Datasets:

Pavithree

/

eli5_0_19710

like 0

{ "a_id": [ "d1l0k1n" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "This is a complex question that has a variety of factors involved. For one, sound travels faster in higher temperature environments (crowded places-- we are warm blooded) than colder places. (but then all those bodies absorb percentages of the sound too...)\n\nand this could also just be perceptual... Which is the likely candidate. Pitch is not exact for most people, it's psychological (excluding musical pitch). non-musical pitch, like the difference from 100hz to 200hz will sound at different apparent loudnesses due to your perception of the pitch (even if they are played back at the same volume setting on your stereo). Then, there is something called the equal loudness contour that documents how various different pitches (clocked at frequencies) will appear to be same loudness (perceptually) though their amplitude (change over time, kinda like power/intensity) is at different levels! \n\nSo all that loudness, could sound 'higher' to you due to your own specific criteria for perception. \n\nand just as an example, sometimes the smaller instruments in an orchestra play a little bit sharp during the loudest passages so they still can be heard..." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eebh9i2", "eebiyxg", "eebtt6v", "eebu17a" ], "score": [ 3, 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "If innovation were truly constant wouldn’t it cease to be innovative? ", "It hasn't\n\nBitTorrent is the king protocol in P2P because no one has come up with something better yet. But there's been a lot of development that leverages BitTorrent to do other things.\n\nKodi and streaming via BitTorrent for instance.\n\nThere's also been tons of development in the Streaming industry, which has really taken a bite out of P2P because Netflix is cheap, legal, and easy to use. More so than even downloading torrents, despite the limited catalogue.\n\nA lot of development related to P2P these days is related to privacy and obfuscation like VPNs. VPNs are being used to hide your identity, but also to mask your location for the purposes of getting around geo-blocking content.", "P2P was the next big thing in the late 90s / early 2000s. Lots of companies were springing up around it, like Napster, Kazaa, LimeWire and many more. Most of them failed, even though BitTorrent the protocol is hugely successful, the company is doing fine, it's not hugely successful. This means investors have stopped putting money towards new P2P companies when they'd get a better return on more traditional server based companies (since they are a lot easier to make money from). \n\nThe other problem is bittorrent is free, hugely successful and works very well. How do you compete with that? It's kinda like email, it works good enough, how do you convince people to switch to something else?\n\n Another thing is back in the day people had desktop computers that they left on all the time, so P2P worked ok. Now more people have laptops or mobile devices that aren't on as much. So P2P is more limited to the techie crowd.\n\nI also think servers got cheaper and faster, while home upload speeds have stayed pretty much the same. So it just makes more sense to use a dedicated server.", "There have been new entries in the p2p arena, and some very popular. Bitcoin and all the associated crypto currencies, as well as Tor spring to mind." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxjfonv", "cxjg2ty", "cxjgd3j", "cxjgqx0" ], "score": [ 3, 8, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's because of the sensors we've got in our eyes, compared to in our ears.\n\nThe inner ear contains a fluid-filled chamber with hundreds of tiny little hairs. Sounds causes the fluid to move, which vibrates the hairs. The combinations of these hairs (called \"stereocilia\") vibrating allows us to hear lots of individual sounds.\n\nThe eye, though, contains three different colour receptors, called cones. They broadly measure the amount of red, green and blue light... but they actually measure a range of frequencies around those colours. So yellow light triggers both the red and green cones... exactly the same response as red and green light combined.", "I'm going to disagree with others here.\n\nWhen you mix a C and a G you get a major fifth because of the frequencies of the sounds. When two notes have a 3:2 ratio of frequencies, you hear a major fifth. If you were to examine the wave, you would see that the two waves are 'added together' into a single, but more complicated, wave.\n\n[Graph 1 - two waves that represent 'individual notes'](_URL_1_) \n[Graph 2 - the sum of those two waves, forming the 'perfect fifth'](_URL_0_)\n\nWhen you mix red and green light, *your eye* sees yellow. The two waves do not combine to form a wave with a frequency corresponding to yellow light. Rather, our eyes record red light (through the cone cells which respond to red) and green light (through the cone cells which respond to green) and our brain perceives this as yellow light.", "Light \"chords\" do happen, but we don't see them.\n\nPhased laser light (mixing 2 or more lasers with chord-like frequency relationships) is being researched for some enhances effects.\n\nThis research was in fact the inspiration for the name of the \"Phaser\" guns in Star Trek.", "Your eyes only have 3 kinds of color sensing cells - each sensitive to a different range of wavelengths, generally identified as blue, green and red.\n\nThere is [considerable overlap](_URL_0_) between the wavelengths that each type of cone cell is sensitive to, so if a light at a single wavelength that is between green and red hits your eye, both the green and red sensing cells will register some signal. Our brain interprets this combination of green and red signal as \"yellow\".\n\nThere is no way for the eye to differentiate between a single light at a yellow wavelength, and 2 separate lights mixed one at green and one at red wavelength - both will generate identical signals from the red and green cones in the eye. This is why color monitors and TVs only need 3 color sub-pixels to display nearly the full range of visible colors, by simply mixing together red, green and blue light.\n\nThe human ear on the other hand works very differenly - we have an organ called the cochlea which is a long coiled tube lined with cells that are sensitive to sound vibrations of many different frequencies, kind of like [this](_URL_1_). This means when we hear a mix of two pitches at the same time, like C and G, both the region sensitive to the pitch of the C and the region sensitive to the pitch of G will generate a separate signal to the brain. This is different than if we heard a sound at a pitch of E, when only the E sensitive regions would generate a signal.\n\nOur ear is capable of separating the combined sound signal into nearly its full frequency spectrum (within some range and resolution), but this is not the case with the eye, which only gets very coarse spectral information about the light.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=graph+sin+x+%2B+sin%281.5*x%29", "http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=graph+sin+x%2C+sin+%281.5*x%29" ], [], [ "http://astronomer.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/em-spectrum_human-eye.gif", "http://i1.wp.com/www.medel.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CCC-Piano-Graphics-2011-EN.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cf96eq0", "cf99xd8" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Everything or nothing, depends on the exact use of it. If the game in question doesn't really need more than 2GB of video memory it'll make no difference. If it does, it will.\n\nIt can be devilishly hard to predict, so a lot of websites just run benchmarks with different GPUs to compare between them game by game. You can no doubt find such comparisons online for the GTX 760 2 vs 4 GB for the games you actually care about and decide if the benefits, if there are any, to the 4GB model are worth the price.", "Unless you are running 3 monitors at 1440p, 2 GB should be sufficient. Someone correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't it true that if the gpu runs out of memory it will pull from the system RAM?" ] }

[]

[ "http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16814130949", "http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16814130933" ]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d3e4k5l", "d3e67c4" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "A decade is an arbitrary unit of measurement. Culture and fashion are constantly changing. We just choose to divide history into chunks of 10 years and pick the defining culturual influences of those years. A lot of defining \"80s\" things could have easily started in the 70s, but people remember their influence more on the following 10 years. I'm sure theres a culturual influence that lasted like 3 years but gets clumped into its closest decade. ", "It's just an easy walk to talk about it after the fact. The changes between those cultural items happen more continuously but it would take too long to try to explain that every time you talked about them. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cnrefba", "cnrexda" ], "score": [ 9, 3 ], "text": [ "They're largely divided in two.\n\nTheistic satanism (the kind usually depicted in bad horror movies and really uncommon in real life) is the kind that literally believes the Devil is real and worships him for power.\n\nNon-theistic satanism (the kind largely made famous by the Church of Satan, Anton LaVey, Marilyn Manson etc) doesn't believe in any actual, real, literal god. Instead it's an inversion of Christianity, with the idea that there is no afterlife and no divine reward for good behaviour so being greedy, selfish, indulgent, outgoing etc while alive are the way to be. 'Satan' is just used as a symbolic figurehead. It's more like a form of humanist philosophy, just wrapped up in lots of theatrical trappings in order to make it more powerful (and it worked, they got *so much* free press and an automatic reputation of fear and hatred from Christians).", "do you want an explanation on atheistic satanism, Luciferianism, Palladists, or Our Lady of Endor Coven??\n\nHere is some general info: In **general** satanists are not devil worshipers and they are not evil or only do bad things. It is often joked that satanism is by far the most accepting religion. They believe in individualism; secularism which is about the seperation of religion and state; egoism which is about maximizing ones self-interest; Epicureanism which is about seeking pleasure.\n\nThey have a worldview based in naturalism which says the laws of nature reign supreme and spiritual or supernatural ideas are discarded (which is odd view for a religion); Social darwinsim which generally means that the strong should prosper and the weak should fail; Lex Talionis which mean eye for and eye or the law of retaliation.\n\nThey dont view lucifer as a god, but more as a symbol, nor do they worship any god because in satanism each person is their own god and this does not leave room for any other diety.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dmku35d", "dmkubdn", "dmkv6dd", "dmkvt7e" ], "score": [ 5, 28, 7, 16 ], "text": [ "Greenland isn't THAT big. I think the question we should be asking is why Europe IS it's own continent", "Most maps accidentally make Greenland too big. It's an oddity of projecting a spherical globe on a rectangular map, thee is always something out of place.\n\nGreenland is about ~2 million square kilometers. Australia being an island-continent is ~7.7 million square kilometers. So the cut-off, while not being readily defined, is somewhere more than two million square KM but less than 7 million square KM.\n\nAlso, basically zero people live in Greenland.\n\n", "The most commonly used map drastically distorts the size of things near the poles. This is fine for having a general idea of where things are. All you need to navigate and the like, but their actual size is much different. _URL_0_ This is a more accurate representation of Greenland's size.", "In addition to the other reasons already given, Greenland [shares a continental plate](_URL_0_) with the rest of North America. While their dry land is separated by ocean, geologically they're one and the same." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "http://i.imgur.com/x52fTEC.png" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics#/media/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cd8jb7b", "cd8jbpf", "cd8jt5t", "cdau0wt" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Mandarin and Cantonese are two completely different vocal languages that share the same written language. these are just the two biggest dialects. Shanghai has its own dialect, several actually. There are other dialects in the Hong Kong region. Each dialect is pretty much completely distinct from other dialects. Some dialects are related. Others are completely unintelligible. A Mandarin speaker will not understand Shanghai dialect, nor Cantonese dialect, nor Fujian dialect.\n\nWritten language is the same for all regions of China. Federal government announcements are in written form so everyone can read it. it's just how you pronounce the word that's different. Additionally, local government officials are typically fluent in both Mandarin and the local dialect. \n\nimagine an american pronouncing the word \"jose\" like the name 'josey'. pretty sure a person from mexico would not understand that to mean the name José . but written down, both people understand what it is. ", "They are two completely different languages, with different grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, the lot. \nHowever, Chinese characters each denote an entire word as a whole concept and not letters or syllables, so speaking any Chinese dialect is not necessary to be able to read and understand Chinese writing. Two people can read the same text and understand each in radically different languages - including non-Chinese ones. \nThus, when China's government wishes to announce something to all Chinese, they simply announce it in writing and every one who can read it can understand it. ", "Most Chinese dialects can share the same characters. From what I understand, however, Cantonese is different enough from Mandarin to make reading difficult as well.\n\nAn additional layer of complication is that Cantonese typically uses traditional characters, instead of the simplified characters typically used in the mainland. Or at least the areas that use traditional characters (which, strangely enough, do not conform to the HK - mainland border, even though the switch was entirely political, top-down in nature) are also the same areas that speak Cantonese.\n\nBesides this point, however, I understand that Hong Kong does have separate publications in (traditional character) Mandarin and (traditional character) local dialect.", "1. Cantonese and Mandarin are in fact separate (sister) languages. Most non-Mandarin Chinese languages are usually called \"dialects\" only because of sociocultural and historical reasons. Overall, Cantonese and Mandarin are at least as different as Spanish is from Portuguese. There are a lot of similarities between Cantonese and Mandarin and other Chinese languages/dialects (because they descended from the same proto-language, just as Spanish, Portuguese, French, etc. descended from Latin), but there are a lot of differences as well, in terms of phonology, vocabulary, syntax, and so on.\n\n2. Standard written Chinese is based on Mandarin grammar, so everyone who learns and uses written Chinese is in fact learning written Mandarin. Everyone in China who goes to public school nowadays learns Mandarin and standard written Chinese, including Hong Kong and Macau (although many people in Hong Kong and Macau are still not very proficient in spoken Mandarin). I don't know about Macau, but the Hong Kong government makes announcements in English and standard written Chinese (unless spoken, such as on TV/radio, which is 80-90% of the time in Cantonese because most programming is in Cantonese).\n\n3. Yes, most if not all Chinese characters can be pronounced in different Chinese languages/dialects. That's because Chinese characters have a long history, since before today's Chinese languages/dialects split. However, if you read standard written Chinese (which is grammatically based on Mandarin) in a non-Mandarin language/dialect, it will sound bookish. Cantonese may be the only major exception (as a \"dialect\") in having a popularly used, semi-established though not officially standardized written form (which still uses Chinese characters, although some of the characters may be newly invented, and others are considered archaic because they are not used in the standard written Chinese but nonetheless can be found in old dictionaries).\n\n4. Traditional characters (used in Hong Kong and Taiwan) vs. simplified characters (used in mainland China and Singapore) is a superficial difference. All simplified characters have a an original traditional form. You may think of it as print vs. cursive (and in fact, many simplified characters were developed from cursive forms in calligraphy). The Chinese government introduced/promoted simplified characters in early to mid 20th century with the goal of bringing public education to the masses as much as possible, and eliminating the barrier to education that might be caused by the more complicated traditional characters that are harder to memorize." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c5xhnzz", "c5xhqp5", "c5xi1q6", "c5xj67g", "c5xo36s", "c5xol4r", "c5xolzb", "c5xr6mw", "c5xrl31", "c5xs8bl", "c5xt1cb", "c5xtmm6", "c5xw9jg", "c5xx16r", "c5xx7uo", "c5xz4jp", "c5y1jgw", "c5y1y9n" ], "score": [ 68, 87, 2225, 7, 24, 31, 26, 11, 5, 65, 11, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Too much pressure to succeed, too little hope of success. A society that shames people who don't succeed, with no sympathy for those who struggle.\n\nAnd lots of other reasons I'm sure.", "Ultimately, I don't know, and probably nobody does, but there's a good guess it is related to pressure.\n\nIn most eastern Asian countries, the pressure to succeed (from parents, family, wife, work) is really overpowering. The \"Asian dad\" meme wasn't just born out of thin air.\n\nI addition to this, Japan is still a country stuck between times. The \"westernisation\" has only taken place for 70 years. Many women still expect to be housewives supported entirely on the wages of their husband, but this is very difficult with the way the market works today. They have westernised their work, but not their expectations, in a sense.\n\nSo, in a world where you need to succeed, or your parents will disown you, where you need to pull in a paycheck for two or more, or you won't get a girlfriend, where you are overworked and won't take a day off, even when you need one, many take the simple way out of their problems.\n\nThis isn't related just to Japan. South Korea has exactly the same problems.\n\nWikipedia maybe puts it better than I do:\n\n > Historically, Japan has been a male-dominated society with strong family ties and correlating social expectations; however, the bursting of the bubble which brought about the death of the “jobs-for-life” culture has left these heads of families unexpectedly struggling with job insecurity or the stigma of unemployment.\n\n > A contributing factor to the suicide statistics among those who were employed was the increasing pressure of retaining jobs by putting in more hours of overtime and taking fewer holidays and sick days. According to government figures, \"fatigue from work\" and health problems, including work-related depression, were prime motives for suicides, adversely affecting the social wellbeing of salarymen and accounting for 47 per cent of the suicides in 2008.\n\n > Japanese banks set extremely tough conditions for loans, forcing borrowers to use relatives and friends as guarantors who become liable for the defaulted loans, producing extreme guilt and despair in the borrower.\n\nThere is also this:\n\n > Japanese society's attitude toward suicide has been termed \"tolerant,\" and in many occasions suicide is seen as a morally responsible action.\n\nWhich is to say that the threshold for commiting suicide in Japan is lower than you might think.\n\nEdit: The suicide rate for women is quite low I think, so I focused mainly on the viewpoint from the male side.", "I'm teaching in Korea at the moment, which recently surpassed Japan in suicide rates. Korea has the highest suicide rate ~~in the world,~~ among the top 31 wealthiest nations now, and suicide is the number one cause of death for people under the age of 40 in the country. last time I checked, anyway (about 2 months ago). Japan and Korea certainly share some similarities. \n\nThe week or so after I arrived, a 10 year old girl at a school near my town got a decent grade on a report card. It wasn't the best grade, it wasn't the worst. Her mom was pissed and, as a punishment, took her to the barber shop to get her hair cut way shorter than usual. A few days later the girl jumped from the 17th story of her apartment building. She left a bunch of notes written to her friends in crayon that said \"Life is too difficult.\" \n\nEven in Asian countries that aren't communist, the cultures are still collectivist. You're not really you. You are a cog in your society. You're expected to do your part, keep your head down, bust your ass, and not think too much about why. \n\nKids here, even the tiny elementary school kids, have longer days than I do. \n\n* They go to school at 7:30, get out of school at 3. \n\n* go to after-school classes and clubs at 3:10 until 4:30. English club, science club, etc. \n\n* after that they go to piano lessons. or taekwondo. or swimming lessons. \n\n* then they go to a Hogwan, or private English school in the evenings from like, 6-9. \n\n* then they come home and study until bedtime. \n\nThe pressure is enormous to be AT LEAST as good as everyone else in the system. If your kid got a B on his test and the neighbor's kid got an A, you're gonna bust his ass until he gets that grade up. Anything less than everyone else is disgraceful. \n\nYou ever watch shows about the 1950s in America? Where the housewife's always peeking out the window and saying \"Our neighbors just got a new grill. We need a new grill,\" or whatever? It's EXACTLY like that. \n\nNot only that, but kids who are different don't get the help they do in the Western world. If you're ADHD or dyslexic or autistic or colorblind or have a speech impediment or, fuck, *artsy,* there is NOTHING for you. NOTHING.\n\nThey're also super repressed. I know a 25 year old school teacher who lives with her parents, has a curfew, and isn't allowed to go on dates with boys until she brings them home to meet the folks. This isn't unheard of. \n\nThey don't really have hotels here, but they have love motels. These motels were built literally so people can fuck. The walls are super thin in most homes, so if you want to have sex and not have anyone else in your family know, you *have* to go to a love motel. This makes for some really *frustrated* teenagers, some really *awkward* romances, and some really *sexless* marriages. \n\nProstitution here is out of CONTROL. Brothels, brothels everywhere. And a ridiculous number of men cheat on their spouses because women aren't really allowed to *like* sex. They don't even show *kissing* on TV here, so I wouldn't be surprised if a girl was considered a slut if she liked kissing boys in high school... much less giving head or ridin' that dick any time in life after that. So guys go to get blowjobs and things from the cathouse down the street so they can stay sane. And the women just get really naggy. \n\nThere's more to it than that of course, but I'm tired of writing. Point is, you take all that pressure and mix in a subtle difference and suddenly kids are throwing themselves out of windows. \n\nEDIT: pronoun trouble, cleared up some ambiguity, formatting. \n\nEDIT2: Korea has the top suicide rate among the 31 wealthiest nations according to the OECD. Highest rate in the world is apparently Lithuania. Sorry, everyone. Didn't mean to be a fountain of misinformation, there. I'm just a dude. \n\nEDIT3: You should realize that I'm not an expert on Korea, either. I'm just a dude who reads the Korean news, talks to Koreans, and talks to other expats. I'm telling you what I've seen/read/heard. None of this is science. \n\nI've also been criticized for being overdramatic. To that I say \"We're talking about suicide. What did you expect.