Input:
In his search for grass the buffalo displayed but little intelligence or
power of original thought.

Output:
Instead of closely following the divides
between water courses where the soil was best and grass most abundant,
he would not hesitate to wander away from good feeding-grounds into
barren "bad lands," covered with sage-brush, where the grass was very
thin and very poor.


Input:
Instead of closely following the divides
between water courses where the soil was best and grass most abundant,
he would not hesitate to wander away from good feeding-grounds into
barren "bad lands," covered with sage-brush, where the grass was very
thin and very poor.

Output:
In such broken country as Montana, Wyoming, and
southwestern Dakota, the herds, on reaching the best grazing grounds on
the divides, would graze there day after day until increasing thirst
compelled them to seek for water.


Input:
In such broken country as Montana, Wyoming, and
southwestern Dakota, the herds, on reaching the best grazing grounds on
the divides, would graze there day after day until increasing thirst
compelled them to seek for water.

Output:
Then, actuated by a common impulse,
the search for a water-hole was begun in a business-like way.


Input:
Then, actuated by a common impulse,
the search for a water-hole was begun in a business-like way.

Output:
The leader
of a herd, or "bunch," which post was usually filled by an old cow,
would start off down the nearest "draw," or stream-heading, and all the
rest would fall into line and follow her.


Input:
The leader
of a herd, or "bunch," which post was usually filled by an old cow,
would start off down the nearest "draw," or stream-heading, and all the
rest would fall into line and follow her.

Output:
From the moment this start was
made there was no more feeding, save as a mouthful of grass could be
snatched now and then without turning aside.


Input:
From the moment this start was
made there was no more feeding, save as a mouthful of grass could be
snatched now and then without turning aside.

Output:
In single file, in a line
sometimes half a mile long and containing between one and two hundred
buffaloes, the procession slowly marched down the coulée, close
alongside the gully as soon as the water-course began to cut a pathway
for itself.


Input:
In single file, in a line
sometimes half a mile long and containing between one and two hundred
buffaloes, the procession slowly marched down the coulée, close
alongside the gully as soon as the water-course began to cut a pathway
for itself.

Output:
When the gully curved to right or left the leader would
cross its bed and keep straight on until the narrow ditch completed its
wayward curve and came back to the middle of the coulée.


Input:
When the gully curved to right or left the leader would
cross its bed and keep straight on until the narrow ditch completed its
wayward curve and came back to the middle of the coulée.

Output:
The trail of a
herd in search of water is usually as good a piece of engineering as
could be executed by the best railway surveyor, and is governed by
precisely the same principles.


Input:
The trail of a
herd in search of water is usually as good a piece of engineering as
could be executed by the best railway surveyor, and is governed by
precisely the same principles.

Output:
It always follows the level of the
valley, swerves around the high points, and crosses the stream
repeatedly in order to avoid climbing up from the level.


Input:
It always follows the level of the
valley, swerves around the high points, and crosses the stream
repeatedly in order to avoid climbing up from the level.

Output:
The same trail
is used again and again by different herds until the narrow path, not
over a foot in width, is gradually cut straight down into the soil to a
depth of several inches, as if it had been done by a 12-inch
grooving-plane.


Input:
The same trail
is used again and again by different herds until the narrow path, not
over a foot in width, is gradually cut straight down into the soil to a
depth of several inches, as if it had been done by a 12-inch
grooving-plane.

Output:
By the time the trail has been worn down to a depth of 6
or 7 inches, without having its width increased in the least, it is no
longer a pleasant path to walk in, being too much like a narrow ditch.


Input:
By the time the trail has been worn down to a depth of 6
or 7 inches, without having its width increased in the least, it is no
longer a pleasant path to walk in, being too much like a narrow ditch.

Output:
Then the buffaloes abandon it and strike out a new one alongside, which
is used until it also is worn down and abandoned.


Input:
Then the buffaloes abandon it and strike out a new one alongside, which
is used until it also is worn down and abandoned.

Output:
To day the old buffalo trails are conspicuous among the very few classes
of objects which remain as a reminder of a vanished race.


Input:
To day the old buffalo trails are conspicuous among the very few classes
of objects which remain as a reminder of a vanished race.

Output:
The herds of
cattle now follow them in single file just as the buffaloes did a few
years ago, as they search for water in the same way.


Input:
The herds of
cattle now follow them in single file just as the buffaloes did a few
years ago, as they search for water in the same way.

Output:
In some parts of
the West, in certain situations, old buffalo trails exist which the wild
herds wore down to a depth of 2 feet or more.


Input:
In some parts of
the West, in certain situations, old buffalo trails exist which the wild
herds wore down to a depth of 2 feet or more.

Output:
Mile after mile marched the herd, straight down-stream, bound for the
upper water-hole.


Input:
Mile after mile marched the herd, straight down-stream, bound for the
upper water-hole.

Output:
As the hot summer drew on, the pools would dry up one
by one, those nearest the source being the first to disappear.


Input:
As the hot summer drew on, the pools would dry up one
by one, those nearest the source being the first to disappear.

Output:
Toward
the latter part of summer, the journey for water was often a long one.


Input:
Toward
the latter part of summer, the journey for water was often a long one.

Output: Hole after hole would be passed without finding a drop of water.


Input: Hole after hole would be passed without finding a drop of water.

Output:
At last
a hole of mud would be found, below that a hole with a little muddy
water, and a mile farther on the leader would arrive at a shallow pool
under the edge of a "cut bank," a white, snow-like deposit of alkali on
the sand encircling its margin, and incrusting the blades of grass and
rushed that grew up from the bottom.


Input:
At last
a hole of mud would be found, below that a hole with a little muddy
water, and a mile farther on the leader would arrive at a shallow pool
under the edge of a "cut bank," a white, snow-like deposit of alkali on
the sand encircling its margin, and incrusting the blades of grass and
rushed that grew up from the bottom.

Output:
The damp earth around the pool was
cut up by a thousand hoof-prints, and the water was warm, strongly
impregnated with alkali, and yellow with animal impurities, but it was
_water_.


Input:
The damp earth around the pool was
cut up by a thousand hoof-prints, and the water was warm, strongly
impregnated with alkali, and yellow with animal impurities, but it was
_water_.

Output:
The nauseous mixture was quickly surrounded by a throng of
thirsty, heated, and eager buffaloes of all ages, to which the oldest
and strongest asserted claims of priority.


Input:
The nauseous mixture was quickly surrounded by a throng of
thirsty, heated, and eager buffaloes of all ages, to which the oldest
and strongest asserted claims of priority.

Output:
There was much crowding and
some fighting, but eventually all were satisfied.


Input:
There was much crowding and
some fighting, but eventually all were satisfied.

Output:
After such a long
journey to water, a herd would usually remain by it for some hours,
lying down, resting, and drinking at intervals until completely
satisfied.


Input:
After such a long
journey to water, a herd would usually remain by it for some hours,
lying down, resting, and drinking at intervals until completely
satisfied.

Output:
Having drunk its fill, the herd would never march directly back to the
choice feeding grounds it had just left, but instead would leisurely
stroll off at a right angle from the course it came, cropping for awhile
the rich bunch grasses of the bottom-lands, and then wander across the
hills in an almost aimless search for fresh fields and pastures new.


Input:
Having drunk its fill, the herd would never march directly back to the
choice feeding grounds it had just left, but instead would leisurely
stroll off at a right angle from the course it came, cropping for awhile
the rich bunch grasses of the bottom-lands, and then wander across the
hills in an almost aimless search for fresh fields and pastures new.

Output:
When buffaloes remained long in a certain locality it was a common thing
for them to visit the same watering-place a number of times, at
intervals of greater or less duration, according to circumstances.


Input:
When buffaloes remained long in a certain locality it was a common thing
for them to visit the same watering-place a number of times, at
intervals of greater or less duration, according to circumstances.

Output:
When undisturbed on his chosen range, the bison used to be fond of lying
down for an hour or two in the middle of the day, particularly when fine
weather and good grass combined to encourage him in luxurious habits.


Input:
When undisturbed on his chosen range, the bison used to be fond of lying
down for an hour or two in the middle of the day, particularly when fine
weather and good grass combined to encourage him in luxurious habits.

Output:
I
once discovered with the field glass a small herd of buffaloes lying
down at midday on the slope of a high ridge, and having ridden hard for
several hours we seized the opportunity to unsaddle and give our horses
an hour's rest before making the attack.


Input:
I
once discovered with the field glass a small herd of buffaloes lying
down at midday on the slope of a high ridge, and having ridden hard for
several hours we seized the opportunity to unsaddle and give our horses
an hour's rest before making the attack.

Output:
While we were so doing, the
herd got up, shifted its position to the opposite side of the ridge, and
again laid down, every buffalo with his nose pointing to windward.


Input:
While we were so doing, the
herd got up, shifted its position to the opposite side of the ridge, and
again laid down, every buffalo with his nose pointing to windward.

Output:
Old hunters declare that in the days of their abundance, when feeding on
their ranges in fancied security, the younger animals were as playful as
well-fed domestic calves.


Input:
Old hunters declare that in the days of their abundance, when feeding on
their ranges in fancied security, the younger animals were as playful as
well-fed domestic calves.

Output:
It was a common thing to see them cavort and
frisk around with about as much grace as young elephants, prancing and
running to and fro with tails held high in air "like scorpions.


Input:
It was a common thing to see them cavort and
frisk around with about as much grace as young elephants, prancing and
running to and fro with tails held high in air "like scorpions.

Output:
"

Buffaloes are very fond of rolling in dry dirt or even in mud, and this
habit is quite strong in captive animals.


Input:
"

Buffaloes are very fond of rolling in dry dirt or even in mud, and this
habit is quite strong in captive animals.

Output:
Not only is it indulged in
during the shedding season, but all through the fall and winter.


Input:
Not only is it indulged in
during the shedding season, but all through the fall and winter.

Output:
The two
live buffaloes in the National Museum are so much given to rolling, even
in rainy weather, that it is necessary to card them every few days to
keep them presentable.


Input:
The two
live buffaloes in the National Museum are so much given to rolling, even
in rainy weather, that it is necessary to card them every few days to
keep them presentable.

Output:
Bulls are much more given to rolling than the cows, especially after
they have reached maturity.


Input:
Bulls are much more given to rolling than the cows, especially after
they have reached maturity.

Output:
They stretch out at full length, rub their
heads violently to and fro on the ground, in which the horn serves as
the chief point of contact and slides over the ground like a
sled-runner.


