Input:
The slaughter which began in 1871 was prosecuted with great vigor and
enterprise in 1872, and reached its heighten 1873.

Output:
By that time, the
buffalo country fairly swarmed with hunters, each, party putting forth
its utmost efforts to destroy more buffaloes than its rivals.


Input:
By that time, the
buffalo country fairly swarmed with hunters, each, party putting forth
its utmost efforts to destroy more buffaloes than its rivals.

Output:
By that
time experience had taught the value of thorough organization, and the
butchering was done in a more business-like way.


Input:
By that
time experience had taught the value of thorough organization, and the
butchering was done in a more business-like way.

Output:
By a coincidence that
proved fatal to the bison, it was just at the beginning of the slaughter
that breech-loading, long-range rifles attained what was practically
perfection.


Input:
By a coincidence that
proved fatal to the bison, it was just at the beginning of the slaughter
that breech-loading, long-range rifles attained what was practically
perfection.

Output:
The Sharps 40-90 or 45-120, and the Remington were the
favorite weapons of the buffalo-hunter, the former being the one in most
general use.


Input:
The Sharps 40-90 or 45-120, and the Remington were the
favorite weapons of the buffalo-hunter, the former being the one in most
general use.

Output:
Before the leaden hail of thousands of these deadly
breech-loaders the buffaloes went down at the rate of several thousand
daily during the hunting season.


Input:
Before the leaden hail of thousands of these deadly
breech-loaders the buffaloes went down at the rate of several thousand
daily during the hunting season.

Output: During the years 1871 and 1872 the most wanton wastefulness prevailed.


Input: During the years 1871 and 1872 the most wanton wastefulness prevailed.

Output:
Colonel Dodge declares that, though hundreds of thousands of skins were
sent to market, they scarcely indicated the extent of the slaughter.


Input:
Colonel Dodge declares that, though hundreds of thousands of skins were
sent to market, they scarcely indicated the extent of the slaughter.

Output:
Through want of skill in shooting and want of knowledge in preserving
the hides of those slain by green hunters, _one hide sent to market
represented three, four, or even five dead buffalo_.


Input:
Through want of skill in shooting and want of knowledge in preserving
the hides of those slain by green hunters, _one hide sent to market
represented three, four, or even five dead buffalo_.

Output:
The skinners and
curers knew so little of the proper mode of curing hides, that at least
half of those actually taken were lost.


Input:
The skinners and
curers knew so little of the proper mode of curing hides, that at least
half of those actually taken were lost.

Output:
In the summer and fall of 1872
one hide sent to market represented at least _three_ dead buffalo.


Input:
In the summer and fall of 1872
one hide sent to market represented at least _three_ dead buffalo.

Output:
This
condition of affairs rapidly improved; but such was the furor for
slaughter, and the ignorance of all concerned, that every hide sent to
market in 1871 represented no less than _five_ dead buffalo.


Input:
This
condition of affairs rapidly improved; but such was the furor for
slaughter, and the ignorance of all concerned, that every hide sent to
market in 1871 represented no less than _five_ dead buffalo.

Output:
By 1873 the condition of affairs had somewhat improved, through better
organization of the hunting parties and knowledge gained by experience
in curing.


Input:
By 1873 the condition of affairs had somewhat improved, through better
organization of the hunting parties and knowledge gained by experience
in curing.

Output:
For all that, however, buffaloes were still so exceedingly
plentiful, and shooting was so much easier than skinning, the latter was
looked upon as a necessary evil and still slighted to such an extent
that every hide actually sold and delivered represented two dead
buffaloes.


Input:
For all that, however, buffaloes were still so exceedingly
plentiful, and shooting was so much easier than skinning, the latter was
looked upon as a necessary evil and still slighted to such an extent
that every hide actually sold and delivered represented two dead
buffaloes.

Output:
In 1874 the slaughterers began to take alarm at the increasing scarcity
of buffalo, and the skinners, having a much smaller number of dead
animals to take care of than ever before, were able to devote more time
to each subject and do their work properly.


Input:
In 1874 the slaughterers began to take alarm at the increasing scarcity
of buffalo, and the skinners, having a much smaller number of dead
animals to take care of than ever before, were able to devote more time
to each subject and do their work properly.

Output:
As a result, Colonel Dodge
estimated that during 1874, and from that time on, one hundred skins
delivered represented not more than one hundred and twenty-five dead
buffaloes; but that "no parties have ever got the proportion lower than
this.


Input:
As a result, Colonel Dodge
estimated that during 1874, and from that time on, one hundred skins
delivered represented not more than one hundred and twenty-five dead
buffaloes; but that "no parties have ever got the proportion lower than
this.

Output:
"

The great southern herd was slaughtered by still-hunting, a method which
has already been fully described.


Input:
"

The great southern herd was slaughtered by still-hunting, a method which
has already been fully described.

Output:
A typical hunting party is thus
described by Colonel Dodge:[64]

"The most approved party consisted of four men--one shooter, two
skinners, and one man to cook, stretch hides, and take care of camp.


Input:
A typical hunting party is thus
described by Colonel Dodge:[64]

"The most approved party consisted of four men--one shooter, two
skinners, and one man to cook, stretch hides, and take care of camp.

Output: Where buffalo were very plentiful the number of skinners was increased.


Input: Where buffalo were very plentiful the number of skinners was increased.

Output:
A light wagon, drawn by two horses or mules, takes the outfit into the
wilderness, and brings into camp the skins taken each day.


Input:
A light wagon, drawn by two horses or mules, takes the outfit into the
wilderness, and brings into camp the skins taken each day.

Output:
The outfit is
most meager: a sack of flour, a side of bacon, 5 pounds of coffee, tea,
and sugar, a little salt, and possibly a few beans, is a month's supply.


Input:
The outfit is
most meager: a sack of flour, a side of bacon, 5 pounds of coffee, tea,
and sugar, a little salt, and possibly a few beans, is a month's supply.

Output:
A common or "A" tent furnishes shelter; a couple of blankets for each
man is a bed.


Input:
A common or "A" tent furnishes shelter; a couple of blankets for each
man is a bed.

Output:
One or more of Sharps or Remington's heaviest sporting
rifles, and an unlimited supply of ammunition, is the armament; while a
coffee-pot, Dutch-oven, frying-pan, four tin plates, and four tin cups
constitute the kitchen and table furniture.


Input:
One or more of Sharps or Remington's heaviest sporting
rifles, and an unlimited supply of ammunition, is the armament; while a
coffee-pot, Dutch-oven, frying-pan, four tin plates, and four tin cups
constitute the kitchen and table furniture.

Output:
"The skinning knives do duty at the platter, and 'fingers were made
before forks.'


Input:
"The skinning knives do duty at the platter, and 'fingers were made
before forks.'

Output:
Nor must be forgotten one or more 10-gallon kegs for
water, as the camp may of necessity be far away from a stream.


Input:
Nor must be forgotten one or more 10-gallon kegs for
water, as the camp may of necessity be far away from a stream.

Output:
The
supplies are generally furnished by the merchant for whom the party is
working, who, in addition, pays each of the party a specified percentage
of the value of the skins delivered.


Input:
The
supplies are generally furnished by the merchant for whom the party is
working, who, in addition, pays each of the party a specified percentage
of the value of the skins delivered.

Output:
The shooter is carefully selected
for his skill and knowledge of the habits of the buffalo.


Input:
The shooter is carefully selected
for his skill and knowledge of the habits of the buffalo.

Output:
He is captain
and leader of the party.


Input:
He is captain
and leader of the party.

Output:
When all is ready, he plunges into the
wilderness, going to the center of the best buffalo region known to him,
not already occupied (for there are unwritten regulations recognized as
laws, giving to each hunter certain rights of discovery and occupancy).


Input:
When all is ready, he plunges into the
wilderness, going to the center of the best buffalo region known to him,
not already occupied (for there are unwritten regulations recognized as
laws, giving to each hunter certain rights of discovery and occupancy).

Output:
Arrived at the position, he makes his camp in some hidden ravine or
thicket, and makes all ready for work.


Input:
Arrived at the position, he makes his camp in some hidden ravine or
thicket, and makes all ready for work.

Output:
"

[Note 64: Plains of the Great West, p. 134.]


Input:
"

[Note 64: Plains of the Great West, p. 134.]

Output:
Of course the slaughter was greatest along the lines of the three great
railways--the Kansas Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, and the
Union Pacific, about in the order named.


Input:
Of course the slaughter was greatest along the lines of the three great
railways--the Kansas Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, and the
Union Pacific, about in the order named.

Output:
It reached its height in the
season of 1873.


Input:
It reached its height in the
season of 1873.

Output:
During that year the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé
Railroad carried out of the buffalo country 251,443 robes, 1,017,600
pounds of meat, and 2,743,100 pounds of bones.


Input:
During that year the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé
Railroad carried out of the buffalo country 251,443 robes, 1,017,600
pounds of meat, and 2,743,100 pounds of bones.

Output:
The end of the southern
herd was then near at hand.


Input:
The end of the southern
herd was then near at hand.

Output:
Could the southern buffalo range have been
roofed over at that time it would have made one vast charnel-house.


Input:
Could the southern buffalo range have been
roofed over at that time it would have made one vast charnel-house.

Output:
Putrifying carcasses, many of them with the hide still on, lay thickly
scattered over thousands of square miles of the level prairie, poisoning
the air and water and offending the sight.


Input:
Putrifying carcasses, many of them with the hide still on, lay thickly
scattered over thousands of square miles of the level prairie, poisoning
the air and water and offending the sight.

Output:
The remaining herds had
become mere scattered bands, harried and driven hither and thither by
the hunters, who now swarmed almost as thickly as the buffaloes.


Input:
The remaining herds had
become mere scattered bands, harried and driven hither and thither by
the hunters, who now swarmed almost as thickly as the buffaloes.

Output:
A
cordon of camps was established along the Arkansas River, the South
Platte, the Republican, and the few other streams that contained water,
and when the thirsty animals came to drink they were attacked and driven
away, and with the most fiendish persistency kept from slaking their
thirst, so that they would again be compelled to seek the river and come
within range of the deadly breech-loaders.


Input:
A
cordon of camps was established along the Arkansas River, the South
Platte, the Republican, and the few other streams that contained water,
and when the thirsty animals came to drink they were attacked and driven
away, and with the most fiendish persistency kept from slaking their
thirst, so that they would again be compelled to seek the river and come
within range of the deadly breech-loaders.

