Input:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Extermination of the American Bison

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Output:
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of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org.


Input:
You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org.

Output:
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Input:
If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Output:
Title: The Extermination of the American Bison

Author: William T. Hornaday

Release date: February 10, 2006 [eBook #17748]
                Most recently updated: December 10, 2020

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chuck Greif, Tony Browne and the Online
        Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON ***

Produced by Chuck Greif, Tony Browne and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net


Input:
Title: The Extermination of the American Bison

Author: William T. Hornaday

Release date: February 10, 2006 [eBook #17748]
                Most recently updated: December 10, 2020

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chuck Greif, Tony Browne and the Online
        Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON ***

Produced by Chuck Greif, Tony Browne and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

Output: [Illustration: (Inscription) Mr. Theodore Roosevelt.


Input: [Illustration: (Inscription) Mr. Theodore Roosevelt.

Output:
Author of "Hunting
Trips of a Ranchman," With the compliments of The Author, W.T. Hornaday.]

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.


Input:
Author of "Hunting
Trips of a Ranchman," With the compliments of The Author, W.T. Hornaday.]

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Output: UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.


Input: UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.


Output:
*       *

THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON.


Input:
*       *

THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON.

Output:
BY

WILLIAM T. HORNADAY,

_Superintendent of the National Zoological Park._


Input:
BY

WILLIAM T. HORNADAY,

_Superintendent of the National Zoological Park._


Output:
*       *

From the Report of the National Museum, 1886-'87, pages 369-548, and
plates I-XXII.


Input:
*       *

From the Report of the National Museum, 1886-'87, pages 369-548, and
plates I-XXII.


Output:
*       *       *

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.


Input:
*       *       *

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

Output: 1889.


Output: [Illustration: GROUP OF AMERICAN BISONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.


Input: [Illustration: GROUP OF AMERICAN BISONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Output: Collected and mounted by W. T. Hornaday.]


Input: Collected and mounted by W. T. Hornaday.]

Output: CONTENTS.


Input: CONTENTS.

Output: PREFATORY NOTE


Input: PREFATORY NOTE

Output:
PART I.--THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BISON

    I. Discovery of the species
   II.


Input:
PART I.--THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BISON

    I. Discovery of the species
   II.

Output:
Geographical distribution
  III.


Input:
Geographical distribution
  III.

Output:
Abundance
   IV.


Input:
Abundance
   IV.

Output:
Character of the species
        1.


Input:
Character of the species
        1.

Output:
The buffalo's rank amongst ruminants
        2.


Input:
The buffalo's rank amongst ruminants
        2.

Output:
Change of form in captivity
        3.


Input:
Change of form in captivity
        3.

Output:
Mounted specimens in museums
        4.


Input:
Mounted specimens in museums
        4.

Output:
The calf
        5.


Input:
The calf
        5.

Output:
The yearling
        6.


Input:
The yearling
        6.

Output:
The spike bull
        7.


Input:
The spike bull
        7.

Output:
The adult bull
        8.


Input:
The adult bull
        8.

Output:
The cow in the third year
        9.


Input:
The cow in the third year
        9.

Output:
The adult cow
       10.


Input:
The adult cow
       10.

Output:
The "Wood" or "Mountain Buffalo"
       11.


Input:
The "Wood" or "Mountain Buffalo"
       11.

Output:
The shedding of the winter pelage
    V. Habits of the buffalo
   VI.


Input:
The shedding of the winter pelage
    V. Habits of the buffalo
   VI.

Output:
The food of the buffalo
  VII.


Input:
The food of the buffalo
  VII.

Output:
Mental capacity and disposition of the buffalo
 VIII.


Input:
Mental capacity and disposition of the buffalo
 VIII.

Output:
Value to mankind
   IX.


Input:
Value to mankind
   IX.

Output:
Economic value of the bison to Western
       cattle-growers
        1.


Input:
Economic value of the bison to Western
       cattle-growers
        1.

Output:
The bison in captivity and domestication
        2.


Input:
The bison in captivity and domestication
        2.

Output:
Need of an improvement in range cattle
        3.


Input:
Need of an improvement in range cattle
        3.

Output:
Character of the buffalo-domestic hybrid
        4.


Input:
Character of the buffalo-domestic hybrid
        4.

Output:
The bison as a beast of burden
        5. List of bison herds and individuals
           in captivity

PART II.--THE EXTERMINATION

    I. Causes of the extermination
   II.


Input:
The bison as a beast of burden
        5. List of bison herds and individuals
           in captivity

PART II.--THE EXTERMINATION

    I. Causes of the extermination
   II.

Output:
Methods of slaughter
        1.


Input:
Methods of slaughter
        1.

Output:
The "still hunt"
        2.


Input:
The "still hunt"
        2.

Output:
The chase on horseback
        3.


Input:
The chase on horseback
        3.

Output:
Impounding
        4.


Input:
Impounding
        4.

Output:
The surround
        5.


Input:
The surround
        5.

Output:
Decoying and driving
        6.


Input:
Decoying and driving
        6.

Output:
Hunting on snow-shoes
  III.


Input:
Hunting on snow-shoes
  III.

Output:
Progress of the extermination
       A.


Input:
Progress of the extermination
       A.

Output:
The period of desultory destruction
       B.


Input:
The period of desultory destruction
       B.

Output:
The period of systematic slaughter
           1.


Input:
The period of systematic slaughter
           1.

Output:
The Red River half-breeds
           2.


Input:
The Red River half-breeds
           2.

Output:
The country of the Sioux
           3.


Input:
The country of the Sioux
           3.

Output:
Western railways, and their part
              in the extermination of the buffalo
           4.


Input:
Western railways, and their part
              in the extermination of the buffalo
           4.

Output:
The division of the universal herd
           5.


Input:
The division of the universal herd
           5.

Output:
The destruction of the southern herd
           6.


Input:
The destruction of the southern herd
           6.

Output:
Statistics of the slaughter
           7.


Input:
Statistics of the slaughter
           7.

Output:
The destruction of the northern herd
   IV.


Input:
The destruction of the northern herd
   IV.

Output:
Legislation to prevent useless slaughter
    V. Completeness of the wild buffalo's extirpation
   VI.


Input:
Legislation to prevent useless slaughter
    V. Completeness of the wild buffalo's extirpation
   VI.

Output:
Effects of the disappearance of the bison
  VII.


Input:
Effects of the disappearance of the bison
  VII.

Output:
Preservation of the species from absolute extinction

PART III.--THE SMITHSONIAN EXPEDITION FOR SPECIMENS

    I.


Input:
Preservation of the species from absolute extinction

PART III.--THE SMITHSONIAN EXPEDITION FOR SPECIMENS

    I.

Output:
The exploration for specimens
   II.


Input:
The exploration for specimens
   II.

Output:
The hunt
  III.


Input:
The hunt
  III.

Output:
The mounted group in the National Museum

INDEX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


Input:
The mounted group in the National Museum

INDEX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Output:
Group of buffaloes in the National Museum
Head of bull buffalo
Slaughter of buffalo on Kansas Pacific Railroad
Buffalo cow, calf, and yearling
Spike bull
Bull buffalo
Bull buffalo, rear view
The development of the buffalo's horns
A dead bull
Buffalo skinners at work
Five minutes' work
Scene on the northern buffalo range
Half-breed calf
Half-breed buffalo (domestic) cow
Young half-breed bull
The still-hunt


Input:
Group of buffaloes in the National Museum
Head of bull buffalo
Slaughter of buffalo on Kansas Pacific Railroad
Buffalo cow, calf, and yearling
Spike bull
Bull buffalo
Bull buffalo, rear view
The development of the buffalo's horns
A dead bull
Buffalo skinners at work
Five minutes' work
Scene on the northern buffalo range
Half-breed calf
Half-breed buffalo (domestic) cow
Young half-breed bull
The still-hunt

Output:
The chase on horseback
Cree Indians impounding buffalo
The surround
Indians on snow-shoes hunting buffaloes
Where the millions have gone
Trophies of the hunt

MAPS.


Input:
The chase on horseback
Cree Indians impounding buffalo
The surround
Indians on snow-shoes hunting buffaloes
Where the millions have gone
Trophies of the hunt

MAPS.

Output:
Sketch map of the hunt for buffalo
Map illustrating the extermination of the American bison

PREFATORY NOTE.


Input:
Sketch map of the hunt for buffalo
Map illustrating the extermination of the American bison

PREFATORY NOTE.

Output:
It is hoped that the following historical account of the discovery,
partial utilization, and almost complete extermination of the great
American bison may serve to cause the public to fully realize the folly
of allowing all our most valuable and interesting American mammals to be
wantonly destroyed in the same manner.


Input:
It is hoped that the following historical account of the discovery,
partial utilization, and almost complete extermination of the great
American bison may serve to cause the public to fully realize the folly
of allowing all our most valuable and interesting American mammals to be
wantonly destroyed in the same manner.

Output:
The wild buffalo is practically
gone forever, and in a few more years, when the whitened bones of the
last bleaching skeleton shall have been picked up and shipped East for
commercial uses, nothing will remain of him save his old, well-worn
trails along the water-courses, a few museum specimens, and regret for
his fate.


Input:
The wild buffalo is practically
gone forever, and in a few more years, when the whitened bones of the
last bleaching skeleton shall have been picked up and shipped East for
commercial uses, nothing will remain of him save his old, well-worn
trails along the water-courses, a few museum specimens, and regret for
his fate.

Output:
If his untimely end fails even to point a moral that shall
benefit the surviving species of mammals _which are now being
slaughtered in like manner_, it will be sad indeed.


Input:
If his untimely end fails even to point a moral that shall
benefit the surviving species of mammals _which are now being
slaughtered in like manner_, it will be sad indeed.

Output:
Although _Bison americanus_ is a true bison, according to scientific
classification, and not a buffalo, the fact that more than sixty
millions of people in this country unite in calling him a "buffalo," and
know him by no other name, renders it quite unnecessary for me to
apologize for following, in part, a harmless custom which has now become
so universal that all the naturalists in the world could not change it
if they would.


Input:
Although _Bison americanus_ is a true bison, according to scientific
classification, and not a buffalo, the fact that more than sixty
millions of people in this country unite in calling him a "buffalo," and
know him by no other name, renders it quite unnecessary for me to
apologize for following, in part, a harmless custom which has now become
so universal that all the naturalists in the world could not change it
if they would.

Output:
W. T. H.

THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON,


Input:
W. T. H.

THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON,

Output:
By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY,

_


Input:
By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY,

_

Output: Superintendent of the National Zoological Park.


Input: Superintendent of the National Zoological Park.

Output: _


Output: PART I.--LIFE


Input: PART I.--LIFE

Output:
HISTORY OF THE BISON.

I. DISCOVERY OF THE SPECIES.


Input:
HISTORY OF THE BISON.

