en	its purity;
mt	il-purità tiegħu;

en	Are there serious side effects?
mt	Hemm effetti sekondarji serji?

en	Thousands of volunteers
mt	Eluf ta' voluntiera

en	its ingredients, including its inactive ingredients or ‘excipients';
mt	l-ingredjenti tiegħu, inkluż l-ingredjenti mhux attivi tiegħu jew l-"eċċipjenti";

en	Does the vaccine seem to work?
mt	Il-vaċċin huwa sikur?

en	How are the immune systems of the participants responding to the vaccine?
mt	Is-sistemi immuni tal-parteċipanti kif jirrispondu għall-vaċċin?

en	This involves tests in the laboratory and in animals.
mt	Dan jinvolvi testijiet fil-laboratorju u fl-annimali.

en	These include the European Medicines Agency and other regulators in the EU/EEA countries.
mt	Dawn jinkludu l-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Mediċini u regolaturi oħrajn fil-pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE.

en	At the end of the testing programme, the vaccine developer submits the results to the medicines regulatory authorities in Europe as part of a ‘marketing authorisation' application.
mt	Fl-aħħar tal-programm ta' ttestjar, l-iżviluppatur tal-vaċċin jissottometti r-riżultati lill-awtoritajiet regolatorji tal-mediċini fl-Ewropa bħala parti minn applikazzjoni ta' "awtorizzazzjoni għat-tqegħid fis-suq".

en	This is followed by a clinical testing programme in humans, which can take around ten years from initial concept to authorisation and must adhere to strict standards.
mt	Dan jiġi segwit minn programm ta' ttestjar kliniku fil-bnedmin, li jista' jieħu sa għaxar snin mill-kunċett inizjali sal-awtorizzazzjoni u għandu jaderixxi ma' standards stretti.

en	What are the most common side effects?
mt	Liema huma l-effetti sekondarji l-aktar komuni?

en	Medicines regulatory authorities can carry out inspections to make sure that the information the vaccine developer provides is trustworthy.
mt	L-awtoritajiet regolatorji tal-mediċini jistgħu jagħmlu spezzjonijiet biex jiżguraw li l-informazzjoni li jipprovdi l-iżviluppatur tal-vaċċin hija ta' min joqgħod fuqha.

en	The companies are required to conduct stringent testing, for which the acceptance criteria are pre-defined by the authorities, on each batch of vaccine released onto the EU market.
mt	Il-kumpaniji huma meħtieġa jwettqu ttestjar strinġenti, li għalih, il-kriterji tal-aċċettazzjoni tiegħu jiġu definiti minn qabel mill-awtoritajiet, fuq kull lott ta' vaċċini rilaxxat fis-suq tal-UE.

en	This programme has to follow the procedures and protocols set by the regulators:
mt	Dan il-programm għandu jsegwi l-proċeduri u l-protokolli stabbiliti mir-regolaturi:

en	how it is manufactured.
mt	kif jiġi manifatturat.

en	Before a vaccine can be approved in the EU, it has to undergo rigorous testing by its developer and then scientific evaluation by regulatory authorities.
mt	Qabel ma vaċċin ikun jista' jiġi approvat fl-UE, irid jgħaddi minn ittestjar rigoruż mill-iżviluppatur tiegħu, u mbagħad minn evalwazzjoni xjentifika mill-awtoritajiet regolatorji.

en	Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail
mt	Benefiċċji tat-tlaqqim

en	Testing includes checking the vaccine's quality:
mt	L-ittestjar jinkludi li tiġi ċċekkjata l-kwalità tal-vaċċin:

en	The vaccine developer tests the vaccine in three phases of clinical trials, with larger numbers of people in each phase.
mt	L-iżviluppatur tal-vaċċin jittestja l-vaċċin fi tliet fażijiet ta' provi kliniċi, b'numri akbar ta' persuni f'kull fażi.

en	The regulators can only approve the vaccine if its scientific evaluation of the tests results show that the vaccine's benefits are greater than its risks .
mt	Ir-regolaturi jistgħu japprovaw il-vaċċin biss jekk l-evalwazzjoni xjentifika tar-riżultati tat-testijiet tiegħu turi li l- benefiċċji tal-vaċċin huma akbar mir-riskji tiegħu.

en	Benefits of vaccinating
mt	Approvazzjoni tal-vaċċini fl-Unjoni Ewropea

en	Then the vaccine developer tests the vaccine's effects.
mt	Imbagħad l-iżviluppatur tal-vaċċin jittestja l-effetti tal-vaċċin.

en	What is the optimal dose?
mt	X'inhi l-aħjar doża?

en	They can also run tests to make sure that the batches of vaccines released onto the market are of the expected quality and have been manufactured correctly.
mt	Dawn jistgħu wkoll jagħmlu testijiet biex jiżguraw li l-lottijiet tal-vaċċini rilaxxati fis-suq ikunu tal-kwalità mistennija u jkunu ġew manifatturati kif suppost.

en	Is the vaccine safe?
mt	Il-vaċċin jidher li qed jaħdem?

en	Vaccination is the only way to ensure direct protection against tetanus.
mt	It-tilqim huwa l-uniku mod li jiżgura protezzjoni diretta kontra t-tetnu.

en	For example, to ensure community immunity against measles, public health authorities recommend that 95% of the population are vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine against measles (the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella).
mt	Pereżempju, biex jiżguraw l-immunità komunitarja kontra l-ħosba, l-awtoritajiet tas-saħħa pubblika jirrakkomandaw li 95 % tal-popolazzjoni jitlaqqmu b'żewġ dożi tal-vaċċin kontra l-ħosba (il-vaċċin MMR, li jipproteġi kontra l-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella).

en	Vaccination protects the vaccinated persons and those around them who are vulnerable to the diseases, reducing the risk of diseases spreading among family members, school mates or colleagues, friends, neighbours and other people in the community.
mt	It-tilqim jipproteġi lill-persuni mlaqqma u lill-persuni ta' madwarhom li huma vulnerabbli għall-mard, inaqqas ir-riskju li l-mard jinfirex fost il-membri tal-familja, ħbieb tal-iskola, kollegi, ħbieb, ġirien u persuni oħrajn fil-komunità.

en	This is known as 'community immunity' (also referred to as 'herd immunity').
mt	Din hija magħrufa bħala "immunità komunitarja" (li tissejjaħ ukoll "immunità bħala grupp").

en	Furthermore, immunisation programmes help reduce the social, psychological and financial burdens of disease on people and governments, reducing pressures on healthcare and social care systems and enabling people to pursue productive activities including education and employment.
mt	Barra minn hekk, il-programmi tal-immunizzazzjoni jgħinu biex inaqqsu l-piżijiet soċjali, psikoloġiċi u finanzjarji tal-mard fuq in-nies u l-gvernijiet, inaqqsu l-pressjonijiet fuq is-sistemi tal-kura tas-saħħa u tal-kura soċjali u jippermettu lin-nies iwettqu attivitajiet produttivi li jinkludu l-edukazzjoni u l-impjieg.

en	Community immunity occurs when enough people in a population are immune to an infectious disease
mt	L-immunità komunitarja sseħħ meta biżżejjed persuni f'popolazzjoni jkunu immuni għal marda infettiva.

en	However, people cannot rely on community immunity for some infectious diseases.
mt	Madankollu, in-nies ma jistgħux jiddependu fuq l-immunità komunitarja għal xi mard infettiv.

en	For example, tetanus can be encountered due to common injuries, including dog or cat bites.
mt	Pereżempju, it-tetnu jista' jittieħed minħabba korrimenti komuni, inkluż gdim tal-klieb jew tal-qtates.

en	Benefits of vaccination for the community
mt	Il-benefiċċji tat-tilqim għall-komunità

en	Benefits of vaccination for individuals
mt	Benefiċċji tat-tilqim għall-individwi

en	These include babies, children, the elderly, people with weak immune systems, cancer patients, and people who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons.
mt	Dawn jinkludu t-trabi, it-tfal, l-anzjani, il-persuni b'sistemi immunitarja dgħajfa, pazjenti bil-kanċer, u persuni li ma jistgħux jitlaqqmu minħabba raġunijiet mediċi.

en	In this way, vaccines indirectly protect others who are vulnerable to disease.
mt	B'dan il-mod, il-vaċċini b'mod indirett jipproteġu lill-persuni l-oħra li jkunu vulnerabbli għall-marda.

en	red rash;
mt	raxx aħmar;

en	Up to 50% of people infected with rubella do not experience symptoms.
mt	Sa 50 % tal-persuni infettati bir-rubella ma jesperjenzawx sintomi.

en	The MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps and rubella.
mt	Il-vaċċin MMR (il-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella) huwa vaċċin ikkombinat li jipproteġi kontra l-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella.

en	Rubella (German measles) is a viral infection.
mt	Ir-Rubella (il-ħosba Ġermaniża) hija infezzjoni virali.

en	pain and inflammation of the joints in adults.
mt	uġigħ u infjammazzjoni tal-ġogi fl-adulti.

en	What are the symptoms of rubella?
mt	X'inhuma s-sintomi tar-rubella?

en	Who is at risk of rubella?
mt	Min qiegħed f'riskju li taqbdu r-rubella?

en	The rubella virus is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs and sneezes.
mt	Il-virus tar-rubella jinfirex minn taqtiriet fl-arja li jiġu prodotti meta l-persuna infettata tisgħol u tagħtas.

en	What is rubella?
mt	X'inhi r-rubella?

en	The MMR vaccine is safe and effective and has very few side effects.
mt	Il-vaċċin MMR huwa sikur u effikaċi u ma tantx għandu effetti sekondarji.

en	The consequences for unvaccinated pregnant women that get rubella are particularly severe, due to the likelihood that contracting the disease during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage or CRS in their babies.
mt	Il-konsegwenzi għan-nisa tqal li mhumiex imlaqqma li taqbadhom ir-rubella huma partikolarment severi, probabbli minħabba l-fatt li l-marda waqt it-tqala tista' twassal għal korriment jew CRS fit-trabi tagħhom.

en	The only protection against rubella is vaccination.
mt	L-unika protezzjoni kontra r-rubella hija t-tilqim.

en	Some vaccine recipients develop a non-infectious mild measles-like rash, typically 7-14 days after vaccination, which disappears within 1-3 days.
mt	Xi reċipjenti tal-vaċċin jiżviluppaw raxx ħafif mhux infettiv li jixbah lill-ħosba, tipikament bejn sebat ijiem u 14-il jum wara t-tilqima, li jisparixxi bejn jum u tlett ijiem wara.

en	However, if a woman gets rubella during the first three months of pregnancy, it is very likely to result in miscarriage or a baby born with congenital anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
mt	Madankollu, jekk mara taqbadha r-rubella matul l-ewwel tliet xhur tat-tqala, x'aktarx li tirriżulta f'korriment jew f'tarbija li titwieled b'disturbi konġenitali magħrufa bħala sindrome tar-rubella konġenitali (CRS).

en	swollen lymph glands around the ears and the back of the head;
mt	għoqiedi limfatiċi minfuħa madwar il-widnejn u f'wara tar-ras;

en	Women who plan to become pregnant should check their vaccination status, as they cannot be vaccinated against rubella during pregnancy.
mt	In-nisa li beħsiebhom joħorġu tqal għandhom jivverifikaw l-istatus ta' tilqim tagħhom, peress li ma jistgħux jitlaqqmu kontra r-rubella matul it-tqala.

en	In healthy individuals it is usually a mild disease.
mt	F'individwi b'saħħithom din normalment tkun marda ħafifa.

en	Anyone who has not had the disease or who has not been vaccinated with the MMR vaccine is at risk of contracting rubella.
mt	Kull min għadha ma qabditux il-marda jew min ma kienx imlaqqam bil-vaċċin MMR qiegħed f'riskju li taqbdu r-rubella.

en	What are the complications of rubella?
mt	Kif tiġi kkurata r-rubella?

en	CRS can lead to deafness, cataracts and learning disabilities in the baby.
mt	Is-CRS tista' twassal għal truxija, katarretti u diżabilitajiet fit-tagħlim fit-tarbija.

en	When symptoms do occur, they include:
mt	Meta s-sintomi jidhru, dawn jikludu:

en	Two doses of the vaccine are needed for maximum protection.
mt	Għall-protezzjoni massima huma meħtieġa żewġ dożi tal-vaċċin.

en	How is rubella treated?
mt	Kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta r-rubella?

en	European Vaccination Information Portal
mt	Portal Ewropew ta 'Informazzjoni dwar it-Tilqim

en	In Europe, influenza occurs...
mt	Fl-Ewropa, l-influwenza sseħħ...

en	Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by infection with an influenza virus.
mt	L-influwenza hija marda respiratorja li tittieħed ikkawżata minn infezzjoni b'virus tal-influwenza.

en	Each virus and bacterium triggers a unique response in the immune system involving a specific set of cells in the blood...
mt	Kull virus u batterju joħloq reazzjoni unika fis-sistema immunitarja li tinvolvi sett speċifiku ta' ċelloli fid-demm...

en	Vaccination protects individuals against diseases that could have serious consequences for...
mt	It-tilqim jipproteġi lill-individwi kontra mard li jista' jkollu konsegwenzi serji għal...

