ELRC project Acquisition of bilingual data (from multilingual websites), normalization, cleaning, deduplication and identification of parallel documents have been done by ILSP-FC tool. Maligna aligner was used for alignment of segments. Merging/filtering of segment pairs has also been applied. sl en 491 7633 7524 1545 2353

0.972972972972973 Vaccination is the only way to ensure direct protection against tetanus. Cepljenje je edini način za zagotovitev neposredne zaščite proti tetanusu. 1.0555555555555556 This is known as 'community immunity' (also referred to as 'herd immunity'). Temu rečemo „kolektivna imunost" (z drugo besedo tudi „čredna imunost"). 0.8921568627450981 For example, tetanus can be encountered due to common injuries, including dog or cat bites. S tetanusom se na primer lahko okužimo pri čisto navadnih poškodbah, vključno ob ugrizu psa ali mačke. 0.9893617021276596 Furthermore, immunisation programmes help reduce the social, psychological and financial burdens of disease on people and governments, reducing pressures on healthcare and social care systems and enabling people to pursue productive activities including education and employment. Programi imunizacije poleg tega zmanjšujejo družbeno, psihološko in finančno breme bolezni za prebivalstvo in vlade, zmanjšujejo pritisk na sisteme zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva in omogočajo ljudem udejstvovanje v produktivnih dejavnostih, kot sta izobraževanje in zaposlitev. 1.1150442477876106 For example, to ensure community immunity against measles, public health authorities recommend that 95% of the population are vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine against measles (the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella). Za vzpostavitev kolektivne imunosti na ošpice pristojni organi za javno zdravje priporočajo, da je treba cepiti 95 % prebivalstva z dvema odmerkoma cepiva proti ošpicam (cepivo MMR za zaščito proti ošpicam, mumpsu in rdečkam). 1.013953488372093 It means that people who cannot be vaccinated, for instance because they are too young or allergic to vaccine components, benefit from others being vaccinated, because the disease cannot easily spread in the community. To pomeni, da imajo ljudje, ki ne morejo biti cepljeni, na primer zaradi tega, ker so premladi ali alergični na sestavine v cepivu, koristi od cepljenja drugih ljudi, saj se s tem omeji širjenje bolezni v skupnosti. 0.877906976744186 These include babies, children, the elderly, people with weak immune systems, cancer patients, and people who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons. Sem spadajo dojenčki, otroci, starostniki, osebe z oslabelim imunskim sistemom, bolniki z rakavimi obolenji in ljudje, pri katerih iz medicinskih razlogov ni mogoče cepiti. 0.8571428571428571 In this way, vaccines indirectly protect others who are vulnerable to disease. Cepiva na ta način posredno ščitijo tudi druge ljudi, ki so dovzetnejši za zadevno bolezen. 1.064 When enough people in a population are immune to an infectious disease, the disease is then unlikely to spread from person to person. Če je v populaciji dovolj ljudi imunih za določeno nalezljivo bolezen, je manj verjetno, da se bo ta širila z osebe na osebo. 1.0 Community immunity occurs when enough people in a population are immune to an infectious disease Kolektivna imunost se vzpostavi, kadar je dovolj ljudi v populaciji imunih na nalezljivo bolezen 0.9213483146067416 Vaccination protects the vaccinated persons and those around them who are vulnerable to the diseases, reducing the risk of diseases spreading among family members, school mates or colleagues, friends, neighbours and other people in the community. Cepljenje ne ščiti le posameznika, ki je prejel cepivo, temveč tudi ljudi v njegovi okolici, ki so dovzetnejši za nalezljive bolezni, saj se s cepljenjem zmanjša tveganje širjenja bolezni med člani družine, sošolci, prijatelji, sosedi in drugimi pripadniki skupnosti. 0.9518072289156626 However, people cannot rely on community immunity for some infectious diseases. Toda pri nekaterih nalezljivih boleznih se ni mogoče zanesti na kolektivno imunost. 1.1333333333333333 When to vaccinate Kdaj se cepiti? 1.125 Vaccination protects individuals against diseases that could have serious consequences for their health, for example: S cepljenjem zaščitimo posameznike pred boleznimi, ki bi lahko imele resne posledice za njihovo zdravje: 0.9769230769230769 pertussis (whooping cough) can be particularly serious in infants, causing coughing spells that may recur for up to two months. pertusis (oslovski kašelj) je lahko zlasti nevaren pri dojenčkih, saj povzroča napade kašlja, ki lahko trajajo tudi do dva meseca. 0.8771929824561403 This list with examples includes diseases for which vaccines are included in the national immunisation programmes, and/or are given to persons considered to be at a higher risk of getting the disease. Na tem seznamu so navedeni primeri bolezni, proti katerim se je mogoče cepiti v okviru nacionalnih programov imunizacije oziroma pri katerih je cepljenje priporočljivo za osebe, pri katerih obstaja visoko tveganje za obolevnost. 1.0310880829015545 almost 9 out of 10 babies born to mothers who had rubella in early pregnancy, will suffer from congenital rubella syndrome (with conditions such as deafness, cataracts and learning disabilities) (2); skoraj devet od desetih dojenčkov, katerih matere so v zgodnji nosečnosti prebolele rdečke, bo imelo sindrom prirojenih rdečk (za katerega so značilni gluhost, katarakta in duševne motnje) (2); 1.0 Complications include pneumonia, encephalopathy (a disease of the brain), seizures and even death (5). Med zapleti so lahko pljučnica, encefalopatija (okvara možganov), epileptični napadi in celo smrt (5). 1.0264550264550265 measles is highly contagious and 3 out of 10 people affected develop complications (4), which can include ear infection, diarrhoea, pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain tissue); ošpice so izredno nalezljive, pri treh okuženih osebah od desetih pa se pojavijo zapleti (4), ki lahko vključujejo vnetje ušesa, drisko, pljučnico in encefalitis (vnetje možganskega tkiva); 0.762962962962963 Vaccination protects the vaccinated persons and those around them who are vulnerable to the diseases... Cepljenje ne ščiti le posameznika, ki je prejel cepivo, temveč tudi ljudi v njegovi okolici, ki so dovzetnejši za nalezljive bolezni... 0.9716981132075472 meningococcal disease kills 1 in 10 people affected, even with prompt diagnosis and treatment, while problems including neurological or hearing impairment and amputation occur in up to 20% of survivors (3); kljub pravočasni diagnozi in zdravljenju zaradi meningokokne bolezni umre vsaka deseta obolela oseba, medtem ko se lahko pri 20 % preživelih oseb pojavijo še nevrološke okvare, težave s sluhom ali amputacija (3); 0.6666666666666666 (4) US CDC Pink Book - Measles: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html (4) Roza knjižica ministrstva ZDA za zdravje in socialne zadeve - Rdečke: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html 1.088235294117647 diphtheria kills 1 in every 10 people who get it, even with treatment (1); kljub zdravljenju zaradi davice umre vsaka deseta okužena oseba (1); 0.9375 (3) ECDC factsheet - Meningococcal disease: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/meningococcal-disease/factsheet (3) Informativni list ECDC - Meningokokna bolezen: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/meningococcal-disease/factsheet 0.9576271186440678 (2) ECDC factsheet - Congenital Rubella Syndrome: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/congenital-rubella-syndrome/facts (2) Informativni list ECDC - Sindrom prirojenih rdečk: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/congenital-rubella-syndrome/facts 0.8461538461538461 (5) ECDC factsheet - Pertussis: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts (5) Informativni list ECDC - Oslovski kašelj: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts 0.9666666666666667 Safety, quality and standards Varnost, kakovost in standardi 1.2131147540983607 The first vaccine was developed in the 18th century in the United Kingdom. Prvo cepivo so razvili v 18. stoletju v Združenem kraljestvu. 0.9722222222222222 Serious side effects are very rare. Resni neželeni učinki so zelo redki. 0.8888888888888888 The last known naturally occurring case was recorded in 1977 in Somalia. Zadnja znana naravna epidemija črnih koz je bila zabeležena v Somaliji leta 1977. 0.9850746268656716 They also help to prevent the spread of diseases in the community. Hkrati pa pripomorejo k preprečevanju širjenja bolezni v skupnosti. 0.9812206572769953 The vaccine can only be approved for use in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) after a scientific evaluation of the results of these tests to ensure its quality, safety and effectiveness. Za uporabo v Evropski uniji (EU) in Evropskem gospodarskem prostoru (EGP) se cepivo lahko odobri samo na podlagi znanstvene ocene rezultatov teh preizkušanj, kar jamči za njegovo kakovost, varnost in učinkovitost. 0.8952380952380953 Only then, after approval, can a vaccine be manufactured, marketed and used to protect people. Šele potem, ko je cepivo odobreno, se ga lahko začne proizvajati, tržiti in uporabljati za zaščito ljudi. 0.9941860465116279 The scientific experts evaluating vaccines always consider the benefits and any potential risks very carefully, in particular because vaccines are given to healthy people. Znanstveni strokovnjaki, ki ocenjujejo cepiva, vselej zelo skrbno pretehtajo koristi in morebitna tveganja cepiv, zlasti zaradi tega, ker se uporabljajo pri zdravih ljudeh. 1.3529411764705883 Benefits of vaccinating Dejstva o cepivih 0.8175675675675675 As with any medicine, some people may experience side effects from a vaccine, but these are usually mild and short-lived. Kot to velja za katero koli zdravilo, se lahko pri nekaterih ljudeh pojavijo neželeni učinki cepljenja, vendar so ti običajno blagi in kratkotrajni. 0.8068181818181818 Before any new vaccine can be used, it has to undergo rigorous testing. Preden se novo cepivo lahko začne uporabljati, mora prestati zelo zahtevna preizkušanja. 0.6373626373626373 They mainly target diseases caused by viruses or bacteria. V glavnem se uporabljajo za zaščito pred boleznimi, ki jih povzročajo virusi ali bakterije. 0.8863636363636364 The vaccine is continuously monitored to ensure it remains safe and effective. Cepiva so neprestano pod skrbnim nadzorom, da se ohrani njihova varnost in učinkovitost. 1.0307692307692307 This evaluation needs to show that a vaccine's benefits in protecting people against diseases are far greater than any potential risk. Ta ocena mora pokazati, da so koristi cepiva pri zaščiti ljudi pred boleznimi mnogo večje od morebitnih tveganj, povezanih z njim. 0.9316239316239316 Vaccines are used worldwide as a highly effective way to protect people from contracting infectious diseases. Cepiva se uporabljajo po vsem svetu kot zelo učinkovita metoda za zaščito ljudi pred okužbo z nalezljivimi boleznimi. 0.9844961240310077 Vaccines work by ‘teaching' a person's immune system (the body's natural defences) to defend itself against a specific disease. Cepiva delujejo tako, da imunski sistem (naravni obrambni mehanizem telesa) „naučijo", kako naj se brani pred določeno boleznijo. 0.7368421052631579 They can include mild fever, or pain or redness at the injection site. Vključujejo blago povišanje telesne temperature ali bolečino in pordelost na mestu injiciranja. 1.0769230769230769 Recently, a vaccine was developed against Ebola virus disease, and research is underway on vaccines to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nedavno je bilo razvito cepivo proti virusu ebole, v teku pa je tudi razvoj cepiva proti okužbi z virusom humane imunske pomanjkljivosti (HIV). 0.5777777777777777 It was a vaccine against smallpox, a deadly disease. Namenjeno je bilo cepljenju proti črnim kozam, za katere je bila značilna visoka smrtnost. 0.8518518518518519 Smallpox is now eradicated worldwide in humans thanks to vaccination. Zahvaljujoč cepljenju so črne koze pri ljudeh danes izkoreninjene po celem svetu. 0.496 Research is ongoing to develop vaccines against more diseases. Danes imamo na voljo cepiva za številne bolezni, raziskave za razvoj novih cepiv proti mnogim drugim boleznim pa še potekajo. 0.8695652173913043 Most vaccines provide lifelong immunity. Večina cepiv zagotavlja doživljenjsko imunost. 0.9861111111111112 Catch-up vaccination programmes for specific diseases may be organised. Za določene bolezni se lahko organizirajo programi naknadnega cepljenja. 1.036144578313253 If a person does not know if they have been vaccinated against a certain disease they can usually get an extra dose without increasing the risk of serious side effects (1). Kadar posameznik ne ve, ali je bil cepljen proti določeni bolezni, lahko običajno prejme dodaten odmerek ustreznega cepiva brez tveganja za resne neželene učinke (1). 0.8616352201257862 For example, due to an increasing number of measles cases among teenagers and young adults, catch-up programmes exist in a number of EU/EEA countries for people who may have missed the measles vaccination when they were younger or are too old to have received it as a child. Zaradi naraščajočega števila primerov ošpic med najstniki in mladimi odraslimi so bili na primer v številnih državah EU/EGP organizirani programi naknadnega cepljenja za ljudi, ki so morda zamudili cepljenje proti ošpicam v otroštvu ali pa so prestari, da bi lahko bili v otroštvu vključeni v takšen program cepljenja. 