I. DISCOVERY OF THE SPECIES.

Output:
The discovery of the American bison, as first made by Europeans,
occurred in the menagerie of a heathen king.


Input:
The discovery of the American bison, as first made by Europeans,
occurred in the menagerie of a heathen king.

Output:
In the year 1521, when Cortez reached Anahuac, the American bison was
seen for the first time by civilized Europeans, if we may be permitted
to thus characterize the horde of blood thirsty plunder seekers who
fought their way to the Aztec capital.


Input:
In the year 1521, when Cortez reached Anahuac, the American bison was
seen for the first time by civilized Europeans, if we may be permitted
to thus characterize the horde of blood thirsty plunder seekers who
fought their way to the Aztec capital.

Output:
With a degree of enterprise that
marked him as an enlightened monarch, Montezuma maintained, for the
instruction of his people, a well-appointed menagerie, of which the
historian De Solis wrote as follows (1724):

"In the second Square of the same House were the Wild Beasts, which were
either presents to Montezuma, or taken by his Hunters, in strong Cages
of Timber, rang'd in good Order, and under Cover: Lions, Tygers, Bears,
and all others of the savage Kind which New-Spain produced; among which
the greatest Rarity was the Mexican Bull; a wonderful composition of
divers Animals.


Input:
With a degree of enterprise that
marked him as an enlightened monarch, Montezuma maintained, for the
instruction of his people, a well-appointed menagerie, of which the
historian De Solis wrote as follows (1724):

"In the second Square of the same House were the Wild Beasts, which were
either presents to Montezuma, or taken by his Hunters, in strong Cages
of Timber, rang'd in good Order, and under Cover: Lions, Tygers, Bears,
and all others of the savage Kind which New-Spain produced; among which
the greatest Rarity was the Mexican Bull; a wonderful composition of
divers Animals.

Output:
It has crooked Shoulders, with a Bunch on its Back like
a Camel; its Flanks dry, its Tail large, and its Neck cover'd with Hair
like a Lion.


Input:
It has crooked Shoulders, with a Bunch on its Back like
a Camel; its Flanks dry, its Tail large, and its Neck cover'd with Hair
like a Lion.

Output:
It is cloven footed, its Head armed like that of a Bull,
which it resembles in Fierceness, with no less strength and Agility.


Input:
It is cloven footed, its Head armed like that of a Bull,
which it resembles in Fierceness, with no less strength and Agility.

Output:
"

Thus was the first seen buffalo described.


Input:
"

Thus was the first seen buffalo described.

Output:
The nearest locality from
whence it could have come was the State of Coahuila, in northern Mexico,
between 400 and 500 miles away, and at that time vehicles were unknown
to the Aztecs.


Input:
The nearest locality from
whence it could have come was the State of Coahuila, in northern Mexico,
between 400 and 500 miles away, and at that time vehicles were unknown
to the Aztecs.

Output:
But for the destruction of the whole mass of the written
literature of the Aztecs by the priests of the Spanish Conquest, we
might now be reveling in historical accounts of the bison which would
make the oldest of our present records seem of comparatively recent
date.


Input:
But for the destruction of the whole mass of the written
literature of the Aztecs by the priests of the Spanish Conquest, we
might now be reveling in historical accounts of the bison which would
make the oldest of our present records seem of comparatively recent
date.

Output:
Nine years after the event referred to above, or in 1530, another
Spanish explorer, Alvar Nuñez Cabeza, afterwards called Cabeza de
Vaca--or, in other words "Cattle Cabeza," the prototype of our own
distinguished "Buffalo Bill"--was wrecked on the Gulf coast, west of
the delta of the Mississippi, from whence he wandered westward through
what is now the State of Texas.


Input:
Nine years after the event referred to above, or in 1530, another
Spanish explorer, Alvar Nuñez Cabeza, afterwards called Cabeza de
Vaca--or, in other words "Cattle Cabeza," the prototype of our own
distinguished "Buffalo Bill"--was wrecked on the Gulf coast, west of
the delta of the Mississippi, from whence he wandered westward through
what is now the State of Texas.

Output:
In southeastern Texas he discovered the
American bison on his native heath.


Input:
In southeastern Texas he discovered the
American bison on his native heath.

Output:
So far as can be ascertained, this
was the earliest discovery of the bison in a wild state, and the
description of the species as recorded by the explorer is of historical
interest.


Input:
So far as can be ascertained, this
was the earliest discovery of the bison in a wild state, and the
description of the species as recorded by the explorer is of historical
interest.

Output: It is brief and superficial.


Input: It is brief and superficial.

Output:
The unfortunate explorer took
very little interest in animated nature, except as it contributed to the
sum of his daily food, which was then the all-important subject of his
thoughts.


Input:
The unfortunate explorer took
very little interest in animated nature, except as it contributed to the
sum of his daily food, which was then the all-important subject of his
thoughts.

Output: He almost starved.


Input: He almost starved.

Output: This is all he has to say:[1]


Input: This is all he has to say:[1]

Output: [Note 1: Davis' Spanish Conquest of New Mexico. 1869.


Input: [Note 1: Davis' Spanish Conquest of New Mexico. 1869.

Output:
P. 67.]

"Cattle come as far as this.


Input:
P. 67.]

"Cattle come as far as this.

Output:
I have seen them three times, and eaten of
their meat.


Input:
I have seen them three times, and eaten of
their meat.

Output: I think they are about the size of those in Spain.


Input: I think they are about the size of those in Spain.

Output:
They have
small horns like those of Morocco, and the hair long and flocky, like
that of the merino.


Input:
They have
small horns like those of Morocco, and the hair long and flocky, like
that of the merino.

Output: Some are light brown (_pardillas_) and others black.


Input: Some are light brown (_pardillas_) and others black.

Output: To my judgment the flesh is finer and sweeter than that of this country


Input: To my judgment the flesh is finer and sweeter than that of this country

Output: [Spain].


Input: [Spain].

Output:
The Indians make blankets of those that are not full grown, and
of the larger they make shoes and bucklers.


Input:
The Indians make blankets of those that are not full grown, and
of the larger they make shoes and bucklers.

Output:
They come as far as the
sea-coast of Florida


Input:
They come as far as the
sea-coast of Florida

Output:
[now Texas], and in a direction from the north, and
range over a district of more than 400 leagues.


Input:
[now Texas], and in a direction from the north, and
range over a district of more than 400 leagues.

Output:
In the whole extent of
plain over which they roam, the people who live bordering upon it
descend and kill them for food, and thus a great many skins are
scattered throughout the country.


Input:
In the whole extent of
plain over which they roam, the people who live bordering upon it
descend and kill them for food, and thus a great many skins are
scattered throughout the country.

Output:
"

Coronado was the next explorer who penetrated the country of the
buffalo, which he accomplished from the west, by way of Arizona and New
Mexico.


Input:
"

Coronado was the next explorer who penetrated the country of the
buffalo, which he accomplished from the west, by way of Arizona and New
Mexico.

Output:
He crossed the southern part of the "Pan-handle" of Texas, to
the edge of what is now the Indian Territory, and returned through the
same region.


Input:
He crossed the southern part of the "Pan-handle" of Texas, to
the edge of what is now the Indian Territory, and returned through the
same region.

Output:
It was in the year 1542 that he reached the buffalo
country, and traversed the plains that were "full of crooke-backed oxen,
as the mountaine Serena in Spaine is of sheepe."


Input:
It was in the year 1542 that he reached the buffalo
country, and traversed the plains that were "full of crooke-backed oxen,
as the mountaine Serena in Spaine is of sheepe."

Output:
This is the description
of the animal as recorded by one of his followers, Castañeda, and
translated by W. W. Davis:[2]


Input:
This is the description
of the animal as recorded by one of his followers, Castañeda, and
translated by W. W. Davis:[2]

Output: [Note 2: The Spanish Conquest of New Mexico.


Input: [Note 2: The Spanish Conquest of New Mexico.

Output: Davis.


Input: Davis.


Output:
Pp. 206-7.]

"The first time we encountered the buffalo, all the horses took to
flight on seeing them, for they are horrible to the sight.


Input:
Pp. 206-7.]

"The first time we encountered the buffalo, all the horses took to
flight on seeing them, for they are horrible to the sight.

Output:
"They have a broad and short face, eyes two palms from each other, and
projecting in such a manner sideways that they can see a pursuer.


Input:
"They have a broad and short face, eyes two palms from each other, and
projecting in such a manner sideways that they can see a pursuer.

Output:
Their
beard is like that of goats, and so long that it drags the ground when
they lower the head.


Input:
Their
beard is like that of goats, and so long that it drags the ground when
they lower the head.

Output:
They have, on the anterior portion of the body, a
frizzled hair like sheep's wool; it is very fine upon the croup, and
sleek like a lion's mane.


Input:
They have, on the anterior portion of the body, a
frizzled hair like sheep's wool; it is very fine upon the croup, and
sleek like a lion's mane.

Output:
Their horns are very short and thick, and can
scarcely be seen through the hair.


Input:
Their horns are very short and thick, and can
scarcely be seen through the hair.

Output:
They always change their hair in May,
and at this season they really resemble lions.


Input:
They always change their hair in May,
and at this season they really resemble lions.

Output:
To make it drop more
quickly, for they change it as adders do their skins, they roll among
the brush-wood which they find in the ravines.


Input:
To make it drop more
quickly, for they change it as adders do their skins, they roll among
the brush-wood which they find in the ravines.

Output: "Their tail is very short, and terminates in a great tuft.


Input: "Their tail is very short, and terminates in a great tuft.

Output:
When they run
they carry it in the air like scorpions.


Input:
When they run
they carry it in the air like scorpions.

Output:
When quite young they are
tawny, and resemble our calves; but as age increases they change color
and form.


Input:
When quite young they are
tawny, and resemble our calves; but as age increases they change color
and form.

Output:
"Another thing which struck us was that all the old buffaloes that we
killed had the left ear cloven, while it was entire in the young; we
could never discover the reason of this.


Input:
"Another thing which struck us was that all the old buffaloes that we
killed had the left ear cloven, while it was entire in the young; we
could never discover the reason of this.

Output:
"Their wool is so fine that handsome clothes would certainly be made of
it, but it can not be dyed for it is tawny red.


Input:
"Their wool is so fine that handsome clothes would certainly be made of
it, but it can not be dyed for it is tawny red.

Output:
We were much surprised
at sometimes meeting innumerable herds of bulls without a single cow,
and other herds of cows without bulls.


Input:
We were much surprised
at sometimes meeting innumerable herds of bulls without a single cow,
and other herds of cows without bulls.

Output:
"

Neither De Soto, Ponce de Leon, Vasquez de Ayllon, nor Pamphilo de
Narvaez ever saw a buffalo, for the reason that all their explorations
were made south of what was then the habitat of that animal.


Input:
"

Neither De Soto, Ponce de Leon, Vasquez de Ayllon, nor Pamphilo de
Narvaez ever saw a buffalo, for the reason that all their explorations
were made south of what was then the habitat of that animal.