en	Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is mainly sexually transmitted by direct contact...
mt	Ir-rubella (il-ħosba Ġermaniża) hija infezzjoni virali.

en	Vaccination protects the vaccinated persons and those around them who are vulnerable to the diseases...
mt	It-tilqim jipproteġi lill-persuni mlaqqma u lill-persuni ta' madwarhom li huma vulnerabbli...

en	When to vaccinate
mt	Tagħbija aktar

en	Vaccines protect people during different stages of life.
mt	Il-vaċċini jipproteġu lin-nies matul stadji differenti tal-ħajja.

en	Vaccines are recommended for different age...
mt	Il-vaċċini huma rakkomandati għal gruppi ta' etajiet differenti...

en	Before a vaccine can be approved in the EU, it has to undergo rigorous testing by its developer...
mt	Qabel ma vaċċin ikun jista' jiġi approvat fl-UE, irid jgħaddi minn ittestjar rigoruż mill-iżviluppatur...

en	Trusted sources
mt	Aqra iktar

en	It also provides an overview of the mechanisms in place in the European Union (EU) to ensure that available vaccines conform to the highest standards of safety and effectiveness.
mt	Dan jipprovdi wkoll ħarsa ġenerali lejn il-mekkaniżmi implimentati fl-Unjoni Ewropea (UE) biex jiġi żgurat li l-vaċċini jikkonformaw mal-ogħla standards ta' sigurtà u effettività.

en	Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be contracted at any age, and that can spread widely.
mt	Il-pertussis hija marda batterika infettiva ħafna li tinvolvi l-pulmun u l-passaġġi tan-nifs.

en	The main purpose of this website is to provide accurate, objective, up-to-date evidence on vaccines and vaccination.
mt	L-iskop ewlieni ta' dan is-sit web huwa li jipprovdi evidenza preċiża, oġġettiva u aġġornata dwar il-vaċċini u t-tilqim.

en	The main purpose of this website is to provide accurate, objective, up-to-date evidence on vaccines and vaccination in general.
mt	F'individwi b'saħħithom din normalment tkun marda ħafifa.

en	This section provides links to the websites of other health organisations both at national and international level
mt	Il-Kummissjoni hija maqsuma f'dipartimenti li jiżviluppaw politiki f'oqsma speċifiċi.

en	Approval of vaccines in the European Union
mt	Approvazzjoni tal-vaċċini fl-Unjoni Ewropea

en	Safety, quality and standards
mt	Sikurezza, kwalità ustandards

en	Serious side effects are very rare.
mt	Effetti sekondarji serji huma rari ħafna.

en	The last known naturally occurring case was recorded in 1977 in Somalia.
mt	L-aħħar każ magħruf li seħħ b'mod naturali ġie rreġistrat fl-1977 fis-Somalja.

en	Recently, a vaccine was developed against Ebola virus disease, and research is underway on vaccines to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
mt	Dan l-aħħar, ġiet żviluppata tilqima kontra l-virus tal-marda tal-Ebola, u qed issir riċerka dwar tilqim li jipproteġu kontra l-virus tal-immunodefiċjenza umana (HIV).

en	Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail
mt	Fatti dwar it-tilqim

en	The vaccine can only be approved for use in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) after a scientific evaluation of the results of these tests to ensure its quality, safety and effectiveness.
mt	It-tilqima tista' tiġi approvata biss għall-użu fl-Unjoni Ewropea (UE) u ż-Żona Ekonomika Ewropea (ŻEE) wara evalwazzjoni xjentifika tar-riżultati ta' dawn it-testijiet biex tiżgura l-kwalità, is-sikurezza u l-effikaċja tagħha.

en	Vaccines work by ‘teaching' a person's immune system (the body's natural defences) to defend itself against a specific disease.
mt	It-tilqim jaħdem billi ‘jgħallem' lis-sistema immunitarja (id-difiżi naturali tal-ġisem) biex tiddefendi ruħha kontra marda speċifika.

en	The vaccine is continuously monitored to ensure it remains safe and effective.
mt	It-tilqima tkun qed tiġi ssorveljata kontinwament biex jiġi żgurat li tibqa' sikura u effettiva.

en	The first vaccine was developed in the 18th century in the United Kingdom.
mt	L-ewwel tilqima ġiet żviluppata fis-seklu 18 fir-Renju Unit.

en	This evaluation needs to show that a vaccine's benefits in protecting people against diseases are far greater than any potential risk.
mt	Din l-evalwazzjoni teħtieġ turi li l-benefiċċji tat-tilqima fil-protezzjoni tan-nies kontra l-mard humaħafna akbar minn kwalunkwe riskju potenzjali.

en	The scientific experts evaluating vaccines always consider the benefits and any potential risks very carefully, in particular because vaccines are given to healthy people.
mt	L-esperti xjentifiċi li jevalwaw it-tilqim dejjem iqisu l-benefiċċji u kwalunkwe riskju potenzjali b'attenzjoni kbira, b'mod partikolari minħabba tilqim li jingħata lil nies f'saħħithom.

en	As with any medicine, some people may experience side effects from a vaccine, but these are usually mild and short-lived.
mt	Bħal kull mediċina oħra, xi wħud min-nies jistgħu jesperjenzaw effetti sekondarji mit-tilqima, iżda dawn ikunu ġeneralment ħfief u ma jdumux.

en	Only then, after approval, can a vaccine be manufactured, marketed and used to protect people.
mt	B'hekk biss, wara l-approvazzjoni, tista' tilqima tiġimanifatturata, titqiegħed fis-suq u tintuża biex tipproteġi lin-nies.

en	Smallpox is now eradicated worldwide in humans thanks to vaccination.
mt	Qabel kwalunkwe tilqima ġdida tkun tista' tintuża, irid isirilha ttestjar rigoruż.

en	It was a vaccine against smallpox, a deadly disease.
mt	Huwa jimmira l-aktar lejn mard ikkawżat minn viruses jew batterji.

en	They can include mild fever, or pain or redness at the injection site.
mt	Il-ġidri, illum il-ġurnatanqerdet mid-dinja kollha fil-bnedmin bis-saħħa tat-tilqim.

en	They also help to prevent the spread of diseases in the community.
mt	Jgħin ukoll fil-prevenzjoni għat-tixrid tal-mard fil-komunità.

en	vaccinating against humanpapilloma virus (HPV) can help prevent cervical and other cancers caused by HPV infection;
mt	it-tilqim kontra l-virus tal-papilloma umana (HPV) jista' jgħin biex jipprevjeni kanċer ċervikali u kanċers oħrajn ikkawżati mill-infezzjoni tal-HPV;

en	The connected dots indicate the maximum and minimum number of previously uninfected and unvaccinated people who could get infected by a person with the disease.
mt	It-tikek magħqudin jindikaw in-numru massimu u minimu ta' persuni mhux infettati u mhux imlaqqma preċedentement li jistgħu jiġu infettati minn persuna bil-marda.

en	1-4 people
mt	L-Influwenza

en	Source: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines.
mt	Il-programmi tat-tilqim għandhom benefiċċji usa' għas-soċjetà.

en	vaccinating against hepatitis B can help prevent liver cancer caused by long-term hepatitis B infection.
mt	it-tilqim kontra l-epatite B jista' jipprevjeni l-kanċer tal-fwied ikkawżat minn infezzjoni tal-epatite B fit-tul.

en	This shows both the most conservative estimate (inner ring, darker dots) and the maximum estimate (outer ring, paler dots).
mt	Dan juri kemm l-aktar stima konservattiva (ċirku ta' ġewwa, tikek aktar skuri) kif ukoll l-istima massima (ċirku ta' barra, tikek aktar ċari).

en	They help reduce the social, psychological and financial burdens of disease on people and governments, reducing pressures on healthcare and social care systems and enabling people to pursue productive activities including education and employment.
mt	Dawn jgħinu biex inaqqsu l-piżijiet soċjali, psikoloġiċi u finanzjarji tal-mard fuq in-nies u l-gvernijiet, inaqqsu l-pressjonijiet fuq is-sistemi tal-kura tas-saħħa u tal-kura soċjali u jippermettu lin-nies iwettqu attivitajiet produttivi li jinkludu l-edukazzjoni u l-impjieg.

en	Thanks to vaccination:
mt	Bis-saħħa tat-tilqim:

en	Vaccination helps prevent the spread of disease in communities.
mt	It-tilqim jgħin jipprevjeni t-tifrix tal-mard fil-komunitajiet.

en	Vaccination also prevents the development of certain types of pre-cancerous growths and cancers, for example:
mt	It-tilqim jipprevjeni wkoll l-iżvilupp ta' ċerti tipi ta' tkabbir ta' qabel il-kanċer u kanċers, pereżempju:

en	When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, infectious diseases cannot easily spread.
mt	Meta perċentwal kbir ta' popolazzjoni jiġi mlaqqam, il-mard infettiv ma jistax jinfirex faċilment.

en	Fifth Edition 2008, Elsevier Inc.
mt	it-tixrid tal-poljo ntemm fil-biċċa l-kbira tal-partijiet tad-dinja, inkluż l-Ewropa.

en	smallpox is now eradicated worldwide;
mt	il-ġidri r-riħ issa nqerdet fid-dinja kollha;

en	For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni iċċekkja s-sit web tal-ECDC https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts

en	Symptoms usually appear 7 to 10 days after infection, but may also appear up to 21 days later:
mt	Is-sintomi normalment jidhru 7 sa 10 ijiem wara infezzjoni, iżda jistgħu jidhru wkoll sa 21 jum wara:

en	The vaccine for pertussis is usually given in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccination (often in combination also with poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae and hepatitis B vaccination).
mt	Il-vaċċin għall-pertussis normalment jingħata flimkien mat-tilqima tad-difterite u tat-tetnu (ħafna drabi flimkien ukoll mat-tilqima tal-poljomijelite, Haemophilus influenzae u l-epatite B).

en	Who is at risk of pertussis?
mt	Min qiegħed f'riskju li taqbdu l-pertussis?

en	What is pertussis?
mt	X'inhi l-pertussis?

en	In adults and older children, complications include inability to breathe for short periods, broken ribs, rectal prolapse and hernias.
mt	Fl-adulti u fi tfal akbar fl-età, il-kumplikazzjonijiet jinkludu n-nuqqas ta' ħila li jieħdu n-nifs għal perjodi qosra, kustilji miksura, prolassi rettali u ernji.

en	The most important way to prevent pertussis is through complete immunisation.
mt	L-aktar mod importanti ta' kif tiġi pprevenuta l-pertussis huwa permezz ta' immunizzazzjoni sħiħa.

en	Note: The information contained in this factsheet is intended for the purpose of general information and should not be used as a substitute for the individual expertise and judgement of a healthcare professional.
mt	Nota: L-informazzjoni li tinsab f'din l-iskeda informattiva hija maħsuba għall-iskop ta' informazzjoni ġenerali u ma għandhiex tintuża bħala sostitut tal-għarfien espert individwali u tal-ġudizzju ta' professjonist tal-kura tas-saħħa.

en	Adolescents, adults, or children partially immunised generally have milder or somewhat different symptoms.
mt	L-adolexxenti, l-adulti jew it-tfal parzjalment immunizzati ġeneralment ikollhom sintomi eħfef jew xi ftit differenti.

en	A primary course of 2-3 doses is usually given between two and twelve months of age, in accordance with the national vaccination schedule.
mt	Kors primarju ta' 2-3 dożi normalment jingħata bejn età ta' xahrejn u tnax-il xahar, skont l-iskeda tat-tilqim nazzjonali.

en	A third or fourth dose is recommended at 11-24 months of age, and another dose between three and seven years of age.
mt	It-tielet jew ir-raba' doża hija rakkomandata fl-età ta' 11-24 xahar, u doża oħra bejn età ta' tliet u seba' snin.

en	What are the symptoms of pertussis?
mt	X'inhuma s-sintomi tal-pertussis?

en	Within two weeks, the cough becomes more severe and is characterized by episodes of numerous rapid coughs, followed by a crowing or high-pitched ‘whoop'.
mt	Wara din il-fażi, l-episodji tas-sogħla jsiru inqas frekwenti u inqas severi, u t-tarbija bil-mod teqleb għall-aħjar (dan jista' jieħu sa tliet xhur).

en	Some EU/EEA countries recommend boosters for adolescents, adults, and/or women during pregnancy, which also temporarily protects the baby once it is born.
mt	Xi pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE jirrakkomandaw boosters għall-adolexxenti, adulti u/jew nisa waqt it-tqala, li temporanjament, jipproteġu wkoll it-tarbija meta titwieled.

en	Pertussis is a highly infectious bacterial disease involving the lungs and airways.
mt	Din tiġi kkawżata minn batterji fil-ħalq, fl-imnieħer u fil-griżmejn ta' persuna infettata.

en	In young infants the typical 'whoop' may never develop, and the coughing fits may be followed by brief periods when breathing stops.
mt	F'dawn il-gruppi, u fi trabi żgħar ħafna, il-pertussis hija aktar diffiċli biex tiġi dijanjostikata.

en	What are the complications of pertussis?
mt	Kif tiġi ttrattata l-pertussis?

