Datasets:

Pavithree

/

eli5_39422_59134

like 0

{ "a_id": [ "e4rzkba", "e4s1ifz", "e4s7foe", "e4s7lxw" ], "score": [ 10, 24, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "People with ADHD like myself have a chemical imbalance that drugs like Adderall help to correct, many things that stimulate most people like caffeine and amphetamines have an opposite effect on people with ADHD.", "[This is a good article about the topic](_URL_0_). It's not actually any safer for ADHD patients to use it, however the doctors weigh the risks against the likely increase in quality of life. ", "It's not hence it's heavy use recreationally, self prescribed, and off label; like all legal drugs. Unsafe drugs aren't manufactured or sold (in the US at least) as the FDA and/or lawsuits prevent. What's dangerous is lack of education (which had nothing to do with legality) about the side effects, dosage, and use cases.", "Adderall really isn’t good for anyone actually. But people like me and my mom and sister who have ADD and ADHD use it because it just really helps a lot with concentration and such and helps you be able to DO THINGS. If I didn’t have my meds I cant even watch movies or enjoy activities that I like... it sucks... people without it who take it... idk what it does to them but it doesn’t “help” them.. it gets them high? I guess? Idk... " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://slatestarcodex.com/2017/12/28/adderall-risks-much-more-than-you-wanted-to-know/" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cbanwy8", "cbaqhme", "cbaqjy4", "cbasopz", "cbav6yr", "cbawuif" ], "score": [ 12, 3, 12, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "1) There is no proof that infinite parallell universes exist. So you shouldn't assume it just yet.\n\n2) Who says interuniversal travel is impossible?\n\n3) Infinity may not contain \"everything\". There are different infinites. For example, if there were an infinite amount of universes with the same laws as ours, we would never find one where you can travel faster than light, because that's a law and it cannot be broken in an infinite attempts.", "There may be infinite parallel universes, but that doesn't mean that every possible universe exists.", "Say there is a universe where this is possible, and then assume those people have the ability (tech) to do this. Now consider how much Infinity is and then lets say we create a Dice with Infinite sides(numbers). The result of the impending dice throw determines which universe they travel too. Lets assign a number to our universe(55). Now using the aforementioned dice, throw a 55.\n\nthe chance of seeing any Universe jumpers is nearly 0", "I think the best explanation would be to explain the difference between infinite possibilities and every possibility. \n\nConsider first that numbers are infinite, so we'll create three lists using positive whole numbers.\n\n\nThe first is infinite AND contains EVERY possibility, this list would look like this: 1, 2, 3, 4, ....... Forever.\n\n\nThe second list contains only odd numbers.\n1, 3, 5, 7, ...... Forever. Now think about this for a second, this list is also infinite! It would go on forever like this but half of its numbers aren't on the first list, but both are infinite, there's no such thing as a half-infinity both truly go on forever even though one may \"appear\" like it should be bigger.\n\n\nLastly the third list, this one contains only even numbers.\n2, 4, 6, 8, ....... Forever, again.\n\nNow lets compare this to the first list, like the second list this half of this ones numbers are not in the first list but both are still infinite. But lets compare the second and third list! Both are infinite lists of whole numbers, both go on forever, but they don't have ANY numbers in common! How can this be? Simply put it is because there is a world of difference between ALL possibilities and infinity.\n\n\nI hope this helps you frame the idea of infinity better, even though I get this part I still struggle to grasp how big it is, these ideas really are quite tricky.", "Because by entering another universe you create an extra piece of matter which has no specific counterpart (it's anti-matter) while the previous has extra anti-matter thus creating a sort of anti-bigbang destroying both universes. ", "If there is, then there are, and they've probably been to our universe... well... not ours, the one next to our where they did.\n\nYou're just unlucky and keep ending up in the one where they didnt just appear next to you and had you an ice cold beer" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eqb4fha", "eqb4w11" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "He was either implying that \nA) you looked young or\nB) you look like you're related to your boyfriend\n\nNeither is insulting - definitely intended to be jokey", "Some guys will make comments like that to check a woman’s availability. Kind of along the lines of asking a woman where her boyfriend is. If she doesn’t have one and is interested in sharing that info then she’d reply I don’t have one. He may have been interested in you but didn’t want to assume you two were together. If it was intended as a burn it really doesn’t make a lot of sense to me. Just my perspective though." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cfhhszx", "cfhpdcm" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "From the sidebar:\n\n > E is for explain. This is for concepts you'd like to understand better; not for simple one word answers, walkthroughs, or *personal problems*.\n\nBut in general: a lot of telecommunications companies offer good rates while you're \"under contract\", that means you can't leave them without paying a fee. When that period expiries you have the option of switching provider, but you can probably resign with your current one, and some will offer extra incentives to stay with them.", "Just use the internet companies for pipe. Don't use them for email addresses or anything like that. Then if you want/need to change you just change out the pipe but everything else stays the same. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c8l5373" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "When law firms first started, they had to be partnerships. This basically means that the people who start or become the 'bosses' of the firm all do business in their joint names personally. So for example, the lease for the office would be in their joint names.\n\nThis is because for professionals, (and I do refer to the actual professional jobs as opposed to any white collar job referred to these days) should be personally liable for the advice or service they give.\n\nNow and days, some countries allow for a 'limited liability partnership'. This means that they can form a company of sorts and use that as a vehicle. The benefit is that you can run the firm as a company, but the individual lawyers will still be open to disciplinary action from the relevant regulatory body.\n\nHow a firm is structured shares a similar layout, but the titles will vary from firm to firm.\n\nAt the top level you get partners. These are considered the managerial level. At the very top you get the equity partners. These are the partners who get a direct share in the profit of the firm, which are pretty enormous. These partners are usually required to pay in a sum as an investment in the firm. From this caste, you also will get the managing partner who is the head of the firm. The other type is a salaried partner. These get a salary but not receive any share of the profits directly. This is basically the entry level partner.\n\nThe work of the partners is to bring in business and to oversee the work of the lawyers. Partners tend to have their own big clients who provide regular businesses. In bigger firms, partners usually run a department, such as litigation or shipping. They will delegate work to the team and basically make sure the work is being done properly.\n\nTo make partner, it will really depend. You will generally need good experience to lead a team and to handle a good base of clients to justify a team. They tend to have quotas as to how many hours are billed from clients.\n\nAt the next level is the lawyers. These are the rank and file of a law firm. Some firms may differentiate between senior and normal level lawyers (usually called associate and senior associates). The work they do tend to be the bulk of the work a team does. They report to the partner. Many firms also have a quota of how many hours a lawyer will need to bill.\n\nYou then get the training lawyers. A law firm is actually set up as an apprenticeship in a way; as you make your way up, you learn more and more. Of course the field of law, even in the specific fields, are so in depth that you can't truly learn it all. Anyways, these depend on the jurisdiction as to their duration of training and title, such as trainee solicitor or whatever. After their time is up and their training is finished, they can be a proper lawyer and join as an associate. They generally can't give legal advice yet to clients, but their work is pretty much research on issues, as well as some drafting and basic legal work which will depend again on which department or field of work.\n\nBelow this are the non-legal staff. Paralegals fall under this, where their work is quite similar to the training lawyers. They may tend to do more clerical work though, such as preparing spreadsheets, etc. Many paralegals tend to go on to do or finish their legal training.\n\nThe work that each \"caste\" does is based on one key factor; the hourly rate. As you can imagine, the partners will charge much more than say, a newly qualified associate. As you go up in years of experience, your hourly rates tend to go up (to a certain limit within your position). The practical side of this is that clients obviously won't want a partner spending 6 hours stamping numbers on a court hearing bundle. The general rule is, the more difficult and complex but less time consuming it is, the higher up it goes. So suppose there is a simple insurance case of a slip and fall. The firm acts for the Defendant, say, the store (and by subrogating, the insurance company).\n\nThe partner gets plenty of business with the insurance company, who sends him/her stacks of files at a time. They probably have a capped fee, meaning the amount the lawyers charge is capped. The partner will split the files amongst the associates in the team and let them handle it. The associates will review the file, draft the documents and do the things necessary to deal with the file. Letters dealing with legal issues, pleadings etc. will be reviewed by the Partner, who will also decide the general strategy of the case. The partner generally signs off these with the firm name. \n\nThe associates and partner will delegate work to the parelegals and training lawyers, who may do research or draft simple letters, as well as collate documents. \n\nDuring all this, everyone will be recording how much time they spent on each task. The partner will look at these at the end of each month (or each bill) and then decide what is reasonable or not. Referring above, you will recall that associates have a yearly billing target. This is it. Of course not all they bill gets \"accepted\". So in reality, an associate may work 8 hours just to bill 5-6 hours. The bigger firms tend to ask for 1750 -2100 hours a year.\n\ntl;dr: don't do law oh my god." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cgpukjt" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The speed of dreams in relation to actual time is very high, a dream lasts for only a few seconds. We could measure it because of REM cycles and eye movement." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dbk2zoa" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "They could....Because none of that is a problem that hasn't been solved already. Your car already has a low fuel indicator. Your navigation system can already route you to nearest gas station . The gasbuddy app already has data on which station near you has cheapest gas." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cagvvc5", "cagwcmb" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "The same way it does in America, except instead of your company blocking facebook at work your government blocks political material at home.", "As I lived five years in China, the only thing blocked was Facebook and some news websites. Nothing major really. But on the spying it is the same as in US." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d6suykt" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The arrangement of baby teeth affects jaw development, because bone growth is happening during childhood and is affected by pressure from biting. Jaw development, in turn, affects where the adult teeth will end up, and the bite that the person ends up with." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4o0cqc", "c4o0jgt", "c4o8gfa" ], "score": [ 22, 7, 2 ], "text": [ "First, we need to understand the difference between explicitly Communist countries and then we can move on to social democracies. \n\nAs you might know, Marx is very ambiguous in his writings and sometimes flat out wrong. Different countries and leaders develop their own flavor to account for these differences, Titoism (Yugoslavia), Leninsim and Stalinism (Russia), and Maoism (China) for use in their own country. With these different philosophies often come a personality cult around their creator. Men like Mao, Stalin, and Kim il Sung were raised to the level of mystical demigods. At this point Marxism and any trace of traditional communism is gone. Marx can be malleable at some points but I can safely say that keeping a picture of yourself in every public place or, on pain of death, forcing people to refer to you as \"Great Leader\" has anything to do with a temporary \"dictatorship of the proletariat\". \n\nRemember, there are two types of dictatorships, authoritarian (indiscernible government leader, no personality cult, like modern China or Vietnam) and totalitarian (governments centered around single charismatic revolutionaries, Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia are good examples). \n\nAs a side note, Marx would have HATED the big bureaucratic institutions that came to define 20th century Communism and would eventually crush individualism/creativity. He referred to it pejoratively as \"barracks communism\". \n\nNow, lets compare the \"totalitarian countries\" with the social democracies listed with some bullet points: \n\n- Explicit embrace of capitalism. \n- Relative freedom of expression. \n- Economic freedom. \n- Mix between private and public ownership of the means of production. \n- NO INSANE PERSONALITY CULTS\n- Freedom to leave. \n- Privacy\n- Right to vote. \n- Pretty much everything you would expect in a liberal democracy\n\n**TL;DR** Communism attempts to put the means of production (economy) in the hands of a worker-supported government. Rarely comes about without revolution. Social Democracy attempts to empower its citizens by mixing some state control with some private ownership (Social part) and giving the populace the freedom to choose through democratic outlets (Democracy part). ", "The phrase \"social democracy\" has changed its meaning over time. First, let me tell you what it once meant.\n\nA communist country is a country where the government runs and owns all the businesses. In a communist country, every business is run by the government, so everyone works for the government.\n\nBack when communism was first getting started, some people hoped it would be possible for a communist country to also be a democracy. In order for that to happen, people would have to *vote* for the government to take over all the businesses. In practice, that didn't happen in any big countries - voters in general are not keen on having the government taking over the businesses. So in practice, all the communist countries were also authoritarian. Nowadays, people just assume that communism and authoritarianism go hand-in-hand.\n\nBut back then, many fans of communism had this dream that it could happen: a communist country with democracy instead of dictatorship. They called this dream \"social democracy.\" But like I said, that never took off in practice.\n\nA phrase that means something that isn't ever going to actually happen is not a very useful phrase, so over time, the phrase \"social democracy\" has completely changed its meaning.\n\nThe *new* definition of social democracy is a democracy where people have voted to have quite a few government social programs like social security, medicare, student loans, and so forth. But in the new definition, the *businesses* are owned by individuals, and most business decisions are made by business owners, *not* by the government.\n\nThat combination should sound familiar to you. The US, Norway, and South Korea are all social democracies using the new definition. This kind of social democracy is by far the most common form of government in the developed world.\n\n", "I'm just fascinated anyone would say they're the same thing. Where are you that you are encountering people that say that?" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ci4wt6q", "ci4zo4q", "ci51cut", "ci5595q" ], "score": [ 11, 2, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Taxi drivers have legitimate reason to be upset. As you say there are rules and regulations to be a taxi driver - this adds hassle and cost. Then a \"ride share\" company comes in, doesn't have those fees, and therefore is either cheaper or more profitable than you - not because you have a bad business model but as a direct affect of the law.\n\nThe problem is that consumers are not fully educated about the differences. They *think* that Uber is a \"better\" taxi and don't understand that the drivers may not be licensed, they may have limited insurance, the driver may be pulling a 30 hour shift, etc, etc, all things that are regulated for taxis.", "Not able to find it right now but planet money did an excellent podcast episode talking about the benefits to Uber that are not always considered", "While smartphone apps are only one facet of the comparison, it is indicative of the entire problem with taxis. Taxi cos are fatcat bedside buddies with politicians and have over-regulated this industry. They haven't made riding taxis BETTER for the consumer. Their drivers are mean and aggressive if you want to use a credit card. Tips are expected. I personally people who have been mugged by taxi drivers.\n\nI've never felt even close to unsafe in Uberx or Lyft. I have felt less than safe with a driver in a taxi who barely speaks english, wants to take a longer route to my home than the best route I know, at 2am, and will get aggressive when you say you want to pay by credit card. You don't get any of that with Lyft or Uber.", "Ctrl-f \"the knowledge\", zero results. There's a bit more to the case in London so it's worth explaining.\n\nIn London, to become a taxi driver, you need to know every street and landmark within six miles of Charing Cross. It takes literally years to learn. It is illegal to run a taxi in London without passing this test, and is illegal for anyone else apart from said taxi drivers to run a meter.\n\nWhat does the app do? It picks a route and calculates a charge for that route. People who have not passed the knowledge can then take someone on that route. Is that the same as running a taxi? Black cab drivers say yes. TFL has said no. The case is going to the high court to find out who wins.\n\nPotentially, the app is illegal to run in central London." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "df4odvj", "df4ojy5", "df4u549" ], "score": [ 6, 14, 4 ], "text": [ "This depends hugely on which country you're in! And potentially on the serious-seriousness of the crime.\n\n\n E.g. in the UK our age is 10, and it was actually lowered from 14 because of the James Bulger case. The two perpetrators were 11 iirc and the age was dropped so they could be charged with murder.", "In the US, if you're under 18 and you commit murder, you're often tried as an adult, but the laws very by state. 2600 kids, as young as 10, that have been sentenced to life without parole for heinous crimes at that age.\n\nBeyond those extreme instances, the USA has a juvenile justice system, or 'juvie', where kids are put and attempts at rehabilitation are made.", "If you are below the age of criminal responsibility, you cannot be criminally punished for your actions.\n\nYou *can* be found to be insane and be committed. \n\nYou parents could be criminal or civilly responsible if it is determined their neglect or lack of supervision contributed to the action." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dbhvri9" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "The vaccine used to be a series of 21 shots over a period of a few weeks. They had to be given somewhere with enough fat and muscle tissue to absorb the vaccine slowly and not overwhelm the body, access to the lymph system to expose the immune system to it as thoroughly as possible, and (this was the important part), enough surface area to keep injecting shots after the patient started having inflammation dude to nasty reactions to the dead rabies viruses being injected into their body. The stomach just happened to fit the bill, and was the ideal point of injection for a lot of similar vaccines at the time.\n\nWe've improved upon the vaccine since then, and can inject it into the arm now because it requires fewer shots over a shorter period of time." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "etu36tz", "etu4hgf" ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text": [ "Artificial lights, such as florescent lights and incandescent bulbs, mimic the sun's spectrum. Therefore, the calculator doesn't know it is getting charged by artificial light and not natural.", "Calculators require very little energy to work so very little light is needed to make them work and it doesn't have to be sunlight any light will do." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "crep6s1", "crepd56", "crepwym", "creq4sz" ], "score": [ 5, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "They're drawn on different layers.\nInstead of drawing each frame from scratch, animators save time by drawing the background once, then laying the characters and other moving parts on top of it. The characters are drawn on transparent sheets. For each frame, they lay the sheet(s) on top of the background, take a picture, and then move the sheets for the next frame. If there’s a pile of rocks and only one rock needs to move, they’ll put all the other rocks on the background layer so they don’t have to draw them repeatedly.\n", "[Courtesy of TVTropes](_URL_0_):\n\n > In some cartoons, it is obvious that a part of the background will be used. What makes it obvious is that it is strikingly lighter in color than its surroundings. It might also have an obvious difference in detail or color saturation. Another telltale sign would be clear black outlines on the object: the three clearly outlined rocks on the cliff would be the ones to tumble.\n > \n > A similar situation is where things that should move don't, because they are made a part of the background to save time.\n > \n > This is an unintentional artifact from the animation process. Foreground/animated objects are drawn by the main animators separately from the background and matte painters. Because the two processes were done at different times and locations and by different artists, consistent matching was very difficult. Additionally, the unpainted portions of cels were not perfectly transparent, so the colors on lower cels became more and more muted as additional layers were added to the top of the stack.\n\nWith modern animation practices (such as heavy use of computers), those problems are much easier to avoid.", "These other answers are kind of right.. the non-moving images were drawn on a background layer and the foreground moving image on the celluloid. The reason they LOOK different is because they are different mediums and require different paint types because of those mediums. The celluloid held a certain type of acrylic ink that was suited for that type of material, but the background was generally not the same because they would stick together (the celluloid had paint on both front and back in most cases). What you're seeing is contrast of the different medium types used to paint the different pieces of the animation scene.", "It is not that the animators did that on purpose - the background and the moving objects are created using different methods, and, try as they might, they couldn't make them exactly the same color." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ConspicuouslyLightPatch" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cuzkjnb", "cuzkzan", "cuzlnky" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The sandy beach is overall slanted with a high point on land and a low point in the water. Imagine a beach as a long plank of wood. For each 1 foot of length you move on this slanted board, you may only move up or down an inch or so. If you divide the height change by length change you will get a slope. y=mx+b with the slope as m can be used to generally graph the beach and you could predict the land encroachment and sea level values.", "If you are 6 feet above the highest water, you are not swamped by a 1 foot rise in sea level. However, if you are 6 feet above sea level, you may be only inches above the highest water -- the tops of waves on a stormy day during high tide. So if sea level rises 1 foot, the next big storm will flood you.