1.0 Catch-up vaccination and boosters Naknadno in obnovitveno cepljenje 0.8409090909090909 Everyone should check if they have had the nationally recommended vaccinations, and consult a medical professional in case any catch-ups are needed. Vsak posameznik mora preveriti, ali je prejel vsa cepiva, ki so priporočena v njegovi državi, in se v primeru, da mora določena cepljenja še opraviti, posvetovati z zdravnikom. 0.9117647058823529 However, some vaccines provide immunity that decreases over time, known as ‘waning immunity'. Med njimi pa so tudi takšna, pri katerih se imunost sčasoma zmanjša, čemur rečemo „zmanjšana imunost". 0.9173553719008265 This may involve looking at vaccination records or the vaccination schedules in place when the person was born. Ti podatki se lahko razberejo iz cepilne knjižice ali koledarja cepljenja, ki je bil veljaven v času rojstva posameznika. 1.084033613445378 For some diseases, such as varicella (chickenpox) and rubella, it is also possible to do a test to check if the person is immune. Za nekatere bolezni, kot so norice in rdečke, je na voljo testiranje, ki pokaže ali je oseba imuna za omenjeni bolezni. 0.6953125 Some people may have missed a vaccination or did not get the recommended number of doses. Osebe, ki so morda zamudile določeno cepljenje ali pa niso prejele vseh priporočenih odmerkov, se lahko še vednonaknadno cepijo. 1.5963302752293578 Some countries recommend booster doses at regular intervals during adolescence and adulthood, in order to maintain immunity over a longer period of time, against for example: Nekatere države priporočajo, da se mladostniki in odrasli v rednih presledkih cepijo z obnovitvenimi odmerki. 0.9078947368421053 This is offered to women in accordance with national recommendations. Tovrstna testiranja so ženskam na voljo v skladu z nacionalnimi priporočili. 0.9375 For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/human-papillomavirus/factsheet Za več informacij si oglejte spletišče centra ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/human-papillomavirus/factsheet 1.2115384615384615 It is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Je najpogostejša spolno prenosljiva okužba na svetu. 1.118421052631579 The use of condoms is not 100% effective in preventing the transmission of the virus. Uporaba kondoma pri preprečevanju prenosa virusa ni 100-odstotno učinkovita. 0.7872340425531915 If HPV does not go away it may cause: Če se okužba s HPV ne pozdravi, lahko povzroči: 1.0714285714285714 Genital warts can be treated using medication or by surgery. Genitalne bradavice se zdravijo z zdravili ali kirurško. 1.0406504065040652 Routine HPV vaccination usually takes place between 9 and 14 years of age, in accordance with the national vaccination schedule. Rutinsko cepljenje proti okužbi s HPV poteka načeloma v starosti od 9 do 14 let v skladu z nacionalnim programom cepljenja. 0.9745762711864406 However, sometimes the HPV infection can persist and cause after some years some of the complications listed below. V nekaterih primerih pa lahko okužba s HPV vztraja in povzroči tudi po več letih katerega od spodaj naštetih zapletov. 1.5692307692307692 This is because HPV can also occasionally infect surrounding skin that is not protected by the condom. HPV lahko namreč okuži tudi okoliško kožo, ki je kondom ne ščiti. 1.2117647058823529 In most cases, an HPV infection disappears on its own without causing any obvious symptoms or problems. V večini primerov okužba s HPV izzveni samodejno brez očitnejših simptomov ali težav. 1.2347826086956522 Cervical cancer (cancer of the neck of the womb) is the most common cancer after breast cancer to affect women aged 15-44 years in Europe (1). Rak materničnega vratu je za rakom dojk najpogostejši rak, ki prizadene ženske v starosti od 14 do 44 let v Evropi. 0.7068965517241379 About 40 of them can infect the genitals. Med njimi je okoli 40 takšnih, ki lahko okužijo spolovila. 1.40625 There are more than 100 types of HPV viruses. Virusov HPV je več kot 100 vrst. 1.0793650793650793 Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is mainly sexually transmitted by direct contact with an infected person. Okužba s humanim papiloma virusom (HPV) je virusna okužba, ki se prenaša večinoma spolno z neposrednim stikom z okuženo osebo. 1.0909090909090908 What is HPV? Kaj je HPV? 1.1111111111111112 Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of contracting HPV. Vsaka oseba, ki je spolno dejavna, tvega okužbo s HPV. 1.0648148148148149 There is no treatment for the virus itself, but the health problems caused by HPV can be treated in different ways. Za sam virus ni zdravila, obstajajo pa različni načini zdravljenja bolezenskih stanj, ki jih virus povzroča. 0.8529411764705882 A healthcare provider should be consulted for advice on the specific treatment options. V zvezi z različnimi možnostmi zdravljenja se je treba posvetovati s izvajalci zdravstvene dejavnosti. 0.9026548672566371 Vaccination of girls and boys against HPV can prevent HPV infections and consequently HPV-related diseases in both sexes, including genital and anal warts, cervical cancer and other cancers caused by HPV. Cepljenje fantov in deklet lahko prepreči okužbo s HPV in posledično bolezni, povezane s temi virusi pri obeh spolih, med drugim genitalne in analne bradavice, raka materničnega vratu in druge vrste rakov, ki jih povzroča HPV. 0.7671232876712328 cervical or other types of cancer (e.g. vulvar, vaginal, anal penile, and some cancers of the head and the neck) raka materničnega vratu ali druge vrste raka (npr.: vulve in nožnice, raka analnega kanala, raka na penisu ter nekatere vrste raka glave in vratu) 0.8145161290322581 At least 14 HPV types, classified as ‘high risk', can cause cancer, such as cervical cancer in women. Vsaj 14 vrst virusa HPV je visoko rizičnih in lahko povzročijo nastanek raka, na primer raka materničnega vratu pri ženskah. 0.7586206896551724 genital and anal warts genitalne in analne bradavice 0.810126582278481 The ‘high risk' HPV types can also cause anal and genital cancers, and some cancers of the head and neck, in both men and women. Visoko rizični tipi virusov HPV lahko povzročijo tudi raka analnega kanala in spolovil ter nekatere vrste raka vratu in glave tako pri moških kot pri ženskah. 0.7435897435897436 The 'low risk' HPV types can cause genital and anal warts. Nizko rizični tipi virusov HPV lahko povzročijo genitalne in analne bradavice. 0.4888888888888889 Who is at risk of HPV? Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo s HPV? 0.90625 What are the symptoms of HPV? Kakšni so simptomi okužbe s HPV? 1.2672413793103448 Cervical cancer and tissue in the cervix that is described as ‘precancerous' can be identified early through cervical cancer screening and treated. Raka materničnega vratu in predrakave spremembe v materničnem tkivu se s testiranjem lahko zgodaj odkrije in zdravi. 0.9545454545454546 HPV is transmitted by direct contact, mainly sexual, with someone who has the virus. Virusi HPV se širijo z neposrednim stikom z okuženo osebo, največkrat s spolnimi odnosi. 1.247787610619469 Other HPV-related cancers are also more treatable when diagnosed and treated early, but there are no specific screening programmes for these. Tudi druge vrste rakov, ki so povezani z okužbo s HPV, so ozdravljive, če se jih odkrije in zdravi dovolj zgodaj. 1.096774193548387 What are the complications of HPV? Kakšni so zapleti okužbe s HPV? 0.6944444444444444 How can HPV be prevented? Kako se zaščititi pred okužbo s HPV? 0.6785714285714286 How is HPV treated? Kako se okužba s HPV zdravi? 1.0 non-productive cough. neproduktiven kašelj. 1.1020408163265305 Children are infected slightly more often than adults. Otroci se okužijo nekoliko pogosteje kot odrasli. 0.9647058823529412 It is also spread via secretions on hands, tissues and surfaces that people touch. Prenaša se tudi z izločki na dlaneh, robčkih in površinah, ki se jih ljudje dotikajo. 0.927710843373494 These epidemics are associated with high hospitalisation rates and mortality. Te epidemije so povezane z visokimi stopnjami hospitalizacije in visoko smrtnostjo. 0.8606060606060606 The 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza pandemic accounted for 123 000 to 203 000 deaths worldwide and a significant global socio-economic burden (3). Pandemija gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 leta 2009 je po svetu povzročila od 123 000 do 203 000 smrtnih primerov in je pomenila pomembno svetovno družbeno‑gospodarsko breme (3). 1.0 The World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends vaccination for healthcare workers. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) cepljenje priporoča tudi zdravstvenim delavcem. 1.065359477124183 Most EU Member States follow the WHO recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women, and some follow recommendations to vaccinate healthy children aged 6 - 59 months. Večina držav članic EU upošteva priporočila SZO glede cepljenja nosečnic, nekatere upoštevajo priporočila o cepljenju zdravih otrok, starih 6-59 mesecev. 1.0188679245283019 Influenza is easily transmitted from person to person. Gripa se zlahka prenaša s posameznika na posameznika. 0.9746835443037974 In Europe, influenza occurs in regular annual epidemics in the winter season. V Evropi se gripa pojavlja v obliki rednih vsakoletnih epidemij v zimskem času. 1.136 The EU Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination encourages countries to improve vaccination coverage among healthcare workers. Priporočilo Sveta EU o cepljenju proti sezonski gripi spodbuja države k izboljšanju precepljenosti med zdravstvenimi delavci. 1.106060606060606 A pandemic is the rapid spread of a new human influenza around the world. Pandemija je hitro širjenje novega virusa človeške gripe po svetu. 1.2835820895522387 Patients are advised to seek medical advice if their condition continues to get worse. Bolniki naj se z zdravnikom posvetujejo, če se jim stanje poslabša. 1.164021164021164 The mortality rate due to influenza has been estimated in the EU/EEA countries participating to the EuroMOMO network (1) to be as high as 25 deaths per 100 000 population in the 2016/27 and 2017/18 influenza seasons (2). Po ocenah je bila smrtnost zaradi gripe v državah EU/EGP, ki sodelujejo v mreži EuroMOMO (1), med sezono gripe v letih 2016/17 in 2017/18 kar 25 smrtnih primerov na 100 000 prebivalcev (2). 0.9052631578947369 However, antivirals are generally recommended for severe or rapidly progressing cases. Na splošno pa priporočajo uporabo tovrstnih zdravil le v hudih ali hitro napredujočih primerih. 1.084033613445378 Approximately 20% of the population gets infected with influenza each year and one in four infected people will develop symptoms. Vsako leto se z gripo okuži približno 20 % prebivalstva, znaki okužbe pa se pojavijo pri enem od štirih okuženih ljudi. 0.8981818181818182 The EU Member States recommend seasonal influenza vaccination for risk groups, such as the elderly, as well as individuals with chronic medical conditions like heart disease, problems with the lungs and airways, diabetes or immune system problems. Države članice EU priporočajo cepljenje proti sezonski gripi za skupine ljudi z večjim tveganjem, kot so starejši, ter za osebe s kroničnimi bolezenskimi stanji, kot so srčno‑žilna bolezen, težave s pljuči in dihalnimi potmi, sladkorna bolezen ali težave z imunskim sistemom. 0.7672955974842768 Severe illness and complications are more common in very young infants, the frail elderly and certain medical risk groups. Huda bolezen in zapleti so pogostejši pri zelo majhnih dojenčkih, starejših ljudeh šibkega zdravja in določenih skupinah prebivalstva z zdravstvenim tveganjem. 1.0618556701030928 In addition to seasonal epidemics, novel influenza viruses may occasionally emerge and cause pandemics. Poleg sezonskih epidemij se občasno lahko pojavijo novi virusi influence in povzročijo pandemijo. 1.1891891891891893 Animals can also be infected with influenza. Z gripo se lahko okužijo tudi živali. 1.1005917159763314 Influenza pandemics happen when a new strain of a flu virus appears which can infect humans, to which most people have no immunity and which can transmit efficiently from human to human. Do pandemije gripe pride, ko se pojavi nov sev virusa influence, ki lahko okuži ljudi in proti kateremu večina ljudi ni imuna ter se lahko učinkovito prenaša med ljudmi. 1.0338983050847457 People with pre-existing medical conditions are at higher risk of their condition worsening following influenza infection. Pri ljudeh z obstoječimi bolezenskimi stanji obstaja večje tveganje, da se njihovo stanje poslabša po okužbi z gripo . 1.1232876712328768 In uncomplicated cases, symptoms resolve spontaneously within one week from onset. V nezapletenih primerih znaki izzvenijo samodejno v enem tednu od pojava. 1.2523364485981308 Antiviral medicines, taken as rapidly as possible after illness onset, are safe and effective measures for the treatment of influenza. Če protivirusna zdravila vzamemo čim prej po začetku bolezni, so pri zdravljenju gripe varna in učinkovita. 0.9711538461538461 An update of seasonal influenza vaccines is needed yearly, since influenza viruses constantly evolve. Cepiva za sezonsko gripo je treba vsako leto na novo pripraviti, saj se virusi gripe stalno spreminjajo. 0.8571428571428571 In some cases, humans can be infected by animals, such as in cases of avian and swine influenza. V nekaterih primerih se lahko ljudje okužijo od živali; to se je na primer zgodilo pri ptičji in prašičji gripi. 