Output:
At the time
De Soto made his great exploration from Florida northwestward to the
Mississippi and into Arkansas (1539-'41) he did indeed pass through
country in northern Mississippi and Louisiana that was afterward
inhabited by the buffalo, but at that time not one was to be found
there.


Input:
At the time
De Soto made his great exploration from Florida northwestward to the
Mississippi and into Arkansas (1539-'41) he did indeed pass through
country in northern Mississippi and Louisiana that was afterward
inhabited by the buffalo, but at that time not one was to be found
there.

Output:
Some of his soldiers, however, who were sent into the northern
part of Arkansas, reported having seen buffalo skins in the possession
of the Indians, and were told that live buffaloes were to be found 5 or
6 leagues north of their farthest point.


Input:
Some of his soldiers, however, who were sent into the northern
part of Arkansas, reported having seen buffalo skins in the possession
of the Indians, and were told that live buffaloes were to be found 5 or
6 leagues north of their farthest point.

Output:
The earliest discovery of the bison in Eastern North America, or indeed
anywhere north of Coronado's route, was made somewhere near Washington,
District of Columbia, in 1612, by an English navigator named Samuel
Argoll,[3] and narrated as follows:


Input:
The earliest discovery of the bison in Eastern North America, or indeed
anywhere north of Coronado's route, was made somewhere near Washington,
District of Columbia, in 1612, by an English navigator named Samuel
Argoll,[3] and narrated as follows:

Output:
"As soon as I had unladen this corne, I set my men to the felling of
Timber, for the building of a Frigat, which I had left half finished at
Point Comfort, the 19. of March: and returned myself with the ship into
Pembrook [Potomac] River, and so discovered to the head of it, which is
about 65 leagues into the Land, and navigable for any ship.


Input:
"As soon as I had unladen this corne, I set my men to the felling of
Timber, for the building of a Frigat, which I had left half finished at
Point Comfort, the 19. of March: and returned myself with the ship into
Pembrook [Potomac] River, and so discovered to the head of it, which is
about 65 leagues into the Land, and navigable for any ship.

Output:
And then
marching into the Countrie, I found great store of Cattle as big as
Kine, of which the Indians that were my guides killed a couple, which we
found to be very good and wholesome meate, and are very easie to be
killed, in regard they are heavy, slow, and not so wild as other beasts
of the wildernesse.


Input:
And then
marching into the Countrie, I found great store of Cattle as big as
Kine, of which the Indians that were my guides killed a couple, which we
found to be very good and wholesome meate, and are very easie to be
killed, in regard they are heavy, slow, and not so wild as other beasts
of the wildernesse.

Output:
"

[Note 3: Purchas: His Pilgrimes.


Input:
"

[Note 3: Purchas: His Pilgrimes.

Output: (1625.)


Output: Vol. IV, p. 1765.


Input: Vol. IV, p. 1765.

Output:
"A letter of
Sir Samuel Argoll touching his Voyage to Virginia, and actions there.
Written to Master Nicholas Hawes, June, 1613.


Input:
"A letter of
Sir Samuel Argoll touching his Voyage to Virginia, and actions there.
Written to Master Nicholas Hawes, June, 1613.

Output:
"]

It is to be regretted that the narrative of the explorer affords no clew
to the precise locality of this interesting discovery, but since it is
doubtful that the mariner journeyed very far on foot from the head of
navigation of the Potomac, it seems highly probable that the first
American bison seen by Europeans, other than the Spaniards, was found
within 15 miles, or even less, of the capital of the United States, and
possibly within the District of Columbia itself.


Input:
"]

It is to be regretted that the narrative of the explorer affords no clew
to the precise locality of this interesting discovery, but since it is
doubtful that the mariner journeyed very far on foot from the head of
navigation of the Potomac, it seems highly probable that the first
American bison seen by Europeans, other than the Spaniards, was found
within 15 miles, or even less, of the capital of the United States, and
possibly within the District of Columbia itself.

Output:
The first meeting of the white man with the buffalo on the northern
boundary of that animal's habitat occurred in 1679, when Father
Hennepin ascended the St. Lawrence to the great lakes, and finally
penetrated the great wilderness as far as western Illinois.


Input:
The first meeting of the white man with the buffalo on the northern
boundary of that animal's habitat occurred in 1679, when Father
Hennepin ascended the St. Lawrence to the great lakes, and finally
penetrated the great wilderness as far as western Illinois.

Output:
The next meeting with the buffalo on the Atlantic slope was in October,
1729, by a party of surveyors under Col. William Byrd, who were engaged
in surveying the boundary between North Carolina and Virginia.


Input:
The next meeting with the buffalo on the Atlantic slope was in October,
1729, by a party of surveyors under Col. William Byrd, who were engaged
in surveying the boundary between North Carolina and Virginia.

Output:
As the party journeyed up from the coast, marking the line which now
constitutes the interstate boundary, three buffaloes were seen on
Sugar-Tree Creek, but none of them were killed.


Input:
As the party journeyed up from the coast, marking the line which now
constitutes the interstate boundary, three buffaloes were seen on
Sugar-Tree Creek, but none of them were killed.

Output:
On the return journey, in November, a bull buffalo was killed on
Sugar-Tree Creek, which is in Halifax County, Virginia, within 5 miles
of Big Buffalo Creek; longitude 78° 40' W., and 155 miles from the
coast.[4]


Input:
On the return journey, in November, a bull buffalo was killed on
Sugar-Tree Creek, which is in Halifax County, Virginia, within 5 miles
of Big Buffalo Creek; longitude 78° 40' W., and 155 miles from the
coast.[4]

Output: "It was found all alone, tho' Buffaloes Seldom are."


Input: "It was found all alone, tho' Buffaloes Seldom are."

Output:
The meat
is spoken of as "a Rarity," not met at all on the expedition up.


Input:
The meat
is spoken of as "a Rarity," not met at all on the expedition up.

Output:
The
animal was found in thick woods, which were thus feelingly described:
"The woods were thick great Part of this Day's Journey, so that we were
forced to scuffle hard to advance 7 miles, being equal in fatigue to
double that distance of Clear and Open Ground."


Input:
The
animal was found in thick woods, which were thus feelingly described:
"The woods were thick great Part of this Day's Journey, so that we were
forced to scuffle hard to advance 7 miles, being equal in fatigue to
double that distance of Clear and Open Ground."

Output:
One of the creeks which
the party crossed was christened Buffalo Creek, and "so named from the
frequent tokens we discovered of that American Behemoth.


Input:
One of the creeks which
the party crossed was christened Buffalo Creek, and "so named from the
frequent tokens we discovered of that American Behemoth.


Output: [Note 4: Westover Manuscript.


Input: [Note 4: Westover Manuscript.

Output: Col. William Byrd.


Input: Col. William Byrd.

Output: Vol.


Input: Vol.

Output: I, p. 178.]


Input: I, p. 178.]

Output:
In October, 1733, on another surveying expedition, Colonel Byrd's party
had the good fortune to kill another buffalo near Sugar-Tree Creek,
which incident is thus described:[5]


Input:
In October, 1733, on another surveying expedition, Colonel Byrd's party
had the good fortune to kill another buffalo near Sugar-Tree Creek,
which incident is thus described:[5]

Output: [Note 5: Vol. II, pp.


Input: [Note 5: Vol. II, pp.

Output:
24, 25.]

"We pursued our journey thro' uneven and perplext woods, and in the
thickest of them had the Fortune to knock down a Young Buffalo 2 years
old.


Input:
24, 25.]

"We pursued our journey thro' uneven and perplext woods, and in the
thickest of them had the Fortune to knock down a Young Buffalo 2 years
old.

Output:
Providence threw this vast animal in our way very Seasonably, just
as our provisions began to fail us.


Input:
Providence threw this vast animal in our way very Seasonably, just
as our provisions began to fail us.

Output:
And it was the more welcome, too,
because it was change of dyet, which of all Varietys, next to that of
Bed-fellows, is the most agreeable.


Input:
And it was the more welcome, too,
because it was change of dyet, which of all Varietys, next to that of
Bed-fellows, is the most agreeable.

Output:
We had lived upon Venison and Bear
till our stomachs loath'd them almost as much as the Hebrews of old did
their Quails.


Input:
We had lived upon Venison and Bear
till our stomachs loath'd them almost as much as the Hebrews of old did
their Quails.

Output:
Our Butchers were so unhandy at their Business that we
grew very lank before we cou'd get our Dinner.


Input:
Our Butchers were so unhandy at their Business that we
grew very lank before we cou'd get our Dinner.

Output:
But when it came, we
found it equal in goodness to the best Beef.


Input:
But when it came, we
found it equal in goodness to the best Beef.

Output:
They made it the longer
because they kept Sucking the Water out of the Guts in imitation of the
Catauba Indians, upon the belief that it is a great Cordial, and will
even make them drunk, or at least very Gay."


Input:
They made it the longer
because they kept Sucking the Water out of the Guts in imitation of the
Catauba Indians, upon the belief that it is a great Cordial, and will
even make them drunk, or at least very Gay."

Output:
A little later a solitary bull buffalo was found, _but spared_,[6] the
earliest instance of the kind on record, and which had few successors to
keep it company.


Input:
A little later a solitary bull buffalo was found, _but spared_,[6] the
earliest instance of the kind on record, and which had few successors to
keep it company.

Output: [Note 6: _


Input: [Note 6: _

Output:
Ib._, p. 28.]

II.


Input:
Ib._, p. 28.]

II.

Output: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.


Input: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Output:
The range of the American bison extended over about one-third of the
entire continent of North America.


Input:
The range of the American bison extended over about one-third of the
entire continent of North America.

Output:
Starting almost at tide-water on the
Atlantic coast, it extended westward through a vast tract of dense
forest, across the Alleghany Mountain system to the prairies along the
Mississippi, and southward to the Delta of that great stream.


Input:
Starting almost at tide-water on the
Atlantic coast, it extended westward through a vast tract of dense
forest, across the Alleghany Mountain system to the prairies along the
Mississippi, and southward to the Delta of that great stream.

Output:
Although
the great plains country of the West was the natural home of the
species, where it flourished most abundantly, it also wandered south
across Texas to the burning plains of northeastern Mexico, westward
across the Rocky Mountains into New Mexico, Utah, and Idaho, and
northward across a vast treeless waste to the bleak and inhospitable
shores of the Great Slave Lake itself.


Input:
Although
the great plains country of the West was the natural home of the
species, where it flourished most abundantly, it also wandered south
across Texas to the burning plains of northeastern Mexico, westward
across the Rocky Mountains into New Mexico, Utah, and Idaho, and
northward across a vast treeless waste to the bleak and inhospitable
shores of the Great Slave Lake itself.

Output:
It is more than probable that had
the bison remained unmolested by man and uninfluenced by him, he would
eventually have crossed the Sierra Nevadas and the Coast Range and taken
up his abode in the fertile valleys of the Pacific slope.


