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<article doi="10.1038/45257" abstract="The process of autophagy, or bulk degradation of cellular proteins through an autophagosomic-lysosomal pathway, is important in normal growth control and may be defective in tumour cells. However, little is known about the genetic mediators of autophagy in mammalian cells or their role in tumour development. The mammalian gene encoding Beclin 1, a novel Bcl-2-interacting, coiled-coil protein, has structural similarity to the yeast autophagy gene, apg6/vps30, and is mono-allelically deleted in 40-75% of sporadic human breast cancers and ovarian cancers. Here we show, using gene-transfer techniques, that beclin 1 promotes autophagy in autophagy-defective yeast with a targeted disruption of agp6/vps30, and in human MCF7 breast carcinoma cells. The autophagy-promoting activity of beclin 1 in MCF7 cells is associated with inhibition of MCF7 cellular proliferation, in vitro clonigenicity and tumorigenesis in nude mice. Furthermore, endogenous Beclin 1 protein expression is frequently low in human breast epithelial carcinoma cell lines and tissue, but is expressed ubiquitously at high levels in normal breast epithelia. Thus, beclin 1 is a mammalian autophagy gene that can inhibit tumorigenesis and is expressed at decreased levels in human breast carcinoma. These findings suggest that decreased expression of autophagy proteins may contribute to the development or progression of breast and other human malignancies."><fig id="2620"><title></title><label>figf1</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2620"/><sd-panel panel_id="9066"><strong>a</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag1" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> analysis of <sd-tag id="sdTag2" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="yeast" ext_ids="4932" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="yeast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">yeast</sd-tag> cell lysates with polyclonal anti-<sd-tag id="sdTag3" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">flag</sd-tag> antibody to detect <sd-tag id="sdTag10" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">flag</sd-tag>-tagged human <sd-tag id="sdTag4" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Beclin 1" ext_ids="Q14457" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Beclin 1</sd-tag> expression. Two-hundred micrograms of protein per lane was loaded. <sd-tag id="sdTag5" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="SEY6210" ext_ids="4932" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">SEY6210</sd-tag>, wild-type <sd-tag id="sdTag11" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="yeast" ext_ids="4932" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="yeast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">yeast</sd-tag>; <sd-tag id="sdTag6" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="JCY3000" ext_ids="4932" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">JCY3000</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag12" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="SEY6210" ext_ids="4932" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">SEY6210</sd-tag> disrupted in</span> <em><sd-tag id="sdTag7" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="apg6" ext_ids="855983" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="VPS30" ext_tax_ids="559292" ext_tax_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">apg6</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag8" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="vps30" ext_ids="855983" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="VPS30" ext_tax_ids="559292" ext_tax_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">vps30</sd-tag></em><span>; (+) control, lysates of mammalian cells transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag13" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">flag</sd-tag>-</span><em><sd-tag id="sdTag9" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin 1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin 1</sd-tag></em>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9066"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9067"><strong>b</strong>, Autophagicbody formation in <sd-tag id="sdTag16" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="yeast" ext_ids="4932" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="yeast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">yeast</sd-tag> <span>deprived of <sd-tag id="sdTag14" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nitrogen" ext_ids="CHEBI:25555" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nitrogen atom" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nitrogen</sd-tag> in the presence (+) and absence (-) of 1 mM <sd-tag id="sdTag15" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="PMSF" ext_ids="CHEBI:8102" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">PMSF</sd-tag>. Arrows denote cells that would be scored as positive in the experiment shown in</span> <strong>c</strong>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9067"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9068"><strong>c</strong>, Quantitative effects of <em><sd-tag id="sdTag28" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="apg6" ext_ids="855983" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="VPS30" ext_tax_ids="559292" ext_tax_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">apg6</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag29" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="vps30" ext_ids="855983" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="VPS30" ext_tax_ids="559292" ext_tax_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">vps30</sd-tag></em> and <em><sd-tag id="sdTag30" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin 1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin 1</sd-tag></em> transformation on autophagicbody formation in <em><sd-tag id="sdTag31" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="apg6" ext_ids="855983" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="VPS30" ext_tax_ids="559292" ext_tax_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">apg6</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag32" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="vps30" ext_ids="855983" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="VPS30" ext_tax_ids="559292" ext_tax_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">vps30</sd-tag></em>-disrupted <sd-tag id="sdTag33" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="yeast" ext_ids="4932" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="yeast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">yeast</sd-tag> in the presence of <sd-tag id="sdTag34" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="component" text="PMSF" ext_ids="CHEBI:8102" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">PMSF</sd-tag><span>. Cells with one or more <sd-tag id="sdTag35" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic bodies" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic bodies</sd-tag> within the <sd-tag id="sdTag26" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="vacuole" ext_ids="GO:0005773" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">vacuole</sd-tag> were scored as positive (see arrows in</span> <strong>b</strong><span>). A minimum of 100 cells was counted for each sample. Results represent the mean (±s.e.m.) percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag27" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic bodies" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic bodies</sd-tag> within the <sd-tag id="sdTag36" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="vacuole" ext_ids="GO:0005773" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">vacuole</sd-tag> for triplicate samples. Similar results were obtained in five independent experiments.