0.9792746113989638 For most cases of influenza, patients are advised to take bed rest and drink plenty of fluids in order to manage their symptoms; staying at home also minimises the risk of infecting others. V večini primerov okužbe z gripo se bolnikom za lajšanje simptomov svetujeta počitek in pitje zadostne količine tekočine; z zadrževanjem doma se tudi zmanjša tveganje za prenos okužbe na druge. 1.016260162601626 In some cases patients develop bacterial complications following influenza infection and need to be treated with antibiotics. V nekaterih primerih pri bolnikih po okužbi z gripo pride do bakterijskih zapletov, ki jih je treba zdraviti z antibiotiki. 1.1047120418848169 In addition to vaccination, antiviral medicines have been shown to be safe and effective measures to prevent influenza infection or to reduce the severity of infection in certain settings, such as nursing homes. Dajanje protivirusnih zdravil je poleg cepljenja tudi varen in učinkovit ukrep za zaščito pred okužbo z gripo ali za zmanjšanje resnosti okužbe v določenih okoljih, kot so domovi za starejše. 1.2467532467532467 Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by infection with an influenza virus. Gripa je nalezljiva bolezen dihal, ki jo povzroča okužba z virusom influence. 1.446808510638298 Not everyone who is infected with an influenza virus becomes unwell. Vsi, ki se okužijo z virusom gripe, ne zbolijo. 0.9044585987261147 This is mainly via direct contact with secretions from infectious patients, such as droplets of fluid released when they cough or breathe out. Prenos v glavnem poteka prek neposrednega stika z izločki kužnih bolnikov, kot so kapljice tekočine, ki se izločajo med njihovim kašljanjem ali izdihavanjem. 0.7417582417582418 Even so, about half of the children and working-age adults needing admission to intensive care have no pre-existing medical conditions. Kljub temu približno polovica otrok in delovno sposobnih odraslih, ki potrebujejo oskrbo na oddelku intenzivno nego zaradi zapletov okužbe z gripo, nima predhodnih bolezenskih stanj. 1.303030303030303 For those that do, common symptoms include: Pogosti znaki pri obolelih pa so: 0.9230769230769231 sore throat; boleče žrelo; 0.8805970149253731 Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. Najučinkovitejši način za zaščito pred okužbo z gripo je cepljenje. 0.5957446808510638 Who is at risk of influenza? Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo z gripo? 0.7560975609756098 The severity of the disease varies widely, from no symptoms at all through to severe illness. Resnost bolezni se zelo razlikuje, oboleli morda sploh nimajo znakov okužbe ali pa se pri njih razvije huda oblika bolezni. 1.1842105263157894 Complications of influenza include pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Možna zapleta okužbe z gripo sta pljučnica in encefalitis (vnetje možganov). 1.0909090909090908 How is influenza spread? Kako se gripa prenaša? 1.2121212121212122 What are the complications of influenza? Kakšni so zapleti okužbe z gripo? 1.1290322580645162 What are the symptoms of influenza? Kakšni so znaki okužbe z gripo? 0.8157894736842105 How can influenza be prevented? Kako se zaščititi pred okužbo z gripo? 0.8333333333333334 How is influenza treated? Kako se okužba z gripo zdravi? 1.565217391304348 Clinical Microbiology and Infection. vročina ali vročičnost; 1.1111111111111112 1-4 people 1-4 osebe 1.064516129032258 Fifth Edition 2008, Elsevier Inc. Peta izdaja 2008, Elsevier Inc. 1.0833333333333333 Vaccination programmes have wider societal benefits. Programi cepljenja imajo širše družbene koristi. 0.9761904761904762 This shows both the most conservative estimate (inner ring, darker dots) and the maximum estimate (outer ring, paler dots). Slika prikazuje tako konzervativno oceno (notranji krog, temnejše pike) kot tudi najvišjo oceno (zunanji krog, bledejše pike). 0.7708333333333334 smallpox is now eradicated worldwide; so črne koze sedaj izkoreninjene po celem svetu; 1.0862068965517242 Vaccination helps prevent the spread of disease in communities. Cepljenje pomaga preprečiti širjenje bolezni v skupnostih. 0.875 transmission of polio has ended in most parts of the world, including Europe. se je širjenje virusa otroške paralize ustavilo v večini delov sveta, vključno z Evropo. 1.0 The centre dot represent one person affected by a disease. Pika v sredini predstavlja eno osebo, okuženo z boleznijo. 1.28 When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, infectious diseases cannot easily spread. Če je cepljen velik delež prebivalstva, se nalezljive bolezni težje širijo. 1.1122448979591837 Vaccination also prevents the development of certain types of pre-cancerous growths and cancers, for example: Cepljenje istočasno preprečuje nastanek določenih vrst predrakavih in rakavih sprememb, na primer: 1.4529411764705882 They help reduce the social, psychological and financial burdens of disease on people and governments, reducing pressures on healthcare and social care systems and enabling people to pursue productive activities including education and employment. Zmanjšujejo tudi pritisk na sisteme zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva in omogočajo ljudem udejstvovanje v produktivnih dejavnostih, kot sta izobraževanje in zaposlitev. 0.9580838323353293 The connected dots indicate the maximum and minimum number of previously uninfected and unvaccinated people who could get infected by a person with the disease. Pike, povezane s sredinsko piko, predstavljajo največje in najmanjše število predhodno neokuženih in necepljenih oseb, ki bi se lahko okužile ob stiku z obolelo osebo. 0.8524590163934426 vaccinating against hepatitis B can help prevent liver cancer caused by long-term hepatitis B infection. cepljenje proti hepatitisu B lahko pomaga preprečiti raka jeter, ki ga povzroča dolgotrajna okužba z virusom hepatitisa B. 0.7382198952879581 Vaccination is the best way to acquire immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases, as opposed to immunity attained by getting the disease. Cepljenje je najboljši način za vzpostavitev imunosti proti boleznim, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem, za razliko od naravne imunosti, ki se vzpostavi s prebolenjem določene bolezni. 0.756578947368421 vaccinating against humanpapilloma virus (HPV) can help prevent cervical and other cancers caused by HPV infection; cepljenje proti humanemu papilomavirusu (HPV) lahko pomaga preprečiti raka materničnega vratu in druge vrste raka, ki jih povzroča okužba z virusom HPV; 1.0975609756097562 Vaccination prevents people from getting the symptoms of the disease, which can be severe. Cepljenje lahko prepreči nastanek simptomov bolezni, ki so lahko včasih zelo hudi. 0.5060975609756098 Vaccination can eliminate diseases or reduce the number of new cases significantly. Temu rečemo „kolektivna imunost" (z drugo besedo tudi „čredna imunost").S cepljenjem lahko bolezni izkoreninimo ali znatno zmanjšamo število novih primerov bolezni. 1.1111111111111112 In Europe, influenza occurs... V Evropi se gripa pojavlja… 1.0208333333333333 Before a vaccine can be approved in the EU, it has to undergo rigorous testing by its developer... Preden se cepivo lahko odobri v EU, mora prestati zelo zahtevna preskušanja razvijalca cepiva... 1.0 Vaccines protect people during different stages of life. Cepiva varujejo ljudi v različnih življenjskih obdobjih. 1.0333333333333334 Vaccination protects individuals against diseases that could have serious consequences for... S cepljenjem zaščitimo posameznike pred boleznimi, ki bi lahko imele resne posledice za... 0.9457364341085271 Each virus and bacterium triggers a unique response in the immune system involving a specific set of cells in the blood... Vsak virus ali bakterija sproži enkraten odziv imunskega sistema, pri čemer igrajo pomembno vlogo posebne skupine celic v krvi... 1.3125 Approval of vaccines in the European Union Odobritev cepiv v Evropski uniji 1.3928571428571428 European Vaccination Information Portal Evropski portal za cepljenje 0.85 How vaccines work Kako cepiva delujejo 1.0363636363636364 Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is mainly sexually transmitted by direct contact... Okužba s humanim papiloma virusom (HPV) je virusna okužba, ki se večinoma spolno prenaša z neposrednim stikom. 0.8181818181818182 Vaccines are recommended for different age... Cepiva so priporočljiva za različne starostne skupine.. 1.0 Trusted sources Oslovski kašelj 2.1666666666666665 Benefits of vaccination for individuals Učinkovitost cepiv 1.1630434782608696 Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be contracted at any age, and that can spread widely. Oslovski kašelj je zelo nalezljiva bakterijska bolezen, ki prizadene pljuča in dihalne poti. 1.0789473684210527 This ensures that any possible risks are detected and managed as soon as possible. S tem se zagotovi, da se morebitna tveganja odkrijejo in obvladajo čim prej. 1.0 It analyses many sources of data, including: Analizira številne vire podatkov,, in sicer: 1.04 For more information, see: Za več informacij glejte: 1.1538461538461537 reports from patients, parents and healthcare professionals; poročila bolnikov, staršev in zdravstvenih delavcev; 0.7090909090909091 information shared by other regulators. informacije, ki jih sporočijo drugi regulativni organi. 0.8953488372093024 EMA checks new information on the safety of all vaccines available in Europe. Agencija EMA preverja nove informacije o varnosti vseh cepiv, ki so na voljo v Evropi. 1.1195652173913044 The process of monitoring the safety and managing the risks of medicines is called ‘pharmacovigilance'. Postopek spremljanja varnosti in obvladovanja tveganj zdravil se imenuje „farmakovigilanca". 0.84 When needed, EMA and the other European regulators take action. Agencija EMA in drugi evropski regulativni organi po potrebi tudi ukrepajo. 0.9402985074626866 For example, they can provide updated guidance to healthcare workers, or even restrict the use of a vaccine in certain groups. Tako lahko na primer izdajo posodobljena navodila za zdravstvene delavce ali celo omejijo uporabo cepiva pri določenih skupinah ljudi. 1.0853658536585367 Once a vaccine is approved for use, EU/EEA national authorities and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), continually monitor side effects in people who have received the vaccine. Ko je cepivo odobreno za uporabo, nacionalni organi EU/EGP in Evropska agencija za zdravila (EMA) stalno spremljajo neželene učinke pri ljudeh, ki so bili cepljeni. 1.0483870967741935 This helps to rule out the possibility that it was a coincidence or that it was caused by factors unrelated to the vaccine itself. Tako lahko izključi možnost, da gre za naključje ali da so jih povzročili drugi dejavniki, ki niso povezani s samim cepivom. 0.8790322580645161 EMA carefully assesses suspected side effects to determine if there is a causal link with the vaccine or not. Agencija EMA skrbno ovrednoti domnevne neželene učinke zdravil, da ugotovi, ali obstaja vzročna povezava med cepivom ali ne. 0.8666666666666667 Monitoring vaccine safety and reporting side effects Spremljanje varnosti cepiva in poročanje o neželenih učinkih 0.9447852760736196 Patients, healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies should report all suspected side effects to their national medicines regulatory authority. Bolniki, zdravstveni delavci in farmacevtska podjetja morajo svojim nacionalnim regulativnim organom za zdravila poročati o vseh domnevnih neželenih učinkih cepiv. 0.84375 More information on how to report suspected side effects can be found in the prescribing information or package leaflet or the European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports . Več informacij o tem, kako poročati o domnevnih neželenih učinkih, je mogoče najti v informacijah o predpisovanju zdravil, navodilih za uporabo ali v evropski podatkovni zbirki poročil o domnevnih neželenih učinkih zdravil . 0.9664429530201343 Information on these reported suspected side effects is publicly available on the European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports . Informacije o prijavljenih domnevnih neželenih učinkih so javno dostopne v evropski podatkovni zbirki poročil o domnevnih neželenih učinkih zdravil . 1.0138888888888888 These could be due to an illness or anxiety over being given the vaccine. Ti dejavniki vključujejo že obstoječo bolezen ali strah pred cepljenjem. 0.625 More factsheets Več informativnih listov 0.9347826086956522 the eyes become red and sensitive to light; oči postanejo rdeče in občutljive za svetlobo; 0.9074074074074074 For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts/factsheet Več informacij je na voljo na spletišču centra ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts/factsheet . 0.9305555555555556 on the third to seventh day, the temperature may reach up to 41 ⁰C; med tretjim in sedmim dnem se lahko telesna temperatura poveča do 41 ⁰C; 1.118279569892473 It is estimated that one person with measles can infect on average between 12 and 18 unprotected people. Ocenjuje se, da lahko ena oseba z ošpicami v povprečju okuži med 12 in 18 nezaščitenih ljudi. 1.2285714285714286 There is no specific treatment for measles. Posebnega zdravljenja za ošpice ni. 1.1475409836065573 It is a serious disease that can lead to complications and even death. Gre za resno bolezen, ki lahko povzroči zaplete in celo smrt. 1.3076923076923077 The only protection against measles is vaccination. Edina zaščita pred okužbo je cepljenje. 1.2323232323232323 The second dose can be given one month or more after the first dose, in accordance with the national vaccination schedule. Drugi odmerek se daje en mesec ali več po prvem odmerku v skladu z nacionalnim programom cepljenja. 