Input:
A herd of a thousand
buffaloes would allow an armed hunter to gallop into their midst, very
often within arm's-length, when any of the bulls nearest him might
easily have bowled him over and had him trampled to death in a moment.

Output:
The hunter who would ride in that manner into a herd of the Cape
buffaloes of Africa (_Bubalus caffer_) would be unhorsed and killed
before he had gone half a furlong.


Input:
The hunter who would ride in that manner into a herd of the Cape
buffaloes of Africa (_Bubalus caffer_) would be unhorsed and killed
before he had gone half a furlong.

Output: (2) _


Input: (2) _

Output:
Curiosity._--The buffalo of the past possessed but little
curiosity; he was too dull to entertain many unnecessary thoughts.


Input:
Curiosity._--The buffalo of the past possessed but little
curiosity; he was too dull to entertain many unnecessary thoughts.

Output:
Had
he possessed more of this peculiar trait, which is the mark of an
inquiring mind, he would much sooner have accomplished a comprehension
of the dangers that proved his destruction.


Input:
Had
he possessed more of this peculiar trait, which is the mark of an
inquiring mind, he would much sooner have accomplished a comprehension
of the dangers that proved his destruction.

Output:
His stolid indifference to
everything he did not understand cost him his existence, although in
later years he displayed more interest in his environment.


Input:
His stolid indifference to
everything he did not understand cost him his existence, although in
later years he displayed more interest in his environment.

Output:
On one
occasion in hunting I staked my success with an old bull I was pursuing
on the chance that when he reached the crest of a ridge his curiosity
would prompt him to pause an instant to look at me.


Input:
On one
occasion in hunting I staked my success with an old bull I was pursuing
on the chance that when he reached the crest of a ridge his curiosity
would prompt him to pause an instant to look at me.

Output:
Up to that moment he
had had only one quick glance at me before he started to run.


Input:
Up to that moment he
had had only one quick glance at me before he started to run.

Output:
As he
climbed the slope ahead of me, in full view, I dismounted and made ready
to fire the instant he should pause to look at me.


Input:
As he
climbed the slope ahead of me, in full view, I dismounted and made ready
to fire the instant he should pause to look at me.

Output:
As I expected, he did
come to a fall stop on the crest of the ridge, and turned half around to
look at me.


Input:
As I expected, he did
come to a fall stop on the crest of the ridge, and turned half around to
look at me.

Output:
But for his curiosity I should have been obliged to fire at
him under very serious disadvantages.


Input:
But for his curiosity I should have been obliged to fire at
him under very serious disadvantages.

Output: (3) _Fear._--With the buffalo, fear of man is now the ruling passion.


Input: (3) _Fear._--With the buffalo, fear of man is now the ruling passion.

Output:
Says Colonel Dodge: "He is as timid about his flank and rear as a raw
recruit.


Input:
Says Colonel Dodge: "He is as timid about his flank and rear as a raw
recruit.

Output:
When traveling nothing in front stops him, but an unusual
object in the rear will send him to the right-about [toward the main
body of the herd] at the top of his speed.


Input:
When traveling nothing in front stops him, but an unusual
object in the rear will send him to the right-about [toward the main
body of the herd] at the top of his speed.

Output:
"

(4) _Courage._--It was very seldom that the buffalo evinced any courage
save that of despair, which even cowards possess.


Input:
"

(4) _Courage._--It was very seldom that the buffalo evinced any courage
save that of despair, which even cowards possess.

Output:
Unconscious of his
strength, his only thought was flight, and it was only when brought to
bay that he was ready to fight.


Input:
Unconscious of his
strength, his only thought was flight, and it was only when brought to
bay that he was ready to fight.

Output:
Now and then, however, in the chase, the
buffalo turned upon his pursuer and overthrew horse and rider.


Input:
Now and then, however, in the chase, the
buffalo turned upon his pursuer and overthrew horse and rider.

Output:
Sometimes
the tables were completely turned, and the hunter found his only safety
in flight.


Input:
Sometimes
the tables were completely turned, and the hunter found his only safety
in flight.

Output:
During the buffalo slaughter the butchers sometimes had
narrow escapes from buffaloes supposed to be dead or mortally wounded,
and a story comes from the great northern range south of Glendive of a
hunter who was killed by an old bull whose tongue he had actually cut
out in the belief that he was dead.


Input:
During the buffalo slaughter the butchers sometimes had
narrow escapes from buffaloes supposed to be dead or mortally wounded,
and a story comes from the great northern range south of Glendive of a
hunter who was killed by an old bull whose tongue he had actually cut
out in the belief that he was dead.

Output:
Sometimes buffalo cows display genuine courage in remaining with their
calves in the presence of danger, although in most cases they left their
offspring to their fate.


Input:
Sometimes buffalo cows display genuine courage in remaining with their
calves in the presence of danger, although in most cases they left their
offspring to their fate.

Output:
During a hunt for live buffalo calves,
undertaken by Mr. C. J. Jones of Garden City, Kans., in 1886, and very
graphically described by a staff correspondent of the American Field in
a series of articles in that journal under the title of "The Last of the
Buffalo," the following remarkable incident occurred:[41]


Input:
During a hunt for live buffalo calves,
undertaken by Mr. C. J. Jones of Garden City, Kans., in 1886, and very
graphically described by a staff correspondent of the American Field in
a series of articles in that journal under the title of "The Last of the
Buffalo," the following remarkable incident occurred:[41]

Output: [Note 41: American Field, July 24, 1886, p. 78.]


Input: [Note 41: American Field, July 24, 1886, p. 78.]

Output:
"The last calf was caught by Carter, who roped it neatly as Mr. Jones
cut it out of the herd and turned it toward him.


Input:
"The last calf was caught by Carter, who roped it neatly as Mr. Jones
cut it out of the herd and turned it toward him.

Output:
This was a fine heifer
calf, and was apparently the idol of her mother's heart, for the latter
came very near making a casualty the price of the capture.


Input:
This was a fine heifer
calf, and was apparently the idol of her mother's heart, for the latter
came very near making a casualty the price of the capture.

Output:
As soon as
the calf was roped, the old cow left the herd and charged on Carter
viciously, as he bent over his victim.


Input:
As soon as
the calf was roped, the old cow left the herd and charged on Carter
viciously, as he bent over his victim.

Output:
Seeing the danger, Mr. Jones rode
in at just the nick of time, and drove the cow off for a moment; but she
returned again and again, and finally began charging him whenever he
came near; so that, much as he regretted it, he had to shoot her with
his revolver, which he did, killing her almost immediately.


Input:
Seeing the danger, Mr. Jones rode
in at just the nick of time, and drove the cow off for a moment; but she
returned again and again, and finally began charging him whenever he
came near; so that, much as he regretted it, he had to shoot her with
his revolver, which he did, killing her almost immediately.

Output:
"

The mothers of the thirteen other calves that were caught by Mr. Jones's
party allowed their offspring to be "cut out," lassoed, and tied, while
they themselves devoted all their energies to leaving them as far behind
as possible.


Input:
"

The mothers of the thirteen other calves that were caught by Mr. Jones's
party allowed their offspring to be "cut out," lassoed, and tied, while
they themselves devoted all their energies to leaving them as far behind
as possible.

Output: (5) _


Input: (5) _

Output:
Affection._--While the buffalo cows manifested a fair degree of
affection for their young, the adult bulls of the herd often displayed a
sense of responsibility for the safety of the calves that was admirable,
to say the least.


Input:
Affection._--While the buffalo cows manifested a fair degree of
affection for their young, the adult bulls of the herd often displayed a
sense of responsibility for the safety of the calves that was admirable,
to say the least.

Output:
Those who have had opportunities for watching large
herds tell us that whenever wolves approached and endeavored to reach a
calf the old bulls would immediately interpose and drive the enemy away.


Input:
Those who have had opportunities for watching large
herds tell us that whenever wolves approached and endeavored to reach a
calf the old bulls would immediately interpose and drive the enemy away.

Output:
It was a well-defined habit for the bulls to form the outer circle of
every small group or section of a great herd, with the calves in the
center, well guarded from the wolves, which regarded them as their most
choice prey.


Input:
It was a well-defined habit for the bulls to form the outer circle of
every small group or section of a great herd, with the calves in the
center, well guarded from the wolves, which regarded them as their most
choice prey.

Output:
Colonel Dodge records a remarkable incident in illustration of the
manner in which the bull buffaloes protected the calves of the herd.[42]


Input:
Colonel Dodge records a remarkable incident in illustration of the
manner in which the bull buffaloes protected the calves of the herd.[42]

Output: [Note 42: Plains of the Great West, p. 125.]


Input: [Note 42: Plains of the Great West, p. 125.]

Output:
"The duty of protecting the calves devolved almost entirely on the
bulls.


Input:
"The duty of protecting the calves devolved almost entirely on the
bulls.

Output:
I have seen evidences of this many times, but the most remarkable
instance I have ever heard of was related to me by an army surgeon, who
was an eye-witness.


Input:
I have seen evidences of this many times, but the most remarkable
instance I have ever heard of was related to me by an army surgeon, who
was an eye-witness.

Output:
"He was one evening returning to camp after a day's hunt, when his
attention was attracted by the curious action of a little knot of six or
eight buffalo.


Input:
"He was one evening returning to camp after a day's hunt, when his
attention was attracted by the curious action of a little knot of six or
eight buffalo.

Output:
Approaching sufficiently near to see clearly, he
discovered that this little knot were all bulls, standing in a close
circle, with their heads outwards, while in a concentric circle at some
12 or 15 paces distant sat, licking their chaps in impatient expectancy,
at least a dozen large gray wolves (excepting man, the most dangerous
enemy of the buffalo).


Input:
Approaching sufficiently near to see clearly, he
discovered that this little knot were all bulls, standing in a close
circle, with their heads outwards, while in a concentric circle at some
12 or 15 paces distant sat, licking their chaps in impatient expectancy,
at least a dozen large gray wolves (excepting man, the most dangerous
enemy of the buffalo).

Output: "The doctor determined to watch the performance.


Input: "The doctor determined to watch the performance.

Output:
After a few moments
the knot broke up, and, still keeping in a compact mass, started on a
trot for the main herd, some half a mile oft".


Input:
After a few moments
the knot broke up, and, still keeping in a compact mass, started on a
trot for the main herd, some half a mile oft".

Output:
To his very great
astonishment, the doctor now saw that the central and controlling figure
of this mass was a poor little calf so newly born as scarcely to be able
to walk.


Input:
To his very great
astonishment, the doctor now saw that the central and controlling figure
of this mass was a poor little calf so newly born as scarcely to be able
to walk.

Output:
After going 50 or 100 paces the calf laid down, the bulls
disposed themselves in a circle as before, and the wolves, who had
trotted along on each side of their retreating supper, sat down and
licked their chaps again; and though the doctor did not see the finale,
it being late and the camp distant, he had no doubt that the noble
fathers did their whole duty by their offspring, and carried it safely
to the herd.