Output:
Colonel Dodge declares that
in places favorable to such warfare, as the south bank of the Platte, a
herd of buffalo has, by shooting at it by day and by lighting fires and
firing guns at night, been kept from water until it has been entirely
destroyed.


Input:
Colonel Dodge declares that
in places favorable to such warfare, as the south bank of the Platte, a
herd of buffalo has, by shooting at it by day and by lighting fires and
firing guns at night, been kept from water until it has been entirely
destroyed.

Output:
In the autumn of 1873, when Mr. William Blackmore traveled
for some 30 or 40 miles along the north bank of the Arkansas River to
the east of Port Dodge, "there was a continuous line of putrescent
carcasses, so that the air was rendered pestilential and offensive to
the last degree.


Input:
In the autumn of 1873, when Mr. William Blackmore traveled
for some 30 or 40 miles along the north bank of the Arkansas River to
the east of Port Dodge, "there was a continuous line of putrescent
carcasses, so that the air was rendered pestilential and offensive to
the last degree.

Output:
The hunters had formed a line of camps along the banks
of the river, and had shot down the buffalo, night and morning, as they
came to drink.


Input:
The hunters had formed a line of camps along the banks
of the river, and had shot down the buffalo, night and morning, as they
came to drink.

Output:
In order to give an idea of the number of these
carcasses, it is only necessary to mention that I counted sixty-seven on
one spot not covering 4 acres.


Input:
In order to give an idea of the number of these
carcasses, it is only necessary to mention that I counted sixty-seven on
one spot not covering 4 acres.

Output:
"

White hunters were not allowed to hunt in the Indian Territory, but the
southern boundary of the State of Kansas was picketed by them, and a
herd no sooner crossed the line going north than it was destroyed.


Input:
"

White hunters were not allowed to hunt in the Indian Territory, but the
southern boundary of the State of Kansas was picketed by them, and a
herd no sooner crossed the line going north than it was destroyed.

Output:
Every
water-hole was guarded by a camp of hunters, and whenever a thirsty herd
approached, it was promptly met by rifle-bullets.


Input:
Every
water-hole was guarded by a camp of hunters, and whenever a thirsty herd
approached, it was promptly met by rifle-bullets.

Output: During this entire period the slaughter of buffaloes was universal.


Input: During this entire period the slaughter of buffaloes was universal.

Output:
The
man who desired buffalo meat for food almost invariably killed five
times as many animals as he could utilize, and after cutting from each
victim its very choicest parts--the _tongue alone_, possibly, or perhaps
the hump and hind quarters, one or the other, or both--fully four-fifths
of the really edible portion of the carcass would be left to the wolves.


Input:
The
man who desired buffalo meat for food almost invariably killed five
times as many animals as he could utilize, and after cutting from each
victim its very choicest parts--the _tongue alone_, possibly, or perhaps
the hump and hind quarters, one or the other, or both--fully four-fifths
of the really edible portion of the carcass would be left to the wolves.

Output:
It was no uncommon thing for a man to bring in two barrels of salted
buffalo tongues, without another pound of meat or a solitary robe.


Input:
It was no uncommon thing for a man to bring in two barrels of salted
buffalo tongues, without another pound of meat or a solitary robe.

Output:
The
tongues were purchased at 25 cents each and sold in the markets farther
east at 50 cents.


Input:
The
tongues were purchased at 25 cents each and sold in the markets farther
east at 50 cents.

Output:
In those days of criminal wastefulness it was a very
common thing for buffaloes to be slaughtered for their tongues alone.


Input:
In those days of criminal wastefulness it was a very
common thing for buffaloes to be slaughtered for their tongues alone.

Output:
Mr. George Catlin[65] relates that a few days previous to his arrival at
the mouth of the Tetón River (Dakota), in 1832, "an immense herd of
buffaloes had showed themselves on the opposite side of the river,"
whereupon a party of five or six hundred Sioux Indians on horseback
forded the river, attacked the herd, recrossed the river about sunset,
and came into the fort with fourteen hundred fresh buffalo tongues,
which were thrown down in a mass, and for which they required only a few
gallons of whisky, which was soon consumed in "a little harmless
carouse."


Input:
Mr. George Catlin[65] relates that a few days previous to his arrival at
the mouth of the Tetón River (Dakota), in 1832, "an immense herd of
buffaloes had showed themselves on the opposite side of the river,"
whereupon a party of five or six hundred Sioux Indians on horseback
forded the river, attacked the herd, recrossed the river about sunset,
and came into the fort with fourteen hundred fresh buffalo tongues,
which were thrown down in a mass, and for which they required only a few
gallons of whisky, which was soon consumed in "a little harmless
carouse."

Output:
Mr. Catlin states that from all that he could learn not a skin
or a pound of meat, other than the tongues, was saved after this awful
slaughter.


Input:
Mr. Catlin states that from all that he could learn not a skin
or a pound of meat, other than the tongues, was saved after this awful
slaughter.

Output:
[Note 65: North American Indians, I, 256.]

Judging from all accounts, it is making a safe estimate to say that
probably no fewer than fifty thousand buffaloes have been killed for
their tongues alone, and the most of these are undoubtedly chargeable
against white men, who ought to have known better.


Input:
[Note 65: North American Indians, I, 256.]

Judging from all accounts, it is making a safe estimate to say that
probably no fewer than fifty thousand buffaloes have been killed for
their tongues alone, and the most of these are undoubtedly chargeable
against white men, who ought to have known better.

Output:
A great deal has been said about the slaughter of buffaloes by foreign
sportsmen, particularly Englishmen; but I must say that, from all that
can be ascertained on this point, this element of destruction has been
greatly exaggerated and overestimated.


Input:
A great deal has been said about the slaughter of buffaloes by foreign
sportsmen, particularly Englishmen; but I must say that, from all that
can be ascertained on this point, this element of destruction has been
greatly exaggerated and overestimated.

Output:
It is true that every English
sportsman who visited this country in the days of the buffalo always
resolved to have, and did have, "a buffalo hunt," and usually under the
auspices of United States Army officers.


Input:
It is true that every English
sportsman who visited this country in the days of the buffalo always
resolved to have, and did have, "a buffalo hunt," and usually under the
auspices of United States Army officers.

Output:
Undoubtedly these parties did
kill hundreds of buffaloes, but it is very doubtful whether the
aggregate of the number slain by foreign sportsmen would run up higher
than ten thousand.


Input:
Undoubtedly these parties did
kill hundreds of buffaloes, but it is very doubtful whether the
aggregate of the number slain by foreign sportsmen would run up higher
than ten thousand.

Output:
Indeed, for myself, I am well convinced that there
are many old ex-still-hunters yet living, each of whom is accountable
for a greater number of victims than all buffaloes killed by foreign
sportsmen would make added together.


Input:
Indeed, for myself, I am well convinced that there
are many old ex-still-hunters yet living, each of whom is accountable
for a greater number of victims than all buffaloes killed by foreign
sportsmen would make added together.

Output:
The professional butchers were very
much given to crying out against "them English lords," and holding up
their hands in holy horror at buffaloes killed by them for their heads,
instead of for hides to sell at a dollar apiece; but it is due the
American public to say that all this outcry was received at its true
value and deceived very few.


Input:
The professional butchers were very
much given to crying out against "them English lords," and holding up
their hands in holy horror at buffaloes killed by them for their heads,
instead of for hides to sell at a dollar apiece; but it is due the
American public to say that all this outcry was received at its true
value and deceived very few.

Output:
By those in possession of the facts it was
recognized as "a blind," to divert public opinion from the real
culprits.


Input:
By those in possession of the facts it was
recognized as "a blind," to divert public opinion from the real
culprits.

Output:
Nevertheless it is very true that many men who were properly classed as
sportsmen, in contradistinction from the pot-hunters, did engage in
useless and inexcusable slaughter to an extent that was highly
reprehensible, to say the least.


Input:
Nevertheless it is very true that many men who were properly classed as
sportsmen, in contradistinction from the pot-hunters, did engage in
useless and inexcusable slaughter to an extent that was highly
reprehensible, to say the least.

Output:
A sportsman is not supposed to kill
game wantonly, when it can be of no possible use to himself or any one
else, but a great many do it for all that.


Input:
A sportsman is not supposed to kill
game wantonly, when it can be of no possible use to himself or any one
else, but a great many do it for all that.

Output:
Indeed, the sportsman who
kills sparingly and conscientiously is rather the exception than the
rule.


Input:
Indeed, the sportsman who
kills sparingly and conscientiously is rather the exception than the
rule.

Output:
Colonel Dodge thus refers to the work of some foreign sportsmen:

"In the fall of that year [1872] three English gentlemen went out with
me for a short hunt, and in their excitement bagged more buffalo than
would have supplied a brigade."


Input:
Colonel Dodge thus refers to the work of some foreign sportsmen:

"In the fall of that year [1872] three English gentlemen went out with
me for a short hunt, and in their excitement bagged more buffalo than
would have supplied a brigade."

Output:
As a general thing, however, the
professional sportsmen who went out to have a buffalo hunt for the
excitement of the chase and the trophies it yielded, nearly always found
the bison so easy a victim, and one whose capture brought so little
glory to the hunter, that the chase was voted very disappointing, and
soon abandoned in favor of nobler game.


Input:
As a general thing, however, the
professional sportsmen who went out to have a buffalo hunt for the
excitement of the chase and the trophies it yielded, nearly always found
the bison so easy a victim, and one whose capture brought so little
glory to the hunter, that the chase was voted very disappointing, and
soon abandoned in favor of nobler game.

Output:
In those days there was no more
to boast of in killing a buffalo than in the assassination of a Texas
steer.


Input:
In those days there was no more
to boast of in killing a buffalo than in the assassination of a Texas
steer.

Output:
It was, then, the hide-hunters, white and red, but especially white, who
wiped out the great southern herd in four short years.


Input:
It was, then, the hide-hunters, white and red, but especially white, who
wiped out the great southern herd in four short years.

Output:
The prices
received for hides varied considerably, according to circumstances, but
for the green or undressed article it usually ranged from 50 cents for
the skins of calves to $1.25 for those of adult animals in good
condition.


Input:
The prices
received for hides varied considerably, according to circumstances, but
for the green or undressed article it usually ranged from 50 cents for
the skins of calves to $1.25 for those of adult animals in good
condition.

Output:
Such prices seem ridiculously small, but when it is
remembered that, when buffaloes were plentiful it was no uncommon thing
for a hunter to kill from forty to sixty head in a day, it will readily
be seen that the _chances_ of making very handsome profits were
sufficient to tempt hunters to make extraordinary exertions.