Input:
They stretch out at full length, rub their
heads violently to and fro on the ground, in which the horn serves as
the chief point of contact and slides over the ground like a
sled-runner.

Output:
After thoroughly scratching one side on mother earth they
roll over and treat the other in like manner.


Input:
After thoroughly scratching one side on mother earth they
roll over and treat the other in like manner.

Output:
Notwithstanding his sharp
and lofty hump, a buffalo bull can roll completely over with as much
ease as any horse.


Input:
Notwithstanding his sharp
and lofty hump, a buffalo bull can roll completely over with as much
ease as any horse.

Output:
The vast amount of rolling and side-scratching on the earth indulged in
by bull buffaloes is shown in the worn condition of the horns of every
old specimen.


Input:
The vast amount of rolling and side-scratching on the earth indulged in
by bull buffaloes is shown in the worn condition of the horns of every
old specimen.

Output:
Often a thickness of half an inch is gone from the upper
half of each horn on its outside curve, at which point the horn is worn
quite flat.


Input:
Often a thickness of half an inch is gone from the upper
half of each horn on its outside curve, at which point the horn is worn
quite flat.

Output:
This is well illustrated in the horns shown in the
accompanying plate, fig.


Input:
This is well illustrated in the horns shown in the
accompanying plate, fig.

Output: 6.


Output: [Illustration: DEVELOPMENT OF THE HORNS OF THE AMERICAN BISON.


Input: [Illustration: DEVELOPMENT OF THE HORNS OF THE AMERICAN BISON.

Output: 1.


Output: The Calf.


Input: The Calf.

Output: 2.


Output: The Yearling.


Input: The Yearling.

Output: 3.


Output: Spike Bull, 2 years old.


Input: Spike Bull, 2 years old.

Output: 4.


Output: Spike Bull, 3 years old.


Input: Spike Bull, 3 years old.

Output: 5. Bull, 4 years old.


Input: 5. Bull, 4 years old.

Output: 6.


Output: Bull, 11 years old.


Input: Bull, 11 years old.

Output: 7. Old "stub-horn" Bull, 20 years old.]


Input: 7. Old "stub-horn" Bull, 20 years old.]

Output:
Mr. Catlin[36] affords some very interesting and valuable information in
regard to the bison's propensity for wollowing in mad, and also the
origin of the "fairy circles," which have caused so much speculation
amongst travelers:


Input:
Mr. Catlin[36] affords some very interesting and valuable information in
regard to the bison's propensity for wollowing in mad, and also the
origin of the "fairy circles," which have caused so much speculation
amongst travelers:

Output: [Note 36: North American Indians, vol.


Input: [Note 36: North American Indians, vol.

Output:
I, p. 249, 250.]

"In the heat of summer, these huge animals, which no doubt suffer very
much with the great profusion of their long and shaggy hair, or fur,
often graze on the low grounds of the prairies, where there is a little
stagnant water lying amongst the grass, and the ground underneath being
saturated with it, is soft, into which the enormous bull, lowered down
upon one knee, will plunge his horns, and at last his head, driving up
the earth, and soon making an excavation in the ground into which the
water filters from amongst the grass, forming for him in a few moments a
cool and comfortable bath, into which he plunges like a hog in his mire.


Input:
I, p. 249, 250.]

"In the heat of summer, these huge animals, which no doubt suffer very
much with the great profusion of their long and shaggy hair, or fur,
often graze on the low grounds of the prairies, where there is a little
stagnant water lying amongst the grass, and the ground underneath being
saturated with it, is soft, into which the enormous bull, lowered down
upon one knee, will plunge his horns, and at last his head, driving up
the earth, and soon making an excavation in the ground into which the
water filters from amongst the grass, forming for him in a few moments a
cool and comfortable bath, into which he plunges like a hog in his mire.

Output:
"In this delectable laver he throws himself flat upon his side, and
forcing himself violently around, with his horns and his huge hump on
his shoulders presented to the sides, he ploughs up the ground by his
rotary motion, sinking himself deeper and deeper in the ground,
continually enlarging his pool, in which he at length becomes nearly
immersed, and the water and mud about him mixed into a complete mortar,
which changes his color and drips in streams from every part of him as
he rises up upon his feet, a hideous monster of mud and ugliness, too
frightful and too eccentric to be described!


Input:
"In this delectable laver he throws himself flat upon his side, and
forcing himself violently around, with his horns and his huge hump on
his shoulders presented to the sides, he ploughs up the ground by his
rotary motion, sinking himself deeper and deeper in the ground,
continually enlarging his pool, in which he at length becomes nearly
immersed, and the water and mud about him mixed into a complete mortar,
which changes his color and drips in streams from every part of him as
he rises up upon his feet, a hideous monster of mud and ugliness, too
frightful and too eccentric to be described!

Output:
"It is generally the leader of the herd that takes upon him to make this
excavation, and if not (but another one opens the ground), the leader
(who is conqueror) marches forward, and driving the other from it
plunges himself into it; and, having cooled his sides and changed his
color to a walking mass of mud and mortar, he stands in the pool until
inclination induces him to step out and give place to the next in
command who stands ready, and another, and another, who advance forward
in their turns to enjoy the luxury of the wallow, until the whole band
(sometimes a hundred or more) will pass through it in turn,[37] each one
throwing his body around in a similar manner and each one adding a
little to the dimensions of the pool, while he carries away in his hair
an equal share of the clay, which dries to a gray or whitish color and
gradually falls off.


Input:
"It is generally the leader of the herd that takes upon him to make this
excavation, and if not (but another one opens the ground), the leader
(who is conqueror) marches forward, and driving the other from it
plunges himself into it; and, having cooled his sides and changed his
color to a walking mass of mud and mortar, he stands in the pool until
inclination induces him to step out and give place to the next in
command who stands ready, and another, and another, who advance forward
in their turns to enjoy the luxury of the wallow, until the whole band
(sometimes a hundred or more) will pass through it in turn,[37] each one
throwing his body around in a similar manner and each one adding a
little to the dimensions of the pool, while he carries away in his hair
an equal share of the clay, which dries to a gray or whitish color and
gradually falls off.

Output:
By this operation, which is done perhaps in the
space of half an hour, a circular excavation of fifteen or twenty feet
in diameter and two feet in depth is completed and left for the water to
run into, which soon fills it to the level of the ground.


Input:
By this operation, which is done perhaps in the
space of half an hour, a circular excavation of fifteen or twenty feet
in diameter and two feet in depth is completed and left for the water to
run into, which soon fills it to the level of the ground.

Output:
[Note 37: In the District of Columbia work-house we have a counterpart
of this in the public bath-tub, wherein forty prisoners were seen by a
_


Input:
[Note 37: In the District of Columbia work-house we have a counterpart
of this in the public bath-tub, wherein forty prisoners were seen by a
_

Output:
Star_ reporter to bathe one after another in the same water!]

"To these sinks, the waters lying on the surface of the prairies are
continually draining and in them lodging their vegetable deposits, which
after a lapse of years fill them up to the surface with a rich soil,
which throws up an unusual growth of grass and herbage, forming
conspicuous circles, which arrest the eye of the traveler and are
calculated to excite his surprise for ages to come.


Input:
Star_ reporter to bathe one after another in the same water!]

"To these sinks, the waters lying on the surface of the prairies are
continually draining and in them lodging their vegetable deposits, which
after a lapse of years fill them up to the surface with a rich soil,
which throws up an unusual growth of grass and herbage, forming
conspicuous circles, which arrest the eye of the traveler and are
calculated to excite his surprise for ages to come.

Output:
"

During the latter part of the last century, when the bison inhabited
Kentucky and Pennsylvania, the salt springs of those States were
resorted to by thousands of those animals, who drank of the saline
waters and licked the impregnated earth.


Input:
"

During the latter part of the last century, when the bison inhabited
Kentucky and Pennsylvania, the salt springs of those States were
resorted to by thousands of those animals, who drank of the saline
waters and licked the impregnated earth.

Output: Mr. Thomas Ashe[38]


Input: Mr. Thomas Ashe[38]

Output:
affords us
a most interesting account, from the testimony of an eye witness, of the
behavior of a bison at a salt spring.


Input:
affords us
a most interesting account, from the testimony of an eye witness, of the
behavior of a bison at a salt spring.

Output:
The description refers to a
locality in western Pennsylvania, where "an old man, one of the first
settlers of this country, built his log house on the immediate borders
of a salt spring.


Input:
The description refers to a
locality in western Pennsylvania, where "an old man, one of the first
settlers of this country, built his log house on the immediate borders
of a salt spring.

Output:
He informed me that for the first several seasons the
buffaloes paid him their visits with the utmost regularity; they
traveled in single files, always following each other at equal
distances, forming droves, on their arrival, of about 300 each.


Input:
He informed me that for the first several seasons the
buffaloes paid him their visits with the utmost regularity; they
traveled in single files, always following each other at equal
distances, forming droves, on their arrival, of about 300 each.

Output: [Note 38: Travels in America in 1806.


Input: [Note 38: Travels in America in 1806.

Output: London, 1808.]


Input: London, 1808.]

Output:
"The first and second years, so unacquainted were these poor brutes with
the use of this man's house or with his nature, that in a few hours they
_rubbed_


Input:
"The first and second years, so unacquainted were these poor brutes with
the use of this man's house or with his nature, that in a few hours they
_rubbed_

Output:
the house completely down, taking delight in turning the logs
off with their horns, while he had some difficulty to escape from being
trampled under their feet or crushed to death in his own ruins.


Input:
the house completely down, taking delight in turning the logs
off with their horns, while he had some difficulty to escape from being
trampled under their feet or crushed to death in his own ruins.

Output:
At that
period he supposed there could not have been less than 2,000 in the
neighborhood of the spring.


Input:
At that
period he supposed there could not have been less than 2,000 in the
neighborhood of the spring.

Output:
They sought for no manner of food, but only
bathed and drank three or four times a day and rolled in the earth, or
reposed with their flanks distended in the adjacent shades; and on the
fifth and sixth days separated into distinct droves, bathed, drank, and
departed in single files, according to the exact order of their arrival.


Input:
They sought for no manner of food, but only
bathed and drank three or four times a day and rolled in the earth, or
reposed with their flanks distended in the adjacent shades; and on the
fifth and sixth days separated into distinct droves, bathed, drank, and
departed in single files, according to the exact order of their arrival.

