Input:
Reproduced from Prof.
H. Y. Hind's--"Red River, Assinniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition.

Output:
"]

"When the skilled hunters are about to bring in a herd of buffalo from
the prairie," says Professor Hind, "they direct the course of the gallop
of the alarmed animals by confederates stationed in hollows or small
depressions, who, when the buffalo appear inclined to take a direction
leading from the space marked out by the 'dead men,' show themselves for
a moment and wave their robes, immediately hiding again.


Input:
"]

"When the skilled hunters are about to bring in a herd of buffalo from
the prairie," says Professor Hind, "they direct the course of the gallop
of the alarmed animals by confederates stationed in hollows or small
depressions, who, when the buffalo appear inclined to take a direction
leading from the space marked out by the 'dead men,' show themselves for
a moment and wave their robes, immediately hiding again.

Output:
This serves to
turn the buffalo slightly in another direction, and when the animals,
having arrived between the rows of 'dead men,' endeavor to pass through
them, Indians stationed here and there behind a 'dead man' go through
the same operation, and thus keep the animals within the narrowing
limits of the converging lines.


Input:
This serves to
turn the buffalo slightly in another direction, and when the animals,
having arrived between the rows of 'dead men,' endeavor to pass through
them, Indians stationed here and there behind a 'dead man' go through
the same operation, and thus keep the animals within the narrowing
limits of the converging lines.

Output:
At the entrance to the pound there is a
strong trunk of a tree placed about a foot from the ground, and on the
inner side an excavation is made sufficiently deep to prevent the
buffalo from leaping back when once in the pound.


Input:
At the entrance to the pound there is a
strong trunk of a tree placed about a foot from the ground, and on the
inner side an excavation is made sufficiently deep to prevent the
buffalo from leaping back when once in the pound.

Output:
As soon as the animals
have taken the fatal spring, they begin to gallop round and round the
ring fence, looking for a chance to escape, but with the utmost silence
women and children on the outside hold their robes before every orifice
until the whole herd is brought in; then they climb to the top of the
fence, and, with the hunters who have followed closely in the rear of
the buffalo, spear or shoot with bows and arrows or fire-arms at the
bewildered animals, rapidly becoming frantic with rage and terror,
within the narrow limits of the pound.


Input:
As soon as the animals
have taken the fatal spring, they begin to gallop round and round the
ring fence, looking for a chance to escape, but with the utmost silence
women and children on the outside hold their robes before every orifice
until the whole herd is brought in; then they climb to the top of the
fence, and, with the hunters who have followed closely in the rear of
the buffalo, spear or shoot with bows and arrows or fire-arms at the
bewildered animals, rapidly becoming frantic with rage and terror,
within the narrow limits of the pound.

Output:
"A dreadful scene of confusion and slaughter then begins; the oldest and
strongest animals crush and toss the weaker; the shouts and screams of
the excited Indians rise above the roaring of the bulls, the bellowing
of the cows, and the piteous moaning of the calves.


Input:
"A dreadful scene of confusion and slaughter then begins; the oldest and
strongest animals crush and toss the weaker; the shouts and screams of
the excited Indians rise above the roaring of the bulls, the bellowing
of the cows, and the piteous moaning of the calves.

Output:
The dying struggles
of so many huge and powerful animals crowded together create a revolting
and terrible scene, dreadful from the excess of its cruelty and waste of
life, but with occasional displays of wonderful brute strength and rage;
while man in his savage, untutored, and heathen state shows both in deed
and expression how little he is superior to the noble beasts he so
wantonly and cruelly destroys.


Input:
The dying struggles
of so many huge and powerful animals crowded together create a revolting
and terrible scene, dreadful from the excess of its cruelty and waste of
life, but with occasional displays of wonderful brute strength and rage;
while man in his savage, untutored, and heathen state shows both in deed
and expression how little he is superior to the noble beasts he so
wantonly and cruelly destroys.

Output:
"[59]

[Note 59: Assinniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition, p. 358.]


Input:
"[59]

[Note 59: Assinniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition, p. 358.]

Output:
The last scene of the bloody tragedy is thus set forth a week later:

"Within the circular fence ... lay, tossed in every conceivable
position, over two hundred dead buffalo.


Input:
The last scene of the bloody tragedy is thus set forth a week later:

"Within the circular fence ... lay, tossed in every conceivable
position, over two hundred dead buffalo.

Output:
[The exact number was 240.]
From old bulls to calves of three months' old, animals of every age were
huddled together in all the forced attitudes of violent death.


Input:
[The exact number was 240.]
From old bulls to calves of three months' old, animals of every age were
huddled together in all the forced attitudes of violent death.

Output:
Some lay
on their backs, with eyes starting from their heads and tongue thrust
out through clotted gore.


Input:
Some lay
on their backs, with eyes starting from their heads and tongue thrust
out through clotted gore.

Output:
Others were impaled on the horns of the old
and strong bulls.


Input:
Others were impaled on the horns of the old
and strong bulls.

Output:
Others again, which had been tossed, were lying with
broken backs, two and three deep.


Input:
Others again, which had been tossed, were lying with
broken backs, two and three deep.

Output:
One little calf hung suspended on the
horns of a bull which had impaled it in the wild race round and round
the pound.


Input:
One little calf hung suspended on the
horns of a bull which had impaled it in the wild race round and round
the pound.

Output:
The Indians looked upon the dreadful and sickening sight
with evident delight, and told how such and such a bull or cow had
exhibited feats of wonderful strength in the death-struggle.


Input:
The Indians looked upon the dreadful and sickening sight
with evident delight, and told how such and such a bull or cow had
exhibited feats of wonderful strength in the death-struggle.

Output:
The flesh
of many of the cows had been taken from them, and was drying in the sun
on stages near the tents.


Input:
The flesh
of many of the cows had been taken from them, and was drying in the sun
on stages near the tents.

Output:
It is needless to say that the odor was
overpowering, and millions of large blue flesh-flies, humming and
buzzing over the putrefying bodies, was not the least disgusting part of
the spectacle.


Input:
It is needless to say that the odor was
overpowering, and millions of large blue flesh-flies, humming and
buzzing over the putrefying bodies, was not the least disgusting part of
the spectacle.

Output:
"

It is some satisfaction to know that when the first "run" was made, ten
days previous, the herd of two hundred buffaloes was no sooner driven
into the pound than a wary old bull espied a weak spot in the fence,
charged it at full speed, and burst through to freedom and the prairie,
followed by the entire herd.


Input:
"

It is some satisfaction to know that when the first "run" was made, ten
days previous, the herd of two hundred buffaloes was no sooner driven
into the pound than a wary old bull espied a weak spot in the fence,
charged it at full speed, and burst through to freedom and the prairie,
followed by the entire herd.

Output:
Strange as it may seem to-day, this wholesale method of destroying
buffalo was once practiced in Montana.


Input:
Strange as it may seem to-day, this wholesale method of destroying
buffalo was once practiced in Montana.

Output:
In his memoir on "The American
Bison," Mr. J. A. Allen states that as late as 1873, while journeying
through that Territory in charge of the Yellowstone Expedition, he
"several times met with the remains of these pounds and their converging
fences in the region above the mouth of the Big Horn River."


Input:
In his memoir on "The American
Bison," Mr. J. A. Allen states that as late as 1873, while journeying
through that Territory in charge of the Yellowstone Expedition, he
"several times met with the remains of these pounds and their converging
fences in the region above the mouth of the Big Horn River."

Output:
Mr. Thomas
Simpson states that in 1840 there were three camps of Assinniboine
Indians in the vicinity of Carlton House, each of which had its buffalo
pound into which they drove forty or fifty animals daily.


Input:
Mr. Thomas
Simpson states that in 1840 there were three camps of Assinniboine
Indians in the vicinity of Carlton House, each of which had its buffalo
pound into which they drove forty or fifty animals daily.

Output: 4. _


Input: 4. _

Output: The "Surround.


Input: The "Surround.

Output:
"_--During the last forty years the final
extermination of the buffalo has been confidently predicted by not only
the observing white man of the West, but also nearly all the Indians and
half-breeds who formerly depended upon this animal for the most of the
necessities, as well as luxuries, of life.


Input:
"_--During the last forty years the final
extermination of the buffalo has been confidently predicted by not only
the observing white man of the West, but also nearly all the Indians and
half-breeds who formerly depended upon this animal for the most of the
necessities, as well as luxuries, of life.

Output:
They have seen the great
herds driven westward farther and farther, until the plains were left
tenantless, and hunger took the place of feasting on the choice tid-bits
of the chase.


Input:
They have seen the great
herds driven westward farther and farther, until the plains were left
tenantless, and hunger took the place of feasting on the choice tid-bits
of the chase.

Output:
And is it not singular that during this period the Indian
tribes were not moved by a common impulse to kill sparingly, and by the
exercise of a reasonable economy in the chase to make the buffalo last
as long as possible.


Input:
And is it not singular that during this period the Indian
tribes were not moved by a common impulse to kill sparingly, and by the
exercise of a reasonable economy in the chase to make the buffalo last
as long as possible.

Output:
But apparently no such thoughts ever entered their minds, so far as
_they themselves_ were concerned.


Input:
But apparently no such thoughts ever entered their minds, so far as
_they themselves_ were concerned.

Output:
They looked with jealous eyes upon the
white hunter, and considered him as much of a robber as if they had a
brand on every buffalo.


Input:
They looked with jealous eyes upon the
white hunter, and considered him as much of a robber as if they had a
brand on every buffalo.

Output:
It has been claimed by some authors that the
Indians killed with more judgment and more care for the future than did
the white man, but I fail to find any evidence that such was ever the
fact.


Input:
It has been claimed by some authors that the
Indians killed with more judgment and more care for the future than did
the white man, but I fail to find any evidence that such was ever the
fact.

Output:
They all killed wastefully, wantonly, and always about five times
as many head as were really necessary for food.


Input:
They all killed wastefully, wantonly, and always about five times
as many head as were really necessary for food.

Output:
It was always the same
old story, whenever a gang of Indians needed meat a whole herd was
slaughtered, the choicest portions of the finest animals were taken, and
about 75 per cent of the whole left to putrefy and fatten the wolves.


Input:
It was always the same
old story, whenever a gang of Indians needed meat a whole herd was
slaughtered, the choicest portions of the finest animals were taken, and
about 75 per cent of the whole left to putrefy and fatten the wolves.