Input:
It is more than probable that had
the bison remained unmolested by man and uninfluenced by him, he would
eventually have crossed the Sierra Nevadas and the Coast Range and taken
up his abode in the fertile valleys of the Pacific slope.

Output:
Had the bison remained for a few more centuries in undisturbed
possession of his range, and with liberty to roam at will over the North
American continent, it is almost certain that several distinctly
recognizable varieties would have been produced.


Input:
Had the bison remained for a few more centuries in undisturbed
possession of his range, and with liberty to roam at will over the North
American continent, it is almost certain that several distinctly
recognizable varieties would have been produced.

Output:
The buffalo of the hot
regions in the extreme south would have become a short-haired animal
like the gaur of India and the African buffalo.


Input:
The buffalo of the hot
regions in the extreme south would have become a short-haired animal
like the gaur of India and the African buffalo.

Output:
The individuals
inhabiting the extreme north, in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake, for
example, would have developed still longer hair, and taken on more of
the dense hairyness of the musk ox.


Input:
The individuals
inhabiting the extreme north, in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake, for
example, would have developed still longer hair, and taken on more of
the dense hairyness of the musk ox.

Output:
In the "wood" or "mountain buffalo"
we already have a distinct foreshadowing of the changes which would have
taken place in the individuals which made their permanent residence upon
rugged mountains.


Input:
In the "wood" or "mountain buffalo"
we already have a distinct foreshadowing of the changes which would have
taken place in the individuals which made their permanent residence upon
rugged mountains.

Output:
It would be an easy matter to fill a volume with facts relating to the
geographical distribution of _


Input:
It would be an easy matter to fill a volume with facts relating to the
geographical distribution of _

Output:
Bison americanus_ and the dates of its
occurrence and disappearance in the multitude of different localities
embraced within the immense area it once inhabited.


Input:
Bison americanus_ and the dates of its
occurrence and disappearance in the multitude of different localities
embraced within the immense area it once inhabited.

Output:
The capricious
shiftings of certain sections of the great herds, whereby large areas
which for many years had been utterly unvisited by buffaloes suddenly
became overrun by them, could be followed up indefinitely, but to little
purpose.


Input:
The capricious
shiftings of certain sections of the great herds, whereby large areas
which for many years had been utterly unvisited by buffaloes suddenly
became overrun by them, could be followed up indefinitely, but to little
purpose.

Output:
In order to avoid wearying the reader with a mass of dates and
references, the map accompanying this paper has been prepared to show at
a glance the approximate dates at which the bison finally disappeared
from the various sections of its habitat.


Input:
In order to avoid wearying the reader with a mass of dates and
references, the map accompanying this paper has been prepared to show at
a glance the approximate dates at which the bison finally disappeared
from the various sections of its habitat.

Output:
In some cases the date given
is coincident with the death of the last buffalo known to have been
killed in a given State or Territory; in others, where records are
meager, the date given is the nearest approximation, based on existing
records.


Input:
In some cases the date given
is coincident with the death of the last buffalo known to have been
killed in a given State or Territory; in others, where records are
meager, the date given is the nearest approximation, based on existing
records.

Output:
In the preparation of this map I have drawn liberally from Mr.
J. A. Allen's admirable monograph of "The American Bison," in which the
author has brought together, with great labor and invariable accuracy, a
vast amount of historical data bearing upon this subject.


Input:
In the preparation of this map I have drawn liberally from Mr.
J. A. Allen's admirable monograph of "The American Bison," in which the
author has brought together, with great labor and invariable accuracy, a
vast amount of historical data bearing upon this subject.

Output:
In this
connection I take great pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to
Professor Allen's work.


Input:
In this
connection I take great pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to
Professor Allen's work.

Output:
While it is inexpedient to include here all the facts that might be
recorded with reference to the discovery, existence, and ultimate
extinction of the bison in the various portions of its former habitat,
it is yet worth while to sketch briefly the extreme limits of its range.


Input:
While it is inexpedient to include here all the facts that might be
recorded with reference to the discovery, existence, and ultimate
extinction of the bison in the various portions of its former habitat,
it is yet worth while to sketch briefly the extreme limits of its range.

Output:
In doing this, our starting point will be the Atlantic slope east of the
Alleghanies, and the reader will do well to refer to the large map.


Input:
In doing this, our starting point will be the Atlantic slope east of the
Alleghanies, and the reader will do well to refer to the large map.

Output:
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--There is no indisputable evidence that the bison
ever inhabited this precise locality, but it is probable that it did.


Input:
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--There is no indisputable evidence that the bison
ever inhabited this precise locality, but it is probable that it did.

Output:
In
1612 Captain Argoll sailed up the "Pembrook River" to the head of
navigation (Mr. Allen believes this was the James River, and not the
Potomac) and marched inland a few miles, where he discovered buffaloes,
some of which were killed by his Indian guides.


Input:
In
1612 Captain Argoll sailed up the "Pembrook River" to the head of
navigation (Mr. Allen believes this was the James River, and not the
Potomac) and marched inland a few miles, where he discovered buffaloes,
some of which were killed by his Indian guides.

Output:
If this river was the
Potomac, and most authorities believe that it was, the buffaloes seen by
Captain Argoll might easily have been in what is now the District of
Columbia.


Input:
If this river was the
Potomac, and most authorities believe that it was, the buffaloes seen by
Captain Argoll might easily have been in what is now the District of
Columbia.

Output:
Admitting the existence of a reasonable doubt as to the identity of the
Pembrook River of Captain Argoll, there is yet another bit of history
which fairly establishes the fact that in the early part of the
seventeenth century buffaloes inhabited the banks of the Potomac between
this city and the lower falls.


Input:
Admitting the existence of a reasonable doubt as to the identity of the
Pembrook River of Captain Argoll, there is yet another bit of history
which fairly establishes the fact that in the early part of the
seventeenth century buffaloes inhabited the banks of the Potomac between
this city and the lower falls.

Output:
In 1624 an English fur trader named Henry
Fleet came hither to trade with the Anacostian Indians, who then
inhabited the present site of the city of Washington, and with the
tribes of the Upper Potomac.


Input:
In 1624 an English fur trader named Henry
Fleet came hither to trade with the Anacostian Indians, who then
inhabited the present site of the city of Washington, and with the
tribes of the Upper Potomac.

Output:
In his journal (discovered a few years
since in the Lambeth Library, London) Fleet gave a quaint description of
the city's site as it then appeared.


Input:
In his journal (discovered a few years
since in the Lambeth Library, London) Fleet gave a quaint description of
the city's site as it then appeared.

Output:
The following is from the
explorer's journal:

"Monday, the 25th June, we set sail for the town of Tohoga, where we
came to an anchor 2 leagues short of the falls.


Input:
The following is from the
explorer's journal:

"Monday, the 25th June, we set sail for the town of Tohoga, where we
came to an anchor 2 leagues short of the falls.


Output:
This place,
without question, is the most pleasant and healthful place in all this
country, and most convenient for habitation, the air temperate in summer
and not violent in winter.


Input:
This place,
without question, is the most pleasant and healthful place in all this
country, and most convenient for habitation, the air temperate in summer
and not violent in winter.

Output: It aboundeth with all manner of fish.


Input: It aboundeth with all manner of fish.

Output:
The
Indians in one night commonly will catch thirty sturgeons in a place
where the river is not above 12 fathoms broad, and as for deer,
buffaloes, bears, turkeys, the woods do swarm with them.


Input:
The
Indians in one night commonly will catch thirty sturgeons in a place
where the river is not above 12 fathoms broad, and as for deer,
buffaloes, bears, turkeys, the woods do swarm with them.


Output:
The 27th
of June I manned my shallop and went up with the flood, the tide rising
about 4 feet at this place.


Input:
The 27th
of June I manned my shallop and went up with the flood, the tide rising
about 4 feet at this place.

Output:
We had not rowed above 3 miles, but we might
hear the falls to roar about 6 miles distant.


Input:
We had not rowed above 3 miles, but we might
hear the falls to roar about 6 miles distant.

Output: "[7]


Output: [Note 7: Charles Burr Todd's "Story of Washington," p. 18.


Input: [Note 7: Charles Burr Todd's "Story of Washington," p. 18.

Output:
New York,
1889.


Input:
New York,
1889.

Output:
]

MARYLAND.--There is no evidence that the bison ever inhabited Maryland,
except what has already been adduced with reference to the District of
Columbia.


Input:
]

MARYLAND.--There is no evidence that the bison ever inhabited Maryland,
except what has already been adduced with reference to the District of
Columbia.

Output:
If either of the references quoted may be taken as conclusive
proof, and I see no reason for disputing either, then the fact that the
bison once ranged northward from Virginia into Maryland is fairly
established.


Input:
If either of the references quoted may be taken as conclusive
proof, and I see no reason for disputing either, then the fact that the
bison once ranged northward from Virginia into Maryland is fairly
established.

Output:
There is reason to expect that fossil remains of _Bison
americanus_ will yet be found both in Maryland and the District of
Columbia, and I venture to predict that this will yet occur.


Input:
There is reason to expect that fossil remains of _Bison
americanus_ will yet be found both in Maryland and the District of
Columbia, and I venture to predict that this will yet occur.

Output:
VIRGINIA.--Of the numerous references to the occurrence of the bison in
Virginia, it is sufficient to allude to Col. William Byrd's meetings
with buffaloes in 1620, while surveying the southern boundary of the
State, about 155 miles from the coast, as already quoted; the references
to the discovery of buffaloes on the eastern side of the Virginia
mountains, quoted by Mr. Allen from Salmon's "Present State of
Virginia," page 14 (London, 1737), and the capture _and domestication_
of buffaloes in 1701 by the Huguenot settlers at Manikintown, which was
situated on the James River, about 14 miles above Richmond.


Input:
VIRGINIA.--Of the numerous references to the occurrence of the bison in
Virginia, it is sufficient to allude to Col. William Byrd's meetings
with buffaloes in 1620, while surveying the southern boundary of the
State, about 155 miles from the coast, as already quoted; the references
to the discovery of buffaloes on the eastern side of the Virginia
mountains, quoted by Mr. Allen from Salmon's "Present State of
Virginia," page 14 (London, 1737), and the capture _and domestication_
of buffaloes in 1701 by the Huguenot settlers at Manikintown, which was
situated on the James River, about 14 miles above Richmond.

Output:
Apparently,
buffaloes were more numerous in Virginia than in any other of the
Atlantic States.


Input:
Apparently,
buffaloes were more numerous in Virginia than in any other of the
Atlantic States.

Output:
NORTH CAROLINA.--Colonel Byrd's discoveries along the interstate
boundary between Virginia and North Carolina fixes the presence of the
bison in the northern part of the latter State at the date of the
survey.


Input:
NORTH CAROLINA.--Colonel Byrd's discoveries along the interstate
boundary between Virginia and North Carolina fixes the presence of the
bison in the northern part of the latter State at the date of the
survey.