0.975 The first dose is given between 10 and 18 months of age in European countries. Prvi odmerek se v evropskih državah daje, ko je otrok star od 10 do 18 mesecev . 1.367741935483871 Note: The information contained in this factsheet is intended for the purpose of general information and should not be used as a substitute for the individual expertise and judgement of a healthcare professional. Opomba: Informacije, podane v tem informativnem listu, so zgolj splošne narave in nikakor ne nadomeščajo zdravnikove strokovne presoje posameznega primera. 0.9405940594059405 a red rash lasting four to seven days begins on the face and then spreads over the entire body; na obrazu se pojavi rdeč izpuščaj, ki traja od štiri do sedem dni in se nato razširi po celem telesu; 1.0331491712707181 Infants from six to nine months of age who are in an area - or will be travelling to areas - with high risk of exposure to measles, should receive a supplementary dose of the MMR vaccine. Dojenčki, ki so stari od šest do devet mesecev in so na območju ali bodo potovali na območja z visokim tveganjem izpostavljenosti ošpicam, morajo prejeti dodatni odmerek cepiva OMR. 0.9938650306748467 Such dose before the age of nine months is supplementary to the two doses included in the national vaccination programme, which are aimed to give full protection. Ta odmerek pred dopolnjenim devetim mesecem dopolnjuje druga dva odmerka, ki sta del nacionalnega programa cepljenja, katerega namen je zagotoviti popolno zaščito. 1.1818181818181819 Antibiotics are not effective against measles because it is caused by a virus. Antibiotiki proti ošpicam niso učinkoviti, saj jih povzroča virus. 1.2100840336134453 Virus-containing droplets can remain in the air for several hours and the virus remains infectious on contaminated surfaces for up to two hours. Kapljice, ki vsebujejo virus, lahko v zraku ostanejo več ur, virus pa ostane na okuženih površinah kužen še do dve uri. 1.0416666666666667 30% of children and adults infected with measles can develop complications. Do zapletov lahko pride pri 30 % otrok in odraslih, okuženih z ošpicami. 0.9349593495934959 Symptoms include personality changes, gradual mental deterioration, muscle spasms and other neuromuscular symptoms. Znaki te bolezni so spremembe osebnosti, postopno poslabšanje duševnega stanja, mišični krči in drugi živčno-mišični znaki. 1.1346153846153846 Two doses of the vaccine are needed for maximum protection. Za optimalno zaščito zadostujeta dva odmerka cepiva. 1.2592592592592593 The MMR vaccine is safe and effective and has very few side effects. Je varno in učinkovito ter ima malo neželenih učinkov. 1.0 There is no cure for SSPE and it always leads to death. Za to bolezen zdravilo ne obstaja in vedno vodi v smrt. 0.9769230769230769 Very rarely, a persistent measles virus infection can produce subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a disease in which nerves and brain tissue degenerate progressively and which is more likely to appear if measles infection occurs at a younger age. Zelo redko lahko trajna okužba z virusom ošpic povzroči subakutni sklerozirajoči panencefalitis (SSPE), bolezen, pri kateri živci in možgansko tkivo postopoma degenerirajo in za katero obstaja večja verjetnost, da se pojavi, če do okužbe pride v mlajših letih. 0.9140625 Anyone who is not vaccinated against measles or who has not had the disease is at risk of getting measles at any age. Pri vsaki osebi, ki ni bila cepljena proti ošpicam ali jih ni prebolela, obstaja tveganje, da se okuži pri kateri koli starosti. 0.9538461538461539 Measles symptoms usually appear after 10-12 days of infection: Znaki okužbe z ošpicami se običajno pojavijo 10-12 dni po okužbi: 1.0588235294117647 Measles spreads easily among unvaccinated individuals. Ošpice se med necepljenimi osebami hitro prenašajo. 1.0192307692307692 However, antibiotics are often used to treat complications with bacterial infections that can develop because of measles, such as pneumonia and ear infections. Se pa antibiotiki pogosto uporabijo za zdravljenje zapletov bakterijskih okužb, ki lahko nastanejo pri ošpicah, kot sta pljučnica in vnetje srednjega ušesa. 1.1428571428571428 What is measles? Kaj so ošpice? 0.8580645161290322 SSPE typically appears several years after the affected patient had measles; on average it is seen 7 to 10 years after the infection. Subakutni sklerozirajoči panencefalitis se običajno pojavi več let po tem, ko je prizadeti bolnik imel ošpice; v povprečju od sedem do deset let po okužbi. 0.7490494296577946 A variety of measures are employed to avoid the further spread of measles, such as quarantine from school or work for both the ill person and those close contacts with uncertain vaccination status. Za preprečevanje nadaljnjega širjenja ošpic se uporabljajo najrazličnejši ukrepi, kot je karantena (začasna osamitev in odsotnost iz šole ali službe) okuženih oseb - in tudi tistih, ki so bili v tesnem stiku z bolnikom in niso bili uspešno zaščiteni s cepljenjem. 1.2035398230088497 The MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps and rubella (German measles). Cepivo OMR (ošpice, mumps in rdečke) je kombinirano cepivo, ki ščiti pred okužbo z ošpicami, mumpsom in rdečkami. 0.8333333333333334 Pneumonia is the most common cause of measles-related death. Zato je pljučnica tudi najpogostejši vzrok smrtnih primerovzaradi ošpic. 1.3148148148148149 A person who is infected may transmit measles even before the rash appears (usually 4 days), and for about 4 days after the rash has appeared. Oseba z ošpicami je kužna že pred pojavom izpuščaja (običajno štiri dni) in še štiri dni po njegovem pojavu. 0.8294573643410853 Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be contracted at any age, and that can spread widely. Ošpice so zelo nalezljiva virusna bolezen, s katero se je mogoče okužiti pri kateri koli starosti in se lahko zelo hitro prenaša. 0.9254658385093167 Some vaccine recipients develop a non-infectious mild measles-like rash, typically 7 - 14 days after vaccination, which disappears within 1 - 3 days. Pri nekaterih cepljenih osebah se običajno od 7 do 14 dni po cepljenju pojavijo nenalezljivi, blagi, ošpicam podobni izpuščaji, ki po enem do treh dneh izginejo. 0.52 Who is at risk of measles? Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo z ošpicami? 0.9253731343283582 The MMR vaccine may be given earlier in life during outbreaks. Cepivo OMR se lahko med izbruhi bolezni daje že pri nižji starosti. 0.78125 initial symptoms resemble a cold with a runny nose, cough and a mild fever; začetni znaki so podobni nahodu (izcedek iz nosu, kašelj in rahlo povišana telesna temperatura); 1.03 The measles virus is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs and sneezes. Virus ošpic se prenaša po zraku s kapljicami, ki jih s kašljanjem ali kihanjem izloči okužena oseba. 0.6756756756756757 Most people recover with supportive treatment, which can include hydration and anti-fever medicines. Večina ljudi se pozdravi s podpornim zdravljenjem, kar lahko vključuje pitje dovolj tekočine in zdravila za zniževanje povišane telesne temperature. 0.5255972696245734 The mortality rate for measles is 1-3 persons per 1 000 cases and highest in those younger than five years of age and among immunocompromised individuals. Stopnja umrljivosti pri ošpicah je 1 do 3 osebe na 1 000 primerov okužbe, najvišja pa je pri otrocih, mlajših od pet let, in imunsko oslabljenih osebah.Pri približno vsakem tisočem bolniku pride do vnetja možgan (encefalitisa), ki pri enem od štirih primerov povzroči trajno nevrološko okvaro. 0.776 Pneumonia is a potential serious complication that has led to the death of some measles patients. Eden izmed možnih resnih zapletov okužbe z ošpicami je pljučnica, ki se lahko pri nekaterih bolnikih konča s smrtnim izidom . 0.6026490066225165 Mild reactions such as fever, redness or swelling at the injection site have been reported. Neželeni učinki, o katerih so poročali, so blage reakcije na cepivo, kot so povišana telesna temperatura ter rdečina ali oteklina na mestu injiciranja. 1.1029411764705883 small white spots may also appear on the gums and the inside of the cheeks. na dlesnih in v ustni sluznici se lahko pojavijo tudi belkaste lise. 0.9705882352941176 What are the symptoms of measles? Kakšni so znaki okužbe z ošpicami? 1.0217391304347827 These can include ear infections and diarrhoea. Med njimi so okužbe srednjega ušesa in driska. 1.16 How can measles be prevented? Kako se ošpice prenašajo? 1.0555555555555556 What are the complications of measles? Kakšni so zapleti okužbe z ošpicami? 0.8620689655172413 European Medicines Agency Evropska agencija za zdravila 1.3524590163934427 It is alone responsible for drawing up proposals for new European legislation, and it implements the decisions of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU . Je edina odgovorna za pripravo predlogov nove evropske zakonodaje ter izvaja odločitve Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta EU . 1.2982456140350878 The European Commission is the EU's politically independent executive arm. Evropska komisija je politično neodvisno izvršno telo EU. 0.9846153846153847 These experts carry out the work of EMA's scientific committees. Ti strokovnjaki opravljajo delo znanstvenih odborov agencije EMA. 0.7777777777777778 EMA is a networking organisation whose activities involve thousands of experts from across Europe. Agencija EMA je organizacija za mrežno povezovanje, v njene dejavnosti pa je vključenih na tisoče strokovnjakov iz vse Evrope. 0.9 (1) The European Commission, ECDC and EMA have mechanisms in place in order to ensure impartiality. (1) Evropska komisija, center ECDC in agencija EMA imajo na voljo mehanizme za zagotavljanje nepristranskosti. 0.8383838383838383 The Commission is divided into departments that develop policies in specific areas. Komisija je organizirana v obliki služb, ki so pristojne za razvoj politik po posameznih področjih. 0.9811320754716981 This is to ensure that staff and experts do not, in the performance of their duties, deal with matters in which they may, directly or indirectly, have a personal interest that could impair their independence. S tem je zagotovljeno, da se osebje in strokovnjaki pri opravljanju svojih nalog ne ukvarjajo z zadevami, v katerih bi lahko imeli posredni ali neposredni osebni interes, ki bi lahko zmanjšal njihovo neodvisnost. 0.9904761904761905 Communication and scientific experts in these organisations are involved in developing the contents (1). Pri razvoju vsebin sodelujejo strokovnjaki za komuniciranje in znanstveniki iz omenjenih organizacij (1). 0.9389312977099237 EMA works closely with European and international partners and shares information on vaccines and good regulatory practice. Agencija EMA tesno sodeluje z evropskimi in mednarodnimi partnerji ter izmenjuje informacije o cepivih in dobri regulativni praksi. 1.0658682634730539 It also provides an overview of the mechanisms in place in the European Union (EU) to ensure that available vaccines conform to the highest standards of safety and effectiveness. Zajema tudi pregled ukrepov, ki se uporabljajo v Evropski uniji (EU) za zagotavljanje skladnosti razpoložljivih cepiv z najvišjimi standardi varnosti in učinkovitosti. 1.0229007633587786 ECDC also maintains the Vaccine Scheduler , an online, interactive platform showing the vaccination schedules of all EU Member States. Center ECDC vzdržuje tudi Koledar cepljenj , interaktivno spletno platformo, ki prikazuje razporede cepljenja vseh držav članic EU. 0.7936507936507936 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Evropski center za preprečevanje in obvladovanje bolezni (ECDC) 0.890625 EMA ensures the efficacy, quality and safety of vaccines. Agencija EMA zagotavlja učinkovitost, kakovost in varnost cepiv. 0.8547486033519553 Staff and experts are required to declare any personal interest or any interest in any business or organisation that could compromise their impartiality. Osebje in strokovnjaki morajo predložiti izjavo o morebitnih osebnih interesih in interesih v katerem koli podjetju ali organizaciji, ki bi lahko ogrozili njihovo nepristranskost. 0.9815950920245399 EMA and its scientific committees examine all available data and assess their benefits and risks before they are approved and while they are marketed in the EU. Agencija EMA in njeni znanstveni odbori preučijo vse razpoložljive podatke ter ocenijo koristi in tveganja cepiv pred odobritvijo in v času njihovega trženja v EU. 1.029535864978903 This website was developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), in partnership with the European Commission, specifically, its Department on Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). To spletno mesto je razvil Evropski center za preprečevanje in obvladovanje bolezni (ECDC) v sodelovanju z Evropsko komisijo, zlasti z Generalnim direktoratom a zdravje in varnost hrane (DG SANTE) ter Evropsko agencijo za zdravila (EMA). 0.9265536723163842 One of the departments is DG for Health and Food Safety , responsible for EU policy on food safety and health and for monitoring the implementation of related laws. Ena od teh služb je GD za zdravje in varnost hrane , ki je odgovoren za politiko EU na področju varnosti hrane in zdravja ter za spremljanje izvajanja s tem povezanih predpisov. 