Output:
They all rolled successively in the same hole, and each thus carried
away a coat of mud to preserve the moisture on their skin and which,
when hardened and baked in the sun, would resist the stings of millions
of insects that otherwise would persecute these peaceful travelers to
madness or even death.


Input:
They all rolled successively in the same hole, and each thus carried
away a coat of mud to preserve the moisture on their skin and which,
when hardened and baked in the sun, would resist the stings of millions
of insects that otherwise would persecute these peaceful travelers to
madness or even death.

Output:
"

It was a fixed habit with the great buffalo herds to move southward from
200 to 400 miles at the approach of winter.


Input:
"

It was a fixed habit with the great buffalo herds to move southward from
200 to 400 miles at the approach of winter.

Output:
Sometimes this movement was
accomplished quietly and without any excitement, but at other times it
was done with a rush, in which considerable distances would be gone over
on the double quick.


Input:
Sometimes this movement was
accomplished quietly and without any excitement, but at other times it
was done with a rush, in which considerable distances would be gone over
on the double quick.

Output:
The advance of a herd was often very much like that
of a big army, in a straggling line, from four to ten animals abreast.


Input:
The advance of a herd was often very much like that
of a big army, in a straggling line, from four to ten animals abreast.

Output:
Sometimes the herd moved forward in a dense mass, and in consequence
often came to grief in quicksands, alkali bogs, muddy crossings, and on
treacherous ice.


Input:
Sometimes the herd moved forward in a dense mass, and in consequence
often came to grief in quicksands, alkali bogs, muddy crossings, and on
treacherous ice.

Output:
In such places thousands of buffaloes lost their lives,
through those in the lead being forced into danger by pressure of the
mass coming behind.


Input:
In such places thousands of buffaloes lost their lives,
through those in the lead being forced into danger by pressure of the
mass coming behind.

Output:
In this manner, in the summer of 1867, over two
thousand buffaloes, out of a herd of about four thousand, lost their
lives in the quicksands of the Platte River, near Plum Creek, while
attempting to cross.


Input:
In this manner, in the summer of 1867, over two
thousand buffaloes, out of a herd of about four thousand, lost their
lives in the quicksands of the Platte River, near Plum Creek, while
attempting to cross.

Output:
One winter, a herd of nearly a hundred buffaloes
attempted to cross a lake called Lac-qui-parle, in Minnesota, upon the
ice, which gave way, and drowned the entire herd.


Input:
One winter, a herd of nearly a hundred buffaloes
attempted to cross a lake called Lac-qui-parle, in Minnesota, upon the
ice, which gave way, and drowned the entire herd.

Output:
During the days of the
buffalo it was a common thing for voyagers on the Missouri River to see
buffaloes hopelessly mired in the quicksands or mud along the shore,
either dead or dying, and to find their dead bodies floating down the
river, or lodged on the upper ends of the islands and sand-bars.


Input:
During the days of the
buffalo it was a common thing for voyagers on the Missouri River to see
buffaloes hopelessly mired in the quicksands or mud along the shore,
either dead or dying, and to find their dead bodies floating down the
river, or lodged on the upper ends of the islands and sand-bars.

Output:
Such accidents as these: it may be repeated, were due to the great
number of animals and the momentum of the moving mass.


Input:
Such accidents as these: it may be repeated, were due to the great
number of animals and the momentum of the moving mass.

Output:
The forced
marches of the great herds were like the flight of a routed army, in
which helpless individuals were thrust into mortal peril by the
irresistible force of the mass coming behind, which rushes blindly on
after their leaders.


Input:
The forced
marches of the great herds were like the flight of a routed army, in
which helpless individuals were thrust into mortal peril by the
irresistible force of the mass coming behind, which rushes blindly on
after their leaders.

Output:
In this way it was possible to decoy a herd toward
a precipice and cause it to plunge over en masse, the leaders being
thrust over by their followers, and all the rest following of their own
free will, like the sheep who cheerfully leaped, one after another,
through a hole in the side of a high bridge because their bell-wether
did so.


Input:
In this way it was possible to decoy a herd toward
a precipice and cause it to plunge over en masse, the leaders being
thrust over by their followers, and all the rest following of their own
free will, like the sheep who cheerfully leaped, one after another,
through a hole in the side of a high bridge because their bell-wether
did so.

Output:
But it is not to be understood that the movement of a great herd,
because it was made on a run, necessarily partook of the nature of a
stampede in which a herd sweeps forward in a body.


Input:
But it is not to be understood that the movement of a great herd,
because it was made on a run, necessarily partook of the nature of a
stampede in which a herd sweeps forward in a body.

Output:
The most graphic
account that I ever obtained of facts bearing on this point was
furnished by Mr. James McNaney, drawn from his experience on the
northern buffalo range in 1882.


Input:
The most graphic
account that I ever obtained of facts bearing on this point was
furnished by Mr. James McNaney, drawn from his experience on the
northern buffalo range in 1882.

Output:
His party reached the range (on Beaver
Creek, about 100 miles south of Glendive) about the middle of November,
and found buffaloes already there; in fact they had begun to arrive from
the north as early as the middle of October.


Input:
His party reached the range (on Beaver
Creek, about 100 miles south of Glendive) about the middle of November,
and found buffaloes already there; in fact they had begun to arrive from
the north as early as the middle of October.

Output:
About the first of December
an immense herd arrived from the north.


Input:
About the first of December
an immense herd arrived from the north.

Output:
It reached their vicinity one
night, about 10 o'clock, in a mass that seemed to spread everywhere.


Input:
It reached their vicinity one
night, about 10 o'clock, in a mass that seemed to spread everywhere.

Output:
As
the hunters sat in their tents, loading cartridges and cleaning their
rifles, a low rumble was heard, which gradually increased to "a
thundering noise," and some one exclaimed, "There!


Input:
As
the hunters sat in their tents, loading cartridges and cleaning their
rifles, a low rumble was heard, which gradually increased to "a
thundering noise," and some one exclaimed, "There!

Output:
that's a big herd of
buffalo coming in!"


Input:
that's a big herd of
buffalo coming in!"

Output:
All ran out immediately, and hallooed and discharged
rifles to keep the buffaloes from running over their tents.


Input:
All ran out immediately, and hallooed and discharged
rifles to keep the buffaloes from running over their tents.

Output:
Fortunately,
the horses were picketed some distance away in a grassy coulée, which
the buffaloes did not enter.


Input:
Fortunately,
the horses were picketed some distance away in a grassy coulée, which
the buffaloes did not enter.

Output:
The herd came at a jog trot, and moved
quite rapidly.


Input:
The herd came at a jog trot, and moved
quite rapidly.

Output:
"In the morning the whole country was black with
buffalo."


Input:
"In the morning the whole country was black with
buffalo."

Output: It was estimated that 10,000 head were in sight.


Input: It was estimated that 10,000 head were in sight.

Output:
One immense
detachment went down on to a "flat" and laid down.


Input:
One immense
detachment went down on to a "flat" and laid down.

Output:
There it remained
quietly, enjoying a long rest, for about ten days.


Input:
There it remained
quietly, enjoying a long rest, for about ten days.

Output:
It gradually broke up
into small bands, which strolled off in various directions looking for
food, and which the hunters quietly attacked.


Input:
It gradually broke up
into small bands, which strolled off in various directions looking for
food, and which the hunters quietly attacked.

Output:
A still more striking event occurred about Christmas time at the same
place.


Input:
A still more striking event occurred about Christmas time at the same
place.

Output:
For a few days the neighborhood of McNaney's camp had been
entirely deserted by buffaloes, not even one remaining.


Input:
For a few days the neighborhood of McNaney's camp had been
entirely deserted by buffaloes, not even one remaining.

Output:
But one morning
about daybreak a great herd which was traveling south began to pass
their camp.


Input:
But one morning
about daybreak a great herd which was traveling south began to pass
their camp.

Output:
A long line of moving forms was seen advancing rapidly from
the northwest, coming in the direction of the hunters' camp.


Input:
A long line of moving forms was seen advancing rapidly from
the northwest, coming in the direction of the hunters' camp.

Output:
It
disappeared in the creek valley for a few moments, and presently the
leaders suddenly came in sight again at the top of "a rise" a few
hundred yards away, and came down the intervening slope at full speed,
within 50 yards of the two tents.


Input:
It
disappeared in the creek valley for a few moments, and presently the
leaders suddenly came in sight again at the top of "a rise" a few
hundred yards away, and came down the intervening slope at full speed,
within 50 yards of the two tents.

Output:
After them came a living stream of
followers, all going at a gallop, described by the observer as "a long
lope," from four to ten buffaloes abreast.


Input:
After them came a living stream of
followers, all going at a gallop, described by the observer as "a long
lope," from four to ten buffaloes abreast.

Output:
Sometimes there would be a
break in the column of a minute's duration, then more buffaloes would
appear at the brow of the hill, and the column went rushing by as
before.


Input:
Sometimes there would be a
break in the column of a minute's duration, then more buffaloes would
appear at the brow of the hill, and the column went rushing by as
before.

Output:
The calves ran with their mothers, and the young stock got over
the ground with much less exertion than the older animals.


Input:
The calves ran with their mothers, and the young stock got over
the ground with much less exertion than the older animals.

Output:
For about
four hours, or until past 11 o'clock, did this column of buffaloes
gallop past the camp over a course no wider than a village street.


Input:
For about
four hours, or until past 11 o'clock, did this column of buffaloes
gallop past the camp over a course no wider than a village street.

Output:
Three
miles away toward the south the long dark line of bobbing humps and
hind quarters wound to the right between two hills and disappeared.


Input:
Three
miles away toward the south the long dark line of bobbing humps and
hind quarters wound to the right between two hills and disappeared.

Output:
True
to their instincts, the hunters promptly brought out their rifles, and
began to fire at the buffaloes as they ran.


Input:
True
to their instincts, the hunters promptly brought out their rifles, and
began to fire at the buffaloes as they ran.

Output:
A furious fusilade was kept
up from the very doors of the tents, and from first to last over fifty
buffaloes were killed.


Input:
A furious fusilade was kept
up from the very doors of the tents, and from first to last over fifty
buffaloes were killed.

Output:
Some fell headlong the instant they were hit, but
the greater number ran on until their mortal wounds compelled them to
halt, draw off a little way to one side, and finally fall in their death
struggles.


Input:
Some fell headlong the instant they were hit, but
the greater number ran on until their mortal wounds compelled them to
halt, draw off a little way to one side, and finally fall in their death
struggles.