Input:
Such prices seem ridiculously small, but when it is
remembered that, when buffaloes were plentiful it was no uncommon thing
for a hunter to kill from forty to sixty head in a day, it will readily
be seen that the _chances_ of making very handsome profits were
sufficient to tempt hunters to make extraordinary exertions.

Output:
Moreover,
even when the buffaloes were nearly gone, the country was overrun with
men who had absolutely nothing else to look to as a means of livelihood,
and so, no matter whether the profits were great or small, so long as
enough buffaloes remained to make it possible to get a living by their
pursuit, they were hunted down with the most determined persistency and
pertinacity.


Input:
Moreover,
even when the buffaloes were nearly gone, the country was overrun with
men who had absolutely nothing else to look to as a means of livelihood,
and so, no matter whether the profits were great or small, so long as
enough buffaloes remained to make it possible to get a living by their
pursuit, they were hunted down with the most determined persistency and
pertinacity.

Output: 6. _


Input: 6. _

Output:
Statistics of the slaughter._--The most careful and reliable
estimate ever made of results of the slaughter of the southern buffalo
herd is that of Col. Richard Irving Dodge, and it is the only one I know
of which furnishes a good index of the former size of that herd.


Input:
Statistics of the slaughter._--The most careful and reliable
estimate ever made of results of the slaughter of the southern buffalo
herd is that of Col. Richard Irving Dodge, and it is the only one I know
of which furnishes a good index of the former size of that herd.

Output:
Inasmuch as this calculation was based on actual statistics,
supplemented by personal observations and inquiries made in that region
during the great slaughter, I can do no better than to quote Colonel
Dodge almost in full.[66]


Input:
Inasmuch as this calculation was based on actual statistics,
supplemented by personal observations and inquiries made in that region
during the great slaughter, I can do no better than to quote Colonel
Dodge almost in full.[66]

Output: [Note 66: Plains of the Great West, pp. 139-144.]


Input: [Note 66: Plains of the Great West, pp. 139-144.]

Output:
The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad furnished the following
statistics of the buffalo product carried by it during the years 1872,
1873, and 1874:


Input:
The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad furnished the following
statistics of the buffalo product carried by it during the years 1872,
1873, and 1874:

Output:
+----------------------------------------------------+
|                 _Buffalo product.


Input:
+----------------------------------------------------+
|                 _Buffalo product.

Output: _


Output:
No. of skins |               |              |
|Year.


Input:
No. of skins |               |              |
|Year.

Output: |   carried.


Input: |   carried.

Output: | Meat carried.


Input: | Meat carried.

Output:
| Bone carried.|
+----------------------------------------------------+
|      |              |  Pounds.


Input:
| Bone carried.|
+----------------------------------------------------+
|      |              |  Pounds.

Output: |   Pounds.


Input: |   Pounds.

Output:
|
|1872  |    165,721   |        ...    |   1,135,300  |
|1873  |    251,443   |  1,617,600    |   2,743,100  |
|1874  |     42,289   |    632,800    |   6,914,950  |


Input:
|
|1872  |    165,721   |        ...    |   1,135,300  |
|1873  |    251,443   |  1,617,600    |   2,743,100  |
|1874  |     42,289   |    632,800    |   6,914,950  |

Output:
+------|--------------|---------------|--------------+
|Total |    459,453   |  2,250,400    |  10,793,350  |


Input:
+------|--------------|---------------|--------------+
|Total |    459,453   |  2,250,400    |  10,793,350  |


Output:
The officials of the Kansas Pacific and Union Pacific railroads either
could not or would not furnish any statistics of the amount of the
buffalo product carried by their lines during this period, and it became
necessary to proceed without the actual figures in both cases.


Input:
The officials of the Kansas Pacific and Union Pacific railroads either
could not or would not furnish any statistics of the amount of the
buffalo product carried by their lines during this period, and it became
necessary to proceed without the actual figures in both cases.

Output:
Inasmuch
as the Kansas Pacific road cuts through a portion of the buffalo country
which was in every respect as thickly inhabited by those animals as the
region traversed by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, it seemed
absolutely certain that the former road hauled out fully as many hides
as the latter, if not more, and its quota is so set down.


Input:
Inasmuch
as the Kansas Pacific road cuts through a portion of the buffalo country
which was in every respect as thickly inhabited by those animals as the
region traversed by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, it seemed
absolutely certain that the former road hauled out fully as many hides
as the latter, if not more, and its quota is so set down.

Output:
The Union
Pacific line handled a much smaller number of buffalo hides than either
of its southern rivals, but Colonel Dodge believes that this, "with the
smaller roads which touch the buffalo region, taken together, carried
about as much as either of the two principal buffalo roads.


Input:
The Union
Pacific line handled a much smaller number of buffalo hides than either
of its southern rivals, but Colonel Dodge believes that this, "with the
smaller roads which touch the buffalo region, taken together, carried
about as much as either of the two principal buffalo roads.

Output:
"

Colonel Dodge considers it reasonably certain that the statistics
furnished by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé road represent only
one-third of the entire buffalo product, and there certainly appears to
be good ground for this belief.


Input:
"

Colonel Dodge considers it reasonably certain that the statistics
furnished by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé road represent only
one-third of the entire buffalo product, and there certainly appears to
be good ground for this belief.

Output:
It is therefore in order to base further
calculations upon these figures.


Input:
It is therefore in order to base further
calculations upon these figures.

Output:
According to evidence gathered on the spot by Colonel Dodge during the
period of the great slaughter, one hide sent to market in 1872
represented three dead buffaloes, in 1873 two, and in 1874 one hundred
skins delivered represented one hundred and twenty-five dead animals.


Input:
According to evidence gathered on the spot by Colonel Dodge during the
period of the great slaughter, one hide sent to market in 1872
represented three dead buffaloes, in 1873 two, and in 1874 one hundred
skins delivered represented one hundred and twenty-five dead animals.

Output:
The total slaughter by white men was therefore about as below:

+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|Year.|Hides    |Hides      |Total      |Total     |Total       |
|     |shipped  |shipped    |number of  |number    |of buffaloes|
|     |by A., T.|by other   |buffaloes  |killed and|slaughtered |
|     |and S. F.|roads,     |utilized.  |wasted.


Input:
The total slaughter by white men was therefore about as below:

+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|Year.|Hides    |Hides      |Total      |Total     |Total       |
|     |shipped  |shipped    |number of  |number    |of buffaloes|
|     |by A., T.|by other   |buffaloes  |killed and|slaughtered |
|     |and S. F.|roads,     |utilized.  |wasted.

Output: |by whites.


Input: |by whites.

Output:
|
|     |railway.


Input:
|
|     |railway.

Output:
|same       |           |          |            |
|     |         |period.


Input:
|same       |           |          |            |
|     |         |period.

Output:
|           |          |            |
|     |         |(estimated)|           |          |            |
+-----+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+------------+
|1872 | 165,721 |  331,442  |  497,163  |   994,326| 1,491,489  |
|1873 | 251,443 |  502,886  |  754,329  |   754,329| 1,508,658  |
|1874 |  42,289 |   84,578  |  126,867  |    31,716|   158,583  |
|Total| 459,453 |  918,906  |1,378,359  | 1,780,481| 3,158,730  |


Input:
|           |          |            |
|     |         |(estimated)|           |          |            |
+-----+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+------------+
|1872 | 165,721 |  331,442  |  497,163  |   994,326| 1,491,489  |
|1873 | 251,443 |  502,886  |  754,329  |   754,329| 1,508,658  |
|1874 |  42,289 |   84,578  |  126,867  |    31,716|   158,583  |
|Total| 459,453 |  918,906  |1,378,359  | 1,780,481| 3,158,730  |


Output:
During all this time the Indians of all tribes within striking distance
of the herds killed an immense number of buffaloes every year.


Input:
During all this time the Indians of all tribes within striking distance
of the herds killed an immense number of buffaloes every year.

Output:
In the
summer they killed for the hairless hides to use for lodges and for
leather, and in the autumn they slaughtered for robes and meat, but
particularly robes, which were all they could offer the white trader in
exchange for his goods.


Input:
In the
summer they killed for the hairless hides to use for lodges and for
leather, and in the autumn they slaughtered for robes and meat, but
particularly robes, which were all they could offer the white trader in
exchange for his goods.

Output:
They were too lazy and shiftless to cure much
buffalo meat, and besides it was not necessary, for the Government fed
them.


Input:
They were too lazy and shiftless to cure much
buffalo meat, and besides it was not necessary, for the Government fed
them.

Output:
In regard to the number of buffaloes of the southern herd killed
by the Indians, Colonel Dodge arrives at an estimate, as follows:


Input:
In regard to the number of buffaloes of the southern herd killed
by the Indians, Colonel Dodge arrives at an estimate, as follows:

Output:
"It is much more difficult to estimate the number of dead buffalo
represented by the Indian-tanned skins or robes sent to market.


Input:
"It is much more difficult to estimate the number of dead buffalo
represented by the Indian-tanned skins or robes sent to market.

Output:
This
number varies with the different tribes, and their greater or less
contact with the whites.


Input:
This
number varies with the different tribes, and their greater or less
contact with the whites.

Output:
Thus, the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Kiowas of
the southern plains, having less contact with whites, use skins for
their lodges, clothing, bedding, par-fléches, saddles, lariats, for
almost everything.


Input:
Thus, the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Kiowas of
the southern plains, having less contact with whites, use skins for
their lodges, clothing, bedding, par-fléches, saddles, lariats, for
almost everything.

Output:
The number of robes sent to market represent only
what we may call the foreign exchange of these tribes, and is really not
more than one-tenth of the skins taken.


Input:
The number of robes sent to market represent only
what we may call the foreign exchange of these tribes, and is really not
more than one-tenth of the skins taken.

Output:
To be well within bounds I will
assume that one robe sent to market by these Indians represents six dead
buffaloes.


Input:
To be well within bounds I will
assume that one robe sent to market by these Indians represents six dead
buffaloes.

Output:
"Those bands of Sioux who live at the agencies, and whose peltries are
taken to market by the Union Pacific Railroad, live in lodges of cotton
cloth furnished by the Indian Bureau.


Input:
"Those bands of Sioux who live at the agencies, and whose peltries are
taken to market by the Union Pacific Railroad, live in lodges of cotton
cloth furnished by the Indian Bureau.

Output:
They use much civilized clothing,
bedding, boxes, ropes, etc.


Input:
They use much civilized clothing,
bedding, boxes, ropes, etc.

Output:
For these luxuries they must pay in robes,
and as the buffalo range is far from wide, and their yearly 'crop'
small, more than half of it goes to market."