1.092485549132948 The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a decentralized agency of the European Union (EU) responsible for the scientific evaluation, supervision and safety monitoring of medicines in the EU. Evropska agencija za zdravila (EMA) je decentralizirana agencija Evropske unije (EU), ki je odgovorna za znanstveno vrednotenje, nadzor in spremljanje varnosti zdravil v EU. 0.9233449477351916 The core functions cover a wide spectrum of activities: surveillance, epidemic intelligence, response, scientific advice, microbiology, preparedness, public health training, international relations, health communication, and the scientific journal Eurosurveillance. Osrednje naloge zajemajo številne dejavnosti: spremljanje, epidemiološki podatki, odzivanje, znanstveni nasveti, mikrobiologija, pripravljenost, usposabljanje osebja v javnem zdravstvenem varstvu, mednarodni odnosi, komuniciranje v zvezi z zdravjem in znanstvena revija Eurosurveillance. 1.040983606557377 The main purpose of this website is to provide accurate, objective, up-to-date evidence on vaccines and vaccination in general. Glavni namen tega spletnega mesta je zagotavljanje natančnih, objektivnih in posodobljenih dokazov o cepivih in cepljenju. 1.0077519379844961 Read more: https://ec.europa.eu/health/vaccination/overview_en and https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/health-and-food-safety_en Več o tem: https://ec.europa.eu/health/vaccination/overview_en in https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/health-and-food-safety_en 0.9018181818181819 In the area of vaccine-preventable diseases, ECDC provides regular surveillance data, e.g. the number of confirmed cases, and scientific advice on vaccines, monitors disease outbreaks and develops materials to support communication on immunisation. Na področju bolezni, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem, center ECDC zagotavlja redne podatke o spremljanju, npr. število potrjenih primerov, in znanstvene nasvete o cepivih, spremlja izbruhe bolezni in pripravlja gradiva za podporo komuniciranju v zvezi z imunizacijo. 0.643312101910828 ECDC is an EU scientific agency aimed at strengthening Europe's defences against infectious diseases. Evropski center za preprečevanje in obvladovanje bolezni je znanstvena agencija EU, ki je odgovorna za krepitev evropske obrambe pred nalezljivimi boleznimi. 0.8669724770642202 The initiative aims to tackle vaccine hesitancy, improve coordination on vaccine procurement, support research and innovation, and strengthen EU cooperation on vaccine-preventable diseases. Namen pobude je odpraviti nezaupanje v cepljenje, izboljšati usklajevanje pri nabavi cepiv, podpreti raziskave in inovacije ter okrepiti sodelovanje v EU v boju proti boleznim, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem. 0.9202453987730062 Representatives from EU and EEA countries' public health organisations were consulted for finalising the website's contents and its language versions. Pri dokončnem oblikovanju vsebine spletnega mesta in njegovih jezikovnih različic so se posvetovali s predstavniki javnih zdravstvenih organizacij držav EU in EGP. 0.7746478873239436 For more information visit: https://www.ema.europa.eu / Dodatne informacije so na voljo na naslovu: https://www.ema.europa.eu / 0.9396984924623115 It is an initiative of the European Union and was developed following the Council Recommendation on Strengthened Cooperation against Vaccine Preventable Diseases adopted in December 2018. Spletno mesto je nastalo na pobudo Evropske unije in na podlagi Priporočila Sveta o okrepljenem sodelovanju v boju proti boleznim, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem , sprejetega decembra 2018. 0.7746478873239436 For more information visit: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/ Dodatne informacije so na voljo na naslovu: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/ 0.8928571428571429 To improve vaccination uptake, the Council adopted a Recommendation to strengthen the EU cooperation on vaccine-preventable diseases in December 2018. Za izboljšanje precepljenosti je Svet decembra 2018 sprejel Priporočilo o okrepljenem sodelovanju v EU v boju proti boleznim, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem . 1.2033898305084745 They just take into account different circumstances and health systems. Upoštevajo samo različne okoliščine in zdravstvene sisteme. 1.0340909090909092 The differences between vaccination schedules do not mean that some are better than others. Razlike med posameznimi koledarji cepljenj ne pomenijo, da so nekateri boljši od drugih. 0.9130434782608695 Vaccines in the national schedules are given in the appropriate timeframes to ensure adequate protection. Cepljenja se glede na nacionalni koledar izvedejo v ustreznih časovnih presledkih, da se zagotovi ustrezna zaščita. 1.165938864628821 Factors driving such differences may include the disease's burden, prevalence of the disease and trends in different countries, the resources and structures of healthcare systems, political and cultural factors, as well as the resilience of the vaccination programme. Dejavniki, ki vplivajo na te razlike, so lahko breme bolezni, razširjenost bolezni ter trendi v različnih državah, viri in strukture sistemov zdravstvenega varstva, politični in kulturni dejavniki ter prožnost programa cepljenja. 0.9104938271604939 These may include the age and population to be vaccinated (for example, all children of a certain age or only those in a risk group), the exact type of vaccine (e.g. some ingredients may differ), the number and timing of doses, and whether a vaccine is given alone or in combination with others. Do razlik prihaja pri starosti in populaciji, ki jo je treba cepiti (na primer vsi otroci določene starosti ali samo tisti v ogroženi skupini), natančni vrsti cepiva (npr. določene sestavine se lahko razlikujejo), številu in časovnem razporedu odmerkov ter pri tem, ali se cepivo daje samostojno ali v kombinaciji z drugimi. 0.8922155688622755 Each EU/EEA country is responsible for its own national public health policy, including its national immunisation programme and vaccination schedule. Vsaka država EU/EGP je odgovorna za svojo nacionalno politiko na področju javnega zdravja, vključno s svojim nacionalnim programom imunizacije in koledarjem cepljenja. 1.0862068965517242 The same level of protection is ensured in each EU/EEA country. V vsaki državi EU/EGP je zagotovljena enaka raven varstva. 0.9722222222222222 Vaccination schedules in the EU/EEA Koledarji cepljenja v državah EU/EGP 0.9101796407185628 There are some differences in the way countries organise their vaccination schedules, which are similar but not identical in different EU/EEA countries. Obstajajo namreč določene razlike, kako države organizirajo svoj koledar cepljenja, zato so cepljenja v posameznih državah EU/EGP sicer podobna, vendar ne čisto enaka. 0.92 The childhood vaccination schedules in all EU/EEA countries include the vaccination against: Koledarji cepljenja za otroke v vseh državah EU/EGP vključujejo cepljenje proti naslednjim boleznim: 0.6951219512195121 Information on the national vaccination schedules in EU/EEA countries can be found in the ECDC Vaccine Scheduler . Informacije o nacionalnih koledarjih cepljenja v državah EU/EGP so na voljo v koledarju cepljenj Evropskega centra za preprečevanje in obvladovanje bolezni (ECDC) . 0.8148148148148148 It can spread quickly. Bolezen se zelo hitro širi. 0.9393939393939394 Measles had almost been eliminated in many European countries. Ošpice so bile v številnih evropskih državah skoraj izkoreninjene. 1.1666666666666667 Vaccines are used in hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year to protect from serious diseases. Vsako leto cepimo več sto milijonov ljudi po celem svetu za zaščito pred hudimi boleznimi. 1.0769230769230769 For example, during 2018 about 86% of infants worldwide received three doses of the vaccine that protects them against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP), and 85% of infants around the world received three doses of polio vaccine (1). V letu 2018 je na primer 86 % dojenčkov po vsem svetu prejelo tri odmerke cepiva za zaščito proti davici, tetanusu in oslovskemu kašlju (DTP), 85 % dojenčkov po vsem svetu pa tri odmerke cepiva proti otroški paralizi (1). 0.8295454545454546 It can cause severe spasms of cough and usually lasts three to six weeks. Bolezen lahko povzroči zelo krčevito kašljanje in običajno traja od treh do šest tednov. 0.9494949494949495 If people stopped being vaccinated, many of these diseases and related outbreaks could return. Če bi prenehali s cepljenjem, bi se mnoge od teh bolezni in njihovi izbruhi lahko ponovno pojavili. 0.9882352941176471 Vaccination against pertussis is part of national immunisation programmes in the EU. Cepljenje proti oslovskemu kašlju je vključno v nacionalne programe imunizacije v EU. 1.02 The only protection against measles is vaccination. Edina zaščita pred okužbo z ošpicami je cepljenje. 0.4264705882352941 Less than 5% will have fever. Pri manj kot 5 % otrok se lahko pojavi povišana telesna temperatura. 1.1209677419354838 Many infectious diseases are very rare today thanks to vaccination, so the negative consequences of these diseases are sometimes forgotten. Mnoge nalezljive bolezni so danes zelo redke prav po zaslugi cepljenja, zato včasih pozabimo na njihove negativne posledice. 0.9576271186440678 Vaccines prevent diseases that could otherwise cause serious health problems, permanent disability or even death. Cepljenje preprečuje bolezni, ki bi sicer lahko povzročile resne zdravstvene težave, trajno invalidnost ali celo smrt. 0.9426751592356688 It will often lead to hospitalisation in infants, and the risk of complications and hospitalisation increases for infants younger than three months. Oboleli dojenčki v veliko primerih potrebujejo bolnišnično oskrbo, tveganje za zaplete in hospitalizacijo pa je večje pri dojenčkih, mlajših od treh mesecev. 1.6521739130434783 The MMR vaccine is safe and effective. Je varno in učinkovito. 0.813953488372093 About 20% of infants will have redness and pain at the injection site. Pri približno 20 % dojenčkov se lahko pojavi rdečina in bolečina na mestu injiciranja. 1.3333333333333333 However, since October 2016 a resurgence of measles has been observed in the EU/EEA, with outbreaks in several countries (2), due to a decline in vaccination rates. Toda od oktobra 2016 so se zaradi zmanjšane precepljenosti znova začele pojavljati v številnih državah članicah EU/EGP (2). 1.02 Complications can include pneumonia, encephalopathy (a disease of the brain), seizures and even death. Med zapleti so lahko pljučnica, encefalopatija (obolenje možganov), epileptični napadi in celo smrt. 0.75 Measles can be serious or even life-threatening. Ošpice so lahko zelo resna ali celo življenjsko nevarna bolezen. 1.54 The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps and rubella (German measles). Cepivo OMR ščiti proti ošpicam, mumpsu in rdečkam. 1.6428571428571428 Benefits of vaccinating Primer: ošpice 0.6648648648648648 Unlike a treatment given to cure an illness, vaccines are usually given to healthy people to prevent them from getting ill. Za razliko od zdravil, ki se dajejo bolnim ljudem, se cepiva običajno dajejo zdravim ljudem, da bi preprečili bolezni, zato dolgoročne koristi cepljenja niso vedno vidne na prvi pogled. 1.2916666666666667 Pertussis (whooping cough) is a disease affecting the airways. Oslovski kašelj je bolezen, ki prizadene dihala. 1.0632911392405062 This protects children from whooping cough, while it only causes minor side effects. Z njim zaščitimo otroke pred to boleznijo, njegovi neželeni učinki pa so blagi. 0.6428571428571429 For more information, see measles factsheet . Več informacij je na voljo v informativnem listu o oslovskemu kašlju . 0.7833333333333333 For more information, see pertussis factsheet . Več informacij je na voljo v informativnem listu o ošpicah . 1.3478260869565217 Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail Primer: oslovski kašelj 0.8823529411764706 Decisions on vaccines in use in different European countries Odločanje o cepivih, ki se uporabljajo v različnih evropskih državah 0.8739495798319328 Combined use of vaccines is well established and based on scientific studies on its benefits and safety. Takšna kombinirana uporaba cepiv je že uveljavljena in temelji na znanstvenih študijah o njihovih koristih in varnosti. 0.9934640522875817 Individual European countries decide which vaccines should be part of their national vaccination programmes and funded by their national health systems. Vsaka evropska država sama odloča, katera cepiva bodo vključena v njen nacionalni program cepljenja in financirana iz nacionalnega zdravstvenega sistema. 0.9856115107913669 Most national vaccination programmes in the EU/EEA include vaccines for up to twenty diseases which are given to people at specific ages. Večina nacionalnih programov cepljenja v državah EU/EGP vključuje cepiva proti največ dvajsetim boleznim, ki se dajejo v določeni starosti. 0.6621621621621622 This is based on local conditions, such as how common the disease is, as well as economic factors. Takšne odločitve temeljijo na lokalnih razmerah v posamezni državi, kot je na primer pojavnost določene bolezni, pa tudi na gospodarskih dejavnikih. 1.049689440993789 For more information about national vaccination programmes, see the ECDC vaccine scheduler and visit the official websites on immunisation of the EU/EEA countries here . Več informacij o nacionalnih programih cepljenja je na voljo v koledarju cepljenja centra ECDC in na uradnih spletiščih o imunizaciji držav članic EU/EGP tukaj . 1.1382978723404256 In addition, vaccines to protect against specific diseases are sometimes recommended for ‘high-risk' groups, such as people with long-term health conditions or people planning to travel to other parts of the world. Določena cepiva se včasih priporočajo tudi bolj ogroženim skupinam prebivalstva, kot so na primer osebe s kroničnimi obolenji ali ljudje, ki se odpravljajo na potovanje v druge dele sveta. 