en	Complications include pneumonia, encephalopathy (a disease of the brain), seizures and even death.
mt	Il-kumplikazzjonijiet jinkludu pulmonite, enċefalopatija (marda tal-moħħ), aċċessjonijiet u anki mewt.

en	How can pertussis be prevented?
mt	Kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta l-pertussis?

en	Pertussis can also be spread by an individual who has only a mild form of the disease, or by an infected individual who has no symptoms at all.
mt	Il-pertussis tista' tinfirex ukoll minn individwu li għandu biss forma ħafifa tal-marda, jew minn individwu infettat li m'għandu l-ebda sintomu.

en	It is also known as whooping cough.
mt	Din magħrufa wkoll bħala sogħla konvulżiva.

en	Initially, symptoms resemble those of a common cold (sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever and a mild cough).
mt	Għall-bidu, is-sintomi jixbhu dawk ta' riħ komuni (għatis, imnieħer iqattar, deni baxx u sogħla ħafifa).

en	It is caused by bacteria in the mouth, nose and throat of an infected person.
mt	Il-pertussis tinfirex minn taqtiriet żgħar fl-arja li jiġu prodotti meta l-persuna infettata tisgħol.

en	Some countries also recommend a booster to unprotected women soon after they have delivered, to reduce the risk of transmission of the disease to the baby.
mt	Xi pajjiżi jirrakkomandaw ukoll booster għal nisa mhux protetti ftit wara li jkunu welldu, biex jitnaqqas ir-riskju ta' trażmissjoni tal-marda lit-tarbija.

en	Anyone who is not vaccinated with the pertussis vaccine, or whose vaccination status is not up-to-date, is at risk of contracting the disease.
mt	Kwalunkwe persuna li mhijiex imlaqqma bil-vaċċin tal-pertussis, jew li l-istatus tat-tilqim tagħha mhuwiex aġġornat, tinsab f'riskju li taqbadha l-marda.

en	Pertussis is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs.
mt	L-aktar forom severi tal-pertussis huma fit-trabi.

en	The most severe forms of pertussis are in infants.
mt	Il-pertussis hija marda batterika infettiva ħafna li tinvolvi l-pulmun u l-passaġġi tan-nifs.

en	the vaccine.
mt	it-tilqima.

en	It typically provides lifelong protection and has an effectiveness of around 97-99% among healthy children who receive two doses.
mt	Tipikament, din tipprovdi protezzjoni tul il-ħajja u għandha effettività ta' madwar 97-99 % fost tfal b'saħħithom li jirċievu żewġ dożi.

en	Monitoring vaccine safety and reporting side effects
mt	Monitoraġġ tas-sikurezza tal-vaċċin u rappurtar ta' effetti sekondarji

en	For example, the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) is highly effective at preventing disease.
mt	Pereżempju, it-tilqima kontra l-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella (MMR) hija effettiva ħafna biex tipprevjeni l-mard.

en	Once a vaccine is approved for use, EU/EEA national authorities and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), continually monitor side effects in people who have received the vaccine.
mt	Ladarba vaċċin jiġi approvat għall-użu, l-awtoritajiet nazzjonali tal-UE/taż-ŻEE u l-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Mediċini (EMA), jimmonitorjaw kontinwament l-effetti sekondarji fuq in-nies li rċevew il-vaċċin.

en	previous contact with the disease;
mt	kuntatt preċedenti mal-marda;

en	Vaccines prevent diseases that could otherwise cause serious health problems, permanent disability or even death.
mt	Il-vaċċini jipprevjenu mard li kieku seta' jikkawża problemi serji tas-saħħa, diżabilità permanenti jew saħansitra mewt.

en	Authorised vaccines are effective at preventing disease and protecting the population when administered correctly.
mt	It-tilqim awtorizzat huwa effettiv biex jipprevjeni l-mard u jipproteġi l-popolazzjoni meta jingħata b'mod korrett.

en	Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail
mt	L-effettività tat-tilqim

en	A vaccine's ability to prevent a specific disease determines its effectiveness.
mt	Il-kapaċità ta' tilqima li tipprevjeni marda speċifika tiddetermina l-effettività tagħha.

en	Individual European countries decide which vaccines should be part of their national vaccination programmes and funded by their national health systems.
mt	Pajjiżi Ewropej individwali jiddeċiedu liema vaċċini għandhom ikunu parti mill-programmi nazzjonali tat-tilqim tagħhom u ffinanzjati mis-sistemi tas-saħħa nazzjonali tagħhom.

en	In some circumstances, a person can still get a disease even after receiving the recommended doses of a vaccine against it.
mt	Madankollu, f'dawn il-każijiet, is-sintomi tal-persuna ta' spiss ikunu anqas qawwija minn dawk mingħajr tilqima.

en	This is due to the person not developing sufficient protection against the disease or due to immunity decreasing over time.
mt	Dan huwa dovut għall-fatt li l-persuna ma tkunx żviluppat biżżejjed protezzjoni kontra l-marda jew minħabba li l-immunità tibda tonqos maż-żmien.

en	They are also less likely to infect others.
mt	Barra minn hekk, hemm probabbiltà anqas li jinfettaw lil oħrajn.

en	other diseases or conditions they may have;
mt	iż-żmien minn mindu jkunu tlaqqmu;

en	Effectiveness in an individual depends on a number of factors.
mt	L-effettività f'individwu tiddependi fuq għadd ta' fatturi.

en	how the vaccine is given;
mt	l-età tagħhom;

en	Benefits of vaccinating
mt	Kif jaħdmu l-vaċċini

en	These include:
mt	Dawn jinkludu:

en	About us
mt	Ħosba

en	Pertussis is a highly infectious bacterial disease involving the lungs and airways.
mt	L-infezzjoni tal-virus tal-papilloma uman (HPV) hija infezzjoni virali li tiġi trażmessa l-aktar sesswalment permezz ta' kuntatt dirett...

en	For up-to-date information on COVID-19, see:
mt	Qabel ma vaċċin ikun jista' jiġi approvat fl-UE, irid jgħaddi minn ittestjar rigoruż mill-iżviluppatur...

en	It is also known as whooping cough.
mt	Approvazzjoni tal-vaċċini fl-Unjoni Ewropea

en	Rubella (German measles) is a viral infection.
mt	Dan jipprovdi wkoll ħarsa ġenerali lejn il-mekkaniżmi implimentati fl-Unjoni Ewropea (UE) biex jiġi żgurat li l-vaċċini jikkonformaw mal-ogħla standards ta' sigurtà u effettività.

en	This website does not contain any specific information on the ongoing development of vaccines against COVID-19.
mt	L-iskop ewlieni ta' dan is-sit web huwa li jipprovdi evidenza preċiża, oġġettiva u aġġornata dwar il-vaċċini u t-tilqim.

en	When to vaccinate
mt	Aqra iktar

en	This section provides links to the websites of other health organisations both at national and international level
mt	Wieħed mid-dipartimenti huwa d- DĠ għas-Saħħa u s-Sikurezza Alimentari , responsabbli għall-politika tal-UE dwar is-saħħa u s-sikurezza alimentari u biex jimmonitorja l-implimentazzjoni ta' liġijiet relatati.

en	For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/human-papillomavirus/factsheet
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni ċċekkja s-sit web tal-ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/human-papillomavirus/factsheet

en	Routine HPV vaccination usually takes place between 9 and 14 years of age, in accordance with the national vaccination schedule.
mt	Normalment, it-tilqim ta' rutina kontra l-HPV isir fl-età ta' bejn 9 u 14-il sena, skont l-iskeda ta' tilqim nazzjonali.

en	genital and anal warts
mt	felul ġenitali u anali

en	The use of condoms is not 100% effective in preventing the transmission of the virus.
mt	L-użu ta' kondoms mhuwiex effettiv 100% fil-prevenzjoni tat-trażmissjoni tal-virus.

en	There are more than 100 types of HPV viruses.
mt	Hemm aktar minn 100 tip ta' virus ta' HPV.

en	Who is at risk of HPV?
mt	Min huwa f'riskju ta' HPV?

en	If HPV does not go away it may cause:
mt	Jekk HPV ma jgħaddix, dan jista' jikkawża:

en	Vaccination of girls and boys against HPV can prevent HPV infections and consequently HPV-related diseases in both sexes, including genital and anal warts, cervical cancer and other cancers caused by HPV.
mt	It-tilqim tal-bniet u tas-subien kontra l-HPV jista' jipprevjeni infezzjonijiet HPV u konsegwentement mard relatat mal-HPV fiż-żewġ sessi, inklużi felul ġenitali u anali, kanċer ċervikali u kanċers oħra kkawżati mill-HPV.

en	cervical or other types of cancer (e.g. vulvar, vaginal, anal penile, and some cancers of the head and the neck)
mt	kanċer ċervikali jew tipi oħra ta' kanċers (eż. vulvari, vaġinali, anali, tal-pene, u xi kanċers tar-ras u tal-għonq)

en	Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is mainly sexually transmitted by direct contact with an infected person.
mt	L-infezzjoni tal-virus tal-papilloma uman (HPV) hija infezzjoni virali li tiġi trażmessa l-aktar sesswalment permezz ta' kuntatt dirett ma' persuna infettata.

en	The 'low risk' HPV types can cause genital and anal warts.
mt	It-tipi ta' HPV ta' "riskju baxx" jistgħu jikkawżaw felul ġenitali u anali.

en	What is HPV?
mt	Kif jiġi ttrattat l-HPV?

en	What are the symptoms of HPV?
mt	X'inhuma s-sintomi ta' HPV?

en	Cervical cancer (cancer of the neck of the womb) is the most common cancer after breast cancer to affect women aged 15-44 years in Europe (1).
mt	Il-kanċer ċervikali (kanċer tal-għonq tal-utru) huwa l-aktar kanċer komuni wara l-kanċer tas-sider li jaffettwa n-nisa li għandhom bejn 15 u 44 sena fl-Ewropa (1).

en	There is no treatment for the virus itself, but the health problems caused by HPV can be treated in different ways.
mt	M'hemm l-ebda trattament għall-virus innifsu, iżda l-problemi tas-saħħa kkawżati mill-HPV jistgħu jiġu ttrattati b'modi differenti.

en	At least 14 HPV types, classified as ‘high risk', can cause cancer, such as cervical cancer in women.
mt	Tal-inqas 14-il tip ta' HPV, ikklassifikati bħala ta' "riskju għoli", jistgħu jikkawżaw il-kanċer, bħal kanċer ċervikali fin-nisa.

en	The ‘high risk' HPV types can also cause anal and genital cancers, and some cancers of the head and neck, in both men and women.
mt	It-tipi ta' HPV ta' "riskju għoli" jistgħu jikkawżaw ukoll kanċer anali u ġenitali, u xi kanċers tar-ras u tal-għonq, kemm fl-irġiel kif ukoll fin-nisa.

en	How is HPV treated?
mt	L-HPV, kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta?

en	Genital warts can be treated using medication or by surgery.
mt	Il-felul ġenitali jista' jiġi ttrattat permezz ta' medikazzjoni jew b'operazzjoni.

en	A healthcare provider should be consulted for advice on the specific treatment options.
mt	Għandu jiġi kkonsultat fornitur tal-kura tas-saħħa għal parir dwar għażliet ta' trattament speċifiċi.

en	Cervical cancer and tissue in the cervix that is described as ‘precancerous' can be identified early through cervical cancer screening and treated.
mt	Il-kanċer ċervikali u tessut fl-għonq tal-utru li huwa deskritt bħala "ta' qabel il-kanċer" jistgħu jiġu identifikati fi stadju bikri permezz ta' skrinjar tal-kanċer ċervikali u jistgħu jiġu ttrattati.

en	Other HPV-related cancers are also more treatable when diagnosed and treated early, but there are no specific screening programmes for these.
mt	Kanċers oħra relatati mal-HPV jistgħu wkoll jiġu ttrattati aktar meta jiġu ddijanjostikati u ttrattati fi stadju kmieni, iżda m'hemm l-ebda programm ta' skrinjar speċifiku għalihom.

en	HPV is transmitted by direct contact, mainly sexual, with someone who has the virus.
mt	L-HPV jiġi trażmess b'kuntatt dirett, l-aktar sesswalment, ma' xi ħadd li għandu l-virus.

en	Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of contracting HPV.
mt	Kull min hu sesswalment attiv huwa f'riskju li jiġi infettat bl-HPV.

en	What are the complications of HPV?
mt	X'inhuma l-kumplikazzjoni ta' HPV?

en	This is offered to women in accordance with national recommendations.
mt	Hija l-aktar infezzjoni li tiġi trażmessa sesswalment b'mod komuni madwar id-dinja.

en	The person is also at risk of complications.
mt	Il-persuna tkun ukoll f'riskju ta' kumplikazzjonijiet.

en	Immunity usually lasts for years, and sometimes for a lifetime.
mt	L-immunità normalment iddum snin, u xi drabi tul ta' ħajja.

en	This is called the antigen.
mt	Dan jissejjaħ l-antiġene.

en	Each virus and bacterium triggers a unique response in the immune system involving a specific set of cells in the blood, in the bone marrow and all over the body, called T-cells, B-cells, among others.
mt	Kull virus u batterju joħloq reazzjoni unika fis-sistema immunitarja li tinvolvi sett speċifiku ta' ċelloli fid-demm, fil-mudullun u mal-ġisem kollu, imsejħa ċelloli T u ċelloli B, fost l-oħrajn.