Input:
After going 50 or 100 paces the calf laid down, the bulls
disposed themselves in a circle as before, and the wolves, who had
trotted along on each side of their retreating supper, sat down and
licked their chaps again; and though the doctor did not see the finale,
it being late and the camp distant, he had no doubt that the noble
fathers did their whole duty by their offspring, and carried it safely
to the herd.

Output:
"

(6) _Temper._--I have asked many old buffalo hunters for facts in regard
to the temper and disposition of herd buffaloes, and all agree that they
are exceedingly quiet, peace loving, and even indolent animals at all
times save during the rutting season.


Input:
"

(6) _Temper._--I have asked many old buffalo hunters for facts in regard
to the temper and disposition of herd buffaloes, and all agree that they
are exceedingly quiet, peace loving, and even indolent animals at all
times save during the rutting season.

Output:
Says Colonel Dodge: "The habits of
the buffalo are almost identical with those of the domestic cattle.


Input:
Says Colonel Dodge: "The habits of
the buffalo are almost identical with those of the domestic cattle.

Output:
Owing either to a more pacific disposition, or to the greater number of
bulls, there, is very little fighting, even at the season when it might
be expected.


Input:
Owing either to a more pacific disposition, or to the greater number of
bulls, there, is very little fighting, even at the season when it might
be expected.

Output:
I have been among them for days, have watched their conduct
for hours at a time, and with the very best opportunities for
observation, but have never seen a regular combat between bulls.


Input:
I have been among them for days, have watched their conduct
for hours at a time, and with the very best opportunities for
observation, but have never seen a regular combat between bulls.

Output:
They
frequently strike each other with their horns, but this seems to be a
mere expression of impatience at being crowded.


Input:
They
frequently strike each other with their horns, but this seems to be a
mere expression of impatience at being crowded.


Output:
In referring to the "running season" of the buffalo, Mr. Catlin says:
"It is no uncommon thing at this season, at these gatherings, to see
several thousands in a mass eddying and wheeling about under a cloud of
dust, which is raised by the bulls as they are pawing in the dirt, or
engaged in desperate combats, as they constantly are, plunging and
butting at each other in a most furious manner.


Input:
In referring to the "running season" of the buffalo, Mr. Catlin says:
"It is no uncommon thing at this season, at these gatherings, to see
several thousands in a mass eddying and wheeling about under a cloud of
dust, which is raised by the bulls as they are pawing in the dirt, or
engaged in desperate combats, as they constantly are, plunging and
butting at each other in a most furious manner.

Output:
"

On the whole, the disposition of the buffalo is anything but vicious.


Input:
"

On the whole, the disposition of the buffalo is anything but vicious.

Output:
Both sexes yield with surprising readiness to the restraints of
captivity, and in a remarkably short time become, if taken young, as
fully domesticated as ordinary cattle.


Input:
Both sexes yield with surprising readiness to the restraints of
captivity, and in a remarkably short time become, if taken young, as
fully domesticated as ordinary cattle.

Output:
Buffalo calves are as easily
tamed as domestic ones, and make very interesting pets.


Input:
Buffalo calves are as easily
tamed as domestic ones, and make very interesting pets.

Output:
A prominent
trait of character in the captive buffalo is a mulish obstinacy or
headstrong perseverance under certain circumstances that is often very
annoying.


Input:
A prominent
trait of character in the captive buffalo is a mulish obstinacy or
headstrong perseverance under certain circumstances that is often very
annoying.

Output:
When a buffalo makes up his mind to go through a fence, he is
very apt to go through, either peaceably or by force, as occasion
requires.


Input:
When a buffalo makes up his mind to go through a fence, he is
very apt to go through, either peaceably or by force, as occasion
requires.

Output:
Fortunately, however, the captive animals usually accept a
fence in the proper spirit, and treat it with a fair degree of respect.

VIII.


Input:
Fortunately, however, the captive animals usually accept a
fence in the proper spirit, and treat it with a fair degree of respect.

VIII.

Output: VALUE OF THE BUFFALO TO MAN.


Input: VALUE OF THE BUFFALO TO MAN.

Output:
It may fairly be supposed that if the people of this country could have
been made to realize the immense money value of the great buffalo herds
as they existed in 1870, a vigorous and successful effort would have
been made to regulate and restrict the slaughter.


Input:
It may fairly be supposed that if the people of this country could have
been made to realize the immense money value of the great buffalo herds
as they existed in 1870, a vigorous and successful effort would have
been made to regulate and restrict the slaughter.

Output:
The fur seal of
Alaska, of which about 100,000 are killed annually for their skins,
yield an annual revenue to the Government of $100,000 and add $900,000
more to the actual wealth of the United States.


Input:
The fur seal of
Alaska, of which about 100,000 are killed annually for their skins,
yield an annual revenue to the Government of $100,000 and add $900,000
more to the actual wealth of the United States.

Output:
It pays to protect those
seals, and we mean to protect them against all comers who seek their
unrestricted slaughter, no matter whether the poachers be American,
English, Russian, or Canadian.


Input:
It pays to protect those
seals, and we mean to protect them against all comers who seek their
unrestricted slaughter, no matter whether the poachers be American,
English, Russian, or Canadian.

Output:
It would be folly to do otherwise, and if
those who would exterminate the fur seal by shooting them in the water
will not desist for the telling, then they must by the compelling.


Input:
It would be folly to do otherwise, and if
those who would exterminate the fur seal by shooting them in the water
will not desist for the telling, then they must by the compelling.

Output:
The fur seal is a good investment for the United States, and their
number is not diminishing.


Input:
The fur seal is a good investment for the United States, and their
number is not diminishing.

Output:
As the buffalo herds existed in 1870, 500,000
head of bulls, young and old, could have been killed every year for a
score of years without sensibly diminishing the size of the herds.


Input:
As the buffalo herds existed in 1870, 500,000
head of bulls, young and old, could have been killed every year for a
score of years without sensibly diminishing the size of the herds.

Output:
At a
low estimate these could easily have been made to yield various products
worth $5 each, as follows: Kobe, $2.50; tongue, 20 cents; meat of
hindquarters, $2; bones, horns, and hoofs, 25 cents; total, $5.


Input:
At a
low estimate these could easily have been made to yield various products
worth $5 each, as follows: Kobe, $2.50; tongue, 20 cents; meat of
hindquarters, $2; bones, horns, and hoofs, 25 cents; total, $5.

Output:
And the
amount annually added to the wealth of the United States would have been
$2,500,000.


Input:
And the
amount annually added to the wealth of the United States would have been
$2,500,000.

Output:
On all the robes taken for the market, say, 200,000, the Government
could have collected a tax of 50 cents each, which would have yielded a
sum doubly sufficient to have maintained a force of mounted police fully
competent to enforce the laws regulating the slaughter.


Input:
On all the robes taken for the market, say, 200,000, the Government
could have collected a tax of 50 cents each, which would have yielded a
sum doubly sufficient to have maintained a force of mounted police fully
competent to enforce the laws regulating the slaughter.

Output:
Had a contract
for the protection of the buffalo been offered at $50,000 per annum, ay,
or even half that sum, an army of competent men would have competed for
it every year, and it could have been carried out to the letter.


Input:
Had a contract
for the protection of the buffalo been offered at $50,000 per annum, ay,
or even half that sum, an army of competent men would have competed for
it every year, and it could have been carried out to the letter.

Output:
But, as
yet, the American people have not learned to spend money for the
protection of valuable game; and by the time they do learn it, there
will be no game to protect.


Input:
But, as
yet, the American people have not learned to spend money for the
protection of valuable game; and by the time they do learn it, there
will be no game to protect.

Output:
Even despite the enormous waste of raw material that ensued in the
utilization of the buffalo product, the total cash value of all the
material derived from this source, if it could only be reckoned up,
would certainly amount to many millions of dollars--perhaps twenty
millions, all told.


Input:
Even despite the enormous waste of raw material that ensued in the
utilization of the buffalo product, the total cash value of all the
material derived from this source, if it could only be reckoned up,
would certainly amount to many millions of dollars--perhaps twenty
millions, all told.

Output:
This estimate may, to some, seem high, but when we
stop to consider that in eight years, from 1876 to 1884, a single firm,
that of Messrs. J. & A. Boskowitz, 105 Greene street, New York, paid out
the enormous sum of $923,070 (nearly one million) for robes and hides,
and that in a single year (1882) another firm, that of Joseph Ullman,
165 Mercer street, New York, paid out $216,250 for robes and hides, it
may not seem so incredible.


Input:
This estimate may, to some, seem high, but when we
stop to consider that in eight years, from 1876 to 1884, a single firm,
that of Messrs. J. & A. Boskowitz, 105 Greene street, New York, paid out
the enormous sum of $923,070 (nearly one million) for robes and hides,
and that in a single year (1882) another firm, that of Joseph Ullman,
165 Mercer street, New York, paid out $216,250 for robes and hides, it
may not seem so incredible.

Output:
Had there been a deliberate plan for the suppression of all statistics
relating to the slaughter of buffalo in the United States, and what it
yielded, the result could not have been more complete barrenness than
exists to-day in regard to this subject.


Input:
Had there been a deliberate plan for the suppression of all statistics
relating to the slaughter of buffalo in the United States, and what it
yielded, the result could not have been more complete barrenness than
exists to-day in regard to this subject.

Output:
There is only one railway
company which kept its books in such a manner as to show the kind and
quantity of its business at that time.


Input:
There is only one railway
company which kept its books in such a manner as to show the kind and
quantity of its business at that time.

Output:
Excepting this, nothing is known
definitely.


Input:
Excepting this, nothing is known
definitely.

Output:
Fortunately, enough facts and figures were recorded during the hunting
operations of the Red River half-breeds to enable us, by bringing them
all together, to calculate with sufficient exactitude the value of the
buffalo to them from 1820 to 1840.


Input:
Fortunately, enough facts and figures were recorded during the hunting
operations of the Red River half-breeds to enable us, by bringing them
all together, to calculate with sufficient exactitude the value of the
buffalo to them from 1820 to 1840.

Output:
The result ought to be of interest to
all who think it is not worth while to spend money in preserving our
characteristic game animals.


Input:
The result ought to be of interest to
all who think it is not worth while to spend money in preserving our
characteristic game animals.

Output:
In Ross's "Red River Settlement," pp. 242-273, and Schoolcraft's "North
American Indians," Part iv, pp. 101-110, are given detailed accounts of
the conduct and results of two hunting expeditions by the half-breeds,
with many valuable statistics.


Input:
In Ross's "Red River Settlement," pp. 242-273, and Schoolcraft's "North
American Indians," Part iv, pp. 101-110, are given detailed accounts of
the conduct and results of two hunting expeditions by the half-breeds,
with many valuable statistics.