Output:
The following letter to Prof. G. Brown Goode, dated Birdsnest
post-office, Va., August 6, 1888, from Mr. C. R. Moore, furnishes
reliable evidence of the presence of the buffalo at another point in
North Carolina: "In the winter of 1857 I was staying for the night at
the house of an old gentleman named Houston.


Input:
The following letter to Prof. G. Brown Goode, dated Birdsnest
post-office, Va., August 6, 1888, from Mr. C. R. Moore, furnishes
reliable evidence of the presence of the buffalo at another point in
North Carolina: "In the winter of 1857 I was staying for the night at
the house of an old gentleman named Houston.

Output:
I should judge he was
seventy then.


Input:
I should judge he was
seventy then.

Output:
He lived near Buffalo Ford, on the Catawba River, about 4
miles from Statesville, N. C. I asked him how the ford got its name.


Input:
He lived near Buffalo Ford, on the Catawba River, about 4
miles from Statesville, N. C. I asked him how the ford got its name.

Output:
He
told me that his grandfather told him that when he was a boy the buffalo
crossed there, and that when the rocks in the river were bare they would
eat the moss that grew upon them."


Input:
He
told me that his grandfather told him that when he was a boy the buffalo
crossed there, and that when the rocks in the river were bare they would
eat the moss that grew upon them."

Output:
The point indicated is in longitude
81° west and the date not far from 1750.


Input:
The point indicated is in longitude
81° west and the date not far from 1750.

Output:
SOUTH CAROLINA.--Professor Allen cites numerous authorities, whose
observations furnish abundant evidence of the existence of the buffalo
in South Carolina during the first half of the eighteenth century.


Input:
SOUTH CAROLINA.--Professor Allen cites numerous authorities, whose
observations furnish abundant evidence of the existence of the buffalo
in South Carolina during the first half of the eighteenth century.

Output:
From
these it is quite evident that in the northwestern half of the State
buffaloes were once fairly numerous.


Input:
From
these it is quite evident that in the northwestern half of the State
buffaloes were once fairly numerous.

Output:
Keating declares, on the authority
of Colhoun, "and we know that some of those who first settled the
Abbeville district in South Carolina, in 1756, found the buffalo
there.


Input:
Keating declares, on the authority
of Colhoun, "and we know that some of those who first settled the
Abbeville district in South Carolina, in 1756, found the buffalo
there.

Output: "[8]


Output:
This appears to be the only definite locality in which the
presence of the species was recorded.


Input:
This appears to be the only definite locality in which the
presence of the species was recorded.

Output:
[Note 8: Long's Expedition to the Source of the St. Peter's River, 1823,
II, p. 26.]


Input:
[Note 8: Long's Expedition to the Source of the St. Peter's River, 1823,
II, p. 26.]

Output:
GEORGIA.--The extreme southeastern limit of the buffalo in the United
States was found on the coast of Georgia, near the mouth of the Altamaha
River, opposite St. Simon's Island.


Input:
GEORGIA.--The extreme southeastern limit of the buffalo in the United
States was found on the coast of Georgia, near the mouth of the Altamaha
River, opposite St. Simon's Island.

Output:
Mr. Francis Moore, in his "Voyage to
Georgia," made in 1736 and reported upon in 1744,[9] makes the following
observation:


Input:
Mr. Francis Moore, in his "Voyage to
Georgia," made in 1736 and reported upon in 1744,[9] makes the following
observation:

Output: [Note 9: Coll.


Input: [Note 9: Coll.

Output: Georgia Hist.


Input: Georgia Hist.

Output:
Soc., I, p. 117.]

"The island [St. Simon's] abounds with deer and rabbits.


Input:
Soc., I, p. 117.]

"The island [St. Simon's] abounds with deer and rabbits.

Output:
There are no
buffalo in it, though there are large herds upon the main."


Input:
There are no
buffalo in it, though there are large herds upon the main."

Output:
Elsewhere in
the same document (p. 122) reference is made to buffalo-hunting by
Indians on the main-land near Darien.


Input:
Elsewhere in
the same document (p. 122) reference is made to buffalo-hunting by
Indians on the main-land near Darien.

Output:
In James E. Oglethorpe's enumeration (A. D. 1733) of the wild beasts of
Georgia and South Carolina he mentions "deer, elks, bears, wolves, and
buffaloes.


Input:
In James E. Oglethorpe's enumeration (A. D. 1733) of the wild beasts of
Georgia and South Carolina he mentions "deer, elks, bears, wolves, and
buffaloes.

Output: "[10]


Output:
[Note 10: Ibid., I, p. 51.]

Up to the time of Moore's voyage to Georgia the interior was almost
wholly unexplored, and it is almost certain that had not the "large
herds of buffalo on the main-land" existed within a distance of 20 or 30
miles or less from the coast, the colonists would have had no knowledge
of them; nor would the Indians have taken to the war-path against the
whites at Darien "under pretense of hunting buffalo."

ALABAMA.--Having established the existence of the bison in northwestern
Georgia almost as far down as the center of the State, and in
Mississippi down to the neighborhood of the coast, it was naturally
expected that a search of historical records would reveal evidence that
the bison once inhabited the northern half of Alabama.


Input:
[Note 10: Ibid., I, p. 51.]

Up to the time of Moore's voyage to Georgia the interior was almost
wholly unexplored, and it is almost certain that had not the "large
herds of buffalo on the main-land" existed within a distance of 20 or 30
miles or less from the coast, the colonists would have had no knowledge
of them; nor would the Indians have taken to the war-path against the
whites at Darien "under pretense of hunting buffalo."

ALABAMA.--Having established the existence of the bison in northwestern
Georgia almost as far down as the center of the State, and in
Mississippi down to the neighborhood of the coast, it was naturally
expected that a search of historical records would reveal evidence that
the bison once inhabited the northern half of Alabama.

Output:
A most careful
search through all the records bearing upon the early history and
exploration of Alabama, to be found in the Library of Congress, failed
to discover the slightest reference to the existence of the species in
that State, or even to the use of buffalo skins by any of the Alabama
Indians.


Input:
A most careful
search through all the records bearing upon the early history and
exploration of Alabama, to be found in the Library of Congress, failed
to discover the slightest reference to the existence of the species in
that State, or even to the use of buffalo skins by any of the Alabama
Indians.

Output:
While it is possible that such a hiatus really existed, in this
instance its existence would be wholly unaccountable.


Input:
While it is possible that such a hiatus really existed, in this
instance its existence would be wholly unaccountable.

Output:
I believe that the
buffalo once inhabited the northern half of Alabama, even though history
fails to record it.


Input:
I believe that the
buffalo once inhabited the northern half of Alabama, even though history
fails to record it.

Output:
LOUISIANA AND MISSISSIPPI.--At the beginning of the eighteenth century,
buffaloes were plentiful in southern Mississippi and Louisiana, not only
down to the coast itself, from Bay St. Louis to Biloxi, but even in the
very Delta of the Mississippi, as the following record shows.


Input:
LOUISIANA AND MISSISSIPPI.--At the beginning of the eighteenth century,
buffaloes were plentiful in southern Mississippi and Louisiana, not only
down to the coast itself, from Bay St. Louis to Biloxi, but even in the
very Delta of the Mississippi, as the following record shows.

Output:
In a
"Memoir addressed to Count de Pontchartrain," December 10, 1697, the
author, M. de Remonville, describes the country around the mouth of the
Mississippi, now the State of Louisiana, and further says:[11]

"A great abundance of wild cattle are also found there, which might be
domesticated by rearing up the young calves."


Input:
In a
"Memoir addressed to Count de Pontchartrain," December 10, 1697, the
author, M. de Remonville, describes the country around the mouth of the
Mississippi, now the State of Louisiana, and further says:[11]

"A great abundance of wild cattle are also found there, which might be
domesticated by rearing up the young calves."

Output:
Whether these animals were
buffaloes might be considered an open question but for the following
additional information, which affords positive evidence: "The trade in
furs and peltry would be immensely valuable and exceedingly profitable.


Input:
Whether these animals were
buffaloes might be considered an open question but for the following
additional information, which affords positive evidence: "The trade in
furs and peltry would be immensely valuable and exceedingly profitable.

Output:
We could also draw from thence a great quantity of buffalo hides every
year, as the plains are filled with the animals.


Input:
We could also draw from thence a great quantity of buffalo hides every
year, as the plains are filled with the animals.

Output:
"

In the same volume, page 47, in a document entitled "Annals of Louisiana
from 1698 to 1722, by M. Penicaut" (1698), the author records the
presence of the buffalo on the Gulf coast on the banks of the Bay St.
Louis, as follows: "The next day we left Pea Island, and passed through
the Little Rigolets, which led into the sea about three leagues from the
Bay of St. Louis.


Input:
"

In the same volume, page 47, in a document entitled "Annals of Louisiana
from 1698 to 1722, by M. Penicaut" (1698), the author records the
presence of the buffalo on the Gulf coast on the banks of the Bay St.
Louis, as follows: "The next day we left Pea Island, and passed through
the Little Rigolets, which led into the sea about three leagues from the
Bay of St. Louis.

Output:
We encamped at the entrance of the bay, near a
fountain of water that flows from the hills, and which was called at
this time Belle Fountain.


Input:
We encamped at the entrance of the bay, near a
fountain of water that flows from the hills, and which was called at
this time Belle Fountain.

Output:
We hunted during several days upon the coast
of this bay, and filled our boats with the meat of the deer, buffaloes,
and other wild game which we had killed, and carried it to the fort
(Biloxi).


Input:
We hunted during several days upon the coast
of this bay, and filled our boats with the meat of the deer, buffaloes,
and other wild game which we had killed, and carried it to the fort
(Biloxi).

Output:
"

[Note 11: Hist.


Input:
"

[Note 11: Hist.

Output:
Coll. of Louisiana and Florida, B. F. French, 1869,
first series, p. 2.]


Input:
Coll. of Louisiana and Florida, B. F. French, 1869,
first series, p. 2.]

Output:
The occurrence of the buffalo at Natchez is recorded,[12] and also (p.
115) at the mouth of Red River, as follows: "We ascended the Mississippi
to Pass Manchac, where we killed fifteen buffaloes.


Input:
The occurrence of the buffalo at Natchez is recorded,[12] and also (p.
115) at the mouth of Red River, as follows: "We ascended the Mississippi
to Pass Manchac, where we killed fifteen buffaloes.

Output:
The next day we
landed again, and killed eight more buffaloes and as many deer."


Input:
The next day we
landed again, and killed eight more buffaloes and as many deer."

Output: [Note 12: Ibid., pp. 88-91.]


Input: [Note 12: Ibid., pp. 88-91.]

Output:
The presence of the buffalo in the Delta of the Mississippi was observed
and recorded by D'Iberville in 1699.[13]


Input:
The presence of the buffalo in the Delta of the Mississippi was observed
and recorded by D'Iberville in 1699.[13]

Output: [Note 13: Hist.


