Input:
It would have been as easy to count or to estimate the
number of leaves in a forest as to calculate the number of buffaloes
living at any given time during the history of the species previous to
1870.

Output:
Even in South Central Africa, which has always been exceedingly
prolific in great herds of game, it is probable that all its quadrupeds
taken together on an equal area would never have more than equaled the
total number of buffalo in this country forty years ago.


Input:
Even in South Central Africa, which has always been exceedingly
prolific in great herds of game, it is probable that all its quadrupeds
taken together on an equal area would never have more than equaled the
total number of buffalo in this country forty years ago.

Output:
To an African hunter, such a statement may seem incredible, but it
appears to be fully warranted by the literature of both branches of the
subject.


Input:
To an African hunter, such a statement may seem incredible, but it
appears to be fully warranted by the literature of both branches of the
subject.

Output:
Not only did the buffalo formerly range eastward far into the forest
regions of western New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas, and
Georgia, but in some places it was so abundant as to cause remark.


Input:
Not only did the buffalo formerly range eastward far into the forest
regions of western New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas, and
Georgia, but in some places it was so abundant as to cause remark.

Output:
In
Mr. J. A. Allen's valuable monograph[21] appear a great number of
interesting historical references on this subject, as indeed to every
other relating to the buffalo, a few of which I will take the liberty of
quoting.


Input:
In
Mr. J. A. Allen's valuable monograph[21] appear a great number of
interesting historical references on this subject, as indeed to every
other relating to the buffalo, a few of which I will take the liberty of
quoting.

Output:
[Note 21: All who are especially interested in the life history of the
buffalo, both scientific and economical, will do well to consult Mr.
Allen's monograph, "The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," if it be
accessible.


Input:
[Note 21: All who are especially interested in the life history of the
buffalo, both scientific and economical, will do well to consult Mr.
Allen's monograph, "The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," if it be
accessible.

Output:
Unfortunately it is a difficult matter for the general
reader to obtain it.


Input:
Unfortunately it is a difficult matter for the general
reader to obtain it.

Output:
A reprint of the work as originally published, but
omitting the map, plates, and such of the subject-matter as relates to
the extinct species, appears in Hayden's "Report of the Geological
Survey of the Territories," for 1875 (pp. 443-587), but the volume has
for several years been out of print.


Input:
A reprint of the work as originally published, but
omitting the map, plates, and such of the subject-matter as relates to
the extinct species, appears in Hayden's "Report of the Geological
Survey of the Territories," for 1875 (pp. 443-587), but the volume has
for several years been out of print.

Output:
The memoir as originally published has the following titles:

_


Input:
The memoir as originally published has the following titles:

_

Output:
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky.| N. S. Shaler, Director.|
Vol. I. Part II.|--|


Input:
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky.| N. S. Shaler, Director.|
Vol. I. Part II.|--|

Output: The American Bisons,| living and extinct.| By J. A.


Input: The American Bisons,| living and extinct.| By J. A.

Output: Allen.|


Input: Allen.|

Output:
With twelve plates and map.|--| University press, Cambridge:|
Welch, Bigelow & Co.| 1876._


Input:
With twelve plates and map.|--| University press, Cambridge:|
Welch, Bigelow & Co.| 1876._

Output:
_Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,| at Harvard College,
Cambridge, Mass.| Vol.


Input:
_Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,| at Harvard College,
Cambridge, Mass.| Vol.

Output: IV.


Input: IV.

Output: No. 10.|--|


Input: No. 10.|--|

Output:
The American Bisons,| living and
extinct.| By J. A. Allen.| Published by permission of N. S. Shaler,
Director of the Kentucky| Geological Survey.| With twelve plates and a
map.| University press, Cambridge:| Welch, Bigelow & Co.| 1876.|_

_4to., pp.


Input:
The American Bisons,| living and
extinct.| By J. A. Allen.| Published by permission of N. S. Shaler,
Director of the Kentucky| Geological Survey.| With twelve plates and a
map.| University press, Cambridge:| Welch, Bigelow & Co.| 1876.|_

_4to., pp.

Output: i-ix, 1-246, 1 col'd map, 12 pl., 13 ll.


Input: i-ix, 1-246, 1 col'd map, 12 pl., 13 ll.

Output:
explanatory, 2
wood-cuts in text.


Input:
explanatory, 2
wood-cuts in text.

Output: _


Output:
These two publications were simultaneous, and only differed in the
titles.


Input:
These two publications were simultaneous, and only differed in the
titles.

Output:
Unfortunately both are of greater rarity than the reprint
referred to above.]


Input:
Unfortunately both are of greater rarity than the reprint
referred to above.]

Output:
In the vicinity of the spot where the town of Clarion now stands, in
northwestern Pennsylvania, Mr. Thomas Ashe relates that one of the first
settlers built his log cabin near a salt spring which was visited by
buffaloes in such numbers that "he supposed there could not have been
less than two thousand in the neighborhood of the spring."


Input:
In the vicinity of the spot where the town of Clarion now stands, in
northwestern Pennsylvania, Mr. Thomas Ashe relates that one of the first
settlers built his log cabin near a salt spring which was visited by
buffaloes in such numbers that "he supposed there could not have been
less than two thousand in the neighborhood of the spring."

Output:
During the
first years of his residence there, the buffaloes came in droves of
about three hundred each.


Input:
During the
first years of his residence there, the buffaloes came in droves of
about three hundred each.

Output:
Of the Blue Licks in Kentucky, Mr. John Filson thus wrote, in 1784: "The
amazing herds of buffaloes which resort thither, by their size and
number, fill the traveller with amazement and terror, especially when
he beholds the prodigious roads they have made from all quarters, as if
leading to some populous city; the vast space of land around these
springs desolated as if by a ravaging enemy, and hills reduced to
plains; for the land near these springs is chiefly hilly.


Input:
Of the Blue Licks in Kentucky, Mr. John Filson thus wrote, in 1784: "The
amazing herds of buffaloes which resort thither, by their size and
number, fill the traveller with amazement and terror, especially when
he beholds the prodigious roads they have made from all quarters, as if
leading to some populous city; the vast space of land around these
springs desolated as if by a ravaging enemy, and hills reduced to
plains; for the land near these springs is chiefly hilly.


Output:
* I have
heard a hunter assert he saw above one thousand buffaloes at the Blue
Licks at once; so numerous were they before the first settlers had
wantonly sported away their lives."


Input:
* I have
heard a hunter assert he saw above one thousand buffaloes at the Blue
Licks at once; so numerous were they before the first settlers had
wantonly sported away their lives."

Output:
Col. Daniel Boone declared of the
Red River region in Kentucky, "The buffaloes were more frequent than I
have seen cattle in the settlements, browzing on the leaves of the cane,
or cropping the herbage of those extensive plains, fearless because
ignorant of the violence of man.


Input:
Col. Daniel Boone declared of the
Red River region in Kentucky, "The buffaloes were more frequent than I
have seen cattle in the settlements, browzing on the leaves of the cane,
or cropping the herbage of those extensive plains, fearless because
ignorant of the violence of man.

Output:
Sometimes we saw hundreds in a drove,
and the numbers about the salt springs were amazing."


Input:
Sometimes we saw hundreds in a drove,
and the numbers about the salt springs were amazing."

Output:
According to Ramsey, where Nashville now stands, in 1770 there were
"immense numbers of buffalo and other wild game.


Input:
According to Ramsey, where Nashville now stands, in 1770 there were
"immense numbers of buffalo and other wild game.

Output:
The country was crowded
with them.


Input:
The country was crowded
with them.

Output: Their bellowings sounded from the hills and forest."


Input: Their bellowings sounded from the hills and forest."

Output:
Daniel
Boone found vast herds of buffalo grazing in the valleys of East
Tennessee, between the spurs of the Cumberland mountains.


Input:
Daniel
Boone found vast herds of buffalo grazing in the valleys of East
Tennessee, between the spurs of the Cumberland mountains.

Output:
Marquette declared that the prairies along the Illinois River were
"covered with buffaloes."


Input:
Marquette declared that the prairies along the Illinois River were
"covered with buffaloes."

Output:
Father Hennepin, in writing of northern
Illinois, between Chicago and the Illinois River, asserted that "there
must be an innumerable quantity of wild bulls in that country, since the
earth is covered with their horns.


Input:
Father Hennepin, in writing of northern
Illinois, between Chicago and the Illinois River, asserted that "there
must be an innumerable quantity of wild bulls in that country, since the
earth is covered with their horns.


Output:
They follow one another, so
that you may see a drove of them for above a league together.


Input:
They follow one another, so
that you may see a drove of them for above a league together.


Output:
* *
Their ways are as beaten as our great roads, and no herb grows therein."

Judged by ordinary standards of comparison, the early pioneers of the
last century thought buffalo were abundant in the localities mentioned
above.


Input:
* *
Their ways are as beaten as our great roads, and no herb grows therein."

Judged by ordinary standards of comparison, the early pioneers of the
last century thought buffalo were abundant in the localities mentioned
above.

Output:
But the herds which lived east of the Mississippi were
comparatively only mere stragglers from the innumerable mass which
covered the great western pasture region from the Mississippi to the
Rocky Mountains, and from the Rio Grande to Great Slave Lake.


Input:
But the herds which lived east of the Mississippi were
comparatively only mere stragglers from the innumerable mass which
covered the great western pasture region from the Mississippi to the
Rocky Mountains, and from the Rio Grande to Great Slave Lake.

Output:
The town
of Kearney, in south central Nebraska, may fairly be considered the
geographical center of distribution of the species, as it originally
existed, but ever since 1800, and until a few years ago, the center of
population has been in the Black Hills of southwestern Dakota.


Input:
The town
of Kearney, in south central Nebraska, may fairly be considered the
geographical center of distribution of the species, as it originally
existed, but ever since 1800, and until a few years ago, the center of
population has been in the Black Hills of southwestern Dakota.

Output:
Between the Rocky Mountains and the States lying along the Mississippi
River on the west, from Minnesota to Louisiana, the whole country was
one vast buffalo range, inhabited by millions of buffaloes.


Input:
Between the Rocky Mountains and the States lying along the Mississippi
River on the west, from Minnesota to Louisiana, the whole country was
one vast buffalo range, inhabited by millions of buffaloes.