Output:
And now, as we read of the appalling slaughter, one can scarcely repress
the feeling of grim satisfaction that arises when we also read that many
of the ex-slaughterers are almost starving for the millions of pounds
of fat and juicy buffalo meat they wasted a few years ago.


Input:
And now, as we read of the appalling slaughter, one can scarcely repress
the feeling of grim satisfaction that arises when we also read that many
of the ex-slaughterers are almost starving for the millions of pounds
of fat and juicy buffalo meat they wasted a few years ago.

Output:
Verily, the
buffalo is in a great measure avenged already.


Input:
Verily, the
buffalo is in a great measure avenged already.

Output:
The following extract from Mr. Catlin's "North American Indians,"[60] I,
page 199-200, serves well to illustrate not only a very common and very
deadly Indian method of wholesale slaughter--the "surround"--but also
to show the senseless destructiveness of Indians even when in a state of
semi-starvation, which was brought upon them by similar acts of
improvidence and wastefulness.


Input:
The following extract from Mr. Catlin's "North American Indians,"[60] I,
page 199-200, serves well to illustrate not only a very common and very
deadly Indian method of wholesale slaughter--the "surround"--but also
to show the senseless destructiveness of Indians even when in a state of
semi-starvation, which was brought upon them by similar acts of
improvidence and wastefulness.

Output:
[Note 60: H. Mis. 600, pt. 2-31]

"The Minatarees, as well as the Mandans, had suffered for some months
past for want of meat, and had indulged in the most alarming fears that
the herds of buffalo were emigrating so far off from them that there was
great danger of their actual starvation, when it was suddenly announced
through the village one morning at an early hour that a herd of
buffaloes was in sight.


Input:
[Note 60: H. Mis. 600, pt. 2-31]

"The Minatarees, as well as the Mandans, had suffered for some months
past for want of meat, and had indulged in the most alarming fears that
the herds of buffalo were emigrating so far off from them that there was
great danger of their actual starvation, when it was suddenly announced
through the village one morning at an early hour that a herd of
buffaloes was in sight.

Output:
A hundred or more young men mounted their
horses, with weapons in hand, and steered their course to the prairies.


Input:
A hundred or more young men mounted their
horses, with weapons in hand, and steered their course to the prairies.


Output:
*

"The plan of attack, which in this country is familiarly called a
surround, was explicitly agreed upon, and the hunters, who were all
mounted on their 'buffalo horses' and armed with bows and arrows or long
lances, divided into two columns, taking opposite directions, and drew
themselves gradually around the herd at a mile or more distance from
them, thus forming a circle of horsemen at equal distances apart, who
gradually closed in upon them with a moderate pace at a signal given.


Input:
*

"The plan of attack, which in this country is familiarly called a
surround, was explicitly agreed upon, and the hunters, who were all
mounted on their 'buffalo horses' and armed with bows and arrows or long
lances, divided into two columns, taking opposite directions, and drew
themselves gradually around the herd at a mile or more distance from
them, thus forming a circle of horsemen at equal distances apart, who
gradually closed in upon them with a moderate pace at a signal given.

Output:
The unsuspecting herd at length 'got the wind' of the approaching enemy
and fled in a mass in the greatest confusion.


Input:
The unsuspecting herd at length 'got the wind' of the approaching enemy
and fled in a mass in the greatest confusion.

Output:
To the point where they
were aiming to cross the line the horsemen were seen, at full speed,
gathering and forming in a column, brandishing their weapons, and
yelling in the most frightful manner, by which they turned the black and
rushing mass, which moved off in an opposite direction, where they were
again met and foiled in a similar manner, and wheeled back in utter
confusion; by which time the horsemen had closed in from all directions,
forming a continuous line around them, whilst the poor affrighted
animals were eddying about in a crowded and confused mass, hooking and
climbing upon each other, when the work of death commenced.


Input:
To the point where they
were aiming to cross the line the horsemen were seen, at full speed,
gathering and forming in a column, brandishing their weapons, and
yelling in the most frightful manner, by which they turned the black and
rushing mass, which moved off in an opposite direction, where they were
again met and foiled in a similar manner, and wheeled back in utter
confusion; by which time the horsemen had closed in from all directions,
forming a continuous line around them, whilst the poor affrighted
animals were eddying about in a crowded and confused mass, hooking and
climbing upon each other, when the work of death commenced.

Output:
I had rode
up in the rear and occupied an elevated position at a few rods'
distance, from which I could (like the general of a battlefield) survey
from my horse's back the nature and the progress of the grand _mêlée_,
but (unlike him) without the power of issuing a command or in any way
directing its issue.


Input:
I had rode
up in the rear and occupied an elevated position at a few rods'
distance, from which I could (like the general of a battlefield) survey
from my horse's back the nature and the progress of the grand _mêlée_,
but (unlike him) without the power of issuing a command or in any way
directing its issue.

Output:
"In this grand turmoil [see illustration] a cloud of dust was soon
raised, which in parts obscured the throng where the hunters were
galloping their horses around and driving the whizzing arrows or their
long lances to the hearts of these noble animals; which in many
instances, becoming infuriated with deadly wounds in their sides,
erected their shaggy manes over their bloodshot eyes and furiously
plunged forward at the sides of their assailants' horses, sometimes
goring them to death at a lunge and putting their dismounted riders to
flight for their lives.


Input:
"In this grand turmoil [see illustration] a cloud of dust was soon
raised, which in parts obscured the throng where the hunters were
galloping their horses around and driving the whizzing arrows or their
long lances to the hearts of these noble animals; which in many
instances, becoming infuriated with deadly wounds in their sides,
erected their shaggy manes over their bloodshot eyes and furiously
plunged forward at the sides of their assailants' horses, sometimes
goring them to death at a lunge and putting their dismounted riders to
flight for their lives.

Output:
Sometimes their dense crowd was opened, and the
blinded horsemen, too intent on their prey amidst the cloud of dust,
were hemmed and wedged in amidst the crowding beasts, over whose backs
they were obliged to leap for security, leaving their horses to the fate
that might await them in the results of this wild and desperate war.


Input:
Sometimes their dense crowd was opened, and the
blinded horsemen, too intent on their prey amidst the cloud of dust,
were hemmed and wedged in amidst the crowding beasts, over whose backs
they were obliged to leap for security, leaving their horses to the fate
that might await them in the results of this wild and desperate war.

Output:
Many were the bulls that turned upon their assailants and met them with
desperate resistance, and many were the warriors who were dismounted and
saved themselves by the superior muscles of their legs; some who were
closely pursued by the bulls wheeled suddenly around, and snatching the
part of a buffalo robe from around their waists, threw it over the horns
and eyes of the infuriated beast, and darting by its side drove the
arrow or the lance to its heart; others suddenly dashed off upon the
prairie by the side of the affrighted animals which had escaped from the
throng, and closely escorting them for a few rods, brought down their
heart's blood in streams and their huge carcasses upon the green and
enameled turf.


Input:
Many were the bulls that turned upon their assailants and met them with
desperate resistance, and many were the warriors who were dismounted and
saved themselves by the superior muscles of their legs; some who were
closely pursued by the bulls wheeled suddenly around, and snatching the
part of a buffalo robe from around their waists, threw it over the horns
and eyes of the infuriated beast, and darting by its side drove the
arrow or the lance to its heart; others suddenly dashed off upon the
prairie by the side of the affrighted animals which had escaped from the
throng, and closely escorting them for a few rods, brought down their
heart's blood in streams and their huge carcasses upon the green and
enameled turf.

Output:
"In this way this grand hunt soon resolved itself into a desperate
battle, _and in the space of fifteen minutes resulted in the total
destruction of the whole herd_, which in all their strength and fury
were doomed, like every beast and living thing else, to fall before the
destroying hands of mighty man.


Input:
"In this way this grand hunt soon resolved itself into a desperate
battle, _and in the space of fifteen minutes resulted in the total
destruction of the whole herd_, which in all their strength and fury
were doomed, like every beast and living thing else, to fall before the
destroying hands of mighty man.

Output:
"I had sat in trembling silence upon my horse and witnessed this
extraordinary scene, which allowed not one of these animals to escape
out of my sight.


Input:
"I had sat in trembling silence upon my horse and witnessed this
extraordinary scene, which allowed not one of these animals to escape
out of my sight.

Output:
Many plunged off upon the prairie for a distance, but
were overtaken and killed, and although I could not distinctly estimate
the number that were slain, yet I am sure that some hundreds of these
noble animals fell in this grand _mêlée_.


Input:
Many plunged off upon the prairie for a distance, but
were overtaken and killed, and although I could not distinctly estimate
the number that were slain, yet I am sure that some hundreds of these
noble animals fell in this grand _mêlée_.


Output:
Amongst the poor
affrighted creatures that had occasionally dashed through the ranks of
their enemy and sought safety in flight upon the prairie (and in some
instances had undoubtedly gained it), I saw them stand awhile, looking
back, when they turned, and, as if bent on their own destruction,
retraced their steps, and mingled themselves and their deaths with those
of the dying throng.


Input:
Amongst the poor
affrighted creatures that had occasionally dashed through the ranks of
their enemy and sought safety in flight upon the prairie (and in some
instances had undoubtedly gained it), I saw them stand awhile, looking
back, when they turned, and, as if bent on their own destruction,
retraced their steps, and mingled themselves and their deaths with those
of the dying throng.

Output:
Others had fled to a distance on the prairies, and
for want of company, of friends or of foes, had stood and gazed on till
the battle-scene was over, seemingly taking pains to stay and hold their
lives in readiness for their destroyers until the general destruction
was over, when they fell easy victims to their weapons, making the
slaughter complete.


Input:
Others had fled to a distance on the prairies, and
for want of company, of friends or of foes, had stood and gazed on till
the battle-scene was over, seemingly taking pains to stay and hold their
lives in readiness for their destroyers until the general destruction
was over, when they fell easy victims to their weapons, making the
slaughter complete.

Output:
"

It is to be noticed that _


Input:
"

It is to be noticed that _

Output:
every animal_ of this entire herd of several
hundred was slain on the spot, and there is no room to doubt that at
least half (possibly much more) of the meat thus taken was allowed to
become a loss.


Input:
every animal_ of this entire herd of several
hundred was slain on the spot, and there is no room to doubt that at
least half (possibly much more) of the meat thus taken was allowed to
become a loss.