Input: [Note 13: Hist.

Output:
Coll. of Louisiana and Florida, French, second series,
p. 58.]


Input:
Coll. of Louisiana and Florida, French, second series,
p. 58.]

Output: According to Claiborne,[14]


Input: According to Claiborne,[14]

Output:
the Choctaws have an interesting tradition
in regard to the disappearance of the buffalo from Mississippi.


Input:
the Choctaws have an interesting tradition
in regard to the disappearance of the buffalo from Mississippi.

Output:
It
relates that during the early part of the eighteenth century a great
drought occurred, which was particularly severe in the prairie region.


Input:
It
relates that during the early part of the eighteenth century a great
drought occurred, which was particularly severe in the prairie region.

Output: For three years not a drop of rain fell.


Input: For three years not a drop of rain fell.

Output:
The Nowubee and Tombigbee
Rivers dried up and the forests perished.


Input:
The Nowubee and Tombigbee
Rivers dried up and the forests perished.

Output:
The elk and buffalo, which up
to that time had been numerous, all migrated to the country beyond the
Mississippi, and never returned.


Input:
The elk and buffalo, which up
to that time had been numerous, all migrated to the country beyond the
Mississippi, and never returned.

Output: [Note 14: Mississippi as a Province, Territory, and State, p. 484.]


Input: [Note 14: Mississippi as a Province, Territory, and State, p. 484.]

Output:
TEXAS.--It will be remembered that it was in southeastern Texas, in all
probability within 50 miles of the present city of Houston, that the
earliest discovery of the American bison on its native heath was made in
1530 by Cabeza de Vaca, a half-starved, half-naked, and wholly wretched
Spaniard, almost the only surviving member of the celebrated expedition
which burned its ships behind it.


Input:
TEXAS.--It will be remembered that it was in southeastern Texas, in all
probability within 50 miles of the present city of Houston, that the
earliest discovery of the American bison on its native heath was made in
1530 by Cabeza de Vaca, a half-starved, half-naked, and wholly wretched
Spaniard, almost the only surviving member of the celebrated expedition
which burned its ships behind it.

Output:
In speaking of the buffalo in Texas at
the earliest periods of which we have any historical record, Professor
Allen says: "They were also found in immense herds on the coast of
Texas, at the Bay of St. Bernard (Matagorda Bay), and on the lower part
of the Colorado (Rio Grande, according to some authorities), by La
Salle, in 1685, and thence northwards across the Colorado, Brazos, and
Trinity Rivers."


Input:
In speaking of the buffalo in Texas at
the earliest periods of which we have any historical record, Professor
Allen says: "They were also found in immense herds on the coast of
Texas, at the Bay of St. Bernard (Matagorda Bay), and on the lower part
of the Colorado (Rio Grande, according to some authorities), by La
Salle, in 1685, and thence northwards across the Colorado, Brazos, and
Trinity Rivers."

Output:
Joutel says that when in latitude 28° 51' "the sight
of abundance of goats and bullocks, differing in shape from ours, and
running along the coast, heightened our earnestness to be ashore."


Input:
Joutel says that when in latitude 28° 51' "the sight
of abundance of goats and bullocks, differing in shape from ours, and
running along the coast, heightened our earnestness to be ashore."

Output:
They
afterwards landed in St. Louis Bay (now called Matagorda Bay), where
they found buffaloes in such numbers on the Colorado River that they
called it La Rivière aux Boeufs.[15]


Input:
They
afterwards landed in St. Louis Bay (now called Matagorda Bay), where
they found buffaloes in such numbers on the Colorado River that they
called it La Rivière aux Boeufs.[15]

Output:
According to Professor Allen, the
buffalo did not inhabit the coast of Texas east of the mouth of the
Brazos River.


Input:
According to Professor Allen, the
buffalo did not inhabit the coast of Texas east of the mouth of the
Brazos River.

Output: [Note 15: The American Bisons, Living and Extinct, p. 132.]


Input: [Note 15: The American Bisons, Living and Extinct, p. 132.]

Output:
It is a curious coincidence that the State of Texas, wherein the
earliest discoveries and observations upon the bison were made, should
also now furnish a temporary shelter for one of the last remnants of the
great herd.


Input:
It is a curious coincidence that the State of Texas, wherein the
earliest discoveries and observations upon the bison were made, should
also now furnish a temporary shelter for one of the last remnants of the
great herd.

Output:
MEXICO.--In regard to the existence of the bison south of the Rio
Grande, in old Mexico, there appears to be but one authority on record,
Dr. Berlandier, who at the time of his death left in MS.


Input:
MEXICO.--In regard to the existence of the bison south of the Rio
Grande, in old Mexico, there appears to be but one authority on record,
Dr. Berlandier, who at the time of his death left in MS.

Output:
a work on the
mammals of Mexico.


Input:
a work on the
mammals of Mexico.

Output: At one time this MS.


Input: At one time this MS.

Output:
was in the Smithsonian
Institution, but it is there no longer, nor is its fate even
ascertainable.


Input:
was in the Smithsonian
Institution, but it is there no longer, nor is its fate even
ascertainable.

Output:
It is probable that it was burned in the fire that
destroyed a portion of the Institution in 1865.


Input:
It is probable that it was burned in the fire that
destroyed a portion of the Institution in 1865.

Output:
Fortunately Professor
Allen obtained and published in his monograph (in French) a copy of that
portion of Dr. Berlandier's work relating to the presence of the bison
in Mexico,[16] of which the following is a translation:


Input:
Fortunately Professor
Allen obtained and published in his monograph (in French) a copy of that
portion of Dr. Berlandier's work relating to the presence of the bison
in Mexico,[16] of which the following is a translation:

Output: [Note 16: The American Bisons, pp.


Input: [Note 16: The American Bisons, pp.

Output:
129-130.]

"In Mexico, when the Spaniards, ever greedy for riches, pushed their
explorations to the north and northeast, it was not long before they met
with the buffalo.


Input:
129-130.]

"In Mexico, when the Spaniards, ever greedy for riches, pushed their
explorations to the north and northeast, it was not long before they met
with the buffalo.

Output:
In 1602 the Franciscan monks who discovered Nuevo Leon
encountered in the neighborhood of Monterey numerous herds of these
quadrupeds.


Input:
In 1602 the Franciscan monks who discovered Nuevo Leon
encountered in the neighborhood of Monterey numerous herds of these
quadrupeds.

Output:
They were also distributed in Nouvelle Biscaye (States of
Chihuahua and Durango), and they sometimes advanced to the extreme south
of that country.


Input:
They were also distributed in Nouvelle Biscaye (States of
Chihuahua and Durango), and they sometimes advanced to the extreme south
of that country.

Output:
In the eighteenth century they concentrated more and
more toward the north, but still remained very abundant in the
neighborhood of the province of Bexar.


Input:
In the eighteenth century they concentrated more and
more toward the north, but still remained very abundant in the
neighborhood of the province of Bexar.

Output:
At the commencement of the
nineteenth century we see them recede gradually in the interior of the
country to such an extent that they became day by day scarcer and
scarcer about the settlements.


Input:
At the commencement of the
nineteenth century we see them recede gradually in the interior of the
country to such an extent that they became day by day scarcer and
scarcer about the settlements.

Output:
Now, it is not in their periodical
migrations that we meet them near Bexar.


Input:
Now, it is not in their periodical
migrations that we meet them near Bexar.

Output:
Every year in the spring, in
April or May, they advance toward the north, to return again to the
southern regions in September and October.


Input:
Every year in the spring, in
April or May, they advance toward the north, to return again to the
southern regions in September and October.

Output:
The exact limits of these
annual migrations are unknown; it is, however, probable that in the
north they never go beyond the banks of the Rio Bravo, at least in the
States of Cohahuila and Texas.


Input:
The exact limits of these
annual migrations are unknown; it is, however, probable that in the
north they never go beyond the banks of the Rio Bravo, at least in the
States of Cohahuila and Texas.

Output:
Toward the north, not being checked by
the currents of the Missouri, they progress even as far as Michigan, and
they are found in summer in the Territories and interior States of the
United States of North America.


Input:
Toward the north, not being checked by
the currents of the Missouri, they progress even as far as Michigan, and
they are found in summer in the Territories and interior States of the
United States of North America.

Output:
The route which these animals follow in
their migrations occupies a width of several miles, and becomes so
marked that, besides the verdure destroyed, one would believe that the
fields had been covered with manure.


Input:
The route which these animals follow in
their migrations occupies a width of several miles, and becomes so
marked that, besides the verdure destroyed, one would believe that the
fields had been covered with manure.

Output:
"These migrations are not general, for certain bands do not seem to
follow the general mass of their kin, but remain stationary throughout
the whole year on the prairies covered with a rich vegetation on the
banks of the Rio de Guadelupe and the Rio Colorado of Texas, not far
from the shores of the Gulf, to the east of the colony of San Felipe,
precisely at the same spot where La Salle and his traveling companions
saw them two hundred years before.


Input:
"These migrations are not general, for certain bands do not seem to
follow the general mass of their kin, but remain stationary throughout
the whole year on the prairies covered with a rich vegetation on the
banks of the Rio de Guadelupe and the Rio Colorado of Texas, not far
from the shores of the Gulf, to the east of the colony of San Felipe,
precisely at the same spot where La Salle and his traveling companions
saw them two hundred years before.

Output:
The Rev. Father Damian Mansanet saw
them also as in our days on the shores of Texas, in regions which have
since been covered with the habitations, hamlets, and villages of the
new colonists, and from whence they have disappeared since 1828.


Input:
The Rev. Father Damian Mansanet saw
them also as in our days on the shores of Texas, in regions which have
since been covered with the habitations, hamlets, and villages of the
new colonists, and from whence they have disappeared since 1828.


Output:
[Illustration: HEAD OF BUFFALO BULL From specimen in the National Museum
Group.


Input:
[Illustration: HEAD OF BUFFALO BULL From specimen in the National Museum
Group.

Output:
Reproduced from the _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, by permission of the
publishers.]


Input:
Reproduced from the _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, by permission of the
publishers.]

Output:
"From the observations made on this subject we may conclude that the
buffalo inhabited the temperate zone of the New World, and that they
inhabited it at all times.


Input:
"From the observations made on this subject we may conclude that the
buffalo inhabited the temperate zone of the New World, and that they
inhabited it at all times.

Output:
In the north they never advanced beyond the
48th or 58th degree of latitude, and in the south, although they may
have reached as low as 25°, they scarcely passed beyond the 27th or
28th degree (north latitude), at least in the inhabited and known
portions of the country.


Input:
In the north they never advanced beyond the
48th or 58th degree of latitude, and in the south, although they may
have reached as low as 25°, they scarcely passed beyond the 27th or
28th degree (north latitude), at least in the inhabited and known
portions of the country.

