycline also proved to be rapid in its effect. Rapid subjective improvement was seen in 48 out of 58 patients (84.2%) and rapid objective improvement in 41 patients (70.7%). Tolerance to doxycycline was very good. Treatment had to be interrupted in only one out of 246 patients; there were initial gastrointestinal symptoms in 4 patients. Doxycycline showed itself to be a very suitable antibiotic for use in day-to-day paediatric practice. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A comparative trial of doxycycline and ampicillin in the treatment of acute sinusitis.? [/INST] A double-blind comparative clinical trial of doxycycline (200 mg on the first day followed by 100 mg daily for a total of 7 days) and ampicillin (250 mg 4 times daily for 7 days) was performed in 44 patients with acute or chonic sinusitis. Significantly superior results were observed with doxycycline; 90% of the patients responded to doxycycline and 35% to ampicillin. The incidence of side-effects was low and these were of a minor nature, in no case with either drug was discontinuance of treatment necessary. These results imply that in treating chronic bronchitis an antibiotic should be given which is effective not only against the responsible organisms but which is able also to penetrate those tissues (such as the sinuses) that act as a reservoir for these organisms. Doxycycline meets these requirements. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Doxycycline in respiratory tract infections. Report of a retrospective study in Spain during the winter 1972-1973.? [/INST] In the winter of 1972-1973 a multicentre trial of the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections was carried out in Spain using doxycycline. 85 physicians participated in the study and treated 1,653 patients. The infections included acute bronchitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, trachetis, sinusitis, and otitis media. The majority of the patients were adult out-patients although some children and adolescents were included: 1,011 of the patients were male and 642 female. A number of the signs of respiratory infection such as temperature, cough, pain and inflammatory symptoms were examined. A rapid reduction in intensity and severity was noted in all of these parameters. Tolerance to the antibiotic was excellent. Only minor side-effects were reported and these were mild and mainly limited to the gastro-intestinal tract - in no case was treatment discontinued. The total number of side-effects was 37; they occurred in 31 out of the 1,653 patients. The overall evaluation of results showed a very good or good response in 85% of the patients. It appears from this multicentre study that the efficacy of doxycycline has in no way decreased over the 7 years of its extensive use in Spain. It remains a fast acting and effective antibiotic in upper and lower respiratory tract infections irrespective of age, sex or diagnosis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Doxycycline in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Results of a pan-European multi-centre trial.? [/INST] In the winter of 1973-4, general practitioners from seven European countries took part in a multi-centre trial of doxycycline in the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract. The carefully designed protocol was observed by all participants. A total of 1,747 patients were admitted to the trial; their ages ranged from 6 years to over 80. The commonest diagnoses (50%) were acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. On the recommended dosage of 200 mg doxycycline on the first day, followed by 100 mg daily thereafter (though 200 mg could be continued daily in severe cases), 87% of patients achieved good or very good results. Both subjective (pain) and objective (sputum volume and viscosity, temperature, cough) measures showed rapid improvement, usually by the third to fifth days. Side-effects were minimal and mainly gastrointestinal and caused only 4 patients to discontinue treatment. Overall, doxycycline proved its effectiveness and rapidity of action. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Influence of ovulation inhibitors on glucose metabolism].? [/INST] The effects of ovulation inhibitors on aspects of glucose metabolism are reviewed. In sequential and combined preparations, studies suggest that both the estrogen and the progestin components may affect fasting blood sugar, oral glucose tolerance, and serum insulin levels. The changes which have been reported are not large in metabolically healthy women, however, and do not contraindicate oral contraceptives for these women. Oral glucose tolerance should be checked before prescribing oral contraceptives to women with diabetic risk factors. Diabetic women must be carefully supervised during oral contraception. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Results of the synchronization therapy with vincristine and cyclophosphamide in lymphogranulomatosis, reticulum cell sarcoma and lymphosarcoma. A phase II study (author's transl)].? [/INST] The effectiveness of synchronization therapy was tested on 88 patients who had already undergone some form of treatment for lymphogranulomatosis (stage III B and IV), generalized reticulum cell sarcoma or lymphosarcoma. This therapeutical concept is based on a partial synchronic increase in tumor cells induced by noncytocidal doses of vincristine, followed by cytostatic or cytocidal treatment with cyclophosphamide during DNA synthesis of the partially synchronized tumor cells. The therapeutic plan is similar to a single-agent therapy. In lymphogranulomatosis, complete remission could be achieved in 14 out of 19 cases (stage III B) and in 9 out of 24 cases (stage IV). The mean remission period during an orally administered cytostatic maintenance therapy was 15 1/2 months. The highest rate of remission was found in the mixed cell type of granulomas (23 out of 24 patients). In the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, complete remission was achieved in 13 out of 30 cases (lymphosarcoma) and in 19 out of 15 cases (reticulum cell sarcoma). The mean remission period for orally administered cytostatic maintenance therapy was 16 months for lymphosarcoma and 11 1/2 months for reticulum cell sarcoma. These therapeutic results are comparable to those achieved by very effective schemes of combination chemotherapy but the toxic side-effects of synchronization therapy are considerably lower. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Effect of slow-release aminophylline on pulmonary function in obstructive respiratory disease(author's transl)].? [/INST] The effects on pulmonary function of a slow-release preparation of an oral broncholytic drug (containing 350 mg aminophylline, released over eight hours) was tested on 26 patients in a double-blind trial. There was a marked reduction of airway resistance and stimulation of breathing with decreased dynamic work of breathing. Distinctly improved alveolar function was demonstrated especially in a fall of arterial CO2 tension, but in some cases there was probably an increase in distribution abnormality. Central haemodynamic changes with a decreased in pulmonary artery pressure and changes in the other values lasted for more than ten hours on the first day of treatment, and were demonstrable on the fourth day even before the drug was taken that day. The criteria of an effective broncholytic slow-release drug with sustained effect were thus fulfilled. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Fludrocortisone in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension: ophthalmodynamography during standing(author's transl)].? [/INST] The effect of fludrocortisone (Astonin -H) in the management of orthostatic hypotension was tested in a double-blind trial of 30 patients who were receiving 0.3 mg fludrocortisone for seven days, a control group of 30 subjects receiving placebos. Systolic and diastolic brachial and ophthalmic arterial pressures, pulse amplitude and pulse rate were measured at rest, immediately after standing up and 10 minutes later. Comparing the treatment and placebo groups, the former had a higher systolic ophthalmic blood pressure on standing, a smaller fall of pulse volume and less of a rise in heart rate on standing up, and a raised systolic brachial artery pressure even in recumbency. At the same time there was an improvement in symptoms. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Limbic system involvement in the increase in plasma prolactin following cortical spreading depression in gonadotropin-treated female rats.? [/INST] Cortical spreading depression (SD) was induced by applying 25% KCl to the frontal cerebral cortex in female rats under continuous ether anesthesia. Three weeks previously the animals had been subjected to sham operation, bilateral surgical "deefferentation" of the amygdala or transection of the dorsal columns of the fornix. During the week prior to experiment the rats were made "pseudopregnant" by treatment with PMS and hCG. Plasma prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained from the peripheral circulation at 20 min intervals. After two control samples had been taken, KCl was applied to the cortex and sampling continued for another 100 min; In the sham-operated group prolactin levels increased with time following the application of KCl. Fornix-cut animals showed a similar, although briefer, increase with values significantly lower than those found in sham-operated animals at 80 min. The increase in plasma prolactin observed in sham-operated and fornix groups was completely abolished in amygdala-cut animals. These results indicate that limbic structures play a significant role in the mechanisms by which cortical SD elevates plasma prolactin levels under the present experimental conditions. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The effects of Methallibure (ICI 33,828) on the LH release in castrate male rats challenged with LHRH.? [/INST] Daily administration of 10 mg of Methallibure (ICI 33,828) for 6 days to male castrate rats resulted in significant depression of serum radioimmunoassayable luteinizing hormone (LH). Subsequent challenge with 100 ng of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) showed these rats to release sufficient pituitary LH to achieve plasma levels equal to those of LHRH treated castrate controls. Although an effect at the level of the pituitary remains to be conclusively ruled out, these results suggest that the predominant in vivo effect of Methallibure in the castrate male rat is to suppress pituitary LH release due to diminished secretion of LHRH by the hypothalamus. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Recent research into the nutrition of the horse.? [/INST] The majority of recent experiments in equine nutrition relates to the metabolism of protein, non-protein nitrogen, carbohydrate, calcium and phosphorus. An understanding of the significance of the nitrogen cycle is emerging in which there is a two-way movement of compounds across the wall of the G.I. tract. Some quantitative estimates of the role of microflora in this process have been made for comparison with similar processes in ruminants. However, the pathway by which the microflora contributes to the nitrogen economy and the extent to which this occurs is not established in the horse. It is well established that both glucose and volatile fatty acids are common substrates in tissue metabolism; but in contrast to evidence in the ruminant the ratio of starch to fibre in the diet does not affect the efficiency fo fibre digestibility. This, and similar observations, are explicable in terms of the anatomy of the G.I. tract of the horse. There is a scarcity of information on the secretion of digestive enzymes by the horse and on the relationship between intestinal function and certain digestive upsets. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for accurate clinical evidence for the significance of calcium and phosphorus nutrition to the development of leg abnormalities in horses. The irrelevance, for diagnosing purposes, of estimates of serum Ca and P is concluded, especially where no other relevant information is available. Haematological procedures, of diagnostic value in this respect, are available for use at least in controlled clinical conditions. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Studies on the oxygen supply of heterotopic auxiliary liver grafts in rats.? [/INST] Heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantations were performed in rats using the method of Hess et. al. [6]. Oxygen pressure of liver tissue was measured with a Pt-surface electrode of Kessler and Lübbers [10]. After ligation of the hepatic artery, liver tissue PO2 decreased and remained low during further preparation. Only two of the seven lobes of the rat liver (= 30% of the parenchyma) were used as a graft. After revascularization and application of a gelatine plasma substitute, tissue PO2 of the graft increased to values of normal rat liver, although the graft was supplied with portal blood only. We suggest that one reason for this is the increase of portal perfusion rate, for the whole amount of portal blood perfuses only 30% of liver parenchyma. In the first month after transplantation PO2 of the graft parenchyma was low, but increased continually in the following months, reaching PO2 values of normal rat livers after 1 year. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Early recovery of albumin synthesis after liver transplantation.? [/INST] The delay necessary for an orthotopic transplanted liver to recover in normal activity has never been defined. This is of great importance whenever liver transplantation is considered in patients with severe liver insufficiency. This delay was studied in dogs using albumin synthesis and BSP clearance as tests of liver function. Albumin synthesis was normal as early as 2 h following graft revascularization while BSP clearance was not yet normal by this time. It is suggested that transplanted livers will be rapidly able to corect metabolic disorders and above all coagulation problems in patients with terminal hepatic failure. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Glucagon and insulin release from the allografted canine pancreas.? [/INST] Six previously pancreatectomized dogs were transplanted with duct-ligated, pancreatic allografts. Glucagon and insulin levels in the venous outflow from the graft and in the systemic circulation were determined during the first 60 minutes after transplantation. Two of the dogs were subjected to L-arginine stimulation 5 days after transplantation and the glucagon levels in the venous outflow from the graft were determined. The glucagon and insulin concentrations increased rapidly after transplantation, describing a biphasic curve. In response to L-arginine stimulation, an increased glucagon release was observed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Use of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in induction of ovulation in amenorrheic patients.? [/INST] Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), administered to normal women in divided intrramuscular doses or by intravenous infusion, resulted in a prolonged release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland, reliably resulting in ovulation during the late follicular phase. LH-RH was administered 6 days after clomiphene to 18 amenorrheic, anovulatory, infertile women in whom clomiphene therapy had failed previously. When LH-RH was administered intramuscularly in two divided doses, ovulation occurred in six of eight women and in 11 of 22 woman-months of stimulation (50%). One pregnancy occurred. When LH-RH was administered by intravenous infusion, ovulation occurred in nine of ten women and in 16 of 26 woman-months of stimulation (61.5%); three of the ten women became pregnant. Pregnancy also followed treatment withLH-RH in one patient with irregular menses and functional sterility. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The presence of peptidases in the rabbit hypothalamus capable of inactivating luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.? [/INST] The presence of peptidases in the rabbit hypothalamus capable of inactivating luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was investigated with the use of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the releasing hormone. Enzymes acting on LH-RH were found in two fractions from rabbit hypothalami, a particulate fraction and a supernatant fraction, which very rapidly inactivated the decapeptide. Peptidase activity in the particulate fraction from male and female rabbits was approximately the same, but the supernatant fraction from female animals had significantly greater peptidase activity than that from male animals. These findings confirm the hypothesis that rabbit hypothalamus contains peptidases which inactivate LH-RH, and give some indication that the enzymes may be involved in the control by the central nervous system of reproductive function. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Psoriasis: a review. II.? [/INST] Notwithstanding the intense interest in systemic cytotoxic therapy in recent years, the great majority in psoriatics are likely to go on needing topical therapy with tar, dithranol or corticosteroids, and a welcome trend is the spreading of interest in day care centres such as those in Paris (GRUPPER), Stockholm (THYRESSON), Stanford (FARBER) and San Francisco (CRAM) evolving from the out-patient regimes advocated by INGRAM in Leeds a generation ago. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of glucose and anti-insulin serum on insulin released from adult rat isolated islets of Langerhans in long-term organ culture (fourteen days).? [/INST] Isolated islets of Langerhans from adult male rats were cultured in media containing either basal (1 gm./ml.) or high glucose (3 mg./ml.), and the media were changed every two days for fourteen days. The insulin released in each medium was measured by a back-titration radioimmunoassay. Insulin secretion was fairly constant in the basal glucose medium and a consistent three-to-sevenfold increase was observed in the alternated or continuous presence of high glucose. Addition of an excess of anti-insulin serum did not change significantly the basal or stimulated release of insulin. The electron microscopic appearance of the islets after fourteen days of incubation showed well-preserved islets both with or without anti-insulin serum. Anti-insulin serum did not alter the ultrastructural aspects of the islets in either basal or high glucose media. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of lectins on hormone release from isolated rat islets of langerhans.? [/INST] Lectins from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris stimulate insulin and glucagon release from isolated rat islets in the presence of 2 mM glucose. In the case of insulin release, maximal stimulation was observed at lectin concentrations above 58 mug. per milliliter (approximately 1 muM).A. bisporus PHA-B-stimulated insulin release was independent of a source of metabolic energy but was abolished by deuterium oxide. The lectin did not alter islet glucose oxidation to CO2 or incorporation of [3H] leucine into trichloracetic acid-precipitable material nor did it modify rates of insulin secretion induced by 20 mM glucose. None of nine other lectins tested stimulated insulin release, whereas stimulation of fat cell glucose oxidation was a general property of the lectins. Binding of 125I-labeled A. bisporus PHA-B to islets increased with time up to one hour and after attainment of equilibrium was very slowly reversible. Binding was directly proportional to islet number and the estimated Kdiss of the binding reaction was 17 mug per milliliter. The total number of A. bisporus PHA-B binding sites per islet was approximately 2 times 10(10). Binding of A. bisporus PHA-B to the islets and A. bisporus PHA-B-stimulated insulin release were inhibited in parallel by a glycopeptide containing the oligosaccharide receptor for the lectin, suggesting that lectin binding is essential for the expression of insulin-releasing activity. It is proposed that the specific interaction between mushroom lectin and its receptors may lead to conformational changes in the structure of the membranes of the islet A2- and B-cells that facilitate exocytosis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of cyproheptadine on insulin secretion by isolated perifused rat islets.? [/INST] The effects of cyproheptadine on basal and glucose-induced insulin release by isolated rat islets was studied by use of a perifusion system. A forty-five minute preincubation of islets with a medium containing both 34.3 mug./ml. (10(-4) M) cyproheptadine and 1.0 mg./ml. glucose completely abolished the biphasic pattern of increased insulin secretion normally obtained after islets are stimulated with a medium containing 3.0 mg./ml. glucose. In another series of experiments, similar results were obtained when the cyproheptadine and 3.0 mg./ml. glucose were presented together. Here, however, the inhibition of the first phase of insulin secretion did not achieve statistical significance and some recovery of the islets' secretory capacity was observed late during the second phase. In studies designed to investigate the influence of cyproheptadine on basal insulin secretion, no obvious effect was observed. These results are discussed in relation to the species-specific alterations in pancreatic beta-cell morphology that have been reported in rats after the oral administration of cyproheptadine. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The tropic action of gastro-intestinal hormones.? [/INST] There is evidence that under various physiological circumstances long-term adaptation of structure and function of the gut occurs. The mechanisms of these changes are not clear but gastro-intestinal hormones may be involved. In particular, gastrin which has been shown experimentally to stimulate growth and development of parts of the gut, probably has a role in maintaining the structure of the normal upper alimentary tract. Cholecystokinin may be of major importance in producing adaptive changes in the pancreas in response to dietary modifications and enteroglucagon is possibly concerned with maintaining a normal small intestinal structure. The importance of the 'trophic' action of gatrointestinal hormones is becoming more widely recognised and as new gastro-intestinal hormones become established, this aspect of their physiological importance as well as their acute effects, will deserve attention. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Aspects of the effect of metiamide on pentagastrin-stimulated and basal gastric secretion of acid and pepsin in man.? [/INST] This study has examined the inhibition produced by metiamide on the gastric secretion of acid and pepsin in 13 patients with duodenal and three with gastric ulcer. The effect of metiamide on the response to a range of doses of pentagastrin in three normal individuals was determined, as was the interaction of metiamide and atropine on prolonged basal secretion. Metiamide inhibited the secretion of acid more than pepsin and the gastric secretion of patients with gastric ulcer more than duodenal ulcer. Metiamide inhibited both the maximal secretory response attainable with pentagastrin and decreased the sensitivity to pentagastrin. Atropine augmented and prolonged the action of metiamide. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of various cerebral metabolic activators on glucose metabolism of brain.? [/INST] The effects of various metabolic activators on the glucose metabolism of the perfused cat brain have been investigated. (1) When the perfusion is done with the blood containing cytidine monophosphate, the glucose metabolism of the brain is enhanced, as compared to the perfusion with the blood without cytidine monophosphate. There is no marked change in the cerebral metabolic rate and in the contents of intermediate metabolite of glucose in the brain. (2) Citicoline enhances the incorporation of blood glucose into the brain and its metabolism in the brain. It increases slightly the cerebral blood flow rate and decreases the accumulation of lactate in the brain. (3) Either Pyrithioxin or Meclophenoxate has no effect on the glucose metabolism of the brain nor on the cerebral metabolic rate. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Induction of pseudopregnancy in the rat by electrochemical stimulation of the brain.? [/INST] Electrochemical stimulation of the neocortex, VMH-arcuate hypothalamus, medial preoptic area, corticomedial amygdala, and dorsal hippocampus was performed under pentobarbital anesthesia to determine the brain regions involved in prolactin release as evidenced by pseudopregnancy. Stimulation occurred on the day of vaginal estrus, followed 4 days later by uterine traumatization. All animals were sacrificed 8 days after brain stimulation. Medial preoptic sitmulation resulted in an 83% incidence of pseudopregnancy while VMH-arcuate stimulation resulted in 43% incidence. Amygdaloid and hippocampal stimulation resulted in a lower incidence of pseudopregnancy (20 and 24%, respectively). Stimulation of the neocortex or sham stimulation of the five brain regions did not induce pseudopregnancy. These data indicate that the MPOA and VMH-arcuate hypothalamus are areas which may facilitate the release of prolactin necessary for the development of pseudopregnancy. The lower incidence of deciduomata formation resulting from electrochemical stimulation on the amygdala and hippocampus suggest that these areas have a minor effect on stimulating the induction of pseudopregnancy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Twenty-five years of hospital and community psychiatry: 1945-1970.? [/INST] The author, the first medical director of the American Psychiatric Association and APA president in 1964-65, presents a historical review of the 25 years between 1945 and 1970, a period in which there was a reawakening of interest in the mentally ill and mentally retarded after years of neglect. He lists major landmarks in mental health care during those years, describes the first Mental Hospital Institiute held by the American Psychiatric Association in 1949, and presents an anecdotal footnote about the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Levels of lysosomal enzymes in tissues of mice infected with Mycoplasma fermentans.? [/INST] The effects of a toxic dose of Mycoplasma fermentans on levels of lysosomal enzymes in mice were examined. Washed cell suspensions (approximately 10(10) colony-forming units) of a recent isolate of M. fermentans were injected intraperitoneally into 3- to 4-week-old BALB mice, and levels of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were monitored in liver, spleen, thymus, and serum. Levels of acid phosphatase remained essentially normal, but levels of beta-glucuronidase were markedly evevated in serum and to a lesser extent in liver and thymus. The peak response of serum beta-glucuronidase was noted at 8 h postinjection, with a level of 30 mug of phenolphthalein released per ml per h, representing a six-fold increase over control levels. Pretreatment with BCG did not potentiate the effect as it did with endotoxin. The implication of this increased lysosomal enzyme activity in "lethal toxicity" is that that the increase may be secondary to some other cytotoxic event, or that the affinity of mycoplasmas for biological membranes may be involved. The data suggest that the role of lysosomal enzymes in other models of mycoplasma-induced disease should be evaluated. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Sequential appearance of salivary antibodies after oral immunization of axenic mice.? [/INST] The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the production of specific salivary antibodies after oral immunization of axenic mice (ICR/CD-1) with formalinized Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775). Three aspects of the humoral response were studied: (i) the sequential appearance of anti-E. coli antibodies; (ii) classes of antibodies produced in response to the antigen; and (iii) antibody specificity. Antibody levels were determined by passive hemagglutination with soluble lipoplysaccharide and bacterial agglutination, using preparations of somatic O and flagellar H antigens. A short latent period of 1 to 3 days was observed when saliva samples were assayed for anti-lipopolysaccharide and anti-O antibodies. The salivary antibody titers peaked at 11 days after initiation of the immunization regimen. Only two of six mice exhibited a change in serum antibody levels against these antigens. The predominant class of early antibody in saliva was immunoglobulin (Ig)G; however by 7 days IgA WAS found to comprise the major portion of specific immunoglobulins. Serum antibodies directed against falgellar antigenic determinants were primarily of the IgM class, whereas the salivary antibodies were IgG in nature. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about In situ separation of bacterial trapping and killing functions of the perfused liver.? [/INST] CF-1 mice cleared and killed 80% of a 1.2 x 10(9) intravenous dose of Salmonella typhimurium after 30 min. The perfused mouse liver trapped 70% of a similar dose of S. typhimurium in a single pass, but in the perfusion model no significant killing of the trapped organisms was observed. The perfused rat liver also avidly trapped bacteria. Because of its larger size, we have been able to devise techniques to experimentally distinguish between the bacterial trapping and killing functions of this organ. When the liver was washed free of blood with sterile M-199, over 70 to 80% of a 10(6) to 10(10) dose of viable S. typhimurium was trapped after a single pass, but no significant bacterial killing was observed. When blood or plasma was added to the perfusion medium, over 50% of the trapped bacteria were killed in 15 to 30 min. Phase contrast and electron micrographs of perfused livers showed extensive extracellular trapping of bacteria in the sinusoids. Our data show that humoral factors are apparently not necessary for efficient trapping of live Salmonella by the perfused rat liver but are an absolute requirement for bacterial activity of the organ. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Regulation of antibody formation in chickens escaping from tolerance to human serum albumin.? [/INST] The immune capacity of chickens made tolerant to human serum albumin just after hatching was studied after a primary and secondary challenge at 7--14 weeks of age, of either 1 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg. The class and avidity of antibody produced by birds "escaping" from tolerance was similar to normal controls. The escaping chickens made a normal peak antibody response to a high dose but not to a low dose (except that the response to a low secondary dose after priming with a high dose was normal); but the decline of the antibody titer was abrupt, indicating inability to maintain the response. It is concluded that the antibody-forming capacity of B cells is normal, but regulation of antibody formation is impaired in previously tolerant chickens. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Behaviour of local and systemic immunoglobulins in patients with lung cancer.? [/INST] Tissue blocks from lung parenchyma in the vicinity of primary lung cancer and regional lymph nodes were collected during surgery from 22 patients. Cryostat sections were assessed for the presence of five five immunoglobulin classes by means of immunofluorescence. Imprints made from surfaces of freshly resected tumours were used for indirect immunofluorescent reaction to detect anti-tumour antibodies in the autologous system sera of patients after surgery. Also, sera of 60 lung cancer patients were assessed for IgG, A, M levels. It has been found that the direct vicinity of primary lung cancer and regional lymph nodes was a site of intensive immunoglobulin synthesis is plasma cells, with a predominance of the IgA and IgG classes. Serum anti-tumour antibody was found in 3 cases out of 22. There were significantly elevated serum immunoglobulin levels with predominance of IgA and IgG. Inoperable patients had higher immunoglobulin levels then those who underwent surgery. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Yoshida ascites sarcoma grown in mice.? [/INST] Xenogeneic Yoshida ascites sarcoma grows well in the abdominal cavity of thymectomized, irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow. These animals displayed a 100-percent mortality. In control sham-thymectomized, irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow mortality was significantly lower. The tumor growth could be neutralized by means of single intravenous injection of nonimmune spleen cells inoculated at the same time as the tumor. Tumor cells grown in mice killed normal rats and were rejected by normal mice. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Organization and unionization of health workers in the United States: the trade union perspective.? [/INST] Recent legislation in Washington opened the door to organization and unionization of health workers in voluntary hospitals and highlighted the poor pay and unorganized status of this enormous work force of at least 1.5 million persons, many of whom are women, black, or Spanish-speaking. The authors, who are senior officials of District 1199 of the National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees, chart the factors associated with the low priority given over the years to organizing hospital workers, and the first breakthroughs, in New York City hospitals, in 1958. From a start with lowest income hospital workers, the subsequent inclusion of technical and professional workers and linkages with the highly publicized hospital workers' strike in Charleston, South Carolina in 1969. The benefits of unionization and the broader social goals of the union are discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Unionization, strikes, threatened strikes, and hospitals--the view from hospital management.? [/INST] The history of union organizing efforts in the hospital field is discussed in this article, along with the factors judged necessary for successful union organizing. The role played by labor legislation in the unionization of hospital workers is shown, and the influences of the National Labor Relations Act, the Taft-Hartley amendments, and labor legislation at the local level are described. Management has largely resisted unionization because of the social nature of hospitals. Competitive market forces do not confront the not-for-profit hospitals, which are dependent upon third-party reimbursement. While strikes are an integral and essential part of collective bargaining in industry, they are, in fact, detrimental to hospitals because of these institutions' concern with human life. Despite laws and assurances from labor leaders that strikes will not occur, strikes have been used as a method for resolving disputes, through they are basically inconsistent with the economic characteristics and objectives of the hospital. The authors conclude that arbitration awards should be made by arbitrators appointed from outside of the local region of the hospital involved, ant that, because of the catastrophic effect of strikes upon patients as well as employees, arbitration awards should be required, should be binding upon both parties, and should be federally enforced. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Tinea versicolor hypopigmentation: histochemical and therapeutic studies.? [/INST] One hundred and thirty-four patients with tinea versicolor were divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) 30% sodium thiosulfate application, (2) 30% sodium thiosulfate application plus ultraviolet light, and (3) 30% sodium thiosulfate application, ultraviolet light, and meladinine tablets (amoidin 0.01 g and amidin 0.005 g). Analysis of the 79 patients who completed the 6-week study showed no statistical difference. Therefore, topical treatment should be instituted as quickly as possible to prevent pigmentary changes. Ultraviolet light should be used only after the fungus has cleared in order not to darken the skin further. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Diagnostic significance of the immunofluorescent pattern in dermatitis herpetiformis.? [/INST] Despite significant clinical, histologic, immunopathologic and other differences between typical cases of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigoid (BP), the differential diagnosis may be difficult. Our direct immunofluorescent studies in 59 cases of DH and 134 cases of BP indicate the diagnostic value of immunopathologic studies. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Urea creams in the treatment of dry skin and hand dermatitis.? [/INST] Two randomized, double-blind comparison studies were conducted to evaluate the efforts of 2 emollient dry skin creams containing urea in the management of dry skin in atopic patients. Cream with 10% urea was shown to be effective in the management of dry skin and hand dermatitis. The cream with a pH of 6 caused less burning. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Side effects of tricyclic antidepressand drugs with particular reference fo dothiepin.? [/INST] Fifteen patients on dothiepin and 20 on other tricyclic compounds were compared for side effects by self-rating. The high incidence of complaints beforehand and overall reduction during 2 weeks treatment, correlating with clinical improvement, shows that comparison of side effects is unreliable unless pretreatment incidence is recorded. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The Hamilton rating scale. An assessment bases on a dothiepin ("prothiaden") versus imipramine ("Tofranil") clinical trial.? [/INST] The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is in common use, particularly in durg trials. The authors compared this scale with a system of psychiatric assessment and recording designed by M. Sim. They found that there was closer agreement with the full assessment of the Sim method than with the single diagnostic area for depression. This suggests that the Hamilton Scale for depression is more general than specific in its application. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Contingent naloxone (N-allylnoroxymorphone) treatment of the paroled narcotic addict.? [/INST] This is a presentation of the results of pilot and controlled research on the effectiveness of the contingent (upon narcotic drug use) administration of 500-2,000 mg daily, of the narcotic antagonist, naloxone (N-allylnoroxymorphone), to paroled narcotic addicts enrolled in a urine monitoring program conducted in a metropolitan-based outpatient clinic. Criteria of effectiveness, which include clinic attendance, the extent of narcotic drug usage, and final disposition at the end of a 6-month treatment period, are viewed in relation to already established baseline results with a sample of patients processed through the same clinic over a 5-year period prior to the introduction of naloxone treatment. Although results of the pilot study are encouraging, indicating longer patient involvement and less reinstitutionalization than baseline values, the results of the controlled evaluation reveal no benefit from contingently administered naloxone beyond placebo reactivity, which appears to be substantial in the contingent approach. The results are discussed in terms of given sample characteristics, and suggestions are offered regarding the development of new narcotic antagonist treatment approaches. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of control techniques on therapeutic outcome in a controlled clinical trial.? [/INST] Undertaken in the context of a controlled drug trial involving newly admitted psychiatric hospital patients, this study compared the effectiveness of a "Doctor's Choice" (DC) method of administering psychotropic drugs versus an experimentally determined treatment regimen employing random assignment and double-bline procedures. The 32-day drug trial sought to determine the comparative effectiveness of thioridazine-placebo, thioridazine-chlordiazepoxide, and thioridazine-imipramine, with the daily dosage of openly administered thioridazine ranging from 100 to 900 mg and dosages for chlordiazepoxide and imipramine, administered in a double-blind fashion, fixed at daily dosages of 30 and 75 mg, respectively. DC medication, consisting of a choice (by a research physician) of any of the three experimental medications determined on the basis of judged clinical need, was added as a fourth treatment category for present purposes. Criteria of effectiveness included standarized psychiatric rating scales and global measures of imporvement completed by research team members and ward physicians. Outcome results for the DC group compared to those for a single control group made up of individuals matched with DC patients on the basis of drug assignment indicated an essentially similar clinical effectiveness under both DC and control treatment conditions. Generalization of the finding was limited by the fact that the main treatment effect, attributable to thioridazine, overshadowed the more subtle action of the ancillary drugs. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Streptomycylamines: difference in activity and mode of action between short-chain and long-chain derivatives.? [/INST] A homologue series of aliphatic streptomycylamines (SM-amines) have been prepared and tested in vitro (binding to 70S ribosomes) and in vivo (MIC). The short-chain SM-amines act as streptomycin (SM) but are less active than SM. They are inactive towards a SM-resistant Escherichia coli, our strain 042. The long-chain SM-amines are active both towards our sensitive and resistant E. coli, our strains 079 and 042. Their activities are not pH-dependent in contrast to that of SM. However, the higher homologues of the aliphatic amines (C10 Congruent TO C10) are considerably active per se although two to four times less than the corresponding SM-amines. Further, the amines do not compete with the SM-amine for the binding to the ribosomal particles. The binding affinities of these long-chain SM-amines to ribosomes are considerably smaller than that of SM. The binding is however specific as a typical isotope dilution curve can be obtained. We conclude that the long-chain SM-amines have a mode of action different from that of SM. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Computerized Electroencephalogram. A model of understanding the brain function in childhood psychosis and its treatment.? [/INST] Computer analysis of the electroencephalogram (CEEG) in psychotic children before and after pharmacotherapy, normal children of schizophrenic mothers, and matched normal children of normal parents indicated significant intergroup differences. The psychotic children had more slow, as well as very fast, EEG waves. With drug therapy the EEG showed a partial "normalization," as fast EEG activity decreased. The EEG and auditory evoked potential of children of schizophrenic mothers were strikingly similar to those of psychotic children and schizophrenic adults, with significant decreases of the average EEG amplitude and the evoked potential latencies. Psychotic children were distinctly differentiated from the normal children by discriminant function analysis of the EEG and EP. Quantitative analysis of brain functions in the mentally ill can help determine the neurophysiological correlates of behavior, a more scientific diagnostic classification, prognosis, and selection of therapy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Methionine-and S-adenosyl methionine-mediated repression in a methionyl-transfer ribonucleic-acid synthetase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.? [/INST] A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain unable to grow at 38 C and bearing a modified methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase has been studied. It has been shown that, in this mutant, the percentage of tRNAmet charged in vivo paralleled the degree of repressibility of methionine biosynthetic enzymes by exogenous methionine. On the contrary, the repression mediated by exogenous S-adenosylmethionine does not correlate with complete acylation of tRNAmet. Althought McLaughlin and Hartwell reported previously that the thermosensitivity and the defect in the methionyl-tRNA synthetase were due to the same genetic lesion (1969), no diffenence could be found in the methionyl-tRNA synthetase activity or in the pattern of repressibility of methionine biosynthetic pathway after growth at the premissive and at a semipermissive temperature. It appears that the mutant also exhibits some other modified characters that render unlikely the existence of only one genetic lesion in this strain. A genetic study of this mutant was undertaken which led to the conclusion that the thermosensitivity and the other defects are not related to the methionyl-tRNA synthetase modification. It was shown that the modified repressibility of methionine biosynthetic enzymes by methionine and the lack of acylation of tRNAmet in vivo follow the methionyl-tRNA synthetase modification. These results are in favor of the idea that methionyl-tRNAmet, more likely than methionine, is implicated in the regulation of the biosynthesis of methionine. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Derepression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be dissociated from cellular proliferation and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.? [/INST] A method has been developed that permits precise control of release from catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It consists of transferring cells growing exponentially on 5% glucose to derepression medium at high cell density. Derepression then proceeds with reproducible kinetics and is complete within 6 to 7.5 h for various intra- and extramitochondrial markers, in the absence of any substantial increase in cellular dry weight or protein. Nuclear (and mitochondrial) deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis can be interrupted in certain thermosensitive (cdc) mutants at the nonpermissive temperature; a shift to this temperature before the onset of derepression has no effect on its outcome. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Transition of R factor NR1 in Proteus mirabilis: molecular structure and replication of NR1 deoxyribonucleic acid.? [/INST] The structure of R factor NR1 DNA in Proteus mirabilis has been studied by using the techniques of CsCl density gradient centrifugation, sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, and electron microscopy. It has been shown that the nontransitioned form of NR1 DNA isolated from P. mirabilis cultured in drug-free medium is a37-mum circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a density of 1.712 g/ml in a neutral CsCl gradient. This circular molecule is a composite structure consisting of a 29-mum resistance transfer factor containing the tetracycline-resistance genes (RTF-TC) and an 8-mum r-determinants component conferring resistance to chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin/spectinomycin, and the sulfonamides. There are one to two copies of NR1 per chromosome equivalent of DNA in exponential-phase cells cultured in Penassay broth. After growth of PM15/NR1 in medium containing 100 mug of CM per ml, the density of the NR1 DNA increased from 1.712 g/ml to approximately 1.718 g/ml and the proportion of NR1 DNA relative to the chromosome is amplified about 10-fold. The changes in R factor DNA structure which accompany this phenomenon (termed the transition) have been studied. DNA density profiles of the transitioned NR1 DNA consist of a 1.718 g/ml band which is skewed toward the less dense side. The transitioned NR1 DNA consists of molecules containing the RTF-TC element attached to multiple copies of r-determinants DNA (poly-r-determinant R factors) and multimeric and monomeric autonomous r-determinants structures. Poly-r-determinant R factors have a density intermediate between the basic composite structure (1.712 g/ml) and r-determinants DNA (1.718 g/ml). These species presumably account for the skewing of the 1.718-g/ml DNA band toward the less dense side. When transitioned cells are subsequently cultured in drug-free medium, poly-r-determinant R factors and autonomous poly-r-determinants undergo dissociation to form smaller structures containing fewer copies of r-determinants. This process continues until, after prolonged growth in drug-free medium the NR1 DNA returns to the nontransitioned state which consists of an RTF-TC and a single copy of r-determinants. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Denaturation mapping of R factor deoxyribonucleic acid.? [/INST] The R factor NR1 consists of two components: a resistance transfer factor which harbors the tetracycline resistance genes (RTF-TC) and the r-determinants component which harbors the other drug resistance genes. Using partial denaturation mapping it is possible to distinguish the RTF-TC region from the r-determinants region of the composite R factor NR1 DNA which has a contour length of 37 mum and a density of 1.712 g/ml. The r-determinants region was a relatively undenatured 8.5-mum segment of the molecule when the deoxyribonucleic acid was partially denatured at pH 10.7. An RTF-TC genetic segregant of NR1 which had lost the r-determinants component had a contour length of 28.7 mum and a density of 1.710 g/ml. Characterization of an RTF-TC using partial denaturation mapping at pH 10.7 confirmed that the relatively undenatured 8.5-mum r-determinants segment of the composite R factor had been deleted. Circular, transitioned NR1 DNA molecules (1.716 to 1.718 g/ml), whose contour lengths were consistent with an RTF-TC plus an integral number of tandem copies of r-determinants, were also characterized by denaturation mapping. The relatively undenatured region in these molecules had a length equal to an integral number of copies of r-determinants and was located at the same site in the partially denatured RTF-TC as the single copy of r-determinants in the 37-mum composite NR1. This indicates that there is a unique integration site for r-determinants in the RTF-TC component. The R factor UCR122, a TC deletion mutant of NR1, was also characterized by denaturation mapping. The translocation of the TC resistance gene(s) on the denaturation map permitted the alignment of the denaturation map with the heteroduplex map of Sharp et al. (u073). Linear and circular monomeric and presumed multimeric r-determinants DNA molecules (p = 1.718 g/ml) were partially denatured at a higher pH (11.10). The r-determinants multimers showed a repeating 8.3-mum (monomeric) partial denaturation pattern indicating a head-to-tail arrangement of monomers in these poly-r-determinant molecules. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Isolation of specialized transducing bacteriophage lambda carrying genes of the L-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli B/r.? [/INST] A heat-inducible lysis-defective phage lambda (lambdacI857S7) has been integrated at multiple sites within the L-arabinose region (araCOIBAD) of a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 deleted for the normal lambda attachment site (lambdaattdelta). The lambda phage has become integrated with opposite orientations at two different loci within the aratb gene and with the "normal" orientation (clockwise N-RA-J) at a single site in the araC gene. The burst size, spontaneous-curing frequencies, and number of prophage harbored by each of the ara secondary-site lysogens have been determined. From these secondary-site lysogens it has been possible to generate plaque-forming ara-transducing phage (lambdapara) and defective ara-transducing phage (lambdadara), as well as defective leucine-transducing particles (lambdadleu). The construction and characterization of these lambdaara-transducing phage and their derivatives which carry genetically defined portions of the L-arabinose region are presented. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Role of pyrimidine dimer excision in loss of potential streptomycin resistance mutations of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli on phosphate-buffered agar.? [/INST] The frequency of ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutations to streptomycin resistance dropped rapidly when starved Escherichia coli strains WP-2 B/r and B/r T- were incubated on phosphate-buffered agar (PBA), but was reduced only slightly in a WP-2 hcr- mutant. During postirradiation, incubation viability remained approximately constant. Cells given an optimal recovery treatment with photo-reactivating light showed no further recovery if subsequently incubated on PBA. At least 70% of the mutations induced to streptomycin resistance by UV could be repaired. The loss of potential streptomycin-resistant mutants was markedly reduced in strain B/r T- when 5 mug of acriflavin or 700 mug of caffeine per ml was added to PBA. The excision of UV-induced thymine-containing dimers from E. coli tb/r T- was investigated. Dimer excision progressed more slowly when the cells were incubated on PBA containing acriflavin or caffeine. There was no congruity between the kinetics of dimer excision and the kinetics of mutant loss. Our results indicate that removal of potential streptomycin-resistant mutants is considerably faster than the excision of pyrimidine dimers. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about N-terminal amino acid sequences of D-serine deaminases of wild-type and operator-constitutive strains of Escherichia coli K-12.? [/INST] The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the D-serine deaminases from strains of Escherichia coli K-12 that harbor wild-type and high-level constitutive catabolite-insensitive operator-initiator regions are identical: Met-Ser-GluNH2-Ser-Gly-Arg-His-Cys. This result indicates that the operator-initiator region is probably distinct from the D-serine deaminase structural gene. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Structural and biochemical alterations of Nocardia asteroides cell walls during its growth cycle.? [/INST] Analysis of Nocardia asteroides 14759 cell walls were done to determine the chemical and structural composition during the growth cycle. It was found that the ultrastructural profiles of the cell wall become altered as the cultures aged. Chemical analysis revealed corresponding shifts in cell wall components as the culture went from lag to logarithmic to stationary phases of growth. The peptidoglycan from lag-phase cells (5 h) represented 15% of the total cell wall weight, and the percentage of peptidoglycan progressively increased so that, in 1-week stationary-phase cells, it represented approximately 40% of the total wall weight. In lag-phase cells it was found that 36% of the cell wall weight was lipid in nature, whereas stationary-phase cells had only 7% lipid in their wall. The overall sugar composition of the walls remained relatively constant at about 28 to 31% however, the arabinose to galactose ratio changed from approximately 1:1 in lag-phase to 2:1 in stationary-phase cells. Gas-liquid chromatography demonstrated that the fatty acids making up the cell wall lipids changed relative to one another as the cells aged. Based upon the removal of lipids by ethanol-ether, chloroform, and alkaline methanol extraction, it was shown that the classes of loosely and firmly associated lipids changed as the cells aged. Further, it was found that a carotenoid-like pigment associated to a C22 fatty acid increased in the cell wall as the culture stopped growing. Peptidolipid or lipoprotein was found to make up a significant part of the cell wall. This component increased in amount and varied in amino acid content as the culture aged. Analysis of the totally extracted basal layer of the cell wall (peptidoglycan plus arabinogalactan) showed that it too changed as the cells grew and fragmented. The data presented established that the cell wall of N. asteroides was structurally and chemically complex and that a progression of chemical and physical processes occurred within the wall as the cells developed through their growth cycle. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Deletions fusing the hisG and hisD genes in Salmonella typhimurium.? [/INST] Frameshift mutation hisD497 occurs in the operator-proximal portion of the Salmonella typhimurium gene coding for the dimeric protein, L-histidinol dehydrogenase (HDH). Rare revertants of hisD497 are deletions fusing the hisD gene to the adjacent preceding structural gene, hisG (adenosine 5'-triphosphate-PR transferase). HDH purified from one revertant, hisGD4908, contains subunits of approximately normal molecular weight but with no clearly demonstrable unique amino-terminal sequence. We propose that a combined inactive G-D polypeptide is synthesized and then cleaved at a number of closely juxtaposed sites by endoproteolytic activity. At least some of the resulting fragments then participate in formation of active HDH dimers. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Isolation of a hybrid F' factor-carrying Escherichia coli lactose region and Salmonella typhimurium histidine region, F42-400 (F' ts114 lac+, his+): its partial characterization and behavior in Salmonella typhimurium.? [/INST] Episome F' ts114 lac+ (F42-114) was transferred into Salmonella typhimurium carrying an F'his+ (FS400) episome, and fused episome F' ts114 lac+, his+ (F42-400) was obtained. Episome F42-400 could be transferred to S. typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Identification of the episome was based on: (i) temperature sensitivity of the Lac+ and His+ phenotypes; (ii) the fact that F- segregants, obtained after temperature curing or acridine orange curing, were simultaneously Lac- and His-; and (iii) linkage of lac+ with his+ in episomal transfers to E. coli and S. typhimurium. The frequency of episome transfer was influenced by the genotype of the donor. Plasmid LT2, prevalent in S. typhimurium LT2 strains, was suggested to be responsible for the low fertility of S. typhimurium donors. Episome F42-400 was capable of chromosome mobilization, and the extent of chromosome mobilization was not influenced by the presence or absence of the histidine region on the donor chromosome. Growth in a defined medium with acridine orange was able to cure F42-400. The frequency of curing was increased (the frequency of His+ cells was 0.0001%) if the cells were grown at 40 C in the presence of acridine orange. Selection for temperature-resistant Lac+, His+ derivatives in a strain without histidine deletion yielded Hfr strains. However, similar and stronger selections in strains without the chromosomal histidine region failed to yield Hfr strains. Our inability to obtain Hfr's in strains without the chromosomal histidine region was explained by assuming that the episome F42-400 has lost the F sites involved in integration into the S. typhimurium chromosome. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Behavior of a hybrid F' ts114 lac+, his+ factor (F42-400) in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1.? [/INST] Episome F' ts114 lac+, his+ (F42-400) was transferred from Salmonella typhimurium to Klebsiella pneumoniae. From the progeny, a strain of K. pneumoniae able to retransfer the episome was obtained. The His+ phenotype in this strain is temperature sensitive. Escherichia coli female-specific phages phiII, W31, and T3 were shown to plate on K. pneumoniae. From phiII we obtained two derivatives; phiIIK, which plates only on K. pneumoniae, and phiIIE, which plates only on E. coli. Growth of phages T3 and phiIIK was inhibited by F42-400 in K. pneumoniae. Growth in presence of acridine orange in a defined medium at 40 C resulted in a high level of curing. The frequency of His+ cells after growth in acridine orange at 40 C was 0.001%. An extensive search to detect chromosome mobilization by F42-400 in K. pneumoniae, under different experimental conditions, was negative. We cannot exclude the possibility that the low transfer efficiencies prevented our detection of chromosome mobilization. A search among temperature-resistant, acridine orange-curing-resistant, or galactose-resistant derivatives of the K. pneumoniae donor strain failed to reveal any chromosome transfer. Our failure to detect Hfr's may be a result of: (i) the peculiarity of episome F42-400, (ii) the peculiarity of K. pneumoniae chromosome, or (iii) low transfer efficiency. K. pneumoniae-modified F42-400 and phage 424 were restricted by E. Coli K-12. E. coli K-12-modified episome F42-400 and phage 424 were restricted by K. pneumoniae. E. coli C failed to restrict F42-400 modified with K. pneumoniae specificity. The ability of K. pneumoniae to accept F42-400 is less, by about a factor of 50, than that of E. coli C. As an explanation for the differences in the behavior of E. coli C and K. pneumoniae in ability to receive F42-400 it was suggested that recipient bacteria have specific sites for interaction with the F-pilus tip; these are present in E. Coli C, leading to high transfer efficiency, whereas they may not be present (or if present, are not accessible) in K. pneumoniae, leading to low transfer efficiency. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Differences in coupling of energy to glycine and phenylalanine transport in aerobically grown Escherichia coli.? [/INST] Differences exist in the coupling of energy to transport of glycine and phenylalanine in aerobically grown cells of Escherichia coli. Energy derived from respiration, although involved in both uptake systems, is not employed identically as shown by kinetic effects of cyanide and anoxia and by temperature dependencies. Additional evidence for aerobic differences was provided by the effects of azide which greatly decreased initial rates of uptake of glycine but not phenylalanine. The effect on glycine uptake was not due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or to a decrease in respiration rate. Evidence for anaerobic differences was provided by the addition of either glucose or ferricyanide to cell suspensions containing glycerol, thereby maintaining anoxic uptake of phenylalanine, but not glycine, at the aerobic level. Ferricyanide stimulation required a functional Ca, Mg-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase and involved cell metabolism. Ferricyanide was also found to produce differential stimulation of other amino acid transport systems; tyrosine, tryptophan and leucine uptakes were stimulated whereas those for alanine, proline, threonine, and glutamine were relatively unaffected. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Kinetic studies on the specificity of chelate-iron uptake in Aspergillus.? [/INST] Three strains of the fungus Aspergillus, Aspergillus quadricinctus (E. Yuill), A. fumigatus (Fresenius), and A. melleus (Yukawa), each producing different iron-chelating compounds during iron-deficient cultivation, were used for 55Fe3+ uptake measurements. Iron from chelates of the ferrichrome-type family was taken up by young mycelia of all strains tested, irrespective of the ferrichrome-type compound these strains predominantly produce in low-iron cultures. Ferrichrysin-producing strains, however, seem to favor ferrichrysin iron uptake, whereas ferrichrome, ferricrocin, and even ferrirubin showed similar iron transport properties in all of these strains. Compared to iron uptake from ferrichrome-type compounds (Km approximately 4 uM) iron uptake from fusigen revealed completely different kinetic values (Km approximately 50 to 80 muM). Iron from exogenous chelates, e.g., from coprogen produced by Neurospora crassa for ferrioxamine B produced by Streptomyces pilosus, can obviously not be taken up by Aspergillus, confirming the pronounced specificity of chelate-iron transport in fungi. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Specificity of the Escherichia coli proline transport system.? [/INST] The presence of both the carbonyl portion of the carboxyl group at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring and a secondary amine was essential for uptake of a compound by the proline permease of Escherichia coli. The permease possessed a high affinity for azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and for compounds with ring structures smaller than the pyrrolidine ring. Pipecolic acid, the higher homologue of proline, and its derivatives were not transported. Cis- and trans-3,4-methano-prolines, also six-membered ring structures, behaved anomolously in that they possessed a high affinity for the permease. The difference between the methano-prolines and other six-membered ring structures probably resides in the fact that the former exist in the "boat" configuration whereas the latter possess the "chair" configuration. In general, substituted prolines in the cis configuration displayed a higher affinity for the permease than did corresponding trans isomers, though the affinity for substituted prolines was influenced by the position, size, and polar or nonpolar nature of the substituent group. At O C many analogues with affinity for proline permease exchanged with intracellular proline, but some analogues, notably trans-3-methyl- and trans-4-methyl-L-prolines, though possessing high affinity for the permease, showed an almost complete inability to exchange with intracellular proline. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Inhibition of Escherichia coli isoleucine biosynthesis by isoleucine tetrazole.? [/INST] Growth of a derivative of Escherichia coli K-10 was strongly inhibited by 2 times 10(-4) M L-5(1-amino-2-methylbutyl)-tetrazole (isoleucine tetrazole). Growth inhibition was reversed by isoleucine, threonine, glycyl-L-isoleucine, or glycyl-L-threonine, and, in a valine-resistant mutant, by L-valine. Partial reversal of growth inhibiton was effected by L-leucine, L-methionine, or L-homoserine. The tetrazole inhibited the activity of the biosynthetic threonine deaminase (EC 4.2.1.16 L-threonine hydrolyase [deaminating]), the inhibition being relieved by L-valine. The tetrazole also inhibited isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase (EC 6.1.1.5 L-isoleucine: tRNA ligase [adenosine monophosphate]), but was without effect on the activities of alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase or acetohydroxy acid synthetase. One class of isoleucine tetrazole-resistant mutants produced biosynthetic threonine deaminases which were no longer subject to feedback inhibition by either isoleucine or the tetrazole. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Attachment of lipoprotein to murein (peptidoglycan) of Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of penicillin FL 1060.? [/INST] In vivo studies on the attachment of lipoprotein to the murein (peptidoglycan) of Escherichia coli showed that it takes several generations of growth until the amount of lipoprotein on newly made murein is equilibrated. The technique used involves degradation of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble murein-lipoprotein complex (sacculus, rigid layer) with lysozyme and separation of the labeled products on paper. No lipoprotein was found on murein subunits incorporated during a pulse of [3H]diaminopimelate for 1 min in logarithmically growing cells at 37 C. Even after one doubling of the cell mass, only 4 to 8% of the labeled murein was isolated as bound to lipoprotein. With uniformly labeled murein, 30% remains bound to lipoprotein after lysozyme treatment, corresponding to three murein subunits. Therefore it can be concluded that during pulse labeling either no lipoprotein is incorporated into the newly synthesized murein or no murein subunits are inserted into existing murein around lipoprotein attachment sites. Longer pulse and pulse-chase experiments argue for the latter interpretation. It is therefore concluded that incorporation of murein subunits into the growing murein polymer is not at all a random process. Instead, quite large areas of murein, on which lipoprotein is situated, seem to be preserved. Under the influence of penicillin FL 1060 murein synthesis is 50% inhibited. The rate of lipoprotein attachment is less affected so that increasing amounts of lipoprotein become attached during spheroplast formation. By the time the stationary growth phase has been reached, the lipoprotein content of the murein has doubled. Diaminopimelate auxotrophic mutants require, in the presence of penicillin FL 1060, more diaminopimelate for full growth than in the absence of penicillin FL 1060. This finding and the fact that murein synthesis is always inhibited by 50% over a wide range of penicillin concentration (1 to 1,000 mug/ml) point to the inhibition of an enzymatic step of murein synthesis which can be partially bypassed by a second enzyme, less efficient but resistant to penicillin FL 1060. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Accumulation of arginine precursors in Escherichia coli: effects on growth, enzyme repression, and application to the forward selection of arginine auxotrophs.? [/INST] The accumulation or ornithine, citrulline, and possibly acetylornithine by Escherichia coli K-12 arginineless mutants provided with acetylarginine as source of arginine causes severe growth inhibition. This occurs under conditions where comparable derivatives of E. coli W (Bollon and Vogel, 1973) show little or no growth inhibition. The same conditions, which have been reported to cause noncorrelative synthesis of acetylornithinase and argininosuccinase in E. coli W (Bollon and Vogel, 1973), do not alter the correlative pattern of enzyme synthesis observed in E. coli K-12. Moreover, previously reported effects of ornithine and citrulline on repression of the arginine regulon in E. coli W are not observed in the K-12 strains examined. The bearing of these observations on possible differences between the mechanism of enzyme repression operating in the two types of strains cannot yet be fully evaluated; it is, however, clear that considerable care should be exercised before extrapolating the results obtained with one type of strain to the other one. The particularly strong inhibition of acetylarginine utilization exerted by ornithine in E. coli K-12 allows the forward selection of several classes of arginine auxotrophs from strains deficient in carbamoylphosphate biosynthesis and thus capable of ornithine accumulation. Possible applications of this technique to the genetic analysis of the bipolar argECBH operon are discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Role of the cell surface in bacterial mating: requirement for intact mucopeptide in donors for the expression of surface exclusion in R+ strains of Escherichia coli.? [/INST] Two derivatives of the F-like R factor R1drd19 carrying mutually exclusive resistance determinants were used to study the role of the mucopeptide in the expression of conjugal functions. The use of metabolically active penicillin spheroplasts in R+ times R- matings had no effect on the ability of the cells to donate or accept a plasmid. However, in R+ times R+ matings it was found that surface exclusion was totally abolished if the donor, but not the recipient, was a spheroplast. This result implies that the traS gene, expressed by the excluding plasmid, is dependent for its action on an intact mucopeptide layer in the donor cell, and that this interaction is independent of the transfer ability of the excluding plasmid. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Membrane-associated nucleotide sugar reactions: influence of mutations affecting lipopolysaccharide on the first enzyme of O-antigen synthesis.? [/INST] Both the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen and the synthesis of peptidoglycan in Salmonella typhimurium proceed via membrane-bound glycosylated lipid intermediates. The first enzyme of each pathway transfers a sugar phosphate from a nucleotide sugar to the glycosyl carrier lipid (P-GCL). Each enzyme catalyzes an exchange reaction between the reaction product urine monophosphate, and the nucleotide sugar substrate. Several strains of S. typhimurium defective in lipopolysaccharide synthesis accumulate glycosylated lipid intermediates under appropriate conditions. In addition, strains lysogenic for phage P22 synthesize a glucose derivative of the carrier lipid. These strains were used to demonstrate the P/GCL requirement of the exchange reaction catalyzed by galactose-diphosphoglycosyl carrier lipid (GCL-PP-Gal) synthetase, the first enzyme of O-antigen synthesis. Enzyme activity is greatly reduced when glycosylated P-GCL accumulates on the cytoplasmic membrane. The exchange reaction catalyzed by the first enzyme of peptidoglycan synthesis is unaffected by the accumulation of O-antigen fragments on the carrier lipid and may interact with a different pool of P-GCL within the membrane. GCL-PP-Gal synthetase activity cannot be detected in the membranes of two rfa mutants that synthesize incomplete lipopolysaccharide core. Either the synthesis of GCL-PP-Gal synthetase or the stable integration of the enzyme into the membrane structure may be disrupted in the rfa mutants. Peptidoglycan synthesis is unaffected by the mutations affecting the core glycosyltransferases. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of temperature on ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast.? [/INST] Anaerobically grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae was aerated for 7 hr at 20 degrees, 30 degrees, or 40 degrees, in a phosphate buffer containing 2% glucose. At elevated temperature (40 degrees), de novo synthesis of squalene and sterois in the aerated yeast was only 32-35% of that at lower temperature (20 degrees or 30 degrees), and this decrease was attributed to the repression of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of mevalonate from acetyl-COA. In addition, at elevated temperature, the metabolic flux from squalene to ergosterol was blocked at squalene epoxidation, lanosterol demethylation, and ergosta-5, 7, 22, 24(28)-tetraene-3beta-ol reduction. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Conformational transitions of polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu. I. Studies with hydrophobic probes.? [/INST] The conformational difference between polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu)-GTP and EF-Tu-GDP has been studied using hydrophobic and fluorescent probes. The interaction of EF-Tu-GDP with 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) was measured in terms of the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity at the emission maximum of 475 nm. When EF-Tu-GDP-ANS complex was converted to EF-Tu-GTP-ANS complex by incubation with phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40], there was a roughly 2-fold increase in fluorescence intensity and a blue shift of the emission maximum from 475 to 467 nm, indicating a conformational transition of the protein. The conformational change was found to be reversible and the spectrum promptly returned to that of EF-Tu-GDP-ANS complex upon addition of excess GDP. A similar change in the spectrum was also observed when aminoacyl-tRNA, but not deacylated tRNA, was added to EF-Tu-GDP-ANS complex. Measurement of the number of binding sites by gel filtration indicated that EF-Tu-GTP and EF-Tu-GDP bind 2.9 and 1.7 molecules of ANS, respectively. These results suggest that in EF-Tu-GTP the conformation was altered and one additional binding site for ANS was created at or near the site interacting with aminoacyl-tRNA. Another reagent, N-(1-anilinonaphthyl-4) maleimide (ANM) was covalently bound to the sulfhydryl group in EF-Tu-GDP which is essential for interaction with aminoacyl-tRNA. The binding could be determined spectrofluorometrically, since the reagent, which is nonfluorescent in aqueous solution, emitted a strong fluorescence upon binding with the sulfhydryl group, indicating a marked hydrophobicity of the local environment. Measurements of the kinetics of the binding revealed that ANM reacted rapidly with the sulfhydryl group in EF-Tu-GTP, while the reaction with that in EF-Tu-GDP proceeded more sluggishly. The difference in the reactivity of the sulfhydryl group essential for aminoacyl-tRNA binding between EF-Tu-GTP and EF-Tu-GDP probably reflects a conformational transition of the protein near the active site. These results, together with those on spin-label studies previously published (Arai, Kawakita, Kaziro, Maeda, & Onishi (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 3311), demonstrate that reversible conformational transition does occur in EF-Tu on changing the ligand from GDP to GTP. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Actin in erythrocyte ghosts and its association with spectrin. Evidence for a nonfilamentous form of these two molecules in situ.? [/INST] Actin was isolated from erythrocyte ghosts. It is identical to muscle actin in its molecular weight, net charge, ability to polymerize into filaments with the double helical morphology, and its decoration with heavy meromyosin (HMM). when erythrocyte ghosts are incubated in 0.1 mM EDTA, actin and spectrin are solubilized. Spectrin has a larger molecular weight than muscle myosin. When salt is added to the EDTA extract, a branching filamentous polymer is formed. However, when muscle actin and the EDTA extract are mixed together in the presence of salt, the viscosity achieved is less than the viscosity of the solution if spectrin is omitted. Thus, spectrin seems to inhibit the polymerization of actin. If the actin is already polymerized, the addition of spectrin increases the viscosity of the solution, presumably by cross-linking the actin filaments. The addition of HMM of trypsin to erythrocyte ghosts results in filament formation in situ. These agents apparently act by detaching erythrocyte actin from spectrin, thereby allowing the polmerization of one or both proteins to occur. Since filaments are not present in untreated erythrocyte ghosts, we conclude that erythrocyte actin and spectrin associate to form an anastomosing network beneath the erythrocyte membrane. This network presumably functions in restricting the lateral movement of membrane-penetrating particles. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Observations on the sorting-out of embryonic cells in monolayer culture.? [/INST] Two problems are raised concerning the movement of cells during tissue-specific sorting-out of chick embryo cells in mixed aggregates. (i) A possible expectation from the hypothesis of 'contact inhibition' is that cells which are entirely surrounded by other cells in monolayer should be held stationary. Cells within solid aggregates, being totally surrounded by others, might also not be expected to move. How is it then that cell movement takes place within solid aggregates during sorting-out? (ii) Are the movements of cells within sorting aggregates 'passive', being driven by adhesive differentials or 'active', being merely guided by such differentials? In order to study these questions, sorting out experiments with chick embryonic limb bud mesenchyme and liver cells were carried out in monolayer culture, permitting direct observation of cell movements. Cell behavior was observed by time-lapse cinematography. Sorting-out of these cells in monolayer began before and continued after the cells had spread to confluency. During sorting, liver cells showed ruffing activity even when they appeared to be totally surrounded by other cells. Both cell types showed contact inhibition as judged by the criterion of monolayering, for they did not move over each other but remained attached to the substratum. Yet the cells in the confluent monolayer were not immobilized. Because of this, we suggest that the observed restraint against overlapping did not result from an inhibition of movement. Several considerations, detailed in the text, suggest that cell movement during sorting-out involve active locomotion. Previous work suggest that sorting-out configurations are determined by the relative intensities of intercellular adhesive strengths, the more cohesive of 2 cell populations tending to adopt the internal position. While limb bud cells form internal islands surrounded by liver cells in solid aggregates, the reverse was found to be the case in these monolayers. This suggests that, in the monolayer, limb bud cohesiveness is depressed relative to liver cell cohesiveness. This is consistent with the observation that the limb bud cells flattened themselves markedly against the substratum, significantly decreasing their area of mutual apposition. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cell locomotion within a contact-inhibited monolayer of chick embryonic liver parenchyma cells.? [/INST] Using time-lapse filming, the relative movement of cells (nuclei) within a contact-inhibited monolayer of chick embryonic liver parenchyma cells has been studied. Two techniques were employed to determine the amount of relative cell movement during a culture period of 6 h. Firstly, the number of neighbours lost or gained by each nucleus was counted. Secondly, the relative distance moved by each nucleus in relation to other nucleus in the monolayer was measured. (The numerical results obtained from these analyses and details of the methods used are given in the text). A considerable amount of relative movement of nuclei within the monolayer was found during this period of culture. Although some gaps were occasionally seen between the cells in the monolayer, it was observed that cells able both to "ruffle" and to translocate when no gap was detectable; i.e. the cells appeared able to move while entirely surrounded by other cells. Because of this, we suggest that the monolayering of these epitheloid cells on a surface may be due to restriction of overlapping between them rather than to inhibition of movement by mutual contact. We argue that the term "contact inhibition of overlapping" relates to this behaviour better than the term "contact inhibition of movement". </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about New methods of quantitation in thin-layer chromatography: tubular thin-layer chromatography [TTLC].? [/INST] Techniques used in the quantitative evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms are compared. The quantitation of tubular thin-layer chromatograms by means of vapor-phase detectors is emphasized, and typical examples of the use of this method are outlined. Applications of tubular thin-layer chromatography (TTLC) in the quantitative analysis of fish liver oils are described. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A review of the analysis of free fatty acids [C2-C6].? [/INST] A large number of the techniques and methods used to analyze FFA[C2-C6] from the advent of GLC to the present are reviewed. Possible reasons as to why it has taken such a long time to establish an unequivocal quantitative method are suggested. The results of analyzing standard solutions of FFA by three different methods are compared, and that based on the addition of formic acid to the carrier gas is recommended. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Response to LH-RH and clomiphene citrate in two women with the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome.? [/INST] Two women with the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome are presented. The gonadotropin response to LH-RH administration was studied prior to, immediately following, and 6 months after a 6-week trial of clomiphene citrate, 200 mg per day for 21 days in divided doses, followed by 100 mg for 21 days in divided doses, followed by 100 mg per day for 14 days in divided doses, and followed by 50 mg per day in a single dose for an additional 14 days. During therapy, the basal gonadotropin and estradiol concentrations rose from prepubertal levels to those of mature women in midmenstrual cycle. However, 6 months after cessation of treatment, the basal gondadotropin and estradiol levels had returned to the prepubertal range. The initial response to LH-RH in the 2 patients differed in that one was clearly prepubertal and the other indistinguishable from the broad range of the adult normal response. The LY and FSH responses to LH-RH administration was greater after 6 weeks of clomiphene citrate therapy than they were either before (both patients) or 6 months after treatment (1 patient). We conclude that there is heterogeneity in the response to LH-RH administration in the Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome, just as there is in other syndromes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. A normal adult response of gonadotropins to the administration of LH-RH was acheived during clomiphene citrate therapy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A computer program that evaluates patients with hypercalcemia.? [/INST] A computer program has been developed to assist the physician in managing patients with hypercalcemia. The program requests appropriate information, such as the patient's serum calcium concentration, age and x-ray results. Based on the abnormalities detected, the program asks additional questions needed to suggest the most helpful course of action for evaluating or treating the patient's hypercalcemia. As soon as the data have been entered, the program generates an evaluation note that includes diagnostic possibilities, suggestions for additional laboratory studies, therapeutic recommendations and references to the medical literature. The program can be used from any general purpose teletype-compatible terminal (including cathode ray tube displays) connected to the Bell Telephone System. The time required to enter the data and obtain the evaluation note is approximately 4 minutes with a teletypewriter, and less if a faster terminal is used. The cost for computer time is comparable to that of a laboratory test. Comparison of diagnoses produced by the program with those obtained from pathologic examination of from consulting endocrinolgists shows that the program is sufficiently accurate for clinical use. Finnally, the explanation of the pathophysiology contained in the evaluation note may be useful to the student. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Secretion of alpha subunits of luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary.? [/INST] Free alpha subunit chains of the glycopeptide pituitary hormones have been found in the sera of normal subjects and postmenopausal women. To ascertain whether the alpha subunit of LH is directly secreted by the pituitary or formed as a result of degradation of intact LY in the periphery, alpha subunits and intact LH were measured by radioimmunoassay in human volunteers after LRF stimulation and purified LH infusion. In 4 subjects a loading dose of 90 IU, followed by the infusion of 22.5 IJ of purified human LH over 30 min, produced peak serum LH levels of 41 mIU/ml but no change in alpha subunit levels of 35 IU of purified human LH to an additional 4 subjects, produced peak LH levels of 8* mIU/ml, but again, no change in alpha subunits. In the same two groups of subjects 100 mug of LRF produced peak LH levels of 25 mIU/ml and 75 mIU/ml, respectively, with significant alpha subunit elevations at 20 min of 1.7 ng/ml and 2.7 ng/ml, respectively. In separate groups of men LRF was administered over a wide dose range of 1 to 3,000 mug and LH and the alpha subunit measured. A dose-response curve existed over the entire LRF dose range for blood LH; no minimum or maximum plateaus were observed over the range studied. However, the alpha chain response appeared to reach a maximal plateau at a dose of 100 mug of LRF. The results are compativle with the hypothesis that the alpha subunits appearing in the peripheral circulation in response to LRF are due to secretion by the anterior pituitary and not due to peripheral degradation of intact secreted LH. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Secondary drug failure occurring during chronic treatment with LHRH: appearance of an antibody.? [/INST] Secondary drug failure with regard to subjective and hormonal responses occurred in a patient treated chronically with LHRH. This failure of response to hormone therapy was correlated with increased binding of 125I-LHRH by the patient's sera. Also, competitive displacement of 125I-LHRH by unlabelled LHRH was demonstrated. Affinity constants and titers of order appropriate for antibody were obtained. These data support strongly a report of antibody formation to exogenous LHRH in man. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Circulating polyribophosphate in Hemophilus influenzae, type b meningitis. Correlation with clinical course and antibody response.? [/INST] In systemic infections caused by Hemophilus influenzae, type b, the capsular polysaccharide, polyribophosphate, is released into the circulation. Polyribophosphate was quantitated in serial serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 45 children with H. influenzae, type b meningitis by means of a radiolabeled antigen-binding inhibition assay. Polyribophosphate was regularly found in acute serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples and could be detected in unbound form for periods of 1-30 days after initiation of effective therapy. Complexes of polyribophosphate dissociable with acid and pepsin were detected in serum samples from 17 patients, in one case for a period of 145 days after hospitalization. Polyribophosphate levels and patterns of clearance were studied in relation to hospital course and antibody response. Patients with prolonged antigenemia had protracted fevers and severe neurological symptoms during hospitalization, frequently with focal complications.Antipolyribophosphate antibody responses were detected during the first 100 days of convalescence by radioimmunoassay in 79% of the patients studied, including 60% of the children 1 yr or less in age. The intensity of antibody response although clearly related to the age of the patient, was more reliably predicted by the efficiency of antigen clearance. Antibody responses were uniformly of low magnitude in patients with prolonged antigenemia, irrespective of age. Paients who failed to develop antibody to polyribophosphate after meningitis also exhibited impaired antigen clearance. These studies suggest that mechanisms necessary for clearance of polyribophosphate may influence the development and intensity of the humoral immune response and raise the possibility of developmental deficiencies in the clearance system in infants and children. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A morphological basis for intercellular communication between alpha- and beta-cells in the endocrine pancreas.? [/INST] By degranulating beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the rat with sulfonylurea, it has been possible to distinguish unambiguously alpha-cells from beta-cells in freeze-fracture replicas. In such preparations, we found morphologically typical tight and gap junctions occurring between alpha- and beta-cells. The presence of gap junctions offers indirect evidence that these cells are coupled with one another; coupling may influence the secretory behavior of alpha- and beta-cells maintaining glucose homeostasis within tightly constricted limits. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Functional role of antibody against "core" glycolipid of Enterobacteriaceae.? [/INST] Antibodies against the "core" glycolipid of Enterobacteriaceae (2-keto, 3-deoxyoctonate-Lipid A) have been associated with protection against the sequelae of gram-negative rod bacteremia. To investigate the nature of this protection, dogs and rabbits were immunized with purified glycolipid prepared by phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether extraction of the "Re" mutant of Salmonella minnesota 595 and opsonophagocytic and bactericidal tests were carried out using lapine peritoneal granulocytes and serum factors. Whereas 1-4 mug/kg of glycolipid i.v. produced hypotension in dogs and 8 mug/kg i.v. was lethal, a rising dosage schedule of immunization with an average total dose of 1 mg/kg produced striking protection against shock and death against challenge with heterologous organisms. 20 control dogs, given approximately 10(10) live, serum-resistant Escherichia coli 0.85:H9 or Serratia marcescens 03 during a continuous intra-arterial pressure transducer recording, showed a drop in mean systolic pressure from 186 (+/- 6 SE) to 101 (+/- 12 SE) MM Hg and a fall in mean diastolic pressure from 118 (+/- 3 SE) to 64 (+/- 8 SE) mm Hg within 60-120 min. Minor pressure changes (average less than 12% of prechallenge levels) were seen in the same number of immunized dogs. In contrast, no significant difference was noted in the bloodstream clearance of these serum-resistant organisms over a period of 4-6 h between immunized and control dogs. Intravascular clearance was greater in animals immunized with the challenged strain or in glycolipid-immunized animals challenged with highly serum-sensitive E. coli 0.14:K7. Antibody against core glycolipid protected against the hemodynamic sequelae of bacillemia, augmented intravascular clearance of serum-sensitive organisms, and abrogated the pyrogenic response to enteric bacilli, but did not enhance clearance of serum-resistant organisms. Although canine and lapine antiserum against core glycolipid passively protected mice against a heterologous challenge, opsonophagocytic and bactericidal activity was at least 100-fold less than type-specific antiserum. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Behavior of eosinophil leukocytes in acute inflammation. II. Eosinophil dynamics during acute inflammation.? [/INST] The marked diminution in the number of circulating eosinophils, which has been shown to occur during acute bacterial infections, is a distinctive aspect of eosinophil physiology and of the host response to acute infection. The mouse rendered eosinophilic by infection with trichinosis provides a suitable model for study of the eosinopenic response induced by acute inflammation. The alterations in eosinophil dynamics associated with acute inflammatory reactions in trichinous mice were studied with pneumococcal abscesses, with Escherichia coli pyelonephritis, with Coxsackie viral pancreatitis, and with acute subcutaneous inflammation due to turpentine. Each of these stimuli of acute inflammation markedly suppressed the eosinophilia of trichinosis. This suggests that the eosinopenia is a response to the acute inflammatory process rather than the response to a specific type of pathogen. These studies apply quantitative techniques to ascertain the effects of acute inflammation on eosinophil production in bone marrow and on distribution of eosinophils in the peripheral tissues. From these observations, it is apparent that the initial response to acute inflammation includes a rapid drop in numbers of circulating eosinophils, a rapid accumulation of eosinophils at the periphery of the inflammatory site, and an inhibition of egress of eosinophils from the bone marrow. With prolongation of the inflammatory process, inhibition of eosinopoiesis occurs. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Hereditary deficiency of the seventh component of complement.? [/INST] Deficiency of the seventh component of complement has been found in the serum of a 42-yr-old Caucasian woman who has Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Partial deficiency was found in the serum of the patient's parents and children, indicating a pattern of inheritance of autosomal codominance. Transfusion experiments indicated that exogenous C7 had a 91-h halk-life in the patient. There was no evidence for C7 synthesis after transfusion. No C7 inhibitors were detected in the patient's serum. The patient's serum was found to support the activation of complement by both the classical and properdin pathways to the C7 stage. The addition of C7 to the patient's serum permitted it to support hemolytic reactions initiated by either pathway. No defects could be detected in plasma or whole blood coagulation. The patient's serum was deficient in opsonizing unsensitized yeast particles in serum and in the generation of chemotactic factor by antigen-antibody complexes and endotoxin. Both deficiencies were corrected by the addition of C7. These observations suggest a key role for C7 for in vitro yeast phagocytosis and chemotaxis generation. However, the patient's lack of infections indicates a relatively minor role for C7 in human resistance to infection. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about An animal model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the rabbit.? [/INST] This study was devised to produce an animal model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in order to study both the induction and the elicitation of the disease. Rabbits exposed by aerosol to large quantities of pigeon antigens developed a humoral, but not cellular, immunologic response. Moreover, their lungs were essentially normal histologically. A single i.v. injection of killed BCG in oil permitted the induction of pulmonary cell-medid hypersensitivity to the inhaled antigen, as well as the development of pulmonary lesions which were more severe than that caused by the administration of BCG alone. The humoral immunologic response to the inhaled antigen was not increased after BCG injection. Since many individuals are exposed to the etiologic agents of hypersensitivity pneumonitis for extended periods without developing the disease, these findings in animals suggest that some event may occur to induce cell mediated hypersensitivity in order to initiate the disease process. In addition, we have shown that animals with normal lung histology and circulating complement-fixing antibodies undergo serum complement (CH50) depression after an aerosol challenge with the specific antigen. Animals with circulating, complement-fixing antibodies, and inflamed lungs (BCG-induced failed to undergo a complement depression subsequent to an aerosol challenge with specific antigens. These results re consistent with those seen in symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders and suggest that antigen distribution through the lung is important in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Lactational responses to postruminal administration of proteins and amino acids.? [/INST] Rumen by-pass of nutrients has improved performance of lactating dairy cows, growing stepers, and sheep. Postruminal supplementation of casein has increased milk production 1 to 4 kg per cow per day and milk protein yield by 10 to 15%. Component(s) in casein eliciting the improved performance have not been determined adequately. Glucose, amino acids, hormone secretion, or a combination of these factors may be responsible for the improved performance. Future research to delineate limiting nutrients for postruminal supplementation should prove fruitful and should make a major contribution to improved production by ruminant animals. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Rumen bypass and protection of proteins and amino acids.? [/INST] Potent rumen microbial proteases and deaminases rapidly degrade protein and amino acids which are soluble in the rumen liquid phase. Because protein sources vary in their solubility, the degree of degradation in the rumen is variable. Methods of decreasing protein and amino acid degradation in the rumen include heat treatment, chemical treatment, encapsulation, use of amino acid analogs, selective manipulation of balances of rumen metabolic pathways, and esophageal groove closure. It is important that procedures do not interfere with ruminal metabolism or post-ruminal digestion. Bypassing the rumen changes sites in the digestive tract of nutrient digestion and absorption and provides a mechanism for supplementing outflow of nutrients from the rumen. A feasible approach to production of animal protein from ruminants would be utilization of nonprotein nitrogen for rumen protein production, maximization of rumen bypass of dietary protein, and supplementation with rumen nondegradable amino acids. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Nitrogen requirement and utilization in dairy cattle.? [/INST] Formulation of dairy cow rations should consider the following points regarding nitrogen utilization by lactating cows. (a) Maintenance of ruminal ammonia nitrogen in excess of 5 mg/100 ml rumen fluid has no effect on microbial protein production. (b)Supplemental nonprotein nitrogen is not utilized in typical dairy and feedlot beef rations containing more than 12 to 13% crude protein(dry matter basis). (c)Nonprotein nitrogen is approximately equal to true protein as a source of nitrogen in typical dairy and feedlot rations containing not more than 12 to 13% crude protein. (d)A scheme based upon metabolizable protein (absorbable protein) for calculating requirements and comparing protein sources is superior to crude or digestible protein designations. Ultimate expression of the requirement may be in terms of crude protein for the sake of simplicity. (e)One kilogram of crude protein, regardless of nitrogen source, equals about .75kg metabolizable protein in typical dairy and feedlot beef rations containing not more than 12 to 13% crude protein. One kilogram of plant protein (true protein) fed in excess of an amount equivalent to 12 to 13% dietary protein equals about .3 kg metabolizable protein. (f)Protein supplementation of lactating cows might be related more to stage of lactation than to milk production. (g)Lactating cows having above average lactational ability may benefit from dietary protein as high as 16 to 17% (dry matter basis) during the first third of lactation. (h)Cows in the latter two-thirds of lactation appear to require 12.5% dietary protein or less. (i)Plant protein (true protein) should be the supplemental sources of nitrogen during the first third of lactation, with NPN providing most, if not all, the supplemental nitrogen during the last two-thirds of lactation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Surveying.? [/INST] Several systems for the survey and design for removable partial dentures are based on empiricism and misinformation. Presented here is a systematic approach to the basic requirements for precribing a prosthesis that will be received favorably by the patient. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of humidity and temperature changes on orthodontic direct-bonding adhesive systems.? [/INST] Plastic brackets were bonded to 560 extracted human teeth with use of two orthodontic adhesive systems: (1) methyl methacrylate resin bonded to a sealant that was polymerized using ultraviolet light, and (2) self-polymerizing methyl methacrylate resin bonded directly to the etched enamel. Tensile and shearlike tests were performed. Prolonged exposure to heat, moisture, and severe temperature changes decreased the shearlike strength of both adhesives. Both systems were adequately strong to withstand routine orthodontic and estimated masticatory forces. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about An outbreak of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 on a coral island in the Bay of Bengal.? [/INST] An epidemic of severe dysentery occurred on St. Martin Island in the Bay of Bengal at a time when the island, with a population of 1,318, was isolated from the mainland because of the monsoon season. There were 434 cases and 28 deaths within a three-month period. Mortality (2%) was limited to the very young and the elderly. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga bacillus) was isolated from 12 of 65 rectal swab specimens. All strains gave similar biochemical reactions and were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and the sulfonamides but were sensitive to ampicillin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. No other organism was implicated in the outbreak. The disease disappeared from the island after institution of chlorination of the sources of drinking water and effective treatment of patients. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on human oral microflora.? [/INST] A longitudinal study was performed to assess the effects of radiation-induced xerostomia on the human oral microflora. Pronounced microbial population shifts were found in each of five intraoral sites tested. Cariogenic microorganisms gained prominence at the expense of noncariogenic microorganisms in concert with the saliva shutdown. These changes occurred before the onset of clinical caries irrespective of whether or not a topical fluoride gel was used as a caries preventive. </s>