Output:
People who are so utterly senseless as to wantonly
destroy their own source of food, as the Indians have done, certainly
deserve to starve.


Input:
People who are so utterly senseless as to wantonly
destroy their own source of food, as the Indians have done, certainly
deserve to starve.

Output:
This "surround" method of wholesale slaughter was also practiced by
the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Sioux, Pawnees, Ornabas, and probably many
other tribes.


Input:
This "surround" method of wholesale slaughter was also practiced by
the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Sioux, Pawnees, Ornabas, and probably many
other tribes.

Output: [Illustration: THE SURROUND.


Input: [Illustration: THE SURROUND.

Output:
From a painting in the National Museum by
George Catlin.]

5. _


Input:
From a painting in the National Museum by
George Catlin.]

5. _

Output:
Decoying and Driving._--Another method of slaughtering by wholesale
is thus described by Lewis and Clarke, I, 235.


Input:
Decoying and Driving._--Another method of slaughtering by wholesale
is thus described by Lewis and Clarke, I, 235.

Output:
The locality indicated
was the Missouri River, in Montana, just above the mouth of Judith
River:

"On the north we passed a precipice about 120 feet high, under which lay
scattered the fragments of at least one hundred carcasses of buffaloes,
although the water which had washed away the lower part of the hill,
must have carried off many of the dead.


Input:
The locality indicated
was the Missouri River, in Montana, just above the mouth of Judith
River:

"On the north we passed a precipice about 120 feet high, under which lay
scattered the fragments of at least one hundred carcasses of buffaloes,
although the water which had washed away the lower part of the hill,
must have carried off many of the dead.

Output:
These buffaloes had been chased
down a precipice in a way very common on the Missouri, and by which vast
herds are destroyed in a moment.


Input:
These buffaloes had been chased
down a precipice in a way very common on the Missouri, and by which vast
herds are destroyed in a moment.

Output:
The mode of hunting is to select one of
the most active and fleet young men, who is disguised by a buffalo skin
round his body; the skin of the head with the ears and horns fastened on
his own head in such a way as to deceive the buffaloes.


Input:
The mode of hunting is to select one of
the most active and fleet young men, who is disguised by a buffalo skin
round his body; the skin of the head with the ears and horns fastened on
his own head in such a way as to deceive the buffaloes.

Output:
Thus dressed, he
fixes himself at a convenient distance between a herd of buffaloes and
any of the river precipices, which sometimes extend for some miles.


Input:
Thus dressed, he
fixes himself at a convenient distance between a herd of buffaloes and
any of the river precipices, which sometimes extend for some miles.

Output:
"His companions in the mean time get in the rear and side of the herd,
and at a given signal show themselves, and advance towards the
buffaloes.


Input:
"His companions in the mean time get in the rear and side of the herd,
and at a given signal show themselves, and advance towards the
buffaloes.

Output:
They instantly take alarm, and, finding the hunters beside
them, they run toward the disguised Indian or decoy, who leads them on
at full speed toward the river, when, suddenly securing himself in some
crevice of the cliff which he had previously fixed on, the herd is left
on the brink of the precipice; it is then in vain for the foremost to
retreat or even to stop; they are pressed on by the hindmost rank, who,
seeing no danger but from the hunters, goad on those before them till
the whole are precipitated and the shore is strewed with their dead
bodies.


Input:
They instantly take alarm, and, finding the hunters beside
them, they run toward the disguised Indian or decoy, who leads them on
at full speed toward the river, when, suddenly securing himself in some
crevice of the cliff which he had previously fixed on, the herd is left
on the brink of the precipice; it is then in vain for the foremost to
retreat or even to stop; they are pressed on by the hindmost rank, who,
seeing no danger but from the hunters, goad on those before them till
the whole are precipitated and the shore is strewed with their dead
bodies.

Output:
Sometimes in this perilous seduction the Indian is himself
either trodden under foot by the rapid movements of the buffaloes, or,
missing his footing in the cliff, is urged down the precipice by the
falling herd.


Input:
Sometimes in this perilous seduction the Indian is himself
either trodden under foot by the rapid movements of the buffaloes, or,
missing his footing in the cliff, is urged down the precipice by the
falling herd.

Output:
The Indians then select as much meat as they wish, and the
rest is abandoned to the wolves, and creates a most dreadful stench.


Input:
The Indians then select as much meat as they wish, and the
rest is abandoned to the wolves, and creates a most dreadful stench.

Output:
"

Harper's Magazine, volume 38, page 147, contains the following from the
pen of Theo.


Input:
"

Harper's Magazine, volume 38, page 147, contains the following from the
pen of Theo.

Output:
E. Davis, in an article entitled "The Buffalo Range:"

"As I have previously stated, the best hunting on the range is to be
found between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers.


Input:
E. Davis, in an article entitled "The Buffalo Range:"

"As I have previously stated, the best hunting on the range is to be
found between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers.

Output:
Here I have seen the
Indians have recourse to another method of slaughtering buffalo in a
very easy, but to me a cruel way, for where one buffalo is killed
several are sure to be painfully injured; but these, too, are soon
killed by the Indians, who make haste to lance or shoot the cripples.


Input:
Here I have seen the
Indians have recourse to another method of slaughtering buffalo in a
very easy, but to me a cruel way, for where one buffalo is killed
several are sure to be painfully injured; but these, too, are soon
killed by the Indians, who make haste to lance or shoot the cripples.

Output:
"The mode of hunting is somewhat as follows: A herd is discovered
grazing on the table-lands.


Input:
"The mode of hunting is somewhat as follows: A herd is discovered
grazing on the table-lands.

Output:
Being thoroughly acquainted with the
country, the Indians are aware of the location of the nearest point
where the table land is broken abruptly by a precipice which descends a
hundred or more feet.


Input:
Being thoroughly acquainted with the
country, the Indians are aware of the location of the nearest point
where the table land is broken abruptly by a precipice which descends a
hundred or more feet.

Output:
Toward this 'devil-jump' the Indians head the
herd, which is at once driven pell mell to and over the precipice.


Input:
Toward this 'devil-jump' the Indians head the
herd, which is at once driven pell mell to and over the precipice.

Output:
Meanwhile a number of Indians have taken their way by means of routes
known to them, and succeed in reaching the cañon through which the
crippled buffalo are running in all directions.


Input:
Meanwhile a number of Indians have taken their way by means of routes
known to them, and succeed in reaching the cañon through which the
crippled buffalo are running in all directions.

Output:
These are quickly
killed, so that out of a very considerable band of buffalo but few
escape, many having been killed by the fall and others dispatched while
limping off.


Input:
These are quickly
killed, so that out of a very considerable band of buffalo but few
escape, many having been killed by the fall and others dispatched while
limping off.

Output:
This mode of hunting is sometimes indulged in by
harum-scarum white men, but it is done more for deviltry than anything
else.


Input:
This mode of hunting is sometimes indulged in by
harum-scarum white men, but it is done more for deviltry than anything
else.

Output:
I have never known of its practice by army officers or persons who
professed to hunt buffalo as a sport.


Input:
I have never known of its practice by army officers or persons who
professed to hunt buffalo as a sport.

Output:
"

6. _


Input:
"

6. _

Output:
Hunting on Snow-shoes._--"In the dead of the winters," says Mr.
Catlin,[61]


Input:
Hunting on Snow-shoes._--"In the dead of the winters," says Mr.
Catlin,[61]

Output:
"which are very long and severely cold in this country,
where horses can not be brought into the chase with any avail, the
Indian runs upon the surface of the snow by aid of his snow-shoes, which
buoy him up, while the great weight of the buffaloes sinks them down to
the middle of their sides, and, completely stopping their progress,
insures them certain and easy victims to the bow or lance of their
pursuers.


Input:
"which are very long and severely cold in this country,
where horses can not be brought into the chase with any avail, the
Indian runs upon the surface of the snow by aid of his snow-shoes, which
buoy him up, while the great weight of the buffaloes sinks them down to
the middle of their sides, and, completely stopping their progress,
insures them certain and easy victims to the bow or lance of their
pursuers.

Output:
The snow in these regions often lies during the winter to the
depth of 3 and 4 feet, being blown away from the tops and sides of the
hills in many places, which are left bare for the buffaloes to graze
upon, whilst it is drifted in the hollows and ravines to a very great
depth, and rendered almost entirely impassable to these huge animals,
which, when closely pursued by their enemies, endeavor to plunge through
it, but are soon wedged in and almost unable to move, where they fall an
easy prey to the Indian, who runs up lightly upon his snow-shoes and
drives his lance to their hearts.


Input:
The snow in these regions often lies during the winter to the
depth of 3 and 4 feet, being blown away from the tops and sides of the
hills in many places, which are left bare for the buffaloes to graze
upon, whilst it is drifted in the hollows and ravines to a very great
depth, and rendered almost entirely impassable to these huge animals,
which, when closely pursued by their enemies, endeavor to plunge through
it, but are soon wedged in and almost unable to move, where they fall an
easy prey to the Indian, who runs up lightly upon his snow-shoes and
drives his lance to their hearts.

Output:
The skins are then stripped off, to be
sold to the fur traders, and the carcasses left to be devoured by the
wolves.


Input:
The skins are then stripped off, to be
sold to the fur traders, and the carcasses left to be devoured by the
wolves.

Output:
[Owing to the fact that the winter's supply of meat was procured
and dried in the summer and fall months, the flesh of all buffalo killed
in winter was allowed to become a total loss.]


Input:
[Owing to the fact that the winter's supply of meat was procured
and dried in the summer and fall months, the flesh of all buffalo killed
in winter was allowed to become a total loss.]

Output:
This is the season in
which the greatest number of these animals are destroyed for their
robes; they are most easily killed at this time, and their hair or fur,
being longer and more abundant, gives greater value to the robe.


Input:
This is the season in
which the greatest number of these animals are destroyed for their
robes; they are most easily killed at this time, and their hair or fur,
being longer and more abundant, gives greater value to the robe.

Output:
"

[Note 61: North American Indians, I, 253.]

       *       *       *       *       *

III.


Input:
"

[Note 61: North American Indians, I, 253.]

       *       *       *       *       *

III.

Output: PROGRESS OF THE EXTERMINATION.


Input: PROGRESS OF THE EXTERMINATION.

Output: A.


Input: A.

Output: THE PERIOD OF DESULTORY DESTRUCTION, FROM 1730 TO 1830.