Output:
One could
fill a volume with the records of plainsmen and pioneers who penetrated
or crossed that vast region between 1800 and 1870, and were in turn
surprised, astounded, and frequently dismayed by the tens of thousands
of buffaloes they observed, avoided, or escaped from.


Input:
One could
fill a volume with the records of plainsmen and pioneers who penetrated
or crossed that vast region between 1800 and 1870, and were in turn
surprised, astounded, and frequently dismayed by the tens of thousands
of buffaloes they observed, avoided, or escaped from.

Output:
They lived and
moved as no other quadrupeds ever have, in great multitudes, like grand
armies in review, covering scores of square miles at once.


Input:
They lived and
moved as no other quadrupeds ever have, in great multitudes, like grand
armies in review, covering scores of square miles at once.

Output:
They were so
numerous they frequently stopped boats in the rivers, threatened to
overwhelm travelers on the plains, and in later years derailed
locomotives and cars, until railway engineers learned by experience the
wisdom of stopping their trains whenever there were buffaloes crossing
the track.


Input:
They were so
numerous they frequently stopped boats in the rivers, threatened to
overwhelm travelers on the plains, and in later years derailed
locomotives and cars, until railway engineers learned by experience the
wisdom of stopping their trains whenever there were buffaloes crossing
the track.

Output:
On this feature of the buffalo's life history a few detailed
observations may be of value.


Input:
On this feature of the buffalo's life history a few detailed
observations may be of value.

Output:
Near the mouth of the White River, in southwestern Dakota, Lewis and
Clark saw (in 1806) a herd of buffalo which caused them to make the
following record in their journal:


Input:
Near the mouth of the White River, in southwestern Dakota, Lewis and
Clark saw (in 1806) a herd of buffalo which caused them to make the
following record in their journal:

Output:
"These last animals [buffaloes] are now so numerous that from an
eminence we discovered more than we had ever seen before at one time;
and if it be not impossible to calculate the moving multitude, which
darkened the whole plains, we are convinced that twenty thousand would
be no exaggerated number.


Input:
"These last animals [buffaloes] are now so numerous that from an
eminence we discovered more than we had ever seen before at one time;
and if it be not impossible to calculate the moving multitude, which
darkened the whole plains, we are convinced that twenty thousand would
be no exaggerated number.

Output:
"

When near the mouth of the Yellowstone, on their way down the Missouri,
a previous record had been made of a meeting with other herds:

"The buffalo now appear in vast numbers.


Input:
"

When near the mouth of the Yellowstone, on their way down the Missouri,
a previous record had been made of a meeting with other herds:

"The buffalo now appear in vast numbers.

Output:
A herd happened to be on their
way across the river [the Missouri].


Input:
A herd happened to be on their
way across the river [the Missouri].

Output:
Such was the multitude of these
animals that although the river, including an island over which they
passed, was a mile in length, the herd stretched as thick as they could
swim completely from one side to the other, and the party was obliged to
stop for an hour.


Input:
Such was the multitude of these
animals that although the river, including an island over which they
passed, was a mile in length, the herd stretched as thick as they could
swim completely from one side to the other, and the party was obliged to
stop for an hour.

Output:
They consoled themselves for the delay by killing four
of the herd, and then proceeded till at the distance of 45 miles they
halted on an island, below which two other herds of buffalo, as numerous
as the first, soon after crossed the river.


Input:
They consoled themselves for the delay by killing four
of the herd, and then proceeded till at the distance of 45 miles they
halted on an island, below which two other herds of buffalo, as numerous
as the first, soon after crossed the river.

Output: "[22]


Output: [Note 22: Lewis and Clark's Exped., II, p. 395.]


Input: [Note 22: Lewis and Clark's Exped., II, p. 395.]

Output:
Perhaps the most vivid picture ever afforded of the former abundance of
buffalo is that given by Col. R. I. Dodge in his "Plains of the Great
West," p. 120, _et seq._


Input:
Perhaps the most vivid picture ever afforded of the former abundance of
buffalo is that given by Col. R. I. Dodge in his "Plains of the Great
West," p. 120, _et seq._

Output:
It is well worth reproducing entire:

"In May, 1871, I drove in a light wagon from Old Fort Zara to Fort
Larned, on the Arkansas, 34 miles.


Input:
It is well worth reproducing entire:

"In May, 1871, I drove in a light wagon from Old Fort Zara to Fort
Larned, on the Arkansas, 34 miles.

Output:
At least 25 miles of this distance
was through one immense herd, composed of countless smaller herds of
buffalo then on their journey north.


Input:
At least 25 miles of this distance
was through one immense herd, composed of countless smaller herds of
buffalo then on their journey north.

Output:
The road ran along the broad level
'bottom,' or valley, of the river.


Input:
The road ran along the broad level
'bottom,' or valley, of the river.


Output:
* *

"The whole country appeared one great mass of buffalo, moving slowly to
the northward; and it was only when actually among them that it could be
ascertained that the apparently solid mass was an agglomeration of
innumerable small herds, of from fifty to two hundred animals, separated
from the surrounding herds by greater or less space, but still
separated.


Input:
* *

"The whole country appeared one great mass of buffalo, moving slowly to
the northward; and it was only when actually among them that it could be
ascertained that the apparently solid mass was an agglomeration of
innumerable small herds, of from fifty to two hundred animals, separated
from the surrounding herds by greater or less space, but still
separated.

Output:
The herds in the valley sullenly got out of my way, and,
turning, stared stupidly at me, sometimes at only a few yards' distance.


Input:
The herds in the valley sullenly got out of my way, and,
turning, stared stupidly at me, sometimes at only a few yards' distance.

Output:
When I had reached a point where the hills were no longer more than a
mile from the road, the buffalo on the hills, seeing an unusual object
in their rear, turned, stared an instant, then started at full speed
directly towards me, stampeding and bringing with them the numberless
herds through which they passed, and pouring down upon me all the herds,
no longer separated, but one immense compact mass of plunging animals,
mad with fright, and as irresistible as an avalanche.


Input:
When I had reached a point where the hills were no longer more than a
mile from the road, the buffalo on the hills, seeing an unusual object
in their rear, turned, stared an instant, then started at full speed
directly towards me, stampeding and bringing with them the numberless
herds through which they passed, and pouring down upon me all the herds,
no longer separated, but one immense compact mass of plunging animals,
mad with fright, and as irresistible as an avalanche.

Output: "The situation was by no means pleasant.


Input: "The situation was by no means pleasant.

Output:
Reining up my horse (which was
fortunately a quiet old beast that had been in at the death of many a
buffalo, so that their wildest, maddest rush only caused him to cock his
ears in wonder at their unnecessary excitement), I waited until the
front of the mass was within 50 yards, when a few well-directed shots
from my rifle split the herd, and sent it pouring off in two streams to
my right and left.


Input:
Reining up my horse (which was
fortunately a quiet old beast that had been in at the death of many a
buffalo, so that their wildest, maddest rush only caused him to cock his
ears in wonder at their unnecessary excitement), I waited until the
front of the mass was within 50 yards, when a few well-directed shots
from my rifle split the herd, and sent it pouring off in two streams to
my right and left.

Output:
When all had passed me they stopped, apparently
perfectly satisfied, though thousands were yet within reach of my rifle
and many within less than 100 yards.


Input:
When all had passed me they stopped, apparently
perfectly satisfied, though thousands were yet within reach of my rifle
and many within less than 100 yards.

Output:
Disdaining to fire again, I sent my
servant to cut out the tongues of the fallen.


Input:
Disdaining to fire again, I sent my
servant to cut out the tongues of the fallen.

Output:
This occurred so
frequently within the next 10 miles, that when I arrived at Fort Larned
I had twenty-six tongues in my wagon, representing the greatest number
of buffalo that my conscience can reproach me for having murdered on any
single day.


Input:
This occurred so
frequently within the next 10 miles, that when I arrived at Fort Larned
I had twenty-six tongues in my wagon, representing the greatest number
of buffalo that my conscience can reproach me for having murdered on any
single day.

Output:
I was not hunting, wanted no meat, and would not voluntarily
have fired at these herds.


Input:
I was not hunting, wanted no meat, and would not voluntarily
have fired at these herds.

Output:
I killed only in self-preservation and fired
almost every shot from the wagon.


Input:
I killed only in self-preservation and fired
almost every shot from the wagon.

Output:
"

At my request Colonel Dodge has kindly furnished me a careful estimate
upon which to base a calculation of the number of buffaloes in that
great herd, and the result is very interesting.


Input:
"

At my request Colonel Dodge has kindly furnished me a careful estimate
upon which to base a calculation of the number of buffaloes in that
great herd, and the result is very interesting.

Output:
In a private letter,
dated September 21, 1887, he writes as follows:

"The great herd on the Arkansas through which I passed could not have
averaged, _at rest_, over fifteen or twenty individuals to the acre, but
was, from my own observation, not less than 25 miles wide, and from
reports of hunters and others it was about five days in passing a given
point, or not less than 50 miles deep.


Input:
In a private letter,
dated September 21, 1887, he writes as follows:

"The great herd on the Arkansas through which I passed could not have
averaged, _at rest_, over fifteen or twenty individuals to the acre, but
was, from my own observation, not less than 25 miles wide, and from
reports of hunters and others it was about five days in passing a given
point, or not less than 50 miles deep.

Output:
From the top of Pawnee Rock I
could see from 6 to 10 miles in almost every direction.


Input:
From the top of Pawnee Rock I
could see from 6 to 10 miles in almost every direction.

Output:
This whole vast
space was covered with buffalo, looking at a distance like one compact
mass, the visual angle not permitting the ground to be seen.


Input:
This whole vast
space was covered with buffalo, looking at a distance like one compact
mass, the visual angle not permitting the ground to be seen.

Output:
I have seen
such a sight a great number of times, but never on so large a scale.


Input:
I have seen
such a sight a great number of times, but never on so large a scale.

Output: "That was the last of the great herds.


Input: "That was the last of the great herds.

Output:
"

With these figures before us, it is not difficult to make a calculation
that will be somewhere near the truth of the number of buffaloes
actually seen in one day by Colonel Dodge on the Arkansas River during
that memorable drive, and also of the number of head in the entire herd.


Input:
"

With these figures before us, it is not difficult to make a calculation
that will be somewhere near the truth of the number of buffaloes
actually seen in one day by Colonel Dodge on the Arkansas River during
that memorable drive, and also of the number of head in the entire herd.