Output: On this data we base our calculation.


Input: On this data we base our calculation.

Output:
Taking the result of one particular day's slaughter as an index to the
methods of the hunters in utilizing the products of the chase, we find
that while "not less than 2,500 animals were killed," out of that number
only 375 bags of pemmican and 240 bales of dried meat were made.


Input:
Taking the result of one particular day's slaughter as an index to the
methods of the hunters in utilizing the products of the chase, we find
that while "not less than 2,500 animals were killed," out of that number
only 375 bags of pemmican and 240 bales of dried meat were made.

Output:
"Now,"
says Mr. Ross," making all due allowance for waste, 750 animals would
have been ample for such a result.


Input:
"Now,"
says Mr. Ross," making all due allowance for waste, 750 animals would
have been ample for such a result.

Output:
What, then, we might ask, became of
the remaining 1,750!


Input:
What, then, we might ask, became of
the remaining 1,750!


Output:
* Scarcely one-third in number of the animals
killed is turned to account.


Input:
* Scarcely one-third in number of the animals
killed is turned to account.


Output:
A bundle of dried meat weighs 60 to 70 pounds, and a bag of pemmican 100
to 110 pounds.


Input:
A bundle of dried meat weighs 60 to 70 pounds, and a bag of pemmican 100
to 110 pounds.

Output:
If economically worked up, a whole buffalo cow yields
half a bag of pemmican (about 55 pounds) and three-fourths of a bundle
of dried meat (say 45 pounds).


Input:
If economically worked up, a whole buffalo cow yields
half a bag of pemmican (about 55 pounds) and three-fourths of a bundle
of dried meat (say 45 pounds).

Output:
The most economical calculate that from
eight to ten cows are required to load a single Red River cart.


Input:
The most economical calculate that from
eight to ten cows are required to load a single Red River cart.

Output:
The
proceeds of 1,776 cows once formed 228 bags of pemmican, 1,213 bales of
dried meat, 166 sacks of tallow, each weighing 200 pounds, 556 bladders
of marrow weighing 12 pounds each, and the value of the whole was
$8,160.


Input:
The
proceeds of 1,776 cows once formed 228 bags of pemmican, 1,213 bales of
dried meat, 166 sacks of tallow, each weighing 200 pounds, 556 bladders
of marrow weighing 12 pounds each, and the value of the whole was
$8,160.

Output:
The total of the above statement is 132,057 pounds of buffalo
product for 1,776 cows, or within a fraction of 75 pounds to each cow.


Input:
The total of the above statement is 132,057 pounds of buffalo
product for 1,776 cows, or within a fraction of 75 pounds to each cow.

Output: The bulls and young animals killed were not accounted for.


Input: The bulls and young animals killed were not accounted for.

Output:
The expedition described by Mr. Ross contained 1,210 carts and 620
hunters, and returned with 1,089,000 pounds of meat, making 900 pounds
for each cart, and 200 pounds for each individual in the expedition, of
all ages and both sexes.


Input:
The expedition described by Mr. Ross contained 1,210 carts and 620
hunters, and returned with 1,089,000 pounds of meat, making 900 pounds
for each cart, and 200 pounds for each individual in the expedition, of
all ages and both sexes.

Output:
Allowing, as already ascertained, that of the
above quantity of product every 75 pounds represents one cow saved and
two and one third buffaloes wasted, it means that 14,520 buffaloes were
killed and utilized and 33,250 buffaloes were killed and eaten fresh or
wasted, and 47,770 buffaloes were killed by 620 hunters, or an average
of 77 buffaloes to each hunter.


Input:
Allowing, as already ascertained, that of the
above quantity of product every 75 pounds represents one cow saved and
two and one third buffaloes wasted, it means that 14,520 buffaloes were
killed and utilized and 33,250 buffaloes were killed and eaten fresh or
wasted, and 47,770 buffaloes were killed by 620 hunters, or an average
of 77 buffaloes to each hunter.

Output:
The total number of buffaloes killed for
each cart was 39.


Input:
The total number of buffaloes killed for
each cart was 39.

Output:
Allowing, what was actually the case, that every buffalo killed would,
if properly cared for, have yielded meat, fat, and robe worth at least
$5, the total value of the buffaloes slaughtered by that expedition
amounted to $258,850, and of which the various products actually
utilized represented a cash value of $72,001 added to the wealth of the
Red River half-breeds.


Input:
Allowing, what was actually the case, that every buffalo killed would,
if properly cared for, have yielded meat, fat, and robe worth at least
$5, the total value of the buffaloes slaughtered by that expedition
amounted to $258,850, and of which the various products actually
utilized represented a cash value of $72,001 added to the wealth of the
Red River half-breeds.

Output:
In 1820 there went 540 carts to the buffalo plains; in 1825, 680; in
1830, 820; in 1835, 970; in 1840, 1,210.


Input:
In 1820 there went 540 carts to the buffalo plains; in 1825, 680; in
1830, 820; in 1835, 970; in 1840, 1,210.

Output:
From 1820 to 1825 the average for each year was 610; from 1825 to 1830,
750; from 1830 to 1835, 895; from 1835 to 1840, 1,000.


Input:
From 1820 to 1825 the average for each year was 610; from 1825 to 1830,
750; from 1830 to 1835, 895; from 1835 to 1840, 1,000.

Output:
Accepting the statements of eye-witnesses that for every buffalo killed
two and one-third buffaloes are wasted or eaten on the spot, and that
every loaded cart represented thirty-nine dead buffaloes which were
worth when utilized $5 each, we have the following series of totals:

From 1820 to 1825 five expeditions, of 610 carts each, killed 118,950
buffaloes, worth $594,750.

From 1825 to 1830 five expeditions, of 750 carts each, killed 146,250
buffaloes, worth $731,250.


Input:
Accepting the statements of eye-witnesses that for every buffalo killed
two and one-third buffaloes are wasted or eaten on the spot, and that
every loaded cart represented thirty-nine dead buffaloes which were
worth when utilized $5 each, we have the following series of totals:

From 1820 to 1825 five expeditions, of 610 carts each, killed 118,950
buffaloes, worth $594,750.

From 1825 to 1830 five expeditions, of 750 carts each, killed 146,250
buffaloes, worth $731,250.

Output:
From 1830 to 1835 five expeditions, of 895 carts each, killed 174,525
buffaloes, worth $872,625.


Input:
From 1830 to 1835 five expeditions, of 895 carts each, killed 174,525
buffaloes, worth $872,625.

Output:
From 1835 to 1840 five expeditions, of 1,090 carts each, killed 212,550
buffaloes, worth $1,062,750.


Input:
From 1835 to 1840 five expeditions, of 1,090 carts each, killed 212,550
buffaloes, worth $1,062,750.

Output:
Total number of buffaloes killed in twenty years,[43] $652,275; total
value of buffaloes killed in twenty years,[43] $3,261,375; total value
of the product utilized[43] and added to the wealth of the settlements,
$978,412.


Input:
Total number of buffaloes killed in twenty years,[43] $652,275; total
value of buffaloes killed in twenty years,[43] $3,261,375; total value
of the product utilized[43] and added to the wealth of the settlements,
$978,412.

Output: [Note 43: By the Red River half-breeds only.]


Input: [Note 43: By the Red River half-breeds only.]

Output:
The Eskimo has his seal, which yields nearly everything that he
requires; the Korak of Siberia depends for his very existence upon his
reindeer; the Ceylon native has the cocoa-nut palm, which leaves him
little else to desire, and the North American Indian had the American,
bison.


Input:
The Eskimo has his seal, which yields nearly everything that he
requires; the Korak of Siberia depends for his very existence upon his
reindeer; the Ceylon native has the cocoa-nut palm, which leaves him
little else to desire, and the North American Indian had the American,
bison.

Output:
If any animal was ever designed by the hand of nature for the
express purpose of supplying, at one stroke, nearly all the wants of an
entire race, surely the buffalo was intended for the Indian.


Input:
If any animal was ever designed by the hand of nature for the
express purpose of supplying, at one stroke, nearly all the wants of an
entire race, surely the buffalo was intended for the Indian.

Output:
And right well was this gift of the gods utilized by the children of
nature to whom it came.


Input:
And right well was this gift of the gods utilized by the children of
nature to whom it came.

Output:
Up to the time when the United States Government
began to support our Western Indians by the payment of annuities and
furnishing quarterly supplies of food, clothing, blankets, cloth, tents,
etc., the buffalo had been the main dependence of more than 50,000
Indians who inhabited the buffalo range and its environs.


Input:
Up to the time when the United States Government
began to support our Western Indians by the payment of annuities and
furnishing quarterly supplies of food, clothing, blankets, cloth, tents,
etc., the buffalo had been the main dependence of more than 50,000
Indians who inhabited the buffalo range and its environs.

Output:
Of the many
different uses to which the buffalo and his various parts were, put by
the red man, the following were the principal ones:


Input:
Of the many
different uses to which the buffalo and his various parts were, put by
the red man, the following were the principal ones:

Output:
The body of the buffalo yielded fresh meat, of which thousands of tons
were consumed; dried meat, prepared in summer for winter use; pemmican
(also prepared in summer), of meat, fat, and berries; tallow, made up
into large balls or sacks, and kept in store; marrow, preserved in
bladders; and tongues, dried and smoked, and eaten as a delicacy.


Input:
The body of the buffalo yielded fresh meat, of which thousands of tons
were consumed; dried meat, prepared in summer for winter use; pemmican
(also prepared in summer), of meat, fat, and berries; tallow, made up
into large balls or sacks, and kept in store; marrow, preserved in
bladders; and tongues, dried and smoked, and eaten as a delicacy.

Output:
The skin of the buffalo yielded a robe, dressed with the hair on, for
clothing and bedding; a hide, dressed without the hair, which made a
teepee cover, when a number were sewn together; boats, when sewn
together in a green state, over a wooden framework.


Input:
The skin of the buffalo yielded a robe, dressed with the hair on, for
clothing and bedding; a hide, dressed without the hair, which made a
teepee cover, when a number were sewn together; boats, when sewn
together in a green state, over a wooden framework.

Output:
Shields, made from
the thickest portions, as rawhide; ropes, made up as rawhide; clothing
of many kinds; bags for use in traveling; coffins, or winding sheets for
the dead, etc.


Input:
Shields, made from
the thickest portions, as rawhide; ropes, made up as rawhide; clothing
of many kinds; bags for use in traveling; coffins, or winding sheets for
the dead, etc.

Output:
Other portions utilized were sinews, which furnished fiber for ropes,
thread, bow-strings, snow-shoe webs, etc.; hair, which was sometimes
made into belts and ornaments; "buffalo chips," which formed a valuable
and highly-prized fuel; bones, from which many articles of use and
ornament were made; horns, which were made into spoons, drinking
vessels, etc.