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9068"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9069"><strong>d</strong><span>, Sorting of vacuolar protein <sd-tag id="sdTag38" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="carboxypeptidase Y" ext_ids="P00729" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="PRC1" ext_tax_ids="559292" ext_tax_names="Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">carboxypeptidase Y</sd-tag>, (CPY). p2CPY, precursor form; mCPY, sorted mature form.</span> <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>, relative molecular mass.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9069"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2621"><title></title><label>figf2</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2621"/><sd-panel panel_id="9070"><p><strong>a</strong>-<strong>f</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag48" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Electron micrographs" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Electron micrographs</sd-tag> of <sd-tag id="sdTag49" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.control (clone 38) (<strong>a</strong>, <strong>b</strong>) and <sd-tag id="sdTag57" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag50" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em> (clone 17) cells (<strong>c</strong>- <strong>f</strong>) grown in <sd-tag id="sdTag51" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>-rich media (<strong>a</strong>, <strong>c</strong>) or subjected to <sd-tag id="sdTag52" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="4 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">4 h</sd-tag> of <sd-tag id="sdTag53" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="intervention" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag54" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="amino-acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:33709" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="amino acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">amino-acid</sd-tag> deprivation (<strong>b</strong>, <strong>d</strong>-<strong>f</strong>). Asterisks in <strong>e</strong> and <strong>f</strong> denote <sd-tag id="sdTag55" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> that would be counted in the experiment shown in <strong>g</strong>. <sd-tag id="sdTag56" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="Autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">Autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> were defined as double-membrane vacuolar structures containing recognizable cytoplasmic contents. Scale bars, 1 µm.</p><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9070"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9071"><strong>g</strong>, Quantitative effects of <em><sd-tag id="sdTag60" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin 1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin 1</sd-tag></em> on basal and <sd-tag id="sdTag61" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>-deprivation-induced autophagy of <sd-tag id="sdTag62" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag> cells. Bars indicate mean (±s.e.m.) number of <sd-tag id="sdTag63" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> per cell for cells growing in normal media (black), for cells subjected to <sd-tag id="sdTag64" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="4 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">4 h</sd-tag> of <sd-tag id="sdTag65" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="intervention" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag66" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="amino-acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:33709" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="amino acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">amino-acid</sd-tag> <span>deprivation (grey), and for cells pre-treated for <sd-tag id="sdTag58" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="30 min" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">30 min</sd-tag> with 10 mM <sd-tag id="sdTag59" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="3-MA" ext_ids="CHEBI:38635" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="3-methyladenine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">3-MA</sd-tag> and subjected to</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag67" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="4 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">4 h</sd-tag> of <sd-tag id="sdTag68" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="intervention" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag69" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="amino-acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:33709" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="amino acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">amino-acid</sd-tag> <span>deprivation in the presence of <sd-tag id="sdTag70" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="3-MA" ext_ids="CHEBI:38635" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="3-methyladenine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">3-MA</sd-tag> (open). Mean was determined by counting the total number of</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag71" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> in each cell for 100 cells per clone per treatment.