Output:
According to his recorded observation, the herd extended along the river
for a distance of 25 miles, which was in reality the width of the vast
procession that was moving north, and back from the road as far as the
eye could reach, on both sides.


Input:
According to his recorded observation, the herd extended along the river
for a distance of 25 miles, which was in reality the width of the vast
procession that was moving north, and back from the road as far as the
eye could reach, on both sides.

Output:
It is making a low estimate to consider
the extent of the visible ground at 1 mile on either side.


Input:
It is making a low estimate to consider
the extent of the visible ground at 1 mile on either side.

Output:
This gives a
strip of country 2 miles wide by 25 long, or a total of 50 square miles
covered with buffalo, averaging from fifteen to twenty to the acre.[23]
Taking the lesser number, in order to be below the truth rather than
above it, we find that the number actually seen on that day by Colonel
Dodge was in the neighborhood of 480,000, not counting the additional
number taken in at the view from the top of Pawnee Rock, which, if
added, would easily bring the total up to a round half million!


Input:
This gives a
strip of country 2 miles wide by 25 long, or a total of 50 square miles
covered with buffalo, averaging from fifteen to twenty to the acre.[23]
Taking the lesser number, in order to be below the truth rather than
above it, we find that the number actually seen on that day by Colonel
Dodge was in the neighborhood of 480,000, not counting the additional
number taken in at the view from the top of Pawnee Rock, which, if
added, would easily bring the total up to a round half million!

Output:
[Note 23: On the plains of Dakota, the Rev. Mr. Belcourt (Schoolcraft's
N. A. Indians, IV, p. 108) once counted two hundred and twenty-eight
buffaloes, a part of a great herd, feeding on a single acre of ground.


Input:
[Note 23: On the plains of Dakota, the Rev. Mr. Belcourt (Schoolcraft's
N. A. Indians, IV, p. 108) once counted two hundred and twenty-eight
buffaloes, a part of a great herd, feeding on a single acre of ground.

Output:
This of course was an unusual occurrence with buffaloes not stampeding,
but practically at rest.


Input:
This of course was an unusual occurrence with buffaloes not stampeding,
but practically at rest.

Output:
It is quite possible also that the extent of
the ground may have been underestimated.]


Input:
It is quite possible also that the extent of
the ground may have been underestimated.]

Output:
If the advancing multitude had been at all points 50 miles in length (as
it was known to have been in some places at least) by 25 miles in width,
and still averaged fifteen head to the acre of ground, it would have
contained the enormous number of 12,000,000 head.


Input:
If the advancing multitude had been at all points 50 miles in length (as
it was known to have been in some places at least) by 25 miles in width,
and still averaged fifteen head to the acre of ground, it would have
contained the enormous number of 12,000,000 head.

Output:
But, judging from the
general principles governing such migrations, it is almost certain that
the moving mass advanced in the shape of a wedge, which would make it
necessary to deduct about two-third from the grand total, which would
leave 4,000,000 as our estimate of the actual number of buffaloes in
this great herd, which I believe is more likely to be below the truth
than above it.


Input:
But, judging from the
general principles governing such migrations, it is almost certain that
the moving mass advanced in the shape of a wedge, which would make it
necessary to deduct about two-third from the grand total, which would
leave 4,000,000 as our estimate of the actual number of buffaloes in
this great herd, which I believe is more likely to be below the truth
than above it.

Output:
No wonder that the men of the West of those days, both white and red,
thought it would be impossible to exterminate such a mighty multitude.


Input:
No wonder that the men of the West of those days, both white and red,
thought it would be impossible to exterminate such a mighty multitude.

Output:
The Indians of some tribes believed that the buffaloes issued from the
earth continually, and that the supply was necessarily inexhaustible.


Input:
The Indians of some tribes believed that the buffaloes issued from the
earth continually, and that the supply was necessarily inexhaustible.

Output:
And yet, in four short years the southern herd was almost totally
annihilated.


Input:
And yet, in four short years the southern herd was almost totally
annihilated.

Output:
With such a lesson before our eyes, confirmed in every detail by living
testimony, who will dare to say that there will be an elk, moose,
caribou, mountain sheep, mountain goat, antelope, or black-tail deer
left alive in the United States in a wild state fifty years from this
date, ay, or even twenty-five?

Mr. William Blackmore contributes the following testimony to the
abundance of buffalo in Kansas:[24]


Input:
With such a lesson before our eyes, confirmed in every detail by living
testimony, who will dare to say that there will be an elk, moose,
caribou, mountain sheep, mountain goat, antelope, or black-tail deer
left alive in the United States in a wild state fifty years from this
date, ay, or even twenty-five?

Mr. William Blackmore contributes the following testimony to the
abundance of buffalo in Kansas:[24]

Output: [Note 24: Plains of the Great West, p. xvi.]


Input: [Note 24: Plains of the Great West, p. xvi.]

Output:
"In the autumn of 1868, whilst crossing the plains on the Kansas Pacific
Railroad, for a distance of upwards of 120 miles, between Ellsworth and
Sheridan, we passed through an almost unbroken herd of buffalo.


Input:
"In the autumn of 1868, whilst crossing the plains on the Kansas Pacific
Railroad, for a distance of upwards of 120 miles, between Ellsworth and
Sheridan, we passed through an almost unbroken herd of buffalo.

Output:
The
plains were blackened with them, and more than once the train had to
stop to allow unusually large herds to pass.


Input:
The
plains were blackened with them, and more than once the train had to
stop to allow unusually large herds to pass.


Output:
In 1872, whilst on a
scout for about a hundred miles south of Fort Dodge to the Indian
Territory, we were never out of sight of buffalo.


Input:
In 1872, whilst on a
scout for about a hundred miles south of Fort Dodge to the Indian
Territory, we were never out of sight of buffalo.

Output:
"

Twenty years hence, when not even a bone or a buffalo-chip remains above
ground throughout the West to mark the presence of the buffalo, it may
be difficult for people to believe that these animals ever existed in
such numbers as to constitute not only a serious annoyance, but very
often a dangerous menace to wagon travel across the plains, and also to
stop railway trains, and even throw them off the track.


Input:
"

Twenty years hence, when not even a bone or a buffalo-chip remains above
ground throughout the West to mark the presence of the buffalo, it may
be difficult for people to believe that these animals ever existed in
such numbers as to constitute not only a serious annoyance, but very
often a dangerous menace to wagon travel across the plains, and also to
stop railway trains, and even throw them off the track.

Output:
The like has
probably never occurred before in any country, and most assuredly never
will again, if the present rate of large game destruction all over the
world can be taken as a foreshadowing of the future.


Input:
The like has
probably never occurred before in any country, and most assuredly never
will again, if the present rate of large game destruction all over the
world can be taken as a foreshadowing of the future.

Output:
In this connection
the following additional testimony from Colonel Dodge ("Plains of the
Great West," p. 121) is of interest:

"The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad was then [in 1871-'72] in
process of construction, and nowhere could the peculiarity of the
buffalo of which I am speaking be better studied than from its trains.


Input:
In this connection
the following additional testimony from Colonel Dodge ("Plains of the
Great West," p. 121) is of interest:

"The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad was then [in 1871-'72] in
process of construction, and nowhere could the peculiarity of the
buffalo of which I am speaking be better studied than from its trains.

Output:
If a herd was on the north side of the track, it would stand stupidly
gazing, and without a symptom of alarm, although the locomotive passed
within a hundred yards.


Input:
If a herd was on the north side of the track, it would stand stupidly
gazing, and without a symptom of alarm, although the locomotive passed
within a hundred yards.

Output:
If on the south side of the track, even though
at a distance of 1 or 2 miles from it, the passage of a train set the
whole herd in the wildest commotion.


Input:
If on the south side of the track, even though
at a distance of 1 or 2 miles from it, the passage of a train set the
whole herd in the wildest commotion.

Output:
At full speed, and utterly
regardless of the consequences, it would make for the track on its line
of retreat.


Input:
At full speed, and utterly
regardless of the consequences, it would make for the track on its line
of retreat.

Output:
If the train happened not to be in its path, it crossed the
track and stopped satisfied.


Input:
If the train happened not to be in its path, it crossed the
track and stopped satisfied.

Output:
If the train was in its way, each
individual buffalo went at it with the desperation of despair, plunging
against or between locomotive and cars, just as its blind madness
chanced to direct it.


Input:
If the train was in its way, each
individual buffalo went at it with the desperation of despair, plunging
against or between locomotive and cars, just as its blind madness
chanced to direct it.

Output:
Numbers were killed, but numbers still pressed on,
to stop and stare as soon as the obstacle had passed.


Input:
Numbers were killed, but numbers still pressed on,
to stop and stare as soon as the obstacle had passed.

Output:
After having
trains thrown off the track twice in one week, conductors learned to
have a very decided respect for the idiosyncrasies of the buffalo, and
when there was a possibility of striking a herd 'on the rampage' for the
north side of the track, the train was slowed up and sometimes stopped
entirely.


Input:
After having
trains thrown off the track twice in one week, conductors learned to
have a very decided respect for the idiosyncrasies of the buffalo, and
when there was a possibility of striking a herd 'on the rampage' for the
north side of the track, the train was slowed up and sometimes stopped
entirely.

Output:
"

The accompanying illustration, reproduced from the "Plains of the Great
West," by the kind permission of the author, is, in one sense, ocular
proof that collisions between railway trains and vast herds of buffaloes
were so numerous that they formed a proper subject for illustration.


Input:
"

The accompanying illustration, reproduced from the "Plains of the Great
West," by the kind permission of the author, is, in one sense, ocular
proof that collisions between railway trains and vast herds of buffaloes
were so numerous that they formed a proper subject for illustration.

Output:
In
regard to the stoppage of trains and derailment of locomotives by
buffaloes, Colonel Dodge makes the following allusion in the private
letter already referred to: "There are at least a hundred reliable
railroad men now employed on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad
who were witnesses of, and sometimes sufferers from, the wild rushes of
buffalo as described on page 121 of my book.


Input:
In
regard to the stoppage of trains and derailment of locomotives by
buffaloes, Colonel Dodge makes the following allusion in the private
letter already referred to: "There are at least a hundred reliable
railroad men now employed on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad
who were witnesses of, and sometimes sufferers from, the wild rushes of
buffalo as described on page 121 of my book.

Output:
I was at the time stationed
at Fort Dodge, and I was personally cognizant of several of these
'accidents.'