\n\nThis is quite separate from the issue of enchroachment. The issue there is that in some areas the land slopes upward quite gently. If you raise sea level 10 meters, in many areas that means several kilometers of land will now be underwater, because for several km from the shore the land is less than 10m high.", "They are talking about horizontal distance, not vertical.\n\nSea level rising a few feet in some places will move the coastline miles inland." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fm6u70t", "fm77xyq" ], "score": [ 10, 2 ], "text": [ "If I remember correctly, it has something to do with the burp having acid from the stomach that's why it burns a little", "Because the cells that line your nose are different and than the cells that line your throat and they make less protective mucus." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cguorit", "cguozuz" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "This is true of any technology that involves the transformation and storage of energy. \n\nGasoline takes energy to extract, transport and refine. Big advantage to using it in a vehicle is that it releases more energy than it takes to refine, transport and extract. \n\nHydrogen produces less than the total energy you put into it when used as a fuel. \n\nGuess what? So do normal batteries. You charge them and a portion of that is lost to discharge, heat, etc. \n\n\nThat's just part of the cost of doing business, and you engineer you systems for as few losses as possible. ", "You are 100% right, +1 top critical thinking.\nHowever there is more to this than meets the eye. First of all fossil fuels have chemical energy that we cannot easily synthesize. We have to spend a lot of energy to make coal into oil, but even more to make oil or coal from trees. Nature already did this process for its but we're living off borrowed time here.\nElectricity is very hard to store and to transport.\nThe idea with fuel cells is, that you take water (H20) and split it into hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). You do this in places where energy is abundant (geothermal energy at volcanoes or solar energy in deserts) and transport the energy in form of the very reactive hydrogen to where you want it. The beauty of this process is that if you split water with alternative energy this whole thing is a cycle." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccg796j", "ccg7cdn", "ccg7d2w", "ccg96dm", "ccg96z3", "ccg99xz", "ccg9cvl", "ccg9g0w", "ccg9ur0", "ccg9wjc", "ccga477", "ccgaj2c", "ccgald3", "ccgbe9r", "ccgbw1g", "ccgcyg2", "ccgehs7", "ccgereu", "ccgex89", "ccgjtn4" ], "score": [ 8, 6, 11, 934, 17, 7, 2, 108, 24, 3, 42, 3, 4, 4, 3, 6, 2, 6, 11, 2 ], "text": [ "No, it does not have enough of an atmosphere and the ground is toxic.", "It may be able to grow, **but the composition of the soil would have to be right for anything to grow, as well as the atmosphere**. If both of these conditions were right for cactus to grow, then, yes, cactus would grow on Mars. Without competition, it could potentially overtake the planet, provided there are enough nutrients and water in the soil to allow that sort of sustained growth.\n\nI will add as a note, however, that water attached to other minerals is not the same as free water in soil. Mineral hydrates would have to be somehow broken down or otherwise changed to release the water.", "Plants need liquid water. The water in Mars soils is ice.", "The warmest parts of Mars are about equal to coastal Antarctica, and the coldest parts are far colder than anything on Earth.\n\nWhat's worse is the atmosphere is really, really thin. There's some carbon dioxide but plants need nitrogen in either the soil or the air to grow too but there's not much and it is mostly in the form of nitric acid. Also, having no ozone layer is bad for plants.\n\nA cactus would die for sure and an Antarctic lichen would probably survive for a while and die from lack of nitrogen, but maybe if it had time to evolve Mars-friendly ways of fixing nitrogen it would be okay.\n\nEDIT: Lichen are even tougher than I thought. Some guy went all over the Earth finding the toughest bacteria and lichen he could, put them in a simulated Mars environment, and some of the polar lichens not only survived but laughed it off and kept growing.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nSECOND EDIT: People seem to like this one, so here's more relevant information. NASA also thought to answer the question of what would happen if you stuck a planter full of lichens and cyanobacteria on the outside of the International Space Station.\n\nThe lichen was driven into dormancy by the total lack of air and water, but upon return to Earth it [recovered](_URL_0_). The ultraviolet radiation alone would have killed most things but lichens can make their own unique sunscreen molecules too.\n\n[A few other remarkable organisms](_URL_2_) have survived this sort of trip before.\n\nMost of the water mentioned in the article is bound to rocks and soil but so long as even a little bit is accessible, well, something will find a way to live there.\n\nIncidentally, if you see lichens growing wild on top of a mountain then please don't hurt them. Most of them grow rather slowly even under good conditions. Also, they are still upset about being sent into space and feel kind of emotionally sensitive right now.", "No, it's cold as fuck on mars. ", "Follow up: How the heck does cacti survive in deserts? They are plants, right? So they should need water regularly?", "There is a failed greenhouse effect on Mars. This means that there wasn't enough enough heat reaching the surface of Mars in order to warm it up. This made all the liquid water evaporate and get lost in space instead of being trapped in the atmosphere. Without the atmosphere and to our current understanding, life cannot exist without the presence of an atmosphere. \nOn another note, the water trapped as ice in the ice caps of Mars probably came from Comets that crashed into the surface (which carry a hefty amount of frozen ice) in the early parts of our solar system. ", "Well then, that's the answer... Send payloads of lichen to the planet and commence terraforming...\n\n/r/billandmelindagatesfoundation", "There is some confusion in regards to the water in the soil. This water is not freely floating between particles in the soil nor is it ice. \nThe water is a part of the structure of the minerals in the soil. Easiest way I can think to explain this is with an analogy: NaCl, there is sodium in salt molecules but that sodium exists as a part of the compound. It cannot easily be freed to make metallic sodium. \nIt's a similar situation with water in a hydrated mineral, this water is not freely available for plants to use if they could exist on the surface. ", "If there was water on Mars for any extended time and the planet has any internal temp left then you can bet there is still some kind of life left. It may be in stasis, but it's probably there, but no.. there are probably absolutely no large life forms like plants. You might find some types of very tough bacteria or spores left from when Mars still had a liquid core, water and probably an atmosphere of sorts. ", "It's really hard to know which comments I can trust, I wish people would cite their statements. ", "Liquid water *cannot* exist on Mars. An atmosphere is required for liquid water. Without an atmosphere, the water can either be a gas or a solid; it can switch between the two without becoming liquid.", "Why does water in the soil make a difference if they found ice a little ways below the surface in like 2008? I want to celebrate with you guys but I don't know why we are celebrating.", "another reason why plants wont survive is that mars have no magnetic field so the radiation alone would kill any liveing thing on the planet without some sort of protection\n", "Not unless this changes,\n\n_URL_0_", "Mars doesn't have a strong magnetosphere like earth. So even if the conditions were perfect for a cactus, it would still die because of harmful cosmic and solar radiation.", "Question: If we dropped a shit load of lichens on mars and left them to grow and survive. (i'm talking extremely large scale here.) Could they start producing enough oxygen to start healing Mars ozone layer?", "[Don't drink the water though, I know from experience it will turn you into a zombie](_URL_0_)", "So, how do we start a kickstarter to send /u/unidan to mars for some research?", "From what I've learned about plants: Cactus, although able to survive in very extreme environments, still require a lot of water to survive. The few times that it does rain in those environments, the cacti absorb a great deal of water for storage throughout the year (for example: the Saguro cactus is one of the largest because of the gallons and gallons of water it stores within its trunk and arms).\n\nWithout any rain or precipitation the cacti and many other plants would not survive. This coupled with low or non-existent elements in the air make this not possible." ] }

[]

[ "http://gizmodo.com/nasas-curiosity-rover-just-found-water-in-martian-soil-1403908591" ]

[ [], [], [], [ "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120623145623.htm", "http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/20120515-earth-life-survive-mars.html", "http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www-k12.atmos.washington.edu/k12/mars/graphics/VL1_sols_95-97.gif" ], [], [], [ "http://31.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lxtofmBB1y1qjudgso1_250.gif" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c5f6x4v", "c5f87mp" ], "score": [ 23, 2 ], "text": [ "Basic overview:\n\nEarly animation of the simpsons was very similar to how comics used to be made (and in some ways, comics are still done this way). An animator used to do the actual drawings and animation on paper, frame by frame, using an X-sheet for timing. An x-sheet had a number of instructions, and a line for every frame (in the context meaning individual picture in the animation) , with notes along the side. These looked very similar to a spreadsheet, such as one in Excel. X-Sheets would have columns for every moving thing in the frame or scene, which in this context, is basically the \"viewer box.\"\n\nAnyway, after the animator was done with the paper part of animation (\"principle animation\"), other people would come in, trace the pictures, again frame by frame, onto transparent, celluloid sheets (ELI5: see-through paper) with dark, blank ink. Then, still more people would come in after the black ink was put on the transparent celluloid sheets and color them. Each moving thing had its own \"thread,\" per se, of celluloid sheet animation. Now comes the reason why they need to be transferred from paper to celluloid: it's modular, and helps with organization when they go to take the final frames. Each celluloid sheet is laid on top of each other with the background drawing at the very bottom of this stack, the positions of each character or moving thing having been placed earlier in the process during principle animation, or when the person is drawing each frame of animation celluloid, the labor of which was sometimes divided up by what was moving in each part of the scene.\n\nNow, after each part of what's going to constitute that frame of the scene is there, they take a picture of it. They repeat this process again and again until they have the whole scene done, and then the whole episode or movie.\n\nThe process hasn't really changed *too* much. Rather than having each frame on celluloid, they can draw it right into the computer and animate it later. In the simpsons specifically, I'm not sure if the principle animation part still takes place, but the storyboarding part (any person who has watched the extras of a Pixar dvd can tell you this) still takes place, as does the final \"picture taking process,\" albeit inside a computer program instead of a giant machine. The colors and actual animation takes place in the computer.\n\nThe reason it costs so much money is because hand-drawn animation is a bunch of hand-made drawings, which have to be drawn, again by hand, by real people. Adding in the modular workflow of drawing and animating everything separately, this amount of work is increased tenfold. The animators and artists don't work for free, and when you're on a deadline, more animators need to be hired. So the animators' and artists' salaries are one part of why it costs so much. Because of the implementation of computers, this cost has been shrunk quite a bit, but now they need power to run those computers and they need to buy the software and other tools to create the animation on these computers, and people to fix those computers when they break down, or people to program special software when they need a special effect created (not so common in run-of-the-mill animations and cartoons, but Pixar and Dreamworks has this going on a lot [e.g. particles, hair effects, lighting effects]). So, electricity and other costs commonly associated with running any type of business are taken into account here too. Because so few companies do this (in relation to other business types, such as fast-food companies and banks for example), they can charge pretty much whatever they want, with little to no regard for current market trends, as the business market outside of their niche simply does not apply to them. Intra-business markets are another thing entirely, but the layman doesn't know enough about what goes on in animation businesses to make an argument over price.\n\nSome of these details are a little foggy, and some of the nuances of this animation process are, sometimes wildly so, different from project to project.\n\nSource: I used to go to school for animation.", "[Banksy](_URL_0_) did a pretty good job of explaining it." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX1iplQQJTo" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4hr4d3" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "The hiss/crackle you're hearing is from bubbles starting to form along the bottom of the kettle, but the water higher up is too cold to sustain a boil. The bubbles cool down and collapse rapidly, causing a \"clap\" (this is relate to a concept called cavitation). When many of these bubbles collapse, you get the sound of pre-boil.\n\nThis is where I depart from what I know for sure and make an educated conjecture.\n\nBefore the water boils openly, the water throughout is at the boiling point. This means that the tiny, essentially invisible bubbles forming at the bottom do not collapse and make the crackling sound. From there, bubbles that form get big enough to see and the rest is history." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csut69w", "csutdhd", "csuv6x2", "csux78u", "csuy1ob" ], "score": [ 21, 10, 4, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Most of his money would come from Youtube views and advertising. Having as many views as Pewdipie gets would certainly net you a lot of money from Youtube.", "Youtube gets paid by advertisers to show their adverts.\n\nYoutubers can 'monetize' their videos by making them show ads before the vid, or little banner ads at the bottom while they're playing, and based on how long an ad is viewed for Youtube gets paid, and they then pass a slice of that onto the youtubers on a scale called CPM which (bizarrely) is the cost per 1000 views an ad gets. Pewdiepie gets over 70 million views a week. \n\n_If_ the CPM was **one cent** and assume that half his views get invalidated by people using AdBlock, he'd still get $350 per week. \n\nAs it stands however, the CPM is anything between about $1.50 and about $3.30 \n\nSo, that $350 per week I came up with? Yeah, multiply that by anything between 150 and 330. \n\n$4M is quite possible. \n\n**EDIT** \n\nI used one cent as a simple example. **The CPM is NOT ONE CENT, it is at least $1.50 or more**. ", "Not trying to be a dick here but why is he so popular, see maybe dozen videos and a few I want my time back from watching them.", "Hey guys,\n\nAdam Buckley gives a pretty good explanation to how much Youtubers can typically expect to make. \nSpoiler alert; not much! \n\n_URL_0_", "well in the last month alone, he has uploaded 54 videos.\n\nlets say on average thats 50 per month, thats 600 videos a year. \n\nthose 54 vids, have got 175.66 million views already (and that proablly a little lower, as numbers wont update every second)\n\nso lets say thats 175million per month, thats 2.1 billion a year! in views! \n\n\n[now this site](_URL_0_) (has crappy pop up ads.. sorry) says he made $400 from 25k views. ($395.28 from 23636 views) \n\n25,000 views = 400 USD ---- 1 view = 0.016 cents (actual is 0.0167236)\n\nhe goes on to explain that differnt youtubers can charge differnet amounts, i would guess pewdiepie can charge lots more then he can. \n\nnow lets combine the fee of 0.016 per view with pewds 175 million a month, or 2.1 billion a year. (lets call it 2billion flat) \n\nmonth = $2.8 million\n\nyear = $33.6 million \n\nnow lets remove 3/4 of that, to allow for people skipping ads, no clicking them, or using adblocker ect. \n\nthats still $8.4million USD... which is more then the suggested $4million. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/IJhrpAWkASU" ], [ "http://videopower.org/how-many-views-to-make-money-on-youtube/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3admfi", "c3adyh7", "c3admfi", "c3adyh7" ], "score": [ 2, 10, 2, 10 ], "text": [ "A network port is nothing more than an arbitrary number that helps a computer organize all the network traffic it is sending and receiving.\n\nYou've got this constant stream of data going out and coming in, and the computer has a dozen applications running all at the same time, using network resources. How does the computer know which applications get which bits of the data stream?\n\nWell, Internet Protocol (IP) addressing allows for an arbitrary number ranging from 1 - 65535 to be tacked on to the address of each IP packet. That number represents the network port.\n\nSo let's say you're running a web browser. You load up a web page. The browser finds the right IP address and opens a connection to it. It uses port 80 for this connection. This means every packet of data the computer sends through this connection will be tagged with the number 80 attached to the IP address. The browser will also talk to the OS and say \"send me anything that comes in tagged '80'\". It is *listening* on that port. Different applications on your computer can \"open\" and \"listen\" to ports as needed, with the operating system keeping track.\n\nNow, flip it around a bit; there are a bunch of incoming packets, all tagged with different numbers. The computer will look at all the packets, find the ones tagged with the number 80, and forward those to your browser (or whichever application is listening on that port.)\n\nIn this way, you can have a bunch of network applications running and using the network at the same time, without them stepping on each other's toes or seeing data that doesn't belong to them.", "Imagine you want to send a letter to your friend Mary.\n\nYou know where she lives, because you have her address. For some people, a simple address is enough because their letter is being sent to a single dwelling, but Mary lives in a large apartment building with many units and shares her address with many other people. The obvious solution is to include the apartment number with the address when sending it.\n\n* Mary's address is equivalent to an IP address\n* Mary's apartment number is equivalent to a port\n* The letter is equivalent to a packet of data being sent over the internet", "A network port is nothing more than an arbitrary number that helps a computer organize all the network traffic it is sending and receiving.\n\nYou've got this constant stream of data going out and coming in, and the computer has a dozen applications running all at the same time, using network resources. How does the computer know which applications get which bits of the data stream?\n\nWell, Internet Protocol (IP) addressing allows for an arbitrary number ranging from 1 - 65535 to be tacked on to the address of each IP packet. That number represents the network port.\n\nSo let's say you're running a web browser. You load up a web page. The browser finds the right IP address and opens a connection to it. It uses port 80 for this connection. This means every packet of data the computer sends through this connection will be tagged with the number 80 attached to the IP address. The browser will also talk to the OS and say \"send me anything that comes in tagged '80'\". It is *listening* on that port. Different applications on your computer can \"open\" and \"listen\" to ports as needed, with the operating system keeping track.\n\nNow, flip it around a bit; there are a bunch of incoming packets, all tagged with different numbers. The computer will look at all the packets, find the ones tagged with the number 80, and forward those to your browser (or whichever application is listening on that port.)\n\nIn this way, you can have a bunch of network applications running and using the network at the same time, without them stepping on each other's toes or seeing data that doesn't belong to them.", "Imagine you want to send a letter to your friend Mary.\n\nYou know where she lives, because you have her address. For some people, a simple address is enough because their letter is being sent to a single dwelling, but Mary lives in a large apartment building with many units and shares her address with many other people. The obvious solution is to include the apartment number with the address when sending it.\n\n* Mary's address is equivalent to an IP address\n* Mary's apartment number is equivalent to a port\n* The letter is equivalent to a packet of data being sent over the internet" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvzpa92", "cvzpdqd" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "Thick styrofoam is a better insulator than thin plastic, so the outside doesn't cool as much, which is what causes the condensation.", "Styrofoam is a decent insulator. Plastic cups are thin. \n\nThe outside of a Styrofoam cup isn't going to become cool so fast, and therefore won't clash with ambient temp to create condensation. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dbqunj1" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Well it obviously suggests that either stages of development or maturation are to blame.\n\nThere are dramatic changes in cardiac, ventilatory, sleep/wake patterns during that time period. The dramatic drop off after 4 months suggests that the issue is with incomplete maturation of the autonomic nervous system. In simpler terms, the coordination between these systems may be insufficient." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "crw4nhe", "crw4nrn", "crw64ya" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The air pressure is less at higher altitudes than what you are used to. There is the same amount of oxygen in the air, but there is less air. You are having to work harder to get that precious oxygen.\n\nThe first thing you might notice is being out of breath after activities that wouldn't normally cause that. Your heart will be working overtime to get oxygen to your body, so you probably notice an increased heartrate.\n\nYou should acclimate over time, but if you start to feel sick, nausea, headaches, or have a history of heart problems you may want to get yourself checked out. Or get back down to sealevel.", "Pre-edit: I wrote all of this out before I realized I'm not answering the question asked, really, but I'm sure someone will find it interesting. I put some stuff at the end about the physiology of altitude changes.\n\nThe two main things you have to be concerned with are decreased oxygen ratio in the air and lower air pressure. (The former exacerbates the latter; I'll explain that later.) I'm gonna explain everything two ways: the first just rambling however I come up with it, and the second simplifying as much as I can.\n\nWhen you breathe, a very small portion of the oxygen in the air is taken up by your blood for use. In a low altitude, that's not much of a problem because there's so much surface area in your alveoli that oxygen is still absorbed in a high enough volume. At a higher altitude, since more of the air is dead (ie. not participating in gas exchange), less oxygen is absorbed since the same surface area has less oxygen overall to work with.\n\nTo simplify, imagine you have a cube that's broken up into three layers of nine smaller cubes each. This represents your tidal volume, or the total amount of air you breathe in naturally. The inside of your lungs has the same surface area as one side of the cube, and can only absorb one row (nine cubes) per breath. If 1/3 of the cubes are oxygen, then the fact that 2/3 of the air is untouched and breathed right back out doesn't matter. Now imagine if only 1/9 of the cubes were oxygen, and the rest are nitrogen. You'd be getting 1/3 the amount of oxygen per breath, in the same volume of air.