Leaving out of the account at this point all consideration of the
killing done north of the Union Pacific Railroad, Colonel Dodge's
figures are as follows:


Input:
For these luxuries they must pay in robes,
and as the buffalo range is far from wide, and their yearly 'crop'
small, more than half of it goes to market."

Leaving out of the account at this point all consideration of the
killing done north of the Union Pacific Railroad, Colonel Dodge's
figures are as follows:

Output: _Southern buffaloes slaughtered by southern Indians.


Input: _Southern buffaloes slaughtered by southern Indians.

Output: _


Output:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                         |Sent to   |No. of dead |
|                Indians.


Input:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                         |Sent to   |No. of dead |
|                Indians.

Output: |market.


Input: |market.

Output:
|buffaloes   |
|                                         |          |represented.|


Input:
|buffaloes   |
|                                         |          |represented.|

Output:
+-----------------------------------------+----------+------------+
|                                         |          |            |
|Kiowas, Comanches, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, |          |            |
|and other Indians whose robes go over the|          |            |
|Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad   |  19,000  |  114,000   |
|Sioux at agencies, Union Pacific Railroad|  10,000  |   16,000   |
|


Input:
+-----------------------------------------+----------+------------+
|                                         |          |            |
|Kiowas, Comanches, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, |          |            |
|and other Indians whose robes go over the|          |            |
|Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad   |  19,000  |  114,000   |
|Sioux at agencies, Union Pacific Railroad|  10,000  |   16,000   |
|

Output:
+----------+------------+
|Total slaughtered per annum              |  29,000  |  130,000   |
|Total for the three years 1872-1874      |     ...


Input:
+----------+------------+
|Total slaughtered per annum              |  29,000  |  130,000   |
|Total for the three years 1872-1874      |     ...

Output: |  390,000   |


Input: |  390,000   |

Output:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

Reference has already been made to the fact that during those years an
immense number of buffaloes were killed by the farmers of eastern Kansas
and Nebraska for their meat.


Input:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

Reference has already been made to the fact that during those years an
immense number of buffaloes were killed by the farmers of eastern Kansas
and Nebraska for their meat.

Output:
Mr. William Mitchell, of Wabaunsee, Kansas,
stated to the writer that "in those days, when buffaloes were plentiful
in western Kansas, pretty much everybody made a trip West in the fall
and brought back a load of buffalo meat.


Input:
Mr. William Mitchell, of Wabaunsee, Kansas,
stated to the writer that "in those days, when buffaloes were plentiful
in western Kansas, pretty much everybody made a trip West in the fall
and brought back a load of buffalo meat.

Output:
Everybody had it in abundance
as long as buffaloes remained in any considerable number.


Input:
Everybody had it in abundance
as long as buffaloes remained in any considerable number.

Output:
Very few skins
were saved; in fact, hardly any, for the reason that nobody knew how to
tan them, and they always spoiled.


Input:
Very few skins
were saved; in fact, hardly any, for the reason that nobody knew how to
tan them, and they always spoiled.

Output:
At first a great many farmers tried
to dress the green hides that they brought back, but they could not
succeed, and finally gave up trying.


Input:
At first a great many farmers tried
to dress the green hides that they brought back, but they could not
succeed, and finally gave up trying.

Output:
Of course, a great deal of the meat
killed was wasted, for only the best parts were brought back.


Input:
Of course, a great deal of the meat
killed was wasted, for only the best parts were brought back.

Output:
"

The Wichita (Kansas) _


Input:
"

The Wichita (Kansas) _

Output:
World_ of February 9, 1889, contains the following
reference:

"


Input:
World_ of February 9, 1889, contains the following
reference:

"

Output:
In 1871 and 1872 the buffalo ranged within 10 miles of Wichita, and
could be counted by the thousands.


Input:
In 1871 and 1872 the buffalo ranged within 10 miles of Wichita, and
could be counted by the thousands.

Output:
The town, then in its infancy, was
the headquarters for a vast number of buffalo-hunters, who plied their
occupation vigorously during the winter.


Input:
The town, then in its infancy, was
the headquarters for a vast number of buffalo-hunters, who plied their
occupation vigorously during the winter.

Output:
The buffalo were killed
principally for their hides, and daily wagon trains arrived in town
loaded with them.


Input:
The buffalo were killed
principally for their hides, and daily wagon trains arrived in town
loaded with them.

Output:
Meat was very cheap in those days; fine, tender
buffalo steak selling from 1 to 2 cents per pound.


Input:
Meat was very cheap in those days; fine, tender
buffalo steak selling from 1 to 2 cents per pound.


Output:
The business
was quite profitable for a time, but a sudden drop in the price of hides
brought them down as low as 25 and 50 cents each.


Input:
The business
was quite profitable for a time, but a sudden drop in the price of hides
brought them down as low as 25 and 50 cents each.


Output:
It was a very
common thing in those days for people living in Wichita to start out in
the morning and return by evening with a wagon load of buffalo meat.


Input:
It was a very
common thing in those days for people living in Wichita to start out in
the morning and return by evening with a wagon load of buffalo meat.

Output:
"

Unquestionably a great many thousand buffaloes were killed annually by
the settlers of Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, and
the mountain Indians living west of the great range.


Input:
"

Unquestionably a great many thousand buffaloes were killed annually by
the settlers of Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, and
the mountain Indians living west of the great range.

Output:
The number so slain
can only be guessed at, for there is absolutely no data on which to
found an estimate.


Input:
The number so slain
can only be guessed at, for there is absolutely no data on which to
found an estimate.

Output:
Judging merely from the number of people within reach
of the range, it may safely be estimated that the total number of
buffaloes slaughtered annually to satisfy the wants of this
heterogeneous element could not have been less than fifty thousand, and
probably was a much higher number.


Input:
Judging merely from the number of people within reach
of the range, it may safely be estimated that the total number of
buffaloes slaughtered annually to satisfy the wants of this
heterogeneous element could not have been less than fifty thousand, and
probably was a much higher number.

Output:
This, for the three years, would make
one hundred and fifty thousand, and the grand total would therefore be
about as follows:


Input:
This, for the three years, would make
one hundred and fifty thousand, and the grand total would therefore be
about as follows:

Output:
+------------------------------------------------------+
|        _


Input:
+------------------------------------------------------+
|        _

Output: The slaughter of the southern herd.


Input: The slaughter of the southern herd.

Output: _


Output:
|
+------------------------------------------------------+
|Killed by "professional" white hunters in |           |
|  1872, 1873, and 1874                    | 3,158,730 |
|Killed by Indians, same period            |   390,000 |
|Killed by settlers and mountain Indians   |   150,000 |
|                                          | ---------


Input:
|
+------------------------------------------------------+
|Killed by "professional" white hunters in |           |
|  1872, 1873, and 1874                    | 3,158,730 |
|Killed by Indians, same period            |   390,000 |
|Killed by settlers and mountain Indians   |   150,000 |
|                                          | ---------

Output:
|
|     Total slaughter in three years       | 3,098,730 |
+------------------------------------------------------+


Input:
|
|     Total slaughter in three years       | 3,098,730 |
+------------------------------------------------------+

Output:
These figures seem incredible, but unfortunately there is not the
slightest reason for believing they are too high.


Input:
These figures seem incredible, but unfortunately there is not the
slightest reason for believing they are too high.

Output:
There are many men now
living who declare that during the great slaughter they each killed from
twenty-five hundred to three thousand buffaloes every year.


Input:
There are many men now
living who declare that during the great slaughter they each killed from
twenty-five hundred to three thousand buffaloes every year.

Output:
With
thousands of hunters on the range, and such possibilities of slaughter
before each, it is, after all, no wonder that an average of nearly a
million and a quarter of buffaloes fell each year during that bloody
period.


Input:
With
thousands of hunters on the range, and such possibilities of slaughter
before each, it is, after all, no wonder that an average of nearly a
million and a quarter of buffaloes fell each year during that bloody
period.

Output:
By the close of the hunting season of 1875 the great southern herd had
ceased to exist.


Input:
By the close of the hunting season of 1875 the great southern herd had
ceased to exist.

Output: As a body, it had been utterly annihilated.


Input: As a body, it had been utterly annihilated.

Output:
The main
body of the survivors, numbering about ten thousand head, fled
southwest, and dispersed through that great tract of wild, desolate, and
inhospitable country stretching southward from the Cimarron country
across the "Public Land Strip," the Pan-handle of Texas, and the Llano
Estacado, or Staked Plain, to the Pecos River.


Input:
The main
body of the survivors, numbering about ten thousand head, fled
southwest, and dispersed through that great tract of wild, desolate, and
inhospitable country stretching southward from the Cimarron country
across the "Public Land Strip," the Pan-handle of Texas, and the Llano
Estacado, or Staked Plain, to the Pecos River.

Output:
A few small bands of
stragglers maintained a precarious existence for a few years longer on
the headwaters of the Republican River and in southwestern Nebraska,
near Ogalalla, where calves were caught alive as late as 1885.


Input:
A few small bands of
stragglers maintained a precarious existence for a few years longer on
the headwaters of the Republican River and in southwestern Nebraska,
near Ogalalla, where calves were caught alive as late as 1885.

Output:
Wild
buffaloes were seen in southwestern Kansas for the last time in 1886,
and the two or three score of individuals still living in the Canadian
River country of the Texas Pan-handle are the last wild survivors of the
great Southern herd.


Input:
Wild
buffaloes were seen in southwestern Kansas for the last time in 1886,
and the two or three score of individuals still living in the Canadian
River country of the Texas Pan-handle are the last wild survivors of the
great Southern herd.

Output:
The main body of the fugitives which survived the great slaughter of
1871-'74 continued to attract hunters who were very "hard up," who
pursued them, often at the risk of their own lives, even into the
terrible Llano Estacado.


Input:
The main body of the fugitives which survived the great slaughter of
1871-'74 continued to attract hunters who were very "hard up," who
pursued them, often at the risk of their own lives, even into the
terrible Llano Estacado.

Output:
In Montana in 1886 I met on a cattle ranch an
ex-buffalo-hunter from Texas, named Harry Andrews, who from 1874 to 1876
continued in pursuit of the scattered remnants of the great southern
herd through the Pan-handle of Texas and on into the Staked Plain
itself.


Input:
In Montana in 1886 I met on a cattle ranch an
ex-buffalo-hunter from Texas, named Harry Andrews, who from 1874 to 1876
continued in pursuit of the scattered remnants of the great southern
herd through the Pan-handle of Texas and on into the Staked Plain
itself.