\" \n\nI'm focusing on the reasons many people choose to kill themselves. We're not talking about the happy couples out there that are banging and kissing. And who love their children and give them the respect and space they deserve. We're talking about the fucked up families. \n\nKorea is fucking awesome in many, many, *many* ways. Actually, America has a hell of a lot to learn from Korea. I mean, I'm thinking *hard* about never going back. I love it here. Just felt like ya'll should know Korea kicks ass. \n", "Have you seen what their porn is like? Censored vag and octopuses, being japanese is hard man", "Although there are a lot of valuable observations here, there is quite a lot of speculation going on in this thread. I'll be downvoted for this, but the truth is suicide is complex. We have to understand all sides, such as whether or nor suicide is viewed in Eastern culture the same way it is in Western culture as another Redditor has noted. Additionally, the pressure to succeed is definitely far more embedded in Eastern parenting compared to values in the Western world. Certainly, we can logically presume that this type of parenting can lead to inadequacies that can fuel depression. But I still feel that's a lot of presumption with a lot of bias of the Western world. I am Asian American and a possible future sociology grad student, so in many ways I can understand, I think, both sides of the Eastern and Western cultural spheres. But that doesn't mean I am an authority nor does it mean that my speculation is better than others. Only that I know too well how one side is completely oblivious to the other. \n\nI'm not going to try to explain the suicide rates because that would be hypocrisy, but I do think that you should find another means of getting your answer even if it means another subreddit such as r/AskSocialScience. If you want hardcore social theory with no obvious association to Japan, there also *Suicide* by Emile Durkheim. You may get the same answer, but at least you'll have more than one source based on more than just speculation. I just think a lot of views here of Eastern culture have too much Western bias. But all observations are somewhat valuable so go ahead and think about everyone else's answer. But great question! I hope you find your answer. \n\nEdit: **OP I cleared some things in a reply below that may be valuable to think about when pursuing your answer. Hopefully you'll be able to see this and read it. Hope it helps!**", "This short documentary on a suicide forest in Japan. It is interesting but very sad. _URL_0_", "Can someone speak to the cultural acceptance of suicide as well? Most of the view in america is based of off the christian notion that it's a sin, etc. How is it seen in Korea/Japan?", "I was born in S. Korea but left early on as a kid to go to the States, but while I was there till the second grade I still had school on Saturdays, with after schools everyday from Monday to Sunday. Sundays were the only days to catch up with school work AND the extra home work given from these afterschools; you can imagine how burdensome it can get, and I was only in the second grade by the time I left.\n\nI'm not sure if this is the case anymore, but at the time teachers were totally allowed to single out, embarrass, and physically hit the kids (in a disciplinary manner i.e. ruler smacked against the ass), and at times other kids will go out of their ways to ensure those going against the grain are punished. I was beaten with a ruler once because some kid snitched on me for jay walking after school!\n\nParents are equally disgusting; they're more concerned about outer image among their peers, and somehow bastardize the notion of child rearing with that. I personally dislike my culture and its practitioners, but don't just take my word for it\n\nI think colleges are also ridiculous there too; unless things changed, you need to take one admissions test given every year or so, and if you fail you have to wait until next year to take it again.", "You think High Expectation Asian Dad is just a funny meme?", "Cultural bias and misunderstanding is rampant in this thread. Short of giving a synopsis of the entire field of cultural psychology (and comparative suicidology), I'd like to point out a few things. \n\nFirst, a *major* point that helps explain the original question that has been overlooked almost entirely, despite being rather obvious: suicide in Japan is not stigmatized the same way it is here. It has been a means of an honorable, courageous death for centuries. In the west, we frown upon it as cowardly, shameful, a symptom of insanity. \n\nCollectivism does not correlate with suicide rates, and is not necessarily \"better\" or worse than individualism in many social research contexts. \n\nSimilarly, there are a lot of assumptions here that the children in these cultures are treated horribly, which might be causally related to the suicide rates. Actually, children who are held to higher standards and given more responsibilities at younger ages tend to have higher self-esteem, and be happier as adults. \n\nUs Americans are the *most* extreme dualists in the world. Mind and body are obviously distinct. If one is depressed, it's obviously a matter of \"feelings\". Imagine you live in a culture where Descartes never existed. Where the mind is not intuitively a separate distinct entity. \n\nWhat was once called \"Chinese Somaticization\" is now understood as actually being \"Western Psychologization\". A Chinese person is likely to describe depression symptoms like, \"my stomach hurts\", whereas we can hardly imagine this even making sense in the West. If you are grieving, it's intuitive that our sadness resides in our minds, not our bodies. And **we** are the weird ones in this regard. The majority of the world has a more Chinese perspective on \"psychology\". That is, they don't have a concept of abnormal psychology the same way we do. \n\nWhich might explain why there is very little positive correlation between mental illness and suicide in China, whereas there is some insanely high percentage in the States. Psychological diagnoses are very difficult when depression and stomach aches are indistinguishable. \n\nBy now, hopefully it's clearer why this is such a difficult question to answer. Suicide is complicated. I've written many papers showing the hypocritical morality of appropriating causes and meanings to suicides of other groups. \n\nSuicide statistics alone demonstrate how vastly different the phenomena are in vastly different cultures. For instance, 86% (or something, can look it up when I get home) of suicide victims in the US are mentally ill, making it the highest risk factor by far. China doesn't have a risk factor anywhere near that high, the closest they have is Pesticides. Presence of pesticides in the home is the highest risk factor for suicide. \n\nI don't know what the risk factor statistics are like for Japan, but I imagine they are just as un-illuminating. Why does anyone kill his or herself? Most take their motivating cause with them to the grave...", "I spent 2 years in Japan, east side of Hiroshima Prefecture and the schooling that andlothebird points out is exactly what I saw. The worst example I had was a student that went from middle to highschool while I was their English teacher.\n\nJust for background, I arrived 1 month before NOVA schools folded and eventually got new work at a private company. I worked at what was essentially an English Cram-school but less formal and for all ages. I would only teach any one class for about 40 minutes but had 6 or so classes a day. Back to the girl.\n\nShe was an excellent student in my class. She was lively, talked, could speak pretty decently and was always trying. Then she got to high-school. In-case you don't know it's not a right to go to high-school, you have to take a test to get in so it's pretty serious business.\n\nAfter the school year ended, she came back and joined a high-school class. They all were listless, didn't really talk, didn't want to participate. I could tell they were tired since they seemed to doze off a lot and they were one of my last classes of the day. I think it was around 6 or 7 at night by the time they came in. I had 2 classes after them, one with a young kid and another a businessman who were both pretty awake so it wasn't just the time of day.\n\nAll I can say is that the formerly energetic, happy girl turned in to a walking zombie in about a week. It was crushing to watch. I never gave her crap about it since I knew that she was spending about 12 hours a day at school, club, etc. and was just dog tired. Still depressed the hell out of me since I knew that was going to happen to a lot of the other kids I had who were wonderful to be around and really enjoyed learning.\n\nOutside of school most people I knew over there listed their hobbies as 1)sleeping 2)drinking. Not games, not art, just get drunk and sleep it off. Not everyone, but this was most people. I left after 2 years, coming back in 2009 because I saw myself developing a drinking problem.\n\nAs for suicide issue, I dated a woman for a year that had a father that drank himself to death after a failed business, she had a nervous breakdown after workplace harassment and her sister had a breakdown after 12+ years of school and working at a dealership. Both girls attempted suicide numerous times while I knew them. The woman and I had a falling out and she threatened to kill herself over me. To this day, 2 years later, still no idea if she is alive or not. Most panic inducing moment is when I saw her name show up on my phone after a year of not talking. Nothing good would have come from answering that.\n\ntl;dr In Japan: High-school is stressful, people seem overworked, don't stick your dick in crazy. Still the best 2 years of my life.\n\nIf you ever want to work for a decent English school, look up Sofia Zemi Juku.", "I think as andlothebird says has a lot to do with the collectivist culture. \n\nIt must suck to be suppressed that hard. I mean, I think they pressure the kids and the young adults so much, that things like math stop making any sense and their performance drops. If not, at least their ability to apply that knowledge in the real world drops for sure. Life becomes this abstract experience which not reflects reality. It's just shallow academy.\n\nI don't care who you are or where you are, nobody can withstand over 12 hours of daily intense studying. Not without making learning a really slow process. I am a believer that if taken from the correct mindset and perspective a child can learn much more faster and relieve a lot of stress on his life.\n\nI mean yeah, they lead the way on math and theoretical sciences test scores, but is it worth it to sacrifice life quality and potential creativity for grades? Grades not even represent real life value, or any kind of practical achievement. Grades are just grades.", "I remember my 20th birthday when I was living in Japan. We went to Kyoto for some late night fun. On the way back, I was a little drunk and being obnoxious to the people around. Just being a Gaijin. Well, there were two school kids in front of me with schoolbooks. I thought it was strange because it was like 11 at night. I later noticed that there were school kids all around me. Anyway, I woke one of them up and said in my terrible Japanese, \"today is my birthday\". He raised his head off from the top of his books. His eyes were the blackest I have ever seen. I found out much later it was finals and kids were taking extra sessions in specials schools. Let me just say that that month there were extra kids throwing themselves onto the train tracks. Also, it takes like 15 minutes for people to clean the tracks and get the train going again. I found out the hard way. ", "Love these generalizations.", "Because in Japan they often get up at 6 to catch a train to their school, have school until about 3, go to club activities (stuff like soccer and baseball training) often until about 8. They then go to cram school which is like tutoring for English, they often get home at 10. They have a quick dinner, then study until usually 1 in the morning. Go to sleep, get 4 or 5 hours sleep, and do it all again. \n\nThey used to also have Saturday schooling. \n\nSo to answer your question it is basically from the extreme amount of pressure put on them.", "So this thread took the wrong turn. More specifically, a korean turn.", "The ones committing suicide are not Asians - they are B-sians.", "True Stories -- I am a Korean American in my thirties.\n\nIn Junior High School I got a B in Typing Class (on a progress report card, not a final report card). My mother took my school binder and beat me repeatedly in the head with it because of it.\n\nBy the time I was 10 years old I was performing cello concertos from memory. Later, police arrested my cello teacher because he was molesting me for over a year. My parents immediately found me a new cello teacher and forced me to continue to practice hours everyday. It was like they didn't even care what happened to me. \n\nDo Korean Parents put too much pressure on their children. FUCK FUCK FUCK YES.\n\nMy little sister tried to commit suicide when she was in highschool. I have been in and out of counseling and also have had my own personal struggle with suicidal thoughts. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FDSdg09df8" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e0dsbj7" ], "score": [ 11 ], "text": [ "There's basically no such thing as farmed tuna. Just in the last couple years, people have figured out how to raise the bluefin species in captivity, but only in tiny quantities, most of them die in the cages, and it's only profitable because the species is so rare in the wild. Pretty much any tuna you find at the supermarket will be wild-caught.\n\nThe other factor is the way food energy transfers through the food chain. When one animal eats another, typically only 1 out of 10 units of food energy in the prey is transferred to the predator: you need 10 kilograms of sheep to make one kilogram of wolf. This is why humans rarely eat predators: it's a waste of food. Tuna are 3rd or 4th order predators: they eat fish that eat other fish that eat other animals that eat plants, losing 90% of the food energy at each step. It's like raising sheep, feeding them to wolves, feeding the wolves to a dragon, and then eating the dragon!\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/07/30/336339179/farming-the-bluefin-tuna-tiger-of-the-ocean-is-not-without-a-price", "https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-farmed-fish-are-taking-over-our-dinner-plates-1415984616" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cgqa5zu", "cgqaw88", "cgqlccb" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "That might have to do with where it is that they're attached together.", "They only feel and operate their own side.", "I don't know the answers to most of the questions but if one twin dies, the second one generally dies soon after (as in, within the next few hours/ days)." ] }

[]

[ "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y-6Q2vFSP_I/UR4hCOlT3JI/AAAAAAAAZMM/eOgvJHAbCz8/s1600/conjoined+twins.jpg" ]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvn7i4t" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Keep in mind that when the original 802.11 spec went live in 1999, it was more of a novelty - up to 2Mbps, and no kind of high density at all like we have today.\n\nThe original idea was to get around external sources of interference. Let's say you had something knocking out the bottom half of channel 1, and something else on the top half of 6. You could just slide over to 3, sit between the interference, and go about your business.\n\nNowadays, with WiFi use dominating most of the airtime, the ease of picking those other channels is just a menace. If I were king of 802.11 committees for a day, the next standard would require that the default 2.4 radio config stick exclusively to 1/6/11 (or appropriate equivalent for other regions)." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cgsa4ws" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "You're entirely correct, the Big Bang theory says the universe started out as a very dense ball and expanded from there. It says nothing about what happened before that.\n\nThe problem is that if the universe was extremely hot and dense, how did it get that way and what held it together so it didn't it explode sooner? Without a good answer for these questions, it seems reasonable to assume that matter just wasn't before." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dfxj2mi", "dfxj6i8", "dfxxbig" ], "score": [ 10, 5, 3 ], "text": [ "When you're whispering, you're usually not actually using your vocal cords. You're just shaping your breath in the same way as you would while speaking, which makes (almost) the same sounds at a much lower volume. ", "The difference is indeed in the vocal chords. When whispering, you are not using your vocal chords, basically just pushing air past them thus making it more breathy. The articulation of letter sounds are formed in your mouth, thus why you can still whisper words even without engaging your vocal chords.", "When you talk normally, there are three elements:\n\n* your lower respiratory system (lungs and diaphragm) pushes air out;\n* your vocal cords vibrate to produce your voice;\n* your tongue, lips and other parts in the general area of your mouth move to restrict the air flow in specific ways, to produce specific sounds (e.g. to say the sound of TH you put the tip of your tongue between your teeth).\n\nWhen you whisper, you remove the second element (vocal cords producing voice). This makes pairs of consonants whose only difference is being *voiced* or *unvoiced* nearly indistinguishable when you whisper ─ if you whisper the word \"pleasure\" it will sound almost exactly as if you whisper \"pleashure\", with an SH sound." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eay24bn", "eay2m3k", "eaycbew" ], "score": [ 3, 15, 6 ], "text": [ "I think that Cologne is put on any time and after shave is supposed to be used after shaving?? I could be wrong. ", "Aftershave is designed specifically to be used on your face/neck after you shave and it usually has ingredients that are meant to hydrate your skin and sanitize any cuts you may have made while shaving. \n\nCologne can be used after shaving, but it's also meant to be used at any time really. It's also made to be used on other parts of the body than just the face (for instance, it's common to put a little on your wrists). ", "Cologne is just perfume for guys, aftershave is meant to make your neck feel better after shaving. It often contains perfume too, though." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d9cncc4", "d9cnd3r", "d9cniza" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "No they do not have this right. They often pretend they do though. You don't have to give them access to your phone but once you do you are consenting to them doing that. So if someone wants to search through your phone and you don't want them to just say no (as far as I'm aware even police are only allowed if they have permission or a warrant)", "Usually no. But most people comply because usually the \"oh this little shit defied me\" repercussions are way worse than what they could possibly find on your find.", "nope no one has that right, even the police dont have that right(they might ignore that but its not legal for them to do so) with out a waranty." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cj0s8mp", "cj0sec3", "cj0vaag", "cj0vgmx", "cj0wc99", "cj0xhid", "cj0xrmk", "cj0z9t0", "cj0znmk", "cj106vw", "cj11scz", "cj13flm", "cj14jld" ], "score": [ 6, 71, 2, 64, 16, 2, 3, 55, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Probably some of both, but we really don't know right now.", "You should be aware that Ukraine has a lot of citizens who are ethnic Russians. It's generally understood that Ukraine's ethnic Russian minority is more friendly to Russia than the current Ukrainian government and they're believed to make up the bulk of the separatists. No one knows for sure if actual citizens of Russia are secretly helping them or if they have substantial support from some ethnic Ukrainians, but it's probably yes on both counts.", "Some are Ukrainians, who believe that they are russians. They don't identify themselves with Ukraine but with russia and they want to live in russia, but rather than move to the other side of the border they would rather have the border moved to them and they believe killing bunch of people to accomplish that is ok. russian gov sent Spetsnaz (russian special forces) soldiers to lead the separatists. They also gave them weapons and occasional support from russian military black ops.\n\nTldr: some ukrainians think of themselves as russians and let russia use them to create a pretext for an invasion.", "I saw on the news that russian 'volunteers' are constantly crossing the border to fight for the separatists. What baffles me most was that there were russian tanks crossing the border as 'volunteers'. I don't know how it is in russia, but in my country, if you're in the army and you drive a tank, you're not allowed to take your tank home with you on the weekends and use it as your private automobile.", "You should remember that just late last year, many of the people who now support what is now (called) Ukrainian separatism were (for all its faults) broadly on board with the then Ukrainian state under the then Ukrainian government. They were in the mainstream and they had just narrowly rebuffed expansive Western overtures. Which didn't necessarily mean that the then Ukraine was completely in bed with Russia either; the then Ukrainian government tried to play both sides, for gain and profit, and out of political necessity because of the presence of both very EU/NATO-friendly and very Russia-friendly demographics in Ukraine.\n\nThen a revolution happened. \n\nOf course, it didn't just \"happen\". Sudden regime change in a state that's just rebuffed a powerful neighbour, only to have the new regime no longer rebuff the neighbour – that's something that historians look at very carefully. The post-revolution Ukrainian government has of course now signed that EU association agreement which the pre-revolution Ukrainian government refused to sign just before the revolution. Which is not to say that signing was against the will of the majority in Ukraine (or at least of the majority in rUkraine – minus Crimea). Again, there's a sizeable EU/NATO-friendly demographic in Ukraine. (And w/r/t Crimea swinging polls and elections, there's a certain irony of Western non-recognition of Crimea's move to Russia and the lessened legitimacy of pro-Western decisions in Kiev if Crimean opinions were included.)\n\nOf course, there's a question of legitimacy with any putsch, revolt or revolution. Western countries instantly recognised the Euromaidan-associated pro-EU/NATO post-revolution government, but a sizeable part of the other Ukrainian demographic, the pro-Russian one, was much less enthusiastic and became (called) Ukrainian separatists – because their concerns and what they wanted were separate and became separation from the pro-West post-revolution rulers in Kiev. And they do have legitimate concerns. Note that Russia could have recognised the Ukrainian separatists as the legitimate government of Ukraine while continuing to not recognise the post-revolution regime in Kiev. That the Russian government hasn't done this is a clear sign that after Crimea, they want to leave well enough alone and de-escalate the situation. The separatists do have a lot of sympathy and support out of Russia and by (ethnic) Russians, but they do not have the full and unreserved support of Russia.