Output:
Mr. McNaney stated that the hunters estimated the number of buffaloes
_on that portion_ of the range that winter (1881-'82) at 100,000.


Input:
Mr. McNaney stated that the hunters estimated the number of buffaloes
_on that portion_ of the range that winter (1881-'82) at 100,000.

Output:
It is probable, and in fact reasonably certain, that such forced-march
migrations as the above were due to snow-covered pastures and a scarcity
of food on the more northern ranges.


Input:
It is probable, and in fact reasonably certain, that such forced-march
migrations as the above were due to snow-covered pastures and a scarcity
of food on the more northern ranges.

Output:
Having learned that a journey south
will bring him to regions of less snow and more grass, it is but natural
that so lusty a traveler should migrate.


Input:
Having learned that a journey south
will bring him to regions of less snow and more grass, it is but natural
that so lusty a traveler should migrate.

Output:
The herds or bands which
started south in the fall months traveled more leisurely, with frequent
halts to graze on rich pastures.


Input:
The herds or bands which
started south in the fall months traveled more leisurely, with frequent
halts to graze on rich pastures.

Output:
The advance was on a very different
plan, taking place in straggling lines and small groups dispersed over
quite a scope of country.


Input:
The advance was on a very different
plan, taking place in straggling lines and small groups dispersed over
quite a scope of country.

Output:
Unless closely pursued, the buffalo never chose to make a journey of
several miles through hilly country on a continuous run.


Input:
Unless closely pursued, the buffalo never chose to make a journey of
several miles through hilly country on a continuous run.

Output:
Even when
fleeing from the attack of a hunter, I have often had occasion to notice
that, if the hunter was a mile behind, the buffalo would always walk
when going uphill; but as soon as the crest was gained he would begin to
run, and go down the slope either at a gallop or a swift trot.


Input:
Even when
fleeing from the attack of a hunter, I have often had occasion to notice
that, if the hunter was a mile behind, the buffalo would always walk
when going uphill; but as soon as the crest was gained he would begin to
run, and go down the slope either at a gallop or a swift trot.

Output:
In former
times, when the buffalo's world was wide, when retreating from an attack
he always ran against the wind, to avoid running upon a new danger,
which showed that he depended more upon his sense of smell than his
eye-sight.


Input:
In former
times, when the buffalo's world was wide, when retreating from an attack
he always ran against the wind, to avoid running upon a new danger,
which showed that he depended more upon his sense of smell than his
eye-sight.

Output:
During the last years of his existence, however, this habit
almost totally disappeared, and the harried survivors learned to run for
the regions which offered the greatest safety.


Input:
During the last years of his existence, however, this habit
almost totally disappeared, and the harried survivors learned to run for
the regions which offered the greatest safety.

Output:
But even to-day, if a
Texas hunter should go into the Staked Plains, and descry in the
distance a body of animals running against the wind, he would, without a
moment's hesitation, pronounce them buffaloes, and the chances are that
he would be right.


Input:
But even to-day, if a
Texas hunter should go into the Staked Plains, and descry in the
distance a body of animals running against the wind, he would, without a
moment's hesitation, pronounce them buffaloes, and the chances are that
he would be right.

Output:
In winter the buffalo used to face the storms, instead of turning tail
and "drifting" before them helplessly, as domestic cattle do.


Input:
In winter the buffalo used to face the storms, instead of turning tail
and "drifting" before them helplessly, as domestic cattle do.

Output:
But at the
same time, when beset by a blizzard, he would wisely seek shelter from
it in some narrow and deep valley or system of ravines.


Input:
But at the
same time, when beset by a blizzard, he would wisely seek shelter from
it in some narrow and deep valley or system of ravines.

Output:
There the herd
would lie down and wait patiently for the storm to cease.


Input:
There the herd
would lie down and wait patiently for the storm to cease.

Output:
After a heavy
fall of snow, the place to find the buffalo was in the flats and creek
bottoms, where the tall, rank bunch-grasses showed their tops above the
snow, and afforded the best and almost the only food obtainable.


Input:
After a heavy
fall of snow, the place to find the buffalo was in the flats and creek
bottoms, where the tall, rank bunch-grasses showed their tops above the
snow, and afforded the best and almost the only food obtainable.

Output:
When the snow-fall was unusually heavy, and lay for a long time on the
ground, the buffalo was forced to fast for days together, and sometimes
even weeks.


Input:
When the snow-fall was unusually heavy, and lay for a long time on the
ground, the buffalo was forced to fast for days together, and sometimes
even weeks.

Output:
If a warm day came, and thawed the upper surface of the snow
sufficiently for succeeding cold to freeze it into a crust, the outlook
for the bison began to be serious.


Input:
If a warm day came, and thawed the upper surface of the snow
sufficiently for succeeding cold to freeze it into a crust, the outlook
for the bison began to be serious.

Output:
A man can travel over a crust through
which the hoofs of a ponderous bison cut like chisels and leave him
floundering belly-deep.


Input:
A man can travel over a crust through
which the hoofs of a ponderous bison cut like chisels and leave him
floundering belly-deep.

Output:
It was at such times that the Indians hunted him
on snow-shoes, and drove their spears into his vitals as he wallowed
helplessly in the drifts.


Input:
It was at such times that the Indians hunted him
on snow-shoes, and drove their spears into his vitals as he wallowed
helplessly in the drifts.

Output:
Then the wolves grew fat upon the victims
which they, also, slaughtered almost without effort.


Input:
Then the wolves grew fat upon the victims
which they, also, slaughtered almost without effort.

Output:
Although buffaloes did not often actually perish from hunger and cold
during the severest winters (save in a few very exceptional cases), they
often came out in very poor condition.


Input:
Although buffaloes did not often actually perish from hunger and cold
during the severest winters (save in a few very exceptional cases), they
often came out in very poor condition.

Output:
The old bulls always suffered
more severely than the rest, and at the end of winter were frequently in
miserable plight.


Input:
The old bulls always suffered
more severely than the rest, and at the end of winter were frequently in
miserable plight.

Output:
Unlike most other terrestrial quadrupeds of America, so long as he could
roam at will the buffalo had settled migratory habits.[39] While the elk
and black-tail deer change their altitude twice a year, in conformity
with the approach and disappearance of winter, the buffalo makes a
radical change of latitude.


Input:
Unlike most other terrestrial quadrupeds of America, so long as he could
roam at will the buffalo had settled migratory habits.[39] While the elk
and black-tail deer change their altitude twice a year, in conformity
with the approach and disappearance of winter, the buffalo makes a
radical change of latitude.

Output:
This was most noticeable in the great
western pasture region, where the herds were most numerous and their
movements most easily observed.


Input:
This was most noticeable in the great
western pasture region, where the herds were most numerous and their
movements most easily observed.

Output: [Note 39: On page 248 of his "North American Indians," vol.


Input: [Note 39: On page 248 of his "North American Indians," vol.

Output:
I, Mr.
Catlin declares pointedly that "these animals are, truly speaking,
gregarious, but not migratory; they graze in immense and almost
incredible numbers at times, and roam about and over vast tracts of
country from east to west and from west to east as often as from north
to south, which has often been supposed they naturally and habitually
did to accommodate themselves to the temperature of the climate in the
different latitudes."


Input:
I, Mr.
Catlin declares pointedly that "these animals are, truly speaking,
gregarious, but not migratory; they graze in immense and almost
incredible numbers at times, and roam about and over vast tracts of
country from east to west and from west to east as often as from north
to south, which has often been supposed they naturally and habitually
did to accommodate themselves to the temperature of the climate in the
different latitudes."

Output:
Had Mr. Catlin resided continuously in any one
locality on the great buffalo range, he would have found that the
buffalo had decided migratory habits.


Input:
Had Mr. Catlin resided continuously in any one
locality on the great buffalo range, he would have found that the
buffalo had decided migratory habits.

Output:
The abundance of proof on this
point renders it unnecessary to eater fully into the details of the
subject.]


Input:
The abundance of proof on this
point renders it unnecessary to eater fully into the details of the
subject.]

Output:
At the approach of winter the whole great system of herds which ranged
from the Peace River to the Indian Territory moved south a few hundred
miles, and wintered under more favorable circumstances than each band
would have experienced at its farthest north.


Input:
At the approach of winter the whole great system of herds which ranged
from the Peace River to the Indian Territory moved south a few hundred
miles, and wintered under more favorable circumstances than each band
would have experienced at its farthest north.

Output:
Thus it happened that
nearly the whole of the great range south of the Saskatchewan was
occupied by buffaloes even in winter.


Input:
Thus it happened that
nearly the whole of the great range south of the Saskatchewan was
occupied by buffaloes even in winter.

Output:
The movement north began with the return of mild weather in the early
spring.


Input:
The movement north began with the return of mild weather in the early
spring.

Output:
Undoubtedly this northward migration was to escape the heat of
their southern winter range rather than to find better pasture; for as a
grazing country for cattle all the year round, Texas is hardly
surpassed, except where it is overstocked.


Input:
Undoubtedly this northward migration was to escape the heat of
their southern winter range rather than to find better pasture; for as a
grazing country for cattle all the year round, Texas is hardly
surpassed, except where it is overstocked.

Output:
It was with the buffaloes a
matter of choice rather than necessity which sent them on their annual
pilgrimage northward.


Input:
It was with the buffaloes a
matter of choice rather than necessity which sent them on their annual
pilgrimage northward.

Output:
Col. R. I. Dodge, who has made many valuable observations on the
migratory habits of the southern buffaloes, has recorded the
following:[40]

"Early in spring, as soon as the dry and apparently desert prairie had
begun to change its coat of dingy brown to one of palest green, the
horizon would begin to be dotted with buffalo, single or in groups of
two or three, forerunners of the coming herd.


Input:
Col. R. I. Dodge, who has made many valuable observations on the
migratory habits of the southern buffaloes, has recorded the
following:[40]

"Early in spring, as soon as the dry and apparently desert prairie had
begun to change its coat of dingy brown to one of palest green, the
horizon would begin to be dotted with buffalo, single or in groups of
two or three, forerunners of the coming herd.

Output:
Thicker and thicker and in
larger groups they come, until by the time the grass is well up the
whole vast landscape appears a mass of buffalo, some individuals
feeding, others standing, others lying down, but the herd moving slowly,
moving constantly to the northward.


Input:
Thicker and thicker and in
larger groups they come, until by the time the grass is well up the
whole vast landscape appears a mass of buffalo, some individuals
feeding, others standing, others lying down, but the herd moving slowly,
moving constantly to the northward.