Input:
Other portions utilized were sinews, which furnished fiber for ropes,
thread, bow-strings, snow-shoe webs, etc.; hair, which was sometimes
made into belts and ornaments; "buffalo chips," which formed a valuable
and highly-prized fuel; bones, from which many articles of use and
ornament were made; horns, which were made into spoons, drinking
vessels, etc.

Output:
After the United States Government began to support the buffalo-hunting
Indians with annuities and supplies, the woolen blanket and canvas tent
took the place of the buffalo robe and the skin-covered teepee, and
"Government beef" took the place of buffalo meat.


Input:
After the United States Government began to support the buffalo-hunting
Indians with annuities and supplies, the woolen blanket and canvas tent
took the place of the buffalo robe and the skin-covered teepee, and
"Government beef" took the place of buffalo meat.

Output:
But the slaughter of
buffaloes went on just the same, and the robes and hides taken were
traded for useless and often harmful luxuries, such as canned
provisions, fancy knickknacks, whisky, fire-arms of the most approved
pattern, and quantities of fixed ammunition.


Input:
But the slaughter of
buffaloes went on just the same, and the robes and hides taken were
traded for useless and often harmful luxuries, such as canned
provisions, fancy knickknacks, whisky, fire-arms of the most approved
pattern, and quantities of fixed ammunition.

Output:
During the last ten years
of the existence of the herds it is an open question whether the buffalo
did not do our Indians more harm than good.


Input:
During the last ten years
of the existence of the herds it is an open question whether the buffalo
did not do our Indians more harm than good.

Output:
Amongst the Crows, who were
liberally provided for by the Government, horse racing was a common
pastime, and the stakes were usually dressed buffalo robes.[44]


Input:
Amongst the Crows, who were
liberally provided for by the Government, horse racing was a common
pastime, and the stakes were usually dressed buffalo robes.[44]

Output:
[Note 44: On one occasion, which is doubtless still remembered with
bitterness by many a Crow of the Custer Agency, my old friend Jim
McNaney backed his horse Ogalalla against the horses of the whole Crow
tribe.


Input:
[Note 44: On one occasion, which is doubtless still remembered with
bitterness by many a Crow of the Custer Agency, my old friend Jim
McNaney backed his horse Ogalalla against the horses of the whole Crow
tribe.

Output:
The Crows forthwith formed a pool, which consisted of a huge pile
of buffalo robes, worth about $1,200, and with it backed their best
race-horse.


Input:
The Crows forthwith formed a pool, which consisted of a huge pile
of buffalo robes, worth about $1,200, and with it backed their best
race-horse.

Output:
He was forthwith "beaten out of sight" by Ogalalla, and
another grievance was registered against the whites.]


Input:
He was forthwith "beaten out of sight" by Ogalalla, and
another grievance was registered against the whites.]

Output:
The total disappearance of the buffalo has made no perceptible
difference in the annual cost of the Indians to the Government.


Input:
The total disappearance of the buffalo has made no perceptible
difference in the annual cost of the Indians to the Government.

Output:
During
the years when buffaloes were numerous and robes for the purchase of
fire-arms and cartridges were plentiful, Indian wars were frequent, and
always costly to the Government.


Input:
During
the years when buffaloes were numerous and robes for the purchase of
fire-arms and cartridges were plentiful, Indian wars were frequent, and
always costly to the Government.

Output:
The Indians were then quite
independent, because they could take the war path at any time and live
on buffalo indefinitely.


Input:
The Indians were then quite
independent, because they could take the war path at any time and live
on buffalo indefinitely.

Output: Now, the case is very different.


Input: Now, the case is very different.

Output:
The last time
Sitting Bull went on the war-path and was driven up into Manitoba, he
had the doubtful pleasure of living on his ponies and dogs until he
became utterly starved out.


Input:
The last time
Sitting Bull went on the war-path and was driven up into Manitoba, he
had the doubtful pleasure of living on his ponies and dogs until he
became utterly starved out.

Output:
Since his last escapade, the Sioux have been
compelled to admit that the game is up and the war-path is open to them
no longer.


Input:
Since his last escapade, the Sioux have been
compelled to admit that the game is up and the war-path is open to them
no longer.

Output:
Should they wish to do otherwise they know that they could
survive only by killing cattle, and cattle that are guarded by cowboys
and ranchmen are no man's game.


Input:
Should they wish to do otherwise they know that they could
survive only by killing cattle, and cattle that are guarded by cowboys
and ranchmen are no man's game.

Output:
Therefore, while we no longer have to
pay for an annual campaign in force against hostile Indians, the total
absence of the buffalo brings upon the nation the entire support of the
Indian, and the cash outlay each year is as great as ever.


Input:
Therefore, while we no longer have to
pay for an annual campaign in force against hostile Indians, the total
absence of the buffalo brings upon the nation the entire support of the
Indian, and the cash outlay each year is as great as ever.

Output:
The value of the American bison to civilized man can never be
calculated, nor even fairly estimated.


Input:
The value of the American bison to civilized man can never be
calculated, nor even fairly estimated.

Output:
It may with safety be said,
however, that it has been probably tenfold greater than most persons
have ever supposed.


Input:
It may with safety be said,
however, that it has been probably tenfold greater than most persons
have ever supposed.

Output:
It would be a work of years to gather statistics of
the immense bulk of robes and hides, undoubtedly amounting to millions
in the aggregate; the thousands of tons of meat, and the train-loads of
bones which have been actually utilized by man.


Input:
It would be a work of years to gather statistics of
the immense bulk of robes and hides, undoubtedly amounting to millions
in the aggregate; the thousands of tons of meat, and the train-loads of
bones which have been actually utilized by man.

Output:
Nor can the effect of
the bison's presence upon the general development of the great West ever
be calculated.


Input:
Nor can the effect of
the bison's presence upon the general development of the great West ever
be calculated.

Output:
It has sunk into the great sum total of our progress, and
well nigh lost to sight forever.


Input:
It has sunk into the great sum total of our progress, and
well nigh lost to sight forever.

Output:
As a mere suggestion of the immense value of "the buffalo product" at
the time when it had an existence, I have obtained from two of our
leading fur houses in New York City, with branches elsewhere, a detailed
statement of their business in buffalo robes and hides during the last
few years of the trade.


Input:
As a mere suggestion of the immense value of "the buffalo product" at
the time when it had an existence, I have obtained from two of our
leading fur houses in New York City, with branches elsewhere, a detailed
statement of their business in buffalo robes and hides during the last
few years of the trade.

Output:
They not only serve to show the great value of
the share of the annual crop that passed through their hands, but that
of Messrs. J. & A. Boskowitz is of especial value, because, being
carefully itemized throughout, it shows the decline and final failure of
the trade in exact figures.


Input:
They not only serve to show the great value of
the share of the annual crop that passed through their hands, but that
of Messrs. J. & A. Boskowitz is of especial value, because, being
carefully itemized throughout, it shows the decline and final failure of
the trade in exact figures.

Output:
I am under many obligations to both these
firms for their kindness in furnishing the facts I desired, and
especially to the Messrs. Boskowitz, who devoted considerable time and
labor to the careful compilation of the annexed statement of their
business in buffalo skins.


Input:
I am under many obligations to both these
firms for their kindness in furnishing the facts I desired, and
especially to the Messrs. Boskowitz, who devoted considerable time and
labor to the careful compilation of the annexed statement of their
business in buffalo skins.

Output: _


Output:
Memorandum of buffalo robes and hides bought by Messrs J. & A.
Boskowitz, 101-105 Greene Street, New York, and 202 Lake street,
Chicago, from 1876 to 1884.


Input:
Memorandum of buffalo robes and hides bought by Messrs J. & A.
Boskowitz, 101-105 Greene Street, New York, and 202 Lake street,
Chicago, from 1876 to 1884.

Output: _


Output:
+----------------------------------------+
|Year | Buffalo robes.


Input:
+----------------------------------------+
|Year | Buffalo robes.

Output: | Buffalo hides.


Input: | Buffalo hides.

Output:
|
|     |Number.| Cost.


Input:
|
|     |Number.| Cost.

Output: | Number.|Cost.


Input: | Number.|Cost.

Output:
|
+-----+-------+---------+--------+-------+
|1876 | 31,838|  $39,620|   None.|   ...


Input:
|
+-----+-------+---------+--------+-------+
|1876 | 31,838|  $39,620|   None.|   ...

Output:
|
|1877 |  9,353|   35,560|   None.|   ...


Input:
|
|1877 |  9,353|   35,560|   None.|   ...

Output:
|
|1878 | 41,268|  150,600|   None.|   ...


Input:
|
|1878 | 41,268|  150,600|   None.|   ...

Output:
|
|1879 | 28,613|  110,420|   None.|   ...


Input:
|
|1879 | 28,613|  110,420|   None.|   ...

Output:
|
|1880 | 34,901|  176,200|   4,570|$13,140|
|1881 | 23,355|  151,800|  26,601| 89,030|
|1882 |  2,124|   15,600|  15,464| 44,140|
|1883 |


Input:
|
|1880 | 34,901|  176,200|   4,570|$13,140|
|1881 | 23,355|  151,800|  26,601| 89,030|
|1882 |  2,124|   15,600|  15,464| 44,140|
|1883 |

Output:
6,690|   29,770|  21,869| 67,190|
|1884 |  None.|      ...|     529|  1,720|
+-----+-------+---------+--------+-------+
|Total|177,142|$709,570 |  69,033|215,220|
+----------------------------------------+


Input:
6,690|   29,770|  21,869| 67,190|
|1884 |  None.|      ...|     529|  1,720|
+-----+-------+---------+--------+-------+
|Total|177,142|$709,570 |  69,033|215,220|
+----------------------------------------+

Output:
Total number of buffalo skins handled in nine years, 246,175; total
cost, $924,790.


Input:
Total number of buffalo skins handled in nine years, 246,175; total
cost, $924,790.

Output:
I have also been favored with some very interesting facts and figures
regarding the business done in buffalo skins by the firm of Mr. Joseph
Ullman, exporter and importer of furs and robes, of 165-107 Mercer
street, New York, and also 353 Jackson street, St. Paul, Minnesota.


Input:
I have also been favored with some very interesting facts and figures
regarding the business done in buffalo skins by the firm of Mr. Joseph
Ullman, exporter and importer of furs and robes, of 165-107 Mercer
street, New York, and also 353 Jackson street, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Output:
The
following letter was written me by Mr. Joseph Ullman on November 12,
1887, for which I am greatly indebted:

"Inasmuch as you particularly desire the figures for the years 1880-'86,
I have gone through my buffalo robe and hide accounts of those years,
and herewith give you approximate figures, as there are a good many
things to be considered which make it difficult to give exact figures.


Input:
The
following letter was written me by Mr. Joseph Ullman on November 12,
1887, for which I am greatly indebted:

"Inasmuch as you particularly desire the figures for the years 1880-'86,
I have gone through my buffalo robe and hide accounts of those years,
and herewith give you approximate figures, as there are a good many
things to be considered which make it difficult to give exact figures.