Output:
By that time the market had become completely overstocked with
robes, and the prices received by Andrews and other hunters was only 65
cents each for cow robes and $1.15 each for bull robes, delivered on the
range, the purchaser providing for their transportation to the railway.


Input:
By that time the market had become completely overstocked with
robes, and the prices received by Andrews and other hunters was only 65
cents each for cow robes and $1.15 each for bull robes, delivered on the
range, the purchaser providing for their transportation to the railway.

Output:
But even at those prices, which were so low as to make buffalo killing
seem like downright murder, Mr. Andrews assured me that he "made big
money."


Input:
But even at those prices, which were so low as to make buffalo killing
seem like downright murder, Mr. Andrews assured me that he "made big
money."

Output:
On one occasion, when he "got a stand" on a large bunch of
buffalo, he fired one hundred and fifteen shots from one spot, and
killed sixty-three buffaloes in about an hour.


Input:
On one occasion, when he "got a stand" on a large bunch of
buffalo, he fired one hundred and fifteen shots from one spot, and
killed sixty-three buffaloes in about an hour.

Output:
In 1880 buffalo hunting as a business ceased forever in the Southwest,
and so far as can be ascertained, but one successful hunt for robes has
been made in that region since that time.


Input:
In 1880 buffalo hunting as a business ceased forever in the Southwest,
and so far as can be ascertained, but one successful hunt for robes has
been made in that region since that time.

Output:
That occurred in the fall and
winter of 1887, about 100 miles north of Tascosa, Texas, when two
parties, one of which was under the leadership of Lee Howard, attacked
the only band of buffaloes left alive in the Southwest, and which at
that time numbered about two hundred head.


Input:
That occurred in the fall and
winter of 1887, about 100 miles north of Tascosa, Texas, when two
parties, one of which was under the leadership of Lee Howard, attacked
the only band of buffaloes left alive in the Southwest, and which at
that time numbered about two hundred head.

Output:
The two parties killed
fifty-two buffaloes, of which ten skins were preserved entire for
mounting.


Input:
The two parties killed
fifty-two buffaloes, of which ten skins were preserved entire for
mounting.

Output:
Of the remaining forty-two, the heads were cut off and
preserved for mounting and the skins were prepared as robes.


Input:
Of the remaining forty-two, the heads were cut off and
preserved for mounting and the skins were prepared as robes.

Output:
The
mountable skins were finally sold at the following prices: Young cows,
$50 to $60; adult cows, $75 to $100; adult bull, $150.


Input:
The
mountable skins were finally sold at the following prices: Young cows,
$50 to $60; adult cows, $75 to $100; adult bull, $150.

Output:
The unmounted
heads sold as follows: Young bulls, $25 to $30; adult bulls, $50; young
cows, $10 to $12; adult cows, $15 to $25.


Input:
The unmounted
heads sold as follows: Young bulls, $25 to $30; adult bulls, $50; young
cows, $10 to $12; adult cows, $15 to $25.

Output:
A few of the choicest robes
sold at $20 each, and the remainder, a lot of twenty eight, of prime
quality and in excellent condition, were purchased by the Hudson's Bay
Fur Company for $350.


Input:
A few of the choicest robes
sold at $20 each, and the remainder, a lot of twenty eight, of prime
quality and in excellent condition, were purchased by the Hudson's Bay
Fur Company for $350.

Output: Such was the end of the great southern herd.


Input: Such was the end of the great southern herd.

Output:
In 1871 it contained
certainly no fewer than three million buffaloes, and by the beginning of
1875 its existence as a herd had utterly ceased, and nothing but
scattered, fugitive bands remained.


Input:
In 1871 it contained
certainly no fewer than three million buffaloes, and by the beginning of
1875 its existence as a herd had utterly ceased, and nothing but
scattered, fugitive bands remained.

Output: 7. _


Input: 7. _

Output:
The Destruction of the Northern Herd._--Until the building of the
Northern Pacific Railway there were but two noteworthy outlets for the
buffalo robes that were taken annually in the Northwestern Territories
of the United States.


Input:
The Destruction of the Northern Herd._--Until the building of the
Northern Pacific Railway there were but two noteworthy outlets for the
buffalo robes that were taken annually in the Northwestern Territories
of the United States.

Output:
The principal one was the Missouri River, and the
Yellowstone River was the other.


Input:
The principal one was the Missouri River, and the
Yellowstone River was the other.

Output:
Down these streams the hides were
transported by steam-boats to the nearest railway shipping point.


Input:
Down these streams the hides were
transported by steam-boats to the nearest railway shipping point.

Output:
For
fifty years prior to the building of the Northern Pacific Railway in
1880-'82, the number of robes marketed every year by way of these
streams was estimated variously at from fifty to one hundred thousand.


Input:
For
fifty years prior to the building of the Northern Pacific Railway in
1880-'82, the number of robes marketed every year by way of these
streams was estimated variously at from fifty to one hundred thousand.

Output:
A great number of hides taken in the British Possessions fell into the
hands of the Hudson's Bay Company, and found a market in Canada.


Input:
A great number of hides taken in the British Possessions fell into the
hands of the Hudson's Bay Company, and found a market in Canada.

Output: In May, 1881, the Sioux City (Iowa) _


Input: In May, 1881, the Sioux City (Iowa) _

Output:
Journal_ contained the following
information in regard to the buffalo robe "crop" of the previous hunting
season--the winter of 1880-'81:

"It is estimated by competent authorities that one hundred thousand
buffalo hides will be shipped out of the Yellowstone country this
season.


Input:
Journal_ contained the following
information in regard to the buffalo robe "crop" of the previous hunting
season--the winter of 1880-'81:

"It is estimated by competent authorities that one hundred thousand
buffalo hides will be shipped out of the Yellowstone country this
season.

Output:
Two firms alone are negotiating for the transportation of
twenty-five thousand hides each.


Input:
Two firms alone are negotiating for the transportation of
twenty-five thousand hides each.


Output:
Most of our citizens saw the big
load of buffalo hides that the _C. K. Peck_ brought down last season, a
load that hid everything about the boat below the roof of the hurricane
deck.


Input:
Most of our citizens saw the big
load of buffalo hides that the _C. K. Peck_ brought down last season, a
load that hid everything about the boat below the roof of the hurricane
deck.

Output:
There were ten thousand hides in that load, and they were all
brought out of the Yellowstone on one trip and transferred to the _C. K.
Peck_.


Input:
There were ten thousand hides in that load, and they were all
brought out of the Yellowstone on one trip and transferred to the _C. K.
Peck_.

Output: How such a load could have been piled on the little _


Input: How such a load could have been piled on the little _

Output:
Terry_ not
even the men on the boat appear to know.


Input:
Terry_ not
even the men on the boat appear to know.

Output:
It hid every part of the boat,
barring only the pilot-house and smoke-stacks.


Input:
It hid every part of the boat,
barring only the pilot-house and smoke-stacks.

Output:
But such a load will not
be attempted again.


Input:
But such a load will not
be attempted again.

Output:
For such boats as ply the Yellowstone there are at
least fifteen full loads of buffalo hides and other pelts.


Input:
For such boats as ply the Yellowstone there are at
least fifteen full loads of buffalo hides and other pelts.

Output:
Reckoning one
thousand hides to three car loads, and adding to this fifty cars for the
other pelts, it will take at least three hundred and fifty box-cars to
carry this stupendous bulk of peltry East to market.


Input:
Reckoning one
thousand hides to three car loads, and adding to this fifty cars for the
other pelts, it will take at least three hundred and fifty box-cars to
carry this stupendous bulk of peltry East to market.

Output:
These figures are
not guesses, but


Input:
These figures are
not guesses, but

Output:
estimates made by men whose business it is to know
about the amount of hides and furs awaiting shipment.


Input:
estimates made by men whose business it is to know
about the amount of hides and furs awaiting shipment.

Output: "Nothing like it has ever been known in the history of the fur trade.


Input: "Nothing like it has ever been known in the history of the fur trade.

Output:
Last season the output of buffalo hides was above the average, and last
year only about thirty thousand hides came out of the Yellowstone
country, or less than a third of what is there now awaiting shipment The
past severe winter caused the buffalo to bunch themselves in a few
valleys where there was pasturage, and there the slaughter went on all
winter.


Input:
Last season the output of buffalo hides was above the average, and last
year only about thirty thousand hides came out of the Yellowstone
country, or less than a third of what is there now awaiting shipment The
past severe winter caused the buffalo to bunch themselves in a few
valleys where there was pasturage, and there the slaughter went on all
winter.

Output:
There was no sport about it, simply shooting down the
famine-tamed animals as cattle might be shot down in a barn-yard.


Input:
There was no sport about it, simply shooting down the
famine-tamed animals as cattle might be shot down in a barn-yard.

Output:
To the
credit of the Indians it can be said that they killed no more than they
could save the meat from.


Input:
To the
credit of the Indians it can be said that they killed no more than they
could save the meat from.

Output:
The greater part of the slaughter was done by
white hunters, or butchers rather, who followed the business of killing
and skinning buffalo by the mouth, leaving the carcasses to rot.


Input:
The greater part of the slaughter was done by
white hunters, or butchers rather, who followed the business of killing
and skinning buffalo by the mouth, leaving the carcasses to rot.


Output:
At the time of the great division made by the Union Pacific Railway the
northern body of buffalo extended from the valley of the Platte River
northward to the southern shore of Great Slave Lake, eastward almost to
Minnesota, and westward to an elevation of 8,000 feet in the Rocky
Mountains.


Input:
At the time of the great division made by the Union Pacific Railway the
northern body of buffalo extended from the valley of the Platte River
northward to the southern shore of Great Slave Lake, eastward almost to
Minnesota, and westward to an elevation of 8,000 feet in the Rocky
Mountains.

Output:
The herds were most numerous along the central portion of
this region (see map), and from the Platte Valley to Great Slave Lake
the range was continuous.


Input:
The herds were most numerous along the central portion of
this region (see map), and from the Platte Valley to Great Slave Lake
the range was continuous.

Output:
The buffalo population of the southern half of
this great range was, according to all accounts, nearly three times as
great as that of the northern half.


Input:
The buffalo population of the southern half of
this great range was, according to all accounts, nearly three times as
great as that of the northern half.

Output:
At that time, or, let us say, 1870,
there were about four million buffaloes south of the Platte River, and
probably about one million and a half north of it.


Input:
At that time, or, let us say, 1870,
there were about four million buffaloes south of the Platte River, and
probably about one million and a half north of it.