Output:
Some years, as in 1871, the
buffalo appeared to move northward in one immense column oftentimes from
20 to 50 miles in width, and of unknown depth from front to rear.


Input:
Some years, as in 1871, the
buffalo appeared to move northward in one immense column oftentimes from
20 to 50 miles in width, and of unknown depth from front to rear.

Output:
Other
years the northward journey was made in several parallel columns, moving
at the same rate, and with their numerous flankers covering a width of a
hundred or more miles.


Input:
Other
years the northward journey was made in several parallel columns, moving
at the same rate, and with their numerous flankers covering a width of a
hundred or more miles.

Output:
"The line of march of this great spring migration was not always the
same, though it was confined within certain limits.


Input:
"The line of march of this great spring migration was not always the
same, though it was confined within certain limits.

Output:
I am informed by old
frontiersmen that it has not within twenty-five years crossed the
Arkansas River east of Great Bend nor west of Big Sand Creek.


Input:
I am informed by old
frontiersmen that it has not within twenty-five years crossed the
Arkansas River east of Great Bend nor west of Big Sand Creek.

Output:
The most
favored routes crossed the Arkansas at the mouth of Walnut Creek, Pawnee
Fork, Mulberry Creek, the Cimarron Crossing, and Big Sand Creek.


Input:
The most
favored routes crossed the Arkansas at the mouth of Walnut Creek, Pawnee
Fork, Mulberry Creek, the Cimarron Crossing, and Big Sand Creek.

Output:
"As the great herd proceeds northward it is constantly depleted, numbers
wandering off to the right and left, until finally it is scattered in
small herds far and wide over the vast feeding grounds, where they pass
the summer.


Input:
"As the great herd proceeds northward it is constantly depleted, numbers
wandering off to the right and left, until finally it is scattered in
small herds far and wide over the vast feeding grounds, where they pass
the summer.

Output:
"When the food in one locality fails they go to another, and towards
fall, when the grass of the high prairie becomes parched by the heat and
drought, they gradually work their way back to the south, concentrating
on the rich pastures of Texas and the Indian Territory, whence, the same
instinct acting on all, they are ready to start together on the
northward march as soon as spring starts the grass.


Input:
"When the food in one locality fails they go to another, and towards
fall, when the grass of the high prairie becomes parched by the heat and
drought, they gradually work their way back to the south, concentrating
on the rich pastures of Texas and the Indian Territory, whence, the same
instinct acting on all, they are ready to start together on the
northward march as soon as spring starts the grass.


Output:
[Note 40: Our Wild Indians, p. 283, _et seq._]

So long as the bison held undisputed possession of the great plains his
migratory habits were as above--regular, general, and on a scale that
was truly grand.


Input:
[Note 40: Our Wild Indians, p. 283, _et seq._]

So long as the bison held undisputed possession of the great plains his
migratory habits were as above--regular, general, and on a scale that
was truly grand.

Output:
The herds that wintered in Texas, the Indian Territory,
and New Mexico probably spent their summers in Nebraska, southwestern
Dakota, and Wyoming.


Input:
The herds that wintered in Texas, the Indian Territory,
and New Mexico probably spent their summers in Nebraska, southwestern
Dakota, and Wyoming.

Output:
The winter herds of northern Colorado, Wyoming,
Nebraska, and southern Dakota went to northern Dakota and Montana, while
the great Montana herds spent the summer on the Grand Coteau des
Prairies lying between the Saskatchewan and the Missouri.


Input:
The winter herds of northern Colorado, Wyoming,
Nebraska, and southern Dakota went to northern Dakota and Montana, while
the great Montana herds spent the summer on the Grand Coteau des
Prairies lying between the Saskatchewan and the Missouri.

Output:
The two great
annual expeditions of the Red River half-breeds, which always took place
in summer, went in two directions from Winnipeg and Pembina--one, the
White Horse Plain division, going westward along the Qu'Appelle to the
Saskatchewan country, and the other, the Red River division, southwest
into Dakota.


Input:
The two great
annual expeditions of the Red River half-breeds, which always took place
in summer, went in two directions from Winnipeg and Pembina--one, the
White Horse Plain division, going westward along the Qu'Appelle to the
Saskatchewan country, and the other, the Red River division, southwest
into Dakota.

Output:
In 1840 the site of the present city of Jamestown, Dakota,
was the northeastern limit of the herds that summered in Dakota, and the
country lying between that point and the Missouri was for years the
favorite hunting ground of the Red River division.


Input:
In 1840 the site of the present city of Jamestown, Dakota,
was the northeastern limit of the herds that summered in Dakota, and the
country lying between that point and the Missouri was for years the
favorite hunting ground of the Red River division.

Output:
The herds which wintered on the Montana ranges always went north in the
early spring, usually in March, so that during the time the hunters were
hauling in the hides taken on the winter hunt the ranges were entirely
deserted.


Input:
The herds which wintered on the Montana ranges always went north in the
early spring, usually in March, so that during the time the hunters were
hauling in the hides taken on the winter hunt the ranges were entirely
deserted.

Output:
It is equally certain, however, that a few small bauds
remained in certain portions of Montana throughout the summer.


Input:
It is equally certain, however, that a few small bauds
remained in certain portions of Montana throughout the summer.

Output:
But the
main body crossed the international boundary, and spent the summer on
the plains of the Saskatchewan, where they were hunted by the
half-breeds from the Red River settlements and the Indians of the
plains.


Input:
But the
main body crossed the international boundary, and spent the summer on
the plains of the Saskatchewan, where they were hunted by the
half-breeds from the Red River settlements and the Indians of the
plains.

Output:
It is my belief that in this movement nearly all the buffaloes
of Montana and Dakota participated, and that the herds which spent the
summer in Dakota, where they were annually hunted by the Red River
half-breeds, came up from Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska.


Input:
It is my belief that in this movement nearly all the buffaloes
of Montana and Dakota participated, and that the herds which spent the
summer in Dakota, where they were annually hunted by the Red River
half-breeds, came up from Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska.

Output:
While most of the calves were born on the summer ranges, many were
brought forth en route.


Input:
While most of the calves were born on the summer ranges, many were
brought forth en route.

Output:
It was the habit of the cows to retire to a
secluded spot, if possible a ravine well screened from observation,
bring forth their young, and nourish and defend them until they were
strong enough to join the herd.


Input:
It was the habit of the cows to retire to a
secluded spot, if possible a ravine well screened from observation,
bring forth their young, and nourish and defend them until they were
strong enough to join the herd.

Output:
Calves were born all the time from March
to July, and sometimes even as late as August.


Input:
Calves were born all the time from March
to July, and sometimes even as late as August.

Output:
On the summer ranges it
was the habit of the cows to leave the bulls at calving time, and thus
it often happened that small herds were often seen composed of bulls
only.


Input:
On the summer ranges it
was the habit of the cows to leave the bulls at calving time, and thus
it often happened that small herds were often seen composed of bulls
only.

Output:
Usually the cow produced but one calf, but twins were not
uncommon.


Input:
Usually the cow produced but one calf, but twins were not
uncommon.

Output:
Of course many calves were brought forth in the herd, but the
favorite habit of the cow was as stated.


Input:
Of course many calves were brought forth in the herd, but the
favorite habit of the cow was as stated.

Output:
As soon as the young calves
were brought into the herd, which for prudential reasons occurred at the
earliest possible moment, the bulls assumed the duty of protecting them
from the wolves which at all times congregated in the vicinity of a
herd, watching for an opportunity to seize a calf or a wounded buffalo
which might be left behind.


Input:
As soon as the young calves
were brought into the herd, which for prudential reasons occurred at the
earliest possible moment, the bulls assumed the duty of protecting them
from the wolves which at all times congregated in the vicinity of a
herd, watching for an opportunity to seize a calf or a wounded buffalo
which might be left behind.

Output:
A calf always follows its mother until its
successor is appointed and installed, unless separated from her by force
of circumstances.


Input:
A calf always follows its mother until its
successor is appointed and installed, unless separated from her by force
of circumstances.

Output:
They suck until they are nine months old, or even
older, and Mr. McNaney once saw a lusty calf suck its mother (in
January) on the Montana range several hours after she had been killed
for her skin.


Input:
They suck until they are nine months old, or even
older, and Mr. McNaney once saw a lusty calf suck its mother (in
January) on the Montana range several hours after she had been killed
for her skin.

Output:
When a buffalo is wounded it leaves the herd immediately and goes off as
far from the line of pursuit as it can get, to escape the rabble of
hunters, who are sure to follow the main body.


Input:
When a buffalo is wounded it leaves the herd immediately and goes off as
far from the line of pursuit as it can get, to escape the rabble of
hunters, who are sure to follow the main body.

Output:
If any deep ravines are
at hand the wounded animal limps away to the bottom of the deepest and
most secluded one, and gradually works his way up to its very head,
where he finds himself in a perfect cul-de-sac, barely wide enough to
admit him.


Input:
If any deep ravines are
at hand the wounded animal limps away to the bottom of the deepest and
most secluded one, and gradually works his way up to its very head,
where he finds himself in a perfect cul-de-sac, barely wide enough to
admit him.

Output:
Here he is so completely hidden by the high walls and
numerous bends that his pursuer must needs come within a few feet of his
horns before his huge bulk is visible.


Input:
Here he is so completely hidden by the high walls and
numerous bends that his pursuer must needs come within a few feet of his
horns before his huge bulk is visible.

Output:
I have more than once been
astonished at the real impregnability of the retreats selected by
wounded bison.


Input:
I have more than once been
astonished at the real impregnability of the retreats selected by
wounded bison.

Output:
In following up wounded bulls in ravine headings it
always became too dangerous to make the last stage of the pursuit on
horseback, for fear of being caught in a passage so narrow as to insure
a fatal accident to man or horse in case of a sudden discovery of the
quarry.


Input:
In following up wounded bulls in ravine headings it
always became too dangerous to make the last stage of the pursuit on
horseback, for fear of being caught in a passage so narrow as to insure
a fatal accident to man or horse in case of a sudden discovery of the
quarry.

Output:
I have seen wounded bison shelter in situations where a single
bull could easily defend himself from a whole pack of wolves, being
completely walled in on both sides and the rear, and leaving his foes no
point of attack save his head and horns.


Input:
I have seen wounded bison shelter in situations where a single
bull could easily defend himself from a whole pack of wolves, being
completely walled in on both sides and the rear, and leaving his foes no
point of attack save his head and horns.