en	Antibodies are special proteins that help kill the infectious agent.
mt	Antikorpi huma proteini speċjali li jgħinu biex jinqatel l-aġent infettiv.

en	Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail
mt	Il-komponenti tal-vaċċin

en	How vaccines work
mt	Reazzjoni immuni

en	Vaccines contain a greatly weakened or an inactivated (killed) form of a virus or bacterium that usually causes a disease, or a small part of the virus or bacterium.
mt	Il-vaċċini fihom forma mdgħajfa ħafna jew inattivata (maqtula) ta' virus jew batterju li normalment jikkawża marda, jew parti żgħira mill-virus jew mill-batterju.

en	Later, if the person comes into contact with the actual infectious virus or bacterium, their immune system will ‘remember' it.
mt	Aktar tard, jekk il-persuna tiġi f'kuntatt mal-virus jew mal-batterju infettiv attwali, is-sistema immunitarja tagħhom "tiftakru".

en	Immunity through vaccination protects not only the immunised individual but also protects unvaccinated people in the community, such as infants who are too young to be vaccinated.
mt	L-immunità permezz tat-tilqim tipproteġi mhux biss lill-individwu immunizzat iżda tipproteġi wkoll lin-nies mhux imlaqqma fil-komunità, bħat-trabi li huma żgħar wisq biex jiġu mlaqqma.

en	It will then quickly produce the right antibodies and activate the right immune cells to kill the virus or bacterium, protecting the person from the disease.
mt	Din imbagħad tipproduċi malajr l-antikorpi x-xierqa u tattiva ċ-ċelloli immuni x-xierqa biex joqtlu l-virus jew il-batterju, u b'hekk tipproteġi lill-persuna mill-marda.

en	A vaccine stimulates an immune response, and a ‘memory' of the body to a specific disease, without causing the disease.
mt	Vaċċin jistimula reazzjoni immuni, u "memorja" tal-ġisem għal marda speċifika, mingħajr ma jikkawża l-marda.

en	When a person is given the vaccine, their immune system recognises the antigen as ‘foreign'.
mt	Meta persuna tingħata l-vaċċin, is-sistema immunitarja tagħha tagħraf l-antiġene bħala "barrani".

en	The immune cells are trained to kill and make antibodies against the disease-causing agent.
mt	Iċ-ċelloli immuni huma mħarrġa joqtlu u joħolqu antikorpi kontra l-aġent li jikkawża l-marda.

en	This ‘ community immunity ' can only work if enough people are vaccinated.
mt	Din l-" immunità komunitarja " tista' taħdem biss jekk jiġu mlaqqma biżżejjed nies.

en	In contrast, a person who becomes immune by getting the disease can expose other unvaccinated people to the disease.
mt	B'kuntrast għal dan, persuna li ssir immuni billi tieħu l-marda tista' tesponi lil nies oħra mhux imlaqqma għall-marda.

en	National governments take account of factors such as their health systems, legal systems and cultural norms.
mt	Il-gvernijiet nazzjonali jikkunsidraw fatturi bħas-sistemi tas-saħħa, is-sistemi legali u n-normi kulturali tagħhom.

en	Information on which countries have mandatory vaccination can be found in the Vaccine Scheduler .
mt	Informazzjoni dwar liema pajjiżi għandhom tilqim obbligatorju tinsab fl-Aġenda tal-Vaċċini .

en	Vaccination schedules in the EU/EEA
mt	L-iskedi tat-tilqim fl-UE/fiż-ŻEE

en	Mandatory or recommended vaccination
mt	Tilqim obbligatorju jew irrakkomandat

en	Each EU/EEA country implements its own immunisation programme.
mt	Kull pajjiż tal-UE/taż-ŻEE jimplimenta l-programm ta' immunizzazzjoni tiegħu stess.

en	Each EU/EEA country decides if vaccination is mandatory or voluntary in its territory.
mt	Kull pajjiż tal-UE/taż-ŻEE jiddeċiedi jekk it-tilqim huwiex obbligatorju jew volontarju fit-territorju tiegħu.

en	In 12 EU/EEA countries, vaccinating children against some diseases is mandatory, although different vaccines are required as mandatory in those countries.
mt	Fi 12-il pajjiż tal-UE/taż-ŻEE, it-tilqim tat-tfal kontra ċertu mard huwa obbligatorju, għalkemm vaċċini differenti huma meħtieġa bħala obbligatorji f'dawn il-pajjiżi.

en	EU/EEA countries have achieved high vaccination coverage rates through mandatory and non-mandatory vaccination.
mt	Il-pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE kisbu rati għoljin ta' kopertura ta' tilqim permezz tat-tilqim obbligatorju u dak mhux obbligatorju.

en	Most EU/EEA countries offer vaccination on a recommended basis.
mt	Il-maġġoranza tal-pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE joffru t-tilqim fuq bażi rrakkomandata.

en	Each EU/EEA country is responsible for its own national public health policy, including its national immunisation programme and vaccination schedule.
mt	Kull pajjiż tal-UE/taż-ŻEE huwa responsabbli għall-politika nazzjonali tas-saħħa pubblika tiegħu stess, inkluż il-programm nazzjonali ta' immunizzazzjoni u l-iskeda tat-tilqim tiegħu.

en	These may include the age and population to be vaccinated (for example, all children of a certain age or only those in a risk group), the exact type of vaccine (e.g. some ingredients may differ), the number and timing of doses, and whether a vaccine is given alone or in combination with others.
mt	Dawn jistgħu jinkludu l-età u l-popolazzjoni li għandha tiġi mlaqqma (pereżempju, it-tfal kollha ta' ċerta età jew dawk li jinsabu fi grupp ta' riskju biss), it-tip eżatt tal-vaċċin (eż. xi ingredjenti jistgħu jvarjaw), in-numru u meta jingħataw id-dożi, u jekk il-vaċċin jingħatax waħdu jew flimkien ma' oħrajn.

en	Factors driving such differences may include the disease's burden, prevalence of the disease and trends in different countries, the resources and structures of healthcare systems, political and cultural factors, as well as the resilience of the vaccination programme.
mt	Fatturi li jixprunaw differenzi bħal dawn jistgħu jinkludu l-piż tal-marda, il-prevalenza tal-marda u x-xejriet f'pajjiżi differenti, ir-riżorsi u l-istrutturi tas-sistemi tal-kura tas-saħħa, fatturi politiċi u kulturali, kif ukoll ir-reżiljenza tal-programm tat-tilqim.

en	Information on the national vaccination schedules in EU/EEA countries can be found in the ECDC Vaccine Scheduler .
mt	Informazzjoni dwar l-iskedi tat-tilqim nazzjonali fil-pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE tinstab fl-Iskedatur tal-Vaċċini tal-ECDC .

en	The same level of protection is ensured in each EU/EEA country.
mt	L-istess livell ta' protezzjoni jiġi żgurat f'kull pajjiż tal-UE/taż-ŻEE.

en	There are some differences in the way countries organise their vaccination schedules, which are similar but not identical in different EU/EEA countries.
mt	Hemm xi differenzi fil-mod ta' kif il-pajjiżi jorganizzaw l-iskedi tat-tilqim tagħhom, li huma simili iżda mhux identiċi f'pajjiżi differenti tal-UE/taż-ŻEE.

en	The childhood vaccination schedules in all EU/EEA countries include the vaccination against:
mt	L-iskedi tat-tilqim fit-tfulija fil-pajjiżi kollha tal-UE/taż-ŻEE jinkludu t-tilqim kontra:

en	They just take into account different circumstances and health systems.
mt	Dawn sempliċiment jikkunsidraw ċirkostanzi u sistemi tas-saħħa differenti.

en	Vaccines in the national schedules are given in the appropriate timeframes to ensure adequate protection.
mt	Il-vaċċini fl-iskedi nazzjonali jingħataw fiż-żminijiet xierqa biex jiżguraw protezzjoni adegwata.

en	Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail
mt	il-ħosba

en	For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts/factsheet
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni ara s-sit web tal-ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts/factsheet

en	More factsheets
mt	Ħosba

en	on the third to seventh day, the temperature may reach up to 41 ⁰C;
mt	bejn it-tielet u s-seba' jum, it-temperatura tista' titla' sa 41 ⁰C;

en	Symptoms include personality changes, gradual mental deterioration, muscle spasms and other neuromuscular symptoms.
mt	Is-sintomi jinkludu tibdiliet fil-personalità, deterjorament mentali gradwali, spażmi tal-muskoli u sintomi newromuskolari oħra.

en	Who is at risk of measles?
mt	Min qiegħed f'riskju li taqbdu l-ħosba?

en	The MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps and rubella (German measles).
mt	Il-vaċċin MMR (il-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella) huwa vaċċin ikkombinat li jipproteġi kontra l-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella (il-ħosba Ġermaniża).

en	Measles symptoms usually appear after 10-12 days of infection:
mt	Is-sintomi tal-ħosba normalment jidhru wara 10-12-il jum mill-infezzjoni:

en	Very rarely, a persistent measles virus infection can produce subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a disease in which nerves and brain tissue degenerate progressively and which is more likely to appear if measles infection occurs at a younger age.
mt	F'każijiet rarissimi, infezzjoni persistenti bil-virus tal-ħosba tista' tipproduċi panenċefalite sklerożanti subakuta (SSPE), marda li fiha n-nervi u t-tessut tal-moħħ jiddeġeneraw b'mod progressiv u li għandha probabbiltà akbar li tidher jekk l-infezzjoni bil-ħosba sseħħ f'età iżgħar.

en	30% of children and adults infected with measles can develop complications.
mt	30% tat-tfal u tal-adulti infettati bil-ħosba jistgħu jiżviluppaw kumplikazzjonijiet.

en	Note: The information contained in this factsheet is intended for the purpose of general information and should not be used as a substitute for the individual expertise and judgement of a healthcare professional.
mt	Nota: L-informazzjoni li tinsab f'din l-iskeda informattiva hija maħsuba għall-iskop ta' informazzjoni ġenerali u ma għandhiex tintuża bħala sostitut tal-għarfien espert individwali u tal-ġudizzju ta' professjonist fil-kura medika.

en	It is estimated that one person with measles can infect on average between 12 and 18 unprotected people.
mt	Huwa stmat li persuna waħda bil-ħosba tista' tinfetta bħala medja bejn 12 u 18-il persuna mhux protetta.

en	The mortality rate for measles is 1-3 persons per 1 000 cases and highest in those younger than five years of age and among immunocompromised individuals.
mt	Ir-rata ta' mortalità għall-ħosba hija ta' persuna sa tlieta għal kull 1 000 każ u l-ogħla f'dawk iżgħar minn ħames snin u fost individwi immunokompromessi.

en	The measles virus is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs and sneezes.
mt	Il-virus tal-ħosba jinfirex minn taqtiriet fl-arja li jiġu prodotti meta l-persuna infettata tisgħol u tagħtas.

en	Measles spreads easily among unvaccinated individuals.
mt	Il-ħosba tinfirex faċilment fost individwi mhux imlaqqma.

en	A person who is infected may transmit measles even before the rash appears (usually 4 days), and for about 4 days after the rash has appeared.
mt	Persuna infettata tista' tittrażmetti l-ħosba anki qabel ma jidher ir-raxx (normalment 4 ijiem), u għal madwar 4 ijiem wara li jidher ir-raxx.

en	How can measles be prevented?
mt	Kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta l-ħosba?

en	SSPE typically appears several years after the affected patient had measles; on average it is seen 7 to 10 years after the infection.
mt	L-SSPE tipikament tidher wara bosta snin wara li l-pazjent affettwat ikollu l-ħosba; bħala medja, tiġi osservata wara 7 sa 10 snin mill-infezzjoni.

en	About 1 measles patient in 1 000 develops inflammation of the brain tissue (encephalitis), a condition that results in permanent neurological disability in approximately one of four cases.
mt	Madwar pazjent wieħed bil-ħosba minn 1 000 jiżviluppa infjammazzjoni tat-tessut tal-moħħ (enċefalite), kundizzjoni li twassal għal diżabilità newroloġika permanenti f'madwar wieħed minn kull erba' każijiet.

en	Virus-containing droplets can remain in the air for several hours and the virus remains infectious on contaminated surfaces for up to two hours.
mt	Taqtiriet li jkun fihom il-virus jistgħu jibqgħu fl-arja għal diversi sigħat u l-virus jibqa' infettiv fuq uċuħ kontaminati sa massimu ta' sagħtejn.

en	Antibiotics are not effective against measles because it is caused by a virus.
mt	L-antibijotiċi mhumiex effettivi kontra l-ħosba għaliex hija kkawżata minn virus.

en	Pneumonia is the most common cause of measles-related death.
mt	Għall-protezzjoni massima huma meħtieġa żewġ dożi tal-vaċċin.

en	Anyone who is not vaccinated against measles or who has not had the disease is at risk of getting measles at any age.
mt	Ħafna nies jirkupraw b'kura ta' sostenn, li tista' tinkludi idrazzjoni u mediċini kontra d-deni.