Output:
"In 1881 we handled about 14,000 hides, average cost about $3.50, and
12,000 robes, average cost about $7.50.


Input:
"In 1881 we handled about 14,000 hides, average cost about $3.50, and
12,000 robes, average cost about $7.50.

Output:
"In 1882 we purchased between 35,000 and 40,000 hides, at an average
cost of about $3.50, and about 10,000 robes, at an average cost of about
$8.50.


Input:
"In 1882 we purchased between 35,000 and 40,000 hides, at an average
cost of about $3.50, and about 10,000 robes, at an average cost of about
$8.50.

Output:
"In 1883 we purchased from 6,000 to 7,000 hides and about 1,500 to 2,000
robes at a slight advance in price against the year previous.


Input:
"In 1883 we purchased from 6,000 to 7,000 hides and about 1,500 to 2,000
robes at a slight advance in price against the year previous.

Output:
"In 1884 we purchased less than 2,500 hides, and in my opinion these
were such as were carried over from the previous season in the
Northwest, and were not fresh-slaughtered skins.


Input:
"In 1884 we purchased less than 2,500 hides, and in my opinion these
were such as were carried over from the previous season in the
Northwest, and were not fresh-slaughtered skins.

Output:
The collection of robes
this season was also comparatively small, and nominally robes carried
over from 1883.


Input:
The collection of robes
this season was also comparatively small, and nominally robes carried
over from 1883.

Output: "In 1885 the collection of hides amounted to little or nothing.


Input: "In 1885 the collection of hides amounted to little or nothing.

Output:
"The aforesaid goods were all purchased direct in the Northwest, that is
to say, principally in Montana, and shipped in care of our branch house
at St. Paul, Minnesota, to Joseph Ullman, Chicago.


Input:
"The aforesaid goods were all purchased direct in the Northwest, that is
to say, principally in Montana, and shipped in care of our branch house
at St. Paul, Minnesota, to Joseph Ullman, Chicago.

Output:
The robes mentioned
above were Indian-tanned robes and were mainly disposed of to the
jobbing trade both East and West.


Input:
The robes mentioned
above were Indian-tanned robes and were mainly disposed of to the
jobbing trade both East and West.

Output:
"In 1881 and the years prior, the hides were divided into two kinds,
viz, robe hides, which were such as had a good crop of fur and were
serviceable for robe purposes, and the heavy and short-furred bull
hides.


Input:
"In 1881 and the years prior, the hides were divided into two kinds,
viz, robe hides, which were such as had a good crop of fur and were
serviceable for robe purposes, and the heavy and short-furred bull
hides.

Output:
The former were principally sold to the John S. Way Manufacturing
Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, and to numerous small robe tanners,
while the latter were sold for leather purposes to various hide-tanners
throughout the United States and Canada, and brought 51/2 to 81/2 cents per
pound.


Input:
The former were principally sold to the John S. Way Manufacturing
Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, and to numerous small robe tanners,
while the latter were sold for leather purposes to various hide-tanners
throughout the United States and Canada, and brought 51/2 to 81/2 cents per
pound.

Output:
A very large proportion of these latter were tanned by the Wilcox
Tanning Company, Wilcox, Pennsylvania.


Input:
A very large proportion of these latter were tanned by the Wilcox
Tanning Company, Wilcox, Pennsylvania.

Output:
"About the fall of 1882 we established a tannery for buffalo robes in
Chicago, and from that time forth we tanned all the good hides which we
received into robes and disposed of them in the same manner as the
Indian-tanned robes.


Input:
"About the fall of 1882 we established a tannery for buffalo robes in
Chicago, and from that time forth we tanned all the good hides which we
received into robes and disposed of them in the same manner as the
Indian-tanned robes.

Output:
"I don't know that I am called upon to express an opinion as to the
benefit or disadvantage of the extermination of the buffalo, but
nevertheless take the liberty to say that I think that some proper law
restricting the unpardonable slaughter of the buffalo should have been
enacted at the time.


Input:
"I don't know that I am called upon to express an opinion as to the
benefit or disadvantage of the extermination of the buffalo, but
nevertheless take the liberty to say that I think that some proper law
restricting the unpardonable slaughter of the buffalo should have been
enacted at the time.

Output:
It is a well-known fact that soon after the
Northern Pacific Railroad opened up that portion of the country, thereby
making the transportation of the buffalo hides feasible, that is to say,
reducing the cost of freight, thousands upon thousands of buffaloes were
killed for the sake of the hide alone, while the carcasses were left to
rot on the open plains.


Input:
It is a well-known fact that soon after the
Northern Pacific Railroad opened up that portion of the country, thereby
making the transportation of the buffalo hides feasible, that is to say,
reducing the cost of freight, thousands upon thousands of buffaloes were
killed for the sake of the hide alone, while the carcasses were left to
rot on the open plains.

Output:
"The average prices paid the buffalo hunters [from 1880 to 1884] was
about as follows: For cow hides [robes!], $3; bull hides, $2.50;
yearlings, $1.50; calves, 75 cents; and the cost of getting the hides to
market brought the cost up to about $3.50 per hide.


Input:
"The average prices paid the buffalo hunters [from 1880 to 1884] was
about as follows: For cow hides [robes!], $3; bull hides, $2.50;
yearlings, $1.50; calves, 75 cents; and the cost of getting the hides to
market brought the cost up to about $3.50 per hide.

Output:
"

The amount actually paid out by Joseph Ullman, in four years, for
buffalo robes and hides was about $310,000, and this, too, long after
the great southern herd had ceased to exist, and when the northern herd
furnished the sole supply.


Input:
"

The amount actually paid out by Joseph Ullman, in four years, for
buffalo robes and hides was about $310,000, and this, too, long after
the great southern herd had ceased to exist, and when the northern herd
furnished the sole supply.

Output:
It thus appears that during the course of
eight years business (leaving out the small sum paid out in 1884), on
the part of the Messrs. Boskowitz, and four years on that of Mr. Joseph
Ullman, these two firms alone paid out the enormous sum of $1,233,070
for buffalo robes and hides which they purchased to sell again at a good
profit.


Input:
It thus appears that during the course of
eight years business (leaving out the small sum paid out in 1884), on
the part of the Messrs. Boskowitz, and four years on that of Mr. Joseph
Ullman, these two firms alone paid out the enormous sum of $1,233,070
for buffalo robes and hides which they purchased to sell again at a good
profit.

Output:
By the time their share of the buffalo product reached the
consumers it must have represented an actual money value of about
$2,000,000.


Input:
By the time their share of the buffalo product reached the
consumers it must have represented an actual money value of about
$2,000,000.

Output:
Besides these two firms there were at that time many others who also
handled great quantities of buffalo skins and hides for which they paid
out immense sums of money.


Input:
Besides these two firms there were at that time many others who also
handled great quantities of buffalo skins and hides for which they paid
out immense sums of money.

Output:
In this country the other leading firms
engaged in this business were I. G. Baker & Co., of Fort Benton; P. B.
Weare & Co., Chicago; Obern, Hoosick & Co., Chicago and Saint Paul;
Martin Bates & Co., and Messrs. Shearer, Nichols & Co.


Input:
In this country the other leading firms
engaged in this business were I. G. Baker & Co., of Fort Benton; P. B.
Weare & Co., Chicago; Obern, Hoosick & Co., Chicago and Saint Paul;
Martin Bates & Co., and Messrs. Shearer, Nichols & Co.

Output:
(now Hurlburt,
Shearer & Sanford), of New York.


Input:
(now Hurlburt,
Shearer & Sanford), of New York.

Output:
There were also many others whose names
I am now unable to recall.


Input:
There were also many others whose names
I am now unable to recall.

Output:
In the British Possessions and Canada the frontier business was largely
monopolized by the Hudson's Bay Fur Company, although the annual
"output" of robes and hides was but small in comparison with that
gathered in the United States, where the herds were far more numerous.


Input:
In the British Possessions and Canada the frontier business was largely
monopolized by the Hudson's Bay Fur Company, although the annual
"output" of robes and hides was but small in comparison with that
gathered in the United States, where the herds were far more numerous.

Output:
Even in their most fruitful locality for robes--the country south of the
Saskatchewan--this company had a very powerful competitor in the firm of
I. G. Baker & Co., of Fort Benton, which secured the lion's share of the
spoil and sent it down the Missouri River.


Input:
Even in their most fruitful locality for robes--the country south of the
Saskatchewan--this company had a very powerful competitor in the firm of
I. G. Baker & Co., of Fort Benton, which secured the lion's share of the
spoil and sent it down the Missouri River.

Output:
It is quite certain that the utilization of the buffalo product, even so
far as it was accomplished, resulted in the addition of several millions
of dollars to the wealth of the people of the United States.


Input:
It is quite certain that the utilization of the buffalo product, even so
far as it was accomplished, resulted in the addition of several millions
of dollars to the wealth of the people of the United States.

Output:
That the
total sum, could it be reckoned up, would amount to at least fifteen
millions, seems reasonably certain; and my own impression is that twenty
millions would be nearer the mark.


Input:
That the
total sum, could it be reckoned up, would amount to at least fifteen
millions, seems reasonably certain; and my own impression is that twenty
millions would be nearer the mark.

Output:
It is much to be regretted that the
exact truth can never be known, for in this age of universal slaughter a
knowledge of the cash value of the wild game of the United States that
has been killed up to date might go far toward bringing about the actual
as well as the theoretical protection of what remains.


Input:
It is much to be regretted that the
exact truth can never be known, for in this age of universal slaughter a
knowledge of the cash value of the wild game of the United States that
has been killed up to date might go far toward bringing about the actual
as well as the theoretical protection of what remains.


Output:
*

UTILIZATION OF THE BUFFALO BY WHITE MEN.


Input:
*

UTILIZATION OF THE BUFFALO BY WHITE MEN.

Output:
_Robes._--Ordinarily the skin of a large ruminant is of little value in
comparison with the bulk of toothsome flesh it covers.


Input:
_Robes._--Ordinarily the skin of a large ruminant is of little value in
comparison with the bulk of toothsome flesh it covers.

Output:
In fattening
domestic cattle for the market, the value of the hide is so
insignificant that it amounts to no more than a butcher's perquisite in
reckoning up the value of the animal.


Input:
In fattening
domestic cattle for the market, the value of the hide is so
insignificant that it amounts to no more than a butcher's perquisite in
reckoning up the value of the animal.

Output:
With the buffalo, however, so
enormous was the waste of the really available product that probably
nine-tenths of the total value derived from the slaughter of the animal
came from his skin alone.


Input:
With the buffalo, however, so
enormous was the waste of the really available product that probably
nine-tenths of the total value derived from the slaughter of the animal
came from his skin alone.