\n\nIt is telling of course that Western media were very happy to acknowledge the legitimacy of the Euromaidan demographic's concerns during the demonstrations before the revolution, when the later-to-be \"separatists\" were still in the mainstream and in government, but the same Western media are not really happy to discuss and acknowledge the legitimacy of the separatists' concerns now that the Euromaidan demographic is in government in Kiev. So much so, you even questioned the existence of the separatist demographic (which had previously swung and won elections). If you've read this far, the answer to your question should be obvious. That you even asked it is an indication just how short your memory was, just how beholden to a certain side your views were, and just how effectively you had been propagandised by that side. \n\nEDIT: Corrections.", "The Washington Post has published a map which may be helpful.\n_URL_0_\n", "This isn't the whole of it, but it is important to understanding the current affairs of many of the former Soviet nations. During the time that Stalin ruled the USSR, which was roughly 1922 to 1952, he implemented programs to forcibly resettle people of various ethnic backgrounds from their homelands to different areas of what was then the Soviet Union. This included bringing ethnic Russians to settle areas which had not historically been Russian. There are numerous different ethnic groups in the Ukraine today, mostly Ukrainian but the largest minority group is Russian (which make about 15% to 20% depending who's counting), and they are mainly centered in the eastern part of the country. It is believed that Stalin's program of redistributing ethnic groups throughout the Soviet Union was in effort to make it more difficult for specific ethnic groups to rise up against the central government.", "A long long time ago in a reality far far away there was the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was made up basically of Russia this included many nations that today are no longer part of Russia but today are now there own nations. One such nation is Ukraine. \n\nUkraine during the Soviet era was one of the primary naval and research establishments. This ment many people from all over Russia moved to Ukraine to work with the navy, nuclear research programs, and similar. \n\nWhen the Soviet Union collapsed and former Soviet states sought independence this left many such nations with many citizens who are \"ethnically\" Russian. Basically they speak Russian, they have Russian culture, and for all intents and purposes they are Russian (just living in a different nation now due to politics). \n\nNot all ethnic Russians seek to rejoin Russia, plenty are happy to be part of there own nation. But many also seek to keep good relations and ties with Russia as they have family, friends, etc in Russia and they value Russia and a good relationship with it highly. \n\nOther groups within Ukraine instead are more looking towards Europe and distancing itself from Russia. This is what sparked the maiden protests you may remember with all the riot police vs protesters. The government was also wanting strong ties to Russia and went for a deal with Russia over a deal with Europe, many of these people wanting to distance themselves from Russia were upset and so you have the \"pro Russian\" government being overthrown and replaced with the current Ukrainian government. \n\nIn response to the government being overthrown by protesters many ethnic Russians and \"pro-Russian\" Ukrainians of other ethnic origins rallied against the government to form the separatists you see today. \n\nRussia is supporting the pro Russian separatist forces, but at the same time the separatists are \"real\" they are not just Russian \"shills\" or whatever. There is controversy about some (or all depending on who you talk to) separatist fighters being Russian soldiers pretending to be separatists, but how many if any there are is debated and there are no real hard facts on it besides wild accusations. \n\nTL;DR. West Ukraine rebelled on the government and overthrew it, in response East Ukraine is rebelling and wanting to separate from West Ukraine. East Ukraine is mostly \"ethnic Russian\" and is being supported by Russia. ", "When they do things we don't like, like rebel against a government we helped violently thrust into power in Kiev, they're terrorists.\n\nWhen they do things we like, like overthrow a pro-Russian government, they're freedom fighters and pro democracy protestors.\n\nPretty nifty stuff, right?", "This is a pretty good summary what is happening in the region right now:\n\n_URL_0_", "One must also understand, that the difference between the 'Russians' and the 'Ukrainians' is pretty vague in that region. It's not like those groups have different religions or backgrounds, like it often happens in other problem regions of the world. Even in Baltic countries(Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) which were also part of the Soviet Union, there's a big cultural difference between natives and ethnic Russian. \nOn the other hand, people in the eastern Ukraine are all somewhat similar in terms of their background. They are all pretty much 'Soviets' or 'Russian Empirer's' originially. But after the Soviet Union collapse, some are aligning themselves more nationalistically(as 'Ukrainians') The ones that are not, constitute the majority of the 'separatists'.", "The Ukrainian separatists \"proper\" are a large set of Russian speaking population to the east of the country who are sympathetic to the old Soviet regime, and taking an active part in the insurgency. These tend to be older people, precisely because of this. They also typically parrot the current Russian propaganda on the situation (that the new Kiev government are fascists and Nazi).\n\nBeing so close to the border with Russia, however, it is generally assumed that actual Russians, who are part of the military, though unmarked, have joined the insurgents and are helping them in some capacity.\n\nDetails: The separatists are mostly Ukrainian residents who live close to the border with Russia in eastern Ukraine; by themselves they are little more than hooligans, however they have managed to organize themselves into a fighting force somehow. They have been joined by a very small set of actual the Russian military, but who bring sophisticated equipment with them, and are probably helping with command and control. We are pretty sure that the number of actual Russians is low, since basically none have been captured or killed so far.", "It's the mix of both. But you need to understand that without Russian officers, Russian supplies, Russian volunteers and Russian propaganda it would never happen." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/12/09/this-one-map-helps-explain-ukraines-protests/" ], [], [], [], [ "http://pando.com/2014/05/30/war-nerd-whats-happening-in-eastern-ukraine-is-very-simple-rational-and-straightforward/" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ctzidyl" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "So I couldn't find pertinent data directly on the subject, but according to [this paper](_URL_0_) on the leading causes of death in *immature* houseflies. Immature flies die mostly from:\n\n > desiccation, pathogens, adverse environmental conditions and damage by insect parasites\n\nIt's reasonable to assume these factors are big killers of adult flies as well. It's really hard to find anything on mortality of adult flies without turning up 1000 papers that are studying how they respond to various insecticides." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://scentsoc.org/Volumes/JAE/v9/4/00094261.pdf" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cfgkmt8" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "It depends on which sleep phase you're in. If you're in stage 3 or in REM sleep, it's really hard to wake up. In contrast, if you're in 1 or 2, you're not in as deep a sleep, and waking up is much easier. \n\n[Here's the Wiki, for a little more detail...](_URL_0_)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep#Stages" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "clpe8kv" ], "score": [ 13 ], "text": [ "Cable companies want to have the right to reduce and increase the speed of certain sources. They say it is free market.\n\nNow, anyone with half a brain can see what will happen: If they have a service, such as on-demand tv, they can easily slow down netflix to the extend of it being unusable, or force netflix to pay so much for a \"fast lane\" that it will not be profitable to provide for your area.\n\nWhat people want is to keep \"net neutrality\" in place. They think that the ISP should not have the right to control their internet by changing the speed. They think that since they pay for a certain speed, anything should be able to use that speed, instead of a company/website being forced to pay extra to be allowed to do that.\n\nThats it really, cable companies want more controll over which websites people can view at which speeds and people want them to not be able to do that.\n\nNow, this wouldn't be as much of a problem, if not for the following: (and i am not sure about everywhere, i am european) according what i know, the current ISP's are monopolies. This way, they can do whatever they want, because the people have no alternative.\n\nPersonal bias: Fuck those controlling companies, they are only supposed to maintain the cables and make sure i can acces servers at the speed that I pay them for each month. If i wanted people to control my internet usage, i would move to china." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d2h9g25", "d2hiyp3", "d2hx2kk" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Stars produce energy by smashing elements together to create heavier elements. This continues outflow of energy (wich we perseve as light and heat) keeps the star from collapsing in on itself. \n\n The star first fuses hydrogen, then helium, carbon etc. All the way up to iron. Fusing iron into heavier elements takes away more energy than it puts out.\n\n So now the star if losing energy rapidly and the outflow stops. Gravity takes over and all the gas of the star is pulled towards the center in seconds, afterwards an explosion follows called a supernova.", "I'm going to go a bit deeper, because it's interesting.\n\nStars are made of Hydrogen. The gravity from this big cloud of hydrogen is enough to pull it into a ball. There is so much pressure that the Hydrogen atoms get squeezed together and form Helium. When the Hydrogen atoms merge (called nuclear fusion) they release energy which makes it to the surface and is released as light. If the star produces too much energy the gas expands and the reaction slows. If it produces too little energy, gravity pulls it in and the reaction speeds up.\n\nOver time more of the Hydrogen becomes Helium, which is 4 times heavier so collects in the core. (A Hydrogen atom has one proton, while Helium has two protons and two neutrons, so the atom weighs four times as much. In Hydrogen gas there are two Hydrogen atoms bound together, while the Helium atoms stay alone.)\n\nThere is so much pressure on the Helium that it it stops behaving like a gas, a liquid, or even a solid. It becomes what's called \"degenerate matter\". The atoms are so tightly pressed against one another that they are effectively touching and they can't get any closer even if the pressure increases. (In reality atoms don't touch, but the electrons are so tightly packed that they can't move to other orbits because there are other electrons there already.) With degenerate matter increasing the pressure doesn't make things denser (at least not until other much greater limits are reached).\n\nSince the Helium, doesn't expand in the same way, when it starts reacting it doesn't slow down so the Helium gets hotter, which speeds up fusion even more. When this tipping point happens (at about 100 million degrees kelvin) there is a \"Helium Flash\" and for a few minutes the star releases a billion of times more energy than it did before. This is when most of the heavier elements, like Carbon are formed.\n\nDuring the Helium flash, the individual atoms (or more accurately their nuclei) get so hot they move so quickly they can escape the core of the star and it suddenly reverts back into very dense normal mater, which expands due to the pressure. The star blows itself apart. What happens then depends on the size of the star, but in most cases the star will form a large gas cloud which will cool down until gravity takes over again and forms other stars.", "As an aside, not all stars will fuse up to iron. Only sufficiently massive stars. Other stars may only fuse some part of the chain, for instance hydrogen and helium, at which point they may lack the mass to continue to burn heavier elements (such as carbon). In fact, the majority of stars may be low mass red dwarfs. \n\nOur sun will not go supernova, although it is massive enough to not be a red dwarf. It is expected to experience a red giant stage, but it will ultimately become a white dwarf, no longer fusing material in its core. This will cause it to contract into the dense white dwarf form, where its gravitational collapse is balanced by electron degenerency (it can't squish the atomic structures that make it up anymore) instead of fusion. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ewm26yt", "ewm2cmc" ], "score": [ 5, 9 ], "text": [ "I don’t understand. To the best of my knowledge milk has always been sold refrigerated here. Even in school lunches you have to retrieve them from a cooler.", "It's not just America, it's pretty common everywhere. \n\nThis is reffered to as UHT milk. Its milk that's been heated up to kill off any bacteria inside it, which is what makes normal milk spoil within a week or so, and as a result as long as it's sealed it can be stored unrefrigerated for quite a while." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ci8ezrt" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Chains make more noise, stretch, & take more power to turn than a belt. The belts stretch too, but not as much (before they need to be serviced), are much quieter, & take less power to turn. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e7u0j8b", "e7ui213", "e7uj3jz" ], "score": [ 14, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "They do. However, their costs are high. They also, in my state, get funding from the state budget. So on top of what they charge students, they get money from the state. To find out where all that money goes, look at a university organizational chart. While professors don’t make much, there are a lot more chiefs. These people don’t teach classes, but handle all the other things going on at the school. Tons of them and most of them make pretty good. There are many other ways they spend your money, but the whole organization is usually top heavy.", "Non-profit doesn't mean that no one makes money, it means that all of the profit from the institution goes back to benefit that institution alone, and doesn't make stock profits or benefit anyone in particular's pockets. However, it does pay for salaries of employees and as has been mentioned in this thread that includes both administrators and professors. On the other hand, there are expansions to campus that have to be thought of, as well as constantly improving security (UPenn has the largest private police force in NA), housing improvements, and long term plans. You might not see it during school weeks, but during summer and winter breaks there is a ton of renovation going on.", "What incentives do the decision-makers have? If the university charges less money, do the administrators gain more money/power/influence/job security? If the university charges more money, do the administrators gain more money/power/influence/job security? Even if they aren't explicity corrupt enough to embezzle extra money, doesn't it seem logical for an administrator of a larger more prestigious school to have a larger salary more becoming of his position? University administrators with more power and influence are less likely to lose their job, are more likely to get raises, are able to hire more friends and family without being accused of nepotism (because they're hiring more of everyone), have more social status, etc etc etc.\n\nDecision-makers make decisions that benefit themselves via whatever pathways are available to them. They will lower tuition iff it somehow increases their power/influence, which it typically doesn't." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ffvt7jv", "ffvtvie" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Because \"high calorie\" typically means that there are more calories in it than something else of equal size. A pound of peanut butter has a lot more calories than a pound of ice.", "Let me try with this analogy: high-calorie food is like charcoal, low-calorie food is like newspaper. You can use both to sustain a fire but newspaper will burn out faster because it's not as energy-dense as charcoal. \nHope this helps!\n\nEDIT: Realized I didn't completely answer your question. Your body can only use so much energy for fuel at a given time (your metabolic rate). If the amount of fuel you put in exceeds this rate, your body stores away excess energy by moving the fuel into fat cells. The more energy-dense the fuel is, the more fuel there is to store away, and if you don't use it, it accumulates. All of this is in general; some bodies can store and use fuel more or less efficiently" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cfyu1io", "cfyu6wl" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The iceman Richard Kuklinski, was already killing when being a hitman sort of fell into his lap.", "Some of them are people who kill and then get hired and take on larger and larger work for organisations.\n\nSome are born into it, other times they are forced into it.\n\nIt's not like they go \"HITMAN FOR HIRE\", they get known for being an effective killer/enforcer, then they get paid to kill someone, then they get consistent work for that, and then they make a job out of it." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ck4orvs", "ck4rokt", "ck4rtgn" ], "score": [ 42, 7, 4 ], "text": [ "The internet isn't \"one thing\" that you connect to, it's a collection of computer networks that has decided to work together. So, in a sense, ISPs are what the internet is made of.\n\nWhen I send this message from Sweden to reddits servers in the US it first goes to my local ISP but they only deal with, well, fairly local stuff.\n\nMy local ISP hands it over to a large nordic telecommunications company but they don't operate any transatlantic communications cables and can only take it as far as Denmark or perhaps Germany.\n\nSo they in their turn hand it over to [Level 3 Communications](_URL_0_) that has capacity to take it to the US through a transatlantic cable.\n\nAnd after a few more jumps through some other networks this message arrives to reddit.\n\nAll these networks have business agreements with eachother and when a new ISP is formed it has to get some agrement with one or more other ISPs. These agreements can be anything from \"I need you as much as you need me so let's just swap traffic back and forth without charging eachother\" to \"If you want a connection you have to pay me for it.\"\n\nAnd the big players aren't interested in dealing with single individuals so we as regular people, like you and me, have to get our internet connectivity from companies that are.", "You *technically* could, but you'd need a hell of a lot of money to do it. /u/KokorHekkus' explanation is pretty dead-on - you'd pretty much need to start a business entity and go several levels higher than your ISP. ", "You could do it yourself as long as you could:\n\na) Get your cable connected to some part of the Internet,\n\nand either:\n\nb1) Get that part of the Internet that you've connected to to agree to give you a portion of their Internet address space, and route your traffic to the rest of the Internet for you,\n\nor\n\nb2) Get an Internet address registry to agree to give you a chunk of your *own* Internet address space\n\nISPs are basically just companies that are in the business of doing that stuff for you. They connect to other parts of the Internet (which can include their customers, other ISPs, etc.), get a bunch of Internet address space from the registries and assign chunks of that to their customers, route traffic between all of the parts of the Internet they connect to, and form agreements with other ISPs to route their traffic.\n\n\nIt's similar to asking something like, \"how do bakeries give us wedding cakes, and could I just buy the materials and do it myself?\" Sure, if you get an oven and bowls and whisks and stuff like that, and you learn how to bake, and get a good recipe or have enough skill to design a cake yourself, and get the ingredients, and spend the time to do it, you can do it yourself. Or you could pay a place that has all the equipment and skills and is well practiced at doing it already. Except with the added part that routing Internet traffic involves forming business relationships and contracts with large corporations, so in addition to being on a larger scale (more equipment, more expensive, etc.) it's also not something you can do effectively ad hoc." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_3_communications" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d158l5v", "d159c8j", "d15anob", "d15b4rd" ], "score": [ 13, 5, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The conventional marketing is that you should never talk about your competitors in advertising, because then you paying money to spread their name.\n\nWhile this is the conventional wisdom, certain markets markets will go outside this. about 6 years ago the fast food industry started directly comparing their food to other named competitors. And like you said cell phone companies have started doing this too.\n\nThere is no laws preventing it, just the conventional wisdom is you should not do it. ", "Number two talks about number one, trying to prove they're better. Number one never mentions number two, pretending they're not competition. \n", "I think it's a little more common than you realize. It is true that the vast majority of (non-political) advertising is based around making your product look good, it is sometimes helpful to draw a direct comparison between your product and your competitor's.\n\nThis is why Chevrolet has an ad campaign where they put a Chevy in front of a non-car person with the branding masked and asked \"What kind of car would you say this is?\" :: \"An Infiniti\". This is in part because the reputation of Chevrolet has taken a tumble in recent years (recent decades?) and they think it will be more effective to say \"we're better than < luxury car brand > because our car has < feature > that < luxury car brand > doesn't\"\n\nBrands tend to be somewhat fearful of negative ads because if they go wrong, they can *really* go wrong. For this reason, most of the ads you see that mention a competitor are very specific. For example, all of the mobile carrier ads mention some real-world truth. Price, coverage, exclusive phones, etc.", "Assomeone else said below, often it usually preferred by companies not to raise brand awareness for their competitors when advertising their own product. However, this doesnt apply where the opposition is already well known.\n\nImagine this; a world dominated by holdens and fords only. Where the population is already well aware of both brands, direct named comparisons will benefit whichever company is doing the advertising with little drawback. However, imagine the same world but Suzuki just opened up.\n\n A direct comparison with Suzuki products might convince buyers to stay with ford/holden, but at the cost of making the public aware of the brand \"Suzuki\" as an option. Effectively this is raising brand awareness for the opposition at the cost of the advertising company." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dkvojua" ], "score": [ 14 ], "text": [ "The Dalai Lama is a highly influential figure in Tibetan Buddhism. He is considered an enlightened being, who reincarnated by will. Short excourse: In buddhism, the ultimate goal is to achieve enlightenment and break the cycle of death and rebirth. The Dalai Lama achieved enlightenment but still returned in order to help other people.\nIn Tibetan Buddhism people who are enlightened and returned are considered something similar to patron saints.\n\nThe Dalai Lama is the head of the Tibetan government in exile (Tibet is still occupied by China) and is the highest teacher in Tibetan Buddhism.\n\nImportant to note is that the Dalai Lama is not chosen or elected, but *found*. Buddhism believes in reincarnation so every Dalai Lama is considered the same being. You cannot become the Dalai Lama, you are found out to **be** the Dalai Lama.