en	What are the symptoms of measles?
mt	X'inhuma s-sintomi tal-ħosba?

en	However, antibiotics are often used to treat complications with bacterial infections that can develop because of measles, such as pneumonia and ear infections.
mt	Madankollu, l-antibijotiċi spiss jintużaw sabiex jikkuraw kumplikazzjonijiet b'infezzjonijiet batterjali li jistgħu jiżviluppaw minħabba l-ħosba, bħall-pulmonite u infezzjonijiet tal-widnejn.

en	Some vaccine recipients develop a non-infectious mild measles-like rash, typically 7 - 14 days after vaccination, which disappears within 1 - 3 days.
mt	Xi wħud minn dawk li jingħataw il-vaċċin jiżviluppaw raxx ħafif mhux infettiv li jixbah lill-ħosba, tipikament bejn sebat ijiem u 14-il jum wara t-tilqim, li jisparixxi bejn jum u tlett ijiem wara.

en	The only protection against measles is vaccination.
mt	L-unika protezzjoni kontra l-ħosba hija t-tilqim.

en	These can include ear infections and diarrhoea.
mt	Dawn jistgħu jinkludu infezzjonijiet tal-widnejn u dijarea.

en	Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be contracted at any age, and that can spread widely.
mt	Il-ħosba hija marda virali kuntaġġuża ħafna li tista' tittieħed fi kwalunkwe età, u li tista' tinfirex ħafna.

en	There is no cure for SSPE and it always leads to death.
mt	Ma teżisti l-ebda kura speċifika għall-ħosba.

en	initial symptoms resemble a cold with a runny nose, cough and a mild fever;
mt	l-għajnejn isiru ħomor u sensittivi għad-dawl;

en	a red rash lasting four to seven days begins on the face and then spreads over the entire body;
mt	jistgħu jidhru wkoll ponot bojod żgħar fuq il-ħanek u fuq ġewwa tal-ħaddejn.

en	The MMR vaccine may be given earlier in life during outbreaks.
mt	Il-vaċċin MMR tista' tingħata aktar kmieni matul tifqigħat.

en	Vaccination against pertussis is part of national immunisation programmes in the EU.
mt	It-tlaqqim kontra l-pertussis huwa parti minn programmi nazzjonali ta' immunizzazzjoni fl-UE.

en	For example, during 2018 about 86% of infants worldwide received three doses of the vaccine that protects them against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP), and 85% of infants around the world received three doses of polio vaccine (1).
mt	Pereżempju, matul l-2018 madwar 86 % tat-trabi madwar id-dinja rċevew tliet dożi tal-vaċċin li jipproteġihom mid-difterite, it-tetnu u l-pertussis (DTP), u 85 % tat-trabi madwar id-dinja rċevew tliet dożi tal-vaċċin kontra l-poljo (1).

en	The MMR vaccine is safe and effective.
mt	Il-vaċċin MMR huwa sikur u effettiv.

en	This protects children from whooping cough, while it only causes minor side effects.
mt	Dan jipproteġi lit-tfal mis-sogħla konvulżiva, filwaqt li jikkawża biss effetti sekondarji minuri.

en	The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps and rubella (German measles).
mt	Il-vaċċin MMR jipproteġi kontra l-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella (il-ħosba Ġermaniża).

en	Less than 5% will have fever.
mt	Inqas minn 5 % ikollhom id-deni.

en	It will often lead to hospitalisation in infants, and the risk of complications and hospitalisation increases for infants younger than three months.
mt	Ta' spiss twassal għal ospitalizzazzjoni fit-trabi, u r-riskju ta' komplikazzjonijiet u ospitalizzazzjoni jiżdied għal trabi iżgħar minn tliet xhur.

en	For more information, see pertussis factsheet .
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni, ara l-iskeda informattiva dwar il-pertussis .

en	Complications can include pneumonia, encephalopathy (a disease of the brain), seizures and even death.
mt	Il-komplikazzjonijiet jistgħu jinkludu pulmonite, enċefalopatija (marda tal-moħħ), aċċessjonijiet u anki mewt.

en	About 20% of infants will have redness and pain at the injection site.
mt	Madwar 20 % tat-trabi jkollhom ħmurija u wġigħ fis-sit tal-injezzjoni.

en	However, since October 2016 a resurgence of measles has been observed in the EU/EEA, with outbreaks in several countries (2), due to a decline in vaccination rates.
mt	Madankollu, minn Ottubru 2016 ġie osservat ritorn ġdid tal-ħosba fl-UE/fiż-ŻEE, b'tifqigħat f'diversi pajjiżi (2), minħabba tnaqqis fir-rati tat-tlaqqim.

en	Benefits of vaccinating
mt	Eżempju: pertussis

en	It can cause severe spasms of cough and usually lasts three to six weeks.
mt	Tista' tikkawża spażmi severi ta' sogħla u normalment iddum bejn tliet u sitt ġimgħat.

en	Pertussis (whooping cough) is a disease affecting the airways.
mt	Il-pertussis (is-sogħla konvulżiva) hija marda li taffettwa l-pajpijiet tan-nifs.

en	For more information, see measles factsheet .
mt	Għaldaqstant, il-benefiċċji fit-tul tat-tilqim jaf ma jkunux evidenti mal-ewwel.

en	Unlike a treatment given to cure an illness, vaccines are usually given to healthy people to prevent them from getting ill.
mt	B'mod differenti għal kura li tingħata biex tikkura marda, il-vaċċini normalment jingħataw lill-persuni b'saħħithom bħala prevenzjoni kontra l-mard.

en	Many infectious diseases are very rare today thanks to vaccination, so the negative consequences of these diseases are sometimes forgotten.
mt	Ħafna mard infettiv huwa rari ħafna illum il-ġurnata grazzi għat-tilqim, allura xi drabi l-konsegwenzi negattivi ta' dan il-mard jintesew.

en	If people stopped being vaccinated, many of these diseases and related outbreaks could return.
mt	Jekk in-nies jieqfu jitlaqqmu, ħafna minn dan il-mard u t-tifqigħat relatati jistgħu jirritornaw.

en	Vaccines are used in hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year to protect from serious diseases.
mt	Il-vaċċini jintużaw kull sena fuq mijiet ta' miljuni ta' persuni madwar id-dinja biex jipproteġu kontra mard serju.

en	The ECDC Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases also provides data on other vaccine-preventable diseases, such as diphtheria, pertussis and rubella.
mt	L-Atlas tal-ECDC għas-Sorveljanza tal-Mard Infettiv jipprovdi wkoll data dwar mard ieħor li jista' jiġi evitat bil-vaċċini, bħad-difterite, il-pertussis u r-rubella.

en	Situation of measles in the EU
mt	Sitwazzjoni tal-ħosba fl-UE

en	The data is based on information submitted and verified by Member States through ECDC's disease surveillance system.
mt	Id-data hija bbażata fuq l-informazzjoni sottomessa u vverifikata mill-Istati Membri permezz tas-sistema tal-ECDC għas-sorveljanza tal-mard.

en	It provides options for the user to filter information by criteria such as disease and time-period.
mt	Jipprovdi għażliet sabiex l-utent ikun jista' jiffiltra l-informazzjoni skont il-kriterji bħall-marda u l-perjodu ta' żmien.

en	Catch-up vaccination and boosters
mt	Tilqim ta' rkupru u boosters

en	If a person does not know if they have been vaccinated against a certain disease they can usually get an extra dose without increasing the risk of serious side effects (1).
mt	Jekk persuna ma tkunx taf jekk ġietx imlaqqma kontra ċerta marda, normalment tista' tieħu doża żejda mingħajr ma żżid ir-riskju ta' effetti sekondarji serji (1).

en	For some diseases, such as varicella (chickenpox) and rubella, it is also possible to do a test to check if the person is immune.
mt	Għal xi mard, bħall-variċella (il-ġidri r-riħ) u r-rubella, huwa wkoll possibbli li jsir test biex jiġi vverifikat jekk il-persuna hijiex immuni.

en	Some countries recommend booster doses at regular intervals during adolescence and adulthood, in order to maintain immunity over a longer period of time, against for example:
mt	Xi pajjiżi jirrakkomandaw dożi booster f'intervalli regolari matul l-adoloxxenza u l-perjodu meta wieħed ikun adult, sabiex tinżamm l-immunità matul perjodu itwal ta' żmien, pereżempju kontra:

en	Most vaccines provide lifelong immunity.
mt	Ħafna mill-vaċċini jipprovdu immunità tul il-ħajja.

en	For example, due to an increasing number of measles cases among teenagers and young adults, catch-up programmes exist in a number of EU/EEA countries for people who may have missed the measles vaccination when they were younger or are too old to have received it as a child.
mt	Pereżempju, minħabba n-numru li qed jiżdied ta' każijiet ta' ħosba fost l-adolexxenti u l-adulti żgħar, jeżistu programmi ta' rkupru f'numru ta' pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE għal persuni li setgħu tilfu t-tilqim tal-ħosba meta kienu iżgħar jew li huma kbar wisq biex jirċevuha bħala tfal.

en	Everyone should check if they have had the nationally recommended vaccinations, and consult a medical professional in case any catch-ups are needed.
mt	Kulħadd għandu jiċċekkja jekk kienx ħa t-tilqim rakkomandat b'mod nazzjonali, u jikkonsulta professjonist mediku f'każ li jkollu bżonn xi tilqim ta' rkupru.

en	diphtheria
mt	Xorta jistgħu jirkupraw.

en	However, some vaccines provide immunity that decreases over time, known as ‘waning immunity'.
mt	Madankollu, xi vaċċini jipprovdu immunità li tonqos maż-żmien, magħrufa bħala "immunità li tbatti".

en	Catch-up vaccination programmes for specific diseases may be organised.
mt	Jistgħu jiġu organizzati programmi ta' tilqim ta' rkupru għal mard speċifiku.

en	Some people may have missed a vaccination or did not get the recommended number of doses.
mt	Xi persuni setgħu tilfu tilqima jew ma ħadux in-numru rakkomandat ta' dożi.

en	Read more: https://ec.europa.eu/health/vaccination/overview_en and https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/health-and-food-safety_en
mt	Aqra aktar: https://ec.europa.eu/health/vaccination/overview_mt u https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/health-and-food-safety_mt

en	For more information visit: https://www.ema.europa.eu /
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni żur: https://www.ema.europa.eu /

en	For more information visit: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni żur: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/

en	Communication and scientific experts in these organisations are involved in developing the contents (1).
mt	L-esperti ta' komunikazzjoni u dawk xjentifiċi f'dawn l-organizzazzjonijiet huma involuti fl-iżvilupp tal-kontenut (1).

en	The core functions cover a wide spectrum of activities: surveillance, epidemic intelligence, response, scientific advice, microbiology, preparedness, public health training, international relations, health communication, and the scientific journal Eurosurveillance.
mt	Il-funzjonijiet ewlenin ikopru spettru wiesa' ta' attivitajiet: is-sorveljanza, l-informazzjoni dwar l-epidemiji, ir-rispons, il-parir xjentifiku, il-mikrobijoloġija, it-tħejjija, it-taħriġ dwar is-saħħa pubblika, ir-relazzjonijiet internazzjonali, il-komunikazzjoni dwar is-saħħa, u l-ġurnal xjentifiku Eurosurveillance.

en	EMA and its scientific committees examine all available data and assess their benefits and risks before they are approved and while they are marketed in the EU.
mt	L-EMA u l-kumitati xjentifiċi tagħha jeżaminaw id-data kollha disponibbli u jivvalutaw il-benefiċċji u r-riskji tagħhom qabel ma jiġu approvati u waqt li jiġu kkummerċjalizzati fl-UE.

en	The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a decentralized agency of the European Union (EU) responsible for the scientific evaluation, supervision and safety monitoring of medicines in the EU.
mt	L-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Mediċini (EMA) hija aġenzija deċentralizzata tal-Unjoni Ewropea (UE) responsabbli għall-evalwazzjoni xjentifika, is-superviżjoni u l-monitoraġġ tas-sikurezza tal-mediċini fl-UE.

en	To improve vaccination uptake, the Council adopted a Recommendation to strengthen the EU cooperation on vaccine-preventable diseases in December 2018.
mt	Biex itejjeb it-teħid tat-tilqim, f'Diċembru 2018 il-Kunsill adotta Rakkomandazzjoni dwar kooperazzjoni msaħħa tal-UE kontra l-mard li jista' jiġi evitat .

en	It is an initiative of the European Union and was developed following the Council Recommendation on Strengthened Cooperation against Vaccine Preventable Diseases adopted in December 2018.
mt	Dan huwa inizjattiva tal-Unjoni Ewropea u ġie żviluppat wara r- Rakkomandazzjoni tal-Kunsill dwar kooperazzjoni msaħħa kontra l-mard li jista' jiġi evitat bit-tilqim li ġiet adottata f'Diċembru 2018.

en	The Commission is divided into departments that develop policies in specific areas.
mt	Il-Kummissjoni hija maqsuma f'dipartimenti li jiżviluppaw politiki f'oqsma speċifiċi.