Output:
Of this, about four-fifths came from the
utilization of the furry robe and one-fifth from skins classed as
"hides," which were either taken in the summer season, when the hair was
very short or almost absent, and used for the manufacture of leather and
leather goods, or else were the poorly-furred skins of old bulls.


Input:
Of this, about four-fifths came from the
utilization of the furry robe and one-fifth from skins classed as
"hides," which were either taken in the summer season, when the hair was
very short or almost absent, and used for the manufacture of leather and
leather goods, or else were the poorly-furred skins of old bulls.

Output:
The season for robe-taking was from October 15 to February 15, and a
little later in the more northern latitudes.


Input:
The season for robe-taking was from October 15 to February 15, and a
little later in the more northern latitudes.

Output:
In the United States the
hair of the buffalo was still rather short up to the first of November;
but by the middle of November it was about at its finest as to length,
density, color, and freshness.


Input:
In the United States the
hair of the buffalo was still rather short up to the first of November;
but by the middle of November it was about at its finest as to length,
density, color, and freshness.

Output:
The Montana hunters considered that the
finest robes were those taken from November 15 to December 15.


Input:
The Montana hunters considered that the
finest robes were those taken from November 15 to December 15.

Output:
Before
the former date the hair had not quite attained perfection in length,
and after the latter it began to show wear and lose color.


Input:
Before
the former date the hair had not quite attained perfection in length,
and after the latter it began to show wear and lose color.

Output:
The winter
storms of December and January began to leave their mark upon the robes
by the 1st of February, chiefly by giving the hair a bleached and
weathered appearance.


Input:
The winter
storms of December and January began to leave their mark upon the robes
by the 1st of February, chiefly by giving the hair a bleached and
weathered appearance.

Output:
By the middle of February the pelage was decidedly
on the wane, and the robe-hunter was also losing his energy.


Input:
By the middle of February the pelage was decidedly
on the wane, and the robe-hunter was also losing his energy.

Output:
Often,
however, the hunt was kept up until the middle of March, until either
the deterioration of the quality of the robe, the migration of the herds
northward, or the hunter's longing to return "to town" and "clean up,"
brought the hunt to an end.


Input:
Often,
however, the hunt was kept up until the middle of March, until either
the deterioration of the quality of the robe, the migration of the herds
northward, or the hunter's longing to return "to town" and "clean up,"
brought the hunt to an end.

Output:
On the northern buffalo range, the hunter, or "buffalo skinner," removed
the robe in the following manner:

When the operator had to do his work alone, which was almost always the
case, he made haste to skin his victims while they were yet warm, if
possible, and before _rigor mortis_ had set in; but, at all hazards,
before they should become hard frozen.


Input:
On the northern buffalo range, the hunter, or "buffalo skinner," removed
the robe in the following manner:

When the operator had to do his work alone, which was almost always the
case, he made haste to skin his victims while they were yet warm, if
possible, and before _rigor mortis_ had set in; but, at all hazards,
before they should become hard frozen.

Output:
With a warm buffalo he could
easily do his work single-handed, but with one rigid or frozen stiff it
was a very different matter.


Input:
With a warm buffalo he could
easily do his work single-handed, but with one rigid or frozen stiff it
was a very different matter.

Output:
His first act was to heave the carcass over until it lay fairly upon its
back, with its feet up in the air.


Input:
His first act was to heave the carcass over until it lay fairly upon its
back, with its feet up in the air.

Output:
To keep it in that position he
wrenched the head violently around to one side, close against the
shoulder, at the point where the hump was highest and the tendency to
roll the greatest, and used it very effectually as a chock to keep the
body from rolling back upon its side.


Input:
To keep it in that position he
wrenched the head violently around to one side, close against the
shoulder, at the point where the hump was highest and the tendency to
roll the greatest, and used it very effectually as a chock to keep the
body from rolling back upon its side.

Output:
Having fixed the carcass in
position he drew forth his steel, sharpened his sharp-pointed
"ripping-knife," and at once proceeded to make all the opening cuts in
the skin.


Input:
Having fixed the carcass in
position he drew forth his steel, sharpened his sharp-pointed
"ripping-knife," and at once proceeded to make all the opening cuts in
the skin.

Output:
Each leg was girdled to the bone, about 8 inches above the
hoof, and the skin of the leg ripped open from that point along the
inside to the median line of the body.


Input:
Each leg was girdled to the bone, about 8 inches above the
hoof, and the skin of the leg ripped open from that point along the
inside to the median line of the body.

Output:
A long, straight cut was then
made along the middle of the breast and abdomen, from the root of the
tail to the chin.


Input:
A long, straight cut was then
made along the middle of the breast and abdomen, from the root of the
tail to the chin.

Output:
In skinning cows and young animals, nothing but the
skin of the forehead and nose was left on the skull, the skin of the
throat and cheeks being left on the hide; but in skinning old bulls, on
whose heads the skin was very thick and tough, the whole head was left
unskinned, to save labor and time.


Input:
In skinning cows and young animals, nothing but the
skin of the forehead and nose was left on the skull, the skin of the
throat and cheeks being left on the hide; but in skinning old bulls, on
whose heads the skin was very thick and tough, the whole head was left
unskinned, to save labor and time.

Output:
The skin of the neck was severed in a
circle around the neck, just behind the ears.


Input:
The skin of the neck was severed in a
circle around the neck, just behind the ears.

Output:
It is these huge heads of
bushy brown hair, looking, at a little distance, quite black, in sharp
contrast with the ghastly whiteness of the perfect skeletons behind
them, which gives such a weird and ghostly appearance to the lifeless
prairies of Montana where the bone-gatherer has not yet done his perfect
work.


Input:
It is these huge heads of
bushy brown hair, looking, at a little distance, quite black, in sharp
contrast with the ghastly whiteness of the perfect skeletons behind
them, which gives such a weird and ghostly appearance to the lifeless
prairies of Montana where the bone-gatherer has not yet done his perfect
work.

Output:
The skulls of the cows and young buffaloes are as clean and bare
as if they had been carefully macerated, and bleached by a skilled
osteologist.


Input:
The skulls of the cows and young buffaloes are as clean and bare
as if they had been carefully macerated, and bleached by a skilled
osteologist.

Output: [Illustration: FIG.


Input: [Illustration: FIG.

Output: 1.


Output: A DEAD BULL.


Input: A DEAD BULL.

Output: From a photograph by L. A. Huffman.]


Input: From a photograph by L. A. Huffman.]

Output: [Illustration: FIG.


Input: [Illustration: FIG.

Output: 2. BUFFALO SKINNERS AT WORK.


Input: 2. BUFFALO SKINNERS AT WORK.

Output:
From a photograph by
L. A. Huffman.]


Input:
From a photograph by
L. A. Huffman.]

Output:
The opening cuts having been made, the broad-pointed "skinning-knife"
was duly sharpened, and with it the operator fell to work to detach the
skin from the body in the shortest possible time.


Input:
The opening cuts having been made, the broad-pointed "skinning-knife"
was duly sharpened, and with it the operator fell to work to detach the
skin from the body in the shortest possible time.

Output:
The tail was always
skinned and left on the hide.


Input:
The tail was always
skinned and left on the hide.

Output:
As soon as the skin was taken off it was
spread out on a clean, smooth, and level spot of ground, and stretched
to its fullest extent, inside uppermost.


Input:
As soon as the skin was taken off it was
spread out on a clean, smooth, and level spot of ground, and stretched
to its fullest extent, inside uppermost.

Output:
On the northern range, very few
skins were "pegged out," _i. e._, stretched thoroughly and held by means
of wooden pegs driven through the edges of the skin into the earth.


Input:
On the northern range, very few
skins were "pegged out," _i. e._, stretched thoroughly and held by means
of wooden pegs driven through the edges of the skin into the earth.

Output:
It
was practiced to a limited extent on the southern range during the
latter part of the great slaughter, when buffaloes were scarce and time
abundant.


Input:
It
was practiced to a limited extent on the southern range during the
latter part of the great slaughter, when buffaloes were scarce and time
abundant.

Output:
Ordinarily, however, there was no time for pegging, nor were
pegs available on the range to do the work with.


Input:
Ordinarily, however, there was no time for pegging, nor were
pegs available on the range to do the work with.

Output:
A warm skin stretched
on the curly buffalo-grass, hair side down, sticks to the ground of
itself until it has ample time to harden.


Input:
A warm skin stretched
on the curly buffalo-grass, hair side down, sticks to the ground of
itself until it has ample time to harden.

Output:
On the northern range the
skinner always cut the initials of his outfit in the thin subcutaneous
muscle which was always found adhering to the skin on each side, and
which made a permanent and very plain mark of ownership.


Input:
On the northern range the
skinner always cut the initials of his outfit in the thin subcutaneous
muscle which was always found adhering to the skin on each side, and
which made a permanent and very plain mark of ownership.

Output:
In the south, the traders who bought buffalo robes on the range
sometimes rigged up a rude press, with four upright posts and a huge
lever, in which robes that had been folded into a convenient size were
pressed into bales, like bales of cotton.


Input:
In the south, the traders who bought buffalo robes on the range
sometimes rigged up a rude press, with four upright posts and a huge
lever, in which robes that had been folded into a convenient size were
pressed into bales, like bales of cotton.

Output:
These could be transported by
wagon much more economically than could loose robes.


Input:
These could be transported by
wagon much more economically than could loose robes.

Output:
An illustration of
this process is given in an article by Theodore R. Davis, entitled "The
Buffalo Range," in _


Input:
An illustration of
this process is given in an article by Theodore R. Davis, entitled "The
Buffalo Range," in _

Output: Harper's Magazine_ for January, 1869,


Input: Harper's Magazine_ for January, 1869,

Output:
Vol. xxxviii,
p. 163.


Input:
Vol. xxxviii,
p. 163.

Output: The author describes the process as follows:


Input: The author describes the process as follows:

Output:
"As the robes are secured, the trader has them arranged in lots of ten
each, with but little regard for quality other than some care that
particularly fine robes do not go too many in one lot.


Input:
"As the robes are secured, the trader has them arranged in lots of ten
each, with but little regard for quality other than some care that
particularly fine robes do not go too many in one lot.

Output:
These piles are
then pressed into a compact bale by means of a rudely constructed affair
composed of saplings and a chain.


Input:
These piles are
then pressed into a compact bale by means of a rudely constructed affair
composed of saplings and a chain.

Output:
"

On the northern range, skins were not folded until the time came to haul
them in.


Input:
"

On the northern range, skins were not folded until the time came to haul
them in.

Output:
Then the hunter repaired to the scene of his winter's work,
with a wagon surmounted by a hay-rack (or something like it), usually
drawn by four horses.


Input:
Then the hunter repaired to the scene of his winter's work,
with a wagon surmounted by a hay-rack (or something like it), usually
drawn by four horses.