Input:
I was at the time stationed
at Fort Dodge, and I was personally cognizant of several of these
'accidents.'

Output:
"

[Illustration: SLAUGHTER OF BUFFALO ON THE KANSAS PACIFIC RAILROAD.


Input:
"

[Illustration: SLAUGHTER OF BUFFALO ON THE KANSAS PACIFIC RAILROAD.

Output:
Reproduced from "The Plains of the Great West," by permission of the
author, Col. R. I. Dodge.]


Input:
Reproduced from "The Plains of the Great West," by permission of the
author, Col. R. I. Dodge.]

Output:
The following, from the ever pleasing pen of Mr. Catlin, is of decided
interest in this connection:

"In one instance, near the mouth of White River, we met the most immense
herd crossing the Missouri River [in Dakota], and from an imprudence got
our boat into imminent danger amongst them, from which we were highly
delighted to make our escape.


Input:
The following, from the ever pleasing pen of Mr. Catlin, is of decided
interest in this connection:

"In one instance, near the mouth of White River, we met the most immense
herd crossing the Missouri River [in Dakota], and from an imprudence got
our boat into imminent danger amongst them, from which we were highly
delighted to make our escape.

Output:
It was in the midst of the 'running
season,' and we had heard the 'roaring' (as it is called) of the herd
when we were several miles from them.


Input:
It was in the midst of the 'running
season,' and we had heard the 'roaring' (as it is called) of the herd
when we were several miles from them.

Output:
When we came in sight, we were
actually terrified at the immense numbers that were streaming down the
green hills on one side of the river, and galloping up and over the
bluffs on the other.


Input:
When we came in sight, we were
actually terrified at the immense numbers that were streaming down the
green hills on one side of the river, and galloping up and over the
bluffs on the other.

Output:
The river was filled, and in parts blackened with
their heads and horns, as they were swimming about, following up their
objects, and making desperate battle whilst they were swimming.


Input:
The river was filled, and in parts blackened with
their heads and horns, as they were swimming about, following up their
objects, and making desperate battle whilst they were swimming.

Output:
I deemed
it imprudent for our canoe to be dodging amongst them, and ran it ashore
for a few hours, where we laid, waiting for the opportunity of seeing
the river clear, but we waited in vain.


Input:
I deemed
it imprudent for our canoe to be dodging amongst them, and ran it ashore
for a few hours, where we laid, waiting for the opportunity of seeing
the river clear, but we waited in vain.

Output:
Their numbers, however, got
somewhat diminished at last, and we pushed off, and successfully made
our way amongst them.


Input:
Their numbers, however, got
somewhat diminished at last, and we pushed off, and successfully made
our way amongst them.

Output:
From the immense numbers that had passed the river
at that place, they had torn down the prairie bank of 15 feet in height,
so as to form a sort of road or landing place, where they all in
succession clambered up.


Input:
From the immense numbers that had passed the river
at that place, they had torn down the prairie bank of 15 feet in height,
so as to form a sort of road or landing place, where they all in
succession clambered up.

Output:
Many in their turmoil had been wafted below
this landing, and unable to regain it against the swiftness of the
current, had fastened themselves along in crowds, hugging close to the
high bank under which they were standing.


Input:
Many in their turmoil had been wafted below
this landing, and unable to regain it against the swiftness of the
current, had fastened themselves along in crowds, hugging close to the
high bank under which they were standing.

Output:
As we were drifting by these,
and supposing ourselves out of danger, I drew up my rifle and shot one
of them in the head, which tumbled into the water, and brought with him
a hundred others, which plunged in, and in a moment were swimming about
our canoe, and placing it in great danger.


Input:
As we were drifting by these,
and supposing ourselves out of danger, I drew up my rifle and shot one
of them in the head, which tumbled into the water, and brought with him
a hundred others, which plunged in, and in a moment were swimming about
our canoe, and placing it in great danger.

Output:
No attack was made upon us,
and in the confusion the poor beasts knew not, perhaps, the enemy that
was amongst them; but we were liable to be sunk by them, as they were
furiously hooking and climbing on to each other.


Input:
No attack was made upon us,
and in the confusion the poor beasts knew not, perhaps, the enemy that
was amongst them; but we were liable to be sunk by them, as they were
furiously hooking and climbing on to each other.

Output:
I rose in my canoe, and
by my gestures and hallooing kept them from coming in contact with us
until we were out of their reach.


Input:
I rose in my canoe, and
by my gestures and hallooing kept them from coming in contact with us
until we were out of their reach.

Output:
"[25]

[Note 25: Catlin's North American Indians, II, p. 13.]

IV.


Input:
"[25]

[Note 25: Catlin's North American Indians, II, p. 13.]

IV.

Output: CHARACTER OF THE SPECIES.


Input: CHARACTER OF THE SPECIES.

Output: 1. _


Input: 1. _

Output:
The buffaloes rank amongst ruminants._--With the American people,
and through them all others, familiarity with the buffalo has bred
contempt.


Input:
The buffaloes rank amongst ruminants._--With the American people,
and through them all others, familiarity with the buffalo has bred
contempt.

Output:
The incredible numbers in which the animals of this species
formerly existed made their slaughter an easy matter, so much so that
the hunters and frontiersmen who accomplished their destruction have
handed down to us a contemptuous opinion of the size, character, and
general presence of our bison.


Input:
The incredible numbers in which the animals of this species
formerly existed made their slaughter an easy matter, so much so that
the hunters and frontiersmen who accomplished their destruction have
handed down to us a contemptuous opinion of the size, character, and
general presence of our bison.

Output:
And how could it be otherwise than that a
man who could find it in his heart to murder a majestic bull bison for a
hide worth only a dollar should form a one-dollar estimate of the
grandest ruminant that ever trod the earth?


Input:
And how could it be otherwise than that a
man who could find it in his heart to murder a majestic bull bison for a
hide worth only a dollar should form a one-dollar estimate of the
grandest ruminant that ever trod the earth?

Output:
Men who butcher African
elephants for the sake of their ivory also entertain a similar estimate
of their victims.


Input:
Men who butcher African
elephants for the sake of their ivory also entertain a similar estimate
of their victims.

Output:
With an acquaintance which includes fine living examples of all the
larger ruminants of the world except the musk-ox and the European bison,
I am sure that the American bison is the grandest of them all.


Input:
With an acquaintance which includes fine living examples of all the
larger ruminants of the world except the musk-ox and the European bison,
I am sure that the American bison is the grandest of them all.

Output:
His only
rivals for the kingship are the Indian bison, or gaur (_Bos gaurus_), of
Southern India, and the aurochs, or European bison, both of which
really surpass him in height, if not in actual balk also.


Input:
His only
rivals for the kingship are the Indian bison, or gaur (_Bos gaurus_), of
Southern India, and the aurochs, or European bison, both of which
really surpass him in height, if not in actual balk also.

Output:
The aurochs is
taller, and possesses a larger pelvis and heavier, stronger
hindquarters, but his body is decidedly smaller in all its proportions,
which gives him a lean and "leggy" look.


Input:
The aurochs is
taller, and possesses a larger pelvis and heavier, stronger
hindquarters, but his body is decidedly smaller in all its proportions,
which gives him a lean and "leggy" look.

Output:
The hair on the head, neck, and
forequarters of the aurochs is not nearly so long or luxuriant as on the
same parts of the American bison.


Input:
The hair on the head, neck, and
forequarters of the aurochs is not nearly so long or luxuriant as on the
same parts of the American bison.

Output:
This covering greatly magnifies the
actual bulk of the latter animal.


Input:
This covering greatly magnifies the
actual bulk of the latter animal.

Output:
Clothe the aurochs with the wonderful
pelage of our buffalo, give him the same enormous chest and body, and
the result would be a magnificent bovine monster, who would indeed stand
without a rival.


Input:
Clothe the aurochs with the wonderful
pelage of our buffalo, give him the same enormous chest and body, and
the result would be a magnificent bovine monster, who would indeed stand
without a rival.

Output:
But when first-class types of the two species are
placed side by side it seems to me that _


Input:
But when first-class types of the two species are
placed side by side it seems to me that _

Output:
Bison americanus_ will easily
rank his European rival.


Input:
Bison americanus_ will easily
rank his European rival.

Output: The gaur has no long hair upon any part of his body or head.


Input: The gaur has no long hair upon any part of his body or head.

Output:
What little
hair he has is very short and thin, his hindquarters being almost naked.


Input:
What little
hair he has is very short and thin, his hindquarters being almost naked.

Output:
I have seen hundreds of these animals at short range, and have killed
and skinned several very fine specimens, one of which stood 5 feet 10
inches in height at the shoulders.


Input:
I have seen hundreds of these animals at short range, and have killed
and skinned several very fine specimens, one of which stood 5 feet 10
inches in height at the shoulders.

Output:
But, despite his larger bulk, his
appearance is not nearly so striking and impressive as that of the male
American bison.


Input:
But, despite his larger bulk, his
appearance is not nearly so striking and impressive as that of the male
American bison.

Output: He seems like a huge ox running wild.


Input: He seems like a huge ox running wild.

Output:
The magnificent dark brown frontlet and beard of the buffalo, the shaggy
coat of hair upon the neck, hump, and shoulders, terminating at the
knees in a thick mass of luxuriant black locks, to say nothing of the
dense coat of finer fur on the body and hindquarters, give to our
species not only an apparent height equal to that of the gaur, but a
grandeur and nobility of presence which are beyond all comparison
amongst ruminants.


Input:
The magnificent dark brown frontlet and beard of the buffalo, the shaggy
coat of hair upon the neck, hump, and shoulders, terminating at the
knees in a thick mass of luxuriant black locks, to say nothing of the
dense coat of finer fur on the body and hindquarters, give to our
species not only an apparent height equal to that of the gaur, but a
grandeur and nobility of presence which are beyond all comparison
amongst ruminants.

Output:
The slightly larger bulk of the gaur is of little significance in a
comparison of the two species; for if size alone is to turn the scale,
we must admit that a 500-pound lioness, with no mane whatever, is a more
majestic looking animal than a 450-pound lion, with a mane which has
earned him his title of king of beasts.


Input:
The slightly larger bulk of the gaur is of little significance in a
comparison of the two species; for if size alone is to turn the scale,
we must admit that a 500-pound lioness, with no mane whatever, is a more
majestic looking animal than a 450-pound lion, with a mane which has
earned him his title of king of beasts.