\n\nHe is found by the highest lamas (priests) with extra authority given to the so called panchen lama. The panchen lama is also a reincarnated being that has been found by the highest lamas and the current dalai lama.\n\nNow, the current problem is that the current panchen lama went missing 20 years ago, possibly abducted by the Chinese government. The Chinese claim that he is fine and just camera-shy, but this is met with ... scepticism.\nThe whole point is that the Chinese would love the next Dalai Lama to be pro-China and would officially recognise Chinese rule over Tibet. So it is possible that the Chinese government abducted the panchen lama and either replaced him with somebody loyal to the Party, or indoctrinated him.\n\nSo the current Dalai Lama suggested that he might not reincarnate again, because \"he is no longer needed\" which is probably just a theological excuse to keep the Tibetan government in exile active. The Chinese government (officially atheist, by the way) refused this and said that the Dalai Lama has no choice over whether he will reincarnate or not. \n\nWhen the current Dalai Lama dies, it is feared that this might split Tibetan Buddhism between those who support the Chinese Panchen Lama and those who either support the Dalai Lama found by the government in exile or who believe this Dalai Lama was the last.\n\nIf this sounds weird, well welcome to the world where religion and politics meet." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dikl9qx" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "There was an old dispute among the byzantine Christian about whether drawing icons representing the christ and the saints is idolatry _URL_0_ \n\nThis dispute passed to Islam (A nice question for /r/askhistorian) some Muslim consider that it's Haram to represent the prophet while some other allow drawing of the prophet _URL_1_ \n\nIt happens that at the moment the one who are angry, violent and pissed off are the one that forbid to represent but the prophet. But I saw drawing of the prophet for sale in some Bazaar in middle-east. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm", "http://tarekfatah.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/0109islamart03.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cux48va" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "You go to the website and say \"Hey I want to have a link to _URL_0_.\" They pick a short URL and make an entry in their database that says \"short URL ABC corresponds with _URL_0_,\" then they send you that short URL.\n\nWhen you follow this short URL you arrive at the link-shortening website, which looks up what website you wanted to go to and tells your computer to automatically jump to that website. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "XYZ.com" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dglj34m", "dglxqdb" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The assembly code gets mapped into binary machine code. This is a pretty simple mapping and if you have read the x86 manual where all the assembly opcodes are listed their machine codes are listed with them. In the CPU there is a small state machine that runs the microcode that often comes in driver upgrades. This state machine is quite simple so is implemented in hardware. It have a lot of single bit output signals that goes to a number of muxers in the CPU. A muxer have a number of inputs and outputs and depending on the command input it is given it connects the selected inputs and outputs together. In this way the CPU is able to read the machine code and send the numbers between different registers, transfer lines, compute circuitry, memory, etc.\n\nThe CMP command is quite fun. It is actually a subtraction without a designated output. So it subtract the two numbers and disregards the output. Every operation can set a few single bit flags that is stored in the flag register. The subtraction operation sets two flags, one if the result is negative and one if the result is zero. The following conditional jump opcodes use these flags as the condition.", "This is a really tough question, because there is a lot at work. I'm building a (rather useless) CPU from discrete components (resistors and transistors) to really understand this myself.\n\nFirst thing is we need to control the flow of electricity, so things can be on or off. A manual switch does this, just like your water facet. Turn the knob and water flows. Clearly though we can't manually flip all the switches in our CPU!\n\nThis is where the transistor comes in, it's a switch that's turned on or of by electricity. It's like a facet with a handles that turns when water flows over it.\n\nNow we start making logic gates. There's a number of ways to string transistors together (RTL, TTL, CMOS) that form a fundamental gate like NOR or NAND. NAND is common today and will only be \"off\" when all inputs are \"on.\"\n\nNAND isn't enough on its own, but we can make each other logical expression by stringing together NAND gates (this and that, this but not that, not this and not that, etc).\n\nNow we can start building bigger pieces. The key parts being: the ALU (arithmetic-logic unit), Registers (CPU memory), multiplexers (selectors), and a control unit.\n\nThe ALU just takes two inputs and does math with logic gates. How logic turns into math is probably another post.\n\nMemory/Registers use transistors with feedback loops (or flip-flops) to \"hold\" values and output them. They accept a \"data\" input and a \"write\" input. When the \"write\" input turns on, it will store the current value of \"data\" and send it to its output. Even if \"data\" changes, the output won't change until \"write\" turns on again.\n\nA multiplexer is a way to \"select\" one of many inputs. It has many boxes, and inputs to select each box. Pick a box, and it will give you its contents. Pick a different box, and it will change.\n\nThe control unit is responsible for timing. It has a clock signal and it feeds that signal into the right registers at the right time. So it orchestrates fetching your assembly instruction (in binary) storing it in the Instruction Register, deciding it, and deciding what data needs to be stored and moved to make your command work.\n\nThe ALU does all of its math at the same time. So anything an ALU can do, it does. Then the multiplexer, given a selection from the control unit, picks out the one of interest and sends this out towards the registers.\n\nIt's pretty amazing how much happens. Just a single 1/0 of memory with discrete components takes up 30 pins on a breadboard! Feel free to ask any questions :)." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c68s6lq", "c68vm76" ], "score": [ 113, 4 ], "text": [ "MP3 is actually short for MPEG 1, Layer 3\n\nMPEG is a standard for audio-video compression, it defines how audio and video information is mixed together and put into a file that can be easily read by your dvd player, your iPod, anything capable of playing a video. It ensures compatibility. \n\nWhen audio and video are stored in this file format, they are stored encoded and compressed following a set of rules. \n\nFor example, an Audio CD can store 74 minutes of music - these discs are raw, uncompressed music. If you'd copy the disc on your computer and keep it exactly the same, you would need 650 MB of disk space. \n\nWhen the audio is stored in the MPEG file, the software that saves the file analyzes the music, tries to determine what your ears can't easily notice and removes these parts to make the file use less disk space, then compresses everything as if you would compress a normal file with WinZip or Winrar. \nThis way, those 74 minutes of audio would be stored in about 100-150 MB of disk space, instead of 650 MB. \n\nWhen the standard was originally invented, they had to come up with a method to remove parts your ear won't notice missing easily and make the audio take less disk space. They did and titled it \"Layer 1\". This method was somewhat lousy, the audio quality was poor, but this was the best they could do. They had to make a compromise between audio quality and the cost of the products playing the music and video. Making it very good quality would mean the video and audio players had to use very expensive chips that would also consume a lot of power, so the audio and video players would not be very portable. \nIt might sound silly now, but when this first standard was defined, people had 486 computers and probably the first Pentium computers appeared.\n\nA few years later, the technology evolved enough that they could take some of the ideas they had for the first version (but had to abandon due to that compromise) and also thought of better methods to encode the audio and make it use even less space while retaining more quality... in the end the sound was better while it took less disk space than before. This needed much more processing power, better computer chips, but by this time, the chips were cheap and powerful enough to be easy to go ahead with the plan. So they called it Layer 2 ...\n\nMore years went by and the chips got even better, more powerful, which made the group behind MPEG to come up with a new set of methods and tricks to compress audio in smaller disk space and keep more audio detail.... and they called it Layer 3.\n\nThis MPEG1 Layer 3 method of audio compression became very popular in very short time, because it was made a standard around the time of Napster, so people started to make audio only files and renamed them to have the extension .mp3 instead of the standard .mpg or .mpeg\n\nMPEG-2 is an evolution of this MPEG 1 file format. It was created for DVD, because by now better methods to compress video were possible without using very expensive chips. The methods used in MPEG-1 to compress video were designed for small resolutions, generally half the video information a DVD had, and had less quality. \n\nThey also worked MPEG-3, which was supposed to be a file format optimized for high definition content (HD) but they decided to give up on it, because they realized the same methods to compress video used for DVD gave good enough results with HD content. \n\nNow MP4 is actually short for MPEG-4, which is a new standard for storing audio and video mixed together in a file, from the same group that made MPEG, but a much more modern one. In this file, video and audio can be stored using several of those methods, just like with MPEG. \n\nIn MP4, the most preferred methods for compressing audio are AAC (a bit better than mp3) and mp3, while for the video part the preferred method is called h264. This h264 method of compressing video is much better than the method used in MPEG-2.\n\n", "RAW audio takes a lot of space. To give you an idea: 1 minute of raw audio music from a CD is around 10megabytes. An album - or an hour - would be over 600megs. \n\nA group of experts called \"MPEG\" (Motion Picture Experts Group) came together to agree on how to handle video in the digital world. Their first definition was MPEG-1. It contains many different things, about video, about audio, how to put them together. To complicate matter, different users had different needs. Think about broadcast satellites, tapes, discs. \n\nBecause of complexities, the MPEG team decided to include variations in their specification. There were different ways to encode audio and video, depending on the needs, and cpu, and space, and speed. \n\nAudio got 3 standards within MPEG-1, or so called Layers. Layer 1 wasn't used much by anyone. Layer 2 was quite popular because of VCD (precursor to DVDs -- a movie split into two CDs). Layer 3 (mp3) became popular with music piracy. Although, first downloads were in MP2 -- partially because a 486 dx4 100mhz barely could play MP3.\n\nDVDs created a need for higher and better quality, with yet even more space saving features. The MPEG group came together again and created a new set of ideas how to save both audio and video. This is called MPEG-2. It contains new way of video and new audio. This new audio is called AAC (Advanced Audio Codec). AAC is used by Apple for all their magic iTunes stuff.\n\nBluRays caused a need to update their definitions. And so they came together and created next set called MPEG-4. Because of performance issues, first BluRays used MPEG-2 video. MPEG4 came with many new video features that could be turned on or off during compression. A confusion was created as decoders could guarantee to handle everything. So an agreement was created that created profiles. Profiles were set of rules of which compression features to use. The two main ones are called SP (simple profile) and ASP (advanced simple profile). Video that needs higher quality and smaller size is done with ASP, at the cost of CPU. ASP enables features like B-Frames, QPEL, GMC. This is what is used by DiVX|XViD. \n\nThe harder mode of MPEG4 is called AVC (advanced video coding), or called h264. Now, h264 internally has its own set of profiles. Currently we are just getting on the curve to handle Hi10p profile -- it saves 10% extra space, but no hardware can handle it, so it is currently used by people with very good computers.\n\n**Short Version for a five year older**:\n\nMPEG is a group of experts agreeing on how to compress movies. They come up with ways to write a movie and save space. They met 3 major times:\n\n* MPEG-1 standard (for VideoCDs)\n * Audio: MPEG1-Layer 1 (rarely seen)\n * Audio: MPEG1-Layer 2 (used by VCDs, seen early in piracy rings)\n * Audio: MPEG1-Layer 3 (aka: .mp3 files)\n * Video: MPEG1 (called H.261, aka: .mpg / .mpeg files)\n* MPEG-2 standard (for DVDs)\n * Audio: Advanced Audio Codec (aka: .3gp, .aac files)\n * Video: MPEG-2 Part 2 (also called H.262, aka: .vob files on DVDs)\n* MPEG-4 standard (for BluRays)\n * Audio: High Efficiency AAC (aka: .m4a, .m4b, .m4p, .m4v, .m4r, .3gp, .mp4, .aac files)\n * Video: MPEG-4 Part 2 (also called mpeg4 / divx / xvid)\n * Video: MPEG-4 Part 10 (also called h.264)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dex2r5k", "dex3f1m" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The temperature isn't changing, only the force behind it.\n\nThis gives the perception of a different temperature, but it really isn't.", "Heat is removed from your skin by convection. Convection is basically air moving over something to take away the heat. So when you breathe slowly, less heat is removed from your skin, and when you breathe out forcefully or quickly, more heat is removed.\n\nIn addition, breathing out slower also means you experience the heat of your breath on your skin for longer, so it feels warmer." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "culnx91", "culobki", "culp7id", "cultpym" ], "score": [ 14, 5, 5, 4 ], "text": [ "Because claims made in ads need to measurable and verifiable. Betterness is very vague and impossible to measure, there is no scale of betterness. It is purely subjective. So company X can't claim that their product is better than company Y's. They can say our price is lower than a specific company selling the same thing because this is measurable and verifiable. So if they want to make the point that it is better they have to use a non-specific term, like 'our competitors.'", "Another reason is that the 'leading' brand mentioned generically, will sometimes just be a supermarket own brand and it sounds less impressive to name check that than another actual brand name.", "This was explained to me once by a colleague in marketing; he said something like this:\n\n\"If you name a competitor in your ads, you're effectively throwing down the gauntlet, and it's likely they'll want to name you in return in a counter-campaign. Most of us don't want that kind of mud-flinging, and don't feel it helps the industry, so we don't do it.\"", "* mentioning a specific brand, even negatively, can be a form of positive advertising\n* there is often more than one competitor, and brands can vary by region...saying things like bargain brand and leading brand makes the commercial more universal\n* not mentioning a specific brand makes it harder to show claims were untrue\n* mentioning a competitor by name might result in unwanted retaliatiion" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dr1v7g5" ], "score": [ 17 ], "text": [ "Hebbian learning is a concept in neuroscience that says neurons that fire together wire together. In terms of biology this means when two neurons fire at or about the same time, the synaptic connection between them strengthens and the likelihood of them firing together in the future increases. \n\nWhen you hear a word, you hear it in a context. That context is represented in your brain by the current set of firing neurons. The word you heard is also represented by a set of firing neurons. So according to Hebbian theory, the set of context neurons and the set of word neurons will “wire together” more strongly. Over time, this wiring will become more specific as your hear the word in different contexts." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cdzz7hf" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "They probably don't push the boundaries that far, and there's probably a solid amount of luck thrown in there as well." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d1tt9lv", "d1tv1e5" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "just a difference in how the licensing is setup specific to the medium. think of Netflix: certain titles are available on DVD, others only on streaming. just depends on how Netflix paid to use the licensing of that title. most television shows don't license online streaming use for cheap, or its barred by a previous long-standing agreement. ", "My local TV stations (Atlanta affiliates) do stream live, but only their news broadcasts. I believe it's the same for most network affiliates. You can blame the media companies for the fact that they don't stream their programming for free. Nothing is really preventing them from doing so other than the fact that they don't want to. This is essentially what Aereo tried to do (it wasn't free, but relatively cheap), and they shut it down." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvriykt", "cvrj1ku" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "They can carry a lot (important if you want to get a lot of ammo/rockets/supplies from point A to point B), fairly cheap to buy, and [nearly impossible for them to break in a way that can't be fixed with a hammer](_URL_0_).", "The trucks tend to last a long time and so there are many available on the tertiary markets.\n\nThis thread explains why they last so long:\n_URL_0_" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnWKz7Cthkk" ], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/cars/comments/3h8cba/what_exactly_makes_those_old_toyota_pickup_trucks/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csccdkb", "csccilw" ], "score": [ 6, 8 ], "text": [ "you need electrolytes to balance the ph of your blood. you lose electrolytes when you sweat. so if you sweat a lot, yes it's a good idea to replenish them. \n\nit's not necessary to buy special water. just eat some salt or a banana and it does the same thing.", "Uh, it's what plants crave. \n\nJust kidding. Electrolytes are molecules that have either a positive or negative electronic charge, hence \"electro-lytes\". Things like potassium and sodium. They carry electrons in and out of cells, which is necessary for those cells to produce energy and function properly. The cells also need to be in balance with the outside of the cell. In other words, your cells need to be salty enough, especially in comparison with your blood, etc. \n\nDramatic example of too few electrolytes in what you're drinking: people who die from water-drinking contests. If you soak your body in too much water, the cells lose their electrolytes to the water and you die. \n\nSo, long story short, when athletes sweat a whole lot, and then drink a lot to replace the sweat, you also need electrolytes in there. Worst-case scenario you literally die from lack of salt/potassium, because you replaced all your salty sweat with non-salty regular water. \n\nThis is not an issue for normal people, but it's legit for people sweating that much. That said, there is a buck to be made selling \"pro\" stuff to casuals, drinks included. And that's the deal with Gatorade and the rest. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fgin2th" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "HDR 10 (the most popular one) video was a new format, it uses 10 bit video and the HDR channel. The timing made it right to attach it to the other new video standard of 4k. Nothing special means it has to be that way, but the timing worked out to just go \"you know what, just bundle all this stuff together\". Like you could have 8 bit video with hdr that is also 720p, but like, why? If you are changing one thing might as well change everything then." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ewvxr4e" ], "score": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Friction creates small electrical charges that clothes are good at holding onto. This is why if you rub your shoes on carpet, you generate a charge (Because of the friction). During the spring and summertime, the air is often very humid. This humidity is good at dissipating static charges from objects, such as your clothing. This is why it's rare to get a static shock during those seasons, but common in the Winter, since the air is often very dry.\n\nThunderstorms are **less common** (But can still occur) during the wintertime since the air is cooler, so less hot updrafts occur (These are necessary to form storms). Static shocks and thunderstorms happen for totally different reasons, but both do happen to change during the winter time. Static shocks are more common, but thunderstorms are less common." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dmb95kz", "dmb9vly", "dmbsiof" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I do believe there is some research regarding tastebuds changes with age - from what I remember, kids experience flavor more intensely, so maybe it was just something previously overwhelming that you can now enjoy? \n\n", "Our senses degrade as we age. Not just vision and hearing as is commonly seen but ALL of our senses. \n\nWe are at our most sensitive as children and on top of that children have different nutritional needs from adults so their bodies are geared to enjoy different foods than adults. Children are more picky because they can taste more things clearly and have a stronger adverse reaction to flavors they don't appreciate. As we age some flavors become more pleasing and others less appalling.\n\nThere are other things at play, emotional control issues play a part too, that that is the basics from a food standpoint.", "As an adult you learn the pointlessness of life so you just stop caring because none of it matters anyway. All that matters is time with family and keeping your head above water. As you get older you get a little better with money and realize you can actually afford good things so you get pickier again. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cx3r1od", "cx3r7ij" ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text": [ "Just like our cells can live without brains - food goes in, carbon dioxide comes out. They are just complex machines, they don't have to possess a consciousness to live.", "It depends on what you mean by \"brain\".\n\nIf you mean an organ with multiple cells that exists behind a shield and sends and receives signals... then no, they don't have a brain.\n\nBut if you mean they have a means for sending signals in and out and can adapt or react to their world, then they do have brains and function in a very similar manner to other forms of life on the planet.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cidoc0o", "cidpbdq", "cidpk8k" ], "score": [ 5, 4, 4 ], "text": [ "There is actually a word for this that I cannot remember. I know the following explanation is true for sight, and I imagine it is partially true for sound. Basically your brain is working from an incomplete set of data. It does it's best to fill in the gaps, using what what it thinks should be there, for example, your name or a door bell. Sometimes it gets it wrong. ", "sometime i hear a male voice tell me I'm a punk ass bitch when i go to take a pee, he sounds black.", "When you hear your name, you respond, right? You look in the direction it came from to see what's happening. Over time, anything you do often becomes automatic in your brain. It's about efficiency, and it's how we're able to become so good at things that we can do them without thinking about it - driving, hitting a 90 mph fastball, walking.