Output:
As the skins were gathered up they were folded
once, lengthwise down the middle, with the hair inside.


Input:
As the skins were gathered up they were folded
once, lengthwise down the middle, with the hair inside.

Output:
Sometimes as
many as 100 skins were hauled at one load by four horses.


Input:
Sometimes as
many as 100 skins were hauled at one load by four horses.

Output:
On one portion of the northern range the classification of buffalo
peltries was substantially as follows: Under the head _of robes_ was
included all cow skins taken during the proper season, from one year old
upward, and all bull skins from one to three years old.


Input:
On one portion of the northern range the classification of buffalo
peltries was substantially as follows: Under the head _of robes_ was
included all cow skins taken during the proper season, from one year old
upward, and all bull skins from one to three years old.

Output:
Bull skins over
three years of age were classed as _hides_, and while the best of them
were finally tanned and used as robes, the really poor ones were
converted into leather.


Input:
Bull skins over
three years of age were classed as _hides_, and while the best of them
were finally tanned and used as robes, the really poor ones were
converted into leather.

Output:
The large robes, when tanned, were used very
generally throughout the colder portions of North America as sleigh
robes and wraps, and for bedding in the regions of extreme cold.


Input:
The large robes, when tanned, were used very
generally throughout the colder portions of North America as sleigh
robes and wraps, and for bedding in the regions of extreme cold.

Output:
The
small robes, from the young animals, and likewise many large robes, were
made into overcoats, at once the warmest and the most cumbersome that
ever enveloped a human being.


Input:
The
small robes, from the young animals, and likewise many large robes, were
made into overcoats, at once the warmest and the most cumbersome that
ever enveloped a human being.

Output:
Thousands of old bull robes were tanned
with the hair on, and the body portions were made into overshoes, with
the woolly hair inside--absurdly large and uncouth, but very warm.


Input:
Thousands of old bull robes were tanned
with the hair on, and the body portions were made into overshoes, with
the woolly hair inside--absurdly large and uncouth, but very warm.

Output:
I never wore a pair of buffalo overshoes without being torn by
conflicting emotions--mortification at the ridiculous size of my
combined foot-gear, big boots inside of huge overshoes, and supreme
comfort derived from feet that were always warm.


Input:
I never wore a pair of buffalo overshoes without being torn by
conflicting emotions--mortification at the ridiculous size of my
combined foot-gear, big boots inside of huge overshoes, and supreme
comfort derived from feet that were always warm.

Output:
Besides the ordinary robe, the hunters and fur buyers of Montana
recognized four special qualities, as follows:

The "beaver robe," with exceedingly fine, wavy fur, the color of a
beaver, and having long, coarse, straight hairs coming through it.


Input:
Besides the ordinary robe, the hunters and fur buyers of Montana
recognized four special qualities, as follows:

The "beaver robe," with exceedingly fine, wavy fur, the color of a
beaver, and having long, coarse, straight hairs coming through it.

Output:
The
latter were of course plucked out in the process of manufacture.


Input:
The
latter were of course plucked out in the process of manufacture.

Output:
These
were very rare.


Input:
These
were very rare.

Output:
In 1882 Mr. James McNaney took one, a cow robe, the only
one out of 1,200 robes taken that season, and sold it for $75, when
ordinary robes fetched only $3.50.


Input:
In 1882 Mr. James McNaney took one, a cow robe, the only
one out of 1,200 robes taken that season, and sold it for $75, when
ordinary robes fetched only $3.50.

Output:
The "black-and-tan robe" is described as having the nose, flanks, and
inside of fore legs black-and-tan (whatever that may mean), while the
remainder of the robe is jet black.


Input:
The "black-and-tan robe" is described as having the nose, flanks, and
inside of fore legs black-and-tan (whatever that may mean), while the
remainder of the robe is jet black.

Output:
A "buckskin robe" is from what is always called a "white buffalo," and
is in reality a dirty cream color instead of white.


Input:
A "buckskin robe" is from what is always called a "white buffalo," and
is in reality a dirty cream color instead of white.

Output:
A robe of this
character sold in Miles City in 1882 for $200, and was the only one of
that character taken on the northern range during that entire winter.


Input:
A robe of this
character sold in Miles City in 1882 for $200, and was the only one of
that character taken on the northern range during that entire winter.

Output:
A
very few pure white robes have been taken, so I have been told, chiefly
by Indians, but I have never seen one.


Input:
A
very few pure white robes have been taken, so I have been told, chiefly
by Indians, but I have never seen one.

Output:
A "blue robe" or "mouse-colored (?) robe" is one on which the body color
shows a decidedly bluish cast, and at the same time has long, fine fur.


Input:
A "blue robe" or "mouse-colored (?) robe" is one on which the body color
shows a decidedly bluish cast, and at the same time has long, fine fur.

Output:
Out of his 1,200 robes taken in 1882, Mr. McNaney picked out 12 which
passed muster as the much sought for blue robes, and they sold at $16
each.


Input:
Out of his 1,200 robes taken in 1882, Mr. McNaney picked out 12 which
passed muster as the much sought for blue robes, and they sold at $16
each.

Output:
As already intimated, the price paid on the range for ordinary buffalo
skins varied according to circumstances, and at different periods, and
in different localities, ranged all the way from 65 cents to $10.


Input:
As already intimated, the price paid on the range for ordinary buffalo
skins varied according to circumstances, and at different periods, and
in different localities, ranged all the way from 65 cents to $10.

Output:
The
latter figure was paid in Texas in 1887 for the last lot of "robes" ever
taken.


Input:
The
latter figure was paid in Texas in 1887 for the last lot of "robes" ever
taken.

Output:
The lowest prices ever paid were during the tremendous slaughter
which annihilated the southern herd.


Input:
The lowest prices ever paid were during the tremendous slaughter
which annihilated the southern herd.

Output:
Even as late as 1876, in the
southern country, cow robes brought on the range only from 65 to 90
cents, and bull robes $1.15.


Input:
Even as late as 1876, in the
southern country, cow robes brought on the range only from 65 to 90
cents, and bull robes $1.15.

Output:
On the northern range, from 1881 to 1883,
the prices paid were much higher, ranging from $2.50 to $4.


Input:
On the northern range, from 1881 to 1883,
the prices paid were much higher, ranging from $2.50 to $4.

Output: [Illustration: FIG.


Input: [Illustration: FIG.

Output: 1. FIVE MINUTES' WORK.


Input: 1. FIVE MINUTES' WORK.

Output: Photographed by L. A. Huffman.]


Input: Photographed by L. A. Huffman.]

Output: [Illustration: FIG.


Input: [Illustration: FIG.

Output: 2.


Output: SCENE ON THE NORTHERN BUFFALO RANGE.


Input: SCENE ON THE NORTHERN BUFFALO RANGE.

Output:
Photographed
by L. A. Huffman.]


Input:
Photographed
by L. A. Huffman.]

Output:
A few hundred dressed robes still remain in the hands of some of the
largest fur dealers in New York, Chicago, and Montreal, which can be
purchased at prices much lower than one would expect, considering the
circumstances.


Input:
A few hundred dressed robes still remain in the hands of some of the
largest fur dealers in New York, Chicago, and Montreal, which can be
purchased at prices much lower than one would expect, considering the
circumstances.

Output:
In 1888, good robes, Indian tanned, were offered in New
York at prices ranging from $15 to $30, according to size and quality,
but in Montreal no first-class robes were obtainable at less than $40.


Input:
In 1888, good robes, Indian tanned, were offered in New
York at prices ranging from $15 to $30, according to size and quality,
but in Montreal no first-class robes were obtainable at less than $40.

Output:
_Hides._--Next in importance to robes was the class of skins known
commercially as hides.


Input:
_Hides._--Next in importance to robes was the class of skins known
commercially as hides.

Output:
Under this head were classed all skins which for
any reason did not possess the pelage necessary to a robe, and were
therefore fit only for conversion into leather.


Input:
Under this head were classed all skins which for
any reason did not possess the pelage necessary to a robe, and were
therefore fit only for conversion into leather.

Output:
Of these, the greater
portion consisted of the skins of old bulls on which the hair was of
poor quality and the skin itself too thick and heavy to ever allow of
its being made into a soft, pliable, and light-weight robe.


Input:
Of these, the greater
portion consisted of the skins of old bulls on which the hair was of
poor quality and the skin itself too thick and heavy to ever allow of
its being made into a soft, pliable, and light-weight robe.

Output:
The
remaining portion of the hides marketed were from buffaloes killed in
spring and summer, when the body and hindquarters ware almost naked.


Input:
The
remaining portion of the hides marketed were from buffaloes killed in
spring and summer, when the body and hindquarters ware almost naked.

Output:
Apparently the quantity of summer-killed hides marketed was not very
great, for it was only the meanest and most unprincipled ones of the
grand army of buffalo-killers who were mean enough to kill buffaloes in
summer simply for their hides.


Input:
Apparently the quantity of summer-killed hides marketed was not very
great, for it was only the meanest and most unprincipled ones of the
grand army of buffalo-killers who were mean enough to kill buffaloes in
summer simply for their hides.

Output:
It is said that at one time
summer-killing was practiced on the southern range to an extent that
became a cause for alarm to the great body of more respectable hunters,
and the practice was frowned upon so severely that the wretches who
engaged in it found it wise to abandon it.


Input:
It is said that at one time
summer-killing was practiced on the southern range to an extent that
became a cause for alarm to the great body of more respectable hunters,
and the practice was frowned upon so severely that the wretches who
engaged in it found it wise to abandon it.

Output: _


Output:
Bones._--Next in importance to robes and hides was the bone product,
the utilization of which was rendered possible by the rigorous climate
of the buffalo plains.


Input:
Bones._--Next in importance to robes and hides was the bone product,
the utilization of which was rendered possible by the rigorous climate
of the buffalo plains.

Output:
Under the influence of the wind and sun and the
extremes of heat and cold, the flesh remaining upon a carcass dried up,
disintegrated, and fell to dust, leaving the bones of almost the entire
skeleton as clean and bare as if they had been stripped of flesh by some
powerful chemical process.


Input:
Under the influence of the wind and sun and the
extremes of heat and cold, the flesh remaining upon a carcass dried up,
disintegrated, and fell to dust, leaving the bones of almost the entire
skeleton as clean and bare as if they had been stripped of flesh by some
powerful chemical process.

Output:
Very naturally, no sooner did the live
buffaloes begin to grow scarce than the miles of bleaching' bones
suggested the idea of finding a use for them.


Input:
Very naturally, no sooner did the live
buffaloes begin to grow scarce than the miles of bleaching' bones
suggested the idea of finding a use for them.

Output:
A market was readily found
for them in the East, and the prices paid per ton were sufficient to
make the business of bone-gathering quite remunerative.


Input:
A market was readily found
for them in the East, and the prices paid per ton were sufficient to
make the business of bone-gathering quite remunerative.