Output:
2. _Change of form in captivity._--By a combination of unfortunate
circumstances, the American bison is destined to go down to posterity
shorn of the honor which is his due, and appreciated at only half his
worth.


Input:
2. _Change of form in captivity._--By a combination of unfortunate
circumstances, the American bison is destined to go down to posterity
shorn of the honor which is his due, and appreciated at only half his
worth.

Output:
The hunters who slew him were from the very beginning so absorbed
in the scramble for spoils that they had no time to measure or weigh
him, nor even to notice the majesty of his personal appearance on his
native heath.


Input:
The hunters who slew him were from the very beginning so absorbed
in the scramble for spoils that they had no time to measure or weigh
him, nor even to notice the majesty of his personal appearance on his
native heath.

Output:
In captivity he fails to develop as finely as in his wild state, and
with the loss of his liberty he becomes a tame-looking animal.


Input:
In captivity he fails to develop as finely as in his wild state, and
with the loss of his liberty he becomes a tame-looking animal.

Output:
He gets
fat and short-bodied, and the lack of vigorous and constant exercise
prevents the development of bone and muscle which made the prairie
animal what he was.


Input:
He gets
fat and short-bodied, and the lack of vigorous and constant exercise
prevents the development of bone and muscle which made the prairie
animal what he was.

Output:
From observations made upon buffaloes that have been reared in
captivity, I am firmly convinced that confinement and
semi-domestication are destined to effect striking changes in the form
of _Bison americanus_.


Input:
From observations made upon buffaloes that have been reared in
captivity, I am firmly convinced that confinement and
semi-domestication are destined to effect striking changes in the form
of _Bison americanus_.

Output:
While this is to be expected to a certain extent
with most large species, the changes promise to be most conspicuous in
the buffalo.


Input:
While this is to be expected to a certain extent
with most large species, the changes promise to be most conspicuous in
the buffalo.

Output:
The most striking change is in the body between the hips
and the shoulders.


Input:
The most striking change is in the body between the hips
and the shoulders.

Output:
As before remarked, it becomes astonishingly short
and rotund, and through liberal feeding and total lack of exercise the
muscles of the shoulders and hindquarters, especially the latter, are
but feebly developed.


Input:
As before remarked, it becomes astonishingly short
and rotund, and through liberal feeding and total lack of exercise the
muscles of the shoulders and hindquarters, especially the latter, are
but feebly developed.

Output:
The most striking example of the change of form in the captive buffalo
is the cow in the Central Park Menagerie, New York.


Input:
The most striking example of the change of form in the captive buffalo
is the cow in the Central Park Menagerie, New York.

Output:
Although this animal
is fully adult, and has given birth to three fine calves, she is small,
astonishingly short-bodied, and in comparison with the magnificently
developed cows taken in 1886 by the writer in Montana, she seems almost
like an animal of another species.


Input:
Although this animal
is fully adult, and has given birth to three fine calves, she is small,
astonishingly short-bodied, and in comparison with the magnificently
developed cows taken in 1886 by the writer in Montana, she seems almost
like an animal of another species.

Output:
Both the live buffaloes in the National Museum collection of living
animals are developing the same shortness of body and lack of muscle,
and when they attain their full growth will but poorly resemble the
splendid proportions of the wild specimens in the Museum mounted group,
each of which has been mounted from a most careful and elaborate series
of post-mortem measurements.


Input:
Both the live buffaloes in the National Museum collection of living
animals are developing the same shortness of body and lack of muscle,
and when they attain their full growth will but poorly resemble the
splendid proportions of the wild specimens in the Museum mounted group,
each of which has been mounted from a most careful and elaborate series
of post-mortem measurements.

Output:
It may fairly be considered, however, that
the specimens taken by the Smithsonian expedition were in every way more
perfect representatives of the species than have been usually taken in
times past, for the simple reason that on account of the muscle they had
developed in the numerous chases they had survived, and the total
absence of the fat which once formed such a prominent feature of the
animal, they were of finer form, more active habit, and keener
intelligence than buffaloes possessed when they were so numerous.


Input:
It may fairly be considered, however, that
the specimens taken by the Smithsonian expedition were in every way more
perfect representatives of the species than have been usually taken in
times past, for the simple reason that on account of the muscle they had
developed in the numerous chases they had survived, and the total
absence of the fat which once formed such a prominent feature of the
animal, they were of finer form, more active habit, and keener
intelligence than buffaloes possessed when they were so numerous.

Output:
Out of
the millions which once composed the great northern herd, those
represented the survival of the fittest, and their existence at that
time was chiefly due to the keenness of their senses and their splendid
muscular powers in speed and endurance.


Input:
Out of
the millions which once composed the great northern herd, those
represented the survival of the fittest, and their existence at that
time was chiefly due to the keenness of their senses and their splendid
muscular powers in speed and endurance.

Output:
Under such conditions it is only natural that animals of the highest
class should be developed.


Input:
Under such conditions it is only natural that animals of the highest
class should be developed.

Output:
On the other hand, captivity reverses all
these conditions, while yielding an equally abundant food supply.


Input:
On the other hand, captivity reverses all
these conditions, while yielding an equally abundant food supply.

Output:
In no feature is the change from natural conditions to captivity more
easily noticeable than in the eye.


Input:
In no feature is the change from natural conditions to captivity more
easily noticeable than in the eye.

Output:
In the wild buffalo the eye is always
deeply set, well protected by the edge of the bony orbit, and perfect in
form and expression.


Input:
In the wild buffalo the eye is always
deeply set, well protected by the edge of the bony orbit, and perfect in
form and expression.

Output:
The lids are firmly drawn around the ball, the
opening is so small that the white portion of the eyeball is entirely
covered, and the whole form and appearance of the organ is as shapely
and as pleasing in expression as the eye of a deer.


Input:
The lids are firmly drawn around the ball, the
opening is so small that the white portion of the eyeball is entirely
covered, and the whole form and appearance of the organ is as shapely
and as pleasing in expression as the eye of a deer.

Output:
In the captive the various muscles which support and control the eyeball
seem to relax and thicken, and the ball protrudes far beyond its normal
plane, showing a circle of white all around the iris, and bulging out in
a most unnatural way.


Input:
In the captive the various muscles which support and control the eyeball
seem to relax and thicken, and the ball protrudes far beyond its normal
plane, showing a circle of white all around the iris, and bulging out in
a most unnatural way.

Output:
I do not mean to assert that this is common in
captive buffaloes generally, but I have observed it to be disagreeably
conspicuous in many.


Input:
I do not mean to assert that this is common in
captive buffaloes generally, but I have observed it to be disagreeably
conspicuous in many.

Output:
Another change which takes place in the form of the captive buffalo is
an arching of the back in the middle, which has a tendency to make the
hump look lower at the shoulders and visibly alters the outline of the
back.


Input:
Another change which takes place in the form of the captive buffalo is
an arching of the back in the middle, which has a tendency to make the
hump look lower at the shoulders and visibly alters the outline of the
back.

Output:
This tendency to "hump up" the back is very noticeable in domestic
cattle and horses during rainy weather.


Input:
This tendency to "hump up" the back is very noticeable in domestic
cattle and horses during rainy weather.

Output:
While a buffalo on his native
heath would seldom assume such an attitude of dejection and misery, in
captivity, especially if it be anything like close confinement, it is
often to be observed, and I fear will eventually become a permanent
habit.


Input:
While a buffalo on his native
heath would seldom assume such an attitude of dejection and misery, in
captivity, especially if it be anything like close confinement, it is
often to be observed, and I fear will eventually become a permanent
habit.

Output:
Indeed, I think it may be confidently predicted that the time
will come when naturalists who have never seen a wild buffalo will
compare the specimens composing the National Museum group with the
living representatives to be seen in captivity and assert that the
former are exaggerations in both form and size.


Input:
Indeed, I think it may be confidently predicted that the time
will come when naturalists who have never seen a wild buffalo will
compare the specimens composing the National Museum group with the
living representatives to be seen in captivity and assert that the
former are exaggerations in both form and size.

Output: 3. _


Input: 3. _

Output:
Mounted Specimens in Museums._--Of the "stuffed" specimens to be
found in museums, all that I have ever seen outside of the National
Museum and even those within that institution up to 1886, were "stuffed"
in reality as well as in name.


Input:
Mounted Specimens in Museums._--Of the "stuffed" specimens to be
found in museums, all that I have ever seen outside of the National
Museum and even those within that institution up to 1886, were "stuffed"
in reality as well as in name.

Output:
The skins that have been rammed full of
straw or excelsior have lost from 8 to 12 inches in height at the
shoulders, and the high and sharp hump of the male has become a huge,
thick, rounded mass like the hump of a dromedary, and totally unlike the
hump of a bison.


Input:
The skins that have been rammed full of
straw or excelsior have lost from 8 to 12 inches in height at the
shoulders, and the high and sharp hump of the male has become a huge,
thick, rounded mass like the hump of a dromedary, and totally unlike the
hump of a bison.

Output:
It is impossible for any taxidermist to stuff a
buffalo-skin with loose materials and produce a specimen which fitly
represents the species.


Input:
It is impossible for any taxidermist to stuff a
buffalo-skin with loose materials and produce a specimen which fitly
represents the species.

Output:
The proper height and form of the animal can be
secured and retained only by the construction of a manikin, or statue,
to carry the skin.


Input:
The proper height and form of the animal can be
secured and retained only by the construction of a manikin, or statue,
to carry the skin.

Output:
In view of this fact, which surely must be apparent
to even the most casual observer, it is to be earnestly hoped that here
no one in authority will ever consent to mount or have mounted a
valuable skin of a bison in any other way than over a properly
constructed manikin.


Input:
In view of this fact, which surely must be apparent
to even the most casual observer, it is to be earnestly hoped that here
no one in authority will ever consent to mount or have mounted a
valuable skin of a bison in any other way than over a properly
constructed manikin.

Output: 4. _


Input: 4. _

Output:
The Calf._--The breeding season of the buffalo is from the 1st of
July to the 1st of October.


Input:
The Calf._--The breeding season of the buffalo is from the 1st of
July to the 1st of October.

Output:
The young cow does not breed until she is
three years old, and although two calves are sometimes produced at a
birth, one is the usual number.


Input:
The young cow does not breed until she is
three years old, and although two calves are sometimes produced at a
birth, one is the usual number.