Input: THE PERIOD OF DESULTORY DESTRUCTION, FROM 1730 TO 1830.

Output: [Illustration: INDIANS ON SNOW-SHOES HUNTING BUFFALOES.


Input: [Illustration: INDIANS ON SNOW-SHOES HUNTING BUFFALOES.

Output: From a painting in the National Museum by George Catlin.]


Input: From a painting in the National Museum by George Catlin.]

Output:
The disappearance of the buffalo from all the country east of the
Mississippi was one of the inevitable results of the advance of
civilization.


Input:
The disappearance of the buffalo from all the country east of the
Mississippi was one of the inevitable results of the advance of
civilization.

Output:
To the early pioneers who went forth into the wilderness
to wrestle with nature for the necessities of life, this valuable animal
might well have seemed a gift direct from the hand of Providence.


Input:
To the early pioneers who went forth into the wilderness
to wrestle with nature for the necessities of life, this valuable animal
might well have seemed a gift direct from the hand of Providence.

Output:
During
the first few years of the early settler's life in a new country, the
few domestic animals he had brought with him were far too valuable to
be killed for food, and for a long period he looked to the wild animals
of the forest and the prairie for his daily supply of meat.


Input:
During
the first few years of the early settler's life in a new country, the
few domestic animals he had brought with him were far too valuable to
be killed for food, and for a long period he looked to the wild animals
of the forest and the prairie for his daily supply of meat.

Output:
The time was
when no one stopped to think of the important part our game animals
played in the settlement of this country, and even now no one has
attempted to calculate the lessened degree of rapidity with which the
star of empire would have taken its westward way without the bison,
deer, elk, and antelope.


Input:
The time was
when no one stopped to think of the important part our game animals
played in the settlement of this country, and even now no one has
attempted to calculate the lessened degree of rapidity with which the
star of empire would have taken its westward way without the bison,
deer, elk, and antelope.

Output:
The Western States and Territories pay little
heed to the wanton slaughter of deer and elk now going on in their
forests, but the time will soon come when the "grangers" will enter
those regions and find the absence of game a very serious matter.


Input:
The Western States and Territories pay little
heed to the wanton slaughter of deer and elk now going on in their
forests, but the time will soon come when the "grangers" will enter
those regions and find the absence of game a very serious matter.

Output:
Although the bison was the first wild species to disappear before the
advance of civilization, he served a good purpose at a highly critical
period.


Input:
Although the bison was the first wild species to disappear before the
advance of civilization, he served a good purpose at a highly critical
period.

Output:
His huge bulk of toothsome flesh fed many a hungry family, and
his ample robe did good service in the settler's cabin and sleigh in
winter weather.


Input:
His huge bulk of toothsome flesh fed many a hungry family, and
his ample robe did good service in the settler's cabin and sleigh in
winter weather.

Output:
By the time game animals had become scarce, domestic
herds and flocks had taken their place, and hunting became a pastime
instead of a necessity.


Input:
By the time game animals had become scarce, domestic
herds and flocks had taken their place, and hunting became a pastime
instead of a necessity.

Output:
As might be expected, from the time the bison was first seen by white
men he has always been a conspicuous prize, and being the largest of the
land quadrupeds, was naturally the first to disappear.


Input:
As might be expected, from the time the bison was first seen by white
men he has always been a conspicuous prize, and being the largest of the
land quadrupeds, was naturally the first to disappear.

Output:
Every man's hand
has been against him.


Input:
Every man's hand
has been against him.

Output:
While his disappearance from the eastern United
States was, in the main, due to the settler who killed game as a means
of subsistence, there were a few who made the killing of those animals a
regular business.


Input:
While his disappearance from the eastern United
States was, in the main, due to the settler who killed game as a means
of subsistence, there were a few who made the killing of those animals a
regular business.

Output:
This occurred almost exclusively in the immediate
vicinity of salt springs, around which the bison congregated in great
numbers, and made their wholesale slaughter of easy accomplishment.


Input:
This occurred almost exclusively in the immediate
vicinity of salt springs, around which the bison congregated in great
numbers, and made their wholesale slaughter of easy accomplishment.

Output:
Mr.
Thomas Ashe[62] has recorded some very interesting facts and
observations on this point.


Input:
Mr.
Thomas Ashe[62] has recorded some very interesting facts and
observations on this point.

Output:
In speaking of an old man who in the latter
part of the last century built a log house for himself "on the immediate
borders of a salt spring," in western Pennsylvania, for the purpose of
killing buffaloes out of the immense droves which frequented that spot,
Mr. Ashe says:


Input:
In speaking of an old man who in the latter
part of the last century built a log house for himself "on the immediate
borders of a salt spring," in western Pennsylvania, for the purpose of
killing buffaloes out of the immense droves which frequented that spot,
Mr. Ashe says:

Output: [Note 62: Travels in America in 1806.


Input: [Note 62: Travels in America in 1806.

Output: London, 1808.]


Input: London, 1808.]

Output:
"In the first and second years this old man, with some companions,
killed from six to seven hundred of these noble creatures merely for the
sake of their skins, which to them were worth only 2 shillings each; and
after this 'work of death' they were obliged to leave the place till the
following season, or till the wolves, bears, panthers, eagles, rooks,
ravens, etc., had devoured the carcasses and abandoned the place for
other prey.


Input:
"In the first and second years this old man, with some companions,
killed from six to seven hundred of these noble creatures merely for the
sake of their skins, which to them were worth only 2 shillings each; and
after this 'work of death' they were obliged to leave the place till the
following season, or till the wolves, bears, panthers, eagles, rooks,
ravens, etc., had devoured the carcasses and abandoned the place for
other prey.

Output:
In the two following years the same persons killed great
numbers out of the first droves that arrived, skinned them, and left
their bodies exposed to the sun and air; but they soon had reason to
repent of this, for the remaining droves, as they came up in succession,
stopped, gazed on the mangled and putrid bodies, sorrowfully moaned or
furiously lowed aloud, and returned instantly to the wilderness in an
unusual run, without tasting their favorite spring or licking the
impregnated earth, which was also once their most agreeable occupation;
nor did they nor any of their race ever revisit the neighborhood.


Input:
In the two following years the same persons killed great
numbers out of the first droves that arrived, skinned them, and left
their bodies exposed to the sun and air; but they soon had reason to
repent of this, for the remaining droves, as they came up in succession,
stopped, gazed on the mangled and putrid bodies, sorrowfully moaned or
furiously lowed aloud, and returned instantly to the wilderness in an
unusual run, without tasting their favorite spring or licking the
impregnated earth, which was also once their most agreeable occupation;
nor did they nor any of their race ever revisit the neighborhood.

Output:
"The simple history of this spring is that of every other in the settled
parts of this Western World; the carnage of beasts was everywhere the
same.


Input:
"The simple history of this spring is that of every other in the settled
parts of this Western World; the carnage of beasts was everywhere the
same.

Output:
I met with a man who had killed two thousand buffaloes with his
own hand, and others no doubt have done the same thing.


Input:
I met with a man who had killed two thousand buffaloes with his
own hand, and others no doubt have done the same thing.

Output:
In consequence
of such proceedings not one buffalo is at this time to be found east of
the Mississippi, except a few domesticated by the curious, or carried
through the country on a public show.


Input:
In consequence
of such proceedings not one buffalo is at this time to be found east of
the Mississippi, except a few domesticated by the curious, or carried
through the country on a public show.


Output:
But, fortunately, there is no evidence that such slaughter as that
described by Mr. Ashe was at all common, and there is reason for the
belief that until within the last forty years the buffalo was sacrificed
in ways conducive to the greatest good of the greatest number.


Input:
But, fortunately, there is no evidence that such slaughter as that
described by Mr. Ashe was at all common, and there is reason for the
belief that until within the last forty years the buffalo was sacrificed
in ways conducive to the greatest good of the greatest number.

Output:
From Coronado to General Frémont there has hardly been an explorer of
United States territory who has not had occasion to bless the bison, and
its great value to mankind can hardly be overestimated, although by many
it can readily be forgotten.


Input:
From Coronado to General Frémont there has hardly been an explorer of
United States territory who has not had occasion to bless the bison, and
its great value to mankind can hardly be overestimated, although by many
it can readily be forgotten.

Output:
The disappearance of the bison from the eastern United States was due to
its consumption as food.


Input:
The disappearance of the bison from the eastern United States was due to
its consumption as food.

Output:
It was very gradual, like the march of
civilization, and, under the circumstances, absolutely inevitable.


Input:
It was very gradual, like the march of
civilization, and, under the circumstances, absolutely inevitable.

Output:
In a
country so thickly peopled as this region speedily became, the mastodon
could have survived extinction about as easily as the bison.


Input:
In a
country so thickly peopled as this region speedily became, the mastodon
could have survived extinction about as easily as the bison.

Output:
Except when
the latter became the victim of wholesale slaughter, there was little
reason to bemoan his fate, save upon grounds that may be regarded purely
sentimental.


Input:
Except when
the latter became the victim of wholesale slaughter, there was little
reason to bemoan his fate, save upon grounds that may be regarded purely
sentimental.

Output:
He served a most excellent purpose in the development of
the country.


Input:
He served a most excellent purpose in the development of
the country.

Output:
Even as late as 1875 the farmers of eastern Kansas were in
the habit of making trips every fall into the western part of that State
for wagon loads of buffalo meat as a supply for the succeeding winter.


Input:
Even as late as 1875 the farmers of eastern Kansas were in
the habit of making trips every fall into the western part of that State
for wagon loads of buffalo meat as a supply for the succeeding winter.

Output:
The farmers of Texas, Nebraska, Dakota, and Minnesota also drew largely
upon the buffalo as long as the supply lasted.


Input:
The farmers of Texas, Nebraska, Dakota, and Minnesota also drew largely
upon the buffalo as long as the supply lasted.

Output:
The extirpation of the bison west of the Rocky Mountains was due to
legitimate hunting for food and clothing rather than for marketable
peltries.


Input:
The extirpation of the bison west of the Rocky Mountains was due to
legitimate hunting for food and clothing rather than for marketable
peltries.

Output:
In no part of that whole region was the species ever numerous,
although in the mountains themselves, notably in Colorado, within easy
reach of the great prairies on the east, vast numbers were seen by the
early explorers and pioneers.


Input:
In no part of that whole region was the species ever numerous,
although in the mountains themselves, notably in Colorado, within easy
reach of the great prairies on the east, vast numbers were seen by the
early explorers and pioneers.