Output:
I am aware that the
estimate of the number of buffaloes in the great northern herd is
usually much higher than this, but I can see no good grounds for making
it so.


Input:
I am aware that the
estimate of the number of buffaloes in the great northern herd is
usually much higher than this, but I can see no good grounds for making
it so.

Output:
To my mind, the evidence is conclusive that, although the
northern herd ranged over such an immense area, it was numerically less
than half the size of the overwhelming multitude which actually crowded
the southern range, and at times so completely consumed the herbage of
the plains that detachments of the United States Army found it difficult
to find sufficient grass for their mules and horses.[67]

[Note 67: As an instance of this, see _Forest and Stream_, vol.


Input:
To my mind, the evidence is conclusive that, although the
northern herd ranged over such an immense area, it was numerically less
than half the size of the overwhelming multitude which actually crowded
the southern range, and at times so completely consumed the herbage of
the plains that detachments of the United States Army found it difficult
to find sufficient grass for their mules and horses.[67]

[Note 67: As an instance of this, see _Forest and Stream_, vol.

Output: II,


Input: II,

Output: p. 184: "Horace Jones, the interpreter here


Input: p. 184: "Horace Jones, the interpreter here

Output:
[Fort Sill], says that on
his first trip along the line of the one hundredth meridian, in 1859,
accompanying Major Thomas--since our noble old general--they passed
continuous herds for over 60 miles, which left so little grass behind
them that Major Thomas was seriously troubled about his horses.


Input:
[Fort Sill], says that on
his first trip along the line of the one hundredth meridian, in 1859,
accompanying Major Thomas--since our noble old general--they passed
continuous herds for over 60 miles, which left so little grass behind
them that Major Thomas was seriously troubled about his horses.

Output:
"]

The various influences which ultimately led to the complete blotting out
of the great northern herd were exerted about as follows:


Input:
"]

The various influences which ultimately led to the complete blotting out
of the great northern herd were exerted about as follows:

Output:
In the British Possessions, where the country was immense and game of
all kinds except buffalo very scarce indeed; where, in the language of
Professor Kenaston, the explorer, "there was a great deal of country
around every wild animal," the buffalo constituted the main dependence
of the Indians, who would not cultivate the soil at all, and of the
half-breeds, who would not so long as they could find buffalo.


Input:
In the British Possessions, where the country was immense and game of
all kinds except buffalo very scarce indeed; where, in the language of
Professor Kenaston, the explorer, "there was a great deal of country
around every wild animal," the buffalo constituted the main dependence
of the Indians, who would not cultivate the soil at all, and of the
half-breeds, who would not so long as they could find buffalo.

Output:
Under
such circumstances the buffaloes of the British Possessions were hunted
much more vigorously and persistently than those of the United States,
where there was such an abundant supply of deer, elk, antelope, and
other game for the Indians to feed upon, and a paternal government to
support them with annuities besides.


Input:
Under
such circumstances the buffaloes of the British Possessions were hunted
much more vigorously and persistently than those of the United States,
where there was such an abundant supply of deer, elk, antelope, and
other game for the Indians to feed upon, and a paternal government to
support them with annuities besides.

Output:
Quite contrary to the prevailing
idea of the people of the United States, viz., that there were great
herds of buffaloes in existence in the Saskatchewan country long after
ours had all been destroyed, the herds of British America had been
almost totally exterminated by the time the final slaughter of our
northern herd was inaugurated by the opening of the Northern Pacific
Railway in 1880.


Input:
Quite contrary to the prevailing
idea of the people of the United States, viz., that there were great
herds of buffaloes in existence in the Saskatchewan country long after
ours had all been destroyed, the herds of British America had been
almost totally exterminated by the time the final slaughter of our
northern herd was inaugurated by the opening of the Northern Pacific
Railway in 1880.

Output:
The Canadian Pacific Railway played no part whatever in
the extermination of the bison in the British Possessions, for it had
already taken place.


Input:
The Canadian Pacific Railway played no part whatever in
the extermination of the bison in the British Possessions, for it had
already taken place.

Output:
The half-breeds of Manitoba, the Plains Crees of
Qu'Appelle, and the Blackfeet of the South Saskatchewan country swept
bare a great belt of country stretching east and west between the Rocky
Mountains and Manitoba.


Input:
The half-breeds of Manitoba, the Plains Crees of
Qu'Appelle, and the Blackfeet of the South Saskatchewan country swept
bare a great belt of country stretching east and west between the Rocky
Mountains and Manitoba.

Output:
The Canadian Pacific Railway found only
bleaching bones in the country through which it passed.


Input:
The Canadian Pacific Railway found only
bleaching bones in the country through which it passed.

Output:
The buffalo had
disappeared from that entire region before 1879 and left the Blackfeet
Indians on the verge of starvation.


Input:
The buffalo had
disappeared from that entire region before 1879 and left the Blackfeet
Indians on the verge of starvation.

Output:
A few thousand buffaloes still
remained in the country around the headwaters of the Battle River,
between the North and South Saskatchewan, but they were surrounded and
attacked from all sides, and their numbers diminished very rapidly until
all were killed.


Input:
A few thousand buffaloes still
remained in the country around the headwaters of the Battle River,
between the North and South Saskatchewan, but they were surrounded and
attacked from all sides, and their numbers diminished very rapidly until
all were killed.

Output:
The latest information I have been able to obtain in regard to the
disappearance of this northern band has been kindly furnished by Prof.
C. A. Kenaston, who in 1881, and also in 1883, made a thorough
exploration of the country between Winnipeg and Fort Edmonton for the
Canadian Pacific Railway Company.


Input:
The latest information I have been able to obtain in regard to the
disappearance of this northern band has been kindly furnished by Prof.
C. A. Kenaston, who in 1881, and also in 1883, made a thorough
exploration of the country between Winnipeg and Fort Edmonton for the
Canadian Pacific Railway Company.

Output:
His four routes between the two points
named covered a vast scope of country, several hundred miles in width.


Input:
His four routes between the two points
named covered a vast scope of country, several hundred miles in width.

Output:
In 1881, at Moose Jaw, 75 miles southeast of The Elbow of the South
Saskatchewan, he saw a party of Cree Indians, who had just arrived from
the northwest with several carts laden with fresh buffalo meat.


Input:
In 1881, at Moose Jaw, 75 miles southeast of The Elbow of the South
Saskatchewan, he saw a party of Cree Indians, who had just arrived from
the northwest with several carts laden with fresh buffalo meat.

Output:
At Fort
Saskatchewan, on the North Saskatchewan River, just above Edmonton, he
saw a party of English sportsmen who had recently been hunting on the
Battle and Red Deer Rivers, between Edmonton and Fort Kalgary, where
they had found buffaloes, and killed as many as they cared to slaughter.


Input:
At Fort
Saskatchewan, on the North Saskatchewan River, just above Edmonton, he
saw a party of English sportsmen who had recently been hunting on the
Battle and Red Deer Rivers, between Edmonton and Fort Kalgary, where
they had found buffaloes, and killed as many as they cared to slaughter.

Output:
In one afternoon they killed fourteen, and could have killed more had
they been more blood-thirsty.


Input:
In one afternoon they killed fourteen, and could have killed more had
they been more blood-thirsty.

Output:
In 1883 Professor Kenaston found the fresh
trail of a band of twenty-five or thirty buffaloes at The Elbow of the
South Saskatchewan.


Input:
In 1883 Professor Kenaston found the fresh
trail of a band of twenty-five or thirty buffaloes at The Elbow of the
South Saskatchewan.

Output:
Excepting in the above instances he saw no further
traces of buffalo, nor did he hear of the existence of any in all the
country he explored.


Input:
Excepting in the above instances he saw no further
traces of buffalo, nor did he hear of the existence of any in all the
country he explored.

Output:
In 1881 he saw many Cree Indians at Fort Qu'Appelle
in a starving condition, and there was no pemmican or buffalo meat at
the fort.


Input:
In 1881 he saw many Cree Indians at Fort Qu'Appelle
in a starving condition, and there was no pemmican or buffalo meat at
the fort.

Output:
In 1883, however, a little pemmican found its way to Winnipeg,
where it sold at 15 cents per pound; an exceedingly high price.


Input:
In 1883, however, a little pemmican found its way to Winnipeg,
where it sold at 15 cents per pound; an exceedingly high price.

Output:
It had
been made that year, evidently in the mouth of April, as he purchased it
in May for his journey.


Input:
It had
been made that year, evidently in the mouth of April, as he purchased it
in May for his journey.

Output:
The first really alarming impression made on our northern herd was by
the Sioux Indians, who very speedily exterminated that portion of it
which had previously covered the country lying between the North Platte
and a line drawn from the center of Wyoming to the center of Dakota.


Input:
The first really alarming impression made on our northern herd was by
the Sioux Indians, who very speedily exterminated that portion of it
which had previously covered the country lying between the North Platte
and a line drawn from the center of Wyoming to the center of Dakota.

Output:
All
along the Missouri River from Bismarck to Fort Benton, and along the
Yellowstone to the head of navigation, the slaughter went bravely on.


Input:
All
along the Missouri River from Bismarck to Fort Benton, and along the
Yellowstone to the head of navigation, the slaughter went bravely on.

Output:
All the Indian tribes of that vast region--Sioux, Cheyennes, Crows,
Blackfeet, Bloods, Piegans, Assinniboines, Gros Ventres, and
Shoshones--found their most profitable business and greatest pleasure
(next to scalping white settlers) in hunting the buffalo.


Input:
All the Indian tribes of that vast region--Sioux, Cheyennes, Crows,
Blackfeet, Bloods, Piegans, Assinniboines, Gros Ventres, and
Shoshones--found their most profitable business and greatest pleasure
(next to scalping white settlers) in hunting the buffalo.

Output:
It took from
eight to twelve buffalo hides to make a covering for one ordinary
teepee, and sometimes a single teepee of extra size required from twenty
to twenty-five hides.


Input:
It took from
eight to twelve buffalo hides to make a covering for one ordinary
teepee, and sometimes a single teepee of extra size required from twenty
to twenty-five hides.

Output:
The Indians of our northwestern Territories marketed about seventy-five
thousand buffalo robes every year so long as the northern herd was large
enough to afford the supply.


Input:
The Indians of our northwestern Territories marketed about seventy-five
thousand buffalo robes every year so long as the northern herd was large
enough to afford the supply.

Output:
If we allow that for every skin sold to
white traders four others were used in supplying their own wants, which
must be considered a very moderate estimate, the total number of
buffaloes slaughtered annually by those tribes must have been about
three hundred and seventy-five thousand.