Output:
The calves are born in April, May, and
June, and sometimes, though rarely, as late as the middle of August.


Input:
The calves are born in April, May, and
June, and sometimes, though rarely, as late as the middle of August.

Output:
The
calf follows its mother until it is a year old, or even older.


Input:
The
calf follows its mother until it is a year old, or even older.

Output:
In May,
1886, the Smithsonian expedition captured a calf alive, which had been
abandoned by its mother because it could not keep up with her.


Input:
In May,
1886, the Smithsonian expedition captured a calf alive, which had been
abandoned by its mother because it could not keep up with her.

Output:
The
little creature was apparently between two and three weeks old, and was
therefore born about May 1.


Input:
The
little creature was apparently between two and three weeks old, and was
therefore born about May 1.

Output:
Unlike the young of nearly all other
_Bovidæ_, the buffalo calf during the first months of its existence is
clad with hair of a totally different color from that which covers him
during the remainder of his life.


Input:
Unlike the young of nearly all other
_Bovidæ_, the buffalo calf during the first months of its existence is
clad with hair of a totally different color from that which covers him
during the remainder of his life.

Output:
His pelage is a luxuriant growth of
rather long, wavy hair, of a uniform brownish-yellow or "sandy" color
(cinnamon, or yellow ocher, with a shade of Indian yellow) all over the
head, body, and tail, in striking contrast with the darker colors of the
older animals.


Input:
His pelage is a luxuriant growth of
rather long, wavy hair, of a uniform brownish-yellow or "sandy" color
(cinnamon, or yellow ocher, with a shade of Indian yellow) all over the
head, body, and tail, in striking contrast with the darker colors of the
older animals.

Output:
On the lower half of the leg it is lighter, shorter, and
straight.


Input:
On the lower half of the leg it is lighter, shorter, and
straight.

Output:
On the shoulders and hump the hair is longer than on the
other portions, being 11/2 inches in length, more wavy, and already
arranges itself in the tufts, or small bunches, so characteristic in the
adult animal.


Input:
On the shoulders and hump the hair is longer than on the
other portions, being 11/2 inches in length, more wavy, and already
arranges itself in the tufts, or small bunches, so characteristic in the
adult animal.

Output:
On the extremity of the muzzle, including the chin, the hair is very
short, straight, and as light in color as the lower portions of the leg.


Input:
On the extremity of the muzzle, including the chin, the hair is very
short, straight, and as light in color as the lower portions of the leg.

Output:
Starting on the top of the nose, an inch behind the nostrils, and
forming a division between the light yellowish muzzle and the more
reddish hair on the remainder of the head, there is an irregular band of
dark, straight hair, which extends down past the corner of the mouth to
a point just back of the chin, where it unites.


Input:
Starting on the top of the nose, an inch behind the nostrils, and
forming a division between the light yellowish muzzle and the more
reddish hair on the remainder of the head, there is an irregular band of
dark, straight hair, which extends down past the corner of the mouth to
a point just back of the chin, where it unites.

Output:
From the chin backward
the dark band increases in breadth and intensity, and continues back
half way to the angle of the jaw.


Input:
From the chin backward
the dark band increases in breadth and intensity, and continues back
half way to the angle of the jaw.

Output:
At that point begins a sort of under
mane of wavy, dark-brown hair, nearly 3 inches long, and extends back
along the median line of the throat to a point between the fore legs,
where it abruptly terminates.


Input:
At that point begins a sort of under
mane of wavy, dark-brown hair, nearly 3 inches long, and extends back
along the median line of the throat to a point between the fore legs,
where it abruptly terminates.

Output:
From the back of the head another streak
of dark hair extends backward along the top of the neck, over the hump,
and down to the lumbar region, where it fades out entirely.


Input:
From the back of the head another streak
of dark hair extends backward along the top of the neck, over the hump,
and down to the lumbar region, where it fades out entirely.

Output:
These two
dark bands are in sharp contrast to the light sandy hair adjoining.


Input:
These two
dark bands are in sharp contrast to the light sandy hair adjoining.

Output: The tail is densely haired.


Input: The tail is densely haired.

Output:
The tuft on the end is quite luxuriant, and
shows a center of darker hair.


Input:
The tuft on the end is quite luxuriant, and
shows a center of darker hair.

Output:
The hair on the inside of the ear is
dark, but that on the outside is sandy.


Input:
The hair on the inside of the ear is
dark, but that on the outside is sandy.

Output:
The naked portion of the nose is light Vandyke-brown, with a pinkish
tinge, and the edge of the eyelid the same.


Input:
The naked portion of the nose is light Vandyke-brown, with a pinkish
tinge, and the edge of the eyelid the same.

Output: The iris is dark brown.


Input: The iris is dark brown.

Output:
The
horn at three months is about 1 inch in length, and is a mere little
black stub.


Input:
The
horn at three months is about 1 inch in length, and is a mere little
black stub.

Output:
In the male, the hump is clearly defined, but by no means so
high in proportion as in the adult animal.


Input:
In the male, the hump is clearly defined, but by no means so
high in proportion as in the adult animal.

Output:
The hump of the calf from
which this description is drawn is of about the same relative angle and
height as that of an adult cow buffalo.


Input:
The hump of the calf from
which this description is drawn is of about the same relative angle and
height as that of an adult cow buffalo.

Output:
The specimen itself is well
represented in the accompanying plate.


Input:
The specimen itself is well
represented in the accompanying plate.

Output: The measurements of this specimen in the flesh were as follows:


Input: The measurements of this specimen in the flesh were as follows:

Output:
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|       BISON AMERICANUS.


Input:
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|       BISON AMERICANUS.

Output: (Male; four months old.)


Input: (Male; four months old.)

Output:
|
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|       (_No. 15503, National Museum collection._)


Input:
|
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|       (_No. 15503, National Museum collection._)

Output:
|
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|                                           |Feet.|Inches.|
|Height at shoulders                        |  2  |   8   |
|Length, head and body to insertion of tail |  3  |  101/2  |
|Depth of chest                             |  1  |   4   |
|Depth of flank                             |     |  10   |
|Girth behind fore leg                      |  3  |    1/2  |
|From base of horns around end of nose      |  1  |   71/2  |
|Length of tail vertebræ                    |     |   7   |


Input:
|
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|                                           |Feet.|Inches.|
|Height at shoulders                        |  2  |   8   |
|Length, head and body to insertion of tail |  3  |  101/2  |
|Depth of chest                             |  1  |   4   |
|Depth of flank                             |     |  10   |
|Girth behind fore leg                      |  3  |    1/2  |
|From base of horns around end of nose      |  1  |   71/2  |
|Length of tail vertebræ                    |     |   7   |


Output:
The calves begin to shed their coat of red hair about the beginning of
August.


Input:
The calves begin to shed their coat of red hair about the beginning of
August.

Output:
The first signs of the change, however, appear about a month
earlier than that, in the darkening of the mane under the throat, and
also on the top of the neck.[26]


Input:
The first signs of the change, however, appear about a month
earlier than that, in the darkening of the mane under the throat, and
also on the top of the neck.[26]

Output:
[Note 26: Our captive had, in some way, bruised the skin on his
forehead, and in June all the hair came off the top of his head, leaving
it quite bald.


Input:
[Note 26: Our captive had, in some way, bruised the skin on his
forehead, and in June all the hair came off the top of his head, leaving
it quite bald.

Output:
We kept the skin well greased with porpoise oil, and by
the middle of July a fine coat of black hair had grown out all over the
surface that had previously been bare.]


Input:
We kept the skin well greased with porpoise oil, and by
the middle of July a fine coat of black hair had grown out all over the
surface that had previously been bare.]

Output:
By the 1st of August the red hair on the body begins to fall off in
small patches, and the growth of fine, new, dark hair seems to actually
crowd off the old.


Input:
By the 1st of August the red hair on the body begins to fall off in
small patches, and the growth of fine, new, dark hair seems to actually
crowd off the old.

Output:
As is the case with the adult animals, the shortest
hair is the first to be shed, but the change of coat takes place in
about half the time that it occupies in the older animals.


Input:
As is the case with the adult animals, the shortest
hair is the first to be shed, but the change of coat takes place in
about half the time that it occupies in the older animals.

Output:
By the 1st of October the transformation is complete, and not even a
patch of the old red hair remains upon the new suit of brown.


Input:
By the 1st of October the transformation is complete, and not even a
patch of the old red hair remains upon the new suit of brown.

Output:
This is
far from being the case with the old bulls and cows, for even up to the
last week in October we found them with an occasional patch of the old
hair still clinging to the new, on the back or shoulders.


Input:
This is
far from being the case with the old bulls and cows, for even up to the
last week in October we found them with an occasional patch of the old
hair still clinging to the new, on the back or shoulders.

Output:
Like most young animals, the calf of the buffalo is very easily tamed,
especially if taken when only a few weeks old.


Input:
Like most young animals, the calf of the buffalo is very easily tamed,
especially if taken when only a few weeks old.

Output:
The one captured in
Montana by the writer, resisted at first as stoutly as it was able, by
butting with its head, but after we had tied its legs together and
carried it to camp, across a horse, it made up its mind to yield
gracefully to the inevitable, and from that moment became perfectly
docile.


Input:
The one captured in
Montana by the writer, resisted at first as stoutly as it was able, by
butting with its head, but after we had tied its legs together and
carried it to camp, across a horse, it made up its mind to yield
gracefully to the inevitable, and from that moment became perfectly
docile.

Output:
It very soon learned to drink milk in the most satisfactory
manner, and adapted itself to its new surroundings quite as readily as
any domestic calf would have done.


Input:
It very soon learned to drink milk in the most satisfactory
manner, and adapted itself to its new surroundings quite as readily as
any domestic calf would have done.

Output:
Its only cry was a low-pitched,
pig-like grunt through the nose, which was uttered only when hungry or
thirsty.


Input:
Its only cry was a low-pitched,
pig-like grunt through the nose, which was uttered only when hungry or
thirsty.

Output:
I have been told by old frontiersmen and buffalo-hunters that it used to
be a common practice for a hunter who had captured a young calf to make
it follow him by placing one of his fingers in its mouth, and allowing
the calf to suck at it for a moment.


Input:
I have been told by old frontiersmen and buffalo-hunters that it used to
be a common practice for a hunter who had captured a young calf to make
it follow him by placing one of his fingers in its mouth, and allowing
the calf to suck at it for a moment.