1.0987654320987654 Some vaccines protect against only one disease, but others protect against more than one. Nekatera cepiva zagotavljajo zaščito samo proti eni, druga pa proti več boleznim. 0.9711538461538461 Sometimes, more than one vaccine may be given at once to protect against several infectious diseases. Včasih je treba opraviti več cepljenj istočasno, da se vzpostavi zaščita proti več nalezljivim boleznim. 1.0 Thousands of volunteers Na tisoče prostovoljcev 0.9195402298850575 This programme has to follow the procedures and protocols set by the regulators: Ta program mora slediti postopkom in protokolom, ki so jih določili regulativni organi: 1.0 Is the vaccine safe? Ali je cepivo varno? 0.9066666666666666 its ingredients, including its inactive ingredients or ‘excipients'; njegove sestavine, vključno z neaktivnimi sestavinami ali pomožnimi snovmi; 0.8928571428571429 What is the optimal dose? Kakšen je optimalni odmerek? 0.9081632653061225 These include the European Medicines Agency and other regulators in the EU/EEA countries. V to so vključeni Evropska agencija za zdravila in drugi regulatorji v državah članicah EU in EGP. 1.3272727272727274 How are the immune systems of the participants responding to the vaccine? Kako se imunski sistemi udeležencev odzivajo na cepivo? 1.0 Testing includes checking the vaccine's quality: Preskušanje zajema preverjanje kakovosti cepiva: 1.0375 This is followed by a clinical testing programme in humans, which can take around ten years from initial concept to authorisation and must adhere to strict standards. Temu sledi program kliničnega preskušanja pri ljudeh, ki lahko od začetnega koncepta do odobritve traja približno deset let in mora upoštevati stroge standarde. 0.8833333333333333 This involves tests in the laboratory and in animals. To zajema preskuse v laboratorijih in testiranje na živalih. 1.1320754716981132 The vaccine developer tests the vaccine in three phases of clinical trials, with larger numbers of people in each phase. Razvijalec cepiva preskuša cepivo v treh fazah kliničnih preskušanj, v vsaki fazi z večjim številom ljudi. 0.8611111111111112 Are there serious side effects? Ali obstajajo resni neželeni učinki? 0.8742138364779874 Medicines regulatory authorities can carry out inspections to make sure that the information the vaccine developer provides is trustworthy. Regulativni organi za zdravila lahko izvajajo inšpekcijske preglede, s katerimi zagotovijo, da so informacije, ki jih zagotavlja razvijalec cepiva, zanesljive. 1.139240506329114 At the end of the testing programme, the vaccine developer submits the results to the medicines regulatory authorities in Europe as part of a ‘marketing authorisation' application. Ob koncu programa preskušanja razvijalec cepiva predloži rezultate regulativnim organom za zdravila v Evropi kot del vloge za pridobitev dovoljenja za promet. 1.0129870129870129 They can also run tests to make sure that the batches of vaccines released onto the market are of the expected quality and have been manufactured correctly. Izvajajo lahko tudi preskuse, s katerimi zagotovijo, da so serije cepiv, ki se sprostijo na trg, pričakovane kakovosti in da so bile ustrezno proizvedene. 0.9748427672955975 The regulators can only approve the vaccine if its scientific evaluation of the tests results show that the vaccine's benefits are greater than its risks . Regulativni organi lahko cepivo odobrijo le, če je iz znanstvene ocene rezultatov preskusov razvidno, da so njegove koristi večje od z njim povezanih tveganj . 0.9245283018867925 What are the most common short-term side effects? Kateri so najpogostejši kratkotrajni neželeni učinki? 0.9745222929936306 Before a vaccine can be approved in the EU, it has to undergo rigorous testing by its developer and then scientific evaluation by regulatory authorities. Preden se cepivo lahko odobri v EU, mora najprej prestati zelo zahtevna preskušanja razvijalca cepiva in nato še znanstveno vrednotenje regulativnih organov. 1.1702127659574468 Then the vaccine developer tests the vaccine's effects. Razvijalec cepiva nato preskusi njegove učinke. 0.95 What are the most common side effects? Kateri so najpogostejši neželeni učinki? 1.1464968152866242 The companies are required to conduct stringent testing, for which the acceptance criteria are pre-defined by the authorities, on each batch of vaccine released onto the EU market. Podjetja morajo na vsaki seriji cepiva, ki se sprosti na trg EU, izvesti zelo zahtevne preskuse, za katere so organi vnaprej določili merila sprejemljivosti. 0.8181818181818182 National governments take account of factors such as their health systems, legal systems and cultural norms. Nacionalne vlade pri tem upoštevajo različne dejavnike, kot so denimo njihovi zdravstveni sistemi, pravni sistemi in kulturne norme. 1.0909090909090908 Mandatory or recommended vaccination Obvezno ali priporočeno cepljenje 0.8653846153846154 Each EU/EEA country is responsible for its own national public health policy, including... Vsaka država EU/EGP je odgovorna za svojo nacionalno politiko na področju javnega zdravja, vključno s... 1.0 Information on which countries have mandatory vaccination can be found in the Vaccine Scheduler . Informacije o državah, ki imajo predpisana obvezna cepljenja, so na voljo v koledarju cepljenja . 1.24 Each EU/EEA country implements its own immunisation programme. Vsaka država EU/EGP izvaja svoj program cepljenja. 0.9506172839506173 In 12 EU/EEA countries, vaccinating children against some diseases is mandatory, although different vaccines are required as mandatory in those countries. V 12 državah članicah EU/EGP je cepljenje otrok proti nekaterim boleznim obvezno, pri čemer lahko vsaka država članica predpiše vrsto cepiva za obvezno cepljenje. 1.018348623853211 EU/EEA countries have achieved high vaccination coverage rates through mandatory and non-mandatory vaccination. Vse države članice EU/EGP so dosegle visoko stopnjo precepljenosti tako z neobveznim kot obveznim cepljenjem. 0.9347826086956522 Each EU/EEA country decides if vaccination is mandatory or voluntary in its territory. Vsaka država sama odloča o tem, katera cepljenja so obvezna ali neobvezna na njenem ozemlju. 0.6702127659574468 Most EU/EEA countries offer vaccination on a recommended basis. V večini držav članic EU/EGP je cepljenje neobvezno in se izvaja na osnovi uradnih priporočil. 1.0344827586206897 Situation of measles in the EU Stanje na področju ošpic v EU 0.8470588235294118 Below are the most recent data on measles outbreaks in EU Member States. V nadaljevanju so navedeni najnovejši podatki o izbruhih ošpic v državah članicah EU. 1.0421052631578946 It provides options for the user to filter information by criteria such as disease and time-period. Uporabniku omogoča filtriranje informacij na podlagi meril, kot sta bolezen in časovno obdobje. 0.6010362694300518 The data is based on information submitted and verified by Member States through ECDC's disease surveillance system. Podatki temeljijo na informacijah, ki so jih države članice predložile in preverile v okviru sistema za spremljanje bolezni pri Evropskem centru za preprečevanje in obvladovanje bolezni (ECDC). 0.8118279569892473 The ECDC Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases also provides data on other vaccine-preventable diseases, such as diphtheria, pertussis and rubella. Atlas za spremljanje nalezljivih bolezni, ki ga ponuja ECDC,zagotavlja tudi podatke o drugih boleznih, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem, kot so davica, oslovski kašelj in rdečke. 1.072289156626506 Vaccination also reduces the risk of spreading the diseases among family members, school mates or colleagues, friends and neighbours, as well as to other people in the community. S cepljenjem se prav tako zmanjša tveganje širjenja bolezni med družinskimi člani, sošolci ali sodelavci, prijatelji, sosedi in drugimi pripadniki družbene skupnosti. 0.9915966386554622 Thanks to vaccination, people can be protected against diseases that could have serious consequences for their health. Zahvaljujoč cepljenju lahko zaščitimo posameznike pred boleznimi, ki bi lahko imele resne posledice za njihovo zdravje. 1.1363636363636365 More factsheets will be included at a later stage. Pozneje bodo dodani novi informativni listi. 0.6206896551724138 Disease factsheets Informativni listi o boleznih 0.9950248756218906 Each factsheet provides key facts about a disease, with an overview of the symptoms, complications, how the disease spreads, who is at risk, how the disease can be prevented and how it can be treated. Na vsakem listu so navedena ključna dejstva o bolezni, skupaj s pregledom simptomov, zapletov, načinov prenosa bolezni, ogroženih skupinah ljudi, načinov za preprečevanje bolezni in načinov zdravljenja 0.8870967741935484 To learn more about the diseases that can be prevented by vaccination, consult the factsheets available below. Če želite izvedeti več o boleznih, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem, si oglejte spodaj priložene informativne liste. 1.0535714285714286 Nowadays, several diseases can be prevented by vaccination. Dandanes lahko s cepljenjem preprečimo številne bolezni. 0.8157894736842105 Research is ongoing to develop vaccines against more diseases. Raziskave in razvoj novih cepiv proti mnogim drugim boleznim pa še potekajo. 0.8295454545454546 Factsheets of five vaccine- preventable diseases are currently available. Trenutno je na voljo gradivo o petih boleznih, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem. 1.0 These include: Mednje sodijo: 0.9743589743589743 These substances are consistently controlled to ensure they are present at levels that have been shown to be safe. Te snovi so pod stalnim nadzorom za zagotovitev, da so prisotne v količinah, za katere je bilo dokazano, da so varne. 0.91 Regulators check that their benefits are weighed against the risk of any reactions to them. Regulativni organi preverjajo, ali koristi teh sestavin odtehtajo tveganja morebitnih reakcij nanje. 0.8641304347826086 There may also be trace amounts of other substances used in the manufacturing process, such as ovalbumin (a protein found in eggs) or neomycin (an antibiotic). V cepivih se lahko v sledovih nahajajo tudi druge snovi, ki se uporabljajo v proizvodnem procesu, kot sta na primer ovalbumin (beljakovina v jajčnem beljaku) ali neomicin (antibiotik). 1.0266666666666666 In addition to one or more antigens, there are other components in a vaccine. Cepiva poleg enega ali več antigenov cepiva vsebujejo tudi druge sestavine. 1.0136363636363637 Whenever these substances are present at a level that might trigger a reaction in a sensitive or allergic individual, their presence is declared in the information provided to healthcare workers and patients on the vaccine. Kadar koli so te snovi prisotne v količini, ki bi lahko sprožila reakcijo pri občutljivih ali alergičnih osebah, se vsebnost tovrstnih snovi navede v informacijah o cepivu, ki jih prejmejo zdravstveni delavci in bolniki. 1.0582010582010581 excipients: these are inactive ingredients, like water, or sodium chloride (salt), as well as the preservatives or stabilisers that help the vaccine remain unchanged during storage, keeping it active. pomožne snovi: neaktivne sestavine, kot so voda, natrijev klorid (sol) ter konzervansi ali stabilizatorji, ki so namenjeni temu, da ostane cepivo med shranjevanjem nespremenjeno in aktivno. 0.8713692946058091 For example, the package leaflet will state if there are special precautions for use of a vaccine in people with certain allergies, such as vaccines including trace amounts of egg in people with an egg allergy. Tako bo na primer v navodilu za uporabo navedeno, ali so potrebni posebni previdnostni ukrepi za uporabo cepiva pri ljudeh z določenimi alergijami, na primer pri ljudeh z alergijo na jajca, kadar gre za cepiva, ki vsebujejo jajca v sledovih. 0.9844961240310077 adjuvants: these improve the immune response to the vaccine by making the response stronger, faster and more sustained in time. adjuvansi: snovi, ki spodbudijo imunski odziv na cepivo, zaradi česar je ta močnejši, hitrejši in trajnejši (na primer aluminij); 2.066666666666667 Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail Sestavine cepiv 1.0677966101694916 Immunity usually lasts for years, and sometimes for a lifetime. Imunost običajno traja več let, včasih tudi celo življenje. 0.9 This is called the antigen. Takšno snov imenujemo antigen. 0.7326732673267327 This ‘ community immunity ' can only work if enough people are vaccinated. Takšna „kolektivna imunost" je učinkovita samo takrat, kadar je cepljeno dovolj veliko število ljudi. 0.9122807017543859 The length of time varies by disease and by vaccine. Trajanje imunosti je za vsako bolezen in cepivo drugačno. 0.5945945945945946 The person is also at risk of complications. Pri takšni osebi obstaja tudi večje tveganje za morebitne zaplete bolezni. 0.859375 Vaccines contain a greatly weakened or an inactivated (killed) form of a virus or bacterium that usually causes a disease, or a small part of the virus or bacterium. Cepiva vsebujejo bodisi zelo oslabljeno oziroma inaktivirano (neživo) obliko virusa ali bakterije, ki bi v običajni obliki lahko povzročila bolezen, ali pa majhen del virusa oziroma bakterije. 1.084848484848485 Immunity through vaccination protects not only the immunised individual but also protects unvaccinated people in the community, such as infants who are too young to be vaccinated. S cepljenjem pridobljena imunost ne ščiti samo cepljene osebe, temveč tudi necepljene ljudi v njeni okolici, kot so denimo dojenčki, ki so še premajhni za cepljenje. 