en	In the area of vaccine-preventable diseases, ECDC provides regular surveillance data, e.g. the number of confirmed cases, and scientific advice on vaccines, monitors disease outbreaks and develops materials to support communication on immunisation.
mt	Fil-qasam tal-mard li jista' jiġi evitat bil-vaċċini, l-ECDC jipprovdi data regolari dwar is-sorveljanza, eż. l-għadd ta' każijiet ikkonfermati, u parir xjentifiku dwar il-vaċċini, jimmonitorja t-tifqigħat tal-mard u jiżviluppa materjali biex tiġi appoġġjata l-komunikazzjoni dwar l-immunizzazzjoni.

en	(1) The European Commission, ECDC and EMA have mechanisms in place in order to ensure impartiality.
mt	(1) Il-Kummissjoni Ewropea, l-ECDC u l-EMA għandhom mekkaniżmi fis-seħħ sabiex tiġi żgurata l-imparzjalità.

en	One of the departments is DG for Health and Food Safety , responsible for EU policy on food safety and health and for monitoring the implementation of related laws.
mt	Wieħed mid-dipartimenti huwa d- DĠ għas-Saħħa u s-Sikurezza Alimentari , responsabbli għall-politika tal-UE dwar is-saħħa u s-sikurezza alimentari u biex jimmonitorja l-implimentazzjoni ta' liġijiet relatati.

en	Representatives from EU and EEA countries' public health organisations were consulted for finalising the website's contents and its language versions.
mt	Rappreżentanti mill-organizzazzjonijiet tas-saħħa pubblika tal-pajjiżi tal-UE u taż-ŻEE ġew ikkonsultati biex jiġi ffinalizzat il-kontenut tas-sit web kif ukoll il-verżjonijiet lingwistiċi tiegħu.

en	ECDC also maintains the Vaccine Scheduler , an online, interactive platform showing the vaccination schedules of all EU Member States.
mt	L-ECDC iżomm ukoll Skeda tal-Vaċċini , li hija pjattaforma online u interattiva li turi l-iskedi tat-tilqim tal-Istati Membri kollha tal-UE.

en	Staff and experts are required to declare any personal interest or any interest in any business or organisation that could compromise their impartiality.
mt	Il-persunal u l-esperti huma meħtieġa jiddikjaraw kwalunkwe interess personali jew kwalunkwe interess fi kwalunkwe negozju jew organizzazzjoni li jista' jikkomprometti l-imparzjalità tagħhom.

en	This is to ensure that staff and experts do not, in the performance of their duties, deal with matters in which they may, directly or indirectly, have a personal interest that could impair their independence.
mt	Dan bil-għan li jiġi żgurat li, meta jwettqu l-kompiti tagħhom, il-persunal u l-esperti ma jindirizzawx kwistjonijiet li jista' jkollhom interess personali fihom, b'mod dirett jew indirett, li jista' jxekkel l-indipendenza tagħhom.

en	The initiative aims to tackle vaccine hesitancy, improve coordination on vaccine procurement, support research and innovation, and strengthen EU cooperation on vaccine-preventable diseases.
mt	L-għan tal-inizjattiva huwa li tindirizza l-eżitazzjoni għall-vaċċini, ittejjeb il-koordinazzjoni dwar l-akkwist tal-vaċċini, tappoġġja r-riċerka u l-innovazzjoni, u ssaħħaħ il-kooperazzjoni tal-UE b'rabta mal-mard li jista' jiġi evitat bil-vaċċini.

en	This website was developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), in partnership with the European Commission, specifically, its Department on Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
mt	Dan is-sit web ġie żviluppat miċ-Ċentru Ewropew għall-Prevenzjoni u l-Kontroll tal-Mard (ECDC), bi sħubija mal-Kummissjoni Ewropea, speċifikament, mad-Dipartiment għas-Saħħa u s-Sikurezza Alimentari (DĠ SANTE) tagħha u mal-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Mediċini (EMA).

en	EMA ensures the efficacy, quality and safety of vaccines.
mt	L-EMA tiżgura l-effikaċja, il-kwalità u s-sikurezza tal-vaċċini.

en	The European Commission is the EU's politically independent executive arm.
mt	Il-Kummissjoni Ewropea hija l-fergħa eżekuttiva politikament independenti tal-UE.

en	ECDC is an EU scientific agency aimed at strengthening Europe's defences against infectious diseases.
mt	L-ECDC huwa aġenzija xjentifika tal-UE bil-għan li jissaħħu d-difiżi tal-Ewropa kontra mard li jittieħed.

en	EMA works closely with European and international partners and shares information on vaccines and good regulatory practice.
mt	L-EMA taħdem mill-qrib mas-sħab Ewropej u internazzjonali u taqsam informazzjoni dwar il-vaċċini u l-prattika regolatorja tajba.

en	European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
mt	Il-Kummissjoni Ewropea

en	EMA is a networking organisation whose activities involve thousands of experts from across Europe.
mt	L-EMA hija organizzazzjoni ta' netwerking li l-attivitajiet tagħha jinvolvu lil eluf ta' esperti minn madwar l-Ewropa.

en	It is alone responsible for drawing up proposals for new European legislation, and it implements the decisions of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU .
mt	Waħedha hija responsabbli biex tfassal proposti għal leġiżlazzjoni Ewropea ġdida, u timplimenta d-deċiżjonijiet tal- Parlament Ewropew u tal- Kunsill tal-UE .

en	non-productive cough.
mt	sogħla mhux produttiva.

en	More factsheets
mt	Influwenza

en	The 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza pandemic accounted for 123 000 to 203 000 deaths worldwide and a significant global socio-economic burden (3).
mt	Il-pandemija tal-influwenza 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 ammontat għal bejn 123 000 u 203 000 mewta madwar id-dinja u piż soċjoekonomiku globali sinifikanti (3).

en	The mortality rate due to influenza has been estimated in the EU/EEA countries participating to the EuroMOMO network (1) to be as high as 25 deaths per 100 000 population in the 2016/27 and 2017/18 influenza seasons (2).
mt	Ir-rata ta' mortalità minħabba l-influwenza ġiet stmata fil-pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE li pparteċipaw fin-netwerk EuroMOMO (1) bħala li laħqet sa 25 mewta għal kull 100 000 persuna fl-istaġuni tal-influwenza 2016/17 u 2017/18 (2).

en	Who is at risk of influenza?
mt	Min qiegħed f'riskju li taqbdu l-influwenza?

en	Approximately 20% of the population gets infected with influenza each year and one in four infected people will develop symptoms.
mt	Madwar 20 % tal-popolazzjoni tiġi infettata bl-influwenza kull sena u waħda minn kull erba' persuni infettati se tiżviluppa s-sintomi.

en	Complications of influenza include pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
mt	Il-kumplikazzjonijiet tal-influwenza jinkludu pnewmonja u enċefalite (infjammazzjoni tal-moħħ).

en	A pandemic is the rapid spread of a new human influenza around the world.
mt	Pandemija hija t-tixrid rapidu ta' influwenza umana ġdida madwar id-dinja.

en	In Europe, influenza occurs in regular annual epidemics in the winter season.
mt	Fl-Ewropa, l-influwenza sseħħ f'epidemiji annwali regolari fl-istaġun tax-xitwa.

en	The EU Member States recommend seasonal influenza vaccination for risk groups, such as the elderly, as well as individuals with chronic medical conditions like heart disease, problems with the lungs and airways, diabetes or immune system problems.
mt	L-Istati Membri tal-UE jirrakkomandaw tilqim kontra l-influwenza staġunali għall-gruppi li jinsabu f'riskju, bħall-anzjani, kif ukoll l-individwi b'kundizzjonijiet mediċi kroniċi bħal mard tal-qalb, problemi bil-pulmun u bil-pajpijiet tan-nifs, id-dijabete jew problemi bis-sistema immunitarja.

en	In addition to vaccination, antiviral medicines have been shown to be safe and effective measures to prevent influenza infection or to reduce the severity of infection in certain settings, such as nursing homes.
mt	Minbarra t-tilqim, il-mediċini antivirali ntwerew li huma miżuri siguri u effettivi biex tiġi evitata l-infezzjoni tal-influwenza jew biex titnaqqas is-severità tal-infezzjoni f'ċerti ambjenti, bħad-djar tal-kura.

en	Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza.
mt	It-tilqim huwa l-aktar mod effettiv biex tiġi evitata l-influwenza.

en	How can influenza be prevented?
mt	Kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta l-influwenza?

en	sore throat;
mt	uġigħ ta' ras;

en	What are the symptoms of influenza?
mt	X'inhuma s-sintomi tal-influwenza?

en	(3) Simonsen L. et al.
mt	Għal dawk li iva, is-sintomi komuni jinkludu:

en	What is influenza?
mt	X'inhi l-influwenza?

en	Not everyone who is infected with an influenza virus becomes unwell.
mt	Mhux kulħadd li jkun infettat b'virus tal-influwenza jibda jħossu ma jiflaħx.

en	In addition to seasonal epidemics, novel influenza viruses may occasionally emerge and cause pandemics.
mt	Minbarra l-epidemiji staġunali, xi drabi jistgħu jitfaċċaw viruses ta' influwenza ġodda li jikkawżaw pandemiji.

en	For most cases of influenza, patients are advised to take bed rest and drink plenty of fluids in order to manage their symptoms; staying at home also minimises the risk of infecting others.
mt	Għall-biċċa l-kbira tal-każijiet ta' influwenza, il-pazjenti jingħataw il-parir biex joqogħdu fis-sodda u jistrieħu filwaqt li jixorbu ħafna fluwidi sabiex jikkontrollaw is-sintomi tagħhom; il-fatt li persuna toqgħod id-dar inaqqas ir-riskju li tinfetta lil ħaddieħor.

en	For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/seasonal-influenza/facts/factsheet
mt	L-Organizzazzjoni Dinjija tas-Saħħa (WHO) tirrakkomanda wkoll it-tilqim għall-ħaddiema fil-qasam tal-kura tas-saħħa.

en	Most EU Member States follow the WHO recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women, and some follow recommendations to vaccinate healthy children aged 6 - 59 months.
mt	Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-Istati Membri tal-UE jsegwu r-rakkomandazzjonijiet tad-WHO għat-tilqim tan-nisa tqal, u xi wħud isegwu r-rakkomandazzjonijiet għat-tilqim ta' tfal b'saħħithom li għandhom bejn 6 xhur u 59 xahar.

en	Children are infected slightly more often than adults.
mt	It-tfal jiġu infettati ftit aktar spiss mill-adulti.

en	(1) EuroMOMO - European monitoring of excess mortality for public health action: http://www.euromomo.eu/methods/objectives.html
mt	Il-mediċini antivirali, meħuda malajr kemm jista' jkun wara li l-pazjent taqbdu l-marda, huma miżuri siguri u effettivi għall-kura tal-influwenza.

en	Severe illness and complications are more common in very young infants, the frail elderly and certain medical risk groups.
mt	Mard u kumplikazzjonijiet severi huma aktar komuni fi tfal żgħar ħafna, l-anzjani debboli u ċerti gruppi b'riskju mediku.

en	How is influenza treated?
mt	X'inhuma l-kumplikazzjonijiet tal-influwenza?

en	(2) Nielsen J. et al. European all-cause excess and influenza-attributable mortality in the 2017/18 season: should the burden of influenza B be reconsidered?
mt	F'xi każijiet, il-bnedmin jistgħu jiġu infettati mill-annimali, bħal fil-każijiet tal-influwenza tat-tjur u tal-ħnieżer.

en	What are the complications of influenza?
mt	uġigħ fil-griżmejn;

en	An update of seasonal influenza vaccines is needed yearly, since influenza viruses constantly evolve.
mt	Kull sena huwa meħtieġ aġġornament tat-tilqim kontra l-influwenza staġunali, peress li l-viruses tal-influwenza jevolvi b'mod kontinwu.

en	In some cases patients develop bacterial complications following influenza infection and need to be treated with antibiotics.
mt	F'xi każijiet, il-pazjenti jiżviluppaw kumplikazzjonijiet batterjali wara infezzjoni tal-influwenza u jkollhom bżonn jiġu kkurati b'antibijotiċi.

en	This is mainly via direct contact with secretions from infectious patients, such as droplets of fluid released when they cough or breathe out.
mt	Dan iseħħ prinċipalment minħabba kuntatt dirett ma' sekrezzjonijiet minn pazjenti infettati, bħall-qtar żgħir ta' fluwidu li joħroġ meta jisogħlu jew jieħdu nifs 'il barra.

en	Animals can also be infected with influenza.
mt	L-annimali jistgħu jiġu infettati wkoll mill-influwenza.

en	In uncomplicated cases, symptoms resolve spontaneously within one week from onset.
mt	F'każijiet mhux ikkumplikati, is-sintomi jgħaddu b'mod spontanju fi żmien ġimgħa minn meta taqbdek.

en	Note: The information contained in this factsheet is intended for the purpose of general information and should not be used as a substitute for the individual expertise and judgement of a healthcare professional.
mt	Huwa rrakkomandat li l-pazjenti jfittxu parir mediku jekk il-kundizzjoni tagħhom tkompli taqleb għall-agħar.

en	It analyses many sources of data, including:
mt	Din tanalizza bosta sorsi ta' data, inkluż:

en	information shared by other regulators.
mt	informazzjoni kondiviża minn regolaturi oħra.