\n\nGas exchange also depends on air pressure to work properly. Diffusion is impacted by the fluid pressure on each side of the membrane. If the pressure on one side drops, the rate of diffusion goes down, and you absorb less oxygen per breath.\n\nGas exchange depends on air pressure to work right. At sea level, the air pressure \"pushes\" oxygen into your bloodstream, so your body doesn't have to work as hard to get it in there. At higher altitudes, the oxygen doesn't get \"pushed\" as hard, so you absorb less.\n\nWhat are the effects of lowered oxygen supply? Well, you'll feel a little mentally foggy for a little bit, maybe get a migraine. And your reflexes might not be as strong as they normally are. Your body needs to acclimate (and hopefully eventually acclimatize) to the reduced oxygen. Oxygen is needed for pretty much everything important in the body, so having less of it can really throw off some processes. With less oxygen in the blood, your heart has to work harder to transport enough oxygen around the body, so you'll feel a heavier and/or faster pulse too.\n\nAthletic performance is the largest indicator: Your muscles consume oxygen in order to release chemical energy at a prodigious rate when working out for more than a few seconds in a row, and when oxygen isn't available it has to rely on more anaerobic processes. Anaerobic metabolism is both less efficient (less energy over time) and it creates by-products (such as lactic acid, which is the result of unused pyruvate which would normally be converted to acetyl-CoA and taken into the mitochondria for aerobic respiration), which can make you more tired and sore.\n\nUm... I'm not sure how I can simplify the last paragraph (sorry, I've been doing this kind of work all day). The tl;dr I guess is that without oxygen, your muscles don't work as well and you get tired and sore more easily.\n\nThis is why Denver sports teams tend to win at home, since their opponents don't have time to acclimate to the reduced oxygen supply.", "There's less oxygen in the air up there. Your body has to work harder to get it and for your blood to hold it at that lower pressure. One of the ways you adapt to the decrease in oxygen is by making more red blood cells than you would have at a lower altitude. This is why a lot of runners train in high altitudes for weeks before a big race, then go to the race with more oxygen carrying capacity (due to extra red blood cells). The body will normalize itself around a week, give or take, so the athletes will go back to their normal red blood cell levels soon after the race." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dqe75pg" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "They're attracted to us for the same reason they're attracted to many other animals, and that's because we're covered in salty oils and sometimes smell.\n\nEven if there's no food, flies see the sweat and oil on your skin as a potential source of nutrition/hydration, so they go for it." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d0pmidm", "d0pmkt7", "d0pmn1u", "d0pn63r" ], "score": [ 8, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Blu-ray playback requires licenced technologies, which must be paid for and aren’t included as part of the standard Windows.", "As I understand it, the codecs needed to play bluray discs are patented. They aren't included in operating systems as standard because of cost/benefit - not enough market penetration of bluray drives to warrant every copy of windows paying royalties to include bluray codecs as standard.\n\nThere is third party software on the market that lets you play them", "The complexity and security around the copy protection was stepped up a few notches with BluRays to combat piracy, consequently it's difficult for application developers get access to the decryption keys necessary to play encrypted discs (basically all the retail movies/TV blurays you'll buy) as the organisations involved don't want it to be easy for application developers to come along and start decrypting the discs. As a result there's a very limited selection of Bluray player software available for computers (Cyberlink player is the only one I've seen).", "Thanks for the helpful comments.\n\nI wanted to include more in the OP but this would be categorized under personal bias.\n\nThe thing I really don't get is... if companies really want to protect it more, why are they more against customers as they are against the actual issue?\n\n They don't prevent people from pirating the content but they surely do prevent me as a normal customer from playing blurays without paying additional costs to a software that can. Why don't they include the software in the bluray drives themselves? They are already quite expensive and I wouldn't even mind if they'd just add the costs to the price of the drives.\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "clcgn04", "clclemh" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Yes. Our orbit would change due to the lack of mercury pulling on us. I can't do the math for how much but it would be miniscule. Mercury is fairly tiny after all so doesn't have a huge effect.", "There would *probably* be no noticeable effect.\n\nThe sun would probably blast a lot of subatomic particles off of Mercury as it was being vaporized, and if the earth were lined up just right, you might get something like aurorae, with could possibly disrupted electronics. But a lot of that would depend on how Mercury fell into the sun, and even so, it would be a million to one shot at best." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cve0dal" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "He was the Republican Speaker of the House for the past few years. As Speaker, his tenure has been marked by bitter divisions with the Democrats, and huge cracks within his own party between the more moderate Republicans and the Tea Party. Now, the Republicans will choose a new Speaker to lead the House and set their political agenda. If they choose another moderate, expect business as usual. If they choose a right-wing conservative... well, we'll see what happens. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d06ynhj", "d06zq3r", "d070j65", "d070rnf", "d070uh2", "d070x5f", "d0724ox", "d072l2w", "d072mr9", "d072zg6", "d072zxy", "d0737v4", "d0746nt", "d074at9", "d074bpq", "d074dm9", "d074v35", "d074xra", "d0757go", "d07583u", "d075slv", "d0772s1" ], "score": [ 32, 496, 3, 5, 135, 11, 3, 2, 24, 12, 16, 15, 3, 2, 11, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "The concept of a basic income is redistributive: you institute a progressive tax (i.e., mostly on the wealthy) but then equally divide the revenue among everyone. It's one way to provide a social safety net, but it's ethically troubling and disincentivizes being successful.\n\nIf you want to talk about \"the context of an ever-automated world,\" though, it's important not to fall for the Luddite fallacy: automation has historically *increased* employment, not decreased it. Although automation reduces labor costs by replacing human workers, greater economic prosperity stimulates the need for employment in all sorts of apparently unrelated sectors. The mechanization of agriculture employs bank tellers, robotics in the auto industry sustains interior designers. This, of course, in addition to new jobs related to the labor-replacing technology, such as its design, operation and construction.\n\nThe reason this holds true is comparative advantage: humans will specialize in what they efficiently produce, to be able to exchange the fruits of this labor for others. You can see it in trade between countries, but it's also applicable to humans and robots. Comparative advantage is apparent even when one side is more efficient at producing many or all things than the other side; if there is a limited labor supply, it still makes sense to focus it on the things it is most efficient at. Until robots can compete with humans at most tasks and are cheaper to produce, this 1-to-1 substitution of humans won't occur--and few people think that is in the cards anytime in the near future.", "This is very hard to say for Americans because Americans doesn't get anything like the rest of the world gets. In Sweden we give money to students and parents, we give money when you are sick or if your child gets sick as compensation for lost work days. There are lots of small incomes you get here and there for special reasons, usually not much. Perhaps 100 dollars per month for each child. \n\n A lot of suggestions are that we will remove every economical help like retirements pension etc and replace it all with a simple basic income. In most countries the cost would not go up insanely much, only a little bit since there would also be major cutbacks/removal of other costs. You would just have to make your own budget and pay for some things yourself instead with your basic income. \n\nAlso, this would be given to everyone over 18. So if you have a job you would be getting significantly more money than before, so going to work would be a lot more beneficial than not. Unlike the people who say nobody will need to work because you get the same money for doing nothing so better to just stay home. Which is not true at all. \n\n-----\n\nEdit: I have to clarify one thing before people start asking ME questions: I do not have any experience or education in economics. I am just ELI5'ing what I read in a few hundred news articles. Whenever people ask ME to tell them how this or that will work, I just google it and tell you within 10 min of googling. So, yeah a lot of my numbers are extremely incorrect sometimes. ", "See also /r/basicincome", "My thought process falls into 2 camps. Do we want to let machines do menial tasks so that we may become a more progressive global culture..thinking more and worrying less about crap that we buy to compensate for our shitty jobs( this may be wrong).....or do we need to think less of the business benefits of automation and accept that some things are more important (human financial well being)..I dunno...I'd like to think we are erudite enough as a race that the former would work!", "In an ever automated world, the cost for stuff should go down! Food/medicine/entertainment/housing would be so inexpensive that we could tax workers less while still providing assistance for more people! \n\nThis is an eventual ideal. Between now and then there will be a lot of growing pains and shortage of service. ", "I will explain why Basic Income works by explaining why it is necessary. \n\nImagine an automated world. In this world, companies like Volkswagen AG can produce the same output, but only with 500 employees, instead of 500000. \n\nBefore we go further, I explain some basic principle in today's economy. In the past, people were trading directly. Someone produced a good and used it to trade it with another good. \"Give me one of your swords, I''ll give you 10 pairs of shoes\". \n\nToday, you've only got few people working in companies, which actually produce things of value. (Volkswagen AG or a bike producing company, let's call it Bike AG) In this economy people or companies are trading their goods indirectly. Imagine an hair stylist, who serves a lot of VW employees. This hair stylist then goes to the Bike AG and buys a bike with the money he earned serving the VW employees. Why is this process important ? \n\nVW AG just indirectly traded goods with the Bike AG.\n\n Why is trading so important ?\n\nIntensive trading is improving the life for everybody. \n\nNow we can go back to our automated world. You've only got 500 employees at VW AG, which obviously earn quite a lot, because they are responsible for quite a massive output. But those employees can't distribute their wealth as good as the 500000 previously did, which means that not as much money flows to the \"hair stylist\" or any other person working in the service sector. Remember the thing I told about indirect trading in today's world ? Now we can use this knowledge. If the service persons have less money on their hands, they can't indirectly trade \"for\" VW AG as much as previously. The service persons can't buy as many bikes as they did in the non-automated world, thus the bike company has to reduce their output and in the end reduce their workforce. What just happened to the bike company would happen to every company on the planet in this automated economy. Thus you will have an ever decreasing output from all the companies, which leads to even more unemployment.\n\nThere are now two possibilities to combat this problem:\n\n1) Basic Income: The government would heavily tax the companies and the few employees and distribute the money among the people via Basic Income. Indirect trading can now happen as usual and everybody is happy, even the companies.The companies actually would be happy about paying the tax, because they know about the indirect trading and the importance of distributing money to \"the small man\".\n\n2) Companies could start employing people for nonsense-tasks to distribute their money efficiently, thus allowing indirect trade.\n\n**Extra:** This isn't part of the ELI5 answer anymore, but I always like mentioning this when talking about an automated world. \n\nStatement: Wealth from the upperclass isn't distributed to the \"small man\", but flows through the upperclass.\n\nExplanation: Rich people often buy products with large profit margins. For example, rich people are more likely to go to an expensive hair stylist. This hair stylist himself is rich, because he gets 100 Euro/hour, instead of 20 Euro/hour as a normal hair stylist would get. This rich hair stylist then will buy products/services with high profit margins, too.\n\nMeaning for automated world: For every producing company, you only got a few very important, high earning employees. Those guys are very rich and are buying products/services with high profit margins, thus creating some more rich guys in the process. Only very few money is distributed to the \"small man\", thus extreme poverty would be prevelant in this automated world. One solution to this problem would be Basic Income financed by heavily taxing the upperclass.", "The only guaranteed income proposal that ever made any sense to me is the negative income tax proposed by Milton Friedman. _URL_0_\n\nTL;DW: Basically you pick a number, say 10,000 as a base number and any amount above or below that is taxed at a certain percentage. Let's make it easy and say 50%. So if you make $15,000 your taxable income is $5,000; 50% of that is $2,500 so that is how much you pay. If you only make $5,000, then your taxable income is -$5000, and you would get $2,500. By having it set up this way you still get a minimum income for everyone, but don't get rid of the incentive to work and make more money.", "You would wake up, think \"Hmmm I could go bust my ass and start a company and make money so I can have the right to pay every homeless guy taking a piss on my door. Or I could watch the price is right in my underwear.\n\n\nCome on downnnn!!!", "I asked a similar question a while back about robots eventually taking everybody's jobs. The general consensus was it would end in one of two scenarios. One is a brutal oligarchy where a tiny percentage of people own all of the robots and dominate society; distributing just enough resources to the masses to keep society from collapsing. The other is a highly socialized society in which the government strictly controls every aspect of the economy and the distribution of resources. Basically a welfare system for everyone.\nAs much as I dislike socialism, that seems like our best bet, and the most likely scenario.\n", "I'd like to know how Basic Income would get around the problem of centralized power. If 75% of the population is dependent on the automation and labour provided by the other 25%, how does that not give enormous power to that 25%? They could essentially dictate whatever policies they want on the lower 75%, given how dependent they are. ", "Basic Income is, \"eating something - alternatively, vegetables, fish, or pizza - every day\" without having to work.\n\nWorking when you already have a Basic Income is, \"eating something that you get to choose, every day\".", "Nobody can predict how exactly it would work, but ideally:\n\n* It's a supplement for income as a social safety net, not a license to bum around and get baked everyday. Think of it as simply rearranging the existing social support systems to improve efficiency by removing the bulk of the bureaucracy. This would free up some costs of social support, allowing more funds to be directed towards the actual recipients.\n\n* It should be a *guaranteed* income, where people only receive the difference if they make less than the determined base amount.\n\n* The owners of automation systems, now freed of much of their staffing and payroll costs, are taxed at a rate that helps fund the basic income system (oh, you thought they were just going to pass on the savings to the public by their own free will? HAHAHAHAHAHA...)\n\n* It would be augmented by public awareness campaigns to promote and incentivize productivity.\n\nThe idea is that it removes the barriers and stigma caused by having so much bureaucracy for determining who is \"worthy\" of receiving benefits and how much they're \"worthy\" of receiving.", "It wouldn't. It's an extension of an old luddite theory, now combined with population control and false understanding of \"AI\". It's a great way to create a permanent underclass that exists solely to serve promoting the state, and destroy perhaps trillions of advancements in the future, though. ", "Currently I make about $70,000 per year, and my Federal income tax is about $15,000. With Universal basic income, would someone like me receive a check from the government, or just pay significantly less tax?", "Adults get a check each month, preferably more than it costs you to survive. Ideally, but not strictly necessary, it would be adjusted based on local (or regional) cost of living. You don't apply; it doesn't matter what other income you have.\n\nChildren would complicate the math some.", "Wait wait, I'm confused. So, if everyone gets the same basic income, and people can still work and get another source of income...would the amount received from basic income be enough to, you know, live on yourself? Or would the price of everything go up because it's assumed you'll also have a job on the side?", "As automation increases, robots compete with humans for jobs, with extraordinary success. In a normal market this would drive down the cost of labor as people are forced to take lower-paying jobs to make it worthwhile to an employer to hire them rather than add a robot. However, we already have a minimum wage in place. So what happens is that as soon as the robot gets cheaper than minimum wage, no human will ever get the job. Consequence: unemployment goes up. \n\nAs a society we have choices:\n\n- we let people be unemployed, and hope that the market innovates and finds new jobs that are not automatable. \n\n- we accept expanded unemployment rolls and the attendant cost. \n\n- we start a massive re-education program to try and create skilled workers for some jobs outside the scope of automation. \n\nThe Basic Income is a different proposal. What the Basic Income suggests is that we give up on demanding corporations provide a living wage, let people take jobs at any price (repeal minimum wage), dismantle the unemployment system (which has enormous administrative costs for the control and anti-fraud measures) and we simply give every person a flat amount of money that is enough to keep them from being destitute. Now, the current welfare systems (especially for instance, in the US) are horrendously inefficient at providing aid, largely because Congress/state legislatures keeps passing restrictions that have to be enforced. (don't spend it on tobacco, or unhealthy food, luxury items, get drug tested, report every day you were unavailable to work, get checked you are going to interviews, etc) with Basic income you ignore all that. Everyone gets a check, and it's your money, end of. By getting rid of a LOT of overhead, the Basic Income becomes more affordable than you would expect. But it still requires more taxation in every country it's been studied in. \n\nBut that is the concept - eliminate means-testing. Just give everyone enough to be off the street and fed. If you want a better life than that, there are (now-shockingly low-paid) jobs available. Companies now fulfill their part of the social contract in the form of increased taxes. \n\nSimilarly, this goes hand-in-glove with universal health care and individual mandates - which could go a step further and remove the company from that transaction as well. Make all individuals fully responsible for buying health insurance, with some subsidies at the very low end. Suddenly, running a company became a million times easier. Pay one tax bill and you're done. Your HR department is freed up from managing a health plan, which no company likes doing. Overheads slim down, labour costs down, EBIT skyrockets, but then there's a bigger tax bill. \n\nBut that is the overall vision behind Basic Income in a capitalist society. ", "Tax the owners of capital and capital return. If we accept that there will be \"Haves\" and \"Have-Nots\" in society then that those that derive their income from investment will have to sustain the people who society has no need for as a matter of necessity: who else is going to buy the products their ever-automated factories produce?", "I wonder how long it would take after ubi for people to sign away their income to a shady company for a lump sum payment. Id imagine quite quickly.", " Are you familiar with how the concept of insurance works? Yeah, it's like that...except with basic income there wouldn't be a private corporation 'middle-man' trying to fuck you in the ass every time they need to pay out. Everyone makes less, but everyone would have a basic income safety net, so to speak. \n\nIt honestly could work in perfect world, but I doubt the US gov't is efficient enough to make it work....If left in the hands of US corporations, they would be to god damn greedy to make it work.", "I think it is worth looking into in many years to come if its necessary. I'm not pro or against it because its just not needed now until the world is significantly more automated than it is. But some ideas to consider for the pro people out there. Do you think a system like this would encourage laziness? I think there is a human need to do something productive. For most of us that is a mixture of friends, work and family. I think we do lose something if you just get money and can do whatever you want. I enjoy my free time in part because I've earned it. When I've had brief periods of unemployment that feeling goes away and free time becomes dead time. \n\nAs I say not 100% against it because I think there will be a point where we won't need drivers to move trucks anymore, or people to make food in factories or people to move things in warehouses. All of those have been automated in part or are moving steadily towards it. Maybe other industries spring up and people just retrain who knows.", "Basic income is taking some tax on automation and redistributing it to everyone. Everyone gets the same amount. If it is replacing other social safety nets, then it should be at least the amount those beneficiaries would have received. If it isn't, then it is just an even split of whatever earmarked taxes are collected. It doesn't need to be enough to live from (it's $0 right now, in the US, anyway).\n\nTaxing automation would not necessarily stop companies or people from switching over. The switch should save some percentage of production cost. As long as the tax is less than those savings, then there are still some savings to make the conversion worth it. However, I think it's impractical to try to monitor when automation is being used and when it isn't. There would be too much debate over what counts as automation and what doesn't. Instead, figure out which industries have been increasing productivity by increasing automation and increase taxes equally within each industry (or even across many similar industries) with exceptions for small businesses. Also, let the taxes increase over time to scale with automation." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtpgkX588nM" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d88pis7", "d88qawv" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "There have been ice ages, cyclically, in the past. That's pretty good evidence that there will be Ice Ages in the future. Not next week, mind you, but in the future.\n\nThe problem is that human history is really short. The Pyramid is like 5,000 years ago, the last Ice Age Peaked about 20,000 years ago, and the previous one about 130,000 years ago.", "Perhaps. The trouble is, climate is a nonlinear dynamic system--that famous \"butterfly effect.