\n\nThe downside to that efficiency is that your brain will respond any time it believes the right conditions are present. Your brain is an amazing pattern-matching machine, but it's not perfect. In a noisy environment, it's constantly trying to find familiar sounds. You can see, then, how it might hear something that sounds like your name.\n\nNow, because responding to your name prompts an automatic response, your brain takes that possible match and acts on it - generally by turning your head to look towards the sound and alerting your conscious mind to the situation. After the automatic response, your brain may go back to processing and realize that it wasn't your name. And then you feel silly.\n\nI'm not a brain expert, so I may be way out in left field. However, I do know from reading bunches of things about how good the brain is at finding patterns and how it makes frequent responses automatic. The book *Incognito* by David Eagleman is great for learning a bit about just how the brain does its business." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eg52yzc" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The quaternions would break, since ij = k. If you try to ignore anything with a non-zero k, you have to also limit many multiplication operations.\n\nThis is very general - there is no structure that obeys similar rules to addition/multiplication in the complex numbers and has two roots of -1. If you try to create it, you get paradoxes. Here are all the possibilities:\n\nij = 1\n\n-j = i !\n\nor\n\nij = -1\n\n-j = -i\n\ni = j !\n\nor\n\nij = i\n\nj = 1 !\n\nor\n\nij = -i\n\nj = -1 !\n\nor\n\nij = j\n\ni = 1 !\n\nor\n\nij = -j\n\ni = -1 !\n\nAs you can see if you try to make these 3D complex numbers they 'collapse' into 2D. These are the 'reasonable' suggestions if you have some intuition about how orthogonality should work - a general proof can be found [here](_URL_0_), but it's a bit beyond the scope of ELI5.\n\nEdit: If you relax/generalize the rules you can create 3D algebras (like some Clifford algebras), but these are also a bit beyond ELI5." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/865130/proving-that-mathbb-r3-cannot-be-made-into-a-real-division-algebra-and-that" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dxkd6lw" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It definitely wouldn't be cheque. As for the specific example of RDJ he has a deal to make 1% of the earnings of the movie plus a determined amount. \nThey wouldn't just have 200mil \"sitting\" in an account that would be a waste. When you have that amount you would have it infested in other things. \nAlso it wouldnt be a lump sum of $200 mil. He would earn it over the process of the filming." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cqlxsuf" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Essentially the machine does the same transaction that it does with chip & pin, but it (obviously!) doesn't require the PIN.\n\nAt a slightly more detailed level -- the system works by using a technology that's very similar to RFID. That is, the reader sends out a signal which the chip picks up, a small amount of the signal is converted to electricity to let the chip do its calculations, and it ultimately sends data back to the reader.\n\nThe main work that the chip and reader do is run through a highly complicated (and very secret) security algorithm so that the reader knows the card is genuine and the card knows the reader is genuine. Once they're both happy that they're not being interfered with, the reader asks the card for its payment details and then the rest of the transaction continues exactly the same as a chip & pin transaction -- i.e. the reader contacts the card owner's bank, confirms the card is active and there are sufficient funds, and authorises the transaction." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccwwogr" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Because improper use of antibiotics is at best ineffective, and potentially very damaging.\n\nWhen you use antibiotics, you need to make sure...\n\n- that it's actually a bacterial infection, not a viral one\n\n- that the antibiotics you're using are effective against the type of bacteria responsible for the infection\n\n-that the dosage and duration of the treatment is sufficient to cure the infection\n\n\nIf the treatment isn't strong enough, long enough or you're using the wrong antibiotics, the bacteria you're trying to get rid of may actually develop a resistance to the antibiotics. Not only would this make your infection more dangerous, but if these resistant bacteria are allowed to spread, the antibiotics you were using may lose their effectiveness.\n\n\nIt's very important to use antibiotics sparingly and correctly, otherwise we run the risk of making these drugs useless. This is already happening with commonly used antibiotics. Selling them over the counter would be a significant public health risk.\n\n\nHowever, there are a lot of other reasons why a drug may be prescription-only. Some are dangerous when taken together with other drugs, or when a patient is suffering from certain medical conditions, so you want a doctor to go over the medical history of the patient before prescribing them.\n\n\nAnother reason to make a drug prescription-only would be if it has a low [therapeutic index](_URL_0_). That means even a relatively small overdose may kill a patient. Tylenol, if it was discovered today, probably wouldn't be approved for over the counter use, because it has a low therapeutic index, and tons of people end up with liver damage because of it." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dhgi60y" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "We also communicate via our body with body language: gestures, posture, fscial expression, physical reactions, etc. We actually communicate with body langusge more often than vocally." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cbdabbm", "cbdacq6", "cbdav6g", "cbdb6u1", "cbdccg3", "cbddae2", "cbdetv0", "cbdfchq", "cbdfxgp", "cbdgax6", "cbdh3ze", "cbdhcx7", "cbdhla1", "cbdi02k", "cbdihms", "cbdj4k1" ], "score": [ 2, 32, 10, 21, 97, 9, 3, 4, 2, 6, 4, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Well a lot of the people in Israel are descendents of relatively recent migrants to that area. For a long time Jewish people were in a lot of different areas, particularly europe. According to Wikipedia:\n\n > According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2008, of Israel's 7.3 million people, 75.6 percent were Jews of any background.[2] Among them, 70.3 percent were Sabras (Israeli-born), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are olim (Jewish immigrants to Israel) – 20.5 percent from Europe and the Americas, and 9.2 percent from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries.\n\nSo most israli's are jews (that's who you're talking about). Of those most have only been there for 2 or 3 generations. And a full 20% weren't born there at all.\n\nThat's not very long to appear more like the people who have been there for hundreds of years, and since jews in that area (and in many places really) tend to be more culturally isolated it's less common for there to be inter-marriages, so you get less of the gradual shift through marriage that you see in some other areas.", "The majority of them appear European because there was a mass emigration of Jews away from Judea/Palestine about 2000 years ago. Between ~60 BC and the formation of the modern nation-state of Israel, the Jews did not really have a homeland and so lived in various other concentrations.\n\nThe relevant subject is the \"Jewish Diaspora\"", "There are many different types of Jews, the ones you are referring to are the majority worldwide but overwhelmingly the majority in the United States and Western Europe. They are called Ashkenazi Jews. _URL_0_\n\nThe fascinating thing about their history is that no one truly knows where they came from. The most commonly accepted theory is that they somehow migrated from Israel around the 7th Century from Byzantine Palestine, possibly to the Caucuses and later to Central Europe and beyond. \n\nDespite living in Europe for as long as 1,200 years, there is not much genetic evidence of lots of intermarriage among Ashkenazi Jews and ethnic Europeans. I believe what you may consider to be \"European\" features could be in fact Eastern Mediterreanean features-- somewhere inbetween what you'd consider common Western European features and \"Middle Eastern\" features. ", "“This, milord, is my family's axe. We have owned it for almost nine hundred years, see. Of course, sometimes it needed a new blade. And sometimes it has required a new handle, new designs on the metalwork, a little refreshing of the ornamentation... but is this not the nine hundred-year-old axe of my family? And because it has changed gently over time, it is still a pretty good axe, y'know. Pretty good.”\n\n-Terry Pratchett, The Fifth Elephant\n\nThe Jews have changed over the many years we have been away from home. Interbred with other peoples in other places. Took a few genes from here, a few from there. Paled out a bit. But we're still the same Jews, we've just changed gently over time, but we're still pretty good Jews, y'know.\n\n[further reading](_URL_0_)", "The Israelite tribes originated thousands of years ago in the region that today encompasses Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Sinai, and Egypt. The original Kingdom of David was founded in the area that is today Israel, but this was actually many centuries after the Israelite tribes emerged as a coherent cultural group with their own Jewish religion. \n\nThe Kingdom of David didn't last for very long though. It was conquered many times over, by the Akkadians, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Macedonians, and finally the Romans. Jewish people from ancient Israel began scattering all over the world in a diaspora. Two major groups of Jews in diaspora can still be identified today.\n\nThe **Sephardi** are Jews that remained in the middle east and re-settled in other parts of the middle east, such as Iraq, Jordan, and in particular the countries of North Africa along the Mediterranean coast. They made it as far West as Morocco and many passed in to Spain during the Moorish conquest of Spain. \n\nThe **Ashkenazi** went North. These are the Jews that settled in Russia, and in Eastern Europe, and eventually Western Europe. Most of the Jewish people in the United States are Ashkenazim that emigrated from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. \n\nAs you might expect, Jewish people living in diaspora don't completely isolate themselves and there is inevitably intermarriage and mixing. Sephardi people look middle eastern. Ashkenazi people look European. \n\n", "Actually, there are also a ton of middle eastern looking Jews who recently emigrated from Iraq, Iran, Syria, Yemen, Tunisia, Morocci, etc. Most of them (called Sephardic Jews) live in Israel. ", "I wouldn't say that the majority of Jews appear European. For one, there is a rather large group of Jews, called the Mizrahim that are Middle Eastern no matter how you look at it; they never left the Middle East to begin with. Even if we're just talking Ashkenazi Jews though, I still don't think that most of them look European. \n\nTo be fair, there are definitely some Jewish people that do look entirely European, their families either did a lot of intermarrying or were straight-up converts. However, at least most Jews I've met look mostly Mediterranean. I'm Ashkenazi myself, my grandparents came from Austria and Russia. However, I'm never mistaken for an Austrian or Russian. If people try to guess my ethnicity they usually guess something like Sicilian or Turkish, even though I don't have any relatives from either area. I obviously have not met every Jewish person on the planet though, so it's possible I've just been running into people who did not intermarry much.", "They don't. The Wikipedia image for the \"Israelis\" page captures this nicely (_URL_0_) Some look European, some don't, most are hard to place. In fact, this image understates the case since it shows famous Israelis and, due to the early politics of Israel (specifically the primarily European roots of Zionism) many of these famous Israelis tended to come from Europe. In actuality, Israelis are even more varied in appearance. \nTL/DR: Israel is like a box of M & Ms.", "Uhm. Cuz they breeded with Europeans and then went back to the place where the Palestinians lived and were like \"yo we're back bitches.\" ", "While many people follow the usual historical explanation of the Jewish people's exile by the Romans around two thousand years ago, as I am sure you have read by now, there are also other theories. These are less popular, and I myself don't know what to make of them.\n\nNow, theoritcally speaking, if the only way of being Jewish is being born a Jew, and if Jews only married other Jews then they should have kept their appearance. But that was not the case. Many Jewish sects/tribes actually converted non-Jews to Judaism. There was a Jewish Kingdom in the Yemen that lasted for around 150 years, and many in the Yemen who were not Jews became Jews. \n\nThe European Jews you speak of are also mixed. Of course you have the Sephardim who are mainly in Spain and Portugal - some have moved to Austria (Spinoza, a famous philosopher is one of them), and some have moved with the Muslims back to Morocco after the reconquista (re-conquest of Spain by Christian forces). But the more unpopular theory is that there was a Kingdom in the Caucaus region South of Russia known as Khazaria. The Khazarian royalty was said to have also converted to Judaism and their subjects were obliged to with them. \n\nAnother even more unpopular notion is that no exile actually took place and the spread of the Jewish people wasn't just through breeding, but conversions also. Mass exiles were not usual under the Roman Empire, but mass slaughter and revenge apparently was. And after the fall of Rome, and following that Byzantium the Muslims came and some speculate that some Jews converted to Islam. ", "[The Turks originated in China, but they don't look Chinese.](_URL_0_)\n\nPeople — sometimes whole tribes and nations — move around.", "Because most of them ARE European.", "There definitely is a \"Jewish look\" and even an \"Israeli look\". It's pretty easy for me as an Israeli to tell the difference between Arab, European, and Israeli. Over 2000 years of exile there is intermarriage and some minor evolution but in the end Jews all over the world due share similar genetics like other ethnicities do. ", "I'll put it simply, even though this has been answered quite well by others: Not all Israelis are Jews, and not all Jews are Israelis.", "On the risk of being downvoted, there's an *Israeli* scholar who might give you a different answer: it's cause they never originated from there. So basically, they *are* Europeans etc.\n\nHere's the [Wiki page](_URL_0_) about his book.\n\nThere seems to be no other written history about the exile other than the biblical records, which, being religious in nature, can't be taken for evidence. The whole Diaspora, according to this professor from the Tel Avi University, is a *modern invention*.", "I'm guessing you've never been to Israel before, because a lot of Israeli Jews are so dark-skinned and \"Semitic\"-looking that it's impossible to differentiate them from Israeli Arabs and Palestinians by appearance alone. Keep in mind that over half the Jewish population of Israel emigrated from North African and Middle Eastern countries.\n\nSome of them are lighter in complexion (same with Arabs, by the way!), but whilst Ashkenazi Jews are generally fair-skinned--at least compared to Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewish populations--it's usually pretty easy to pick them out of a crowd of non-Jewish Europeans. I say this as an Ashkenazi Jew--there are definitely physical characteristics associated with Jewish ancestry. I'm skipping over explaining what \"Ashkenazi\", \"Sephardic\" and \"Mizrahi\" means because it's already been explained in this thread.\n\nThat being said, it shouldn't come as any surprise that Jewish populations who dwelt in European regions for thousands of years might've incorporated some amount of genetic traits from the surrounding populace through interbreeding--though, for the most part, Jewish lineage has remained remarkably intact across the generations, mostly because of the strict traditional definition of \"who is a Jew\" (it is an ethnic identity inherited by matrilineal descent). " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus" ], [], [], [], [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/24_Israelis.png/300px-24_Israelis.png" ], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Turks#Origins_and_early_expansion" ], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eavezja", "eavq3pg" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "We made some measurements which gave is very good guesses, and even then, we put up animals before humans in case we forgot something and they died.\n\nIt was obvious using ordinary instruments that it was a vacuum, and that objects orbit the Earth in free fall (the \"zero gravity\" effect).", "Thank the Nazis. As part of their human experiments they simulated high atmosphere conditions (Nazi fighter pilots were passing out at high altitude and they needed to figure out how that worked). This lead to an understanding of pressure and temperature at those altitudes and the realisation that pressure suits would be needed for space travel.\n\nAs a side note... experimentation might be too neutral a word to use to describe what they did. If you instead imagined a sadist who enjoyed torturing people to death and was looking for innovative and fun new ways to do so and discovered that certain scientific questions could be answered in the process, then you are a bit closer to being on base with what they did." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ckyo0ar", "ckypp77" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Because the water and the flavoring syrup freeze at different temps, and so they don't mix together right when they thaw. The syrup thaws first and then sinks. ", "I did this once with a soda. After I took it out to thaw, it was like all the sweet stuff sweat through the bottle and I was left with just lightly carbonated water." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d467l7h", "d467nf9", "d469shf", "d46bm5p" ], "score": [ 3, 22, 7, 3 ], "text": [ "I imagine the long sleeves act as protection from diving to the ground. As for the different color, more than likely identification. Just an educated guess though. ", "They are allowed to use their hands. This makes it easy for the ref to identify them even when there is a large group around the goal. The sleeves are for diving to stop the ball. No other player can dive hands first at a ball, they all have to slide feet first. ", "In addition to what othes said, presumably they also move much less than the other players so might need warmer clothes.", "The goalies have a different uniform than field players so the ref can tell the difference. Goalies have rules to protect them from other players. As for the long sleeves that is a players choice. Goalies and field players alike can choose long sleeves for any game they want. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "effxo7k" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "You can't have negative Hz. It's a measure of frequency, i.e. how fast something oscillates. You can't go slower than standstill = 0 Hz.\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f0t0y1i", "f0t5h9k", "f0tt0oz", "f0v8h5h" ], "score": [ 37, 8, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "So from some cursory research heres what I found- there was a mass extinction of megafauna in africa in early human evolutionary history. However, because humans evolved in africa, we spent the longest time there. The mega fauna that still exist are among the most dangerous animals to humans and evolved alongside us. As a result, they learned how to deal with the new predator/competitor better than fauna that evolved not around humans. Namely, charging at us to chase us away instead of running away from us where wed eventually tire them out.", "The time of the extinction of the megafauna varied with circumstances on each continent the quaternary extinction event (megafauna) appears to be closely related to the arrival of humans, but it isn't certain that humans directly caused the extinctions. In Africa humans may not have arrived in large numbers quickly so gave the animals time to adapt to the changes that humans were creating. - _URL_0_", "(Sorry if formatting or spelling is weird, I’m on mobile)\n\nYuval Noah Harari’s book “Sapiens” explains this issue very well, but if I remember correctly, it’s specifically because Africa is our home content. In Africa, we evolved alongside the megafauna, and they evolved alongside us. They learnt to fear and avoid us, while we learnt how to hunt them (their size was no match for our teamwork), but never enough to really threaten their population. The megafauna that evolved without us in the vicinity did not have this advantage. In the case of Australasia specifically, we hunted them to near extinction before they could even learn to fear us (we also destroyed significant amounts of their natural habitat in order to make it more hospitable for us, which contributed to their rapid decline in numbers). \n\nI would really recommend reading “Sapiens” if this is the kind of thing that interests you. It’s truly a fantastic look into how humanity became what it is today.", "The thing that affects natural ecosystems the most is change.\nIn Africa, humans evolved alongside the megafauna. What change did happen was slow, so megafauna was able to adapt\nWhen modern humans migrated to other environments, they adapted and immediately started changing the environment.\nThe Anthropocene began.\nLike all ecosystems any change can cause dramatic die offs for animals that can’t adapt and Megafauna is the most intolerant of change." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "https://youtu.be/Y3J9CzLW_p0" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f09hkz6", "f09tb6c" ], "score": [ 8, 3 ], "text": [ "They scan and analyze preserved texts (newspapers, bulletins, letters etc.). The results aren't extremely precise as a lot of material from that time has been destroyed, but it's enough to draw decent conclusions.", "You know way back in the 2000's when you had to confirm that you weren't a robot by \"reading\" two words. One of those words came from a historical document, the other was computer generated. Eventually they had enough data to teach a computer to digitise the documents and suddenly they could put any book online. Libraries did this with all their historical texts to make them available to scholars and Google looked at all that data. So if it's in a library somewhere and it was correctly scanned, then Google has it. There might always be and older lost text with the real first usage, but as a ballpark there's nothing to suggest it's far off." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cl0025y", "cl0049g", "cl004qi", "cl005ne", "cl01dy1", "cl01fgj", "cl02wpz", "cl0co25" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Nobody. after 2000 years it becomes public domain.", "With so many copies already widely available, and many being given away by religious groups, there isn't much \"cashing in\" to be done with these.\n\nIn addition, the translations that are favored today (that is, modern translations rather than the super old King James version, etc) are likely copyrighted, so if you want to publish your own Bible/Torah, you'd better learn Hebrew/Greek and plenty of history, and get translating.", "God, maybe?\n\nMore seriously: no one, because it's public domain. ", "They're public domain.