Output:
Often a calf has been induced in
this way to follow a horseman for miles, and eventually to join his camp
outfit.


Input:
Often a calf has been induced in
this way to follow a horseman for miles, and eventually to join his camp
outfit.

Output:
It is said that the same result has been accomplished with
calves by breathing a few times into their nostrils.


Input:
It is said that the same result has been accomplished with
calves by breathing a few times into their nostrils.

Output:
In this connection
Mr. Catlin's observations on the habits of buffalo calves are most
interesting.


Input:
In this connection
Mr. Catlin's observations on the habits of buffalo calves are most
interesting.

Output:
"In pursuing a large herd of buffaloes at the season when their calves
are but a few weeks old, I have often been exceedingly amused with the
curious maneuvers of these shy little things.


Input:
"In pursuing a large herd of buffaloes at the season when their calves
are but a few weeks old, I have often been exceedingly amused with the
curious maneuvers of these shy little things.

Output:
Amidst the thundering
confusion of a throng of several hundreds or several thousands of these
animals, there will be many of the calves that lose sight of their dams;
and being left behind by the throng, and the swift-passing hunters, they
endeavor to secrete themselves, when they are exceedingly put to it on a
level prairie, where naught can be seen but the short grass of 6 or 8
inches in height, save an occasional bunch of wild sage a few inches
higher, to which the poor affrighted things will run, and dropping on
their knees, will push their noses under it and into the grass, where
they will stand for hours, with their eyes shut, imagining themselves
securely hid, whilst they are standing up quite straight upon their hind
feet, and can easily be seen at several miles distance.


Input:
Amidst the thundering
confusion of a throng of several hundreds or several thousands of these
animals, there will be many of the calves that lose sight of their dams;
and being left behind by the throng, and the swift-passing hunters, they
endeavor to secrete themselves, when they are exceedingly put to it on a
level prairie, where naught can be seen but the short grass of 6 or 8
inches in height, save an occasional bunch of wild sage a few inches
higher, to which the poor affrighted things will run, and dropping on
their knees, will push their noses under it and into the grass, where
they will stand for hours, with their eyes shut, imagining themselves
securely hid, whilst they are standing up quite straight upon their hind
feet, and can easily be seen at several miles distance.

Output:
It is a familiar
amusement with us, accustomed to these scenes, to retreat back over the
ground where we have just escorted the herd, and approach these little
trembling things, which stubbornly maintain their positions, with
their noses pushed under the grass and their eyes strained upon us, us
we dismount from our horses and are passing around them.


Input:
It is a familiar
amusement with us, accustomed to these scenes, to retreat back over the
ground where we have just escorted the herd, and approach these little
trembling things, which stubbornly maintain their positions, with
their noses pushed under the grass and their eyes strained upon us, us
we dismount from our horses and are passing around them.

Output:
From this fixed
position they are sure not to move until hands are laid upon them, and
then for the shins of a novice we can extend our sympathy; or if he can
preserve the skin on his bones from the furious buttings of its head, we
know how to congratulate him on his signal success and good luck.


Input:
From this fixed
position they are sure not to move until hands are laid upon them, and
then for the shins of a novice we can extend our sympathy; or if he can
preserve the skin on his bones from the furious buttings of its head, we
know how to congratulate him on his signal success and good luck.

Output: [Illustration: From photograph of group in National Museum.


Input: [Illustration: From photograph of group in National Museum.

Output:
Engraved by
R. H. Carson.


Input:
Engraved by
R. H. Carson.

Output: BUFFALO COW, CALF (FOUR MONTHS OLD), AND YEARLING.


Input: BUFFALO COW, CALF (FOUR MONTHS OLD), AND YEARLING.

Output:
Reproduced from the _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, by permission of the
publishers.


Input:
Reproduced from the _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, by permission of the
publishers.

Output:
]

"In these desperate struggles for a moment, the little thing is
conquered, and makes no further resistance.


Input:
]

"In these desperate struggles for a moment, the little thing is
conquered, and makes no further resistance.

Output:
And I have often, in
concurrence with a known custom of the country, held my hands over the
eyes of the calf and breathed a few strong breaths into its nostrils,
after which I have, with my hunting companions, rode several miles into
our encampment with the little prisoner busily following the heels of my
horse the whole way, as closely and as affectionately as its instinct
would attach it to the company of its dam.


Input:
And I have often, in
concurrence with a known custom of the country, held my hands over the
eyes of the calf and breathed a few strong breaths into its nostrils,
after which I have, with my hunting companions, rode several miles into
our encampment with the little prisoner busily following the heels of my
horse the whole way, as closely and as affectionately as its instinct
would attach it to the company of its dam.

Output:
"This is one of the most extraordinary things that I have met with in
the habits of this wild country, and although I had often heard of it,
and felt unable exactly to believe it, I am now willing to bear
testimony to the fact from the numerous instances which I have witnessed
since I came into the country.


Input:
"This is one of the most extraordinary things that I have met with in
the habits of this wild country, and although I had often heard of it,
and felt unable exactly to believe it, I am now willing to bear
testimony to the fact from the numerous instances which I have witnessed
since I came into the country.

Output:
During the time that I resided at this
post [mouth of the Tetón River] in the spring of the year, on my way up
the river, I assisted (in numerous hunts of the buffalo with the fur
company's men) in bringing in, in the above manner, several of these
little prisoners, which sometimes followed for 5 or 6 miles close to our
horse's heels, and even into the fur company's fort, and into the stable
where our horses were led.


Input:
During the time that I resided at this
post [mouth of the Tetón River] in the spring of the year, on my way up
the river, I assisted (in numerous hunts of the buffalo with the fur
company's men) in bringing in, in the above manner, several of these
little prisoners, which sometimes followed for 5 or 6 miles close to our
horse's heels, and even into the fur company's fort, and into the stable
where our horses were led.

Output:
In this way, before I left the headwaters of
the Missouri, I think we had collected about a dozen, which Mr. Laidlaw
was successfully raising with the aid of a good milch cow.


Input:
In this way, before I left the headwaters of
the Missouri, I think we had collected about a dozen, which Mr. Laidlaw
was successfully raising with the aid of a good milch cow.

Output: "[27]


Output: [Note 27: North American Indians, I, 255.]


Input: [Note 27: North American Indians, I, 255.]

Output:
It must be remembered, however, that such cases as the above were
exceptional, even with the very young calves, which alone exhibited the
trait described.


Input:
It must be remembered, however, that such cases as the above were
exceptional, even with the very young calves, which alone exhibited the
trait described.

Output:
Such instances occurred only when buffaloes existed in
such countless numbers that man's presence and influence had not
affected the character of the animal in the least.


Input:
Such instances occurred only when buffaloes existed in
such countless numbers that man's presence and influence had not
affected the character of the animal in the least.

Output:
No such instances of
innocent stupidity will ever be displayed again, even by the youngest
calf.


Input:
No such instances of
innocent stupidity will ever be displayed again, even by the youngest
calf.

Output:
The war of extermination, and the struggle for life and security
have instilled into the calf, even from its birth, a mortal fear of both
men and horses, and the instinct to fly for life.


Input:
The war of extermination, and the struggle for life and security
have instilled into the calf, even from its birth, a mortal fear of both
men and horses, and the instinct to fly for life.

Output:
The calf captured by
our party was not able to run, but in the most absurd manner it butted
our horses as soon as they came near enough, and when Private Moran
attempted to lay hold of the little fellow it turned upon him, struck
him in the stomach with its head, and sent him sprawling into the
sage-brush.


Input:
The calf captured by
our party was not able to run, but in the most absurd manner it butted
our horses as soon as they came near enough, and when Private Moran
attempted to lay hold of the little fellow it turned upon him, struck
him in the stomach with its head, and sent him sprawling into the
sage-brush.

Output:
If it had only possessed the strength, it would have led us
a lively chase.


Input:
If it had only possessed the strength, it would have led us
a lively chase.

Output:
During 1886 four other buffalo calves were either killed or caught by
the cowboys on the Missouri-Yellowstone divide, in the Dry Creek
region.


Input:
During 1886 four other buffalo calves were either killed or caught by
the cowboys on the Missouri-Yellowstone divide, in the Dry Creek
region.

Output: All of them ran the moment they discovered their enemies.


Input: All of them ran the moment they discovered their enemies.

Output:
Two
were shot and killed.


Input:
Two
were shot and killed.

Output:
One was caught by a cowboy named Horace Brodhurst,
ear marked, and turned loose.


Input:
One was caught by a cowboy named Horace Brodhurst,
ear marked, and turned loose.

Output:
The fifth one was caught in September on
the Porcupine Creek round-up.


Input:
The fifth one was caught in September on
the Porcupine Creek round-up.

Output:
He was then about five months old, and
being abundantly able to travel he showed a clean pair of heels.


Input:
He was then about five months old, and
being abundantly able to travel he showed a clean pair of heels.

Output:
It took
three fresh horses, one after another, to catch him, and his final
capture was due to exhaustion, and not to the speed of any of his
pursuers.


Input:
It took
three fresh horses, one after another, to catch him, and his final
capture was due to exhaustion, and not to the speed of any of his
pursuers.

Output:
The distance covered by the chase, from the point where his
first pursuer started to where the third one finally lassoed him, was
considered to be at least 15 miles.


Input:
The distance covered by the chase, from the point where his
first pursuer started to where the third one finally lassoed him, was
considered to be at least 15 miles.

Output:
But the capture came to naught, for
on the following day the calf died from overexertion and want of milk.


Input:
But the capture came to naught, for
on the following day the calf died from overexertion and want of milk.

Output:
Colonel Dodge states that the very young calves of a herd have to depend
upon the old bulls for protection, and seldom in vain.


Input:
Colonel Dodge states that the very young calves of a herd have to depend
upon the old bulls for protection, and seldom in vain.

Output:
The mothers
abandon their offspring on slight provocation, and even none at all
sometimes, if we may judge from the condition of the little waif that
fell into our hands.


Input:
The mothers
abandon their offspring on slight provocation, and even none at all
sometimes, if we may judge from the condition of the little waif that
fell into our hands.

Output:
Had its mother remained with it, or even in its
neighborhood, we should at least have seen her, but she was nowhere
within a radius of 5 miles at the time her calf was discovered.


Input:
Had its mother remained with it, or even in its
neighborhood, we should at least have seen her, but she was nowhere
within a radius of 5 miles at the time her calf was discovered.