Input:
If we allow that for every skin sold to
white traders four others were used in supplying their own wants, which
must be considered a very moderate estimate, the total number of
buffaloes slaughtered annually by those tribes must have been about
three hundred and seventy-five thousand.

Output:
The end which so many observers had for years been predicting really
began (with the northern herd) in 1876, two years after the great
annihilation which had taken place in the South, although it was not
until four years later that the slaughter became universal over the
entire range.


Input:
The end which so many observers had for years been predicting really
began (with the northern herd) in 1876, two years after the great
annihilation which had taken place in the South, although it was not
until four years later that the slaughter became universal over the
entire range.

Output:
It is very clearly indicated in the figures given in a
letter from Messrs. I. G. Baker & Co., of Fort Benton, Montana, to the
writer, dated October 6, 1887, which reads as follows:

"There were sent East from the year 1876 from this point about
seventy-five thousand buffalo robes.


Input:
It is very clearly indicated in the figures given in a
letter from Messrs. I. G. Baker & Co., of Fort Benton, Montana, to the
writer, dated October 6, 1887, which reads as follows:

"There were sent East from the year 1876 from this point about
seventy-five thousand buffalo robes.

Output:
In 1880 it had fallen to about
twenty thousand, in 1883 not more than five thousand, and in 1884 none
whatever.


Input:
In 1880 it had fallen to about
twenty thousand, in 1883 not more than five thousand, and in 1884 none
whatever.

Output:
We are sorry we can not give you a better record, but the
collection of hides which exterminated the buffalo was from the
Yellowstone country on the Northern Pacific, instead of northern
Montana.


Input:
We are sorry we can not give you a better record, but the
collection of hides which exterminated the buffalo was from the
Yellowstone country on the Northern Pacific, instead of northern
Montana.


Output:
The beginning of the final slaughter of our northern herd may be dated
about 1880, by which time the annual robe crop of the Indians had
diminished three-fourths, and when summer killing for hairless hides
began on a large scale.


Input:
The beginning of the final slaughter of our northern herd may be dated
about 1880, by which time the annual robe crop of the Indians had
diminished three-fourths, and when summer killing for hairless hides
began on a large scale.

Output:
The range of this herd was surrounded on three
sides by tribes of Indians, armed with breech-loading rifles and
abundantly supplied with fixed ammunition.


Input:
The range of this herd was surrounded on three
sides by tribes of Indians, armed with breech-loading rifles and
abundantly supplied with fixed ammunition.

Output:
Up to the year 1880 the
Indians of the tribes previously mentioned killed probably three times
as many buffaloes as did the white hunters, and had there not been a
white hunter in the whole Northwest the buffalo would have been
exterminated there just as surely, though not so quickly by perhaps ten
years, as actually occurred.


Input:
Up to the year 1880 the
Indians of the tribes previously mentioned killed probably three times
as many buffaloes as did the white hunters, and had there not been a
white hunter in the whole Northwest the buffalo would have been
exterminated there just as surely, though not so quickly by perhaps ten
years, as actually occurred.

Output:
Along the north, from the Missouri River to
the British line, and from the reservation in northwestern Dakota to the
main divide of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 550 miles as the crow
flies, the country was one continuous Indian reservation, inhabited by
eight tribes, who slaughtered buffalo in season and out of season, in
winter for robes and in summer for hides and meat to dry.


Input:
Along the north, from the Missouri River to
the British line, and from the reservation in northwestern Dakota to the
main divide of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 550 miles as the crow
flies, the country was one continuous Indian reservation, inhabited by
eight tribes, who slaughtered buffalo in season and out of season, in
winter for robes and in summer for hides and meat to dry.

Output:
In the
Southeast was the great body of Sioux, and on the Southwest the Crows
and Northern Cheyennes, all engaged in the same relentless warfare.


Input:
In the
Southeast was the great body of Sioux, and on the Southwest the Crows
and Northern Cheyennes, all engaged in the same relentless warfare.

Output:
It
would have required a body of armed men larger than the whole United
States Army to have withstood this continuous hostile pressure without
ultimate annihilation.


Input:
It
would have required a body of armed men larger than the whole United
States Army to have withstood this continuous hostile pressure without
ultimate annihilation.

Output:
Let it be remembered, therefore, that the American Indian is as much
responsible for the extermination of our northern herd of bison as the
American citizen.


Input:
Let it be remembered, therefore, that the American Indian is as much
responsible for the extermination of our northern herd of bison as the
American citizen.

Output:
I have yet to learn of an instance wherein an Indian
refrained from excessive slaughter of game through motives of economy,
or care for the future, or prejudice against wastefulness.


Input:
I have yet to learn of an instance wherein an Indian
refrained from excessive slaughter of game through motives of economy,
or care for the future, or prejudice against wastefulness.

Output:
From all
accounts the quantity of game killed by an Indian has always been
limited by two conditions only--lack of energy to kill more, or lack of
more game to be killed.


Input:
From all
accounts the quantity of game killed by an Indian has always been
limited by two conditions only--lack of energy to kill more, or lack of
more game to be killed.

Output:
White men delight in the chase, and kill for the
"sport" it yields, regardless of the effort involved.


Input:
White men delight in the chase, and kill for the
"sport" it yields, regardless of the effort involved.

Output:
Indeed, to a
genuine sportsman, nothing in hunting is "sport" which is not obtained
at the cost of great labor.


Input:
Indeed, to a
genuine sportsman, nothing in hunting is "sport" which is not obtained
at the cost of great labor.

Output:
An Indian does not view the matter in that
light, and when he has killed enough to supply his wants, he stops,
because he sees no reason why he should exert himself any further.


Input:
An Indian does not view the matter in that
light, and when he has killed enough to supply his wants, he stops,
because he sees no reason why he should exert himself any further.

Output:
This
has given rise to the statement, so often repeated, that the Indian
killed only enough buffaloes to supply his wants.


Input:
This
has given rise to the statement, so often repeated, that the Indian
killed only enough buffaloes to supply his wants.

Output:
If an Indian ever
attempted, or even showed any inclination, to husband the resources of
nature in any way, and restrain wastefulness on _the part of Indians_,
it would be gratifying to know of it.


Input:
If an Indian ever
attempted, or even showed any inclination, to husband the resources of
nature in any way, and restrain wastefulness on _the part of Indians_,
it would be gratifying to know of it.

Output:
The building of the Northern Pacific Railway across Dakota and Montana
hastened the end that was fast approaching; but it was only an incident
in the annihilation of the northern herd.


Input:
The building of the Northern Pacific Railway across Dakota and Montana
hastened the end that was fast approaching; but it was only an incident
in the annihilation of the northern herd.

Output:
Without it the final result
would have been just the same, but the end would probably not have been
reached until about 1888.


Input:
Without it the final result
would have been just the same, but the end would probably not have been
reached until about 1888.

Output:
The Northern Pacific Railway reached Bismarck, Dakota, on the Missouri
River, in the year 1876, and from that date onward received for
transportation eastward all the buffalo robes and hides that came down
the two rivers, Missouri and Yellowstone.


Input:
The Northern Pacific Railway reached Bismarck, Dakota, on the Missouri
River, in the year 1876, and from that date onward received for
transportation eastward all the buffalo robes and hides that came down
the two rivers, Missouri and Yellowstone.

Output:
Unfortunately the Northern Pacific Railway Company kept no separate
account of its buffalo product business, and is unable to furnish a
statement of the number of hides and robes it handled.


Input:
Unfortunately the Northern Pacific Railway Company kept no separate
account of its buffalo product business, and is unable to furnish a
statement of the number of hides and robes it handled.

Output:
It is therefore
impossible to even make an estimate of the total number of buffaloes
killed on the northern range during the six years which ended with the
annihilation of that herd.


Input:
It is therefore
impossible to even make an estimate of the total number of buffaloes
killed on the northern range during the six years which ended with the
annihilation of that herd.

Output:
In regard to the business done by the Northern Pacific Railway, and the
precise points from whence the bulk of the robes were shipped, the
following letter from Mr. J. M. Hannaford, traffic manager of the
Northern Pacific Railroad, under date of September 3, 1887, is of
interest.


Input:
In regard to the business done by the Northern Pacific Railway, and the
precise points from whence the bulk of the robes were shipped, the
following letter from Mr. J. M. Hannaford, traffic manager of the
Northern Pacific Railroad, under date of September 3, 1887, is of
interest.

Output:
"Your communication, addressed to President Harris, has been referred to
me for the information desired.


Input:
"Your communication, addressed to President Harris, has been referred to
me for the information desired.

Output:
"I regret that our accounts are not so kept as to enable me to furnish
you accurate data; but I have been able to obtain the following general
information, which may prove of some value to you:


Input:
"I regret that our accounts are not so kept as to enable me to furnish
you accurate data; but I have been able to obtain the following general
information, which may prove of some value to you:

Output:
"From the years 1876 and 1880 our line did not extend beyond Bismarck,
which was the extreme easterly shipping point for buffalo robes and
hides, they being brought down the Missouri River from the north for
shipment from that point.


Input:
"From the years 1876 and 1880 our line did not extend beyond Bismarck,
which was the extreme easterly shipping point for buffalo robes and
hides, they being brought down the Missouri River from the north for
shipment from that point.

Output:
In the years 1876, 1877, 1878, and 1879 there
were handled at that point yearly from three to four thousand bales of
robes, about one-half the bales containing ten robes and the other half
twelve robes each.


Input:
In the years 1876, 1877, 1878, and 1879 there
were handled at that point yearly from three to four thousand bales of
robes, about one-half the bales containing ten robes and the other half
twelve robes each.

Output: During these years practically no hides were shipped.


Input: During these years practically no hides were shipped.

Output:
In 1880 the shipment of hides, dry and untanned, commenced,[68] and in
1881 and 1882 our line was extended west, and the shipping points
increased, reaching as far west as Terry and Sully Springs, in Montana.


Input:
In 1880 the shipment of hides, dry and untanned, commenced,[68] and in
1881 and 1882 our line was extended west, and the shipping points
increased, reaching as far west as Terry and Sully Springs, in Montana.

Output:
During these years, 1880, 1881, and 1882, which practically finished the
shipments of hides and robes, it is impossible for me to give you any
just idea of the number shipped.


Input:
During these years, 1880, 1881, and 1882, which practically finished the
shipments of hides and robes, it is impossible for me to give you any
just idea of the number shipped.

Output:
The only figures obtainable are those
of 1881, when over seventy-five thousand dry and untanned buffalo hides
came down the river for shipment from Bismarck.