Output:
Bison which were nursing serious wounds most often have gone many days
at a time without either food or water, and in this connection it may be
mentioned that the recuperative power of a bison is really wonderful.


Input:
Bison which were nursing serious wounds most often have gone many days
at a time without either food or water, and in this connection it may be
mentioned that the recuperative power of a bison is really wonderful.

Output:
Judging from the number of old leg wounds, fully healed, which I have
found in freshly killed bisons, one may be tempted to believe that a
bison never died of a broken leg.


Input:
Judging from the number of old leg wounds, fully healed, which I have
found in freshly killed bisons, one may be tempted to believe that a
bison never died of a broken leg.

Output:
One large bull which I skeletonized
had had his humerus shot squarely in two, but it had united again more
firmly than ever.


Input:
One large bull which I skeletonized
had had his humerus shot squarely in two, but it had united again more
firmly than ever.

Output:
Another large bull had the head of his left femur and
the hip socket shattered completely to pieces by a big ball, but he had
entirely recovered from it, and was as lusty a runner as any bull we
chased.


Input:
Another large bull had the head of his left femur and
the hip socket shattered completely to pieces by a big ball, but he had
entirely recovered from it, and was as lusty a runner as any bull we
chased.

Output:
We found that while a broken leg was a misfortune to a buffalo,
it always took something more serious than that to stop him.

VI.


Input:
We found that while a broken leg was a misfortune to a buffalo,
it always took something more serious than that to stop him.

VI.

Output: THE FOOD OF THE BISON.


Input: THE FOOD OF THE BISON.

Output:
It is obviously impossible to enumerate all the grasses which served the
bison as food on his native heath without presenting a complete list of
all the plants of that order found in a given region; but it is at least
desirable to know which of the grasses of the great pasture region were
his favorite and most common food.


Input:
It is obviously impossible to enumerate all the grasses which served the
bison as food on his native heath without presenting a complete list of
all the plants of that order found in a given region; but it is at least
desirable to know which of the grasses of the great pasture region were
his favorite and most common food.

Output:
It was the nutritious character and
marvelous abundance of his food supply which enabled the bison to exist
in such absolutely countless numbers as characterized his occupancy of
the great plains.


Input:
It was the nutritious character and
marvelous abundance of his food supply which enabled the bison to exist
in such absolutely countless numbers as characterized his occupancy of
the great plains.

Output:
The following list comprises the grasses which were
the bison's principal food, named in the order of their importance:

_Bouteloua oligostachya_ (buffalo, grama, or mesquite grass).--This
remarkable grass formed the _pièce de résistance_ of the bison's bill
of fare in the days when he flourished, and it now comes to us daily in
the form of beef produced of primest quality and in greatest quantity on
what was until recently the great buffalo range.


Input:
The following list comprises the grasses which were
the bison's principal food, named in the order of their importance:

_Bouteloua oligostachya_ (buffalo, grama, or mesquite grass).--This
remarkable grass formed the _pièce de résistance_ of the bison's bill
of fare in the days when he flourished, and it now comes to us daily in
the form of beef produced of primest quality and in greatest quantity on
what was until recently the great buffalo range.

Output:
This grass is the most
abundant and widely distributed species to be found in the great pasture
region between the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and the
nineteenth degree of west longitude.


Input:
This grass is the most
abundant and widely distributed species to be found in the great pasture
region between the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and the
nineteenth degree of west longitude.

Output:
It is the principal grass of the
plains from Texas to the British Possessions, and even in the latter
territory it is quite conspicuous.


Input:
It is the principal grass of the
plains from Texas to the British Possessions, and even in the latter
territory it is quite conspicuous.

Output:
To any one but a botanist its first
acquaintance means a surprise.


Input:
To any one but a botanist its first
acquaintance means a surprise.

Output:
Its name and fame lead the unacquainted
to expect a grass which is tall, rank, and full of "fodder," like the
"blue joint" (_Andropogon provincialis_).


Input:
Its name and fame lead the unacquainted
to expect a grass which is tall, rank, and full of "fodder," like the
"blue joint" (_Andropogon provincialis_).

Output:
The grama grass is very short,
the leaves being usually not more than 2 or 3 inches in length and
crowded together at the base of the stems.


Input:
The grama grass is very short,
the leaves being usually not more than 2 or 3 inches in length and
crowded together at the base of the stems.

Output:
The flower stalk is about a
foot in height, but on grazed lands are eaten off and but seldom seen.


Input:
The flower stalk is about a
foot in height, but on grazed lands are eaten off and but seldom seen.

Output: The leaves are narrow and inclined to curl, and lie close to the ground.


Input: The leaves are narrow and inclined to curl, and lie close to the ground.

Output:
Instead of developing a continuous growth, this grass grows in small,
irregular patches, usually about the size of a man's hand, with narrow
strips of perfectly bare ground between them.


Input:
Instead of developing a continuous growth, this grass grows in small,
irregular patches, usually about the size of a man's hand, with narrow
strips of perfectly bare ground between them.

Output:
The grass curls closely
upon the ground, in a woolly carpet or cushion, greatly resembling a
layer of Florida moss.


Input:
The grass curls closely
upon the ground, in a woolly carpet or cushion, greatly resembling a
layer of Florida moss.

Output:
Even in spring-time it never shows more color
than a tint of palest green, and the landscape which is dependent upon
this grass for color is never more than "a gray and melancholy waste.


Input:
Even in spring-time it never shows more color
than a tint of palest green, and the landscape which is dependent upon
this grass for color is never more than "a gray and melancholy waste.

Output:
"
Unlike the soft, juicy, and succulent grasses of the well-watered
portions of the United States, the tiny leaves of the grama grass are
hard, stiff, and dry.


Input:
"
Unlike the soft, juicy, and succulent grasses of the well-watered
portions of the United States, the tiny leaves of the grama grass are
hard, stiff, and dry.

Output:
I have often noticed that in grazing neither
cattle nor horses are able to bite off the blades, but instead each leaf
is pulled out of the tuft, seemingly by its root.


Input:
I have often noticed that in grazing neither
cattle nor horses are able to bite off the blades, but instead each leaf
is pulled out of the tuft, seemingly by its root.

Output:
Notwithstanding its dry and uninviting appearance, this grass is highly
nutritious, and its fat-producing qualities are unexcelled.


Input:
Notwithstanding its dry and uninviting appearance, this grass is highly
nutritious, and its fat-producing qualities are unexcelled.

Output:
The heat of
summer dries it up effectually without destroying its nutritive
elements, and it becomes for the remainder of the year excellent hay,
cured on its own roots.


Input:
The heat of
summer dries it up effectually without destroying its nutritive
elements, and it becomes for the remainder of the year excellent hay,
cured on its own roots.

Output:
It affords good grazing all the year round, save
in winter, when it is covered with snow, and even then, if the snow is
not too deep, the buffaloes, cattle, and horses paw down through it to
reach the grass, or else repair to wind-swept ridges and hill-tops,
where the snow has been blown off and left the grass partly exposed.


Input:
It affords good grazing all the year round, save
in winter, when it is covered with snow, and even then, if the snow is
not too deep, the buffaloes, cattle, and horses paw down through it to
reach the grass, or else repair to wind-swept ridges and hill-tops,
where the snow has been blown off and left the grass partly exposed.

Output: Stock prefer it to all the other grasses of the plains.


Input: Stock prefer it to all the other grasses of the plains.

Output:
On bottom-lands, where moisture is abundant, this grass develops much
more luxuriantly, growing in a close mass, and often to a height of a
foot or more, if not grazed down, when it is cut for hay, and sometimes
yields 11/2 tons to the acre.


Input:
On bottom-lands, where moisture is abundant, this grass develops much
more luxuriantly, growing in a close mass, and often to a height of a
foot or more, if not grazed down, when it is cut for hay, and sometimes
yields 11/2 tons to the acre.

Output:
In Montana and the north it is generally
known as "buffalo-grass," a name to which it would seem to be fully
entitled, notwithstanding the fact that this name is also applied, and
quite generally, to another species, the next to be noticed.


Input:
In Montana and the north it is generally
known as "buffalo-grass," a name to which it would seem to be fully
entitled, notwithstanding the fact that this name is also applied, and
quite generally, to another species, the next to be noticed.

Output: _Buchloë dactyloides_


Input: _Buchloë dactyloides_

Output:
(Southern buffalo-grass).--This species is next
in value and extent of distribution to the grama grass.


Input:
(Southern buffalo-grass).--This species is next
in value and extent of distribution to the grama grass.

Output:
It also is found
all over the great plains south of Nebraska and southern Wyoming, but
not further north, although in many localities it occurs so sparsely as
to be of little account.


Input:
It also is found
all over the great plains south of Nebraska and southern Wyoming, but
not further north, although in many localities it occurs so sparsely as
to be of little account.

Output:
A single bunch of it very greatly resembles
_Bouteloua oligostachya_, but its general growth is very different.


Input:
A single bunch of it very greatly resembles
_Bouteloua oligostachya_, but its general growth is very different.

Output:
It
is very short, its general mass seldom rising more than 3 inches above
the ground.


Input:
It
is very short, its general mass seldom rising more than 3 inches above
the ground.

Output:
It grows in extensive patches, and spreads by means of
stolons, which sometimes are 2 feet in length, with joints every 3 or 4
inches.


Input:
It grows in extensive patches, and spreads by means of
stolons, which sometimes are 2 feet in length, with joints every 3 or 4
inches.

Output:
Owing to its southern distribution this might well be named the
Southern buffalo grass, to distinguish it from the two other species of
higher latitudes, to which the name "buffalo" has been fastened forever.


Input:
Owing to its southern distribution this might well be named the
Southern buffalo grass, to distinguish it from the two other species of
higher latitudes, to which the name "buffalo" has been fastened forever.

Output: _


Output: Stipa spartea_


Input: Stipa spartea_

Output:
(Northern buffalo-grass; wild oat).--This grass is found
in southern Manitoba, westwardly across the plains to the Rocky
Mountains, and southward as far as Montana, where it is common in many
localities.


Input:
(Northern buffalo-grass; wild oat).--This grass is found
in southern Manitoba, westwardly across the plains to the Rocky
Mountains, and southward as far as Montana, where it is common in many
localities.

Output:
On what was once the buffalo range of the British
Possessions this rank grass formed the bulk of the winter pasturage, and
in that region is quite as famous as our grama grass.