Output:
"

NEW MEXICO.--In 1542 Coronado, while on his celebrated march, met with
vast herds of buffalo on the Upper Pecos River, since which the presence
of the species in the valley of the Pecos has been well known.


Input:
"

NEW MEXICO.--In 1542 Coronado, while on his celebrated march, met with
vast herds of buffalo on the Upper Pecos River, since which the presence
of the species in the valley of the Pecos has been well known.

Output:
In
describing the journey of Espejo down the Pecos River in the year 1584,
Davis says (Spanish Conquest of New Mexico, p. 260): "They passed down a
river they called _Rio de las Vacas_, or the River of Oxen


Input:
In
describing the journey of Espejo down the Pecos River in the year 1584,
Davis says (Spanish Conquest of New Mexico, p. 260): "They passed down a
river they called _Rio de las Vacas_, or the River of Oxen

Output:
[the river
Pecos, and the same Cow River that Vaca describes, says Professor
Allen], and was so named because of the great number of buffaloes that
fed upon its banks.


Input:
[the river
Pecos, and the same Cow River that Vaca describes, says Professor
Allen], and was so named because of the great number of buffaloes that
fed upon its banks.

Output:
They traveled down this river the distance of 120
leagues, all the way passing through great herds of buffaloes.


Input:
They traveled down this river the distance of 120
leagues, all the way passing through great herds of buffaloes.

Output:
"

Professor Allen locates the western boundary of the buffalo in New
Mexico even as far west as the western side of Rio Grande del Norte.


Input:
"

Professor Allen locates the western boundary of the buffalo in New
Mexico even as far west as the western side of Rio Grande del Norte.

Output:
UTAH.--It is well known that buffaloes, though in very small numbers,
once inhabited northeastern Utah, and that a few were killed by the
Mormon settlers prior to 1840 in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake.


Input:
UTAH.--It is well known that buffaloes, though in very small numbers,
once inhabited northeastern Utah, and that a few were killed by the
Mormon settlers prior to 1840 in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake.

Output:
In the
museum at Salt Lake City I was shown a very ancient mounted head of a
buffalo bull which was said to have been killed in the Salt Lake Valley.


Input:
In the
museum at Salt Lake City I was shown a very ancient mounted head of a
buffalo bull which was said to have been killed in the Salt Lake Valley.

Output: It is doubtful that such was really fact.


Input: It is doubtful that such was really fact.

Output:
There is no evidence that the
bison ever inhabited the southwestern half of Utah, and, considering the
general sterility of the Territory as a whole previous to its
development by irrigation, it is surprising that any buffalo in his
senses would ever set foot in it at all.


Input:
There is no evidence that the
bison ever inhabited the southwestern half of Utah, and, considering the
general sterility of the Territory as a whole previous to its
development by irrigation, it is surprising that any buffalo in his
senses would ever set foot in it at all.

Output:
IDAHO.--The former range of the bison probably embraced the whole of
Idaho.


Input:
IDAHO.--The former range of the bison probably embraced the whole of
Idaho.

Output:
Fremont states that in the spring of 1824 "the buffalo were
spread in immense numbers over the Green River and Bear River Valleys,
and through all the country lying between the Colorado, or Green River
of the Gulf of California, and Lewis' Fork of the Columbia River, the
meridian of Fort Hall then forming the western limit of their range.


Input:
Fremont states that in the spring of 1824 "the buffalo were
spread in immense numbers over the Green River and Bear River Valleys,
and through all the country lying between the Colorado, or Green River
of the Gulf of California, and Lewis' Fork of the Columbia River, the
meridian of Fort Hall then forming the western limit of their range.


Output:
[In J. K. Townsend's "Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky
Mountains," in 1834, he records the occurrence of herds near the Mellade
and Boise and Salmon Rivers, ten days' journey--200 miles--west of Fort
Hall.]


Input:
[In J. K. Townsend's "Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky
Mountains," in 1834, he records the occurrence of herds near the Mellade
and Boise and Salmon Rivers, ten days' journey--200 miles--west of Fort
Hall.]

Output:
The buffalo then remained for many years in that country, and
frequently moved down the valley of the Columbia, on both sides of the
river, as far as the Fishing Falls.


Input:
The buffalo then remained for many years in that country, and
frequently moved down the valley of the Columbia, on both sides of the
river, as far as the Fishing Falls.

Output:
Below this point they never
descended in any numbers.


Input:
Below this point they never
descended in any numbers.

Output:
About 1834 or 1835 they began to diminish very
rapidly, and continued to decrease until 1838 or 1840, when, with the
country we have just described, they entirely abandoned all the waters
of the Pacific north of Lewis's Fork of the Columbia [now called Snake]
River.


Input:
About 1834 or 1835 they began to diminish very
rapidly, and continued to decrease until 1838 or 1840, when, with the
country we have just described, they entirely abandoned all the waters
of the Pacific north of Lewis's Fork of the Columbia [now called Snake]
River.

Output:
At that time the Flathead Indians were in the habit of finding
their buffalo on the heads of Salmon River and other streams of the
Columbia.


Input:
At that time the Flathead Indians were in the habit of finding
their buffalo on the heads of Salmon River and other streams of the
Columbia.

Output:
OREGON.--The only evidence on record of the occurrence of the bison in
Oregon is the following, from Professor Allen's memoir (p. 119):
"Respecting its former occurrence in eastern Oregon, Prof. O. C. Marsh,
under date of New Haven, February 7, 1875, writes me as follows: 'The
most western point at which I have myself observed remains of the
buffalo was in 187 on Willow Creek, eastern Oregon, among the foot hills
of the eastern side of the Blue Mountains.


Input:
OREGON.--The only evidence on record of the occurrence of the bison in
Oregon is the following, from Professor Allen's memoir (p. 119):
"Respecting its former occurrence in eastern Oregon, Prof. O. C. Marsh,
under date of New Haven, February 7, 1875, writes me as follows: 'The
most western point at which I have myself observed remains of the
buffalo was in 187 on Willow Creek, eastern Oregon, among the foot hills
of the eastern side of the Blue Mountains.

Output: This is about latitude 44°.


Input: This is about latitude 44°.

Output: The bones were perfectly characteristic, although nearly decomposed.'


Input: The bones were perfectly characteristic, although nearly decomposed.'

Output:
"

The remains must have been those of a solitary and very enterprising
straggler.


Input:
"

The remains must have been those of a solitary and very enterprising
straggler.

Output:
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES (British).--At two or three points only did
the buffaloes of the British Possessions cross the Rocky Mountain
barrier toward British Columbia.


Input:
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES (British).--At two or three points only did
the buffaloes of the British Possessions cross the Rocky Mountain
barrier toward British Columbia.

Output:
One was the pass through which the
Canadian Pacific Railway now runs, 200 miles north of the international
boundary.


Input:
One was the pass through which the
Canadian Pacific Railway now runs, 200 miles north of the international
boundary.

Output:
According to Dr. Richardson, the number of buffaloes which
crossed the mountains at that point were sufficiently noticeable to
constitute a feature of the fauna on the western side of the range.


Input:
According to Dr. Richardson, the number of buffaloes which
crossed the mountains at that point were sufficiently noticeable to
constitute a feature of the fauna on the western side of the range.

Output:
It
is said that buffaloes also crossed by way of the Kootenai Pass, which
is only a few miles north of the boundary line, but the number which did
so must have been very small.


Input:
It
is said that buffaloes also crossed by way of the Kootenai Pass, which
is only a few miles north of the boundary line, but the number which did
so must have been very small.

Output:
As might be expected from the character of the country, the favorite
range of the bison in British America was the northern extension of the
great pasture region lying between the Missouri River and Great Slave
Lake.


Input:
As might be expected from the character of the country, the favorite
range of the bison in British America was the northern extension of the
great pasture region lying between the Missouri River and Great Slave
Lake.

Output:
The most northerly occurrence of the bison is recorded as an
observation of Franklin in 1820 at Slave Point, on the north side of
Great Slave Lake.


Input:
The most northerly occurrence of the bison is recorded as an
observation of Franklin in 1820 at Slave Point, on the north side of
Great Slave Lake.

Output:
"A few frequent Slave Point, on the north side of the
lake, but this is the most northern situation in which they were
observed by Captain Franklin's party.


Input:
"A few frequent Slave Point, on the north side of the
lake, but this is the most northern situation in which they were
observed by Captain Franklin's party.

Output: "[17]


Output:
[Note 17: Sabine, Zoological Appendix to "Franklin's Journey," p. 668.]

Dr. Richardson defined the eastern boundary of the bison's range in
British America as follows: "They do not frequent any of the districts
formed of primitive rocks, and the limits of their range to the
eastward, within the Hudson's Bay Company's territories, may be
correctly marked on the map by a line commencing in longitude 97°, on
the Red River, which flows into the south end of Lake Winnipeg, crossing
the Saskatchewan to the westward of the Basquian Hill, and running
thence by the Athapescow to the east end of Great Slave Lake."


Input:
[Note 17: Sabine, Zoological Appendix to "Franklin's Journey," p. 668.]

Dr. Richardson defined the eastern boundary of the bison's range in
British America as follows: "They do not frequent any of the districts
formed of primitive rocks, and the limits of their range to the
eastward, within the Hudson's Bay Company's territories, may be
correctly marked on the map by a line commencing in longitude 97°, on
the Red River, which flows into the south end of Lake Winnipeg, crossing
the Saskatchewan to the westward of the Basquian Hill, and running
thence by the Athapescow to the east end of Great Slave Lake."

Output:
Their
migrations westward were formerly limited to the Rocky Mountain range,
and they are still unknown in New Caledonia and on the shores of the
Pacific to the north of the Columbia River; but of late years they have
found out a passage across the mountains near the sources of the
Saskatchewan, and their numbers to the westward are annually
increasing.[18]


Input:
Their
migrations westward were formerly limited to the Rocky Mountain range,
and they are still unknown in New Caledonia and on the shores of the
Pacific to the north of the Columbia River; but of late years they have
found out a passage across the mountains near the sources of the
Saskatchewan, and their numbers to the westward are annually
increasing.[18]

Output: [Note 18: Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 1, p, 279-280.]


Input: [Note 18: Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 1, p, 279-280.]

Output:
_Great Slave Lake._--That the buffalo inhabited the southern shore of
this lake as late as 1871 is well established by the following letter
from Mr. E. W. Nelson to Mr. J. A. Allen, under date of July 11,
1877:[19] "I have met here [St. Michaels, Alaska] two gentlemen who
crossed the mountains from British Columbia and came to Fort Yukon
through British America, from whom I have derived some information about
the buffalo (_Bison americanus_) which will be of interest to you.


Input:
_Great Slave Lake._--That the buffalo inhabited the southern shore of
this lake as late as 1871 is well established by the following letter
from Mr. E. W. Nelson to Mr. J. A. Allen, under date of July 11,
1877:[19] "I have met here [St. Michaels, Alaska] two gentlemen who
crossed the mountains from British Columbia and came to Fort Yukon
through British America, from whom I have derived some information about
the buffalo (_Bison americanus_) which will be of interest to you.