\" So we really can't predict far in advance what a rise in global temperature might do in the long run.\n\nWe *are* fairly certain that large amounts of fresh water being dumped into the North Atlantic--like, if the Greenland ice sheet melted--would shut off the North Atlantic Drift, a huge underwater current of warm water brought up from around the Gulf of Mexico. It's the NAD that gives England a temperate climate, instead of the chilly, almost Arctic climate its latitude would otherwise merit. So the UK at least might suffer a mini ice age in the next couple of centuries.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dfd1b4a", "dfd1bjv" ], "score": [ 6, 12 ], "text": [ "It takes two things to develop a great recipe: bravery to eat some nasty tastes, and perseverance to make 100 nasty tastes for every 1 good taste.", "Almost all recipes are created by evolution. Something works, then someone tries adding another ingredient or another step. Lots of these don't work out well, but sometimes one does, so then you have a more intricate recipe. Repeat." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpejwkf", "cpekwzr" ], "score": [ 14, 2 ], "text": [ "Essentially these programmes are put into place to fix the inequality between black education and whites, female education and males. Don't forget not long ago women couldn't vote - couldn't speak their minds - couldn't attend colege. Same for a black at the time. Pretty much the same reason native americans can run casinos but generally speaking no one else is allowed. It's a big attempted apology from the powers that be - throw money at it and maybe the problem will right itself eh?", "Because people still have the ill conceived notion that white men are given everything in life. In the past that may have been true, but it's an outdated view, much like racism itself. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpmj20s", "ckycnyk", "ckyd6df", "ckydbvu", "ckyfscb", "ckyg2ek", "ckygzvz", "ckyh5gh", "ckyhsa9", "ckyht9q", "ckyk5gg", "ckykdiu", "ckykxzg", "ckylnvq", "ckynp3b", "ckypraz", "ckyptru", "ckypynm", "ckyrxwe", "ckyx52y", "ckz1qpr", "ckz4x1e", "ckz67ak" ], "score": [ 2, 119, 14, 4340, 12, 2, 4, 9, 22, 6, 7, 176, 6, 9, 4, 2, 2, 2, 7, 36, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "One of my favourite childhood games (on Philips CD-I!) explains this topic. I uploaded part of Tell Me Why 2 here:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nAlso adequately explains the topic to an actual five-year-old.", "dry cleaning uses chemicals that aren't water to clean fabric that would be too delicate to be washed with soap, water, and agitation. \n\nmost of the time it uses a non-flamable organic solvent called tetrachloroethylene. It's a really good solvent which is why they use it to clean clothes, unfortunately it is toxic", " > dry cleaning uses chemicals that aren't water to clean fabric that would be too delicate to be washed with soap, water, and agitation.\nmost of the time it uses a non-flamable organic solvent called tetrachloroethylene. It's a really good solvent which is why they use it to clean clothes, unfortunately it is toxic\n\nThere are a ton of solvents used in dry cleaning depending on what you are cleaning out of a given material.\n\nThe misnomer of \"dry\" cleaning is that the items actually get wet - they just don't get wet with water. Much less agitation is used, and generally little heat. This protects fabrics that are damaged by water/heat and the associated drying that comes after water washing. Solvent evaporates quickly, mostly on its own, so you don't need to heat dry things.", "Dry cleaning is basically just like a large front load tumble drum washing machine with the exception that no water is used. That is what is implied by the \"dry\" part. But in reality the clothes get plenty \"wet\", just not with water. There are many solvents that we use now other than the old traditional tetrachlorethylene. They are all safer and less toxic. But they are all still solvents that excel at removing oily stains. For other stains we usually add a bit of spotter chemical to the stain to pretreat. And we inject a specially blended detergent into the solvent to help break up and dissipate some stain solids like food or mud. The dry cleaning machine itself has one or more huge tanks where it stores the solvent. During the process the solvent runs through many filters to catch debris and keep the solvent as clean and fresh as possible. Some of these filters we change daily, weekly, monthly, and some every few months. \n\nAs a third generation dry cleaner the strangest part to me is that the \"dry cleaning\" is probably the least important part. Most of our customers could wash these items at home but then they would have to iron them which is the chore they don't want. Of course the ironing is easy for us because the solvent creates far fewer wrinkles than soap and water would, and we use huge expensive specialized presses that make getting out the wrinkles fast and easy. From our perspective as the folks doing the work the hardest part of the job is the effort we put into having to keep everything organized so after tumbling around with all your neighbor's clothes we can pull out only yours and get them back to you. \n\nIf any of you have any other questions about what we do and how we do it I would love to try and answer them.", "Follow-up question: why do all professionally pressed shirts have the pressed oval near the bottom button?", "I work at one.\n\nBasically a washing machine with chemicals, they get cooked out of your clothes like a liquor still and then are reused again. ", "There are several comments here explaining that clothes still get wet, just not using water. So, why is it called 'dry' cleaning? Do the clothes come out dry or dry extremely quickly or is there another reason?", "Is it really worth it to dry-clean nice clothes, or can I just use the \"delicate\" washer setting and air dry? I'm thinking about men's suit pants and dress-shirts primarily. \n\nThis has always been a nagging question, and dry cleaning costs really add up!", "What do you do with unclaimed clothes? Sell them? ", "[Found a short video from Business Insider](_URL_0_) showing some of the process.", "Pro tip: dont be a bum and please unbutton your shirts and dont leave your clothes inside out. Its a pain in the ass. \n\nAlso not every stain will come out. Dont be mad if you get your clothes back and theres a small stain that didnt come out and you never pointed it out. We will be glad to redo it for you. We go through hundreds of pieces of clothes every day. Also remember, youre handing in dirty clothes. Just because theres a stain on there that you dont remember getting, doesnt mean it didnt happen when you wore it. People seem to think they are immaculate and incapable of dirtying their clothes when they wear them. \n\nMost dry cleaners are small businesses. We always try to do the best job we can, but there is only so much we can do. We charge $1.90 for 1 button down shirt, yet people expect you to go to hell and back for it. Just be reasonable. Point out spots before hand, well try the best we can to get it out but we arent miracle workers. People have no problem spending $5 for a latte at starbucks but you can bet your ass there is way more amount of labor involved in doing your $1.90 shirt, then that $5 latte that costs starbucks 14cents to produce. ", "I own a few dry cleaning stores. Dry clean machine is like a huge all-in-one washing machine that doesn't use water but use a special solvent. It washes your garments, then blows heated air inside to dry them. At the end of the cycle, the garments comes out cleaned and dried. The solvent used to wash them are distilled in a distillation tank and reused. The main reason you want to dry clean your clothe is because the solvent used in a dry clean machine does not shrink or re-shape your garments. The solvent is also designed to be gentle for soft fabrics like silk. But the heat used to dry your garments can and will melt cheap plastic decorations. After the garment is dried, it is steam ironed in the old fashioned way by a person.\n\nThe solvent most dry clean machines use are tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), commonly called PERC. Probably over 90% of the dry cleaning stores around you use that and it can cause cancer. It is still widely used because it's cheap and still the best way to get your clothe clean.\n\nWe changed our machine to a hydrocarbon dry cleaning machine early last year. The solvent this hydrocarbon dry clean machine doesn't cause cancer and is bio-degradable. It cleans just as good as an old PERC machine but it runs almost twice as long to clean a load. The old PERC machine could wash and dry your garments in about 35-45 minutes. Our new machine takes as long as 80 minutes to finish a load. The machine is also very expensive. Cost more than twice what a good PERC machine would cost.\n\nMost neighborhood dry cleaners can't afford to convert to more environmental and health friendly dry clean machines because they are usually individual owned. A single family that operate one dry clean store simply don't make enough to pay for a $80,000+ machine. Sometimes that's more than two years of earnings for that family. I expended my store early and bought more stores to chain into my old store so I could afford to buy a new environmental and health friendly dry clean machine. I also had a baby coming and wanted to be healthy for that too.\n\nA few dry cleaners had also converted to \"Wet Cleaning\" machine. It is basically a washer that uses water and set to \"extra gentle\" cycle. I looked into it before I decided to buy the hydrocarbon dry clean machine. There are some significant disadvantages with it. First, its \"extra gentle\" cleaning cycle is not all that good at removing stains. Second, \"wet cleaned\" garments shrink and can get damaged because they were washed with water. They fix this with a special drying machine that dry and reshape each garment one after the one. There's always a risk that some garments could shrink or be damaged too much to be reshaped by the drying machine. I don't like that potential problem constantly hanging over me. The machine itself can be cheaper than a regular PERC machine. But for me, the disadvantages of \"Wet Cleaning\" far out weigh any advantages.\n\nSource: Myself, owner operator of dry clean stores.", "What weirds me out about dry cleaning is that it uses perchloroethylene (perc, for short) as it's cleaner. I worked with perc when I worked in a film lab...it's used as a cleaner for film negatives, and also, I believe, aircraft parts.\n\nIt is real nasty stuff if it touches your skin. Dries you right out and a large percentage of the population will get dermititus from contact. The fumes are Godawful. Our Health and Safety people went crazy whenever somebody got in physical contact with the stuff...and it's used on our clothes?\n\n", "Dry cleaning involves soaking the clothes in a chemical solvent and lightly agitating it. It is used for clothes that are easy to damage when water and/or heat are used (wrinkling or warping).\n\nIn ancient Rome, they used ammonia from urine to clean their linens.\nIn the mid-19th century, kerosene was discovered to be an excellent solvent for the purpose of cleaning in clothes.\nIn the modern day, they use a chemical called PERC (short for PERChloroethylene), as it's much safer to use (it's nonflammable).\n\nToday's \"dry cleaning\" also performs another step that most people would find difficult to do at home: pressing your clothes, so you don't have to risk ironing them. ", "What I don't understand is, how are dry cleaning solvents gentler on clothes than water? It seems like they'd be harsher.", " > During the process the solvent runs through many filters to catch debris and keep the solvent as clean and fresh as possible.\n\nDoes that mean the solvent is re-used for the next batch?", "A big portion of the water quality issues associated with Fort Bragg in NC are attributed to an old dry cleaning business that used to be nearby. They allegedly just dumped the used perchloroethylene (fucking horrible stuff) out back of the store.", "Does dry cleaning also remove dust particles as if washed?", "Dry Cleaning is a process invented to make sure environmental scientists stay employed finding hazardous waste spills for generations to come. \n ", "TL;DR: water is a polar solvent and dry cleaning chemicals are non-polar solvents.\n\nToo late for the thread, but here's the science if anyone's interested.\n\nSimply think of a pretend scenario where you have to make the choice between using two different types of water to clean your clothes. Only one of the choices will remove the stain on your shirt. Think of plain old tap water as one of the choices and dry cleaning chemicals as the other choice. I will explain how water (a polar solvent) differs from dry cleaning chemicals (a non-polar solvent).\n\nDon't get hung up on the term \"polarity\" it just describes the behavior of the two different types of \"water\" (two different choices of solvent, tap water or dry cleaning) that I'm going to describe below. (If you're interested: [polarity](_URL_0_) occurs from the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms of different mass)\n\nThe ability to dissolve the stain on our shirt (solubility) is based on the principle that \"like dissolves like\". One type of \"water\" dissolves one type of stain and the other dissolves the other type. (Polar solvents dissolve polar stains and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar stains.)\n\nDry cleaning isn't necessarily \"dry\" it just uses a \"water\" (solvent) that's not tap water.\n\nStains are trapped particles between the cotton fibers of our shirt. We have to dissolve them to get them out.\n\nHow does the normal process of washing clothes at home get stains out?\n\nAny kind of soap is a long molecule, like a snake, that has a polar head (usually a double bonded oxygen) and a tail with a long chain of non-polar atoms. The non-polar tail is able to interact with non-polar stains, completely surround it and lift it from the material like a bubble, while on the outside surface the polar heads interact with the solvent: water. This in effect, dissolves the non-polar stain into the polar solvent, water. \n\nStains that are not removed by water are non-polar. Grease, oils, and most hydrocarbons are non-polar.\n\nOkay, so what makes dry cleaning different? Instead of fooling the water into dissolving the stain by surrounding the stains in a bubble of polar/non-polar soap molecules we can just remove the non-polar stain directly with a non-polar solvent like tetrachloroethylene (two carbon atoms bonded to four chlorine atoms). The non-polar solvent is able to directly remove (dissolve) the non-polar stain, without needing water or soap.\n\n", "So why do pants cost twice as much as shirts to get dry cleaned? I feel like it would be easier/quicker to dry clean pants than shirts. ", "It's a washing process that uses a non-polar solvent instead of water.", "\"The ancient Roman dry cleaning used ammonia (derived from urine) as solvent to launder their woolen togas. These laundries obtained urine from farm animals, or from special pots situated at public latrines\". \n\nWikipaedia." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://youtu.be/suPKSgXmkuI?t=1m16s" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6ZU0Hc3ap8" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dulhdws", "duljhyz", "dun1uae" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "When you look at chemical reactions on paper, you look at things like 2x H2 + O2 = 2x H20.\n\nThe problem is that atoms are **really fucking tiny** and there's no good way to count them for actually *doing* chemistry.\n\nEnter the mole. It's this magic number of atoms that's arbitrarily defined such that \"12 grams of carbon 12 has 1 mole of carbon atoms in it\". This lets you do things like \"2 moles H2 + 1 mole O2 = 2 moles H2O\" knowing that everything will balance out.", "I've always compared 'moles' in chemistry to 'packets' in regular cooking. It is just another way to indicate an amount of things. \n\nFor instance, if you want to make an apple pie. Your list could say 30000000 grains of sugar. Which is accurate, but annoying to work with. Instead you could say 100 grams of sugar, which is better, but again more complicated than just saying 'one packet of sugar'.\n\nIn chemistry you dont usually say you need 0.00000000000001 grams of hydrogen, but rather 'one pack of hydrogen', i.e. one mole of hydrogen.", "I'm also a high school student currently, and what helped me to understand the mole is just to think of it in a different way: the mole is just an amount of substance. Think about math class, for instance. If you have plenty of fractions, it's a lot easier to work with the numbers if you convert those fractions to decimals if the fractions have really large, hard-to-visualize numbers. The mole is a unit that's equivalent to the amount of carbon atoms in 12 grams of Carbon-12 (the number is about ~6.022 x 10^23). That's all it is, just a really big number that converts from one thing to another (like molecules to grams, for example [more specifically, molecules to moles, then moles to grams]). Since atoms are so small, calculating with them (instead of grams, for example) is pretty annoying when you start having enough where using grams would be more practical or easier to visualize. So, the mole is used to make it easier. If I wanted to say to someone, \"See you in a week!\" I wouldn't say \"See you in 168 hours!\" because that's harder for humans to visualize, because at that point, you're better off using days/weeks/etc to measure time." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3wtf4b", "c3wucar", "c3x0hdh" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The \"key\" emits a series of timed pulses. The car recognizes only one pattern.", "1. Electromagnetic signals can transmit arbitrary numerical data.\n\n2. The key fob (thing with buttons on it) is an electromagnetic transmitter.\n\n3. The car contains an electromagnetic receiver\n\n4. At manufacture-time, the car and key fob are \"linked\"\n\nSo, it's no harder to make a unique signal than it is to make any other unique number. ", "The exact system varies from manufacturer to manufacturer and even from one model of car to another.\n\nOne system I'm familiar with is Microchip Corporation's [\"Keeloq\"](_URL_0_) technology. This basically uses a \"rolling code\" to encrypt the data that gets sent via radio waves from the key fob to the car.\n\nThe rolling code is a binary number, created and updated by something called a \"non-linear feedback shift register\", so it changes in weird and unpredictable ways. This prevents someone from \"listening\" to the radios signal sent by the keyfob, and then guessing what the next code will be. If they could guess the next code they could fake the radio signal from the key fob, and possibly steal the car." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeeLoq" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cg8mpsh", "cg8mx0r", "cg8n6uo" ], "score": [ 2, 11, 2 ], "text": [ "There's no decision being made, evolution isn't about perfection, it's about \"good enough\".\n\nA random mutation happens (warmer or lighter fur), and if it's beneficial the bear in question has an edge against competition, so the mutation is more likely to pass on. If it's harmful, the opposite happens.", "Evolution doesn't \"decide\" anything. When reproduction occurs, the offspring derives all of its genetic material from its parent(s). However, replicating the genes is not always perfect, and sometimes mutations arise that give the offspring slightly different traits from its parents. These mutations can sometimes affect certain aspects of the offspring's life that make it more able or less able to survive to reproduction age and pass on these mutated genes. \n\nLet's say that we take a look at the ancestors of cats. For the sake of argument, we'll assume that they have similar eyesight and nighttime visibility to humans. One day, two cats reproduce and their offspring's genes mutate to make its nightvision *slightly* better. If the cats live in an environment where nightvision is an advantage in survival, this offspring cat will have a higher likelihood to survive and pass on its genes than the cats without the mutation of better nightvision. Over millions of years, if the mutation is advantageous enough, this will result in that entire population of cats having the mutation since cats with it are able to reproduce more often than cats without it. \n\nSo it's not that anything is \"decided.\" It's that randomly generated mutations are selected by the probability that they allow the organism to win in competition with others.", "Evolution is not a conscious, guided process. No animal looks around, says \"Hey, night vision would really help out, so I'll just work on that now!\"\n\nEvolution happens because different individuals are born with genetic variation. Every creature's DNA is a little bit different. DNA **randomly** mutates and creates changes in what an animal looks like. These changes tend to be very, very small. But over time, as these changes are passed on, and make offspring on average just a *bit* more successful than other ones, it can lead to whole new species emerging, who are better suited for other environments.\n\nThen reason why it LOOKS like animals \"chose\" to evolve good traits is because, simply put, we do not see all the failures unless we look at the fossil record (and even then, we can only catch glimpses). In the present day, all we see are the organisms that are CURRENTLY successful in their environment. And that too will eventually change." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cgg1012", "cgg3fop" ], "score": [ 2, 4 ], "text": [ "It can increase eye-strain.", "Watching TV with the lights off does have an effect on your eyes. This [study](_URL_0_) found that there was higher visual discomfort, higher frequency of blinking, fatigue and eyestrain.\n\nHowever, the key word is ***fatigue***. Watching TV in the dark does not cause *damage*, but it causes your eyes to tire out." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/04/060425015643.htm" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cz7pd3m", "cz7pj2r", "cz7pv44", "cz7q1qh", "cz7rcoi" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "There are many recipes for colas. To satisfy you there would have to be a taste test which could be done. It could be done with you as the taster with public recipes. You could not tell the difference. The secret formula is a publicity thing.", "I've had a few that I can't spot any difference. The only trouble is the brand is a huge placebo. \n\nI bet no one here has ever tried kmart Australia's 'RC Cola' from about 10 years ago, but I'm sure that was just rebadged coke if not a perfect copy by whichever other company happened to make it.", "Not exactly what you're talking about, but it's interesting to think about [what would happen if Pepsi found \\(or reverse-engineered\\) Coke's secret formula](_URL_0_). \n\nTL;DR: everyone would make less money since it devalues the premium of brand name cola", "This essentially has been done. Pepsi and RC Cola are two examples of nearly identical products to Coca Cola. Their exact recipe might be a secret but it's unimportant because Pepsi and RC Cola have been making nearly identical copies for over 100 years. \n\nIf another company cracked the code to Coca Cola's (alliteration for the win?) recipe, chances are they would die out before people even really knew. Coca Cola would buy them out or the general public would say \"screw saving 5 cents, I rather just get the real thing.\"", "A recipe is more than just a list of ingredients. The exact technique is critically important.\n\nJust knowing the right chemical formula using high pressure liquid chromatograpy doesn't actually tell you how to synthesize something. There are lots of substances on Earth that we can describe perfectly in terms of its chemistry but we have no idea how to synthesize.\n\nIn the case of coca cola, it's easy to come close, but very hard to exactly duplicate it.\n\nSo basically you have two scenarios:\n\n1. Other cheap brands don't have the money or resources to make an exact copy.\n\n2. Other premium brands, like Pepsi, have no desire to make an exact copy even if they could, they'd rather have another brand that some people think tastes *better*.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "http://freakonomics.com/2006/07/07/how-much-would-pepsi-pay-to-get-cokes-secret-formula/" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cbfq5y0", "cbg8fnl" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ " > and why is it still inactive to this day?