Output:
But to the westward, away from the
mountains, they were very rarely met with, and their total destruction
in that region was a matter of easy accomplishment.


Input:
But to the westward, away from the
mountains, they were very rarely met with, and their total destruction
in that region was a matter of easy accomplishment.

Output:
According to Prof.
J. A. Allen the complete disappearance of the bison west of the Rocky
Mountains took place between 1838 and 1840.


Input:
According to Prof.
J. A. Allen the complete disappearance of the bison west of the Rocky
Mountains took place between 1838 and 1840.

Output: B. THE PERIOD OF SYSTEMATIC SLAUGHTER, FROM 1830 TO 1838.


Input: B. THE PERIOD OF SYSTEMATIC SLAUGHTER, FROM 1830 TO 1838.

Output: We come now to a history which I would gladly leave unwritten.


Input: We come now to a history which I would gladly leave unwritten.

Output:
Its
record is a disgrace to the American people in general, and the
Territorial, State, and General Government in particular.


Input:
Its
record is a disgrace to the American people in general, and the
Territorial, State, and General Government in particular.

Output:
It will cause
succeeding generations to regard us as being possessed of the leading
characteristics of the savage and the beast of prey--cruelty and greed.


Input:
It will cause
succeeding generations to regard us as being possessed of the leading
characteristics of the savage and the beast of prey--cruelty and greed.

Output:
We will be likened to the blood-thirsty tiger of the Indian jungle, who
slaughters a dozen bullocks at once when he knows he can eat only one.


Input:
We will be likened to the blood-thirsty tiger of the Indian jungle, who
slaughters a dozen bullocks at once when he knows he can eat only one.

Output:
In one respect, at least, the white men who engaged in the systematic
slaughter of the bison were savages just as much as the Piegan Indians,
who would drive a whole herd over a precipice to secure a week's rations
of meat for a single village.


Input:
In one respect, at least, the white men who engaged in the systematic
slaughter of the bison were savages just as much as the Piegan Indians,
who would drive a whole herd over a precipice to secure a week's rations
of meat for a single village.

Output:
The men who killed buffaloes for their
tongues and those who shot them from the railway trains for sport were
murderers.


Input:
The men who killed buffaloes for their
tongues and those who shot them from the railway trains for sport were
murderers.

Output:
In no way does civilized man so quickly revert to his former
state as when he is alone with the beasts of the field.


Input:
In no way does civilized man so quickly revert to his former
state as when he is alone with the beasts of the field.

Output:
Give him a gun
and something which he may kill without getting himself in trouble, and,
presto!


Input:
Give him a gun
and something which he may kill without getting himself in trouble, and,
presto!

Output:
he is instantly a savage again, finding exquisite delight in
bloodshed, slaughter, and death, if not for gain, then solely for the
joy and happiness of it.


Input:
he is instantly a savage again, finding exquisite delight in
bloodshed, slaughter, and death, if not for gain, then solely for the
joy and happiness of it.

Output:
There is no kind of warfare against game
animals too unfair, too disreputable, or too mean for white men to
engage in if they can only do so with safety to their own precious
carcasses.


Input:
There is no kind of warfare against game
animals too unfair, too disreputable, or too mean for white men to
engage in if they can only do so with safety to their own precious
carcasses.

Output:
They will shoot buffalo and antelope from running railway
trains, drive deer into water with hounds and cut their throats in cold
blood, kill does with fawns a week old, kill fawns by the score for
their spotted skins, slaughter deer, moose, and caribou in the snow at a
pitiful disadvantage, just as the wolves do; exterminate the wild ducks
on the whole Atlantic seaboard with punt guns for the metropolitan
markets; kill off the Rocky Mountain goats for hides worth only 50 cents
apiece, destroy wagon loads of trout with dynamite, and so on to the end
of the chapter.


Input:
They will shoot buffalo and antelope from running railway
trains, drive deer into water with hounds and cut their throats in cold
blood, kill does with fawns a week old, kill fawns by the score for
their spotted skins, slaughter deer, moose, and caribou in the snow at a
pitiful disadvantage, just as the wolves do; exterminate the wild ducks
on the whole Atlantic seaboard with punt guns for the metropolitan
markets; kill off the Rocky Mountain goats for hides worth only 50 cents
apiece, destroy wagon loads of trout with dynamite, and so on to the end
of the chapter.

Output:
Perhaps the most gigantic task ever undertaken on this continent in the
line of game-slaughter was the extermination of the bison in the great
pasture region by the hide-hunters.


Input:
Perhaps the most gigantic task ever undertaken on this continent in the
line of game-slaughter was the extermination of the bison in the great
pasture region by the hide-hunters.

Output:
Probably the brilliant rapidity and
success with which that lofty undertaking was accomplished was a matter
of surprise even to those who participated in it.


Input:
Probably the brilliant rapidity and
success with which that lofty undertaking was accomplished was a matter
of surprise even to those who participated in it.

Output:
The story of the
slaughter is by no means a long one.


Input:
The story of the
slaughter is by no means a long one.

Output:
The period of systematic slaughter of the bison naturally begins with
the first organized efforts in that direction, in a business-like,
wholesale way.


Input:
The period of systematic slaughter of the bison naturally begins with
the first organized efforts in that direction, in a business-like,
wholesale way.

Output:
Although the species had been steadily driven westward
for a hundred years by the advancing settlements, and had during all
that time been hunted for the meat and robes it yielded, its
extermination did not begin in earnest until 1820, or thereabouts.


Input:
Although the species had been steadily driven westward
for a hundred years by the advancing settlements, and had during all
that time been hunted for the meat and robes it yielded, its
extermination did not begin in earnest until 1820, or thereabouts.

Output:
As
before stated, various persons had previous to that time made buffalo
killing a business in order to sell their skins, but such instances were
very exceptional.


Input:
As
before stated, various persons had previous to that time made buffalo
killing a business in order to sell their skins, but such instances were
very exceptional.

Output:
By that time the bison was totally extinct in all the
region lying east of the Mississippi River except a portion of
Wisconsin, where it survived until about 1830.


Input:
By that time the bison was totally extinct in all the
region lying east of the Mississippi River except a portion of
Wisconsin, where it survived until about 1830.

Output:
In 1820 the first
organized buffalo hunting expedition on a grand scale was made from the
Red River settlement, Manitoba, in which five hundred and forty carts
proceeded to the range.


Input:
In 1820 the first
organized buffalo hunting expedition on a grand scale was made from the
Red River settlement, Manitoba, in which five hundred and forty carts
proceeded to the range.

Output:
Previous to that time the buffaloes were found
near enough to the settlements around Fort Garry that every settler
could hunt independently; but as the herds were driven farther and
farther away, it required an organized effort and a long journey to
reach them.


Input:
Previous to that time the buffaloes were found
near enough to the settlements around Fort Garry that every settler
could hunt independently; but as the herds were driven farther and
farther away, it required an organized effort and a long journey to
reach them.

Output:
The American Fur Company established trading posts along the Missouri
River, one at the mouth of the Tetón River and another at the mouth of
the Yellowstone.


Input:
The American Fur Company established trading posts along the Missouri
River, one at the mouth of the Tetón River and another at the mouth of
the Yellowstone.

Output:
In 1826 a post was established at the eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains, at the head of the Arkansas River, and in 1832
another was located in a corresponding situation at the head of the
South Fork of the Platte, close to where Denver now stands.


Input:
In 1826 a post was established at the eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains, at the head of the Arkansas River, and in 1832
another was located in a corresponding situation at the head of the
South Fork of the Platte, close to where Denver now stands.

Output:
Both the
latter were on what was then the western border of the buffalo range.


Input:
Both the
latter were on what was then the western border of the buffalo range.

Output:
Elsewhere throughout the buffalo country there were numerous other
posts, always situated as near as possible to the best hunting ground,
and at the same time where they would be most accessible to the hunters,
both white and red.


Input:
Elsewhere throughout the buffalo country there were numerous other
posts, always situated as near as possible to the best hunting ground,
and at the same time where they would be most accessible to the hunters,
both white and red.

Output:
As might be supposed, the Indians were encouraged to kill buffaloes for
their robes, and this is what Mr. George Catlin wrote at the mouth of
the Tetón River (Pyatt County, Dakota) in 1832 concerning this
trade:[63]

"It seems hard and cruel (does it not?) that we civilized people, with
all the luxuries and comforts of the world about us, should be drawing
from the backs of these useful animals the skins for our luxury, leaving
their carcasses to be devoured by the wolves; that we should draw from
that country some one hundred and fifty or two hundred thousand of their
robes annually, the greater part of which are taken from animals that
are killed expressly for the robe, at a season when the meat is not
cured and preserved, and for each of which skins the Indian has received
but a pint of whisky!


Input:
As might be supposed, the Indians were encouraged to kill buffaloes for
their robes, and this is what Mr. George Catlin wrote at the mouth of
the Tetón River (Pyatt County, Dakota) in 1832 concerning this
trade:[63]

"It seems hard and cruel (does it not?) that we civilized people, with
all the luxuries and comforts of the world about us, should be drawing
from the backs of these useful animals the skins for our luxury, leaving
their carcasses to be devoured by the wolves; that we should draw from
that country some one hundred and fifty or two hundred thousand of their
robes annually, the greater part of which are taken from animals that
are killed expressly for the robe, at a season when the meat is not
cured and preserved, and for each of which skins the Indian has received
but a pint of whisky!

Output:
Such is the fact, and that number, or near it, are
annually destroyed, in addition to the number that is necessarily killed
for the subsistence of three hundred thousand Indians, who live chiefly
upon them.


Input:
Such is the fact, and that number, or near it, are
annually destroyed, in addition to the number that is necessarily killed
for the subsistence of three hundred thousand Indians, who live chiefly
upon them.


Output:
The author further declared that the fur trade in those "great western
realms" was then limited chiefly to the purchase of buffalo robes.


Input:
The author further declared that the fur trade in those "great western
realms" was then limited chiefly to the purchase of buffalo robes.