en	For more information, see:
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni, ara:

en	reports from patients, parents and healthcare professionals;
mt	rapporti minn pazjenti, ġenituri u professjonisti tal-kura tas-saħħa;

en	Once a vaccine is approved for use, EU/EEA national authorities and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), continually monitor side effects in people who have received the vaccine.
mt	Ladarba vaċċin jiġi approvat għall-użu, l-awtoritajiet nazzjonali tal-UE/taż-ŻEE u l- Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Mediċini (EMA), jimmonitorjaw kontinwament l-effetti sekondarji fuq in-nies li rċevew il-vaċċin.

en	Monitoring vaccine safety & reporting side effects
mt	Monitoraġġ tas-sikurezza tal-vaċċin u rappurtar ta' effetti sekondarji

en	Information on these reported suspected side effects is publicly available on the European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports .
mt	Informazzjoni dwar dawn l-effetti sekondarji suspettati rrapportati hija disponibbli għall-pubbliku fuq il- bażi tad-data Ewropea ta' rapporti dwar reazzjoni avversa għal mediċina suspettata .

en	The process of monitoring the safety and managing the risks of medicines is called ‘pharmacovigilance'.
mt	Il-proċess tal-monitoraġġ tas-sikurezza u l-immaniġġjar tar-riskji tal-mediċini jissejjaħ "farmakoviġilanza".

en	More information on how to report suspected side effects can be found in the prescribing information or package leaflet or the European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports .
mt	Aktar informazzjoni dwar kif tirrapporta effetti sekondarji suspettati tinstab fl-informazzjoni tal-preskrizzjoni jew fil-fuljett ta' tagħrif jew fil- bażi tad-data Ewropea ta' rapporti dwar reazzjoni avversa għal mediċina suspettata .

en	Patients, healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies should report all suspected side effects to their national medicines regulatory authority.
mt	Il-pazjenti, il-professjonisti fil-qasam tal-kura tas-saħħa u l-kumpaniji farmaċewtiċi għandhom jirrapportaw l-effetti sekondarji suspettati kollha lill-awtorità regolatorja tal-mediċini nazzjonali tagħhom.

en	EMA carefully assesses suspected side effects to determine if there is a causal link with the vaccine or not.
mt	L-EMA tanalizza bir-reqqa effetti sekondarji suspettati biex tiddetermina jekk hemmx rabta kawżali mal-vaċċin jew le.

en	When needed, EMA and the other European regulators take action.
mt	Meta jkun meħtieġ, l-EMA u r-regolaturi Ewropej l-oħra jieħdu azzjoni.

en	EMA checks new information on the safety of all vaccines available in Europe.
mt	L-EMA tiċċekkja informazzjoni ġdida dwar is-sikurezza tal-vaċċini kollha disponibbli fl-Ewropa.

en	This helps to rule out the possibility that it was a coincidence or that it was caused by factors unrelated to the vaccine itself.
mt	Dan jiżgura li kwalunkwe riskju possibbli jiġi identifikat u mmaniġġjat malajr kemm jista' jkun.

en	(4) US CDC Pink Book - Measles: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html
mt	(4) Pink Book tas-CDC tal-Istati Uniti - Il-Ħosba: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html

en	measles is highly contagious and 3 out of 10 people affected develop complications (4), which can include ear infection, diarrhoea, pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain tissue);
mt	il-ħosba tittieħed ħafna u 3 minn kull 10 persuni milquta jiżviluppaw kumplikazzjonijiet (4), li jistgħu jinkludu infezzjoni tal-widnejn, dijarea, pulmonite u enċefalite (infjammazzjoni tat-tessut tal-moħħ);

en	This list with examples includes diseases for which vaccines are included in the national immunisation programmes, and/or are given to persons considered to be at a higher risk of getting the disease.
mt	Din il-lista b'eżempji tinkludi mard li t-tilqim tiegħu huwa inkluż fil-programmi nazzjonali tal-immunizzazzjoni, u/jew jingħata lil persuni li jitqiesu li jinsabu f'riskju ogħla li taqbadhom il-marda.

en	almost 9 out of 10 babies born to mothers who had rubella in early pregnancy, will suffer from congenital rubella syndrome (with conditions such as deafness, cataracts and learning disabilities) (2);
mt	kważi 9 minn kull 10 trabi li jitwieldu minn ommijiet li kellhom ir-rubella fil-bidu tat-tqala, se jbatu minn sindrome ta' rubella konġenitali (b'kondizzjonijiet bħal nuqqas ta' smigħ, katarretti u diżabilitajiet fit-tagħlim) (2);

en	Vaccination protects individuals against diseases that could have serious consequences for their health, for example:
mt	It-tilqim jipproteġi lill-individwi kontra mard li jista' jkollu konsegwenzi serji fuq saħħithom, pereżempju:

en	(2) ECDC factsheet - Congenital Rubella Syndrome: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/congenital-rubella-syndrome/facts
mt	(2) Skeda informattiva tal-ECDC - Is-Sindrome ta' Rubella Konġenitali: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/congenital-rubella-syndrome/facts

en	meningococcal disease kills 1 in 10 people affected, even with prompt diagnosis and treatment, while problems including neurological or hearing impairment and amputation occur in up to 20% of survivors (3);
mt	il-marda meningokokkali toqtol 1 minn kull 10 persuni milquta, anki b'dijanjożi u trattament mill-ewwel, filwaqt li problemi li jinkludu insuffiċjenza newroloġika jew fis-smigħ u qtugħ ta' parti tal-ġisem iseħħu f'sa 20 % ta' dawk li jibqgħu ħajjin (3);

en	(1) ECDC factsheet - Diphtheria: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/diphtheria/facts
mt	(1) Skeda informattiva tal-ECDC - Id-Difterja: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/diphtheria/facts

en	(5) ECDC factsheet - Pertussis: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts
mt	(5) Skeda informattiva tal-ECDC - Il-Pertussis: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts

en	Complications include pneumonia, encephalopathy (a disease of the brain), seizures and even death (5).
mt	Il-kumplikazzjonijiet jinkludu pulmonite, enċefalopatija (marda tal-moħħ), aċċessjonijiet u anki mewt (5).

en	(3) ECDC factsheet - Meningococcal disease: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/meningococcal-disease/factsheet
mt	(3) Skeda informattiva tal-ECDC - Marda meningokokkali: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/meningococcal-disease/factsheet

en	diphtheria kills 1 in every 10 people who get it, even with treatment (1);
mt	id-difterja toqtol 1 minn kull 10 persuni li taqbadhom, anki jekk tiġi ttrattata (1);

en	pertussis (whooping cough) can be particularly serious in infants, causing coughing spells that may recur for up to two months.
mt	il-pertussis (sogħla konvulżiva) tista' partikolarment tkun serja fit-tfal żgħar, u tikkawża episodji ta' ħin twil fejn wieħed jisgħol li jistgħu jerġgħu jseħħu sa xahrejn.

en	An example is aluminium;
mt	Eżempju huwa l-aluminju;

en	There may also be trace amounts of other substances used in the manufacturing process, such as ovalbumin (a protein found in eggs) or neomycin (an antibiotic).
mt	Jista' jkun hemm ukoll traċċi ta' sustanzi oħra użati fil-proċess ta' manifattura, bħall-albumina tal-bajd (proteina li tinsab fil-bajd) jew in-neomiċina (antibijotiku).

en	Regulators check that their benefits are weighed against the risk of any reactions to them.
mt	Ir-regolaturi jivverifikaw li l-benefiċċji tagħhom jiġu ppeżati kontra r-riskju ta' kwalunkwe reazzjoni għalihom.

en	excipients: these are inactive ingredients, like water, or sodium chloride (salt), as well as the preservatives or stabilisers that help the vaccine remain unchanged during storage, keeping it active.
mt	eċċipjenti: dawn huma ingredjenti inattivi, bħall-ilma, jew il-klorur tas-sodju (melħ), kif ukoll il-preservattivi jew l-istabbilizzaturi li jgħinu lill-vaċċin jibqa' l-istess matul il-ħżin, u b'hekk jinżamm attiv.

en	adjuvants: these improve the immune response to the vaccine by making the response stronger, faster and more sustained in time.
mt	aġġuvanti: dawn itejbu r-reazzjoni immuni għall-vaċċin billi eventwalment jagħmlu r-reazzjoni aktar b'saħħitha, aktar rapida u aktar prolungata.

en	In addition to one or more antigens, there are other components in a vaccine.
mt	Minbarra antiġene wieħed jew aktar, f'vaċċin hemm komponenti oħra.

en	For example, the package leaflet will state if there are special precautions for use of a vaccine in people with certain allergies, such as vaccines including trace amounts of egg in people with an egg allergy.
mt	Dawn is-sustanzi jiġu kkontrollati b'mod konsistenti biex jiġi żgurat li jkunu preżenti f'livelli li ntwera li huma sikuri.

en	For more information about national vaccination programmes, see the ECDC vaccine scheduler and visit the official websites on immunisation of the EU/EEA countries here .
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni dwar il-programmi nazzjonali tat-tilqim, ara l- iskedatur tal-vaċċini tal-ECDC u żur is-siti web uffiċjali dwar l-immunizzazzjoni tal-pajjiżi tal-UE/taż-ŻEE minnhawnhekk .

en	Some vaccines protect against only one disease, but others protect against more than one.
mt	Xi vaċċini jipproteġu kontra marda waħda biss, iżda oħrajn jipproteġu kontra aktar minn waħda.

en	Sometimes, more than one vaccine may be given at once to protect against several infectious diseases.
mt	Xi drabi, jista' jingħata aktar minn vaċċin wieħed fl-istess ħin biex jipproteġi kontra diversi mardiet infettivi.

en	In addition, vaccines to protect against specific diseases are sometimes recommended for ‘high-risk' groups, such as people with long-term health conditions or people planning to travel to other parts of the world.
mt	Barra minn hekk, il-vaċċini li jipproteġu kontra mard speċifiku xi drabi huma rakkomandati għal gruppi ta' "riskju għoli", bħal persuni b'kundizzjonijiet tas-saħħa għal perjodu twil ta' żmien jew persuni li beħsiebhom jivvjaġġaw lejn partijiet oħra tad-dinja.

en	Most national vaccination programmes in the EU/EEA include vaccines for up to twenty diseases which are given to people at specific ages.
mt	Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-programmi nazzjonali tat-tiqim fl-UE/fiż-ŻEE jinkludu vaċċini sa għoxrin marda li jingħataw lin-nies f'etajiet speċifiċi.

en	Combined use of vaccines is well established and based on scientific studies on its benefits and safety.
mt	L-użu kkombinat tal-vaċċini huwa stabbilit sew u bbażat fuq studji xjentifiċi dwar il-benefiċċji u s-sigurtà tiegħu.

en	This is based on local conditions, such as how common the disease is, as well as economic factors.
mt	Dan huwa bbażat fuq il-kundizzjonijiet lokali, bħal kemm hija komuni l-marda, kif ukoll fatturi ekonomiċi.

en	Decisions on vaccines in use in different European countries
mt	Deċiżjonijiet dwar il-vaċċini li jintużaw f'pajjiżi Ewropej differenti

en	Information and links to the VSN member websites is available here: https://www.vaccinesafetynet.org/vsn/network .
mt	Informazzjoni u links għas-siti web tal-membri tal-VSN huma disponibbli hawnhekk: https://www.vaccinesafetynet.org/vsn/network .

en	It usually occurs within minutes of exposure to the source of the allergy.
mt	Normalment din isseħħ ftit minuti wara l-esponiment għas-sors tal-allerġija.

en	For up-to-date information on COVID-19, see:
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni, ara:

en	The Vaccine Safety Net (VSN) is a global network of websites, established by the World Health Organization, that provides reliable information on vaccine safety.
mt	Il-Vaccine Safety Net (VSN) hija netwerk globali ta' siti web, stabbiliti mill-Organizzazzjoni Dinjija tas-Saħħa, li tipprovdi informazzjoni affidabbli dwar is-sikurezza tal-vaċċini.

en	Certain immune system disorders (e.g. congenital immune deficiencies), or medical treatments (e.g. chemotherapy, a bone marrow or other organ transplant, or high doses of steroids) are contraindications for some vaccines, such as measles, mumps, rubella, varicella or oral typhoid.
mt	Ċerti disturbi tas-sistema immunitarja (eż. disturbi immuni konġenitali), jew kuri mediċi (eż. kimoterapija, trapjant tal-mudullun jew ta' kwalunkwe organu ieħor, jew dożi għoljin ta' sterojdi) huma kontraindikazzjonijiet għal ċerti vaċċini, bħall-ħosba, il-gattone, ir-rubella, il-variċella jew tifojde orali.

en	Rubella (German measles) is a viral infection.
mt	Ir-rubella (il-ħosba Ġermaniża) hija infezzjoni virali.

en	What are the symptoms of HPV?
mt	Kif jiġi ttrattat l-HPV?

en	Immunocompromised patients also benefit from those around them being fully vaccinated (such as family members, caregivers), as then they are also indirectly protected.
mt	Pazjenti immunokompromessi jibbenefikaw ukoll mill-fatt li dawk ta' madwarhom ikunu tlaqqmu b'mod komplet (bħall-membri tal-familja, l-indokraturi), peress li b'mod indirett ikunu protetti wkoll.