\n\nIt is active. \n\nThe radiation levels were never considered unsafe there. It was contained extremely well, and the radiation released to the most contaminated individuals was about a third of what an average person receives in background radiation in a year. \n\nI do have some anecdotal evidence, though. I knew a guy who had a very rare kind of leg cancer, and had to have his leg removed. It is so rare, that only three people have been diagnosed, and all 3 were relatively close to 3 Mile Island (50 miles are so). This was his theory about it, though. Given the levels of radiation, it is more likely that there is a different local contributing factor.", "From what I read in a magazine, there was actually a problem in the software. Basically if a valve was opened, the software was supposed to light it up on the graphical interface so that technicians could react accordingly. Now, when you write your lines in a program, that's how they'll be read. The software worked like this:\n\n\n* Light up valve in the graphical interface\n* Check valve status: is it closed or opened?\n* If valve is opened, keep it lit\n* if valve is closed, stop lighting it.\n\n\nAnd there was a glitch in the program, it never checked the status of the Valve and thus the technicians got the wrong reading (they thought it was opened when it was closed). The whole fiasco could have been averted if the developer had been more rigorous." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dbq7tse", "dbq8wm3", "dbq8xoi", "dbq8yhq" ], "score": [ 21, 2, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The dificulty with discovering digits of Pi, or other similar numbers, is in computing them, and verifying them.\n\nComputing such number requires a lot of processing power and time, which is expensive.\n\nVerifying usually requires the execution of other algorithms which also take a lot of processing power and time.\n\nAs time goes on, computers get better and can do more costing less, so new digits are found.\n\nNewer methods compute digits are also discovered.", "Here is an article about an algorithm that is used to calculate the nth digit of Pi without calculating the preceding digits.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThere are other algorithms to generate the digits of Pi. Some of these are used as a benchmark to test supercomputers.", "There are essentially two ways, once involving measurements and one involving computation.\n\nLet's start with what you know: pi is the ratio of a circle's diameter to its circumference. To start, we measure both those things. Say we get a measurement of 1 unit for the diameter. We don't have a great measuring tool, but we can tell the circumference is at least 3 units around, but definitely less than 3.5 units. So we call pi 3.25. We find a better tape measure and realize that the circumference is actually 3.1 units. That's pi. Oh but wait, we stretched the tape a bit last time, so it's actually around 3.15 units. No wait, now there was a kink: 3.142 units. And so on, with more precise measurements. Except now we discover that our diameter was only .999 units, not 1, so we adjust accordingly.\n\nThat's the old way. But you can see how more and more time and effort can yield more exact results.\n\nAs I understand it, the computation method operates basically the same but in reverse. Assume we know that pi starts with a 3, but nothing else. We check 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, . . . 3.9 to see which most closely match the solutions to formulas we know to be true. Here, we see that 3.1 and 3.2 are the closest, so we know that 3.1 must be right. Next, we try 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, . . . 3.19. Again, we find that 3.14 and 3.15 are closest. So we know 3.14. And we repeat.\n\nAt the earlier levels of these, it's fairly simple to run calculations by hand or even in your head. Once you're dealing with trillion-digit numbers, though, you need a computer to handle the data and run the calculations. Essentially the pi-finding machines are just checking numbers and seeing if they are accurate.\n\n(that said: I seem to be running across things suggesting that this may not be the *actual* way they do it, but it at least would be *a* way for it to be done, and because the question seemed to be more about how we *could* rather than necessarily the exact process followed, I think it still gets at the idea).", "They are writing computer programs to compute more digits of pi.\n\nPi can be expressed as various infinite series. For example, pi = 4 - 4/3 + 4/5 - 4/7 + 4/9 ...\n\nComputer pi to more digits is simply a matter of expanding an infinite series to more terms. But not that one, it is kind of terrible." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Borwein%E2%80%93Plouffe_formula" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dtd4lmx", "dtdilb7" ], "score": [ 4, 5 ], "text": [ "It doesn't really. Obviously you can quench your thirst by drinking water, although this works by cooling and wetting the mouth. \n\nYou could drink enough water to not be hungry, as your stomach can only detect if it's full.", "An organism, like a human, can be viewed as a complex machine full of receptors that takes stimuli from its environment, both external and internal. The human body has special receptors that can tell whether you drank some water or eaten some food.\n\nWhen you drink water, the salts in your body reduce their concentration (they get diluted), which sends a signal to the brain, telling \"we just had some water, the thirst protocol is no longer required\". When you consume food, there's a quick breakdown of the chemicals in it, specially for glucose. When the signal for \"we just had some glucose\" is sent to the brain, the \"hunger protocol\" is put on hold.\n\nThe specifics of each one are quite complex and are beyond the scope of ELI5, if you want more information, try asking at /r/askscience!" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f4krxzf" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "There are absolutely happy hallucinations.\n\nThe problem is that most of the time hallucinations are related to a disorder or a problem that you're having, thus making it more likely to be about that problem. I.e. if you are hallucinating because you are sick, your brain will be trying to tell you that you're sick, and thus hallucinations wont be happy. Or a mentally disabled patient might be hallucinating the flaming demon that represents his father, because his father beat him in childhood. But if you are happy, and take some shrooms, its entirely possible you will see laughing unicorns that poop rainbows." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cj4k0a2" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "There isn't really an established procedure to this - it all depends on what the war was about and what the winning country wants out of it. \n\nAfter World War I, the victorious Allies imposed a bunch of punitive measures against Germany and the other defeated Central Powers.\n\nAfter World War II, the victorious Allies helped Germany rebuild." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e31385s", "e31741p", "e31fxqj" ], "score": [ 8, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Light comes in little packets called photons. These packets can't exactly spread out on their own. They travel in the direction they are emitted in until something like a lense or mirror makes them go a different direction. A laser is set up so that light bounces in a particular direction inside, and this stimulates atoms to send out more light in the same direction. Any little bits of light that are created not travelling along this line just don't end up in the beam. They usually hit the inside of the case holding the laser. So in a sense you have a machine gun firing light particles in a single direction with no reason to really spread out.", "It does. It just does so as slowly as is physically possible for that size (diameter) beam. All light beams with a finite width will spread as they propagate. This is called 'diffraction'. Actually any type of wave (sound, water, matter) will exhibit diffraction.\n ", "The light is \"columnated.\" Meaning the mirrors inside the laser make all the photons go out in one direction. Photons will continue in the same direction unless they're acted upon by another force. Therefore, the light doesn't \"spread\" (much.) " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c804o4a", "c804p6f", "c806y8v" ], "score": [ 5, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Well they have...\n\nThe chic fil a by me has peel back ketchup containers with \"3 times more ketchup!\"\n\nEDIT: I found a [picture!](_URL_0_)", "Let's say the current size holds 1 oz. Then, let's say you triple the size of the packets to 3 oz. But, if I want 4 oz. of ketchup then I have to get two packets and waste 2 oz.", "Just because *you* always use more than one packet, and maybe some other people you know, that doesn't mean *everyone* does!" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://i.imgur.com/Ki0Sq7e.jpg" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d1iswe2", "d1it56z" ], "score": [ 47, 2 ], "text": [ "Not Canadian, but this should be fairly universal:\n\n > For example, if a fancy condo gets built in/near a lower-income area. How does it work (in terms of the actual economics/the market)?\n\nImagine a line of 11 communities. From left to right, the homes get progressively worse... lower quality, less enjoyable to live in, etc. So some nice, beautiful mansions/condos on the left, and some dilapidated crack houses all the way on the right. \n\nYou live in the very middle community. It's not as good as the left. Not as bad as the right. Where would you prefer to go outside and play? \n\nYou'd probably prefer to go to the left a bit. It's nicer there. Better kept. Nice things are generally taken care of, which means its more safe, less crime, more enjoyable.\n\nGiven the option, you would happily move to any community to your left vs. to your right. In fact, most people would. Rarely, if ever, would someone choose to live in a crime invested area when they could live in some safe luxurious neighborhood. So if it cost the same amount to live in any of the 11 neighborhoods... why would anyone pay to live to the right when the same money gets them to the left?\n\nAnd this is where the economics come into play. \n\nGoing back to your example, before that fancy condo was built, it was just near a low-income area that was likely less desirable to live in/near than other areas. But now... now there is a fancy condo. Sure, some people may not want to live in a fancy condo near a low-income area... and that may prevent the fancy condo from making as much money as a fancy condo near a nicer area... but a fancy condo is still nicer than a not-fancy-condo... which means, given the option of living in a fancy condo, many folks will opt-in if the price is right.\n\nSo that fancy condo has created an increase in value for the area of land it exists on. That increase of value generally means the property tax on that piece of property goes up... but that doesn't immediately have an affect on the surrounding area. For that, we have to look at the economic ripple affect.\n\nThose people who have signed up to live in the fancy condo are likely paying more to live there than they would to live in the low income area surrounding it. Which means they probably have better jobs, more disposable income, etc. Having a high concentration of people like that draws in business. Maybe it starts with a dry cleaner... or a coffee shop to take advantage of everyone in the condo's morning commute.\n\nSuddenly a fancy condo in a low income area has turned into a fancy condo and a coffee shop and a dry cleaner. Those are things some people value when they choose a place to live, so more people want to live in the fancy condo. Restaurants pop up. Maybe a park or two are built.\n\nThe area slowly becomes more desirable to live in, and as it does, the cost to live in the fancy condo rises as well. In fact, it may rise so much that it makes more sense to buy property in the lower-income area and convert it to something nice vs. buy a condo... sure it may not be as good as the condo, but it is still in a \"nice area.\" This concept drives up the market rate of the properties in the area, and the market rate / property values are generally tied to property taxes.\n\nIn other words, higher property value = higher property tax... and a single investment into a piece of property that creates value can, as a consequence, create value in the entire area surrounding that piece of property... and that value is how many areas decide on how much tax you must pay.\n\nIt goes the other way as well. If that condo turns into a radioactive waste site... suddenly the low-income area becomes a ghost town, since no one wants to live there, even if it is way below market rates.\n\n > Is there any room for policy controlling some aspect of this, for example property taxes?\n\nAbsolutely. Some states, like California, have instituted regulations which essentially lock your property tax to whatever the value of your property was at the time of purchase. The upside is that communities are more immune to fluctuations in developments surrounding them, which allows stability for family homes, etc. The downside is that it impacts the amount of taxes an area is able to collect, which impacts everything from infrastructure to school budgets.\n\nBut the alternative isn't free from fault. I remember an area in Idaho where they began to develop heavily on one side of a river. Idaho, not having any similar protections as California, created the environment I described above. So as one side of the river began to build out restaurants, and new homes, and movie theaters, small homes that had been owned by families for generations began to skyrocket in value due to market demand... as a result, many families had to sell due to inability to pay their property tax.\n\nUltimately, it comes down to \"which consequence do you prefer?\" vs. \"which is the best option?\"\n\n", "In the U.S. taxes are assigned base on the value of the property. A new development has a property value. The assessor will use formulas to predict the value of the property if it were sold. Assessors also track the value of property as it is sold. They have a data base of the buildings in the area, the area of the building, its construction, the enhancing value of the structures on the property. So as they track the sale property of nearby structures, mostly houses, they calculate the retail value of the houses which do not sell but are occupied. \n\nOnce the sale price of a house is estimated the property taxes can be calculated.\n\nThe tax rate on property has already been determined. The taxes change as new estimates of the value of the houses change. They can go up or down. \n\nSo new developments do not actually cause these changes. What happens is that as sales prices change the assessed value of property changes. In many locations there are laws which freeze assessed property values for older residents. That way retirees with fixed incomes can know what their property taxes will be until they die. When the house is sold as part of the estate the new tax rate is established." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cj1ph0s", "cj1qmr6", "cj1s6ki" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The cards you get are random, so people buy them just because they're missing them. It's just about collecting stuff.", "Because when you have the complete set of cards, you can craft them for badges which you gain steam experience. However, the only way to get them all is to trade them because you never get the full set of those cards.\n\n", "For the e-peen/gotta collect-em-all mentality - plus you get the nifty little badges for your profile, which grants extra \"Steam EXP,\" which allows you to expand your Friendlist and add new mini-showcases to your profile. Playing a game can only give you half of a given set (or less), and even that assumes that you don't get duplicates. Note that, even if you don't care about a given game or its cards, you can get most of the \"card drops\" by just leaving the game running in the background for a few hours with the sound turned off, usually. Running multiple games doesn't seem to help very much (I've tried).\n\nOn Valve's end, they charge a premium for \"facilitating the sale\" of these nonexistent items. Even if something sells for 3 cents (the effective minimum for the seller to get anything out of it), Valve gets a penny, the developers/publishers get a penny (I think) and the seller gets a penny." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "coho64f" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "They can regulate what Congress empowers them to regulate. Since the FDA was first established, there have been many enabling statutes through which Congress has told the FDA \"we want you to promote the public health and safety by looking at XYZ and regulating it as needed.\" The whole idea of an administrative agency is that there are a lot of things that Congress has the power to regulate but they don't have the resources to do it all themselves. So they hand off that power to agencies like the FDA." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ct1v5vq" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ " > The Internets (including many Reddit users) opposition and prevention of recent Net Neutrality Legislation. \n\nWell, the first thing you should understand is that SOPA and PIPA were not \"Net Neutrality\" legislation. They were legislation aimed at stopping online piracy, not keeping the net neutral. Just because both topics revolved around the Internet does not make them related, and most certainly changes how people are going to react to them. They are two different topics. \n\nIn that light, I wouldn't say the majority of the Internet, including most Reddit users, are opposed to network neutrality. Without it the Internet is kinda fucked.\n\nAnd there hasn't been any recent network neutrality legislation. What was recent was the FCC's behavior, calling ISPs common carriers, which isn't legislation. (Not recent anyway, they're applying the Communications Act of 1934 to ISPs.)\n\nSOPA was bad because it gave MPAA and RIAA more authority block any site they thought was infringing, and to cut the purse-strings of anyone they accused. (Blocking advertisers from giving money to the accused). It removed the safe-harbor clause of the DMCA which kept companies from being liable for what their users uploaded. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dtdylp3" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "The problem is that your Social Security Number is widely used as a *unique identifier* for a person. The whole reason it's worth stealing is because everyone uses the same number to reference a person.\n\nIf you just get a new number every few years, it'd either be worthless for a credit report **or** somebody would just have a list of all your previous SSNs matched up against your current one and you'd have to tell everyone who uses it to update to your new number anyways.\n\nThe fundamental issue is that the SSN was never intended to be a general purpose citizen identification number, it was just meant to be used for a single government program. Security was never even a concern in designing the system. If you want a safe & secure system for identifying a person, you'd need to approach the problem completely differently.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fgwkuxz", "fgwm59w", "fgwwbpa", "fgxj97o", "fgxo2nn", "fgzggca", "fgzqetc", "fgzye1m", "fh06dhs", "fh0eh36", "fh0fysz", "fh0hwtj", "fh1gxo7", "fh1id8w", "fh1m9bb", "fh1v7oo", "fh20235", "fh22k9z" ], "score": [ 49, 771, 2172, 6, 99, 4, 3, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "As far as I’m aware; the way spice works is by tricking your brain into thinking your mouth is hot - so your mouth also being actually hot only adds to this.", "The heat you feel from spice is due to a chemical reaction of capsaicin with your taste buds and pain receptors. Chemical reactions happen faster at higher temperatures, and so the capsaicin reacts faster, making the spice feel more intense.\n\nThis is also why things tend to taste stronger when hot, and weaker when cold.", "I forget the actual receptor name - it’s been a while (Trpv1 from a quick google search) but we call the sensation hot because it quite literally is binding to receptors on your tongue and in your mouth that relate to sensing/ regulating temperature (and can produce pain/irritability responses etc). Eating foods that are hot in temperature (another trigger for these receptors/related thermal receptors) then is an additive effect for your overall sensation of sensing hot/increased temperature. Menthol (like menthol cigarettes) has the opposite effect that works in a similar way in that it binds to tprm8 to create a cooling effect.", "Echoing Deribus, heat may affect the reaction rate, but capsaicin (to my understanding) also activates the same nerves that sense when your mouth is warming (since we dont actually feel temperature).\n\nAlso, low temperature food may have a numbing effect on your tongue which makes it less sensitive to the capsaicin stimulus.", "chilli feels hot on the tongue, heat feels hot on the tongue, hot+ hot = double hot.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nExtended:\n\nBoth thermal heat and Capsaicin (the chemical which makes chilli's hot) affect the TRPV1 receptors located on your tongue. Thermal heat is a physical agonist of the receptor and Capsaicin is a chemical agonist ( activator) of the receptor. \n\n\nTRPV1 when stimulated or activated tells your brain that it is hot, as this receptors main role is detection and regulation of body temperature.", "Because Capsaicin, the substance that makes spicy foods spicy, activates the same receptors we use to detect heat. That plus most chemical reactions go down more quickly with higher temparature.", "In addition to what everyone else is saying about taste receptors, just heating spices changes the flavor profile regardless of what temp you it eat it.\n\nHere's a simple experiment that shows this additional aspect.\n\nTake some dried chili flakes.\nTry some (on other food) direct from the container. \nThen, take a pinch and rub it between your fingers before adding to your food. \nYou'll find that the rubbed flakes will be much more flavorful even though it's at roughly the same temperature. \n\nIt was (unscientifically) explained to me that \"waking up\" spices with heat \"activates\" and \"releases\" the oils that impart spicy flavor. That's why many recipes require spices to be toasted, and other heated recipes require tiny portions of spicy ingredients to convey big flavor during cooking. \n\nWhile the spiciness potential is the same at any temp, heating spicy food seems to draw out the capsaicin which allows you to taste more of the spice.", "Kind of like when you have minty gum and you drink water and practically get frost bite from room temp water", "Foods that are higher in temperature activate and ultimately bond to your tase receptors faster. So flavors feel more active than if they were from a cold food. \n \nAlso, spicy food is more of a system shock flavor that several other foods due to most people not having the biological disposition to process it as well as others. So it tends to feel more intense.\n \nPut both together and suddenly want sensation that is intense gets crazy", "The chemical, capsaicin that makes things feel hot makes your mouth more sensitive to your own and ambient or nearby temperature differences. So when something is both spicy and warm it feels extreme but a spicy item cold is typically more tolerable.\n\nAlthough don't eat a ghost pepper cold because I doubt it will matter. In fact don't eat one at all.", "Try drinking hot tea after eating something spicy, just makes it feel like your mouth is on fire even more.", "Solubility is enhanced with temperature, thats why dishwashing and bathing are better at higher temperatures", "Or why does the temperature of food feel hotter when its got more pepper?", "Because the fats in the spicy are turned to oil in the heat. More quickly coating the taste buds", "Capsaicin makes your mouth perceive the temperature of the food as higher than it actually is. An average dose (can't remember what the exact amount was but it was normal for a single fairly spicy meal) raises the perceived temp by 10 Celsius\n\nThis combines with the fact that capsaicin reacts faster at higher temperates as well", "Nearly every chemical reaction rate doubles for every 20 degree f increase in temperature. This will at least be partly to blame for this effect.", "Warmth reduces surface tension of liquid medium in food as well as in the saliva in your mouth. This helps better spread of chemicals throughout and you get more spicy tasty. \n\nThis is the same reason why hot soup tastes better than cold soup.", "I might not be able to ELI5 but the most voted answer is something different than you asked for. First thing you need to understand is surface tension which for now, you can understand as resistence against dissolving. Thicker fluid has higher surface tensions usually. Surface tension has inverse relationship with temperature, which means with increasing temperatue the surface tension decreases. When surface tension decreases, the dissolving power of the liquid increases and as a resut our taste bud can receive more results from the food. This is the same reason you would like to drink your coffee/tea hot because higher the temperature less is the surface tensikn, anf higher is the coffees' ability to dissolve in your tastebud. Same thing applies with spices,taste buds can absorb the spices better when temperature is high." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dq6n1vh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Stock prices change because the perceived value of the underlying assets in the company. The basic way to value a stock is to look at future profits and adjust them for (1) risk and (2) how far they will occur in the future. This approach is roughly called \"discounted cash flow.\" Anything that reduces future profitability or increases risk will reduce the stock price, and vice versa. If you want a *very* basic approximation...\n\nStock Value = Average Future Profits / (Real Interest Rate + Riskiness Measure)\n\nIn general I would divide the causes into two broad categories:\n\n**New Information**\n* Earnings surprises - Wall Street thinks the company is going to make $1/share and it makes $2/share. This leads to higher expected profits in the future and higher stock prices.\n\n* Industry changes - An industry report comes out saying Chinese solar panel manufacturers have much larger capacity than expected. Your solar stock in the US drops in value.\n\n* Macroeconomic changes - Economists update their economic growth forecasts and project a sooner end to the recession. The stock price goes up on higher earnings expectations.\n\n* Policy changes - The FDA approves a company's blockbuster drug. The stock skyrockets.\n\n**Supply / Demand Events**\n\n* Large Positions - Typically this will be something like a large investor or fund wants to unwind its position in a stock for reasons largely unrelated to the underlying business or any recent news. When you put a lot of shares up the price typically goes down or vice versa.\n\n* Index Funds - Lately, movement in the overall index has been causing movement in the individual components because index funds need to buy or sell shares of a specific stock. This is a special case of the bullet above.\n\n* Investor Sentiment - People can get nervous or optimistic for reasons unrelated to an individual stock, but perceptions that the stock market is safer or less volatile typically increase stock prices." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e9nhrl8", "e9ni0lb", "e9obnl8" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "This is a property known as specific heat. Water requires a certain amount of energy to increase in temperature. The specific heat from thing to thing will be different. This is why calories are based on how much energy it takes to increase the temperature of a fixed amount of water. There has to be a standard. The amount of energy it takes to increase water by one degree is different from the amount of energy it takes to increase steel by one degree.", "Different substances have different values for a quality called \"specific heat capacity\", or the amount of heat that must be used to raise a given mass of a certain material by a given number of degrees. This varies between materials because different materials have different densities and arrangements of different atoms. Because temperature is just a measure of the average random molecular kinetic energy, and the amount of energy that it takes to change that varies according to composition, specific heat capacity is different.", "That's because different materials have a different [heat capacity](_URL_0_), which is a measure for the amount of energy it takes to raise their temperature by 1 degree.\n\nAs for *why* different materials have a diffent heat capacity, that's because heat is not just the movement of individual molecules, but also vibration within molecules - and how much a molecule can vibrate depends on how exactly its atoms are connected." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c7pgh4l", "c7pgmfx" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Social Security pays for itself entirely with deductions from people's paycheck. This is the FICA deduction that you might see on your paystub. Social Security does not need to borrow any money to run itself. So, it does not add to the federal deficit.", "Social Security is handled separately from the rest of the budget, and is funded by payroll taxes. It doesn't borrow money - there's currently a shortfall of how much is paid out versus how much is paid in, but at the moment, it is able to draw from its trust fund, which was built up during years where it took in more than it was paying out. If nothing changes, the trust fund is projected to run out in the 2030s, at which point benefits will be reduced (it won't borrow money to maintain benefit levels).\n\nWith that said, the government borrows from the trust fund, and pays back what it borrowed with interest, which does contribute to the deficit." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dcj0lk2", "dcjbnmb" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Sex activates hormones that masturbation does not. Having sex more often actually increases libido for that reason. ", "Bear in mind, I don't know how valid this information is, but I recently saw a graphic that claims that dopamine (the pleasure neurotransmitter) has a longer-lasting effect on our brains when looking at porn and masturbating than having sex with a partner.\n\nThis is most likely some pseudoscience bullshit promoting \"candeo\" or some \"no fap\" ideology, [but here it is](_URL_0_)." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.nerdgraph.com/porn-effects-on-dopamine-levels/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dvgmidl" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Yes, basically anything the company owns is sold. \n\nFrom my experience, it was a company decision to exit a country, so the office stuff we had bought was sold. We either shipped machines and IT stuff back to HQ, or found some company locally to give us a price for everything. We basically had one company come in and buy all the electrical stuff like printers, monitors, TVs and another came in to take furniture. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cst8ihh", "cstdr79" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Well, the reasons fall into three categories:\n\n1. Market\n2. Usability\n3. Technical\n\n**Market:** In your typical software company there is a position called \"Product Manager,\" whose responsibility is to figure out what the market wants, and using that to set priorities on what features need to be built by when. Sometimes product managers get feedback from potential buyers that \"your user interface is antiquated,\" which could lead to prioritizing a UI redo.\n\n**Usability:** Some companies have positions like \"Usability Engineer\" or \"Interaction Designer\" whose job is to figure out how to make the software easier for users. Sometimes this sort of thing leads to a complete rewrite of the UI.\n\n**Technical:** Technology moves on, and interfaces written with yesterday's technology might no longer be supported in newer operating systems or devices. For example, the recent popularization of the iPhone and iPad, which don't support Adobe Flash, led to a lot of older Flash-based UIs being thrown out and replaced. Newer devices and OSes may also have valuable features that the old UI wasn't written to use.\n\nAnother technology factor is that often it's much less costly to write a new user interface from scratch than to modify an existing one to add new features. In software there is something called [technical debt](_URL_2_), or in more extreme cases [software rot](_URL_3_): a piece of software that is repeatedly modified to add new features and fix bugs tends to become an incomprehensible buggy mess, so that after a few years, it becomes costlier and costlier to improve it. So it just gets rewritten.\n\nFourth, not in the list but not to be underestimated, is **idiocy**. Some dude is given charge of the software decides to radically change a perfectly fine interface just for the sake of their own ego. Often the new thing is *worse* than the old one. See for example [the goddamn shift key in recent versions of iOS](_URL_0_).\n\nWhat's worse is that idiocy is often contagious: one company will adopt a new, idiotic user interface, and [others will follow suit and imitate it](_URL_1_).", "It's a flaw of mature products. You don't have any actual new features to add, so what you do is make the product LOOK different. It's like the big fins they added to old cars? They persuade people that different is SEXY AND NEW, and wouldn't you just look silly not keeping up with the new pointless expenses.\n\nYou NEED Windows 10! Admittedly, it's actually Windows 9, and the \"Modern\" flat look dates back to Windows 3, but you NEED it. It's, err... well, they advertise it as \"Modern\", don't they?" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-fixing-shift-key-iphone-ios-9-2015-6", "http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2604698/Google-set-Android-flat-makeover-similar-Apples-iOS.html", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_debt", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_rot" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "el40rkm", "el44lef" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "The amount of cores is the amount of little dudes in your PC and the threads are the things you want them to do. If you have just one core/dude and you wanna play some Fortnite (amirite kids) but you also wanna calculate a billion digits of pi at the same time, that guy has to put in the work, switching back and forth between the two tasks. If you have two cores, the dudes can split the work. One dude is making Fortnite run and the other guy can slave away at those digits.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nThe GPU is a great example of the advantages of many cores. \nYour graphics card is filled to the brim with tiny dudes, way less knowledgeable than the CPU dudes. You could almost call them one trick ponies, because they are really good at turning some numbers into triangles but aren't super duper useful for a whole lot more. \nNow if your CPU was also responsible for the image on your screen, you wouldn't be in for a fun time, because it's too much work for the CPU. This is where the GPU has it's moment in the spotlight, because the loadsa tiny dudes can split the huge workload.", "Let's start with how things work with a single core.\n\nThe OS divides your time into slices. Let's say 10ms per slice. That means that 100 times per second, the OS decides what should be running now. So you start running a game, which is CPU intensive. Let's say your computer is just fast enough to run it, so it takes all 100 available slices at runs at 50 FPS (randomly picked numbers just to have round numbers).\n\nIn the background, the antivirus kicks in. The antivirus needs to run, and the OS must give it some time. Let's say the OS decides the antivirus is less important than the game, so it gets 30 of the total 100 slices available. The game has 70 slices left. Your FPS drops to 35. Plus it's probably jumpy, as for instance the OS may give the antivirus several slices in a row, with the result that your game gets stuck during a frame or two.\n\nNow add a core. What that means is that you get another 100 slices. But rather than just having 200 slices total it's really more like 100+100. A single thread can only use one core. You need multiple threads to take advantage of the rest.\n\nSo you start the game. Your game happens to be single threaded. The game gets 100 slices, and the other core sits idle. Then the antivirus kicks in. Well, you have one core doing nothing, so the OS doesn't even have to divide the time -- the antivirus gets the 100 idle slices for itself, while your game keeps on running just like before. Not only the antivirus doesn't bother you now, it finishes its work faster.\n\nNow let's say that the game gets an update and is improved. It's still majorly single threaded, but with multiple cores it can load stuff in the background better. As you move through the level, the game needs to load what's ahead, and with a single core that competes with the calculations needed to just draw the game. So with one core, your FPS drops to 40 as you come close to the point where the game needs to load more data.\n\nWith multiple cores, this improves. As you get to that point, the game starts a thread. It runs on the second core, and takes 100 slices -- but just for a second or two, while stuff loads. The game still runs at 50 FPS, but you get a a more consistent performance --- always smooth, no slowdowns.\n\nThen there's a further update. The programmers reworked the game for multicore. Now part of the work can be in parallel. This means the game can now take up to 130 slices on a constant basis, and now it runs at 65 FPS on the same hardware." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "div1iq5", "div1sts", "div1ubp", "div33yo", "div45zk", "div5lpk" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 7, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Am white, love spicy food.\n\nMy Jamaican friend, on the other hand? Breaks out in a sweat just being *near* a bowl of my chili.\n\nWhile genetics may be a factor, skin color is just correlation, not causation, in this case. Further, you have confirmation bias: your mother can't tolerate spicy foods, and it is *possible* that a genetic predisposition to intolerance of spicy foods was passed to you. The fact that your mother is white most likely has nothing to do with that.", "A lot of Caucasians hail from places not known for spicy food, such as the US Midwest and Northeast and Canada, middle and northern Europe. They may not have been exposed to as much spicy foods as children, which can influence taste. As a very loose general rule, the closer you get to the equator, the spicier the food. ", "No. People build a tolerance to the perceived spice of foods because chemicals like capsaicin deplete your [substance P](_URL_0_) peptides. Your dad has been eating hot stuff all his life. If you haven't worked on your tolerance, if you haven't maintained your tolerance, spicy food is going to have a greater effect on you.\n\nI like eating the hottest hot sauces I can find. I'll surely develop an ulcer from it. My wife avoided spicy things effectively her whole life before me, even horseradish, black pepper, garlic, and onions (all that contribute a different since of spice, it's not all about heat). Now, she eats a healthy diet of all these things, including peppers and hot sauces, albeit to a small degree, it's better than zero tolerance.", "No. White people just tend to eat less spicy food as part of their normal diet, so they don't build up as much of a tolerance.", "No - i'm a pasty white Brit and I have a much higher tolerance for spicy food than e.g. a Brazilian friend, because spicy Indian food has been adopted into the local cuisine here.", "There are at least 2 tiers of different sensitivity to \"hot\" spices.\nYou probably inherited a more sensitive system from you mom. But it likely has nothing to do with her being white. Any perceived \"racial\" differences are likely to be in fact cultural and/or habituation." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562137" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3o0li0", "c3o2iaq" ], "score": [ 9, 2 ], "text": [ "dried mucus discharged by the eyes.\n\n_URL_0_", "And why a never ending stream of it pours out of my eyes from the moment I wake until I fall asleep. The only thing stopping it from gushing is when it dries and crusts itself up over the duct from which it oozes." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dqeded0" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "More energy built up from emotions, so a way to expend it. Also as one raisesc their voice, the other does the same to speak over them. Main reason to express anger and frustration and show dominance. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxuxukh", "cxuxxyj", "cxuyv79" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "They generally apply to all persons on U.S. soil. A non-citizen has the same First Amendment rights as a citizen, for example. But what's important to note is that the rights protected by the Constitution are those as they were understood when the provision was proposed--aliens do not have Second Amendment rights, because the \"right to bear arms\" it protects historically never applied to aliens. \n\nAdditionally, what is \"U.S. soil\" is not quite so broad as you put it. Aliens abroad, even in a U.S. embassy, have very few rights--Congress and the President have an almost absolute power to determine what aliens may enter the United States, for example. Similarly, Nazi German soldiers that were being held in an American prison abroad were not able to claim the American Constitutional right to a writ of *habeas corpus* (requiring the government to explain to the court why they are imprisoned).", "It depends on the right. Some rights are extended to everyone on US soil (the freedom of expression, for example), others are restricted to US citizens (the right to vote, for example).\n\nGenerally speaking, rights are extended to everyone unless specifically restricted to citizens. For example, everyone has the right not to incriminate themselves, and the right to a speedy and fair trial, etc.", "To add to others think about it like this. A foreign visitor commits a crime. What happens? They go through the American trial by jury legal process regardless of their countries governmental system. They have a right to a public defender, innocent until proven guilty. \n\nAnother example is a North Korean visitor visiting the US. They can free speech it up about their government, ours, anything and not be persecuted by the US. \n\nBut some rights, like voting are US only. Simply being on our soil doesn't mean you can vote, although a right, it is also a privilege. \n\nBenefits like unemployment and food stamps are also really 'insurance policies' you pay while working via taxes for when your luck runs out. Someone visiting hasn't \"put on their share\" and would be ineligible for it. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cwj3rci", "cwj3rso" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "The amount of vetting federal agencies, in this case the Secret Service, to any layman is borderline insane. The amount of information required for applications and the hiring process required to be given is a vast difference versus being hired by a regular office job. ", "The details of the type of background checks and monitoring secret service agents on the protective detail get isn't likely to be made public.\n\nThe body guards aren't rookies, they've worked their way up the ladder, and earned their reputation and trust from their peers." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "df43816" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Picture a pond full of reedy plants: disturbing the water causes the reeds to move.\n\nIt's the same with our ears: the inner ear contains thousands of tiny hair cells, and the motion of the surrounding fluid pushes them around. The brain then receives a signal that tells it 'okay, we're walking', 'we're laying down' or 'oops, we're falling over -- stick our your arms!'\n\nIn a low-gravity environment, the fluid in our inner ear won't settle properly; the result is a mild case of motion-sickness, until the brain can adjust to the confusing messages it's receiving.\n\nTo answer your second question: without the fluid in our ears, it would be nearly impossible to reliably walk or stand upright. The brain would have no way of telling us that we're off-balance, so we'd be incredibly clumsy." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dizfsgp", "dizgbam", "dizid1n" ], "score": [ 12, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "It depends from culture to culture and time period to time period but a pale body represents somebody who is mostly indoors, and a tanned body is somebody who spends time outdoors for work or leisure. \n\nIn the past that may have meant you work in the fields and you are of a lower stock, right now it means you probably have a lot of free time that you use for physical activities like hiking, surfing or cycling. \n\nMeaning you are probably younger, more active, more fit, healthier, and a better sex partner. ", "I'll find a pale redhead more attractive than a tanned blonde nine out of ten times, so I'm not sure if your basic assumption is valid.", "It really depends on where you are. In countries where people are predominantly white, the tanned ones will stand out.\n\nFor example here in our country and the neighboring ones in south east asia, we're all tan to dark. Light skinned people are basically gods here.\n\n[It seems that the obsession might be applicable on Asia as a whole.](_URL_0_)\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "http://business.inquirer.net/215898/yes-asia-is-obsessed-with-white-skin" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fiati0n" ], "score": [ 20 ], "text": [ "It keeps the windshield in place, while the adhesive that actually holds it to the car has time to seal and mold properly so that there is no separation" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cdnjdst" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "When a CPU reads an instruction, it often does it from DRAM or SRAM memory chips inside the computer. It changes the voltage levels on some of its control pin outputs that tell the memory chips \"Give me the information at this address\". It provides the address by setting the bits on the pins that make up the address bus - high voltage means 1, low voltage means 0. The memory reads that address and sends back the contents that are stored there in a similar fashion. It toggles some control pins to say \"Here ya go\" and puts its data pins at the right voltages to represent the 1s and 0s corresponding to that binary data. The CPU now looks at the data bus pins and reads in that data into its internal memory. (This description is actually vastly simplified, but hopefully gets the idea across.) \n \nSimilarly, the CPU (or other devices) can move data/instructions from the HDD into DRAM, or to/from network interface chips, etc. One thing asks for data stored in a particular set of locations, the other thing says \"OK, here it is\" and sends it, and the first thing (sometimes) says \"Thanks, got it!\". Or, something says \"I'm going to send you some information to store/work on\" and a similar handshaking goes on. \n \nAll of this communication is built up in layers. The lowest layer that I described above, where voltages change to represent something, is called Layer 1, the physical layer. Sometimes a \"1\" is sent via a high voltage, sometimes it is a change of voltage, sometimes it is a change of voltage simultaneously on two different wires. There are lots of different ways to do it, and some are better for some uses than others. \n \nHigher layers define the protocol for decoding that information and deciding what it means and how to use it. \n\nThese generic layers are described in the [OSI model](_URL_3_). But there are various different bus protocols (SATA, PCIe, Ethernet, etc.), and to understand any one of them you'd need to read up on its specifics. \n \nProcessors tend to have their own proprietary or semi-proprietary bus protocols for some things; this has been a recurring issue for companies like AMD who are trying to compete with the 500 pound gorilla in PCs, Intel. For other things (like DRAM) they tend to use protocols that the industry has agreed upon (like DDR3). \n \nWireless communication adds a bit more complexity. Since things aren't connected with wires, information must be sent by modulating a radio signal. There are several ways to get light (or other electromagnetic waves, like radio) to carry information. \n \nOne simple way is to use signalling. You can pulse the light on and off like [Morse code](_URL_2_). As long as the sender and receiver both understand the code, you can transmit information. This is actually done in some fiber optic systems. (They don't use Morse code, and it is much much faster than a human could do. But it's the same general idea.) This technique isn't really used with radio broadcasts, though. \n \nAnother way is to *modulate* the signal. If you think of EM radiation as an [oscillating set of electric and magnetic fields](_URL_1_) that change their amplitude at some very regular frequency, then you have a lot of ways to change it. If you change the amplitude as a function of the information you want to send, you've got [Amplitude Modulation](_URL_0_). If you change the frequency to be a bit faster/slower according to what you want to send, you've got [Frequency Modulation](_URL_0_). There are also other methods like *Phase* Modulation that are a bit more complicated. And some things use a combination of modulation techniques together, such as AM and PM. \n \nThat .gif with the AM and FM waveforms show them modulating an analog signal. Similar techniques can be used to modulate binary signals, and that's given a different name. For example, using FM to modulate a binary signal is called [Frequency Shift Keying](_URL_4_). \n \nYou can think of AM as making the light brighter or dimmer, very rapidly, according to the information you want to send. Think of FM as changing the color of the light very slightly, very rapidly, according to the information you want to send. Of course, you can't see radio waves because the human eye doesn't detect them, but the concept is exactly the same. Radio is just colors of light we aren't built to detect directly with our senses. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Amfm3-en-de.gif/250px-Amfm3-en-de.gif", "http://www.astronomynotes.com/light/emanim.gif", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model", "http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fx_files/30581/1/FSK.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cqq1wou" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Youtube has to first decode the video you uploaded, then re-encode the file to every format it supports for every resolution it supports (I would guess around 30 combinations, but not sure), and also \"fingerprint\" the video to look for copyrighted content. It has to extract the sound from the video and re-encode it at different bitrates as well (on youtube, higher quality video tends to have higher quality sound)." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dc0902d", "dc0933i", "dc0mjh8", "dc0mko6", "dc0n5q0", "dc0tz1a" ], "score": [ 28, 4, 2, 2, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Because your car also has a big side profile and wind has a big force. 3000 pounds doesn't mean you're immovable. A gentle 10mph Wind can move sail ships tens of thousands of pounds given enough sail area.", "wind hit the sides and gets underneath, and while your car weighs 3000 lbs, it had shocks that are built to move/respond to force. ", "The wind isn't moving your whole 3,000 lb car. Look at cars in a parking lot; they aren't moving. When a car, like yours, is already moving at highway speed, the wind can affect the direction of that movement.", "It has the surface area to catch enough wind to make it push the car around. Ever driven behind a large 18 wheelers cargo trailer during a windy commute? I have and it's freaking scary watching it wobble while going 50. The more surface area an object has, the more force it absorbs.", "Your car and a boat are quite alike in that they have a large area being pushed by the wind. When the car is stashanery it takes inertia to overcome friction, same as the boat but the friction between a waxed hull and water is relatively a lot less than your rubber tyre to asphelt. So at a stand still your car won't move.\nWhen moveing you have put in the requirements to over come the friction from the momentum of doing even 1mph but as you speed up there is so much spare momentum you can also go diagonally to the road", "The wind does not blow your car around, it changes the geometry of your steering system. That system is made up of the steering wheel, rack and front tires along with the suspension system. The pliability of the suspension allows your car to roll left and right a few degrees as well as up and down. High-performance suspensions are designed specifically to reduce the rolling movement because it tends to steer you toward from the compressed side, i.e. away from the wind or corner. In a turn, with the car rolling toward the outside, this is part of what causes the wheel to want to return to center. At low speeds, it takes large changes in control geometry to accelerate the car left or right. When making a turn onto a road from a stop you may need to turn the wheel almost to its stop. At high speed, increasingly smaller control inputs are needed to accelerate the car laterally. To change lanes on the freeway you only need to turn the wheel a little bit. This is where the small deviations the wind create have their most profound effect. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "czz9ha5", "czz9ki1" ], "score": [ 8, 4 ], "text": [ "Because legally it has to be there and \"understandable\". If you really want to, you can listen closely enough to hear it. But in any case, from the legal standpoint, it's there.", "Also, ad time is expensive. They just want the main important part in and understandable and the parts that are needed for legal purposes to be short to save $$" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cokidfk" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It's not how wars work. \"Select all units and click on enemy HQ\" strategy doesn't work in real life.\n\nAnd on the other side of the border there is Russia with population of 140 mil and much better army." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ct9qi3w", "ct9qkfb" ], "score": [ 30, 8 ], "text": [ "Let's pretend the imaginary nation of Examplestan is an impoverished third world country with a very low standard of living. A foreign company decides to open up a factory there because land is cheap, there are few regulations, and Examplestan citizens are willing to work for about a tenth of the money a worker in a developed country would. \n\nIt is, in many respects, a good situation for a lot of people. The company is getting cheaper goods, selling cheaper goods to people back home and saving them money, and the people of Examplestan have jobs... they have a (very small) income that allows them to buy food and water and goods they otherwise would not be able to. [There are many good arguments about the evils of using third-world countries as a source of ridiculously cheap labor, but that is an entirely different topic than this ELI5] \n\nOther companies see the success in Examplestan and also set up shops there. Now the citizens of Examplestan can leave their subsistence farms and find paying work. They can buy goods and pay taxes, which will fund better roads, better schools, better health care. Examplestan will develop a reputation as the place to go if you want to open a foreign factory. \n\nBut as their quality of life slowly improves, the cost of that life rises as well. Eating a healthy varied diet is going to cost more than a meager portion of rice that you survived on previously, so you and your fellow workers start asking for better wages. At first, this is an easy request to accommodate. Examplestan workers were getting paid pennies, so a few pennies more to keep everything running smoothly is still a bargain. But over the years and decades, you reach a tipping point. \n\nAfter a while, the foreign factories notice that Examplestan's neighbor, Alternativestan is still paying its workers the same wages that Examplestan was 10-15 years ago. New work stops coming into Examplestand, instead going to Alternativestan. \n\nLife in Examplestan never got good enough that its people were able to do things like save for retirement, or start their own factories, or other wealth-creating benefits... when they were at the cusp of doing so, it became cheaper to send all their jobs elsewhere. \n\nAnd that is the middle-income trap in the world economy. Nations that are not already wealthy will find it increasingly harder to become so, because an undeveloped country will not be able to compete in advanced goods and services, and will only be able to get so much progress as a low-cost producer before it has the rug pulled out from under it and loses to an even cheaper low-cost producer ", "One way for a poor country to earn money is to level its own poverty as a marketable advantage.\n\nWhat that means in ELI5 terms is that since everyone is very poor, everyone will do work for a very low wage. And so, the kind of work that does not require much in terms of education can be done there cheaper then anywhere else.\n\nChina has done this very successfully and has built its economy up, mostly on being the manufacturing center of the world.\n\nBut here comes the Middle Income Trap.\n--\n\nSince their economy depends on cheap labor, there is competition for cheap labor, which would raise wages. China avoids this by being very big and having lots and lots of people. And so Chinese factories have moved from the cities further and further out to rural areas, constantly tapping a new segment of the super poor.\n\nThen comes problem number 2. Currency. \nSince these goods are all made in China, Chinese currency, or the Yuan, needs to be exchanged for these goods. That raises the value of the Yuan, and in turn raises the internation value of the salaries the workers are being paid.\n\nThis is the middle income Trap. As this cannot be allowed to happen since China and any other country caught in this situation would loose its most valuable source of income very quickly.\n\nIn China's case they deflate their currency by printing more money, and mostly spending that money to buy foreign debt, since its a great way to legitimize the newly printed currency. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dkf8upf", "dkfazfd" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Modern formation flying is for show. Back in the day, formation flying was for covering your vulnerable angles of attack. A bomber was pitifully slow and a big target. The pilot can't see all around the plane for fighters. By flying in formation, you reinforced each other's blind spots and overlapped your machine gun coverage,. Increasing chances of shooting down attacking fighters.", "Back in the days of huge bombing runs you needed to be in formation so you A: could hit your bombing targets and B: not collide with your fellow aviators. \n\nSo it was risky flying in formation but more risky to break it. Though they would after the bombs had been dropped. \n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cktf4az", "cktgxw4" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "A bot called a \"spider\" indexes a known website and makes a note of all links to other websites. Then the process is repeated recursively for all of those links and the links that they themselves contain, and so on. If you set up a brand new website at a previously unknown domain like _URL_0_ and then didn't post a link to it anywhere or mention it online in any forum, it would never get indexed and so would presumably remain invisible to google forever. There may be many such sites that exist but which have never been advertised or mentioned anywhere, and so are more or less invisible to search engines.\n\nThey don't do a brute-force search of every possible domain name looking for new websites. That would be ridiculous. ", "Google discovers new websites by following links from ones it already know abouts.\n\nYou could try to do the same thing by opening *every* link you see in a new tab." ] }

[ "aac.com", "aaa.com", "aab.com" ]

[]

[ [ "sodfsoidfdsiufoidsufoidsufoidsuf.com" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c2hdjzw", "c2hdl9k", "c2hdn3c", "c2hdjzw", "c2hdl9k", "c2hdn3c" ], "score": [ 27, 4, 3, 27, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "This is a good question, one that many mathematicians have dedicated their lives to studying.\n\nI'll try to keep the explanation simple, but since you are asking for a higher level of rigor, the explanation may be a little heavy.\n\nWhat you are looking for are the [Peano axioms](_URL_0_). These are a collection of statements which are assumed to be true for the natural numbers (the numbers 0,1,2,3, etc...). One thing that you'll have to get used to is the fact mathematics is all built upon assumptions like this, with no proof. The challenge comes from the requirement that you only use a certain set of axioms, and no more. Thus, any *other* statements must be shown to logically follow from these axioms.\n\nAnyway, the Peano axioms are:\n\n1. 0 is a natural number.\n2. For every natural number n, S(n) is also a natural number. (S(n) is called the successor function, it just gives you the next natural number.)\n3. There are no natural numbers n such that S(n)=0.\n4. For any two natural numbers n & m, if S(n)=S(m), then n=m. \n \n(If you compare with the Wikipedia page, you'll notice that there are more, but I have skipped those in order to keep the explanation more clear.)\n\nNow, we have to say what the numbers are: we define 1 to be S(0), 2 := S(1), 3 := S(2), and so on. (The := sign means we are defining something.)\n\nNow we have to say what addition is. First, for a natural number n, we say that n+0=n. Then, for natural number n & m, we say that n+S(m)=S(n+m). This is enough, as we will see later.\n\nWe now have enough assumptions and definitions to prove that 2+2=4, and additionally, that 2+2 is not 5. \n\nTheorem: 2+2=4.\n\nProof: Remember how we defined the numbers, 2=S(1)=S(S(0)), and 4=S(3)=S(S(2))=S(S(S(S(0)))). \nSo, 2+2=2+S(1)=S(2+1). \nNow, 2+1=2+S(0)=S(2+0), and 2+0=2. So, S(2+0)=S(2)=3, so S(2+1)=S(S(2+0))=S(S(2))=4, so since 2+2=S(2+1), we have that 2+2=4. \n\nTheorem: 2+2 is not 5.\n\nProof: Remember that 2+2=4. So the problem is the same as showing that 4 != 5. (!= means 'not equal to'). Well, what if they *were* the same? That would mean that 4=5, or S(3)=S(4). By axiom 4, this means that 3=4. From this, we see that S(2)=S(3), so 2=3, so S(1)=S(2), so 1=2, so S(0)=S(1), so 0=1, so S(0)=0. This last one contradicts axiom 3, only one of them can be right. \nSince we are assuming the Peano axioms are right, S(0)=0 must be wrong! But that means that 0=1 is wrong, as is 1=2, etc... all the way up to 4=5. So 4=5 is wrong, which means that 2+2=5 is also wrong, so 2+2 != 5. ", "You can even keep it simple by doing something like:\n\n 2 + 2 = 4\n (1+1) + (1+1) = (1+1+1+1) This is by definition.\n now, associative property\n 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 These two terms are clearly the same. \n\nTo be very rigorous, you need to use \"Peano arithmetic\"\n\n 2 + 2 = 2 + S1 = S(2+1) = S(2 + S0) = S(S(2+0)) = S(S(2)) //2 is defined as S(S(0))\n = S(S(S(S(0))) = 4 //SSSS0 = 4 by definition\n\nWhere S is a special function that gives the successor of a number. And addition is defined by two (recursive) relation:\n\n a + 0 = a\n a + Sb = S(a+b)\n", "Okay, let's start by listing the first few numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...\n\nNow, let's look at the definition of +. What + means is to start at the first number and go the second number many steps down the list of numbers. So with 2+2 we're supposed to start at 2 and count 2 steps down the list.\n\nSo we're starting at 2... 1, **2**, 3, 4, 5, 6...\n\nAnd we take one step... 1, 2, **3**, 4, 5, 6...\n\nAnd then the second step... 1, 2, 3, **4**, 5, 6...\n\nAnd now we're done. What number did we end up at? 4. So 2+2 = 4.", "This is a good question, one that many mathematicians have dedicated their lives to studying.\n\nI'll try to keep the explanation simple, but since you are asking for a higher level of rigor, the explanation may be a little heavy.\n\nWhat you are looking for are the [Peano axioms](_URL_0_). These are a collection of statements which are assumed to be true for the natural numbers (the numbers 0,1,2,3, etc...). One thing that you'll have to get used to is the fact mathematics is all built upon assumptions like this, with no proof. The challenge comes from the requirement that you only use a certain set of axioms, and no more. Thus, any *other* statements must be shown to logically follow from these axioms.\n\nAnyway, the Peano axioms are:\n\n1. 0 is a natural number.\n2. For every natural number n, S(n) is also a natural number. (S(n) is called the successor function, it just gives you the next natural number.)\n3. There are no natural numbers n such that S(n)=0.\n4. For any two natural numbers n & m, if S(n)=S(m), then n=m. \n \n(If you compare with the Wikipedia page, you'll notice that there are more, but I have skipped those in order to keep the explanation more clear.)\n\nNow, we have to say what the numbers are: we define 1 to be S(0), 2 := S(1), 3 := S(2), and so on. (The := sign means we are defining something.)\n\nNow we have to say what addition is. First, for a natural number n, we say that n+0=n. Then, for natural number n & m, we say that n+S(m)=S(n+m). This is enough, as we will see later.\n\nWe now have enough assumptions and definitions to prove that 2+2=4, and additionally, that 2+2 is not 5. \n\nTheorem: 2+2=4.\n\nProof: Remember how we defined the numbers, 2=S(1)=S(S(0)), and 4=S(3)=S(S(2))=S(S(S(S(0)))). \nSo, 2+2=2+S(1)=S(2+1). \nNow, 2+1=2+S(0)=S(2+0), and 2+0=2. So, S(2+0)=S(2)=3, so S(2+1)=S(S(2+0))=S(S(2))=4, so since 2+2=S(2+1), we have that 2+2=4. \n\nTheorem: 2+2 is not 5.\n\nProof: Remember that 2+2=4. So the problem is the same as showing that 4 != 5. (!= means 'not equal to'). Well, what if they *were* the same? That would mean that 4=5, or S(3)=S(4). By axiom 4, this means that 3=4. From this, we see that S(2)=S(3), so 2=3, so S(1)=S(2), so 1=2, so S(0)=S(1), so 0=1, so S(0)=0. This last one contradicts axiom 3, only one of them can be right. \nSince we are assuming the Peano axioms are right, S(0)=0 must be wrong! But that means that 0=1 is wrong, as is 1=2, etc... all the way up to 4=5. So 4=5 is wrong, which means that 2+2=5 is also wrong, so 2+2 != 5. ", "You can even keep it simple by doing something like:\n\n 2 + 2 = 4\n (1+1) + (1+1) = (1+1+1+1) This is by definition.\n now, associative property\n 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 These two terms are clearly the same. \n\nTo be very rigorous, you need to use \"Peano arithmetic\"\n\n 2 + 2 = 2 + S1 = S(2+1) = S(2 + S0) = S(S(2+0)) = S(S(2)) //2 is defined as S(S(0))\n = S(S(S(S(0))) = 4 //SSSS0 = 4 by definition\n\nWhere S is a special function that gives the successor of a number. And addition is defined by two (recursive) relation:\n\n a + 0 = a\n a + Sb = S(a+b)\n", "Okay, let's start by listing the first few numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...\n\nNow, let's look at the definition of +. What + means is to start at the first number and go the second number many steps down the list of numbers. So with 2+2 we're supposed to start at 2 and count 2 steps down the list.\n\nSo we're starting at 2... 1, **2**, 3, 4, 5, 6...\n\nAnd we take one step... 1, 2, **3**, 4, 5, 6...\n\nAnd then the second step... 1, 2, 3, **4**, 5, 6...\n\nAnd now we're done. What number did we end up at? 4. So 2+2 = 4." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano_axioms" ], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano_axioms" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cz7551f" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "The drawers usually have little adjustable vents, so you can maintain humidity to prevent things like lettuce from drying out and wilting. The fruit drawer will have smaller vents to allow the ethylene gas that fruits produce, and slow down the ripening." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ec9iaxr", "ec9jjs7" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "They use this information and sell it for massive profit. I don't think it's so much as a scare as it is people having their privacy violated for the profit of some random corporation", "In a different country, though, this problem may become much worse. Chinese government is abusing technologies like facial recognition and gps to arrest political dissidents, and all the big tech companies which are controlled by the government are helping it by collecting these kind of data from their users." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dlp169z", "dlshgkg" ], "score": [ 10, 2 ], "text": [ "Python is a higher-level language that is easy to write and format; the syntax is basically like writing in English. When you're doing a big complex task like designing AI algorithms, it helps to have those functions be easily readable and debuggable; Python is hard to make unreadable.\n\nC is good if you want efficiency in computer resource usage, but you have to specify literally everything you want to do.\n\nJava is, well, a nightmare, frankly. Minecraft is basically what's keeping it alive for your everyday user, and some enterprise programs that run off of Oracle databases keep Java afloat, but by god is that language a nightmare compared to Python.", "The first counter question is: Is it? because most AI is written for videogames and most of them are not written in python. ;)\n\n\nBut i'm guessing you are talking about AI in the sense of neural networks and such, AI in this sense is really the domain of mathematicians and researchers, this is also where python was developed, at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in Amsterdam this is a research center in the field of mathematics and theoretical computer science. \n\nMathematicians and theoretical computer science people don't start out as a programmers, but they do have to and want to program sometimes, so they look for what is used in their community, and the first thing you find there (when matlab does not suffice) is Python. \n\nAnd Python fits the bill, being a good fit for this type of community means this becomes a self strengthening effect, Mathematicians use it, they like it, they improve it, they tell their colleagues about it and it starts all over again." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cg6ei43", "cg6evj6", "cg6fclb", "cg6kq5l", "cg6sp46" ], "score": [ 2, 11, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Depends on the country you are in as to whether this is plausible or not, I know for a fact that in some countries this would not work due to the monopoly like nature of the main ISP. ", "The really expensive part of running an ISP is 'the last mile' - all the millions of connections between exchanges and houses. These are owned by the existing ISPs.\n\nBut, if you think it might work, start a crowdfunding effort. You'll need a 30-90 billion dollars to make it work.", "[This one is UK and seems slightly independent and accepts btc](_URL_0_)", "you could but it would start very small and take years to expand. only people in your initial service area would be willing to thumb you a few dollars to make it happen so getting enough funding would be the problem.", "How do you define \"ISP\"?\n\nLet's say I get a nice 100 mbit fiber connection. That's more than enough for me and 5 of my neighbors. So we connect our houses (probably with something wireless) and we all share my connection.\nEach of my neighbors pay a bit more than a fifth of my bill, leaving something for the extra hardware and a little something for my effort.\n\nIs that not a tiny ISP? Plenty of those exists." ] }

[]

[ "http://sacred-economics.com/sacred-economics-introduction/" ]