Output: 1. _


Input: 1. _

Output:
The Red River half-breeds._--In June, 1840, when the Red River
half-breeds assembled at Pembina for their annual expedition against the
buffalo, they mustered as follows:


Input:
The Red River half-breeds._--In June, 1840, when the Red River
half-breeds assembled at Pembina for their annual expedition against the
buffalo, they mustered as follows:

Output:
+-------------------------------------+
|Carts                          |1,210|
+-------------------------+-----+-----+
|Hunters                  |  620|     |


Input:
+-------------------------------------+
|Carts                          |1,210|
+-------------------------+-----+-----+
|Hunters                  |  620|     |

Output:
+-------------------------+-----+     |
|Women                    |  650|1,630|
+-------------------------+-----+     |
|Boys and girls           |  360|     |
+-------------------------+-----+-----+
|Horses (buffalo runners)       |  403|


Input:
+-------------------------+-----+     |
|Women                    |  650|1,630|
+-------------------------+-----+     |
|Boys and girls           |  360|     |
+-------------------------+-----+-----+
|Horses (buffalo runners)       |  403|

Output:
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Dogs                           |  542|
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Cart horses                    |  655|
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Draught oxen                   |  586|


Input:
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Dogs                           |  542|
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Cart horses                    |  655|
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Draught oxen                   |  586|

Output:
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Skinning knives                |1,240|
+-------------------------------------+


Input:
+-------------------------------+-----+
|Skinning knives                |1,240|
+-------------------------------------+

Output:
The total value of the property employed in this expedition and the
working time occupied by it (two months) amounted to the enormous sum of
£24,000.


Input:
The total value of the property employed in this expedition and the
working time occupied by it (two months) amounted to the enormous sum of
£24,000.

Output: [Note 63: North American Indians, I, p. 263.]


Input: [Note 63: North American Indians, I, p. 263.]

Output:
Although the bison formerly ranged to Fort Garry (near Winnipeg), they
had been steadily killed off and driven back, and in 1840 none were
found by the expedition until it was 250 miles from Pembina, which is
situated on the Red River, at the international boundary.


Input:
Although the bison formerly ranged to Fort Garry (near Winnipeg), they
had been steadily killed off and driven back, and in 1840 none were
found by the expedition until it was 250 miles from Pembina, which is
situated on the Red River, at the international boundary.

Output:
At that time
the extinction of the species from the Red River to the Cheyenne was
practically complete.


Input:
At that time
the extinction of the species from the Red River to the Cheyenne was
practically complete.

Output:
The Red River settlers, aided, of course, by the
Indians of that region, are responsible for the extermination of the
bison throughout northeastern Dakota as far as the Cheyenne River,
northern Minnesota, and the whole of what is now the province of
Manitoba.


Input:
The Red River settlers, aided, of course, by the
Indians of that region, are responsible for the extermination of the
bison throughout northeastern Dakota as far as the Cheyenne River,
northern Minnesota, and the whole of what is now the province of
Manitoba.

Output:
More than that; as the game grew scarce and retired farther
and farther, the half-breeds, who despised agriculture as long as there
was a buffalo to kill, extended their hunting operations westward along
the Qu'Appelle until they encroached upon the hunting-grounds of the
Plain Crees, who lived in the Saskatchewan country.


Input:
More than that; as the game grew scarce and retired farther
and farther, the half-breeds, who despised agriculture as long as there
was a buffalo to kill, extended their hunting operations westward along
the Qu'Appelle until they encroached upon the hunting-grounds of the
Plain Crees, who lived in the Saskatchewan country.

Output:
Thus was an immense inroad made in the northern half of the herd which
had previously covered the entire pasture region from the Great Slave
Lake to central Texas.


Input:
Thus was an immense inroad made in the northern half of the herd which
had previously covered the entire pasture region from the Great Slave
Lake to central Texas.

Output:
This was the first visible impression of the
systematic killing which began in 1820.


Input:
This was the first visible impression of the
systematic killing which began in 1820.

Output:
Up to 1840 it is reasonably
certain, as will be seen by figures given elsewhere, that by this
business-like method of the half-breeds, at least 652,000 buffaloes were
destroyed by them alone.


Input:
Up to 1840 it is reasonably
certain, as will be seen by figures given elsewhere, that by this
business-like method of the half-breeds, at least 652,000 buffaloes were
destroyed by them alone.

Output:
Even as early as 1840 the Red River hunt was prosecuted through Dakota
southwestwardly to the Missouri River and a short distance beyond it.


Input:
Even as early as 1840 the Red River hunt was prosecuted through Dakota
southwestwardly to the Missouri River and a short distance beyond it.

Output:
Here it touched the wide strip of territory, bordering that stream,
which was even then being regularly drained of its animal resources by
the Indian hunters, who made the river their base of operations, and
whose robes were shipped on its steam-boats.


Input:
Here it touched the wide strip of territory, bordering that stream,
which was even then being regularly drained of its animal resources by
the Indian hunters, who made the river their base of operations, and
whose robes were shipped on its steam-boats.

Output:
It is certain that these annual Red River expeditions into Dakota were
kept up as late as 1847, and as long thereafter as buffaloes were to be
found in any number between the Cheyenne and the Missouri.


Input:
It is certain that these annual Red River expeditions into Dakota were
kept up as late as 1847, and as long thereafter as buffaloes were to be
found in any number between the Cheyenne and the Missouri.

Output:
At the same
time, the White Horse Plains division, which hunted westward from Fort
Garry, did its work of destruction quite as rapidly and as thoroughly as
the rival expedition to the United States.


Input:
At the same
time, the White Horse Plains division, which hunted westward from Fort
Garry, did its work of destruction quite as rapidly and as thoroughly as
the rival expedition to the United States.

Output:
In 1857 the Plains Crees, inhabiting the country around the headwaters
of the Qu'Appelle River (250 miles due west from Winnipeg), assembled in
council, and "determined that in consequence of promises often made and
broken by the white men and half-breeds, and the rapid destruction by
them of the buffalo they fed on, they would not permit either white men
or half-breeds to hunt in their country, or travel through it, except
for the purpose of trading for their dried meat, pemmican, skins and
robes.


Input:
In 1857 the Plains Crees, inhabiting the country around the headwaters
of the Qu'Appelle River (250 miles due west from Winnipeg), assembled in
council, and "determined that in consequence of promises often made and
broken by the white men and half-breeds, and the rapid destruction by
them of the buffalo they fed on, they would not permit either white men
or half-breeds to hunt in their country, or travel through it, except
for the purpose of trading for their dried meat, pemmican, skins and
robes.

Output:
"

In 1858 the Crees reported that between the two branches of the
Saskatchewan buffalo were "very scarce."


Input:
"

In 1858 the Crees reported that between the two branches of the
Saskatchewan buffalo were "very scarce."

Output:
Professor Hind's expedition saw
only one buffalo in the whole course of their journey from Winnipeg
until they reached Sand Hill Lake, at the head of the Qu'Appelle, near
the south branch of the Saskatchewan, where the first herd was
encountered.


Input:
Professor Hind's expedition saw
only one buffalo in the whole course of their journey from Winnipeg
until they reached Sand Hill Lake, at the head of the Qu'Appelle, near
the south branch of the Saskatchewan, where the first herd was
encountered.

Output:
Although the species was not totally extinct on the
Qu'Appelle at that time, it was practically so.


Input:
Although the species was not totally extinct on the
Qu'Appelle at that time, it was practically so.

Output: 2. _


Input: 2. _

Output:
The country of the Sioux._--The next territory completely
depopulated of buffaloes by systematic hunting was very nearly the
entire southern half of Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, and northern
Nebraska as far as the North Platte.


Input:
The country of the Sioux._--The next territory completely
depopulated of buffaloes by systematic hunting was very nearly the
entire southern half of Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, and northern
Nebraska as far as the North Platte.

Output:
This vast region, once the favorite
range for hundreds of thousands of buffaloes, had for many years been
the favorite hunting ground of the Sioux Indians of the Missouri, the
Pawnees, Omahas, and all other tribes of that region.


Input:
This vast region, once the favorite
range for hundreds of thousands of buffaloes, had for many years been
the favorite hunting ground of the Sioux Indians of the Missouri, the
Pawnees, Omahas, and all other tribes of that region.

Output:
The settlement of
Iowa and Minnesota presently forced into this region the entire body of
Mississippi Sioux from the country west of Prairie du Chien and around
Fort Snelling, and materially hastened the extermination of all the game
animals which were once so abundant there.


Input:
The settlement of
Iowa and Minnesota presently forced into this region the entire body of
Mississippi Sioux from the country west of Prairie du Chien and around
Fort Snelling, and materially hastened the extermination of all the game
animals which were once so abundant there.

Output:
It is absolutely certain that
if the Indians had been uninfluenced by the white traders, or, in other
words, had not been induced to take and prepare a large number of robes
every year for the market, the species would have survived very much
longer than it did.


Input:
It is absolutely certain that
if the Indians had been uninfluenced by the white traders, or, in other
words, had not been induced to take and prepare a large number of robes
every year for the market, the species would have survived very much
longer than it did.

Output:
But the demand quickly proved to be far greater than
the supply.


Input:
But the demand quickly proved to be far greater than
the supply.

Output:
The Indians, of course, found it necessary to slaughter
annually a great number of buffaloes for their own wants--for meat,
robes, leather, teepees, etc.


Input:
The Indians, of course, found it necessary to slaughter
annually a great number of buffaloes for their own wants--for meat,
robes, leather, teepees, etc.

Output:
When it came to supplementing this
necessary slaughter by an additional fifty thousand or more every year
for marketable robes, it is no wonder that the improvident savages soon
found, when too late, that the supply of buffaloes was not
inexhaustible.


Input:
When it came to supplementing this
necessary slaughter by an additional fifty thousand or more every year
for marketable robes, it is no wonder that the improvident savages soon
found, when too late, that the supply of buffaloes was not
inexhaustible.

Output:
Naturally enough, they attributed their disappearance to
the white man, who was therefore a robber, and a proper subject for the
scalping-knife.


Input:
Naturally enough, they attributed their disappearance to
the white man, who was therefore a robber, and a proper subject for the
scalping-knife.

Output:
Apparently it never occurred to the minds of the Sioux
that they themselves were equally to blame; it was always _the paleface_
who killed the buffaloes; and it was always _Sioux_ buffaloes that they
killed.


Input:
Apparently it never occurred to the minds of the Sioux
that they themselves were equally to blame; it was always _the paleface_
who killed the buffaloes; and it was always _Sioux_ buffaloes that they
killed.

Output:
The Sioux seemed to feel that they held a chattel mortgage on
all the buffaloes north of the Platte, and it required more than one
pitched battle to convince them otherwise.