0.8686131386861314 A vaccine stimulates an immune response, and a ‘memory' of the body to a specific disease, without causing the disease. Cepivo vzpodbudi odziv imunskega sistema in ustvari „spomin" v telesu človeka na določeno bolezen, brez da bi pri tem povzročilo bolezen. 1.0307692307692307 Each virus and bacterium triggers a unique response in the immune system involving a specific set of cells in the blood, in the bone marrow and all over the body, called T-cells, B-cells, among others. Vsak virus ali bakterija sproži enkraten odziv imunskega sistema, pri čemer igrajo pomembno vlogo posebne skupine celic v krvi, kostnem mozgu in celotnem telesu, imenovane celice T, celice B itd. 1.0588235294117647 Later, if the person comes into contact with the actual infectious virus or bacterium, their immune system will ‘remember' it. Če cepljena oseba kasneje pride v stik z dejansko kužnim virusom ali bakterijo, se ju bo njen imunski sistem „spomnil". 0.9181286549707602 It will then quickly produce the right antibodies and activate the right immune cells to kill the virus or bacterium, protecting the person from the disease. Tako bo lahko hitro začel tvoriti ustrezna protitelesa in aktiviral ustrezne imunske celice, ki bodo uničile virus ali bakterijo, s čemer bo zaščitil osebo bred boleznijo. 0.8 Antibodies are special proteins that help kill the infectious agent. Protitelesa so posebne beljakovine, ki pomagajo pri uničevanju povzročiteljev okužbe. 1.3529411764705883 When a person is given the vaccine, their immune system recognises the antigen as ‘foreign'. Ko oseba prejme cepivo, imunski sistem prepozna antigen kot „tujek". 0.8656716417910447 In contrast, a person who becomes immune by getting the disease can expose other unvaccinated people to the disease. Za razliko od tega lahko oseba, ki preboleva bolezen, s katero se je okužila po naravni poti, izpostavi okužbi druge necepljene osebe. 0.900990099009901 The immune cells are trained to kill and make antibodies against the disease-causing agent. Imunske celice so izurjene za uničevanje povzročiteljev bolezni in za izdelavo protiteles proti njim. 2.3846153846153846 Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail Imunski odziv 0.7288135593220338 They are also less likely to infect others. Prav tako obstaja manjša verjetnost, da bodo okužili druge. 0.9538461538461539 Effectiveness in an individual depends on a number of factors. Učinkovitost pri posameznikih je odvisna od številnih dejavnikov: 0.9347826086956522 other diseases or conditions they may have; drugih bolezni ali motenj, ki jih lahko imajo; 1.1333333333333333 previous contact with the disease; predhodnega stika z boleznijo; 0.75 As with any medicine, no vaccine is 100% effective in every person vaccinated. Kot velja pri katerem koli zdravilu, tudi cepiva niso 100‑odstotno učinkovita pri vseh cepljenih osebah. 1.1603773584905661 This is due to the person not developing sufficient protection against the disease or due to immunity decreasing over time. Do tega pride, kadar oseba ne razvije zadostne zaščite proti bolezni ali ker se imunost s časom zmanjšuje. 0.9482758620689655 In these cases, however, the person's symptoms are often milder than they would have been without vaccination. Vendar se v teh primerih simptomi pri posameznikih običajno pojavijo v blažji obliki, kot če ti ne bi bili cepljeni. 1.128440366972477 In some circumstances, a person can still get a disease even after receiving the recommended doses of a vaccine against it. V nekaterih primerih lahko posameznik še vedno zboli, čeprav je bil cepljen s priporočljivimi odmerki cepiva. 0.5560344827586207 It typically provides lifelong protection and has an effectiveness of around 97-99% among healthy children who receive two doses. Cepivo proti ošpicam, mumpsu in rdečkam (OMR) je na primer zelo učinkovito pri preprečevanju bolezni, saj običajno daje doživljenjsko zaščito in je pri zdravih otrocih, ki prejmejo dva odmerka, učinkovito v okoli 97 %-99 % primerov. 1.1067961165048543 Authorised vaccines are effective at preventing disease and protecting the population when administered correctly. Kadar se odobrena cepiva pravilno uporabijo, učinkovito preprečujejo bolezni in zaščitijo prebivalstvo. 0.9634146341463414 A vaccine's ability to prevent a specific disease determines its effectiveness. Učinkovitost cepiva je odvisna od njegove zmožnosti, da prepreči določeno bolezen. 0.8571428571428571 the vaccine. cepiva samega. 1.2777777777777777 Benefits of vaccinating Učinkovitost cepiv 0.7352941176470589 how the vaccine is given; časa, ki je pretekel od cepljenja; 0.8387096774193549 In healthy individuals it is usually a mild disease. Pri zdravih ljudeh ta bolezen običajno poteka v blažji obliki. 1.84 Rubella (German measles) is a viral infection. Rdečke so virusna okužba. 1.3333333333333333 About us Rdečke 0.6434108527131783 Pertussis is a highly infectious bacterial disease involving the lungs and airways. Ošpice so zelo nalezljiva virusna bolezen, s katero se je mogoče okužiti pri kateri koli starosti in se lahko zelo hitro prenaša. 0.9868421052631579 In some countries such recommendations are done at state or regional level. Nekatere državeizdajajo tovrstna priporočila nadržavni ali regionalni ravni. 1.1782178217821782 When looking at health-related information, it can be difficult to judge the quality and accuracy of information found. Pri iskanju informacij v zvezi z zdravjem je težko presoditi kakovost in točnost najdenih informacij. 0.9098360655737705 They initially occur at night and then become more frequent during the day and may recur for one to two months. Napadi se na začetku pojavljajo ponoči, nato postanejo pogostejši čez dan in se lahko ponavljajo od enega do dveh mesecev. 1.141025641025641 People may wonder where to find accurate information, who is behind the development of the information they find, and also if the information is supported by scientific evidence. Lahko se sprašujejo, kje je mogoče najti točne informacije, kdo je objavil informacije, ki jih najdejo, in ali so informacije podprte z znanstvenimi dokazi. 0.928 A third or fourth dose is recommended at 11-24 months of age, and another dose between three and seven years of age. Tretji in četrti odmerek se priporočata pri starosti 11 do 24 mesecev, še en odmerek pa med tretjim in sedmim letom starosti. 0.9504950495049505 Some vaccines are not part of routine vaccination schedules but are targeted at specific groups. Nekatera cepiva niso del rutinskih programov cepljenja, saj so namenjena le določenim skupinam ljudi. 1.0724637681159421 It usually occurs within minutes of exposure to the source of the allergy. Običajno se pojavi v nekaj minutah po izpostavljenosti viru alergije. 0.9698795180722891 The Vaccine Safety Net (VSN) is a global network of websites, established by the World Health Organization, that provides reliable information on vaccine safety. Mreža za varnost cepiva je globalna mreža spletnih mest, ki jo je vzpostavila Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija in zagotavlja zanesljive informacije o varnosti cepiv. 1.1944444444444444 Official websites from EU and EEA countries Uradna spletna mesta držav EU in EGP 0.9041916167664671 Healthcare professionals (e.g. doctors, nurses) have a role in ensuring that patients in their care receive the recommended vaccines at the right time. Zdravstveni delavci (npr. zdravniki, medicinske sestre) imajo posebno vlogo pri zagotavljanju, da bolniki v njihovi oskrbi pravočasno prejmejo priporočljivo cepljenje. 0.8636363636363636 In these groups, and in very young infants, pertussis is harder to diagnose. Pri teh skupinah in pri zelo majhnih dojenčkih je oslovski kašelj težje diagnosticirati. 1.2920353982300885 After this phase, the coughing fits become less frequent and less severe, and the infant gradually gets better (this can take up to three months). Po tej fazi so napadi kašlja manj pogosti in manj hudi, dojenček pa postopno okreva (kar lahko traja tri mesece). 0.9662921348314607 Below are links to official websites with information on vaccination from public health organisations of the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries. Spodaj so povezave do uradnih spletnih strani z informacijami o cepljenju iz javnih zdravstvenih organizacij držav Evropske unije (EU) in Evropskega gospodarskega prostora (EGP). 0.8701298701298701 They also provide recommendations for people with chronic diseases. Prav tako vsebujejo priporočila glede cepljenja ljudi s kroničnimi boleznimi. 0.9508196721311475 The main purpose of this website is to provide accurate, objective, up-to-date evidence on vaccines and vaccination. Glavni namen tega spletnega mesta je zagotavljanje natančnih, objektivnih in posodobljenih dokazov o cepivih in cepljenju. 1.2019230769230769 Every effort should be made to see that women receive all routinely recommended vaccines before they reach child-bearing age. Prizadevati si je treba, da ženske prejmejo vsa rutinsko priporočena cepiva, preden dosežejo rodno dobo. 0.910958904109589 Vaccines are recommended for different age groups, often for infants and children, but also for teenagers, adults and elderly people. Priporočena so za različne starostne skupine, najpogosteje pri dojenčkih in otrocih, a tudi pri mladostnikih, odraslih osebah in starejših ljudeh. 1.0534351145038168 Women of childbearing age should discuss with their healthcare provider which vaccines are recommended before, during and after pregnancy. Ženske v rodni dobi bi se morale s svojim zdravnikom pogovoriti, katera cepiva se priporočajo pred nosečnostjo, med njo in po njej. 0.9542857142857143 Immunocompromised patients also benefit from those around them being fully vaccinated (such as family members, caregivers), as then they are also indirectly protected. Imunsko ogroženi bolniki imajo koristi tudi od tistih v njihovi bližini, ki so opravili vsa cepljenja (kot so družinski člani, negovalci), saj so tako tudi posredno zaščiteni. 1.091549295774648 Some countries also recommend a booster to unprotected women soon after they have delivered, to reduce the risk of transmission of the disease to the baby. Nekatere države priporočajo obnovitveni odmerek tudi za necepljene ženske kmalu po porodu, da se zmanjša tveganje prenosa bolezni na dojenčka. 1.0089285714285714 Anaphylaxis is a rare, rapid, extreme allergic reaction which can cause shock, swelling and difficulty breathing. Anafilaksa je redka, hitra, ekstremna alergijska reakcija, ki lahko povzroči šok, otekanje in težave z dihanjem. 1.1111111111111112 In some cases, the completion of the immunisations needed is recommended prior to the start of a treatment, as during the treatment the patient may be at higher risks of infection. V nekaterih primerih se priporoča dokončanje potrebnih cepljenj pred začetkom zdravljenja, saj lahko med zdravljenjem za bolnika obstaja večje tveganje za okužbo. 1.078740157480315 With all the information that is available on the internet and circulating on social media on vaccination, people may sometimes get lost. Zaradi vseh informacij v zvezi s cepljenjem, ki so na voljo na spletu in krožijo po družbenih medijih, so ljudje lahko zmedeni. 0.7551020408163265 When symptoms do occur, they include: Če se simptomi pojavijo, ti običajno vključujejo: 1.3383458646616542 However, in order to be most effective, treatment must begin early in the course of disease, during the first one to two weeks before the episodes of numerous rapid coughs occur. Vendar se mora zdravljenje zaradi kar največje učinkovitosti začeti zgodaj, v prvem do drugem tednu, preden se začnejo napadi kašlja. 0.7589285714285714 Antibiotics can be used to treat pertussis and prevent further spread of the disease. Za zdravljenje oslovskega kašlja in preprečevanje nadaljnjega širjenja bolezni se lahko uporabljajo antibiotiki. 1.009090909090909 There may be other contraindications for specific vaccines, which need discussing with the healthcare provider. Za določena cepiva lahko obstajajo tudi druge kontraindikacije, o katerih se je treba pogovoriti z zdravnikom. 0.9583333333333334 Up to 50% of people infected with rubella do not experience symptoms. Približno 50 % oseb, okuženih z rdečkami, ne bo imelo nobenih simptomov. 0.9625 It is caused by bacteria in the mouth, nose and throat of an infected person. Bolezen povzroča bakterija, ki je prisotna v ustih, nosu in žrelu okužene osebe. 1.0827067669172932 A history of 'anaphylactic' or other serious allergic reaction after receiving a vaccine is a contraindication to further doses of that vaccine. Predhodne „anafilaktične" ali druge resne alergijske reakcije po prejemu cepiva so kontraindikacija za nadaljnje odmerke tega cepiva. 0.7317073170731707 Some countries require proof of certain vaccinations before granting entry to the country. Nekatere države namreč zahtevajo potrdilo o opravljenem cepljenju proti določenim boleznim, preden dovolijo vstop v državo. 0.9117647058823529 For example, people who travel to regions where certain infectious diseases circulate such as yellow fever and typhoid fever may need to have vaccinations. Na primer, potniki, ki potujejo na območja, kjer so prisotne določene nalezljive bolezni, kot sta na primer rumena mrzlica in trebušni tifus, se bodo morda morali cepiti. 1.349056603773585 Pertussis can also be spread by an individual who has only a mild form of the disease, or by an infected individual who has no symptoms at all. Prenaša ga lahko tudi oseba, ki ima samo blažjo obliko bolezni, ali okužena oseba, ki nima nobenih znakov. 0.8346456692913385 Adolescents, adults, or children partially immunised generally have milder or somewhat different symptoms. Mladostniki, odrasli in otroci, ki še niso bili cepljeni z vsemi odmerki, imajo običajno blažje ali nekoliko drugačne simptome. 