Output:
Nor did
she return to look for it, as two of us proved by spending the night in
the sage-brush at the very spot where the calf was taken.


Input:
Nor did
she return to look for it, as two of us proved by spending the night in
the sage-brush at the very spot where the calf was taken.

Output:
Colonel Dodge
declares that "the cow seems to possess scarcely a trace of maternal
instinct, and, when frightened, will abandon and run away from her calf
without the slightest hesitation.


Input:
Colonel Dodge
declares that "the cow seems to possess scarcely a trace of maternal
instinct, and, when frightened, will abandon and run away from her calf
without the slightest hesitation.


Output:
When the calves are young they
are always kept in the center of each small herd, while the bulls
dispose themselves on the outside.


Input:
When the calves are young they
are always kept in the center of each small herd, while the bulls
dispose themselves on the outside.

Output: "[28]


Output: [Note 28: Plains of the Great West, pp. 124, 125.]


Input: [Note 28: Plains of the Great West, pp. 124, 125.]

Output:
Apparently the maternal instinct of the cow buffalo was easily mastered
by fear.


Input:
Apparently the maternal instinct of the cow buffalo was easily mastered
by fear.

Output:
That it was often manifested, however, is proven by the
following from Audubon and Bachman:[29]


Input:
That it was often manifested, however, is proven by the
following from Audubon and Bachman:[29]

Output: [Note 29: Quadrupeds of North America, vol.


Input: [Note 29: Quadrupeds of North America, vol.

Output: II, pp.


Input: II, pp.

Output:
38, 39.]

"Buffalo calves are drowned from being unable to ascend the steep banks
of the rivers across which they have just swam, as the cows cannot help
them, although they stand near the bank, and will not leave them to
their fate unless something alarms them.


Input:
38, 39.]

"Buffalo calves are drowned from being unable to ascend the steep banks
of the rivers across which they have just swam, as the cows cannot help
them, although they stand near the bank, and will not leave them to
their fate unless something alarms them.

Output:
"On one occasion Mr. Kipp, of the American Fur Company, caught eleven
calves, their dams all the time standing near the top of the bank.


Input:
"On one occasion Mr. Kipp, of the American Fur Company, caught eleven
calves, their dams all the time standing near the top of the bank.

Output:
Frequently, however, the cows leave the young to their fate, when most
of them perish.


Input:
Frequently, however, the cows leave the young to their fate, when most
of them perish.

Output:
In connection with this part of the subject, we may add
that we were informed, when on the Upper Missouri River, that when the
banks of that river were practicable for cows, and their calves could
not follow them, they went down again, after having gained the top, and
would remain by them until forced away by the cravings of hunger.


Input:
In connection with this part of the subject, we may add
that we were informed, when on the Upper Missouri River, that when the
banks of that river were practicable for cows, and their calves could
not follow them, they went down again, after having gained the top, and
would remain by them until forced away by the cravings of hunger.

Output:
When
thus forced by the necessity of saving themselves to quit their young,
they seldom, if ever, return to them.


Input:
When
thus forced by the necessity of saving themselves to quit their young,
they seldom, if ever, return to them.

Output:
When a large herd of these wild
animals are crossing a river, the calves or yearlings manage to get on
the backs of the cows, and are thus conveyed safely over.


Input:
When a large herd of these wild
animals are crossing a river, the calves or yearlings manage to get on
the backs of the cows, and are thus conveyed safely over.

Output:
"

5. _


Input:
"

5. _

Output:
The Yearling._--During the first five months of his life, the calf
changes its coat completely, and becomes in appearance a totally
different animal.


Input:
The Yearling._--During the first five months of his life, the calf
changes its coat completely, and becomes in appearance a totally
different animal.

Output:
By the time he is six months old he has taken on all
the colors which distinguish him in after life, excepting that upon his
fore quarters.


Input:
By the time he is six months old he has taken on all
the colors which distinguish him in after life, excepting that upon his
fore quarters.

Output:
The hair on the head has started out to attain the
luxuriant length and density which is so conspicuous in the adult, and
its general color is a rich dark brown, shading to black under the chin
and throat.


Input:
The hair on the head has started out to attain the
luxuriant length and density which is so conspicuous in the adult, and
its general color is a rich dark brown, shading to black under the chin
and throat.

Output:
The fringe under the neck is long, straight, and black, and
the under parts, the back of the fore arm, the outside of thigh, and the
tail-tuft are all black.


Input:
The fringe under the neck is long, straight, and black, and
the under parts, the back of the fore arm, the outside of thigh, and the
tail-tuft are all black.

Output:
The color of the shoulder, the side, and upper part of the hind quarter
is a peculiar smoky brown ("broccoli brown" of Ridgway), having in
connection with the darker browns of the other parts a peculiar faded
appearance, quite as if it were due to the bleaching power of the sun.


Input:
The color of the shoulder, the side, and upper part of the hind quarter
is a peculiar smoky brown ("broccoli brown" of Ridgway), having in
connection with the darker browns of the other parts a peculiar faded
appearance, quite as if it were due to the bleaching power of the sun.

Output:
On the fore quarters there is none of the bright straw color so
characteristic of the adult animal.


Input:
On the fore quarters there is none of the bright straw color so
characteristic of the adult animal.

Output:
Along the top of the neck and
shoulders, however, this color has at last begun to show faintly.


Input:
Along the top of the neck and
shoulders, however, this color has at last begun to show faintly.

Output:
The
hair on the body is quite luxuriant, both in length and density, in both
respects quite equaling, if not even surpassing, that of the finest
adults.


Input:
The
hair on the body is quite luxuriant, both in length and density, in both
respects quite equaling, if not even surpassing, that of the finest
adults.

Output:
For example, the hair on the side of the mounted yearling in the
Museum group has a length of 2 to 21/2 inches, while that on the same
region of the adult bull, whose pelage is particularly fine, is recorded
as being 2 inches only.


Input:
For example, the hair on the side of the mounted yearling in the
Museum group has a length of 2 to 21/2 inches, while that on the same
region of the adult bull, whose pelage is particularly fine, is recorded
as being 2 inches only.

Output:
The horn is a straight, conical spike from 4 to 6 inches long, according
to age, and perfectly black.


Input:
The horn is a straight, conical spike from 4 to 6 inches long, according
to age, and perfectly black.

Output:
The legs are proportionally longer and
larger in the joints than those of the full-grown animal.


Input:
The legs are proportionally longer and
larger in the joints than those of the full-grown animal.

Output:
The
countenance of the yearling is quite interesting.


Input:
The
countenance of the yearling is quite interesting.

Output:
The sleepy, helpless,
innocent expression of the very young calf has given place to a
wide-awake, mischievous look, and he seems ready to break away and run
at a second's notice.


Input:
The sleepy, helpless,
innocent expression of the very young calf has given place to a
wide-awake, mischievous look, and he seems ready to break away and run
at a second's notice.

Output: The measurements of the yearling in the Museum group are as follows:


Input: The measurements of the yearling in the Museum group are as follows:

Output:
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|BISON AMERICANUS.


Input:
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|BISON AMERICANUS.

Output: (Male yearling, taken Oct. 31, 1886.


Input: (Male yearling, taken Oct. 31, 1886.

Output:
Montana.)|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|           (_No. 15694, National Museum collection._)


Input:
Montana.)|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|           (_No. 15694, National Museum collection._)

Output:
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                            | Feet.| Inches.


Input:
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                            | Feet.| Inches.

Output:
|
|Height at shoulders                         |   3  |    5       |
|Length, head and body to insertion of tail  |   5  |            |
|Depth of chest                              |   1  |   11       |
|Depth of flank                              |   1  |    1       |
|Girth behind fore leg                       |   4  |    3       |
|From base of horns around end of nose       |   2  |    11/2      |
|Length of tail vertebræ                     |      |   10       |


Input:
|
|Height at shoulders                         |   3  |    5       |
|Length, head and body to insertion of tail  |   5  |            |
|Depth of chest                              |   1  |   11       |
|Depth of flank                              |   1  |    1       |
|Girth behind fore leg                       |   4  |    3       |
|From base of horns around end of nose       |   2  |    11/2      |
|Length of tail vertebræ                     |      |   10       |

Output:
+----------------------------------------------------------------+

6. _


Input:
+----------------------------------------------------------------+

6. _

Output:
The Spike Bull._--In hunters' parlance, the male buffalo between the
"yearling" age and four years is called a "spike" bull, in recognition
of the fact that up to the latter period the horn is a spike, either
perfectly straight, or with a curve near its base, and a straight point
the rest of the way up.


Input:
The Spike Bull._--In hunters' parlance, the male buffalo between the
"yearling" age and four years is called a "spike" bull, in recognition
of the fact that up to the latter period the horn is a spike, either
perfectly straight, or with a curve near its base, and a straight point
the rest of the way up.

Output:
The curve of the horn is generally hidden in
the hair, and the only part visible is the straight, terminal spike.


Input:
The curve of the horn is generally hidden in
the hair, and the only part visible is the straight, terminal spike.

Output:
Usually the spike points diverge from each other, but often they are
parallel, and also perpendicular.


Input:
Usually the spike points diverge from each other, but often they are
parallel, and also perpendicular.

Output:
In the fourth year, however, the
points of the horns begin to curve inward toward each other, describing
equal arcs of the same circle, as if they were going to meet over the
top of the head.


Input:
In the fourth year, however, the
points of the horns begin to curve inward toward each other, describing
equal arcs of the same circle, as if they were going to meet over the
top of the head.

Output:
In the handsome young "spike" bull in the Museum group, the hair on the
shoulders has begun to take on the length, the light color, and tufted
appearance of the adult, beginning at the highest point of the hump and
gradually spreading.


Input:
In the handsome young "spike" bull in the Museum group, the hair on the
shoulders has begun to take on the length, the light color, and tufted
appearance of the adult, beginning at the highest point of the hump and
gradually spreading.

Output:
Immediately back of this light patch the hair is
long, but dark and woolly in appearance.


Input:
Immediately back of this light patch the hair is
long, but dark and woolly in appearance.

Output:
The leg tufts have doubled in
length, and reveal the character of the growth that may be finally
expected.


Input:
The leg tufts have doubled in
length, and reveal the character of the growth that may be finally
expected.

Output:
The beard has greatly lengthened, as also has the hair upon
the bridge of the nose, the forehead, ears, jaws, and all other portions
of the head except the cheeks.