en	A vaccine's ability to prevent a specific disease determines its effectiveness.
mt	It-tilqim huwa l-aktar mod effettiv biex tiġi evitata l-influwenza.

en	For more information about the network visit: https://vaccinesafetynet.org .
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni dwar in-netwerk żur: https://vaccinesafetynet.org .

en	Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is mainly sexually transmitted by direct contact...
mt	L-infezzjoni tal-virus tal-papilloma uman (HPV) hija infezzjoni virali li tiġi trażmessa l-aktar sesswalment permezz ta' kuntatt dirett...

en	A vaccine may be contraindicated for certain people, meaning they should not receive it. Possible contraindications should be always discussed with the healthcare provider before receiving a vaccine.
mt	Kontraindikazzjonijiet possibbli għandhom dejjem jiġu diskussi mal-fornitur tal-kura tas-saħħa qabel ma jingħata vaċċin.

en	For more information, see pertussis factsheet .
mt	Aktar skedi informattivi se jiġu inklużi fi stadju aktar tard.

en	Official websites from EU and EEA countries
mt	Siti web uffiċjali mill-pajjiżi tal-UE u taż-ŻEE

en	What are the complications of pertussis?
mt	Kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta l-pertussis?

en	Source: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines.
mt	Approvazzjoni tal-vaċċini fl-Unjoni Ewropea

en	About 1 measles patient in 1 000 develops inflammation of the brain tissue (encephalitis), a condition that results in permanent neurological disability in approximately one of four cases.
mt	Minbarra l-epidemiji staġunali, xi drabi jistgħu jitfaċċaw viruses ta' influwenza ġodda li jikkawżaw pandemiji.

en	Pertussis is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs.
mt	It-tfal jiġu infettati ftit aktar spiss mill-adulti.

en	How can measles be prevented?
mt	Meta għandu jiġi evitat it-tilqim

en	How can HPV be prevented?
mt	L-HPV, kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta?

en	Benefits of vaccination for individuals
mt	Reazzjoni immuni

en	Some countries recommend booster doses at regular intervals during adolescence and adulthood, in order to maintain immunity over a longer period of time, against for example:
mt	It-tilqim jipproteġi lill-individwi kontra mard li jista' jkollu konsegwenzi serji fuq saħħithom, pereżempju:

en	It is also known as whooping cough.
mt	Kif tiġi kkurata l-influwenza?

en	Some vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy, such as measles, mumps and rubella.
mt	Xi vaċċini jkunu kontraindikati matul it-tqala, bħall-ħosba, il-gattone u r-rubella.

en	smallpox is now eradicated worldwide;
mt	Tista' tinfirex malajr.

en	There may be other contraindications for specific vaccines, which need discussing with the healthcare provider.
mt	Jista' jkun hemm kontraindikazzjonijiet oħra għal vaċċini speċifiċi, li jkunu jeħtieġu diskussjoni mal-fornitur tal-kura tas-saħħa.

en	previous contact with the disease;
mt	iż-żmien minn mindu jkunu tlaqqmu;

en	Anaphylaxis is a rare, rapid, extreme allergic reaction which can cause shock, swelling and difficulty breathing.
mt	L-anafilassi hija reazzjoni allerġika estrema, mgħaġġla u rari li tista' tikkawża xokk, nefħa u diffikultà fit-teħid tan-nifs.

en	A history of 'anaphylactic' or other serious allergic reaction after receiving a vaccine is a contraindication to further doses of that vaccine.
mt	Storja ta' reazzjoni "anafilattika" jew reazzjoni allerġika serja oħra wara li jkun ingħata vaċċin hija kontraindikazzjoni għal aktar dożi ta' dak il-vaċċin.

en	Smallpox is now eradicated worldwide in humans thanks to vaccination.
mt	Għall-protezzjoni massima huma meħtieġa żewġ dożi tal-vaċċin.

en	The ECDC Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases also provides data on other vaccine-preventable diseases, such as diphtheria, pertussis and rubella.
mt	Għal aktar informazzjoni, ara l-iskeda informattiva dwar il-pertussis .

en	What are the complications of influenza?
mt	X'inhuma l-kumplikazzjonijiet tal-influwenza?

en	When looking at health-related information, it can be difficult to judge the quality and accuracy of information found.
mt	Meta wieħed iħares lejn l-informazzjoni relatata mas-saħħa, jaf ikun diffiċli li wieħed jiġġudika l-kwalità u l-preċiżjoni tal-informazzjoni misjuba.

en	How can rubella be prevented?
mt	Kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta l-ħosba?

en	Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail
mt	Portal Ewropew ta 'Informazzjoni dwar it-Tilqim

en	Vaccines are recommended for different age groups, often for infants and children, but also for teenagers, adults and elderly people.
mt	Il-vaċċini huma rrakkomandati għal gruppi ta' etajiet differenti, ħafna drabi għat-trabi u t-tfal, iżda wkoll għall-adolexxenti, l-adulti u n-nies anzjani.

en	The regulators can only approve the vaccine if its scientific evaluation of the tests results show that the vaccine's benefits are greater than its risks .
mt	L-awtoritajiet regolatorji tal-mediċini jistgħu jagħmlu spezzjonijiet biex jiżguraw li l-informazzjoni li jipprovdi l-iżviluppatur tal-vaċċin hija ta' min joqgħod fuqha.

en	The vaccine developer tests the vaccine in three phases of clinical trials, with larger numbers of people in each phase.
mt	Huwa rrakkomandat li l-pazjenti jfittxu parir mediku jekk il-kundizzjoni tagħhom tkompli taqleb għall-agħar.

en	Community immunity occurs when enough people in a population are immune to an infectious disease
mt	Madankollu, in-nies ma jistgħux jiddependu fuq l-immunità komunitarja għal xi mard infettiv.

en	(3) Simonsen L. et al.
mt	Kif tiġi kkurata l-ħosba?

en	For example, due to an increasing number of measles cases among teenagers and young adults, catch-up programmes exist in a number of EU/EEA countries for people who may have missed the measles vaccination when they were younger or are too old to have received it as a child.
mt	Kull min mhuwiex imlaqqam kontra l-ħosba jew li ma kellux il-marda jinsab f'riskju li taqbdu l-ħosba fi kwalunkwe età.

en	PLoS Med. 2013 Nov; 10(11): e1001558.
mt	Antikorpi&nbsp;3.

en	Influenza is easily transmitted from person to person.
mt	Il-ħosba tinfirex faċilment fost individwi mhux imlaqqma.

en	What are the complications of measles?
mt	Liema huma l-effetti sekondarji l-aktar komuni fuq perjodu ta' żmien qasir?

en	However, antibiotics are often used to treat complications with bacterial infections that can develop because of measles, such as pneumonia and ear infections.
mt	Dawn l-epidemiji huma assoċjati ma' rati għoljin ta' rikoveri l-isptar u mortalità.

en	Pneumonia is a potential serious complication that has led to the death of some measles patients.
mt	Dan jiżgura li kwalunkwe riskju possibbli jiġi identifikat u mmaniġġjat malajr kemm jista' jkun.

en	(2) Nielsen J. et al. European all-cause excess and influenza-attributable mortality in the 2017/18 season: should the burden of influenza B be reconsidered?
mt	L-ewwel tilqima ġiet żviluppata fis-seklu 18 fir-Renju Unit.

en	They can include mild fever, or pain or redness at the injection site.
mt	Din tiġi kkawżata minn batterji fil-ħalq, fl-imnieħer u fil-griżmejn ta' persuna infettata.

en	EMA is a networking organisation whose activities involve thousands of experts from across Europe.
mt	L-influwenza hija trażmessa faċilment minn persuna għall-oħra.

en	Healthcare professionals (e.g. doctors, nurses) have a role in ensuring that patients in their care receive the recommended vaccines at the right time.
mt	Il-pazjenti, il-professjonisti fil-qasam tal-kura tas-saħħa u l-kumpaniji farmaċewtiċi għandhom jirrapportaw l-effetti sekondarji suspettati kollha lill-awtorità regolatorja tal-mediċini nazzjonali tagħhom.

en	A variety of measures are employed to avoid the further spread of measles, such as quarantine from school or work for both the ill person and those close contacts with uncertain vaccination status.
mt	Il-pertussis fi trabi mhux imlaqqma jew trabi li ommhom ma kinitx imlaqqma tista' tkun partikolarment severa.

en	There are some differences in the way countries organise their vaccination schedules, which are similar but not identical in different EU/EEA countries.
mt	Dawn sempliċiment jikkunsidraw ċirkostanzi u sistemi tas-saħħa differenti.

en	The most severe forms of pertussis are in infants.
mt	Xorta jistgħu jirkupraw.

en	Below are links to official websites with information on vaccination from public health organisations of the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries.
mt	Hawn taħt hawn il-links għas-siti web uffiċjali b'informazzjoni dwar it-tilqim mill-organizzazzjonijiet tas-saħħa pubblika tal-pajjiżi tal-Unjoni Ewropea (UE) u taż-Żona Ekonomika Ewropea (ŻEE).

en	In uncomplicated cases, symptoms resolve spontaneously within one week from onset.
mt	It-tikka fin-nofs tirrappreżenta persuna waħda affettwata minn marda.

en	The severity of the disease varies widely, from no symptoms at all through to severe illness.
mt	Illum il-ġurnata, hemm tilqim għal ħafna mard.

en	This may involve looking at vaccination records or the vaccination schedules in place when the person was born.
mt	Jistgħu jiġu organizzati programmi ta' tilqim ta' rkupru għal mard speċifiku.

en	Mild reactions such as fever, redness or swelling at the injection site have been reported.
mt	Il-ġidri, illum il-ġurnatanqerdet mid-dinja kollha fil-bnedmin bis-saħħa tat-tilqim.

en	Vaccination can eliminate diseases or reduce the number of new cases significantly.
mt	Il-pertussis hija marda batterika infettiva ħafna li tinvolvi l-pulmun u l-passaġġi tan-nifs.

en	Source: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines.
mt	Sors: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines.

en	Human papillomavirus (HPV)
mt	Virus tal-papilloma uman (HPV)

en	For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts
mt	(5) Skeda informattiva tal-ECDC - Il-Pertussis: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts

en	fever or feverishness;
mt	uġigħ fil-griżmejn;

en	Monitoring vaccine safety & reporting side effects
mt	Aktar skedi informattivi

en	(3) Simonsen L. et al.
mt	X'inhi l-ħosba?

en	smallpox is now eradicated worldwide;
mt	Kif tinfirex l-influwenza?

en	For more information, see pertussis factsheet .
mt	Kif tiġi ttrattata l-pertussis?

en	non-productive cough.
mt	kif jiġi manifatturat.

en	It is also known as whooping cough.
mt	Il-vaċċin huwa sikur?

en	pertussis (whooping cough) can be particularly serious in infants, causing coughing spells that may recur for up to two months.
mt	Kwalunkwe persuna li mhijiex imlaqqma bil-vaċċin tal-pertussis, jew li l-istatus tat-tilqim tagħha mhuwiex aġġornat, tinsab f'riskju li taqbadha l-marda.

en	How can HPV be prevented?
mt	Kif tista' tiġi pprevenuta l-influwenza?

en	For example, due to an increasing number of measles cases among teenagers and young adults, catch-up programmes exist in a number of EU/EEA countries for people who may have missed the measles vaccination when they were younger or are too old to have received it as a child.
mt	Dan jgħin biex tiġi eskluża l-possibbiltà li kienet koinċidenza jew li ġiet ikkawżata minn fatturi mhux relatati mal-vaċċin innifsu.

en	Mild reactions such as fever, redness or swelling at the injection site have been reported.
mt	Jekk in-nies jieqfu jitlaqqmu, ħafna minn dan il-mard u t-tifqigħat relatati jistgħu jirritornaw.

en	A variety of measures are employed to avoid the further spread of measles, such as quarantine from school or work for both the ill person and those close contacts with uncertain vaccination status.
mt	Informazzjoni dwar liema pajjiżi għandhom tilqim obbligatorju tinsab fl-Aġenda tal-Vaċċini .

en	Pertussis is a highly infectious bacterial disease involving the lungs and airways.
mt	Dawn sempliċiment jikkunsidraw ċirkostanzi u sistemi tas-saħħa differenti.

en	Most national vaccination programmes in the EU/EEA include vaccines for up to twenty diseases which are given to people at specific ages.
mt	Kull pajjiż tal-UE/taż-ŻEE jimplimenta l-programm ta' immunizzazzjoni tiegħu stess.

en	Vaccination schedules in the EU/EEA
mt	Sitwazzjoni tal-ħosba fl-UE

en	how it is manufactured.
mt	kif tingħata t-tilqima;

en	time since vaccination;
mt	Xorta jistgħu jirkupraw.

en	small white spots may also appear on the gums and the inside of the cheeks.
mt	Illum il-ġurnata, hemm tilqim għal ħafna mard.

en	This section provides links to the websites of other health organisations both at national and international level
mt	It-tilqim jipprevjeni lin-nies milli jkollhom is-sintomi tal-marda, li jistgħu jkunu severi.