0.9112426035502958 Some EU/EEA countries recommend boosters for adolescents, adults, and/or women during pregnancy, which also temporarily protects the baby once it is born. Nekatere države EU/EGP priporočajo obnovitveni odmerek cepiva za mladostnike, odrasle in/ali nosečnice, saj tak odmerek pri nosečnicah začasno zaščiti tudi novorojenčka. 0.9926470588235294 Women who plan to become pregnant should check their vaccination status, as they cannot be vaccinated against rubella during pregnancy. Ženske, ki načrtujejo zanositev, naj predhodno preverijo svoj cepilni status, saj med nosečnostjo cepiva proti rdečkam ne smejo prejeti. 0.8726708074534162 Certain immune system disorders (e.g. congenital immune deficiencies), or medical treatments (e.g. chemotherapy, a bone marrow or other organ transplant, or high doses of steroids) are contraindications for some vaccines, such as measles, mumps, rubella, varicella or oral typhoid. Nekatere motnje imunskega sistema (npr. kongenitalne imunske pomanjkljivosti) ali zdravljenja (npr. kemoterapija, presaditev kostnega mozga ali drugega organa oziroma visoki odmerki steroidov) so kontraindikacije za nekatera cepiva, kot sta cepivo proti ošpicam, mumpsu, rdečkam, noricam ali peroralno cepivo proti tifusu. 0.95260663507109 Someone who experiences an anaphylactic or other serious allergic reaction following a certain vaccine should not be given that vaccine again, unless the vaccine is definitively ruled out as the cause. Oseba, ki je imela anafilaktično ali drugo hudo alergijsko reakcijo po cepljenu z določenim cepivom i, ne sme ponovno prejeti tega cepiva, razen če je cepivo nedvomno izključeno kot vzrok za alergijsko reakcijo. 0.9850746268656716 In young infants the typical 'whoop' may never develop, and the coughing fits may be followed by brief periods when breathing stops. Pri mlajših dojenčkih se značilno piskajoči zvok lahko nikoli ne razvije, napadom kašlja pa lahko sledijo krajša obdobja brez dihanja. 1.1058823529411765 Symptoms usually appear 7 to 10 days after infection, but may also appear up to 21 days later: Znaki okužbe se običajno pojavijo od 7 do 10 dni po okužbi, lahko pa tudi po 21 dneh. 0.8321167883211679 Information and links to the VSN member websites is available here: https://www.vaccinesafetynet.org/vsn/network . Informacije in povezave do spletnih mest članov mreže za varnost cepiva je na voljo tukaj: https://www.vaccinesafetynet.org/vsn/network . 0.9746835443037974 The most important way to prevent pertussis is through complete immunisation. Najpomembnejši način za preprečevanje oslovskega kašlja je popolna imunizacija. 1.1953125 Within two weeks, the cough becomes more severe and is characterized by episodes of numerous rapid coughs, followed by a crowing or high-pitched ‘whoop'. V dveh tednih postane kašelj hujši, značilni so napadi kašlja, ki ga spremlja vreščeč ali visok piskajoči zvok, podoben riganju. 0.8285714285714286 National vaccination schedules in EU/EEA countries recommend vaccines at specific ages and for specific populations. Nacionalni koledarji cepljenja v državah članicah EU/EGP priporočajo cepljenje določenih starostnih skupin in določenih skupin prebivalstva. 0.985 The vaccine for pertussis is usually given in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccination (often in combination also with poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae and hepatitis B vaccination). Cepivo proti oslovskemu kašlju se običajno kombinira s cepivom proti davici in tetanusu (pogosto tudi v kombinaciji s cepivom proti otroški paralizi, bakteriji Haemophilus influenzae in hepatitisu B). 1.0075757575757576 In adults and older children, complications include inability to breathe for short periods, broken ribs, rectal prolapse and hernias. Med zapleti pri odraslih in starejših otrocih so lahko krajša obdobja prenehanja dihanja, zlomljena rebra, prolaps danke in hernije. 1.441860465116279 swollen lymph glands around the ears and the back of the head; otekle bezgavke na območju ušes in zatilja; 0.8323353293413174 A vaccine is contraindicated to those allergic to any of the vaccine active substances or ingredients as listed in the product information. Cepivo je kontraindicirano pri ljudeh, ki so alergični na katero koli učinkovino ali sestavino cepiva, kot je navedeno v informacijah, ki so priloženepripravku cepiva. 1.6419753086419753 Frequently, older siblings and parents who may be carrying the bacteria bring the disease home and infect an infant in the household. Pogosto bolezen prinesejo starejši sorojenci ali starši in doma okužijo dojenčka. 0.87 Some vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy, such as measles, mumps and rubella. Nekatera cepiva so kontraindicirana med nosečnostjo, kot je cepivo proti ošpicam, mumpsu in rdečkam. 0.9855072463768116 However, if a woman gets rubella during the first three months of pregnancy, it is very likely to result in miscarriage or a baby born with congenital anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Toda če za njo zboli nosečnica v prvem tromesečju, je zelo velika verjetnost, da se bo nosečnost končala s splavom oziroma da bo otrok imel prirojene nepravilnosti, ki jih imenujemo sindrom prirojenih rdečk. 0.9880952380952381 The first dose is given between 10 and 18 months of age in most European countries. Prvi odmerek se v večini evropskih držav daje, ko je otrok star od 10 do 18 mesecev. 0.8620689655172413 The most severe forms of pertussis are in infants. Za najhujšimi oblikami oslovskega kašlja zbolijo dojenčki. 1.0384615384615385 This section provides links to the websites of other health organisations both at national and international level, in order to facilitate access to trusted sources of information, such as: Za olajšanje dostopa do zanesljivih virov informacij so v tem razdelku navedene povezave do spletnih strani drugih zdravstvenih organizacij na nacionalni in mednarodni ravni, kot je: 0.8195488721804511 Initially, symptoms resemble those of a common cold (sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever and a mild cough). Na začetku bolezni so znaki podobni navadnemu prehladu (kihanje, izcedek iz nosu, rahlo povišana telesna temperatura in blag kašelj). 0.9736842105263158 CRS can lead to deafness, cataracts and learning disabilities in the baby. Njegove posledice so lahko gluhota, katarakta in razvojne težave pri otroku. 0.8947368421052632 Pertussis in unvaccinated infants or infants whose mother was unvaccinated can be particularly severe. Oslovski kašelj je lahko posebno resen pri necepljenih dojenčkih ali dojenčkih, katerih matere niso bile cepljene. 0.9021739130434783 Pertussis is a highly infectious bacterial disease involving the lungs and airways. Oslovski kašelj je zelo nalezljiva bakterijska bolezen, ki prizadene pljuča in dihalne poti. 1.0957446808510638 The consequences for unvaccinated pregnant women that get rubella are particularly severe, due to the likelihood that contracting the disease during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage or CRS in their babies. Posledice okužbe z rdečkami pri necepljenih nosečnicah so zelo resne, saj je zelo verjetno, da bo posledica take okužbe med nosečnostjo splav ali sindrom prirojenih rdečk pri novorojenčku. 0.9006211180124224 Some vaccine recipients develop a non-infectious mild measles-like rash, typically 7-14 days after vaccination, which disappears within 1-3 days. Pri nekaterih cepljenih osebah se običajno od 7 do 14 dni po cepljenju pojavijo nenalezljivi, blagi, ošpicam podobni izpuščaji, ki po enem do treh dneh izginejo. 1.0736842105263158 These episodes frequently end with the expulsion of a thick, clear mucous, often followed by vomiting. Po končanih napadih bolnik večkrat izkašlja gosto, prozorno sluz, čemur pogosto sledi bruhanje. 1.069767441860465 pain and inflammation of the joints in adults. boleče in vnete sklepe pri odraslih osebah. 1.0530973451327434 The MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps and rubella. Cepivo OMR (ošpice, mumps in rdečke) je kombinirano cepivo, ki ščiti pred okužbo z ošpicami, mumpsom in rdečkami. 2.1868131868131866 A vaccine may be contraindicated for certain people, meaning they should not receive it. Possible contraindications should be always discussed with the healthcare provider before receiving a vaccine. O možnih kontraindikacijah se je treba pred prejemom cepiva vedno posvetovati z zdravnikom. 0.8402777777777778 Anyone who has not had the disease or who has not been vaccinated with the MMR vaccine is at risk of contracting rubella. Vse osebe, ki te bolezni še niso prebolele ali niso bile cepljene proti njej s cepivom OMR, so izpostavljene tveganju za okužbo z virusom rdečk. 1.1014492753623188 For more information about the network visit: https://vaccinesafetynet.org . Več informacij o mreži je na voljo na: https://vaccinesafetynet.org . 1.02 The only protection against rubella is vaccination. Edina zaščita pred okužbo z rdečkami je cepljenje. 0.9857142857142858 A primary course of 2-3 doses is usually given between two and twelve months of age, in accordance with the national vaccination schedule. V skladu z nacionalnim programom cepljenja otroci prvega od dveh do treh odmerkov običajno dobijo med drugim in dvanajstim mesecem starosti. 0.56 Who is at risk of pertussis? Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo z ošpicami? 0.9423076923076923 Complications include pneumonia, encephalopathy (a disease of the brain), seizures and even death. Najpogostejši zapleti so pljučnica, encefalopatija (možganska bolezen), epileptični napadi in celo smrt. 1.9473684210526316 PLoS Med. 2013 Nov; 10(11): e1001558. Protitelesa 3. 1.146341463414634 For more information, see pertussis factsheet . Drugo ime za oslovski kašelj je pertusis. 0.9183673469387755 For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts Več informacij je na voljo na spletišču centra ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts 1.0 The rubella virus is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs and sneezes. Rdečke se širijo po zraku z drobnimi kapljicami, ki jih s kašljanjem ali kihanjem izloči okužena oseba. 1.0294117647058822 What are the symptoms of pertussis? Kakšni so znaki okužbe z ošpicami? 0.7073170731707317 How can measles be prevented? Kako se zaščititi pred okužbo z ošpicami? 0.8383838383838383 Pertussis is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs. Oslovski kašelj se prenaša po zraku s kužnimi kapljicami, ki jih s kašljanjem izloči okužena oseba. 1.1111111111111112 What are the complications of pertussis? Kakšni so zapleti okužbe z ošpicami? 1.3653846153846154 Anyone who is not vaccinated with the pertussis vaccine, or whose vaccination status is not up-to-date, is at risk of contracting the disease. Zboli lahko vsakdo, ki ni cepljen proti oslovskemu kašlju ali ni cepljen v skladu s programom cepljenja. 0.8918918918918919 What are the symptoms of rubella? Kakšni so simptomi okužbe z rdečkami? 0.8064516129032258 What is the optimal dose? Kako se oslovski kašelj zdravi? 1.09 For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/seasonal-influenza/facts/factsheet Več informacij je na voljo na spletišču centra ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet 1.8461538461538463 An example is aluminium; Imunski odziv 1.0416666666666667 Monitoring vaccine safety & reporting side effects mreža za varnost cepiva (The Vaccine Safety Net) 0.7073170731707317 How can rubella be prevented? Kako se zaščititi pred okužbo z rdečkami? 0.52 Who is at risk of rubella? Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo z rdečkami? 1.0555555555555556 What are the complications of rubella? Kakšni so zapleti okužbe z rdečkami? 0.7333333333333333 What are the symptoms of measles? Kakšni so zapleti okužbe z oslovskim kašljem? 0.888 This website does not contain any specific information on the ongoing development of vaccines against COVID-19. Danes imamo na voljo cepiva za številne bolezni, raziskave za razvoj novih cepiv proti mnogim drugim boleznim pa še potekajo. 1.0638297872340425 Source: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines. Vir: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines. 0.9565217391304348 fever or feverishness; vročina ali vročičnost; 0.9629629629629629 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Humani papiloma virus (HPV) 0.9021739130434783 Vaccination can eliminate diseases or reduce the number of new cases significantly. S cepljenjem lahko bolezni izkoreninimo ali znatno zmanjšamo število novih primerov bolezni. 1.013157894736842 The mortality rate for measles is 1-3 persons per 1 000 cases and highest in those younger than five years of age and among immunocompromised individuals. Stopnja umrljivosti pri ošpicah je 1 do 3 osebe na 1 000 primerov okužbe, najvišja pa je pri otrocih, mlajših od pet let, in imunsko oslabljenih osebah. 0.6764705882352942 time since vaccination; časa, ki je pretekel od cepljenja; 1.3333333333333333 About 1 measles patient in 1 000 develops inflammation of the brain tissue (encephalitis), a condition that results in permanent neurological disability in approximately one of four cases. Pri približno vsakem tisočem bolniku pride do vnetja možgan (encefalitisa), ki pri enem od štirih primerov povzroči trajno nevrološko okvaro. 1.21875 Benefits of vaccination for individuals Koristi cepljenja za posameznike 1.1363636363636365 how the vaccine is given; načina dajanja cepiva; 1.3846153846153846 What is influenza? Kaj je gripa? 1.4137931034482758 Benefits of vaccination for the community Koristi cepljenja za skupnost