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9071"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9072"><strong>h</strong><span>, Comparison of the rates of <sd-tag id="sdTag73" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="degradation of long-lived proteins" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">degradation of long-lived proteins</sd-tag> in</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag76" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.control cells (squares, clone 38), <sd-tag id="sdTag77" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag78" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em> cells (circles, clone 17) and <sd-tag id="sdTag79" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag80" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em><span>stop cells (triangles, clone 70), in <sd-tag id="sdTag81" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="intervention" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag> + 10%</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag82" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="intervention" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag> <span>and complete <sd-tag id="sdTag74" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="amino acids" ext_ids="CHEBI:33709" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="amino acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">amino acids</sd-tag> (open symbols, solid lines) in <sd-tag id="sdTag75" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="intervention" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag> alone (closed symbols, solid lines), and in <sd-tag id="sdTag83" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="intervention" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag> + 10 mM</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag84" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="3-MA" ext_ids="CHEBI:38635" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="3-methyladenine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">3-MA</sd-tag> (closed symbols, dotted lines). Results are mean (±s.e.m.) of triplicate wells. Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments. Results shown with these clones are representative of results obtained with other clones analysed by electron microscopy in <strong>g</strong>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9072"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2622"><title></title><label>figf3</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2622"/><sd-panel panel_id="9073"><strong>a</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag87" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> analysis of <sd-tag id="sdTag88" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">flag</sd-tag>-tagged <em><sd-tag id="sdTag86" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin-1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin-1</sd-tag>-</em>transfected <sd-tag id="sdTag89" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag> clones. C, <sd-tag id="sdTag90" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.control cells (clone 38); St, <sd-tag id="sdTag91" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag92" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em>stop cells (clone 70). <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>, relative molecular mass.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9073"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9074"><strong>b</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag95" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> analysis of <sd-tag id="sdTag96" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">flag</sd-tag>-tagged <em><sd-tag id="sdTag97" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em>stop-transfected <sd-tag id="sdTag98" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag> clones. C, MCF.control cells (clone 38); B, <sd-tag id="sdTag99" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag100" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em> cells (clone 1).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9074"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9075"><strong>c</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag103" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Photomicrographs" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Photomicrographs</sd-tag> of</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag104" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.control cells (left panel, clone 38), <sd-tag id="sdTag105" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>. <em><sd-tag id="sdTag106" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em> cells (middle panel, clone 17) and <sd-tag id="sdTag107" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag108" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em><span>stop cells (right panel, clone 70) <sd-tag id="sdTag109" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="48 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">48 h</sd-tag> after seeding at similar densities.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9075"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9076"><strong>d</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag110" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Proliferation" ext_ids="BAO_0002805" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="cell proliferation assay" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Proliferation</sd-tag> of</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag111" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.control cells (clones 37 and 38; closed squares and circles, respectively, solid lines), <sd-tag id="sdTag112" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag113" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em> cells (clones 1, 6, 17; open squares, circles, triangles, respectively, solid lines) and <sd-tag id="sdTag114" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>.<em><sd-tag id="sdTag115" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="beclin1" ext_ids="8678" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">beclin1</sd-tag></em>stop cells (clone 70, closed triangles, dotted line). Results represent mean Absorbance (<em>A</em>) (±s.e.m.) for six wells; similar results were obtained in three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9076"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9077"><strong>e</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag117" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Cell viability" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Cell viability</sd-tag> of</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag119" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag> <span>clones determined by <sd-tag id="sdTag118" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="trypan blue staining" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">trypan blue staining</sd-tag>. Symbols for each clone are as in</span> <strong>d</strong><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9077"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9078"><strong>f</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag121" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Clonigenicity" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Clonigenicity</sd-tag> in