Input:
On what was once the buffalo range of the British
Possessions this rank grass formed the bulk of the winter pasturage, and
in that region is quite as famous as our grama grass.

Output:
An allied species
(_Stipa viridula_, bunch-grass) is "widely diffused over our Rocky
Mountain region, extending to California and British America, and
furnishing a considerable part of the wild forage of the region" _


Input:
An allied species
(_Stipa viridula_, bunch-grass) is "widely diffused over our Rocky
Mountain region, extending to California and British America, and
furnishing a considerable part of the wild forage of the region" _

Output:
Stipa
spartea_ bears an ill name among stockmen on account of the fact that at
the base of each seed is a very hard and sharp-pointed callus, which
under certain circumstances (so it is said) lodges in the cheeks of
domestic animals that feed upon this grass when it is dry, and which
cause much trouble.


Input:
Stipa
spartea_ bears an ill name among stockmen on account of the fact that at
the base of each seed is a very hard and sharp-pointed callus, which
under certain circumstances (so it is said) lodges in the cheeks of
domestic animals that feed upon this grass when it is dry, and which
cause much trouble.

Output:
But the buffalo, like the wild horse and half-wild
range cattle, evidently escaped this annoyance.


Input:
But the buffalo, like the wild horse and half-wild
range cattle, evidently escaped this annoyance.

Output:
This grass is one of the
common species over a wide area of the northern plains, and is always
found on soil which is comparatively dry.


Input:
This grass is one of the
common species over a wide area of the northern plains, and is always
found on soil which is comparatively dry.

Output:
In Dakota, Minnesota, and
northwest Iowa it forms a considerable portion of the upland prairie
hay.


Input:
In Dakota, Minnesota, and
northwest Iowa it forms a considerable portion of the upland prairie
hay.

Output:
Of the remaining grasses it is practically impossible to single out any
one as being specially entitled to fourth place in this list.


Input:
Of the remaining grasses it is practically impossible to single out any
one as being specially entitled to fourth place in this list.

Output:
There are
several species which flourish in different localities, and in many
respects appear to be of about equal importance as food for stock.


Input:
There are
several species which flourish in different localities, and in many
respects appear to be of about equal importance as food for stock.

Output:
Of
these the following are the most noteworthy:

_


Input:
Of
these the following are the most noteworthy:

_

Output: Aristida purpurea_


Input: Aristida purpurea_

Output:
(Western beard-grass; purple "bunch-grass" of
Montana).--On


Input:
(Western beard-grass; purple "bunch-grass" of
Montana).--On

Output:
the high, rolling prairies of the Missouri-Yellowstone
divide this grass is very abundant.


Input:
the high, rolling prairies of the Missouri-Yellowstone
divide this grass is very abundant.

Output:
It grows in little solitary bunches,
about 6 inches high, scattered through the curly buffalo-grass
(_Bouteloua oligostachya_).


Input:
It grows in little solitary bunches,
about 6 inches high, scattered through the curly buffalo-grass
(_Bouteloua oligostachya_).

Output:
Under more favorable conditions it grows to
a height of 12 to 18 inches.


Input:
Under more favorable conditions it grows to
a height of 12 to 18 inches.

Output:
It is one of the prettiest grasses of that
region, and in the fall and winter its purplish color makes it quite
noticeable.


Input:
It is one of the prettiest grasses of that
region, and in the fall and winter its purplish color makes it quite
noticeable.

Output:
The Montana stockmen consider it one of the most valuable
grasses of that region for stock of all kinds.


Input:
The Montana stockmen consider it one of the most valuable
grasses of that region for stock of all kinds.

Output:
Mr. C. M. Jacobs assured
me that the buffalo used to be very fond of this grass, and that
"wherever this grass grew in abundance there were the best
hunting-grounds for the bison."


Input:
Mr. C. M. Jacobs assured
me that the buffalo used to be very fond of this grass, and that
"wherever this grass grew in abundance there were the best
hunting-grounds for the bison."

Output:
It appears that _Aristida purpurea_ is
not sufficiently abundant elsewhere in the Northwest to make it an
important food for stock; but Dr. Vesey declares that it is "abundant on
the plains of Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas.


Input:
It appears that _Aristida purpurea_ is
not sufficiently abundant elsewhere in the Northwest to make it an
important food for stock; but Dr. Vesey declares that it is "abundant on
the plains of Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas.

Output:
"

_Koeleria cristata._--Very generally distributed from Texas and New
Mexico to the British Possessions; sand hills and arid soils; mountains,
up to 8,000 feet.


Input:
"

_Koeleria cristata._--Very generally distributed from Texas and New
Mexico to the British Possessions; sand hills and arid soils; mountains,
up to 8,000 feet.

Output: _


Output:
Poa tenuifolia_ (blue-grass of the plains and mountains).--A valuable
"bunch-grass," widely distributed throughout the great pasture region;
grows in all sorts of soils and situations; common in the Yellowstone
Park.


Input:
Poa tenuifolia_ (blue-grass of the plains and mountains).--A valuable
"bunch-grass," widely distributed throughout the great pasture region;
grows in all sorts of soils and situations; common in the Yellowstone
Park.

Output: _


Output:
Festuca scabrella_ (bunch-grass).--One of the most valuable grasses of
Montana and the Northwest generally; often called the "great
bunch-grass."


Input:
Festuca scabrella_ (bunch-grass).--One of the most valuable grasses of
Montana and the Northwest generally; often called the "great
bunch-grass."

Output:
It furnishes excellent food for horses and cattle, and is
so tall it is cut in large quantities for hay.


Input:
It furnishes excellent food for horses and cattle, and is
so tall it is cut in large quantities for hay.

Output:
This is the prevailing
species on the foot-hills and mountains generally, up to an altitude of
7,000 feet, where it is succeeded by _


Input:
This is the prevailing
species on the foot-hills and mountains generally, up to an altitude of
7,000 feet, where it is succeeded by _

Output: Festuca ovina_.


Input: Festuca ovina_.

Output:
_Andropogon provincialis_ (blue stem).--An important species, extending
from eastern Kansas and Nebraska to the foot-hills of the Rocky
Mountains, and from Northern Texas to the Saskatchewan; common in
Montana on alkali flats and bottom lands generally.


Input:
_Andropogon provincialis_ (blue stem).--An important species, extending
from eastern Kansas and Nebraska to the foot-hills of the Rocky
Mountains, and from Northern Texas to the Saskatchewan; common in
Montana on alkali flats and bottom lands generally.

Output:
This and the
preceding species were of great value to the buffalo in winter, when the
shorter grasses were covered with snow.


Input:
This and the
preceding species were of great value to the buffalo in winter, when the
shorter grasses were covered with snow.

Output:
_Andropogon scoparius_ (bunch grass; broom sedge; wood-grass).--Similar
to the preceding in distribution and value, but not nearly so tall.


Input:
_Andropogon scoparius_ (bunch grass; broom sedge; wood-grass).--Similar
to the preceding in distribution and value, but not nearly so tall.

Output: None of the buffalo grasses are found in the mountains.


Input: None of the buffalo grasses are found in the mountains.

Output:
In the mountain
regions which have been visited by the buffalo and in the Yellowstone
Park, where to-day the only herd remaining in a state of nature is to be
found (though not by the man with a gun), the following are the grasses
which form all but a small proportion of the ruminant food: _Koeleria
cristata_; _


Input:
In the mountain
regions which have been visited by the buffalo and in the Yellowstone
Park, where to-day the only herd remaining in a state of nature is to be
found (though not by the man with a gun), the following are the grasses
which form all but a small proportion of the ruminant food: _Koeleria
cristata_; _

Output: Poa tenuifolia_


Input: Poa tenuifolia_

Output: (Western blue-grass);


Input: (Western blue-grass);

Output: _


Output:
Stipa viridula_
(feather-grass); _Stipa comata_; _Agropyrum divergens_; _


Input:
Stipa viridula_
(feather-grass); _Stipa comata_; _Agropyrum divergens_; _

Output:
Agropyrum
caninum_.


Input:
Agropyrum
caninum_.

Output:
When pressed by hunger, the buffalo used to browse on certain species of
sage-brush, particularly _Atriplex canescens_ of the Southwest.


Input:
When pressed by hunger, the buffalo used to browse on certain species of
sage-brush, particularly _Atriplex canescens_ of the Southwest.

Output:
But he
was discriminating in the matter of diet, and as far as can be
ascertained he was never known to eat the famous and much-dreaded "loco"
weed (_Astragalus molissimus_), which to ruminant animals is a veritable
drug of madness.


Input:
But he
was discriminating in the matter of diet, and as far as can be
ascertained he was never known to eat the famous and much-dreaded "loco"
weed (_Astragalus molissimus_), which to ruminant animals is a veritable
drug of madness.

Output:
Domestic cattle and horses often eat this plant; where
it is abundant, and become demented in consequence.


Input:
Domestic cattle and horses often eat this plant; where
it is abundant, and become demented in consequence.

Output: VII.


Input: VII.

Output: MENTAL CAPACITY AND DISPOSITION.


Input: MENTAL CAPACITY AND DISPOSITION.

Output: (1) _


Input: (1) _

Output:
Reasoning from cause to effect._--The buffalo of the past was an
animal of a rather low order of intelligence, and his dullness of
intellect was one of the important factors in his phenomenally swift
extermination.


Input:
Reasoning from cause to effect._--The buffalo of the past was an
animal of a rather low order of intelligence, and his dullness of
intellect was one of the important factors in his phenomenally swift
extermination.

Output:
He was provokingly slow in comprehending the existence
and nature of the dangers that threatened his life, and, like the stupid
brute that he was, would very often stand quietly and see two or three
score, or even a hundred, of his relatives and companions shot down
before his eyes, with no other feeling than one of stupid wonder and
curiosity.


Input:
He was provokingly slow in comprehending the existence
and nature of the dangers that threatened his life, and, like the stupid
brute that he was, would very often stand quietly and see two or three
score, or even a hundred, of his relatives and companions shot down
before his eyes, with no other feeling than one of stupid wonder and
curiosity.

Output:
Neither the noise nor smoke of the still-hunter's rifle, the
falling, struggling, nor the final death of his companions conveyed to
his mind the idea of a danger to be fled from, and so the herd stood
still and allowed the still-hunter to slaughter its members at will.


Input:
Neither the noise nor smoke of the still-hunter's rifle, the
falling, struggling, nor the final death of his companions conveyed to
his mind the idea of a danger to be fled from, and so the herd stood
still and allowed the still-hunter to slaughter its members at will.