Input:
The Sioux seemed to feel that they held a chattel mortgage on
all the buffaloes north of the Platte, and it required more than one
pitched battle to convince them otherwise.

Output:
Up to the time when the great Sioux Reservation was established in
Dakota (1875-'77), when 33,739 square miles of country, or nearly the
whole southwest quarter of the Territory, was set aside for the
exclusive occupancy of the Sioux, buffaloes were very numerous
throughout that entire region.


Input:
Up to the time when the great Sioux Reservation was established in
Dakota (1875-'77), when 33,739 square miles of country, or nearly the
whole southwest quarter of the Territory, was set aside for the
exclusive occupancy of the Sioux, buffaloes were very numerous
throughout that entire region.

Output:
East of the Missouri River, which is the
eastern boundary of the Sioux Reservation, from Bismarck all the way
down, the species was practically extinct as early as 1870.


Input:
East of the Missouri River, which is the
eastern boundary of the Sioux Reservation, from Bismarck all the way
down, the species was practically extinct as early as 1870.

Output:
But at the
time when it became unlawful for white hunters to enter the territory of
the Sioux nation there were tens of thousands of buffaloes upon it, and
their subsequent slaughter is chargeable to the Indians alone, save as
to those which migrated into the hunting grounds of the whites.


Input:
But at the
time when it became unlawful for white hunters to enter the territory of
the Sioux nation there were tens of thousands of buffaloes upon it, and
their subsequent slaughter is chargeable to the Indians alone, save as
to those which migrated into the hunting grounds of the whites.

Output: 3. _


Input: 3. _

Output:
Western railways, and their part in the extermination of the
buffalo._--The building of a railroad means the speedy extermination of
all the big game along its line.


Input:
Western railways, and their part in the extermination of the
buffalo._--The building of a railroad means the speedy extermination of
all the big game along its line.

Output:
In its eagerness to attract the public
and build up "a big business," every new line which traverses a country
containing game does its utmost, by means of advertisements and posters,
to attract the man with a gun.


Input:
In its eagerness to attract the public
and build up "a big business," every new line which traverses a country
containing game does its utmost, by means of advertisements and posters,
to attract the man with a gun.

Output:
Its game resorts are all laid bare, and
the market hunters and sportsmen swarm in immediately, slaying and to
slay.


Input:
Its game resorts are all laid bare, and
the market hunters and sportsmen swarm in immediately, slaying and to
slay.

Output:
Within the last year the last real retreat for our finest game, the only
remaining stronghold for the mountain sheep, goat, caribou, elk, and
deer--northwestern Montana, northern Idaho, and thence westward--has
been laid open to the very heart by the building of the St. Paul,
Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway, which runs up the valley of the Milk
River to Fort Assinniboine, and crosses the Rocky Mountains through Two
Medicine Pass.


Input:
Within the last year the last real retreat for our finest game, the only
remaining stronghold for the mountain sheep, goat, caribou, elk, and
deer--northwestern Montana, northern Idaho, and thence westward--has
been laid open to the very heart by the building of the St. Paul,
Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway, which runs up the valley of the Milk
River to Fort Assinniboine, and crosses the Rocky Mountains through Two
Medicine Pass.

Output:
Heretofore that region has been so difficult to reach
that the game it contains has been measurably secure from general
slaughter; but now it also must "go.


Input:
Heretofore that region has been so difficult to reach
that the game it contains has been measurably secure from general
slaughter; but now it also must "go.

Output:
"

The marking out of the great overland trail by the Argonauts of '49 in
their rush for the gold fields of California was the foreshadowing of
the great east-and-west breach in the universal herd, which was made
twenty years later by the first transcontinental railway.


Input:
"

The marking out of the great overland trail by the Argonauts of '49 in
their rush for the gold fields of California was the foreshadowing of
the great east-and-west breach in the universal herd, which was made
twenty years later by the first transcontinental railway.

Output:
The pioneers who "crossed the plains" in those days killed buffaloes for
food whenever they could, and the constant harrying of those animals
experienced along the line of travel, soon led them to retire from the
proximity of such continual danger.


Input:
The pioneers who "crossed the plains" in those days killed buffaloes for
food whenever they could, and the constant harrying of those animals
experienced along the line of travel, soon led them to retire from the
proximity of such continual danger.

Output:
It was undoubtedly due to this cause
that the number seen by parties who crossed the plains in 1849 and
subsequently, was surprisingly small.


Input:
It was undoubtedly due to this cause
that the number seen by parties who crossed the plains in 1849 and
subsequently, was surprisingly small.

Output:
But, fortunately for the
buffaloes, the pioneers who would gladly have halted and turned aside
now and then for the excitement of the chase, were compelled to hurry
on, and accomplish the long journey while good weather lasted.


Input:
But, fortunately for the
buffaloes, the pioneers who would gladly have halted and turned aside
now and then for the excitement of the chase, were compelled to hurry
on, and accomplish the long journey while good weather lasted.

Output:
It was
owing to this fact, and the scarcity of good horses, that the buffaloes
found it necessary to retire only a few miles from the wagon route to
get beyond the reach of those who would have gladly hunted them.


Input:
It was
owing to this fact, and the scarcity of good horses, that the buffaloes
found it necessary to retire only a few miles from the wagon route to
get beyond the reach of those who would have gladly hunted them.

Output:
Mr. Allen Varner, of Indianola, Illinois, has kindly furnished me with
the following facts in regard to the presence of the buffalo, as
observed by him during his journey westward, over what was then known as
the Oregon Trail.


Input:
Mr. Allen Varner, of Indianola, Illinois, has kindly furnished me with
the following facts in regard to the presence of the buffalo, as
observed by him during his journey westward, over what was then known as
the Oregon Trail.

Output:
"The old Oregon trail ran from Independence, Missouri, to old Fort
Laramie, through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, and thence up to
Salt Lake City.


Input:
"The old Oregon trail ran from Independence, Missouri, to old Fort
Laramie, through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, and thence up to
Salt Lake City.

Output:
We left Independence on May C, 1849, and struck the
Platte River at Grand Island.


Input:
We left Independence on May C, 1849, and struck the
Platte River at Grand Island.

Output:
The trail had been traveled but very
little previous to that year.


Input:
The trail had been traveled but very
little previous to that year.

Output:
We saw no buffaloes whatever until we
reached the forks of the Platte, on May 20, or thereabouts.


Input:
We saw no buffaloes whatever until we
reached the forks of the Platte, on May 20, or thereabouts.

Output:
There we saw
seventeen head.


Input:
There we saw
seventeen head.

Output:
From that time on we saw small bunches now and then;
never more than forty or fifty together.


Input:
From that time on we saw small bunches now and then;
never more than forty or fifty together.

Output:
We saw no great herds anywhere,
and I should say we did not see over five hundred head all told.


Input:
We saw no great herds anywhere,
and I should say we did not see over five hundred head all told.

Output:
The
most western point at which we saw buffaloes was about due north of
Laramie Peak, and it must have been about the 20th of June.


Input:
The
most western point at which we saw buffaloes was about due north of
Laramie Peak, and it must have been about the 20th of June.

Output:
We killed
several head for meat during our trip, and found them all rather thin
in flesh.


Input:
We killed
several head for meat during our trip, and found them all rather thin
in flesh.

Output:
Plainsmen who claimed to know, said that all the buffaloes we
saw had wintered in that locality, and had not had time to get fat.


Input:
Plainsmen who claimed to know, said that all the buffaloes we
saw had wintered in that locality, and had not had time to get fat.

Output:
The
annual migration from the south had not yet begun, or rather had not yet
brought any of the southern buffaloes that far north.


Input:
The
annual migration from the south had not yet begun, or rather had not yet
brought any of the southern buffaloes that far north.

Output:
"

In a few years the tide of overland travel became so great, that the
buffaloes learned to keep away from the dangers of the trail, and many a
pioneer has crossed the plains without ever seeing a live buffalo.

4. _


Input:
"

In a few years the tide of overland travel became so great, that the
buffaloes learned to keep away from the dangers of the trail, and many a
pioneer has crossed the plains without ever seeing a live buffalo.

4. _

Output:
The division of the universal herd._--Until the building of the
first transcontinental railway made it possible to market the "buffalo
product," buffalo hunting as a business was almost wholly in the hands
of the Indians.


Input:
The division of the universal herd._--Until the building of the
first transcontinental railway made it possible to market the "buffalo
product," buffalo hunting as a business was almost wholly in the hands
of the Indians.

Output:
Even then, the slaughter so far exceeded the natural
increase that the narrowing limits of the buffalo range was watched with
anxiety, and the ultimate extinction of the species confidently
predicted.


Input:
Even then, the slaughter so far exceeded the natural
increase that the narrowing limits of the buffalo range was watched with
anxiety, and the ultimate extinction of the species confidently
predicted.

Output:
Even without railroads the extermination of the race would
have taken place eventually, but it would have been delayed perhaps
twenty years.


Input:
Even without railroads the extermination of the race would
have taken place eventually, but it would have been delayed perhaps
twenty years.

Output:
With a recklessness of the future that was not to be
expected of savages, though perhaps perfectly natural to civilized white
men, who place the possession of a dollar above everything else, the
Indians with one accord singled out the _cows_ for slaughter, because
their robes and their flesh better suited the fastidious taste of the
noble redskin.


Input:
With a recklessness of the future that was not to be
expected of savages, though perhaps perfectly natural to civilized white
men, who place the possession of a dollar above everything else, the
Indians with one accord singled out the _cows_ for slaughter, because
their robes and their flesh better suited the fastidious taste of the
noble redskin.

Output:
The building of the Union Pacific Railway began at Omaha
in 1865, and during that year 40 miles were constructed.


Input:
The building of the Union Pacific Railway began at Omaha
in 1865, and during that year 40 miles were constructed.

Output:
The year
following saw the completion of 265 miles more, and in 1867 245 miles
were added, which brought it to Cheyenne.


Input:
The year
following saw the completion of 265 miles more, and in 1867 245 miles
were added, which brought it to Cheyenne.

Output:
In 1868, 350 miles were built,
and in 1869 the entire line was open to traffic.


Input:
In 1868, 350 miles were built,
and in 1869 the entire line was open to traffic.