semisolid medium (<sd-tag id="sdTag122" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="soft agar" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">soft agar</sd-tag>) of</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag123" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag> clones. Results are mean (±s.e.m.) for pooled triplicate wells from 3-4 independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9078"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9079"><strong>g</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag125" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Tumour formation" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Tumour formation</sd-tag> in NCR nude <sd-tag id="sdTag126" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="mice" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag> injected subcutaneously with</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag128" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="intervention" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag> <span>clones. Numbers on top of bar indicate number of autopsy-confirmed tumours at <sd-tag id="sdTag127" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="8 weeks" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">8 weeks</sd-tag> per number of <sd-tag id="sdTag129" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="mice" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag> injected with each clone.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9079"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2623"><title></title><label>figf4</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2623"/><sd-panel panel_id="9080"><strong>a</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag132" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> <span>analysis of human <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14331445579400" parent-tag-id="145"><sd-pretag id="sdPretag14331446602080" parent-tag-id="153">breast</sd-pretag> carcinoma</sd-pretag> cell lines. Results are from 8 representative cell lines out of a total of 11 analysed.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9080"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9081"><strong>b</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag146" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> <span>analysis of matched normal <sd-tag id="sdTag160" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="breast" ext_ids="UBERON:0000310" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="breast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">breast</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag164" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="breast" ext_ids="UBERON:0000310" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="breast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">breast</sd-tag> carcinoma tissue from <sd-tag id="sdTag144" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="patients" ext_ids="9606" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Homo sapiens" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">patients</sd-tag> with sporadic invasive <sd-tag id="sdTag165" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="breast" ext_ids="UBERON:0000310" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="breast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">breast</sd-tag> carcinoma. Results are from 7 representative cases out of a total of 17 analysed. N, normal <sd-tag id="sdTag167" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="breast" ext_ids="UBERON:0000310" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="breast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">breast</sd-tag> tissue; T, tumour tissue;</span> <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>, relative molecular mass.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9081"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9082"><strong>c</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag150" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Immunohistochemical analysis" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Immunohistochemical analysis</sd-tag> of paraffin-embedded sections of <sd-tag id="sdTag151" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="breast tissue" ext_ids="UBERON:0000310" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="breast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">breast tissue</sd-tag> from patient 441 shown in</span> <strong>b</strong>. Adjacent sections are stained with pre-immune 843 rabbit <sd-tag id="sdTag156" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="normalizing" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag> (left column), 843 anti-<sd-tag id="sdTag157" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Beclin 1" ext_ids="Q14457" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="BECN1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Beclin 1</sd-tag><sd-tag id="sdTag158" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="normalizing" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag> <span>(middle column) and anti-<sd-tag id="sdTag152" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="cytokeratin" ext_ids="GO:0045095" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="keratin filament" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">cytokeratin</sd-tag> (right column). Top row shows low power view of region of <sd-tag id="sdTag153" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="breast" ext_ids="UBERON:0000310" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="breast" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">breast</sd-tag> containing tumour (T) and normal <sd-tag id="sdTag154" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="mammary epithelial duct" ext_ids="UBERON:0001765///UBERON:0003244" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon///Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="mammary duct///epithelium of mammary gland" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_///https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">mammary epithelial duct</sd-tag> (N). Middle row shows higher power view of normal <sd-tag id="sdTag159" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="mammary epithelial duct" ext_ids="UBERON:0001765///UBERON:0003244" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon///Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="mammary duct///epithelium of mammary gland" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_///https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">mammary epithelial duct</sd-tag>. Bottom row shows higher power view of tumour. Scale bars, 1 mm.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9082"/></sd-panel></fig></article> |