Output:
These
gentlemen descended the Peace River, and on about the one hundred and
eighteenth degree of longitude made a portage to Hay River, directly
north.


Input:
These
gentlemen descended the Peace River, and on about the one hundred and
eighteenth degree of longitude made a portage to Hay River, directly
north.

Output:
On this portage they saw thousands of buffalo skulls, and old
trails, in some instances 2 or 3 feet deep, leading east and west.


Input:
On this portage they saw thousands of buffalo skulls, and old
trails, in some instances 2 or 3 feet deep, leading east and west.

Output:
They
wintered on Hay River near its entrance into Great Slave Lake, and here
found the buffalo still common, occupying a restricted territory along
the southern border of the lake.


Input:
They
wintered on Hay River near its entrance into Great Slave Lake, and here
found the buffalo still common, occupying a restricted territory along
the southern border of the lake.

Output: This was in 1871.


Input: This was in 1871.

Output:
They made inquiry
concerning the large number of skulls seen by them on the portage, and
learned that about fifty years before, snow fell to the estimated depth
of 14 feet, and so enveloped the animals that they perished by
thousands.


Input:
They made inquiry
concerning the large number of skulls seen by them on the portage, and
learned that about fifty years before, snow fell to the estimated depth
of 14 feet, and so enveloped the animals that they perished by
thousands.

Output:
It is asserted that these buffaloes are larger than those of
the plains.


Input:
It is asserted that these buffaloes are larger than those of
the plains.

Output:
"

[Note 19: American Naturalist, xi, p. 624.]

MINNESOTA AND WISCONSIN.--A line drawn from Winnipeg to Chicago, curving
slightly to the eastward in the middle portion, will very nearly define
the eastern boundary of the buffalo's range in Minnesota and Wisconsin.


Input:
"

[Note 19: American Naturalist, xi, p. 624.]

MINNESOTA AND WISCONSIN.--A line drawn from Winnipeg to Chicago, curving
slightly to the eastward in the middle portion, will very nearly define
the eastern boundary of the buffalo's range in Minnesota and Wisconsin.

Output: ILLINOIS AND


Input: ILLINOIS AND

Output:
INDIANA.--The whole of these two States were formerly
inhabited by the buffalo, the fertile prairies of Illinois being
particularly suited to their needs.


Input:
INDIANA.--The whole of these two States were formerly
inhabited by the buffalo, the fertile prairies of Illinois being
particularly suited to their needs.

Output:
It is doubtful whether the range of
the species extended north of the northern boundary of Indiana, but
since southern Michigan was as well adapted to their support as Ohio or
Indiana, their absence from that State must have been due more to
accident than design.


Input:
It is doubtful whether the range of
the species extended north of the northern boundary of Indiana, but
since southern Michigan was as well adapted to their support as Ohio or
Indiana, their absence from that State must have been due more to
accident than design.

Output:
OHIO.--The southern shore of Lake Erie forms part of the northern
boundary of the bison's range in the eastern United States.


Input:
OHIO.--The southern shore of Lake Erie forms part of the northern
boundary of the bison's range in the eastern United States.

Output:
La Hontan
explored Lake Erie in 1687 and thus describes its southern shore: "I can
not express what quantities of Deer and Turkeys are to be found in these
Woods, and in the vast Meads that lye upon the South side of the Lake.


Input:
La Hontan
explored Lake Erie in 1687 and thus describes its southern shore: "I can
not express what quantities of Deer and Turkeys are to be found in these
Woods, and in the vast Meads that lye upon the South side of the Lake.

Output:
At the bottom of the Lake we find beeves upon the Banks of two pleasant
Rivers that disembogue into it, without Cataracts or Rapid
Currents.


Input:
At the bottom of the Lake we find beeves upon the Banks of two pleasant
Rivers that disembogue into it, without Cataracts or Rapid
Currents.

Output:
"[20] It thus appears that the southern shore of Lake Erie
forms part of the northern boundary of the buffalo's range in the
eastern United States.


Input:
"[20] It thus appears that the southern shore of Lake Erie
forms part of the northern boundary of the buffalo's range in the
eastern United States.

Output: [Note 20: J. A. Allen's _American Bisons_, p. 107.]


Input: [Note 20: J. A. Allen's _American Bisons_, p. 107.]

Output:
NEW YORK.--In regard to the presence of the bison in any portion of the
State of New York, Professor Allen considers the evidence as fairly
conclusive that it once existed in western New York, not only in the
vicinity of the eastern end of Lake Erie, where now stands the city of
Buffalo, at the mouth of a large creek of the same name, but also on the
shore of Lake Ontario, probably in Orleans County.


Input:
NEW YORK.--In regard to the presence of the bison in any portion of the
State of New York, Professor Allen considers the evidence as fairly
conclusive that it once existed in western New York, not only in the
vicinity of the eastern end of Lake Erie, where now stands the city of
Buffalo, at the mouth of a large creek of the same name, but also on the
shore of Lake Ontario, probably in Orleans County.

Output:
In his monograph of
"The American Bisons," page 107, he gives the following testimony and
conclusions on this point:

"The occurrence of a stream in western New York, called Buffalo Creek,
which empties into the eastern end of Lake Erie, is commonly viewed as
traditional evidence of its occurrence at this point, but positive
testimony to this effect has thus far escaped me.


Input:
In his monograph of
"The American Bisons," page 107, he gives the following testimony and
conclusions on this point:

"The occurrence of a stream in western New York, called Buffalo Creek,
which empties into the eastern end of Lake Erie, is commonly viewed as
traditional evidence of its occurrence at this point, but positive
testimony to this effect has thus far escaped me.

Output:
"This locality, if it actually came so far eastward, must have formed
the eastern limit of its range along the lakes.


Input:
"This locality, if it actually came so far eastward, must have formed
the eastern limit of its range along the lakes.

Output:
I have found only highly
questionable allusions to the occurrence of buffaloes along the southern
shore of Lake Ontario.


Input:
I have found only highly
questionable allusions to the occurrence of buffaloes along the southern
shore of Lake Ontario.

Output:
Keating, on the authority of Colhoun, however,
has cited a passage from Morton's "New English Canaan" as proof of their
former existence in the neighborhood of this lake.


Input:
Keating, on the authority of Colhoun, however,
has cited a passage from Morton's "New English Canaan" as proof of their
former existence in the neighborhood of this lake.

Output:
Morton's statement is
based on Indian reports, and the context gives sufficient evidence of
the general vagueness of his knowledge of the region of which he was
speaking.


Input:
Morton's statement is
based on Indian reports, and the context gives sufficient evidence of
the general vagueness of his knowledge of the region of which he was
speaking.

Output: The passage, printed in 1637 is as follows:


Input: The passage, printed in 1637 is as follows:

Output:
They [the Indians]
have also made descriptions of great heards of well growne beasts that
live about the parts of this lake


Input:
They [the Indians]
have also made descriptions of great heards of well growne beasts that
live about the parts of this lake

Output:
[Erocoise] such as the Christian world
(untill this discovery) hath not bin made acquainted with.


Input:
[Erocoise] such as the Christian world
(untill this discovery) hath not bin made acquainted with.

Output:
These Beasts
are of the bignesse of a Cowe, their flesh being very good foode, their
hides good lether, their fleeces very usefull, being a kinde of wolle as
fine almost as the wolle of the Beaver, and the Salvages doe make
garments thereof.


Input:
These Beasts
are of the bignesse of a Cowe, their flesh being very good foode, their
hides good lether, their fleeces very usefull, being a kinde of wolle as
fine almost as the wolle of the Beaver, and the Salvages doe make
garments thereof.

Output:
It is tenne yeares since first the relation of these
things came to the eares of the English.'


Input:
It is tenne yeares since first the relation of these
things came to the eares of the English.'

Output:
The 'beast' to which allusion
is here made [says Professor Allen] is unquestionably the buffalo, but
the locality of Lake 'Erocoise' is not so easily settled.


Input:
The 'beast' to which allusion
is here made [says Professor Allen] is unquestionably the buffalo, but
the locality of Lake 'Erocoise' is not so easily settled.

Output:
Colhoun
regards it, and probably correctly, as identical with Lake Ontario.


Input:
Colhoun
regards it, and probably correctly, as identical with Lake Ontario.


Output:
The extreme northeastern limit of the former range of the buffalo
seems to have been, as above stated, in western New York, near the
eastern end of Lake Erie.


Input:
The extreme northeastern limit of the former range of the buffalo
seems to have been, as above stated, in western New York, near the
eastern end of Lake Erie.

Output:
That it probably ranged thus far there is fair
evidence.


Input:
That it probably ranged thus far there is fair
evidence.


Output:
PENNSYLVANIA.--From the eastern end of Lake Erie the boundary of the
bison's habitat extends south into western Pennsylvania, to a marsh
called Buffalo Swamp on a map published by Peter Kalm in 1771.


Input:
PENNSYLVANIA.--From the eastern end of Lake Erie the boundary of the
bison's habitat extends south into western Pennsylvania, to a marsh
called Buffalo Swamp on a map published by Peter Kalm in 1771.

Output:
Professor
Allen says it "is indicated as situated between the Alleghany River and
the West Branch of the Susquehanna, near the heads of the Licking and
Toby's Creeks (apparently the streams now called Oil Creek and Clarion
Creek)."


Input:
Professor
Allen says it "is indicated as situated between the Alleghany River and
the West Branch of the Susquehanna, near the heads of the Licking and
Toby's Creeks (apparently the streams now called Oil Creek and Clarion
Creek)."

Output: In this region there were at one time thousands of buffaloes.


Input: In this region there were at one time thousands of buffaloes.

Output:
While there is not at hand any positive evidence that the buffalo ever
inhabited the southwestern portion of Pennsylvania, its presence in the
locality mentioned above, and in West Virginia generally, on the south,
furnishes sufficient reason for extending the boundary so as to include
the southwestern portion of the State and connect with our starting
point, the District of Columbia.

III.


Input:
While there is not at hand any positive evidence that the buffalo ever
inhabited the southwestern portion of Pennsylvania, its presence in the
locality mentioned above, and in West Virginia generally, on the south,
furnishes sufficient reason for extending the boundary so as to include
the southwestern portion of the State and connect with our starting
point, the District of Columbia.

III.

Output: ABUNDANCE.


Input: ABUNDANCE.

Output:
Of all the quadrupeds that have lived upon the earth, probably no other
species has ever marshaled such innumerable hosts as those of the
American bison.


Input:
Of all the quadrupeds that have lived upon the earth, probably no other
species has ever marshaled such innumerable hosts as those of the
American bison.

Output:
It would have been as easy to count or to estimate the
number of leaves in a forest as to calculate the number of buffaloes
living at any given time during the history of the species previous to
1870.