Output:
Like the Indian, and many white men also, the buffalo seemed to feel
that their number was so great it could never be sensibly diminished.


Input:
Like the Indian, and many white men also, the buffalo seemed to feel
that their number was so great it could never be sensibly diminished.

Output:
The presence of such a great multitude gave to each of its individuals a
feeling of security and mutual support that is very generally found in
animals who congregate in great herds.


Input:
The presence of such a great multitude gave to each of its individuals a
feeling of security and mutual support that is very generally found in
animals who congregate in great herds.

Output:
The time was when a band of elk
would stand stupidly and wait for its members to be shot down one after
another; but it is believed that this was due more to panic than to a
lack of comprehension of danger.


Input:
The time was when a band of elk
would stand stupidly and wait for its members to be shot down one after
another; but it is believed that this was due more to panic than to a
lack of comprehension of danger.

Output:
The fur seals who cover the "hauling grounds" of St. Paul and St. George
Islands, Alaska, in countless thousands, have even less sense of danger
and less comprehension of the slaughter of thousands of their kind,
which takes place daily, than had the bison.


Input:
The fur seals who cover the "hauling grounds" of St. Paul and St. George
Islands, Alaska, in countless thousands, have even less sense of danger
and less comprehension of the slaughter of thousands of their kind,
which takes place daily, than had the bison.

Output:
They allow themselves to be
herded and driven off landwards from the hauling-ground for half a mile
to the killing-ground, and, finally, with most cheerful indifference,
permit the Aleuts to club their brains out.


Input:
They allow themselves to be
herded and driven off landwards from the hauling-ground for half a mile
to the killing-ground, and, finally, with most cheerful indifference,
permit the Aleuts to club their brains out.

Output:
It is to be added that whenever and wherever seals or sea-lions inhabit
a given spot, with but few exceptions, it is an easy matter to approach
individuals of the herd.


Input:
It is to be added that whenever and wherever seals or sea-lions inhabit
a given spot, with but few exceptions, it is an easy matter to approach
individuals of the herd.

Output:
The presence of an immense number of
individuals plainly begets a feeling of security and mutual support.


Input:
The presence of an immense number of
individuals plainly begets a feeling of security and mutual support.

Output:
And
let not the bison or the seal be blamed for this, for man himself
exhibits the same foolish instinct.


Input:
And
let not the bison or the seal be blamed for this, for man himself
exhibits the same foolish instinct.

Output:
Who has not met the woman of mature
years and full intellectual vigor who is mortally afraid to spend a
night entirely alone in her own house, but is perfectly willing to do
so, and often does do so without fear, when she can have the company of
one small and helpless child, or, what is still worse, three or four of
them!


Input:
Who has not met the woman of mature
years and full intellectual vigor who is mortally afraid to spend a
night entirely alone in her own house, but is perfectly willing to do
so, and often does do so without fear, when she can have the company of
one small and helpless child, or, what is still worse, three or four of
them!

Output:
But with the approach of extermination, and the utter breaking up
of all the herds, a complete change has been wrought in the character of
the bison.


Input:
But with the approach of extermination, and the utter breaking up
of all the herds, a complete change has been wrought in the character of
the bison.

Output: At last, but alas!


Input: At last, but alas!

Output:
entirely too late, the crack of the rifle
and its accompanying puff of smoke conveyed to the slow mind of the
bison a sense of deadly danger to himself.


Input:
entirely too late, the crack of the rifle
and its accompanying puff of smoke conveyed to the slow mind of the
bison a sense of deadly danger to himself.

Output:
At last he recognized man,
whether on foot or horseback, or peering at him from a coulée, as his
mortal enemy.


Input:
At last he recognized man,
whether on foot or horseback, or peering at him from a coulée, as his
mortal enemy.

Output: At last he learned to run.


Input: At last he learned to run.

Output:
In 1886 we found the scattered
remnant of the great northern herd the wildest and most difficult
animals to kill that we had ever hunted in any country.


Input:
In 1886 we found the scattered
remnant of the great northern herd the wildest and most difficult
animals to kill that we had ever hunted in any country.

Output:
It had been only
through the keenest exercise of all their powers of self-preservation
that those buffaloes had survived until that late day, and we found
them almost as swift as antelopes and far more wary.


Input:
It had been only
through the keenest exercise of all their powers of self-preservation
that those buffaloes had survived until that late day, and we found
them almost as swift as antelopes and far more wary.

Output:
The instant a
buffalo caught sight of a man, even though a mile distant, he was off at
the top of his speed, and generally ran for some wild region several
miles away.


Input:
The instant a
buffalo caught sight of a man, even though a mile distant, he was off at
the top of his speed, and generally ran for some wild region several
miles away.

Output:
In our party was an experienced buffalo-hunter, who in three years had
slaughtered over three thousand head for their hides.


Input:
In our party was an experienced buffalo-hunter, who in three years had
slaughtered over three thousand head for their hides.

Output:
He declared that
if he could ever catch a "bunch" at rest he could "get a stand" the same
as he used to do, and kill several head before the rest would run.


Input:
He declared that
if he could ever catch a "bunch" at rest he could "get a stand" the same
as he used to do, and kill several head before the rest would run.

Output:
It so
happened that the first time we found buffaloes we discovered a bunch of
fourteen head, lying in the sun at noon, on the level top of a low
butte, all noses pointing up the wind.


Input:
It so
happened that the first time we found buffaloes we discovered a bunch of
fourteen head, lying in the sun at noon, on the level top of a low
butte, all noses pointing up the wind.

Output:
We stole up within range and
fired.


Input:
We stole up within range and
fired.

Output:
At the instant the first shot rang out up sprang every buffalo as
if he had been thrown upon his feet by steel springs, and in a second's
time the whole bunch was dashing away from us with the speed of
race-horses.


Input:
At the instant the first shot rang out up sprang every buffalo as
if he had been thrown upon his feet by steel springs, and in a second's
time the whole bunch was dashing away from us with the speed of
race-horses.

Output:
Our buffalo-hunter declared that in chasing buffaloes we could count
with certainty upon their always running against the wind, for this had
always been their habit.


Input:
Our buffalo-hunter declared that in chasing buffaloes we could count
with certainty upon their always running against the wind, for this had
always been their habit.

Output:
Although this was once their habit, we soon
found that those who now represent the survival of the fittest have
learned better wisdom, and now run (1) away from their pursuer and (2)
toward the best hiding place.


Input:
Although this was once their habit, we soon
found that those who now represent the survival of the fittest have
learned better wisdom, and now run (1) away from their pursuer and (2)
toward the best hiding place.

Output:
Now they pay no attention whatever to the
direction of the wind, and if a pursuer follows straight behind, a
buffalo may change his course three or four times in a 10-mile chase.


Input:
Now they pay no attention whatever to the
direction of the wind, and if a pursuer follows straight behind, a
buffalo may change his course three or four times in a 10-mile chase.

Output:
An
old bull once led one of our hunters around three-quarters of a circle
which had a diameter of 5 or 6 miles.


Input:
An
old bull once led one of our hunters around three-quarters of a circle
which had a diameter of 5 or 6 miles.

Output:
The last buffaloes were mentally as capable of taking care of themselves
as any animals I ever hunted.


Input:
The last buffaloes were mentally as capable of taking care of themselves
as any animals I ever hunted.

Output:
The power of original reasoning which they
manifested in scattering all over a given tract of rough country, like
hostile Indians when hotly pressed by soldiers, in the Indian-like
manner in which they hid from sight in deep hollows, and, as we finally
proved, in _grazing only in ravines and hollows_, proved conclusively
that _


Input:
The power of original reasoning which they
manifested in scattering all over a given tract of rough country, like
hostile Indians when hotly pressed by soldiers, in the Indian-like
manner in which they hid from sight in deep hollows, and, as we finally
proved, in _grazing only in ravines and hollows_, proved conclusively
that _

Output: but for the use of fire-arms_


Input: but for the use of fire-arms_

Output:
those very buffaloes would have been
actually safe from harm by man, and that they would have increased
indefinitely.


Input:
those very buffaloes would have been
actually safe from harm by man, and that they would have increased
indefinitely.

Output:
As they were then, the Indians' arrows and spears could
never have been brought to bear upon them, save in rare instances, for
they had thoroughly learned to dread man and fly from him for their
lives.


Input:
As they were then, the Indians' arrows and spears could
never have been brought to bear upon them, save in rare instances, for
they had thoroughly learned to dread man and fly from him for their
lives.

Output:
Could those buffaloes have been protected from rifles and
revolvers the resultant race would have displayed far more active mental
powers, keener vision, and finer physique than the extinguished race
possessed.


Input:
Could those buffaloes have been protected from rifles and
revolvers the resultant race would have displayed far more active mental
powers, keener vision, and finer physique than the extinguished race
possessed.

Output:
In fleeing from an enemy the buffalo ran against the wind, in order that
his keen scent might save him from the disaster of running upon new
enemies; which was an idea wholly his own, and not copied by any other
animal so far as known.


Input:
In fleeing from an enemy the buffalo ran against the wind, in order that
his keen scent might save him from the disaster of running upon new
enemies; which was an idea wholly his own, and not copied by any other
animal so far as known.

Output:
But it must be admitted that the buffalo of the past was very often a
most stupid reasoner.


Input:
But it must be admitted that the buffalo of the past was very often a
most stupid reasoner.

Output:
He would deliberately walk into a quicksand,
where hundreds of his companions were already ingulfed and in their
death-struggle.


Input:
He would deliberately walk into a quicksand,
where hundreds of his companions were already ingulfed and in their
death-struggle.

Output:
He would quit feeding, run half a mile, and rush
headlong into a moving train of cars that happened to come between him
and the main herd on the other side of the track.


Input:
He would quit feeding, run half a mile, and rush
headlong into a moving train of cars that happened to come between him
and the main herd on the other side of the track.

Output:
He allowed himself to
be impounded and slaughtered by a howling mob in a rudely constructed
pen, which a combined effort on the part of three or four old bulls
would have utterly demolished at any point.


Input:
He allowed himself to
be impounded and slaughtered by a howling mob in a rudely constructed
pen, which a combined effort on the part of three or four old bulls
would have utterly demolished at any point.

Output:
A herd of a thousand
buffaloes would allow an armed hunter to gallop into their midst, very
often within arm's-length, when any of the bulls nearest him might
easily have bowled him over and had him trampled to death in a moment.