Input:
The only figures obtainable are those
of 1881, when over seventy-five thousand dry and untanned buffalo hides
came down the river for shipment from Bismarck.

Output:
Some robes were also
shipped from this point that year, and a considerable number of robes
and hides were shipped from several other shipping points.


Input:
Some robes were also
shipped from this point that year, and a considerable number of robes
and hides were shipped from several other shipping points.

Output:
[Note 68: It is to be noted that hairless hides, _taken from buffaloes
killed in summer_, are what the writer refers to.


Input:
[Note 68: It is to be noted that hairless hides, _taken from buffaloes
killed in summer_, are what the writer refers to.

Output:
It was not until 1881,
when the end was very near, that hunting buffalo in summer as well as
winter became a wholesale business.


Input:
It was not until 1881,
when the end was very near, that hunting buffalo in summer as well as
winter became a wholesale business.

Output:
What hunting can be more disgraceful
than the slaughter of females and young _in summer_, when skins are
almost worthless.]


Input:
What hunting can be more disgraceful
than the slaughter of females and young _in summer_, when skins are
almost worthless.]

Output:
"The number of pounds of buffalo meat shipped over our line has never
cut any figure, the bulk of the meat having been left on the prairie, as
not being of sufficient value to pay the cost of transportation.


Input:
"The number of pounds of buffalo meat shipped over our line has never
cut any figure, the bulk of the meat having been left on the prairie, as
not being of sufficient value to pay the cost of transportation.

Output:
"The names of the extreme eastern and western stations from which
shipments were made are as follows: In 1880, Bismarck was the only
shipping point.


Input:
"The names of the extreme eastern and western stations from which
shipments were made are as follows: In 1880, Bismarck was the only
shipping point.

Output: In 1881, Glendive, Bismarck, and Beaver Creek.


Input: In 1881, Glendive, Bismarck, and Beaver Creek.

Output:
In 1882,
Terry and Sully Springs, Montana, were the chief shipping points, and in
the order named, so far as numbers and amount of shipments are
concerned.


Input:
In 1882,
Terry and Sully Springs, Montana, were the chief shipping points, and in
the order named, so far as numbers and amount of shipments are
concerned.

Output:
Bismarck on the east and Forsyth on the west were the two
extremities.


Input:
Bismarck on the east and Forsyth on the west were the two
extremities.

Output:
"Up to the year 1880, so long as buffalo were killed only for robes, the
bands did not decrease very materially; but beginning with that year,
when they were killed for their hides as well, a most indiscriminate
slaughter commenced, and from that time on they disappeared very
rapidly.


Input:
"Up to the year 1880, so long as buffalo were killed only for robes, the
bands did not decrease very materially; but beginning with that year,
when they were killed for their hides as well, a most indiscriminate
slaughter commenced, and from that time on they disappeared very
rapidly.

Output:
Up to the year 1881 there were two large bands, one south of
the Yellowstone and the other north of that river.


Input:
Up to the year 1881 there were two large bands, one south of
the Yellowstone and the other north of that river.

Output:
In the year mentioned
those south of the river were driven north and never returned, having
joined the northern band, and become practically extinguished.


Input:
In the year mentioned
those south of the river were driven north and never returned, having
joined the northern band, and become practically extinguished.

Output:
"Since 1882 there have, of course, been occasional shipments both of
hides and robes, but in such small quantities and so seldom that they
cut practically no figure, the bulk of them coming probably from north
Missouri points down the river to Bismarck.


Input:
"Since 1882 there have, of course, been occasional shipments both of
hides and robes, but in such small quantities and so seldom that they
cut practically no figure, the bulk of them coming probably from north
Missouri points down the river to Bismarck.

Output:
"

In 1880 the northern buffalo range embraced the following streams; The
Missouri and all its tributaries, from Port Shaw, Montana, to Fort
Bennett, Dakota, and the Yellowstone and all its tributaries.


Input:
"

In 1880 the northern buffalo range embraced the following streams; The
Missouri and all its tributaries, from Port Shaw, Montana, to Fort
Bennett, Dakota, and the Yellowstone and all its tributaries.

Output:
Of this
region, Miles City, Montana, was the geographical center.


Input:
Of this
region, Miles City, Montana, was the geographical center.

Output:
The grass was
good over the whole of it, and the various divisions of the great herd
were continually shifting from one locality to another, often making
journeys several hundred miles at a time.


Input:
The grass was
good over the whole of it, and the various divisions of the great herd
were continually shifting from one locality to another, often making
journeys several hundred miles at a time.

Output:
Over the whole of this vast
area their bleaching bones lie scattered (where they have not as yet
been gathered up for sale) from the Upper Marias and Milk Rivers, near
the British boundary, to the Platte, and from the James River, in
central Dakota, to an elevation of 8,000 feet in the Rocky Mountains.


Input:
Over the whole of this vast
area their bleaching bones lie scattered (where they have not as yet
been gathered up for sale) from the Upper Marias and Milk Rivers, near
the British boundary, to the Platte, and from the James River, in
central Dakota, to an elevation of 8,000 feet in the Rocky Mountains.

Output:
Indeed, as late as October, 1887, I gathered up on the open common,
within half a mile of the Northern Pacific Railway depot at the city of
Helena, the skull, horns, and numerous odd bones of a large bull buffalo
which had been killed there.


Input:
Indeed, as late as October, 1887, I gathered up on the open common,
within half a mile of the Northern Pacific Railway depot at the city of
Helena, the skull, horns, and numerous odd bones of a large bull buffalo
which had been killed there.

Output: [Illustration: WHERE THE MILLIONS HAVE GONE.


Input: [Illustration: WHERE THE MILLIONS HAVE GONE.

Output:
From a painting by J. H.
Moser in the National Museum.]

Over many portions of the northern range the traveler may even now ride
for days together without once being out of sight of buffalo
carcasses, or bones.


Input:
From a painting by J. H.
Moser in the National Museum.]

Over many portions of the northern range the traveler may even now ride
for days together without once being out of sight of buffalo
carcasses, or bones.

Output:
Such was the case in 1886 in the country lying
between the Missouri and the Yellowstone, northwest of Miles City.


Input:
Such was the case in 1886 in the country lying
between the Missouri and the Yellowstone, northwest of Miles City.

Output:
Go
wherever we might, on divides, into bad lands, creek bottoms, or on the
highest plateaus, we always found the inevitable and omnipresent grim
and ghastly skeleton, with hairy head, dried-up and shriveled nostrils,
half-skinned legs stretched helplessly upon the gray turf, and the bones
of the body bleached white as chalk.


Input:
Go
wherever we might, on divides, into bad lands, creek bottoms, or on the
highest plateaus, we always found the inevitable and omnipresent grim
and ghastly skeleton, with hairy head, dried-up and shriveled nostrils,
half-skinned legs stretched helplessly upon the gray turf, and the bones
of the body bleached white as chalk.

Output:
The year 1881 witnessed the same kind of a stampede for the northern
buffalo range that occurred just ten years previously in the south.


Input:
The year 1881 witnessed the same kind of a stampede for the northern
buffalo range that occurred just ten years previously in the south.

Output:
At
that time robes were worth from two to three times as much as they ever
had been in the south, the market was very active, and the successful
hunter was sure to reap a rich reward as long as the buffaloes lasted.


Input:
At
that time robes were worth from two to three times as much as they ever
had been in the south, the market was very active, and the successful
hunter was sure to reap a rich reward as long as the buffaloes lasted.

Output:
At that time the hunters and hide-buyers estimated that there were five
hundred thousand buffaloes within a radius of 150 miles of Miles City,
and that there were still in the entire northern herd not far from one
million head.


Input:
At that time the hunters and hide-buyers estimated that there were five
hundred thousand buffaloes within a radius of 150 miles of Miles City,
and that there were still in the entire northern herd not far from one
million head.

Output:
The subsequent slaughter proved that these estimates were
probably not far from the truth.


Input:
The subsequent slaughter proved that these estimates were
probably not far from the truth.

Output:
In that year Fort Custer was so nearly
overwhelmed by a passing herd that a detachment of soldiers was ordered
out to turn the herd away from the post.


Input:
In that year Fort Custer was so nearly
overwhelmed by a passing herd that a detachment of soldiers was ordered
out to turn the herd away from the post.

Output:
In 1882 an immense herd
appeared on the high, level plateau on the north side of the Yellowstone
which overlooks Miles City and Fort Keogh in the valley below.


Input:
In 1882 an immense herd
appeared on the high, level plateau on the north side of the Yellowstone
which overlooks Miles City and Fort Keogh in the valley below.

Output:
A squad
of soldiers from the Fifth Infantry was sent up on the bluff, and in
less than an hour had killed enough buffaloes to load six four-mule
teams with meat.


Input:
A squad
of soldiers from the Fifth Infantry was sent up on the bluff, and in
less than an hour had killed enough buffaloes to load six four-mule
teams with meat.

Output:
In 1886 there were still about twenty bleaching
skeletons lying in a group on the edge of this plateau at the point
where the road from the ferry reaches the level, but all the rest had
been gathered up.


Input:
In 1886 there were still about twenty bleaching
skeletons lying in a group on the edge of this plateau at the point
where the road from the ferry reaches the level, but all the rest had
been gathered up.

Output:
In 1882 there were, so it is estimated by men who were in the country,
no fewer than five thousand white hunters and skinners on the northern
range.


Input:
In 1882 there were, so it is estimated by men who were in the country,
no fewer than five thousand white hunters and skinners on the northern
range.

Output: Lieut.


Input: Lieut.

Output:
J. M. T. Partello declares that "a cordon of camps, from
the Upper Missouri, where it bends to the west, stretched toward the
setting sun as far as the dividing line of Idaho, completely blocking in
the great ranges of the Milk River, the Musselshell, Yellowstone, and
the Marias, and rendering it impossible for scarcely a single bison to
escape through the chain of sentinel camps to the Canadian northwest.


Input:
J. M. T. Partello declares that "a cordon of camps, from
the Upper Missouri, where it bends to the west, stretched toward the
setting sun as far as the dividing line of Idaho, completely blocking in
the great ranges of the Milk River, the Musselshell, Yellowstone, and
the Marias, and rendering it impossible for scarcely a single bison to
escape through the chain of sentinel camps to the Canadian northwest.

Output:
Hunters of Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado drove the poor hunted animals
north, directly into the muzzles of the thousands of repeaters ready to
receive them.


Input:
Hunters of Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado drove the poor hunted animals
north, directly into the muzzles of the thousands of repeaters ready to
receive them.