\n\nJust because a work is in the public domain doesn't mean its profitable to enter the publishing business.", "rule of the thumb, any works of art, literature, etc. that is older than mikey mouse is in public domain.", "Older translations are in the public domain.\n\nNewer translations are owned by various publishers.", "Older versions, such as the King James, are available for free as they are in the public domain due to age, and no real establishment of who the copyright holder would be.\n\nNewer versions and interpretations e.g. good news bible are copyrighted by the publisher, though I doubt they'd sue you for distributing free copies of it (which is basically what they want anyway).\n\n", "Anything originally written before the '20s or so is currently \"public domain\" or in other words, not protected by copyright. Many religious texts and their older translations are in this state.\n\nNow, if someone were to translate a public domain book to a language it hadn't been translated to before, the author of that specific translation would hold the copyright on that until it ran out. (80 years or so, as of 2014)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "etuefcp", "etuehsu", "etuf3o5", "etuqh6w", "etv2z18", "etv5p0q", "etvc73h", "etvd8no", "etvfhiq", "etvfoec", "etvfufy", "etvgbx1", "etvi53p", "etvj3tw", "etvkw8r", "etvonsh", "etvxm17", "etvz7to", "etwee7n", "etwn7wt" ], "score": [ 2420, 28, 5110, 55, 23, 153, 42, 17, 11, 3, 3, 6, 77, 71, 14, 8, 11, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Oh I know this one! Because they used to not be. \n\nI asked a Spanish teacher once why H's are silent and he explained that they weren't always silent. \n\nTake the english word \"name\" he said. It used to be pronounced \"nah-may\", but over time, we emphasized the first vowel more and more until the m sound merged with the long A and the E became silent. \n\nSome silent letters were pronounced by themselves and some changed the way letters around them sounded. But eventually the pronunciation shifted, but the spelling did not.\n\nEdit to add: and we have to keep the spelling because how a word looks signifies its root origins so we can know its meaning. (Weigh vs Way, Weight vs Wait)", "Changes in pronunciation. Knight used to be pronounced k-nig-it but over time pronunciation changed but the spelling did not", "Different silent letters are there for different reasons.\n\nSome are there because they didn't used to be silent. The K in knife and knight used to be pronounced, and the gh in knight used to be pronounced like the ch in loch or the h in Ahmed.\n\nIn other cases, a silent letter was deliberately added to be more like the Latin word it evolved from. The word debt comes from the French *dette*, and used to be spelled dette in English too, but we started spelling it debt because in Latin it was *debitum*.", "In addition to previous answers about letters originally being articulate or to mark etymology, one other cause is that there are more sounds in English than the Latin alphabet, so inevitably the leftover letters either have to have new letters created for them, or just use combinations of existing ones. When the language became standardized due to the printing press and education, extra letters dropped out of use.\n\nFor example, you know that \"Ye Olde Shoppe\" thing you always see in things? In addition to the final silent e's which used to be pronounced, the phrase has another history hiding in there: the \"Ye\" is actually a simplification of \"Þe\" where \"Þ\" is capital thorn, the old letter used for what we now use the digraph \"th\" for. \n\nThe letter \"Y\" happened to look like a capital thorn to English speakers then, so that's why it replaced it when things were getting simplified and standardized. Add one more change down the timeline, and you realize that the phrase is really \"The Olde Shoppe.\"", "I can't remember the exact history, but it's related to a phenomenon in English called 'The Great Vowel Shift'. As previous comments have said, words were pronounced phonetically, but the accent and tonal pronunciation of England changed rapidly over the space of around 200 years - making the phonetic spellings moot. Lots of spellings haveodernised since, but the silent letters have stuck around.\n\nThe weird and wonderful world of medieval linguistics\n\nEdit: whoops: 200 years, not 20", "One thing that I haven't seen mentioned is that early modern scholars were big fans of latin (this is also the origin of 'you can't end a sentence with a preposition' which was true for latin but not for english). There were several words which had changed pronunciation, where some letters stopped being pronounced. And this *was* reflected in the spelling, but the latin-fans changed them back. Off the top of my head, 'debt' was often spelled 'dette', but the b was reinserted because it was present (and pronounced) in the latin root.", "The answers below have mainly focused on English spelling. I just thought it worth pointing out other languages have “silent” letters too. For example, Hebrew has two. Apparently they are not actually silent, and the difference between them amounts to subtle differences in glottal stop. But I’m no scholar.\n\nThrn of course there’s the confusion caused by Irish spelling, which seems to have a bunch of unnecessary letters. Some are due to similar shift in sound over time resulting in diphthongs and the like, and done are to differentiate between “broad” and “slender” consonant sounds so that the word is clear when written (even if it seems infuriating to a newcomer).", "\"spell boscodictiasaur?\" \"Um.. B-O-S..\" \"no I'm sorry, it starts with a silent M!", "I am talking for French mostly. I am not sure if this is true for other languages.\n\nFirst reason is that it was not silent long time ago. They used to pronounce everything, but the spelling is evolving faster than the writing. \n\nSecond reason is that the clerks or monks used to copy the books (handwriting before the invention of the printer) they were paid by the length of the writing. Thus adding many silent letters was increasing the amount of money they were making.", "Just something to think about: \nThings like Shope, could just be for style or societal norms. Like Ye olde in English, vs. \"the old\" in modern English. Old is the same but the spelling is different simply because... Style? \nThings like Pterydactyl or Ptolemy could either be because someone just felt like it or another (older) word that it was derived or translated from had another slightly different pronunciation that required the extra letter. \nTL:DR there are many extremely arbitrary and often subtle reasons that are in no way functional, which is why we can still use them.", "In some cases they may seem silent, but slightly alter the phenome. My last name starts with dze, and it makes the sound of a d while your mouth is in the shape for a z. My name is weird", "My addition (which I've never seen substantiated, just something I've picked up): in English, adding an 'e' to the end of a word *usually* changes the pronunciation (typically giving it the hard vowel sound). Hat, hate. Plum, plume. Past, paste. Far, fare. I know it doesn't work for every one of them, but it's a pretty common thing", "Linguistics and the development of human language can basically be booked down to \"why waste time say lot sound when few sound do trick\"", "In addition to all the other answers, one thing I haven't seen mentioned is that while some letters might be silent, they're not always *purposeless*. For example, if you take nearly any three letter word in English that follows the pattern consonant-vowel-consonant (which there are MANY), the vowel will be \"short\". But if you put an \"e\" on the end of that word, the \"e\" is silent but it makes the other vowel be pronounced \"long\".\n\n\nExamples:\n\n* sin -- > sine\n\n* car -- > care\n\n* ton -- > tone\n\n* met -- > mete\n\n* cut -- > cute", "They were often not silent in the past, but I have a compeling reason to keep them, if that's what you're asking.\n\nThey help you understand the underlying meaning and etimology of words.\n\nImagine that instead of sign, you would write sine. sounds the same, only a much more \"logical\" spelling. You would be obscuring the connection between the word sign and signature, where the g is not silent.\n\nit sometimes connects the word to it's roots, like light (who we should maybe write as lite), comes from (the same origin, possibly, as) the german licht. we don't pronounce the hard ch sound like in german, but it shows us something about the origin of this word, though. many words that are spelled with gh and have this sound are also from german, not a perfect correlation, but a perfectly good rule of thumb.", "Back in the day, the letters weren't silent. Almost everything that currently is written as \"silent\" used to be pronounced way back in the day (mostly until the 1600s)\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSome key sound-changes happened, after which we ended up with less distinguishing features between words:\n\nWhich / Witch\n\nLead / Leed\n\nDie / Dye\n\nDew / Due / Do\n\nOne / Won\n\nShoe / Shew\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThese are all pronounced the same *today,* but weren't pronounced the same 300 years ago: there's a reason they're spelt differently.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBut what does this have to do with 'Silent letters'?\n\n & #x200B;\n\nNotice that the 'h' in \"Which\" isn't pronounced (in all dialects except older American and northern British), effectively making it a silent letter by itself. But it doesn't end there;\n\n & #x200B;\n\nOlder English grammar used to be a mess. There were many cases for nouns based on where they were used in a sentence, and one of the most common ways these were indicated was by adding a vowel to the end.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nFor example, the word 'Axe' in old English was < æx > (pronounced like modern English 'axe', but in its inflected forms in Accusative, Genitive, and Dative it added a final -e to form < æxe > . Later on, these final 'uh' sounds disappeared, as the addition of a case ending *lengthened* the vowel sound that preceded it, effectively rendering it useless in most uses. But this sound change only happened once people already had somewhat standardised spelling; people who wanted to write 'properly' added these final -e endings without actually knowing if they should be there at all, giving us the classic \"The Olde Shoppe\" and so forth.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nIn the word 'Axe', those very old noun endings live on, as the silent descendants of a much more complex and colourful phase of English that is centuries dead.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAnother thing, which I'm sure you're read from other comments, is the constant strife for perfection among English purists to keep spellings etymologically sound, for example adding the 'b' into the word \"debt\" to be more like its Latin origin \"Debitum\", or an identical case of b-addition to \"doubt\".\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThen there are words like \"Pterodactyl\", wherein the word starts with a cluster < pt > which isn't naturally found in any English word, and therefore can't be pronounced natively. Much like a word can't start with a < ng > sound, a word can't start with < kn > or a < gn > in English either (anymore). This relates back to the statement earlier that sound-changes happen, and that this changes the sounds the speakers will pronounce.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAnd then there's the influence of French, where the sound /h/ is inexistent. This is why the word \"herb\" is pronounced without a h, and why the pronoun \"it\" has no < h > in it; early Norman contact with the Anglo-Saxons induced a sound change to transform < hit > (it, pron.) to < it > . The Dutch word for \"it\" still retains the \"h\", giving us \"het\".", "Though I couldn't possibly give any grammatical or etymological reason for this, I think it's cool how some seemingly extraneous and unnecessary silent letters are like \"sleeper agents\" which become \"activated\" when you add a suffix (and sometimes even a prefix).\n\nExamples:\n\nGN: sign --- signal, signature; gnostic --- agnostic\n\nGM: paradigm --- paradigmatic\n\nMB: bomb --- bombastic\n\nMN: hymn --- hymnal; damn --- damnation\n\nUI: fruit --- fruition", "I'm sure someone will explain many of the reaons why but I'll add my own.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBecause of accents changing over time and the way words are pronounced change with them, Some words may appear to have silent letters but they're not, if you said them the way they would have been when that spelling became common.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo Labour may seem to have a silent word, which is why it's Labor in America, but It is still legitimate when you think about it and sound it out carefully. You will hear a \"u\" in there even though mostly you wouldn't. Just like Wouldn't isn't Woodint or Waddaint :)", "Because dip-thongs, which I can't spell, and probably other reasons too. Letters combine in language to make sounds, so you read \"like\" the way you do, rather than \"lic e\" as well as leftovers form from older pronunciations and other languages that have left the spoken language. I'm sure there are better, more concise and accurate answers, but this sub auto-deletes my short and sweet answers that I would actually say to a five year old, but I still want to misspell dip-thong cause I think it sounds funny.", "Because, as my favorite quote about our language goes, “English is three languages in a trench coat masquerading as one.”" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c8z57n8", "c8z6mar" ], "score": [ 12, 5 ], "text": [ "They are mostly valuable because they are rare. They were only printed in the first three versions of the game (which are alpha, beta, and unlimited) and are \"rare\" cards to boot, so there weren't many in the first place, and after twenty years there's even less. Also, they are arguably the most powerful card in Magic's history, so even though they are banned or restricted in (I think) every competitive format, some people may want them or need them for a deck. ", "The simple way of explaining its use to a non-player:\n\nIn Magic, essentially you can gain 1 mana a turn (this isn't 100% correct but this is an explanation for non-players), and you use this as a resource to play other cards. Black Lotus allows you an additional 3 mana immediately. If you have it in your starting hand, you can play a card first turn that you would normally have to play 4th turn instead. This gives you basically a 3-turn advantage over your opponent.\n\nTo compare to other games, it would be like:\nStarting Starcraft with 10 extra workers.\nStaring Agricola with two extra family members.\nStarting Counterstrike with $8000 more.\nStarting Football and having an extra 3 downs.\n\nOf course it's a one-time use, but that gives you an incredible advantage over your opponent at the start of the game." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dcsomer" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Human eyes have rods and cones. We know that people are colorblind due to a genetic issue that makes the cones non-functional. From that, we can conclude that cones are what let us humans see color. \n\nWe examine the structure of a dog's eye and see it has rods but no cones. Thus we create a theory: dogs can't see color. We can then set up an experiment to test it, by trying to have dogs distinguish between two colors that are identical for the completely colorblind. The dogs can't do it, so we have a pretty good idea that dogs are colorblind. \n\nIt's not perfect; there's no way to know how the world actually looks to another creature without being inside its head. As many a stoner have remarked, it's possible that not all humans even perceive color the same way, but we do the best with what we have. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cqfy2z2", "cqfy8ug", "cqfykp1", "cqfyqpm", "cqfyslw", "cqfzcr4" ], "score": [ 5, 10, 3, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "In certain Asian countries it is considered male enhancement ", "As in, what do they physically have that makes them desirable? Nothing. The horns don't contain any special chemicals that make them valuable. They look cool though, so they can be used for decoration (which is terrible really because you could make something that looks like rhino horn without killing rhinos. But people want the real thing). In east asian countries, there's also a belief that rhino horn has healing properties, especially for erectile dysfunction, which unfortunately simply isn't true.", "The horn are actually made of keratin (the substance of nails and hair) and are like massive face nails that can grow back of cut off above the base. It is just mumbo-jumbo BS that is the reason people want them. ", "From what I've read, a large part of the demand for rhino horn is traditional Eastern medicine and as a status symbol. (Not so much male enhancement)\n\n_URL_0_", "In certain countries (particularly China) their is a belief that rhino horns have certain properties valued in herbal medicine. Heing properties, or fertility - things like that. It happens with a lot of other animals too (shark fin soup, tiger penis, seahorses, etc).\n\nRhinos are hunted because many wealthy people will pay a lot of money for these horns. In many places where rhinos live, poorer people can earn a lot of money from just killing one rhino and selling its horn. Really, the people funding the poachers are the root of the issue, but the poachers themselves are still a big factor even though they can be so poor that killing a rhino would be very important for their income.", "Made from the same shit as fingernails and hair. Nothing special, just good old keratin.\n\nFor whatever reason, chewing your nails isn't hailed as a miracle cure by chinese 'doctors'." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [ "http://www.savetherhino.org/rhino_info/thorny_issues/tackling_the_demand_for_rhino_horn" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "duvwzl7", "duw5s7z", "duwbjxy", "duwnjud", "duwpo4c", "duwt1qo" ], "score": [ 463, 17, 91, 2, 6, 14 ], "text": [ "Early in development of the fetus all humans are basically arranged as females. The seam of the scrotum is where what otherwise would have become a vagina binds together. The penis is basically formed from what would otherwise be the clitoris.", "The testes are in 2 different pouches. [This](_URL_0_) letter from a prison describes that in detail.", "Because that's where the labia would be if you were a female. Instead of the division growing wider and deepening, as in any invagination, it heals up that bad boy with a layer of skin. Plus it ejects the ovaries analogue into that bad boy and gets em working.\n\nEdit: don't add \"invagination\" to your vocabulary. I said it in front of a group of microbiologists and there were at least two (including my boss) who acted like I just said \"pussy\" in front of them. Not worth", "Gender Revolution on Netflix right now has a great segment explaining all of this (fetal sexual development) was as well as leading theory’s on transsexualism and how it relates to our body’s chemical makeup. ", "Before the 5-6 week mark, all embryos have undifferentiated structures that will become internal and external sex organs. Gonadal steroid hormones released starting at 5-6 weeks (and a host of complex factors pertaining to this process) dictate how those undifferentiated structures will develop into male or female internal and external sex organs. Thus, a developing human starts as “a blank slate” with undifferentiated structures, and although only the X gene expresses first, it isn’t exactly right to say “all humans start as female” (as sexual differentiation hasn’t occurred yet). Simply put, genetic code aside, all mammals including humans start as a “blank slate” and remain this way for about the first 5-6 weeks of gestation. _URL_0_", "My daughter has CAH (Congenial Adrenal Hyperplasia). She genetically female but born mildly intersexed. Enlarged clitoris, partially fused labia, and a mild urogenital sinus. You could completely see, at birth, how both sets of genitals form.\n\nFortunately, an easy surgery at about a year took care of the sinus and moved the vagina closer to the front. Everything else was left alone. The clitoris is over-sized, but within spec. She has ovaries and a uterus so she should be just as fertile as any woman. From a gender standpoint, she acts completely female. If she changes her mind, I have no beef with that. The larger, lifetime, issue is that she's salt-wasting and cannot produce cortisone. Easily medicated, just a lot of work and testing.\n\nAt sexual maturity, she can choose if she want's any cosmetic surgery done. As it stands, she should be able to have normal sex and give birth when she's an adult. I haven't seen what's down there since the time of diapers, but my wife says everything appears generally normal.\n\nWhen she was born, her labia majora looked like scrotal skin. That went away after she got on hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://jonsjailjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/17-apr-08-removal-part-2-by-xena-xena.html" ], [], [], [ "Factmyth.com" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cby6wmh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It didn't develop. It's been with us all along. All vertebrates can recover from broken bones, because of how bones work. When a bone is damaged, it heals. If a bone is *fractured,* the bone will knit itself back together as it heals. That's just how bones work for all vertebrates.\n\nWhat humans have going for us is the ability to *help* bones heal by setting them such that they heal \"true.\" In recent years — *very* recent years — that's extended to what is essentially carpentry of the skeleton. Orthopedic surgeons can use plates and screws to set fractures that would otherwise heal very poorly, leaving the patient impaired or even disabled for the rest of his life." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cukytbj" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Time is extremely relative. Let's pretend instead that you have an invisible rocket; that is, you can't tell which object is being pushed. Obviously, you could say that either one is accelerating. Mathematically, it doesn't matter which one is accelerating, because the math works for either one.\n\nNow that that's out of the way, you and I are each in our own rockets (I'm on *Spaceship Earth*). You accelerate away from me at *just* below the speed of light, or I from you (it doesn't matter). You see me as slowing down, but I in turn see you as slowing down. The key here is light. Imagine I have a flashing light that pulses once per second. The first second, it takes one second for the pulse to reach you. The second, it takes two seconds to reach you. The third takes three seconds to reach you. Even though I'm sending them out at one per second, you see the them when your clock says that 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc. seconds have passed." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dffax0b" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Thermal Conductivity is a materials potential to conduct heat. The thermal conductivity of water is about 10^-.3 where as air is about 10^-1.7. This make air much less able to transfer heat therefore 30c water feels warmer than 30c air bc you were warmed by it more/faster. Hope this helps. :)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dx2h04y" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It used to be thought that it was the pressure of photons imparting more momentum to the vanes on the white/silver side. That should lead to it rotating with the black faces leading, while the opposite is normally observed. Modern theories consider differential temperatures on each side and the extra velocity imparted to residual gas molecules by the dark side causing rotation with the dark side trailing.\n\nFull explanation here :- _URL_0_\n\nThe light pressure effect can be observed but only with extremely high vacuum and sensitive equipment." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_radiometer#Explanations_for_the_force_on_the_vanes" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cj6efbr", "cj6efp6", "cj6efs2", "cj6el6b", "cj6encd", "cj6g1u4", "cj6iwny" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "People watch coverage of them. That's just about it. Rates of violent crime have dropped substantially in the US over the last 40 years, while coverage of them has risen dramatically. People tune into to watch when the news covers these things, and more viewers means larger profits from advertising. It's simple business to give the consumer what they want.", "I'm not sure if this exclusively a US thing.\n\nWe get plenty of stories like this in the UK. ", "It's probably because they want people to be aware. Plus, all arrests are public record. It could also be that crimes are the most newsworthy things going on in the area.", "The same reason they're considered newsworthy everywhere: People pay attention to it. \"Newsworthy\" doesn't mean some kind of objective standard of what is important for people to see, it means what people will *actually watch*.", "\"news-worthy\" is all the things that people want to hear about. They want to hear about those things.", "Watch Anchorman 2. That will explain it", "If it bleeds, it leads.\n\nFar from being \"not vital or helpful\", it's actively harmful. It leads to a country that believes that certain situations, or groups of people are much more dangerous than they actually are, which causes counterproductive economic behavior, and distracts from the real issues. \n\n\nYou are far more likely to die in a car crash or from your eating (smoking and drinking) habits than basically everything else put together." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fgqzfxb", "fgqzkug", "fgqzp7f" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 8 ], "text": [ "Primary elections aren't mandated by the Constitution, and they aren't governed by the Constitution. You don't have to win a primary election to run for President, and you don't have to vote in the primaries to cast your vote in the general election.\n\nAll that the Primaries do is give people a chance to choose the candidate who will represent their preferred party - and of course, political parties are also not mentioned by the Constitution and didn't exist (in theory, at least) when it was written. What the parties decide to do and how they choose their candidates is up to them and falls completely outside of the bounds of the Constitution (and in fact, is what part of what Washington warned against in his farewell address). Disenfranchisement is only happening if someone is deprived of the right to vote for the candidate of their choosing on Election Day itself. Which is a whole 'nother issue, but it's not the least related to the primaries themselves. On Election Day you and I are free to vote for Sanders, Biden, Warren, Buttigieg, Trump, Pence, Will Smith, Stevie Nicks, or my neighbor Steph regardless of who the parties decide is their candidate.", "Primaries aren't in the Constitution at all. Frankly, they aren't even really elections. They are a selection scheme used by a political party to choose which candidate to run. Government supports them, to a degree, to validate election systems and train potential voters.", "Because primary voting has nothing really to do with the government, or at least isn't supposed to. Primary voting is the political parties, which are private entities, allowing their members to choose who will represent them. While the voting is done through the states, that's pretty much just because of their sheer power and influence. They don't technically need to have a public vote like this at all.\n\nAnd like any private organizations, they don't allow non-members to vote typically.\n\nThe problem with conflating them with the election is that it de-facto gives them too much power. The government getting involved with them essentially makes them part of the government, which locks minor parties out. Which is pretty much what is already going on, but we don't need to make it even worse." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dy41rpt" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It's not. It sounds like you've had a specific experience with a particular movie or theater. What you're describing isn't typical, and is likely caused by an issue with your theater's equipment." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "djdy2ab" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I'm not sure I really understand. This is just a matter of steps. No matter what the end result is, if you have a series of steps to finish a process, obviously 100% of [completed process] will have finished step 1, step 2, step 3, all the way to the end. If the process isn't completed, that means somewhere along the way, one of the steps wasn't done.\n\nEvery building that's constructed was initially planned, right? You can't construct it without first planning it. But sometimes you plan it and then because of funding or zoning approval or whatever, it doesn't get constructed. Lots of things that are \"planned\" are just thought projects or hypothetical in the first place: development companies and architectural firms will sometimes give a very rough \"plan\" as a way of advertising what they could do, if given the chance by whoever actually owns the property or, in the latter case, wants to develop it.\n\nIt doesn't mean the proposal is serious, though. There's a lot of steps to go through and hoops to jump through. Since \"planning\" is well before a lot of the other ones, lots of projects will have that part completed, even if in the end it's not built." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d34yltw", "d34zjqh", "d35010u", "d355hmb" ], "score": [ 25, 2, 8, 2 ], "text": [ "Not really known. \n\nIt took along time for some of the science community to just admit animals can experience similar emotions that humans do. A lot lf researchers of animals will still try to dehumanize animal behaviors like chimps kissing calling it out as mouth to mouth contact etc.\n\nWhat we know is that they can suffer from PTSD same as we do. Their mate dies, they will feel similar pain to what we would if our spouse died. \n\nHonestly people do not give animals enough credit for their emotional intelligence. I had 2 dogs (Molly and Jazzy) growing up and they were best friends. They loved people a lot. I got my wisdom teeth pulled and was relegated to sitting on a chair all day, they never left my side. Hardest part was when we had to put one down because Jazzy got cancer in her throat and it spread. My other dog knew her friend was sick and they laid together for 3 days straight and I had to take the sick one to the vet with my parents. Molly whimpered and cried for a few months, she knew :/. she didn't play as much anymore or act as cute, she just laid around and looked into the yard. Took her over a year before she started acting like herself again. \n\nSo how often? Who knows we don't have studies, but if someone tells you they don't even feel emotions like we do, I wouldn't listen.\n", "I don't think there is much research into your question.\nWhen scientists/pharmaceutical companies use animals to test anti-depressants, they put rats in a variety of highly uncomfortable conditions to simulate various specific physiological and psychological states. Here is the wiki on [\"Animal Models of Depression\"](_URL_0_). I don't know if the fact that these conditions can be simulated indicates that non-human animals can experience depression in a similar way to humans.\n\n[Here](_URL_1_) are some people training dogs to stay still for MRI scans.\n\n I would not hold out for any studies regarding depression in wild animals--by nature of their being wild, it would be near impossible to collect the data.", "Mental illnesses has been seen in animals, both domestic and wild animals that are in captivity. There has been little research done into wild animals in a wild setting, because a) it is difficult to observe wild animals in a wild setting enough to get proper data without interacting or influencing their behavior and b) animals with mental illness in the wild are likely to die more readily and so wouldn't be available for observation or study and c) with many species, we don't know enough about their normal behavior to know what would constitute abnormal behavior. \n\nWild animals in captivity have been observed showing signs of depression, anxiety, even PTSD. Both captive wild animals and domesticated animals are vulnerable to issues. War dogs have shown similar signs of PTSD as soldiers. Parrots that are kept in a solitary setting not only show signs of anxiety and depression such as pulling out their own feathers...they also have shown genetic damage as a result. Chimpanzees that were used in laboratory research have shown signs of PTSD, self-harming behaviors, and depression. One young chimpanzee was so distraught after his mother died that he stopped eating or engaging in any sort of activity until he lay down near where she died and passed away himself. \n\nSo, it is likely that wild animals in the wild also have the potential for these same mental disorders, but to what extent is currently not known. ", "One time a bird flew into our living room window and died instantly. It's friend was following behind but didn't hit the window. The friend wouldn't leave the side of the poor bird that died and so we buried it. For 8 months to a year after the bird died its friend would come to our window and peck the glass every couple of days. I think it was looking for its friend. \n\nIt was so sad and to this day I believe animals experience so many more emotions than people give credit for." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_models_of_depression", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/plus2sd/201309/do-dogs-miss-us-when-we-re-gone" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d5o8s9i", "d5o9k4o", "d5o9sji", "d5opyk3" ], "score": [ 2, 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The short answer is Gary Johnson would have to get a majority of electoral college votes. FiveThirtyEight (a statistics blog that amongst other things attempts to report on the current state of polling for the presidential election), has predicted that the odds of Gary Johnson winning at least 1 electoral vote is merely 5.3%. _URL_0_\n\nThey don't even bother calculating the odds for him to win more than that. \n\nSo realistically no, Gary Johnson has no chance of becoming president. There are arguably a lot of reasons why 3rd party candidates have a hard time winning the presidency. But the biggest issue is the nature of first past the post voting, and a general lack of 3rd party support at local levels. I would also argue the nature of a national election makes it harder to produce successful factional candidates, which always forces national elections to push candidates towards the center, but that's a more debatable proposition. ", "The rules don't change regardless of how many people are in the race. For any candidate to win, they need the majority of Electoral Votes, which is 270. \n\nWhat would most likely happen is what has happened in the past: the third party candidate ends up \"splitting the vote\" of one of the two major parties, and the other party picks up the win. This year however, is a bit of an anomaly. Since so many people this year are voting against a candidate not for one, a third party candidate would likely do well enough to keep anyone from reaching 270.\n\nIn the event that no one gets to 270, then the vote moves to the House, where the State Delegations vote as a block in a caucus until someone wins 26 States. ", "The short answer, \"win a majority of the electoral college votes\" has already been covered. I'll give the longer answer.\n\nThe chief obstacle Gary Johnson (or Jill Stein, or anyone who isn't a Democrat or Republican) has to overcome is that nobody knows who they are or what they stand for. When you say \"Libertarian\" to the average American, they're going to draw a blank on what that even means. Stein is worse off, as many American will associate the words \"Green Party\" strictly with environmentalism.\n\nIf any third party wants to be taken seriously, the first step is to land a decent-sized caucus in Congress. It doesn't have to be huge, ten or so members would do it. That would be enough that both the Dems and GOP would attempt to make their legislative packages attractive to them... ten votes can mean the difference between passing a bill and failing. This would get their members on news programs and their positions would become topics of national discussion. \"Will the Libs support HB 1010105\" would be a headline.\n\nAfter a decade or so (which would be 5 congressional terms), assuming they've been able to grow their caucus, they'd probably manage to land a committee chair or two via compromises. This would give them a huge amount of power in what legislation reaches Congress at all. From here, you'd begin to see Lib/Green legislation packages getting votes on their own.\n\nAfter that, even holding one Senate seat would be enough for them to be taken seriously in a presidential race. There would be name recognition, and a general knowledge of their positions among the average American voter.\n\nWithout all of that and assuming a miracle happened getting Johnson elected, it would be a lesson in futility. Neither party is under any obligation to cooperate with him, and executive orders only work so long as Congress fails to counter them. He would essentially be frozen in place until his term expired. Then, in 2020, both parties would run on, \"See what happens when you elect a third-party rando?\"", "There are no rules or laws preventing it, but in practice he would have to shatter the glass ceiling of silence in the media. As leaked emails have shown, the major media sources collaborate with the Democratic party, and many allege that Fox news collaborates with the Republican party. (They call this \"controlling the narrative\" in the media to \"shape\" public opinion.) The only third-party candidate that got any media attention was Ross Perot, and he was only successful in splitting the vote and keeping George Bush from being re-elected. (This is why some major Democratic donors contributed to more constitutionalist Libertarian campaigns in Virginia last go round, and managed to swing at least one outcome.) \n\nI like Gary Johnson, but he's \"old news\" - the Libertarians need to run someone new, and really dynamic and charismatic to tip the \"newsworthyness\" of the candidate enough to out weight the media's party loyalty. Since the news media is a part of the entertainment industry, someone popular in Hollywood would be a good start. I don't know what actors lean Libertarian, but I'm sure they are out there. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-election-forecast/" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e2rz9ux" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Army film core is a thing. They had units dedicated to filming major military actions, mostly for propaganda purposes." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dhniop8", "dhnl95q" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Visa Free travel is not a normal thing for Western countries. It is really only common for the UK and some of its former colonies that are a part of the Commonwealth and so still at least partially connected to them politically (many still have the queen as their sovereign) or the US with its special relationship, or they are a part of the EU and it is a part of joining the group. But that is not a normal state of things, it is a special situation and one that is being heavily stressed under current situations. Not being able to control their borders and require visas is a major part of why the UK is leaving the EU. ", "It's a combination between information sharing between your country and theirs and the relative threat of security that the destination nation feels.\n\nFor instance, if a Canadian visits the UK, the UK government can ask for and receive any information that it wants from Canada that Canada has to offer (e.g., actual home address, criminal record, etc.) But the same is not true for Angola, where there is not that kind of relationship for various reasons.\n\nOther nations, like Mongolia and the U.S., might not have that kind of information sharing relationship, but Mongolia isn't really worried about criminals, terrorists, dissidents, or whatever coming in and disrupting things. They may also have strong economic interests to let in people from wealthier nations that can generally be trusted to not let bad actors run around.\n\nBut nations in Africa tend to be much less stable and also have a lot of political violence and lawlessness, so the risk of letting anyone in without the time to check them out first is much higher." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmoef4r", "cmoewlc" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "what's preventing us is the technology itself. it's hard to give time frames, especially on a technology like that. closest we got, i believe, is the Oculus, and though i've never tried it (cos, you know, money), i doubt it's anywhere near the NerveGear. imo, it would take a lot of concentrations and funds in order to even get a breakthrough of some kind by 2022. but, like i said, time frames. who knows?", "The brain has literally billions of connections, and unlike a computer where you mass produce billions of connections and then program them, the brain has already been programmed by nature. Many brilliant scientists and doctors are trying to figure out what all billion connections do, and how they relate to each other, and while this already sounds daunting, the next step is even harder. For the NerveGear, they need a none invasive way to tap into these signals, decode them, and then send gigabytes of information a second to the game servers. Still not done however, because now the servers will need to send back the updated game world, again gigabytes of info, and this somehow all has to be inserted into the billion of brain signals to properly recreate the changed world, all without sticking a plug into their brain stem. I'm not saying it is impossible by any means, just that there is a lot to figure out.\n\nTL;DR Very complicated, still eventually possible" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ctgwkgf", "ctgxb19" ], "score": [ 5, 7 ], "text": [ "Just because they are connected does not mean the exchange of water happens at a high rate. Eg. take the Mediterranean and the Atlantic: they are connected, but just through a tiny tiny hole compared to both their sizes. This allows for _some_ exchange but not at a scale that it would make a huge impact. \n\nA related experiment would be warming something heat conductive up on one end and observing the other end ... some heat will flow to that other end, but it will never be the same temperature because in between the heat is given off to the environment. In the oceans the same model applies to salinity and evaporation.", "For the same reason air is smoggy in some places and clear in others, it doesn't mix instantly." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eod48zf", "eodiosv" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Depends on the mechanism, but the simpler/traditional methods just have the water fall from the tank to the bowl. Many newer ones (especially meant for commercial) have a pressurized tank, that is the tank is actually a balloon and the water is pushed into the tank at line pressure (usually 40psi or so), when you flush it can then release the water at line pressure (40psi) which forces it though the toilet.\n\nCommercial public restroom types (without a tank), skip the tank entirely and just connect the water line straight to the toilet which has the same effect (but requires a very large water line to supply the flow rates).", "Tankless toilets flush by using water pressure from the pipes to fill the bowl so it drains. Some toilets with tanks will also use a little bit of water pressure to assist in the flushing. These two toilets will usually have a more 'aggressive' flush due to the water pressure.\n\nYour standard poop stealing water chair will usually have a slow flush, as it's only using stored water in the tank to create a flush." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csf7m2f" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Idk dude, my step sister was practicing piano 8-10 hours a day. She would take breaks all the time to massage her hands for them to hurt less and even icing her hands when it got too bad.\n\nYou must be playing piano a lot less than you're writing." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fnb6l9k" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Basically, Hillary had both her personal e-mails and her official government business e-mails kept on a private server, which allowed her to access both e-mails from the same devices, but was a violation of government policy. Likewise, she deleted many of her personal e-mails, but since they were stored on the same server as her official government e-mails, people wondered if that perhaps was a way for her to break the rules and delete official e-mails that made her look bad. \n\n\nAn investigation found that while she did break the rules in having her business e-mails kept on a private server, she didn't illegally delete any official government e-mails, so she got off with a stern warning and an admonishment to not do so again. \n\n\nMany people who already disliked Hillary Clinton used this scandal as a means to \"prove\" that she was up to no good, and that she was breaking the laws and possibly making it easier for foreign powers to hack her. However, some political insiders pointed out that using private servers for e-mail was done by other politicians in Washington DC, and that given Hillary's lack of technical expertise, she probably wasn't fully aware of what she had done. \n\n\nA lot of this was that anything surrounding Hillary Clinton got blown up into a scandal by people trying to ruin her career, with even the smallest wrongdoing exaggerated to make her seem like the devil incarnate." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ckattet" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Pickles might have to do with the salt (too much salt can be very bad for dogs).\n\nMy dog loves tomatoes though. I've never tried giving him lettuce, but now you have me intrigued and I might try later." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dea93mb", "deabcg6", "deabohf" ], "score": [ 4, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Because they do stuff at a speed, efficiency, and capacity that we cannot replicate with computers... yet anyway.\n\nHere, let me show you -\n\nStand up from your computer, walk across the room and find a small object... then throw it into your computer chair so it lands where you sit.\n\nFor your brain, that is pretty easy... for a computer that is virtually impossible. ", "Let me give an example. Let's say you walk into a rose garden. You smell the roses, you notice the vibrant colors and recoil your hand when it brushes over a thorn. \n\nYour brain just processed an extremely high quality image, flipped it, fed it into your conscious mind, associated it with sensory data coming from the nose, reaching into your memory to associate roses with a certain scent, then reacted to a danger so fast that your conscious mind wasn't even let into the decision making process.\n\nIn addition, your brain was keeping your heart pumping, monitoring and maintaining your internal pH and temperature, maintaining respiration and digestion, etc. \n\nCould a computer do any of these tasks? Almost certainly, but the brain is the only thing known that can do them all, at the same time, while still having \"processing power\" left over for contemplation of complex ideas and for learning. \n", "Brains are capable of recording and recalling (though this is more difficult) 80+ years of audio/visual information, smells, tastes, textures, etc. All this information can be correlated, analyzed, and combined to learn and creatively form new behaviors. The brain is also able to have complex feelings and emotions, outside of a mere set of rules.\n\nAll this in a machine that weighs ~3 lbs, operates at ~100 degrees Fahrenheit, and runs on about 300 [kilo]Calories (1/3 of a KWH) a day. No computer comes close." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dehbdi6", "dehcpne", "dehd55m", "dehd6s6" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "People caught crossing illegally have the real chance of being shot and killed. But if they are physically apprehended they will be detained and deported. ", "Contrary to popular belief, most illegal immigrants aren't swimming their way across the Rio Grande or traipsing through the desert. They come in legally, on existing Visas, and then just don't leave and when they're supposed to either renew or head home.\n\nIt's the main reason why Trump's wall won't do a damn thing; all the gates will be flung open, and we'll be accepting the future illegals through legal processes with open arms, just as we've been doing for decades now.", "One thing people truly underestimate is the vast amount of empty desert that people have to cross. Without a coyote, a lot of people die", "Illegal immigration is not a real problem. All of the old peckerwoods here in AZ hate anyone who isn't white; christian; straight, etc." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cadjkgf", "cadjr0x", "cadkr31" ], "score": [ 3, 8, 3 ], "text": [ "Temperature is not just a matter of whether the sun is out or not, it depends on many factors, including how much sunlight there is over time.\n\nThe angle of the sun is more indirect in winter, and there are fewer hours of sunlight per day.\n", "On [this diagram](_URL_0_), you can see that some areas of the planet receive direct sunlight, where a particular amount of sunlight heats a small part of the surface. But other parts of the planet receive sunlight at an angle, and that means that the sunlight is spread over a much wider area, and so is less effective at heating that bit of the planet.\n\nOn [this diagram](_URL_1_), you can see that in summer, we receive much more direct sunlight than in winter, which has the effect that's shown in the first diagram.", "Heat from the sun gets absorbed by the Earth's surface or reflected back into space. If there are clouds, the heat will get reflected from the ground, then reflected back down by clouds, keeping the heat in and making it warmer for you. If there are no clouds, heat gets reflected straight back out into space since there is nothing in the way to stop it, making it very cold for you. Hence, if you have a clear sky at night, in the morning itll be freezing and there will probably be mist or even fog. This is only during the Winter, because in the Summer, the earth is closer to the sun so receives more heat and so warms up quicker. this leads to more water vapour in the atmosphere (more heat = > more evaporation), so higher humidity, making you hot AND sticky. Nobody complain about the simplification, this is ELI5." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://weatherimagery.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/sun_angle1.gif", "http://www.highlightskids.com/media/kids/highlightskids/images/thumbs/sciQuestions/sq1210_why-are-the-seasons-different-around-the-world_main.jpg" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "es1fgfy", "es1flpx" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The short answer is that all the light has already traveled to Earth. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe long answer will explain some questions you might have.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nQ: If the light has already traveled to Earth, then why can't we see beyond the current \"observable universe\"?\n\nA: The universe is current expanding faster than light can travel. In this case, its physically impossible for light beyond to ever reach our eyes. It's a weird thing because according to physics, objects further away from the center should slow down rather than speed up. Instead, the universe acts in a balloon. Draw a point in a the center of a deflated balloon. Then blow into the balloon a bit and only allow it to expand a little. Now draw points around the center point. Keep blowing the balloon and you'll see the center point has not moved, but the points outside has, and at an exponential rate.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nQ: Does this mean that the map of the universe is technically not in real time?\n\nA: Correct. The map of the universe is actually spread out in a cluster of time. The further out it is from Earth, the longer the area has existed for. However there are multiple testings that have been done to try to make the map as current time as possible.", "It’s not that we sent a signal out there to be reflected back at us. It’s that we’re receiving signals that are already out there — electromagnetic radiation (light, infrared, x-rays, etc.) being radiated from cosmic objects that are hitting the Earth all the time. Light and stuff from the farthest objects took billions of years to travel to our detectors and telescopes.\n\nIn a way, it’s kind of like active sonar vs passive sonar. Our telescopes and such are the passive sonar — listening for signals that have been put out already by the object out there." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e65uqeb" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The isotopes mentioned in the above post have a fairly large rate of decay, and no naturally-occuring decay process of a larger nucleus produces then. \n\nHowever, take a nuclear fission weapon, whcih creates a few unstable nuclei as a result, and you have a lot of vatious unstable isotopes that don't naturally occur (as fission of u235/p239 isn't something that happens naturally), and one of those decay products eventually produces the isotope of interest.\n\nOr in short, fuck with atoms like nature never intended, and some crazy stuff happens." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c2gzyym", "c2h8ndq", "c2gzyym", "c2h8ndq" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "AJAX means \n\nAsynchronous JavaScript and XML \n\nor \n\nSending signal back and forth through the browser and using a list like file to makes the changes to the webpage the user sees.\n\nAJAX is really a buzzword and alot of systems no longer use the XML part and use something else called JSON so if you want to impress your friend say you use AJAJ (They won't be no one uses the term AJAJ). AJAX was possible as early as 1995 with Microsoft using it in 1999 to update their News feed on their webpage. It really got it's name much later around say 2005.\n\nJQuery is a library of function in JavaScript to make programming easier in JavaScript. A library \nis basically a block of code that does someone that is normally complicated in a fewer number of codes. For example to do something with out JQuery might require 200 lines of code while JQuery can do it in one. Some of the JQuery function are used to do AJAX but alot of them aren't. \n\nTheir both really just word that programmer like to say when their not really sure of themselves. You don't need to use AJAX or JQuery to update a page and there are many other frameworks that you can use instead.", "I'll take a stab because none of these answers really seem sufficient.\n\nAs grimlock123 pointed out, AJAX is an acronym that has lost its technical meaning over the years. It now refers to pretty much any website that changes what it shows in Javascript. How is this different than old pages? Here goes!\n\nLets take an example from Google Maps. Without AJAX, you would click an arrow that moves the map west. This would go the Google servers that would look at it and say \"oh you want to move it a little to the left\" and send you back the entire page, scrolled a little to the left. With AJAX, you can ask the server \"what's to the left?\" and it will send you the data. You can then update what you're showing with the new data. The advantage is that AJAX is faster because (among other reasons) you don't have to send and receive as much data.\n\nJQuery is a bunch of Javascript code that is written to perform common and useful tasks (referred to as a *library*). For example, you might want to show a calendar to pick a date from on your website. If you didn't have JQuery you would have to write all of the code to do that yourself. Not only is it hard to get right, but it's a complete waste of time because thousands of programers have written the same thing! There are lots of alternatives to JQuery, but it has become the de facto standard.", "AJAX means \n\nAsynchronous JavaScript and XML \n\nor \n\nSending signal back and forth through the browser and using a list like file to makes the changes to the webpage the user sees.\n\nAJAX is really a buzzword and alot of systems no longer use the XML part and use something else called JSON so if you want to impress your friend say you use AJAJ (They won't be no one uses the term AJAJ). AJAX was possible as early as 1995 with Microsoft using it in 1999 to update their News feed on their webpage. It really got it's name much later around say 2005.\n\nJQuery is a library of function in JavaScript to make programming easier in JavaScript. A library \nis basically a block of code that does someone that is normally complicated in a fewer number of codes. For example to do something with out JQuery might require 200 lines of code while JQuery can do it in one. Some of the JQuery function are used to do AJAX but alot of them aren't. \n\nTheir both really just word that programmer like to say when their not really sure of themselves. You don't need to use AJAX or JQuery to update a page and there are many other frameworks that you can use instead.", "I'll take a stab because none of these answers really seem sufficient.\n\nAs grimlock123 pointed out, AJAX is an acronym that has lost its technical meaning over the years. It now refers to pretty much any website that changes what it shows in Javascript. How is this different than old pages? Here goes!\n\nLets take an example from Google Maps. Without AJAX, you would click an arrow that moves the map west. This would go the Google servers that would look at it and say \"oh you want to move it a little to the left\" and send you back the entire page, scrolled a little to the left. With AJAX, you can ask the server \"what's to the left?\" and it will send you the data. You can then update what you're showing with the new data. The advantage is that AJAX is faster because (among other reasons) you don't have to send and receive as much data.\n\nJQuery is a bunch of Javascript code that is written to perform common and useful tasks (referred to as a *library*). For example, you might want to show a calendar to pick a date from on your website. If you didn't have JQuery you would have to write all of the code to do that yourself. Not only is it hard to get right, but it's a complete waste of time because thousands of programers have written the same thing! There are lots of alternatives to JQuery, but it has become the de facto standard." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cl1ehrv", "cl1ikxh" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Apparently to under 10 year olds they are gold left by nose pixies and they taste like ambrosia. ", "Dried mucous made by the lining of your nose. This mucous both keeps the lining from drying out and traps germs before they can get into your lungs to make you sick." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dj4ukui" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I feel that the suggestion you provided is already a good answer but I will just say that not including a date also allows them to repost it to the top of their feeds without looking like they are reposting." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmhamo8" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Some computers require you to run memory in pairs, so you need to check and see if 1x8GB will work. Also I am assuming that both varients of memory are the exact same type, the only difference being size. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjhppzx", "cjhpy9c", "cjhu0r4" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Yes, they know. They can see out the windows and feel if they are tipping at a weird angle.", "The majority of crashes, about 55% take place during either take off or landing. In 2013 there were 90 aircraft accidents, of which only 9 resulted in deaths. \n\nIn most cases, the result of a crash is an emergency evacuation down safety slides onto the tarmac. \n\nActual crashes en route, such as colliding with a mountain range, are very rare, constituting roughly 10% of accidents altogether.\n\nGiven the relative proximity of the ground during take-off and landing, I would expect in a fair number of cases for the events to occur too rapidly to completely relay preparatory information to the passengers. ", " > what does the \"average plane crash\" feel like for passengers.\n\nFirst of all there is no such thing as an average plane crash, but if we're talking about fatal crashes it's usually.\n\n\n- Blunt Force Trauma\n\n- Smoke Inhalation / Burns.\n\n\nWhen a plane travelling, even at only slow speeds of 100mph hits anything, a LOT of energy gets transferred into the people on the plane.\n\nAny nose down plane crash is pretty much gameover for all onboard.\n\nIf the plane begins to roll (which is why easy since the cylindical shape) the trauma experienced increases 10fold.\n\nJet fuel vapors are almost guaranteed to ignite during a plane crash and at that point anything flammable near the fuel is going to release some nasty toxic smoke.\n\n2 breaths of smoke from the cabin interior will knock you out cold, after that you're finished.\n\n\nTL;DR \n\n-Blunt force trauma from going from 200mph-0 in 2 seconds.\n\n- Smoke inhalation from burning upholstery\n\n- Fire from burning upholstery\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c46pig1" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "When you go to a website, select $30 tickets, then at the last minute are asked to pay $12 of fees on each, you feel like you have been misled. \n\nIt is even more annoying when Ticketmaster is the only way you can get the ticket...it is not really a \"convenience\" if there is only one way to get the tickets. It would be more honest to build that into the ticket price." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ciaa60p", "ciabob9", "ciaeilh", "ciaf0r6", "ciaf35p" ], "score": [ 10, 13, 6, 6, 3 ], "text": [ "One advantage is that leather cleans nicely. Upholstery holds on to crumbs and liquids more.\n\nBut in general I agree that upholstery is better simply because it is cheaper.", "It's mostly personal preference. But leather, if cared for properly, ages much better that most upholstery, is easier to clean and more rugged and stain resistant. Leather is a better buy because if you care for it, it will increase the resale value of the car. So you tend to get back more of the extra you spent for them.", "why would i want my ass to fry in the summer and freeze in the winter? upholstered seats 4 life ", "If you have kids... leather is worlds easier to clean spilled stuff off of. Kids spill everything... You know those kids leak proof cups... leak... Have you ever smelled spilled milk in a car in August? With leather seats, two baby wipes and it's good to go... clothes seats... your car smells like vomit for weeks.", "Cheap and poorly taken care of leather will crack. Plus the leather in a BMW and the vinyl leather in a Dodge minivan are two different things. Quality and care are the biggest factors. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cyltpjq", "cyltya3" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Both are consequences of magnetism, which is created by moving electric charges.\n\nin the magnetic on your fridge, the magnetic field is created by unbalanced spinning electrons. In most atoms, electron spin is balanced, but in some it isn't. Magnets use those atoms, lined up so the unbalanced spins add together.\n\nIn light the magnetic field (which varies over time) creates an electric field (which varies over time). This in turn regenerates the magnetic field, which propagates through space.\n\nYou can actually show the connection between the two with polarized light -- line up a filter so the polarized light passes through. Then put a magnet between the light and the filter; it won't pass through anymore, because the magnetic field has been rotated.", "So the connection is photons. Every fundamental force (EM, Weak nuclear, strong nuclear, and gravity - though gravity is a little weird)has one or more \"carrier particle(s)\". These transmit the force. The carrier particle for the electromagnetic interaction is the photon. The way a fundamental force works is that the carrier particle \"couples\" to some property on a particle. In the electromagnetic interaction, the photon couples to electromagnetic charge. The way a magnet works is that, basically, the magnetic object will have most of its electrons \"spinning\" in the same direction. This spin affects the EM interaction. When they are all (or mostly) lined up, the EM interaction gets very strong, so the photons will couple strongly to the electrons in the magnet. When you bring the magnet close to another magnetic object, the photons can also couple to the new object. This causes the force of attraction.\n\nBut what about light and such? Well, photons have infinite range, so when some interaction produces a photon, that photon will just keep on going. The photon will have some wavelength governing which part of the spectrum it is in. Note that this is true with the magnet, but the wavelength there doesn't really matter; the photon is very short-lived. When that photon hits some detector, it will impart some energy, related to its wavelength. This allows us to interpret different wavelengths as different colours etc.\n\nBasically, magnetism is based on photons coupling to the two objects, while vision and detectors are based on energy transfer. It is more complicated than this, but this should give you some idea of how it all works." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cuzv5e1" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "Other waves are utilized as well.\n\nYour TV remote utilizes infrared, for example. The problem is, the shorter wavelengths tend not to diffract or move around objects, hence are quite useless for non-line of sight purposes.\n\nGoing longer than common radio wavelengths is also a problem, as that requires extremely big antenna's. (And I mean, really big). The antenna were up to 50 km large, and rather inefficient. The advantage is that you can receive it just about anywhere." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "czx6847", "czx6x7r", "czxcmgg" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "It's good for the consumer, but the stock market sees it as an oversupply caused by weakening industry. I think the market will wake up by the end of the year and realize things aren't so bad. ", "Cheap oil is a good thing for the consumer, and it is a great thing for the shipping industry. It is a bad thing for the oil industry. Countries that are highly dependent on the oil industry like the OPEC nation, Canada, and Russia are having issues due to prices. The US which has a much smaller percentage of its GDP dependent on oil is doing very well as a whole even though the oil industry is suffering here. ", "Yes and no. I would say that cheap energy is a good thing. Cheap energy allows us to do more with less, which lets us increase economic efficiency and make people in the world better off.\n\nThe debate is whether cheap oil is better than other long term energy solutions. The concern with cheap oil is that is makes it less attractive to invest in clean alternative energy sources which may one day provide both cheap AND clean energy. I think people worry that cheap oil undermines the investment in clean alternative energy and in the long run only sets us back from our goals of energy independence from oil. Also, oil prices are notoriously boom and bust but the effects of decisions based on energy are long term - people buying cars or buildings factories based on today's oil prices are going to be struggling when the price of oil rises again. Likewise, it may be hard to justify the increased expense of alternative energy sources (solar panels, etc) and investing in energy efficiency (hybrid cars, etc) when oil today is so cheap and may stay that way for a few years." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e6tl0b7", "e6tmkix", "e6tvyrb", "e6u1dch" ], "score": [ 28, 15, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I think you mean [chisel grind](_URL_0_) where one side of the blade is flat.\n\nIt works well, but has the disadvantage that the knife may push toward one side while cutting, and the cutting location is off center which requires some learning.", "A knife sharpened on both sides of the edge will cut straight, because it's symmetrical. A knife sharpened on only one side--and they do exist, for special purposes--would constantly want to cut in a curve if you were pushing it through something semi-soft like a block of cheese. This isn't an issue for a blade that's only used to cut shavings off the surface of something (like the wood chisel that this shape is named after), but with a general-purpose knife, you could end up cutting anything, so it's worth the extra effort to sharpen it with a symmetrical edge.", "I have several woodworking tools, the chisels and plane blades are sharpened one side only, \n\nI have a small knife also sharpened one side. I use it as a marking knife and it is one side flat so it can follow a template closely. It is Japanese.", "Razors are sharpened on one side which is congruent with their use, shaving. The other chisel grind blades also generally serve the same purpose.\n\nAnd you do have to dress the flat side of the blade as well, to make sure that it is flat and to remove the burr. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grind" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fczkfs6" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Fiberglass generally refers to glass-fiber-reinforced plastic, while glass fiber refers to the fibers themselves (but also occasionally things made out of these fibers, including fiberglass). Both have the potential to harm the lungs if turned into a dust, but they are less damaging than asbestos (which is what I think you're comparing them to), and more importantly they are *much harder to turn into a dust* than asbestos." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c9zghtf" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Protectionism. Plus the dealer networks provide local jobs and also contribute to politicians." ] }

[]

[ "http://green.autoblog.com/2013/05/15/north-carolina-targets-tesla-banning-direct-to-consumer-sales/" ]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dnhalro", "dnhaqy1", "dnhchu4", "dnhfh9z" ], "score": [ 80, 28, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "As someone who has traveled over 30 countries, and now lives abroad in Asia, I feel like I can answer this question.\n\nYesterday, at a restaurant, I had duck for breakfast, and today I had a combination of ground pork with hot chilies and steamed mushrooms for breakfast. I ate breakfast with Asian friends both times. They were eating similarly.\n\nFifteen years ago I could not have imagined me eating such fare for breakfast. \n\nInversely, my local friends who have seen me eat breakfast at home, don't understand why I won't eat cold cereal or oatmeal for lunch or dinner. I tell them \"that's only breakfast food,\" and they look at me like I came from another planet. They don't have any concept of certain foods that are appropriate for only certain times of the day.\n\nIt all boils down to culture, and behavioral conditioning from our environments. We are products of our culture more than we are willing to admit. \n\nYou live in a new culture long enough, you'll end up eating things you never dreamed of, at times you never imagined.", "This is just a matter of conditioning. People around the world eat a lot of things for breakfast that you would probably find pretty unappetizing in the morning like fish, dumplings, soup, or rice...", "Burgers for breakfast? Where do I sign up?", "I don't have any inhibitions about eating any type of food in the morning. I think it really started when I was a teenager and would wake up around lunch time. Free yourself from the shackles of your own mind, OP." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]