Output:
In 1867, when Maj. J. W. Powell and Prof. A. H. Thompson crossed the
plains by means of the Union Pacific Railway as far as it was
constructed and thence onward by wagon, they saw during the entire trip
only one live buffalo, a solitary old bull, wandering aimlessly along
the south bank of the Platte River.


Input:
In 1867, when Maj. J. W. Powell and Prof. A. H. Thompson crossed the
plains by means of the Union Pacific Railway as far as it was
constructed and thence onward by wagon, they saw during the entire trip
only one live buffalo, a solitary old bull, wandering aimlessly along
the south bank of the Platte River.

Output:
The completion of the Union Pacific Railway divided forever the
buffaloes of the United States into two great herds, which thereafter
became known respectively as the northern and southern herds.


Input:
The completion of the Union Pacific Railway divided forever the
buffaloes of the United States into two great herds, which thereafter
became known respectively as the northern and southern herds.

Output:
Both
retired rapidly and permanently from the railway, and left a strip of
country over 50 miles wide almost uninhabited by them.


Input:
Both
retired rapidly and permanently from the railway, and left a strip of
country over 50 miles wide almost uninhabited by them.

Output:
Although many
thousand buffaloes were killed by hunters who made the Union Pacific
Railway their base of operations, the two great bodies retired north and
south so far that the greater number were beyond striking distance from
that line.


Input:
Although many
thousand buffaloes were killed by hunters who made the Union Pacific
Railway their base of operations, the two great bodies retired north and
south so far that the greater number were beyond striking distance from
that line.

Output: 5. _


Input: 5. _

Output:
The destruction of the southern herd._--The geographical center of
the great southern herd during the few years of its separate existence
previous to its destruction was very near the present site of Garden
City, Kansas.


Input:
The destruction of the southern herd._--The geographical center of
the great southern herd during the few years of its separate existence
previous to its destruction was very near the present site of Garden
City, Kansas.

Output:
On the east, even as late as 1872, thousands of buffaloes
ranged within 10 miles of Wichita, which was then the headquarters of a
great number of buffalo-hunters, who plied their occupation vigorously
during the winter.


Input:
On the east, even as late as 1872, thousands of buffaloes
ranged within 10 miles of Wichita, which was then the headquarters of a
great number of buffalo-hunters, who plied their occupation vigorously
during the winter.

Output:
On the north the herd ranged within 25 miles of the
Union Pacific, until the swarm of hunters coming down from the north
drove them farther and farther south.


Input:
On the north the herd ranged within 25 miles of the
Union Pacific, until the swarm of hunters coming down from the north
drove them farther and farther south.

Output:
On the west, a few small bands
ranged as far as Pike's Peak and the South Park, but the main body
ranged east of the town of Pueblo, Colorado.


Input:
On the west, a few small bands
ranged as far as Pike's Peak and the South Park, but the main body
ranged east of the town of Pueblo, Colorado.

Output:
In the southwest, buffaloes
were abundant as far as the Pecos and the Staked Plains, while the
southern limit of the herd was about on a line with the southern
boundary of New Mexico.


Input:
In the southwest, buffaloes
were abundant as far as the Pecos and the Staked Plains, while the
southern limit of the herd was about on a line with the southern
boundary of New Mexico.

Output:
Regarding this herd, Colonel Dodge writes as
follows: "Their most prized feeding ground was the section of country
between the South Platte and Arkansas rivers, watered by the Republican,
Smoky, Walnut, Pawnee, and other parallel or tributary streams, and
generally known as the Republican country.


Input:
Regarding this herd, Colonel Dodge writes as
follows: "Their most prized feeding ground was the section of country
between the South Platte and Arkansas rivers, watered by the Republican,
Smoky, Walnut, Pawnee, and other parallel or tributary streams, and
generally known as the Republican country.

Output:
Hundreds of thousands went
south from here each winter, but hundreds of thousands remained.


Input:
Hundreds of thousands went
south from here each winter, but hundreds of thousands remained.

Output:
It was
the chosen home of the buffalo."


Input:
It was
the chosen home of the buffalo."

Output:
Although the range of the northern herd covered about twice as much
territory as did the southern, the latter contained probably twice as
many buffaloes.


Input:
Although the range of the northern herd covered about twice as much
territory as did the southern, the latter contained probably twice as
many buffaloes.

Output:
The number of individuals in the southern herd in the
year 1871 must have been at least three millions, and most estimates
place the total much higher than that.


Input:
The number of individuals in the southern herd in the
year 1871 must have been at least three millions, and most estimates
place the total much higher than that.

Output:
During the years from 1866 to 1871, inclusive, the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fé Railway and what is now known as the Kansas Pacific, or Kansas
division of the Union Pacific Railway, were constructed from the
Missouri River westward across Kansas, and through the heart of the
southern buffalo range.


Input:
During the years from 1866 to 1871, inclusive, the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fé Railway and what is now known as the Kansas Pacific, or Kansas
division of the Union Pacific Railway, were constructed from the
Missouri River westward across Kansas, and through the heart of the
southern buffalo range.

Output:
The southern herd was literally cut to pieces by
railways, and every portion of its range rendered easily accessible.


Input:
The southern herd was literally cut to pieces by
railways, and every portion of its range rendered easily accessible.

Output:
There had always been a market for buffalo robes at a fair price, and as
soon as the railways crossed the buffalo country the slaughter began.


Input:
There had always been a market for buffalo robes at a fair price, and as
soon as the railways crossed the buffalo country the slaughter began.

Output:
The rush to the range was only surpassed by the rush to the gold mines
of California in earlier years.


Input:
The rush to the range was only surpassed by the rush to the gold mines
of California in earlier years.

Output:
The railroad builders, teamsters,
fortune-seekers, "professional" hunters, trappers, guides, and every one
out of a job turned out to hunt buffalo for hides and meat.


Input:
The railroad builders, teamsters,
fortune-seekers, "professional" hunters, trappers, guides, and every one
out of a job turned out to hunt buffalo for hides and meat.

Output:
The
merchants who had already settled in all the little towns along the
three great railways saw an opportunity to make money out of the buffalo
product, and forthwith began to organize and supply hunting parties with
arms, ammunition, and provisions, and send them to the range.


Input:
The
merchants who had already settled in all the little towns along the
three great railways saw an opportunity to make money out of the buffalo
product, and forthwith began to organize and supply hunting parties with
arms, ammunition, and provisions, and send them to the range.

Output:
An immense
business of this kind was done by the merchants of Dodge City (Fort
Dodge), Wichita, and Leavenworth, and scores of smaller towns did a
corresponding amount of business in the same line.


Input:
An immense
business of this kind was done by the merchants of Dodge City (Fort
Dodge), Wichita, and Leavenworth, and scores of smaller towns did a
corresponding amount of business in the same line.

Output:
During the years 1871
to 1874 but little else was done in that country except buffalo killing.


Input:
During the years 1871
to 1874 but little else was done in that country except buffalo killing.

Output:
Central depots were established in the best buffalo country, from whence
hunting parties operated in all directions.


Input:
Central depots were established in the best buffalo country, from whence
hunting parties operated in all directions.

Output:
Buildings were erected for
the curing of meat, and corrals were built in which to heap up the
immense piles of buffalo skins that accumulated.


Input:
Buildings were erected for
the curing of meat, and corrals were built in which to heap up the
immense piles of buffalo skins that accumulated.

Output:
At Dodge City, as late
as 1878, Professor Thompson saw a lot of baled buffalo skins in a
corral, the solid cubical contents of which he calculated to equal 120
cords.


Input:
At Dodge City, as late
as 1878, Professor Thompson saw a lot of baled buffalo skins in a
corral, the solid cubical contents of which he calculated to equal 120
cords.

Output: At first the utmost wastefulness prevailed.


Input: At first the utmost wastefulness prevailed.

Output:
Every one wanted to kill
buffalo, and no one was willing to do the skinning and curing.


Input:
Every one wanted to kill
buffalo, and no one was willing to do the skinning and curing.

Output:
Thousands
upon thousands of buffaloes were killed for their tongues alone, and
never skinned.


Input:
Thousands
upon thousands of buffaloes were killed for their tongues alone, and
never skinned.

Output:
Thousands more were wounded by unskillful marksmen and
wandered off to die and become a total loss.


Input:
Thousands more were wounded by unskillful marksmen and
wandered off to die and become a total loss.

Output:
But the climax of
wastefulness and sloth was not reached until the enterprising
buffalo-butcher began to skin his dead buffaloes by horse-power.


Input:
But the climax of
wastefulness and sloth was not reached until the enterprising
buffalo-butcher began to skin his dead buffaloes by horse-power.

Output:
The
process is of interest, as showing the depth of degradation to which a
man can fall and still call himself a hunter.


Input:
The
process is of interest, as showing the depth of degradation to which a
man can fall and still call himself a hunter.

Output:
The skin of the buffalo
was ripped open along the belly and throat, the legs cut around at the
knees, and ripped up the rest of the way.


Input:
The skin of the buffalo
was ripped open along the belly and throat, the legs cut around at the
knees, and ripped up the rest of the way.

Output:
The skin of the neck was
divided all the way around at the back of the head, and skinned back a
few inches to afford a start.


Input:
The skin of the neck was
divided all the way around at the back of the head, and skinned back a
few inches to afford a start.

Output:
A stout iron bar, like a hitching post,
was then driven through the skull and about 18 inches into the earth,
after which a rope was tied very firmly to the thick skin of the neck,
made ready for that purpose.


Input:
A stout iron bar, like a hitching post,
was then driven through the skull and about 18 inches into the earth,
after which a rope was tied very firmly to the thick skin of the neck,
made ready for that purpose.

Output:
The other end of this rope was then hitched
to the whiffletree of a pair of horses, or to the rear axle of a wagon,
the horses were whipped up, and the skin was forthwith either torn in
two or torn off the buffalo with about 50 pounds of flesh adhering to
it.


Input:
The other end of this rope was then hitched
to the whiffletree of a pair of horses, or to the rear axle of a wagon,
the horses were whipped up, and the skin was forthwith either torn in
two or torn off the buffalo with about 50 pounds of flesh adhering to
it.

Output:
It soon became apparent to even the most enterprising buffalo
skinner that this method was not an unqualified success, and it was
presently abandoned.


Input:
It soon became apparent to even the most enterprising buffalo
skinner that this method was not an unqualified success, and it was
presently abandoned.

Output:
The slaughter which began in 1871 was prosecuted with great vigor and
enterprise in 1872, and reached its heighten 1873.