Output:
The bulk of the
bone product was converted into phosphate for fertilizing purposes, but
much of it was turned into carbon for use in the refining of sugar.


Input:
The bulk of the
bone product was converted into phosphate for fertilizing purposes, but
much of it was turned into carbon for use in the refining of sugar.

Output:
The gathering of bones became a common industry as early as 1872, during
which year 1,135,300 pounds were shipped over the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fé Railroad.


Input:
The gathering of bones became a common industry as early as 1872, during
which year 1,135,300 pounds were shipped over the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fé Railroad.

Output:
In the year following the same road shipped 2,743,100
pounds, and in 1874 it handled 6,914,950 pounds more.


Input:
In the year following the same road shipped 2,743,100
pounds, and in 1874 it handled 6,914,950 pounds more.

Output:
This trade
continued from that time on until the plains have been gleaned so far
back from the railway lines that it is no longer profitable to seek
them.


Input:
This trade
continued from that time on until the plains have been gleaned so far
back from the railway lines that it is no longer profitable to seek
them.

Output:
For that matter, however, it is said that south of the Union
Pacific nothing worth the seeking now remains.


Input:
For that matter, however, it is said that south of the Union
Pacific nothing worth the seeking now remains.

Output:
The building of the Northern Pacific Railway made possible the shipment
of immense quantities of dry bones.


Input:
The building of the Northern Pacific Railway made possible the shipment
of immense quantities of dry bones.

Output:
Even as late as 1886 overland
travelers saw at many of the stations between Jamestown, Dakota, and
Billings, Montana, immense heaps of bones lying alongside the track
awaiting shipment.


Input:
Even as late as 1886 overland
travelers saw at many of the stations between Jamestown, Dakota, and
Billings, Montana, immense heaps of bones lying alongside the track
awaiting shipment.

Output:
In 1885 a single firm shipped over 200 tons of bones
from Miles City.


Input:
In 1885 a single firm shipped over 200 tons of bones
from Miles City.

Output:
The valley of the Missouri River was gleaned by teamsters who gathered
bones from as far back as 100 miles and hauled them to the river for
shipment on the steamers.


Input:
The valley of the Missouri River was gleaned by teamsters who gathered
bones from as far back as 100 miles and hauled them to the river for
shipment on the steamers.

Output:
An operator who had eight wagons in the
business informed me that in order to ship bones on the river steamers
it was necessary to crush them, and that for crushed bones, shipped in
bags, a Michigan fertilizer company paid $18 per ton.


Input:
An operator who had eight wagons in the
business informed me that in order to ship bones on the river steamers
it was necessary to crush them, and that for crushed bones, shipped in
bags, a Michigan fertilizer company paid $18 per ton.

Output:
Uncrushed bones,
shipped by the railway, sold for $12 per ton.


Input:
Uncrushed bones,
shipped by the railway, sold for $12 per ton.

Output:
It is impossible to ascertain the total amount or value of the bone
product, but it is certain that it amounted to many thousand tons, and
in value must have amounted to some hundreds of thousands of dollars.


Input:
It is impossible to ascertain the total amount or value of the bone
product, but it is certain that it amounted to many thousand tons, and
in value must have amounted to some hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Output:
But for the great number of railroads, river steamers, and sea-going
vessels (from Texas ports) engaged in carrying this product, it would
have cut an important figure in the commerce of the country, but owing
to the many interests between which it was divided it attracted little
attention.


Input:
But for the great number of railroads, river steamers, and sea-going
vessels (from Texas ports) engaged in carrying this product, it would
have cut an important figure in the commerce of the country, but owing
to the many interests between which it was divided it attracted little
attention.

Output:
_Meat._--The amount of fresh buffalo meat cured and marketed was really
very insignificant.


Input:
_Meat._--The amount of fresh buffalo meat cured and marketed was really
very insignificant.

Output:
So long as it was to be had at all it was so very
abundant that it was worth only from 2 to 3 cents per pound in the
market, and many reasons combined to render the trade in fresh buffalo
meat anything but profitable.


Input:
So long as it was to be had at all it was so very
abundant that it was worth only from 2 to 3 cents per pound in the
market, and many reasons combined to render the trade in fresh buffalo
meat anything but profitable.

Output:
Probably not more than one one-thousandth
of the buffalo meat that might have been saved and utilized was saved.


Input:
Probably not more than one one-thousandth
of the buffalo meat that might have been saved and utilized was saved.

Output:
The buffalo carcasses that were wasted on the great plains every year
during the two great periods of slaughter (of the northern and southern
herds) would probably have fed to satiety during the entire time more
than a million persons.


Input:
The buffalo carcasses that were wasted on the great plains every year
during the two great periods of slaughter (of the northern and southern
herds) would probably have fed to satiety during the entire time more
than a million persons.

Output:
As to the quality of buffalo meat, it may be stated in general terms
that it differs in no way whatever from domestic beef of the same age
produced by the same kind of grass.


Input:
As to the quality of buffalo meat, it may be stated in general terms
that it differs in no way whatever from domestic beef of the same age
produced by the same kind of grass.

Output:
Perhaps there is no finer grazing
ground in the world than Montana, and the beef it produces is certainly
entitled to rank with the best.


Input:
Perhaps there is no finer grazing
ground in the world than Montana, and the beef it produces is certainly
entitled to rank with the best.

Output:
There are many persons who claim to
recognize a difference between the taste of buffalo meat and domestic
beef; but for my part I do not believe any difference really exists,
unless it is that the flesh of the buffalo is a little sweeter and more
juicy.


Input:
There are many persons who claim to
recognize a difference between the taste of buffalo meat and domestic
beef; but for my part I do not believe any difference really exists,
unless it is that the flesh of the buffalo is a little sweeter and more
juicy.

Output:
As for myself, I feel certain I could not tell the difference
between the flesh of a three-year old buffalo and that of a domestic
beef of the same age, nor do I believe any one else could, even on a
wager.


Input:
As for myself, I feel certain I could not tell the difference
between the flesh of a three-year old buffalo and that of a domestic
beef of the same age, nor do I believe any one else could, even on a
wager.

Output:
Having once seen a butcher eat an elephant steak in the belief
that it was beef from his own shop, and another butcher eat _loggerhead
turtle_ steak for beef, I have become somewhat skeptical in regard to
the intelligence of the human palate.


Input:
Having once seen a butcher eat an elephant steak in the belief
that it was beef from his own shop, and another butcher eat _loggerhead
turtle_ steak for beef, I have become somewhat skeptical in regard to
the intelligence of the human palate.

Output:
As a matter of experiment, during our hunt for buffalo we had buffalo
meat of all ages, from one year up to eleven, cooked in as many
different ways as our culinary department could turn out.


Input:
As a matter of experiment, during our hunt for buffalo we had buffalo
meat of all ages, from one year up to eleven, cooked in as many
different ways as our culinary department could turn out.

Output:
We had it
broiled, fried with batter, roasted, boiled, and stewed.


Input:
We had it
broiled, fried with batter, roasted, boiled, and stewed.

Output:
The last
method, when employed upon slices of meat that had been hacked from a
frozen hind-quarter, produced results that were undeniably tough and not
particularly good.


Input:
The last
method, when employed upon slices of meat that had been hacked from a
frozen hind-quarter, produced results that were undeniably tough and not
particularly good.

Output:
But it was an unfair way to cook any kind of meat,
and may be guarantied to spoil the finest beef in the world.


Input:
But it was an unfair way to cook any kind of meat,
and may be guarantied to spoil the finest beef in the world.

Output:
Hump meat from a cow buffalo not too old, cut in slices and fried in
batter, _a la cowboy_, is delicious--a dish fit for the gods.


Input:
Hump meat from a cow buffalo not too old, cut in slices and fried in
batter, _a la cowboy_, is delicious--a dish fit for the gods.

Output:
We had
tongues in plenty, but the ordinary meat was so good they were not half
appreciated.


Input:
We had
tongues in plenty, but the ordinary meat was so good they were not half
appreciated.

Output:
Of course the tenderloin was above criticism, and even the
round steaks, so lightly esteemed by the epicure, were tender and juicy
to a most satisfactory degree.


Input:
Of course the tenderloin was above criticism, and even the
round steaks, so lightly esteemed by the epicure, were tender and juicy
to a most satisfactory degree.

Output:
It has been said that the meat of the buffalo has a coarser texture or
"grain" than domestic beef.


Input:
It has been said that the meat of the buffalo has a coarser texture or
"grain" than domestic beef.

Output:
Although I expected to find such to be the
case, I found no perceptible difference whatever, nor do I believe that
any exists.


Input:
Although I expected to find such to be the
case, I found no perceptible difference whatever, nor do I believe that
any exists.

Output:
As to the distribution of fat I am unable to say, for the
reason that our buffaloes were not fat.


Input:
As to the distribution of fat I am unable to say, for the
reason that our buffaloes were not fat.

Output:
It is highly probable that the distribution of fat through the meat, so
characteristic of the shorthorn breeds, and which has been brought about
only by careful breeding, is not found in either the beef of the buffalo
or common range cattle.


Input:
It is highly probable that the distribution of fat through the meat, so
characteristic of the shorthorn breeds, and which has been brought about
only by careful breeding, is not found in either the beef of the buffalo
or common range cattle.

Output:
In this respect, shorthorn beef no doubt
surpasses both the others mentioned, but in all other points, texture,
flavor, and general tenderness, I am very sure it does not.


Input:
In this respect, shorthorn beef no doubt
surpasses both the others mentioned, but in all other points, texture,
flavor, and general tenderness, I am very sure it does not.

Output:
It is a great mistake for a traveler to kill a patriarchal old bull
buffalo, and after attempting to masticate a small portion of him to
rise up and declare that buffalo meat is coarse, tough, and dry.


Input:
It is a great mistake for a traveler to kill a patriarchal old bull
buffalo, and after attempting to masticate a small portion of him to
rise up and declare that buffalo meat is coarse, tough, and dry.

Output:
A
domestic bull of the same age would taste as tough.


Input:
A
domestic bull of the same age would taste as tough.

Output:
It is probably only
those who have had the bad taste to eat bull-beef who have ever found
occasion to asperse the reputation of _


Input:
It is probably only
those who have had the bad taste to eat bull-beef who have ever found
occasion to asperse the reputation of _

Output:
Bison americanus_ as a beef
animal.


Input:
Bison americanus_ as a beef
animal.

Output:
Until people got tired of them, buffalo tongues were in considerable
demand, and hundreds, if not even thousands, of barrels of them were
shipped east from the buffalo country.


Input:
Until people got tired of them, buffalo tongues were in considerable
demand, and hundreds, if not even thousands, of barrels of them were
shipped east from the buffalo country.

Output:
_Pemmican._--Out of the enormous waste of good buffalo flesh one product
stands forth as a redeeming feature--pemmican.