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<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Fatal haemorrhage from the innominate artery complicating tracheostomy.? [/INST] A fatal haemorrhage of the innominate artery complicating tracheostomy for obstructive carcinoma of the larynx is reported. The possible mechanism of the rupture is discussed and methods of management are suggested. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Intraosseous neurilemmoma of the cervical spine causing paraparesis and treated by resection and grafting.? [/INST] A neurilemmoma presented as an expanding lesion of the bodies of C6 and C7 vertebrae and caused local neurological signs together with a spastic paraparesis. This tumour was treated by preliminary posterior fusion, followed by its complete removal via an anterior approach and stabilization by anterior spinal fusion. Other cases in the literature are reviewed and discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Blood flow in normal and injured monkey spinal cord.? [/INST] The authors used indicator fractionation techniques to determine blood flow in normal and bluntly traumatized spinal cords of Macaca rhesus monkeys. Normal flow rates were determined for several levels of spinal cord as well as differential values for white and gray matter from representative areas. Flow rates in traumatized tissue, obtained at several different time intervals up to 4 hours after injury, demonstrated marked differences in regional perfusion of the white matter and gray matter after trauma. Gray matter perfusion was nearly obliterated while white matter blood flow persisted and in fact was higher than uninjured controls. The findings do not support the concept of ischemia as a factor in white matter failure. If toxic pathobiochemical alterations are induced by trauma, it may be possible to reverse these changes by exploiting the preserved white matter blood flow for chemotherapeutic intervention. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Our underpinnings: a bicentennial view. The 1975 Harvey Cushing oration.? [/INST] The author describes the emergence of the liberal traditions which is the foundation of the political and economic systems in this country and considers policies that may affect our social and economic future. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Systemic hypotension in neurosurgery.? [/INST] The authors review the intraoperative use of elective hypotension to reduce the probability of hemorrhage, to increase pliability of the aneurysmal sac for ease of clip application, and to control hemorrhage. The optimum agent and techniques for lowering systemic blood pressure remain controversial, but trimethaphan, sodium nitroprusside, and halothane have been found most useful. When cerebral blood flow falls below the brain's capacity to autoregulate, distinct time-related alterations occur biochemically and histologically. The profile of prolonged reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP), low phosphocreatine, low glucose, and elevated lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio is associated with swelling of perivascular astrocytes and "blebbing" of vascular endothelial cells with subsequent cerebral damage. To prevent permanent alteration it is desirable to observe time constraints and to employ other means of protection such as hypothermia, although the authors believe the latter unnecessary for short hypotensive periods. It has been proposed, but not substantiated, that anesthetics which depress rate of cerebral oxygen consumption but do not affect cerebral ATP level protect the brain from hypotension. Several investigations suggest that halothane, a vasodiltor, satisfies the safety requirement. The most prominent contraindication to halothane, however, is elevation of intracranial pressure. At present hypotensive surgery for aneurysmorrhapy is usually performed when intracranial pressure has returned to normal. Experimentally the electroencephalogram has been observed to show alterations prior to biochemical parameters for following brain vulnerability, so that it conceivably could be an effective monitoring technique during prolonged profound hypotension. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Possible nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci in a newborn nursery.? [/INST] Within a six-day period in March, 1974, three infants born at a hospital in central Arkansas developed meningitis caused by group B, type III Streptococci. Three factors suggested nosocomial transmission of the organism in the nursery: (1) the three infants were born in a six-day period, (2) four weeks after their infants' births, none of the parents had positive cultures for group B streptococci, and (3) 31% of infants born in the hospital in March were colonized with group B, type III streptococci, while in April, after control measures in the nursery were instituted, only 2% of infants were colonized with this type (p less than 0.0002). Colonized infants were treated with penicillin, but follow-up cultures at two and six weeks showed that half the infants tested were still colonized. The number of personnel colonized with group B streptococci was not significantly different in personnel exposed to infants when compared with those that were not, and handwashing and environmental cultures were negative for group B streptococci. The results of this investigation give additional support to the concept that nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci can occur and may be effectively interrupted by control measures in the nursery. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Treatment of Candida peritonitis by peritoneal lavage with amphotericin B.? [/INST] A 14-year-old girl, who was a renal transplant recipient, developed Candida tropicalis peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis and immunosuppressive and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Therapeutic cure of the peritonitis followed a ten-day course of amphotericin B administered solely by peritoneal lavage. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Congenital rubella.? [/INST] The original concept of the rubella syndrome as a triad of abnormalities affecting the eye, heart, and hearing organs has changed dramatically in the past 30 years. This paper describes the various clinical manifestations of congenital rubella now recognized and the varied consequences of rubella virus infection upon the fetus. The pathogenesis of intrauterine rubella is discussed in relation to the immunologic response of the fetus and to possible mechanisms of cell and tissue damage. The need for preventive measures is discussed in relation to the total number of children damaged annually and the importance of multiple defects leading to severe handicaps. Active immunization procedures to prevent congenital rubella defects are reviewed, with comments on the differences between vaccination policies in the United Kingdom and in the United States. The importance of surveillance of congenital rubella defects is emphasized; details of the National Rubella Surveillance Scheme in the United Kingdom are discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Nonspecific enhancers of resistance in man.? [/INST] Nonspecific enhancers of resistance may include (1) viral interference, (2) interferon, (3) interferon inducers, (4) bacterial interference, (5) bacterial products such as Coley's "toxins," endotoxins, or staphylococcal, BCG, and Corynebacterium parvum vaccines, (6) transfer factor, and (7) well-defined chemicals such as dinitrochlorbenzene, levamisole, and vitamin C. These are discussed only as they have been applied to man to learn whether or not they have enhanced his ability to resist infections and growth of tumors. Preliminary studies suggest that a variety of relatively safe and effective nonspecific enhancers may soon be available for clinical use. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Immunologic and virologic studies in the postpericardiotomy syndrome.? [/INST] A prospective, triple-blind study was undertaken to determine whether antiheart antibody or a rise in titer to a virus occurred in patients after intrapericardial surgery and, if so, whether either was related to clinical evidence of the postpericardiotomy syndrome. In 257 patients, AHA in high titer appeared in 62 (24%), all of whom had the syndrome. None of the 102 patients with no AHA had the syndrome. In 137 subjects, a rise in titer to one or more viral agents occurred in 21 of 31 (68%) of those with AHA and PPS. This study suggests that an immunologic response and viral illness are related to PPS. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Rickets then and now.? [/INST] Since the introduction of irradiated ergosterol into our food supply, nutritional vitamin D-deficiency rickets has become an uncommon disease. However, skeletal disorders due to abnormalities of vitamin D function still occur. These disorders can now be classified more exactly into two groups: those in which there is a deficiency of the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and those in which there is an abnormality of renal tubular function resulting in renal hypophosphatemia despite normal vitamin D metabolism. The various entities of these two groups are described and the theoretical basis of their treatment given. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Thermodilution cardiac output measurement in infants and small children following intracardiac surgery.? [/INST] A modified catheter has been used in conjunction with a thermodilution cardiac output computer for postoperative assessment of cardiac function in infants and children. Because of the small amount of fluid required for each determination and the simplicity of the technique, serial measurements can be done safely. Its use has contributed to the early detection of low output states. It has also proven to be a useful tool for estimating the optimal heart rate in each patient and for assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Osseous autografts. II. Histological responses to osseous coagulum-bone blend grafts.? [/INST] Three human intraosseous lesions were treated using osseous coagulum-bone blend as graft material. These sites were surgically removed 6 to 13 weeks after treatment and the blocks prepared for histologic analysis. Periodontal remodeling at the site of grafting was noted in all specimens. This remodeling involved the osseous walls, periodontal ligament, cementum and graft spicules. Both osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities were seen at the borders of the spicules. Exfoliation of spicules was particularly frequent in the six-week specimen. Nevertheless, regenerating of both bone and cementum was actively taking place even in this early specimen and was still evident in the older specimens. Of particular interest was the apparent marked increase in cementogenesis at the graft sites and the variations in parallel or functional orientation of the periodontal ligament in these areas. Significant functional orientation of segments of the periodontal ligament were seenin the early specimens, but not in the latter one. The reason for such variations in ligament pattern is not known at this time. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The effect of an antimicrobial mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis in yound adults.? [/INST] The effectiveness of an antimicrobial mouthwash (alexidine, 2-ethylhexyl bisbiguanidine dihydrochloride) in preventing plaque and gingivitis was evaluated in 45 young male adults. In a study using a double-blind cross-over design, subjects received a thorough prophylaxis and refrained from all routine oral hygiene for 2 weeks. During this period, subjects rinsed twice daily with either a treatment (alexidine) or placebo mouthwash. Plaque and gingivitis were assessed on selected teeth on days 2, 7 and 14. The characteristics of plaque that were recorded include: surface area score, dry weight and differential counts of microorganisms. After the 14th day, subjects resumed their regular oral hygiene practices for 3 weeks before starting the second experimental period. Aftter a second prophylaxis, the treatment and placebo groups from the first 2 weeks were crossed over and the procedures followed previously were repeated during the sixth and seventh weeks. The alexidine mouthwash was statistically and clinically effective in decreasing plaque scores and plaque weight, and statistically but not clinically effective in decreasing gingivitis scores. No systemic side effects were observed, but an asymptomatic brown tongue stain was observed in about half of the subjects. There was no evidence to suggest that alexidine disturbed the relative composition of the microorganisms in plague, but there was a suggestion that it decreased the number of microorganisms almost 2-fold when compared with the placebo group. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A new automated interpretation system for the 16PF.? [/INST] A new computerized interpretation system for the 16PF is described. This system is based on the novel concept of attempting to simulate directly the diagnostic report-writing capabilities of a single clinician. Certain considerations regarding the problem of validity in respect to this area are brought up, and the general operation of the system is outlined. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Perception of aggression and overt aggressive behavior.? [/INST] Investigated the relationship between thresholds for perception of aggressive cues and overt aggressive behavior in 86 male undergraduate students. Overt aggressive behavior was measured by the amount of shock the subject attempted to inflict on his presumed opponent. It was found that individuals with low thresholds for aggressive cues expressed less overt aggressive behavior while individuals with high thresholds for aggression expressed more overt aggression. Thus an inverse relationship was found with respect to perceptual recognition thresholds for aggressive stimuli and overt aggressive behavior. The implications of these findings for projective techniques and their relevance to perception as it relates to overt behavior were discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Microbial kinetics of drug action against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. III: Effect of lincomycin and clindamycin combinations on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.? [/INST] The functional dependencies of apparent first-order generation rate constants kapp, of drug-affected cultures on drug concentrations indicate that lincomycin and clindamycin possess the same mechanism of action, which is bacteriostatic, against Staphylococcus aureus. Clindamycin also possesses another mechanism of action, which is bactericidal, at high concentration levels. However, clindamycin possesses only one of the two mechanisms of lincomycin action, which is bacteriostatic, against Escherichia coli. The relative potency of action of a clindamycin-lincomycin combination against Staph. aureus is variable, and the effective ratio ranges between 5:1 and 9:1; the effective ratio against E. coli is fixed at 6:1 over a wide concentration range. This difference is attributed to differences in bioavailability and/or binding characteristics of the drugs for bioreceptors, as a consequence of structural modifications in the drug molecules, and to differences in modes of action in the respective organisms. Mixtures containing equipotent fractions of clindamycin and lincomycin show "equivalence" or "indifference" of effects on Staph. aureus. The combined action of the mixtures can be quantitatively predicted from the separate dose-response curves of either component drug alone. Therefore, it is concluded that clindamycin and lincomycin may bind to the same receptor site that is engaged in microbial protein synthesis to inhibit the generation of Staph. aureus. However, combinations of clindamycin and lincomycin are less active than the a priori equipotent concentration of either drug alone in their action against E. coli, demonstrating unequivocally an antagonism of effects. Furthermore, the degree of antagonism is dependent on the order of addition of the drugs, which is attributed to the possibility that clindamycin and lincomycin bind differently on active and allosteric loci of the same receptor site functionally engaged in protein synthesis in E. coli. A rational approach to the quantification and prediction of combined antibiotic action must, therefore, be based not only on the kinetics and mechanisms of action as well as on the dose-response relationship over a wide concentration range for the separate antibiotics but also on the strain and species of the test organism. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about In vitro and in vivo availability of commercial prednisone tablets.? [/INST] A three-way crossover bioavailability study was performed using nine adult male volunteers with three different commercial prednisone tablets. Plasma samples were assayed for prednisolone, the active metabolite of prednisone, by a radioimmunoassay method. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the rate of appearance of prednisolone in plasma but not in the amount converted to prednisolone. The results suggest that differences in in vivo rates of appearance of prednisolone in plasma correlate with in vitro rates of dissolution. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Critical factors in selecting removable prostheses.? [/INST] Preservation of as many natural teeth as possible should be the goal of conscientious dentists. However, occasionally, the sacrifice of some sound natural teeth may be indicated for partially edentulous patients to provide them with the most functional and esthetic masticatory apparatus. Selection of the proper prosthetic service is one of the most critical value judgments made by dentists. No matter how skillfully the wrong treatment is accomplished, it is still the wrong treatment. It is important, therefore, that all relevant data be gathered so that the best clinical judgment can be brought to bear in the decision-making process. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Minor connector designs for anterior acrylic resin bases: a preliminary study.? [/INST] The effect of nine different designs on the strength of acrylic resin attachment to the partial denture framework in anterior endentulous spaces was tested. Thirty metal frameworks, incorporating nine different designs and a control, were fabricated. Acrylic resin was processed to these frameworks, and the resin was subjected to a shear force. The framework designs offering strong retention for acrylic resin bases allowed the use of a greater bulk of acrylic resin projecting through openings in the metal retention design. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Clinical procedures for improving veneered metal crowns.? [/INST] Satisfactory design and preparation of the veneer window presuppose that a perfect or a near-perfect preparation of the tooth has been made. The window is not just a cutout and is not the responsibility of the laboratory technician. Whenever optimum gingival health, a satisfactory esthetic result, and a long-lasting restoration are desired, it is worthwhile to carefully check and, if necessary, adjust the veneer window directly in the mouth before the veneer is added. This is especially important in restorations that extend below the gingival margin. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about An adhesive technique for small anterior fixed partial dentures.? [/INST] A technique for the fabrication of a resin anterior fixed partial denture of intermediate length has been described. This type of device offers an inexpensive, quick treatment for selected patients with two adjacent missing anterior teeth. The technique allows the postponement of a definitive treatment to a more favorable time. The total treatment can be completed in two relatively short appointments. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The provisional fixed partial denture.? [/INST] A discussion of the rationale and requirements of the provisional restoration in fixed prosthetic dentistry has been presented. The imporatnce of this phase of restorative densitry and a survey of techniques for making interim restorations were gleaned from a review of the literature. A method for the fabrication of a provisional fixed partial denture using an acrylic resin interocclusal record was described and illustrated. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Movement of abutments by removable partial denture frameworks with a hemimaxillectomy obturator.? [/INST] A laboratory experiment was conducted to measure the amount of movement in each of two directions on each of seven teeth, induced by three common designs of retainer, under both splinted and unsplinted conditions. An analysis of variance on a four-way, completely crossed, fixed-effects model showed significant main effects for design, splintedness, and teeth involved. Also of significance were the interactions between the factors of splintedness and teeth and between design and splintedness. Most of the variability in tooth movement was due to differences among the seven teeth (49.3 per cent of variance) and to the interaction of splintedness and teeth (20.2 per cent of variance). </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Porcelain occlusal posterior fixed partial dentures.? [/INST] A method for using the functionally generated-path technique to fabricate full occlusal porcelain-fused-to-metal fixed partial dentures and crowns has been described. Proper use of this technique in carefully selected patients should eliminate occlusal adjustments and the concomitant polishing and glazing that are often necessary before the restoration can be permanently cemented. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about An anatomical, histochemical, and autoradiographic study of the ever-growing molar dentition of Microtus with comments on the role of structure in growth and eruption.? [/INST] An analysis of the microanatomy of the molar dentition of Microtus utilizing histological, histochemical and autoradiographic techniques reveals a complex architecture with distinctive morphogenic mechanisms which respond to the functional requirements of the organism. These mechanisms include; the maintenance of continued growth and eruption of the molars to compensate for continued hard tissue loss from wear at the occlusal surface of the crown throughout the entire lifespan of the orgainism and a positive feedback repair mechanism to protect the growth systems from the potential destruction this normal occlusal wear could initiate. An awareness and understanding of these phenomena is of significant value for interpreting palentological specimens and formulating a theoretical model for interpreting the evolution of Microtine molar dentitions. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Marked histoincompatibility between and within sublines of AKR mice used in a syngeneic leukemia model.? [/INST] Sublines of AKR mice differed significantly in their histoincompatibility to AKR/J mice, as indicated by their ability to reject AKR/J skin grafts and an AKR transplantable leukemia. Further, all sublines tested demonstrated some degree of heterogeneity, because isografts were rejected in 5-97% of the mice, depending on the subline. The presence of excessive heterogeneity among and within sublines poses a serious problem for experimental oncologists using these sublines in their tumor models. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The radioautographic transfer function and its implications for radioautographic methodology.? [/INST] A function was developed to relate the radioautographic detectability of tritiated thymidine to its incorporation into nuclear DNA under various experimental and specimen processing conditions. The implications of this function for the interpretation of cell kinetic studies were outlined, and its implications for radioautographic methodology were discussed. The standardization of radioautographic methods for facilitation of comparisons of data obtained from different sources under dissimilar experimental conditions was discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The discrete phases of the cell cycle: autoradiographic, physical, and chemical evidences.? [/INST] Recently the discrete model of the cell cycle, described as a series of metabolic progressions through four distinct phases, has been challenged by a few curves of percent labeled mitoses (PLM) and related autoradiographic data, which have been questionably interpreted in terms of a "continuous" cell cycle model. This conclusion is based in part on a few questionable observations which we summarize, along with our objections and explanations. We present a critical analysis of the autoradiographic data obtained with the PLM, in terms of the limitations and inconveniences of the technique itself. Some attention is paid to the usefulness of the "radioautographic transfer function," which seems an arbitrary mathematical expression of old autoradiographic observations. Finally, a review is presented of the old (by autoradiography) and new (by physical, chemical, and computer image analysis) evidences of the existence of dicrete phases in the cell cycle, which in turn support the idea of an all-or-none phenomenon for DNA synthesis, and which rule out the hypothesis of a continuous cell cycle model with a varying DNA synthesis rate function. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A microradioimmunoassay for antibodies to tumor-associated antigens.? [/INST] A versatile microradioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to tumor-associated and other tissue antigens was described. The method involved: a) the preparation of solid-phase antigen with cultured (already adhered) or noncultured cells (sedimented by centrifugation) fixed to Micro-Test plates with neutral buffered formaldehyde or absolute methanol; b) the incubation of the antigen with test or control sera; and c) the incubation of the antigen with radioiodinated antiglobulin antibody. The nonspecific background of radioactivity was reduced to an acceptable level by the fixed cells being precoated in the wells with 0.5% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline which was also used for the dilution of sera and labeled antiglobulin antibody. Tumor cells in primary cultures gave a high background, as compared to long-term cultures, which was due to the presence of immunoglobulins (most likely tumor-specific antibody). The specific antibody response to a syngeneic mouse tumor was demonstrated by this technique. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Bladder neck contracture and urethral stricture as complications of renal transplantation.? [/INST] From 1963 to July 26, 1974, 211 men underwent renal transplantation at our clinic. Urethral strictures were present prior to the initial transplant in 4 patients (1.8 per cent) and developed in the post-transplant period in 13 patients (6.1 per cent). Postoperative bladder neck contractures occurred in 2 patients (0.9 per cent). Repeated urethral dilations and surgical procedures on the lower urinary tract were generally well tolerated. Infectious problems were the most common secondary complications. No patient or allograft was lost as a direct result of the lower tract obstruction or its treatment. The greatest morbidity occurred in those patients who had a combination of urethral stricture and/or bladder neck contracture, uremia, previous or current immunosuppression and the absence of urine flowing through the urinary tract. This combination occurred most often in the patient who experienced failure of the first allograft and was being prepared for a second or third transplant. To avoid potentially serious urologic complications, male patients should have a repeat lower urinary tract evaluation and definitive correction of existing obstruction before re-transplantation is considered. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Lymphocyst: ultrasound diagnosis and urologic management.? [/INST] Three cases of lymphocysts occurred in a series of 97 patients undergoing extension pelvic urological operations, an incidence rate of 3.1 per cent. This is the first report of this complication after urological lymphadenectomy. Awareness of the entity is important to urologists since lymphatic staging operations for prostate and bladder carcinoma are widely used to help plan definitive therapy. Athough this complication is rare after renal transplantation it may cause significant interference with graft function. The etiology, symptoms, findings, diagnosis and treatment of this condition are reviewed. Echography is presented as an ideal technique to diagnose the condition and to guide in its management. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Rapid miniaturized tests for bacteriuria: Microstix and bacturcult urine tests.? [/INST] Of 4 methods for testing random urine samples for the presence of infection the standard hospital laboratory culture-colony counting was found by far to be the most accurate. Microscopy of urinary sediment, Microstix and Bacturcult produced too many falsely negative results to be useful in a clinical setting, were urine samples were collected throughout the day such as in an office or hospital outpatient clinic. Perhaps the last 2 tests would yield better results if urine samples were collected after at least 4 hours of incubation time in the bladder, as suggested by their proponents. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Recurrence of the nephrotic syndrome in the renal isograft: A preliminary report.? [/INST] The fifth case of kidney transplantation between monozygotic twins in Japan is presented. Immediately after the transplanation the original disease, nephrotic syndrome, recurred but it was treated with steroids successfully. There have been few cases reported in which recurrence of the original disease in the isograft was treated successfully. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Hemoglobinopathy with prolonged bactermia. A report of two cases.? [/INST] Prolonged Escherichia coli bacteremia occurred as a complication of pyelonephritis in two patients with abnormal hemoglobins (SC and SS), despite "appropriate" antibiotic therapy. Careful investigation in each case failed to account for the persistent sepsis. Pyogenic arthritis ultimately developed in both patients. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of collagen type III in human arterial walls, arterial thrombi, and in leukocytes, incubated with collagen in vitro.? [/INST] Sections of arterial walls and of thrombi and smears of leukocytes previously incubated in vitro with collagen type III were examined by immunohistochemical technique for the presence of collagen types I, II and III. In arterial walls collagen type III was detected immediately underlaying the endothelial cell layer and in the tissue between tunica elastica interna and adventitia. Collagen type I was not shown in the subendothelial layer. Fresh thrombi contained occasionally collagen, but only of type III. This was associated with leukocytes. Leukocytes were capable in vitro to associate and/or phagocytose collagen type III and this could be visualized immunohistochemically. The data show that collagen type III in vivo may play a crucial role in the initiation of thrombus formation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The relationship between discrimination and articulation training in children with misarticulations.? [/INST] In the context of a training study, the functional relationship between discrimination and production was investigated. Four subjects were selected for study. For two subjects, Condition I consisted of production training followed by a discrimination probe and Condition II consisted of discrimination training followed by a production probe. For the other two subjects, the conditions were reversed. In production training, the subjects were trained to correctly articulate three consonant-vowel (CV) syllables in response to nonsense pictures. In discrimination training the subjects were trained to find nonsense pictures in response to three CV syllables. Probe measures were administered to determine if changes occurred in one modality after training the other modality. Results indicated that production training was effective in changing both articulation and discrimination; however, discrimination training was effective in changing only discrimination. </s>