[ [], [], [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/20pkdn/announcing_the_first_uk_isp_to_accept_bitcoins/" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dkj7e6d", "dkj7o7b", "dkj7oqu", "dkj8dbk" ], "score": [ 9, 5, 7, 2 ], "text": [ "Individual honeybees are disposable. They defend the hive, their own survival is relatively inconsequential. You can think of the colony as a superorganism of sorts. ", "Individual honeybees don't matter to the species - they're infertile (unable to breed) and 100% expendable. Their only purpose is to keep the hive and the queen alive.\n\nSo if you look at it like that, purpose 2 makes perfect sense. If a bear comes up to the hive and is thinking of eating all their hard-earned honey, then a few bees will sting it, die, and hopefully scare it off. But that's a small price to pay for saving the queen and the rest of their hive.", "A honeybee's stinger only detaches if it stings something with thick skin like a mammal. They can sting without killing themselves if it's something like an insect or spider.\n\nA detached stinger has two purposes: the venom keeps pumping through the stinger even when detached and secondly, the detached stinger signals neighboring bees to attack. ", "Female worker bees don't reproduce - they work, so it doesn't matter if they die. It is the queen bee who reproduces and so she doesn't have a barbed stinger (thus she does not die) moreover she only stings as a very last resort. Her life is the most important, the worker bees will sacrifice themselves so that she can live.\n\n**More on Bee Stings**\n\n* **European Honeybees:** Non-native species to North America that we use pollinate our crops. [Honeybees](_URL_0_) often outcompete native wild bees, and therefore are considered invasive. Honeybees face a number of challenges to their continued survival, including but not limited to: colony collapse disorder, inbreeding, parasites, and poor diet. These guys are true colonial nesters, with a hive consisting of one queen and thousands of female worker bees. Female worker honeybees sting with a barbed stinger and therefore can only sting a human once. Male drones cannot sting. Queen bees have smooth stingers and can sting more than once.\n\n* **Wild bees:** These native species come in all shapes and sizes. Some are solitary and some are semi-colonial nesters, thus their \"hives\" consist of a female queen and maybe a dozen or so female workers (if any). Examples include [bumblebees](_URL_1_), alfalfa bees, mason bees, orchard bees, & parasitic bees. Female workers and queen bumblebees sting with a smooth stinger, and therefore can attack a person more than once. Male bumblebee drones lack a stinger. Bumblebees are generally less aggressive and don't sting. Some wild bees lack stingers altogether (e.g. many of the solitary bees). \n\n* **Wasps:** There are so many different kinds of wasp species and these are by and large harmless to humans - they are either solitary or parasitic to other insect or other bee/wasp species. These guys don't generally sting and don't look like your \"traditional\" wasp. The social colonial wasps are the ones most people don't like - yellow jackets, hornets, or paper wasps. These wasps can usually sting you multiple times, and only sometimes do they get their stinger lodged in the skin as their barbs are not as pronounced as a honeybee's stinger.\n\n**TL;DR:** If something stings you and leaves behind its stinger, you have probably been stung by a honeybee" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f43w2it" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Theoretically, someone could. However, you can contest it in a court of law, in which case they'd probably have you sign a blank piece of paper a few dozen times to get a good sample of your signature to compare against a supposedly forged document. If you can convince a jury that your signature is different from what's on the document, it won't be considered valid and the other person can be convicted of fraud/forgery. \n\nMost people's signatures are fairly unique. Mine isn't even my name, for instance, but a very specific squiggle with dots above it and a second shape that may vaguely represent the first letter of my last name. If you just tried to fake it without knowing exactly how I do it, you'd likely fail. And because it's distinct and because official documents are designed to use signatures as a shorthand combination of identity proof and mark of approval, it is treated as such." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fia33nk", "fia4ad7" ], "score": [ 7, 3 ], "text": [ "Each key unlocks many. It's just very unlikely that you'll find one besides yours that your key also unlocks.", "It depends on how the lock mechanism is setup\n\nSay it has 5 tumblers with 7 pin lenghts there would be 7^5 combinations. There may be some mechanical limitations to the mechanism or methods that are used to make the lock harder to pick that reduce the number of practical combinations used (all the pins being the same or close in length would make the lock easier to pick)\n\nIf there were 1 million locks like I described above and 10,000 key combinations each possible key would open 100 of the locks." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cm9qj4h", "cm9r9w4", "cm9si52", "cm9t4nf", "cm9t6fb", "cm9tb7a", "cm9zz4m" ], "score": [ 37, 3, 16, 2, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Film is a very high resolution medium. Especially large film like 70mm film stocks (baraka, samsara). Its why we can do digital prints of old film stock and its HD quality. \n\nFilm does also have a very nice \"aesthetic\" aka how it breaks shadows and small grain imperferfections that were used to as \"filmic\" and representing good cinema. \n\nDigital nowadays is basically the same quality. The main problem is digital can sometimes be TOO highly resolved or break colors and shadows in ways that feel more \"video\" like. But its a null point i believe. The nee Arri aleca cameras. Even the canon c500. These rival and can surpass film. I forget the youtube guy but just search c500 footage. One of the most respected video analsysis studios talks in detail about this and why they finally gave up on film. Nolan, Tarrantino. Theyre just old school enthusiasts. Imax is just big clear beautiful film. Any 6k recording could match from Red or Arri. ", "To get some insight read up on directors who support the continued usage of film and are trying to stop it dying.\rAlso consider that we currently shoot at 2k in digital and whilst you may think that's good there's already 4k in some cinemas and Japan hope to broadcast their hosted Olympics in 8k domestically.", "Something to keep in mind in the digital vs film debate when in constant use by theater chains; \n \nFilm as a medium is easily damaged during a showing by a high number of things. Bad and/or dirty rollers, failing equipment, operator error, etc. Add in the operator is generally running multiple projectors (sometimes 20+) and you begin to see how things can go wrong easily. This is limited with IMAX as most places I have serviced have an operator just for this house due to the complexity and expectations of the customers in the auditorium but besides the point. Most people do not realize the average film is nearly 2 miles long when loaded into the platter system and any portion of that is susceptible to damage which then effects the on screen presentation and cannot be repaired without replacing the entire reel. [Quick Explanation Link](_URL_0_)\n \nNow consider digital. Its a hard drive with a digital cinema package that is loaded onto essentially a large DVR that can generally be programmed to start up on its own. It will play the exact same from the first time you load it until you remove it from your theater with no chance of damage and thus print replacement costs, etc. \n \nThat all being said, film certainly does have a nostalgic feel to it but in the eyes of large theater chains with higher turn over rates in their projection booths it makes sense to move into the digital era for the bottom line. \n \n-EDIT- Good article on Film vs Digital IMAX. _URL_1_\n", "Think of it this way: the amount of visual information on a piece of film (or a sensor) increases with the square (approximately) of one dimension of that sensor. So film or digital cameras that have larger areas with with to capture light can capture exponentially more visual information. I've seen estimates that suggest each frame of a 70mm IMAX film contains more than 200 megapixels of visual information (~18k), while 4k or 6k digital is far, far less, and won't be close for some time. Even 35mm can potentially capture more visual information that most digital media. Of course, there are downsides, as other posters have suggested- but the directors that choose to shoot with 70mm IMAX don't do so simply out of some nostalgia for film- they truly believe that these media offer a superior moviegoing experience, and for films like interstellar, I would totally agree.", "Film is higher resolution. Technical people say it's equivalent somewhat to 6k digital, but it's actually more like 8k+. IMAX film is 18k. Even though you can technically compare them in terms of resolution, the source will always be better with film. Same way you can get the same dynamic range with digital audio recording as analogue tape but the tape will still sound better. Film's superiority to digital is much more obvious than it is compared to audio.\n\nFilm captures the image better, that's the biggest aspect. The best things? Skin, Blacks and movement. There is a warmth to it and it has nothing to do with nostalgia. When the camera moves in digital and people move, it looks weird and fake. That in effect makes it look cheap.\n\nFilm can just capture more information basically, 35mm can capture images better than even 8k, IMAX 70mm can capture more than double 35mm. Think of it this way, you may paint a masterpiece but it will look better on canvas than photocopy paper. Film is that canvas. Interstellar on IMAX 70mm projection actually replicates the image as it was meant to be seen. I will get into it, but basically, it produces more light than digital and because of the source image, the skins and the blacks look better.\n\nPeople are going back to film because it just looks better, the best filmmakers all shoot on film. The big 3 that shoot on digital are David Fincher, Steven Soderbergh and Danny Boyle but NONE OF THEM ever talk about the quality, they choose it for other reasons, such as convenience. Or they can place the cameras somewhere else. If you notice, all their digital movies look like shit. I saw Fight Club on 35mm and then Social Network on 2k in a double showing and the quality difference was staggering. Keep in mind the superior looking movie was released 11 years earlier.\n\nAnother reason why the big studio movies are all going back to film is that the costs aren't that different. On a big and even medium studio pic, the costs of shooting on film aren't as exponential as say shooting on a tiny indie. Digital productions on big pictures are usually harder because set up takes longer than film so that is what actually can eat into production costs. Another thing is in post they spend so much time and money trying to fix how shitty digital looks that in the end it isn't worth it. It's easier to shoot on film and it automatically looks better.\n\nIn regards to distribution and film projection, this was a studio thing. It is cheaper for them to hand out DCP's than film reels. But it's not actually that much cheaper and the quality is so fucking bad. It's basically projecting a youtube video on a big screen, there isn't much difference. A Blu Ray on an LED screen actually looks better. Even the greatest DCP's can't match up to film. So there really isn't that much of a difference in watching a movie at a theatre or at home, you only see it earlier. Film projection however, is a different story. There is a luminance on screen that psychologically makes you enjoy the film more because of the light projection, it reflects back. Digital doesn't. That's why it looks flat. I watched Assassination of Jesse James on 35mm recently and it was the most beautiful thing I've ever seen.\n\nI started to notice the flatness when I went to see Shame, I knew it was film but it looked flat, like it had no life. I see it all the time and annoyed the shit out of me in Fury, in the tank, what should be blacks are now grey. That's why watching Interstellar was so magical. Those images had that special light.\n\nThe way to fuck with your enjoyment of movies? Digital projection can't replicate true black, look at a dark scene in a movie and you'll see the curtains and border around your screen. The black in that scene will look dark grey and not match to the border, but on film, it will be black and will just look better.", "Digital has a couple of advantages:\n\n* much easier to edit. Want to do any digital editing (CGI, TouchUp, etc)? You first need to import your film stock\n* ease of transport. Film is big and bulky. A hard drive is small and digital downloading gets rid of the need to ship physical media all together\n* cameras aside, digital is cheaper to shoot. Think about how many digital photos you've take in the past year. Would you have taken so many if you had to buy/process film?\n* smaller cameras. IMAX camera are big and there are very few of them in existence (fewer than 50 globally IIRC)\n\nFilm also has a couple of advantages:\n\n* 35 mm film is approximately equivalent to 6k. IMAX is roughly equivalent to 12-18k. Digital cinema projectors are currently at 4k\n* IMAX projectors have a contrast ratio between 3500:1 and 5000:1. Christie's 4k projector is 2100:1. This means that the difference in brightness between the brightest bright and darkest dark is 2x better for IMAX\n* film stock can have it's own visual characteristics that some directors really like (see Quinton Tarantino). This can be added to digital after the fact though. Film stock also has better color depth\n* cheaper projection cost (I am talking about 35mm here, not IMAX). I'm sure you've heard about smaller theaters closing because they can't afford to convert to digital. The coat is around $100k/screen\n\nThese are not meant to be all inclusive lists by any means :) note that the overall quality of each medium is only as good as the projector projecting it. If we were to get 10,000:1 digital projectors tomorrow then IMAX would probably lose some of its appeal. IMAX also has strict audio standards that non-IMAX theaters don't have to adhere to.\n\nedit: thanks to /u/exo66 for the formatting help", "Imax tech here, playing Interstellar in 15/70mm as I type this. It's not only about the resolution (15/70mm is comparable to 16K) but the contrast and the light. We have a back up 4K digital version that looks very pale in comparison with the print, not to mention the 70+ minutes shot with Imax cameras were it uses the full frame filling up the whole screen, you completely miss all that extra footage watching the film in a normal cinema. 5/70mm is also up there in terms of resolution/contrast, just in a smaller scale. If someone is wondering what's the difference between the two is the number of perforations per frame, 15 perf for Imax and 5 perf for normal 70mm, making the Imax frame significantly bigger. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/movie-projector2.htm", "http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/film-vs-digital-the-imax-edition-64740011/?no-ist" ], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpos5u9", "cpouezx", "cpovcsi" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The benefits are negligible (if you must get more vitamins, go drink two cups of milk) and you run the risks of getting sick (especially if you feed it to young children).", "One of the main benefits is indirectly related to pasteurization. Raw milk almost always comes from smaller farms where the cows are treated more ethically than factory farms. The cows graze on grass rather then being fed foods that are unnatural to them. Many prefer the taste.\n\nConsumption early in life may protect against allergies and asthma. Vitamin B6 bioavailability is decreased with pasteurization, and an important. \n\nWhile the risk of illness is higher with unpasteurized the absolute risk is negligible.", "May have an effect on lactose intolerant individuals. My little brother can't drink store bought milk but fresh milk doesn't bother him at all. Not sure in other regards other than it tastes better to me." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ez4stw3", "ez4svoa", "ez4t33i", "ez4v21i", "ez5xtie" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The sensor in the fuel tank is measuring. The guage on the instrument cluster is powered indicator that needs to move the needle.", "It's an analog measurement at the tank, but the gauge isn't wired to that any more. The input goes to the car's computer, and the computer drives the gauges. When the computer is off, the gauges are off.", "It's an electromechanical instrument that measures the fuel level via change in resistance. So, it needs some amount of power to take the readings.", "Primarily so your battery does not go flat. As others have said it's an electrical measurement of a mechanical device. Although the draw is low it is still enough that the charge in your battery would reduce if all/some/one the gauges were left working the whole time.", "The other reason here is that there is no way to detect a stuck needle if it isn't able to be tested. Having it zero out when off allows you to ensure the needle is moving correctly and not stuck in place when turning the power on." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ctinp5v" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "You burn precious gas to get your car moving and to maintain its speed, turning the chemical energy in the gas into kinetic energy, the forward motion of your car. When you apply the brakes, the friction between the brake discs and calipers turns that kinetic energy into heat while it slows and stops your car. So some of that energy from the gas has been turned into useless heat.\n\nIf, on the other hand, you anticipate when you will need to stop or slow down and just let up on the throttle to let rolling friction and wind resistance slow your car, you are saving all that gas you would have burned maintaining your speed until the very last second.\n\nRace car drivers usually speed into the corners and then brake hard as late as possible to maintain their speed as long as possible and achieve the best lap times. But sometimes, if they need to save gas to avoid an extra pit stop, they will let up on the gas before going into a curve instead of braking. They are sacrificing lap times to save time on pit stops." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c9by68l", "c9c1a93" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Cones and rods are located on the back of the eye where the light is focused once it passes through the lens. In order to implant cones into the eye, the back of the eye would somehow have to be reached and the cones connected to the optic nerve. I'm only a layman, but from how cones and rods work, it doesn't seem possible as of yet.\n\nAs of now, however, there is research being done that would allow for artificial retinas to be implanted when the eye has failed, in order to restore vision. ", "According to scientist that was on [this episode](_URL_0_) of Radiolab it is possible for something like this to be done. However, the next step in \"seeing\" new colors would be your brain knowing how to understand the new information it's getting from your eyes. It's sort of like a deaf person hearing for the first time; they have no idea what all this noise is and their brain has to work hard to understand it. But with enough time it seems to be able to figure it out." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.radiolab.org/2012/may/21/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csfbsum", "csfec43", "csfecbp" ], "score": [ 12, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "He is anti-science.. He moved to ban substances in plastic containers that were safe and the replacements are less safe. He is also a GMO scare monger looking to confuse the public into believing GMOs are unsafe. Additionally, he has sponsored a bill to treat veterans with \"alternate\" medicine rather than scientifically proven healthcare. \n\nHis economic views can also be considered dangerous if you are someone who cares about debt and fiscal responsibility.", "This question is a bit loaded, you won't find anyone who agrees with 100% of his policy position, that would be impossible of any candidate. For example someone in this thread has said that he's anti-gun, yet for others he's not tough enough on guns. But here's the thing with Bernie, he's probably the only candidate I know that both A) truly believes what he speaks, and B) is actually primarily interested in helping the American people. An honest candidate that actually wants to help Americans and has probably at least 80% good ideas... you're just not ever going to do better than that. ", "Most people criticize him on his economic views. Though he has many popular ideas, it seems crazy how we will pay for everything he suggests. Taxing corporations and rich too high leads to brain drain where they will leave the country. Also, most corporation taxes burden falls on the consumers and the workers rather than the company. There's a lot of controversy with all his statements on the economy such as fiscal responsibility, minimum wage, and spending and tax reform. He also opposes free trade which a huge majority of economists are in favor of." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f33j4sp" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "**Methane Clathrate** \nThe chemical compound Methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas, more so than CO2. \n\nMethane Clathrate is basically ice that has a ton of methane locked inside of its crystal structure. \n\nMethane Clathrate can only exists at low temperatures and high pressures. There is a lot of it along the ocean floor in polar regions. \n\n**Clathrate Gun**\n\nGlobal temperatures slowly increase over time due to other events.\n\nAs the temperature of the ocean increases, it gets too hot for Methane Clathrate to stay frozen.\n\nMethane begins being released into the oceans and atmosphere. \n\nThis creates a feedback loop. It gets hotter, which releases more Methane. Then it gets hotter and releases even more. \n\nThis is theorized to be the reason why we see warm periods during the last few million years.\n\n**Fear**\n\nIf we continue global warming, we will trigger the Clathrate Gun. This will create a feedback loop that we have next to no hope of stopping." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fngcdqw" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "largely, the don't. The carbonated water is slightly more acidic but nowhere near as acidic as lemonade or even orange juice. The flavored water has some ketone or aldehyde (I suspect) that gives it a particular odor. It may also have a bit of something else but likely not enough to make any difference to your body in a significant way." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3yausy", "c3yb5zo", "c3yblwk", "c3yfryc" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 14, 2 ], "text": [ "A mirror is a duplicate. It exists either to cut bandwidth usage and costs by sharing the load or to provide access to a site that is no longer running for whatever reason.", "A mirror of a site is like a mirror image of you, an exact copy but in a different location. This can be for several reasons including to make the site load faster over the world, keep it safe in case of damage/failure or to make it harder to take down.", "Think of it this way. I am holding a lecture for you and your class (5 year olds go to school right?), but the class is too big for me to do this lecture for your whole class. What I do then is that I give my script to another teacher (mirror) so that he can hold the excact same lecture as me, only in another classroom.", "At the company that I work for, we have our Web site in \"mirrored version\" eight times. These are copies of the original site. They look exactly the same. Each mirror of the site is hosted (run) on its own computer, and each of those computers is placed on different continents. This allows the site to be closer to the customers, so that the site will load more quickly for them. Someone in France will visit our site and, without even realizing it, he or she will actually connect to our mirror for customers in Europe. Someone in California will connect to our site, and see the exact same content, except that the Web pages will secretly be served from our computer on the West coast of the United States.\n\nI also worked at a company previously, which used mirrored versions for other reasons. First, they kept a mirror of the site for \"failover.\" Meaning, if the main site went down for any reason, such as bad guys breaking it, they could simply switch on the mirror, and it would take over as the main site. Thus, even when the original site was attacked, we'd remain online and working and our customers wouldn't even notice the problems.\n\nThe second reason that the company had mirrored versions of the site was simply for testing. They kept a mirror of the site up & running on a private server that only company employees could see. And there, changes to the site were put in place for review. If everyone agreed that the new headline/graphic/page/press release was looking & working as expected, then the change would be placed onto the main site. Technically this is not quite a perfect mirror, as the testing site isn't an exact copy of the original. It's usually a copy *plus* some small improvement that the employees could vote on." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmmb9se" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The Colosseum has been actively preserved since the 19th century. The latest round of preservation started in the 1990s. So... It's not exactly like it isn't being worked on." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dyxcl2j", "dyxdcum", "dyxo0fs", "dyxo1uh" ], "score": [ 183, 6, 2, 8 ], "text": [ "Goldsmith here, not from de US so ill try my best to explain it but im not really used to explaining this in english. \n\nThere are different ways to resize a ring. If its a weddingband without stones or ornaments etc you can just stretch it on a machine. When you stretch it the band does get thinner but you normally dont really see any difference. You can also shrink the ring by pressing the ring in a V-shape so it gets smaller.\nIf you try to stretch a ring with a stone it will break cause it is weaker in the place with the stone.\n\nSo if you cant stretch or shrink it with a machine you saw the band open and put another piece of gold/silver in between the band and solder it together. Or you cut a little piece out is it needs to be smaller. Then you smoothe it all out by removing the excess material and solder and you polish it.\n\n\nAlso, sometimes if its a thick band and it needs to be just a little big bigger we just hammer a bit on the band, the material gets a bit flatter but the ring gets bigger", "It depends on what the ring is made of and the aesthetic. Lot's of traditional jewelry metals are malleable, they can be reformed with relatively little force so gold 10+ rings can be stretched. But, frequently they are cut and reshaped. ", "Good places just add a bit of metal (that could be removed in case you gain weight). I dont remember the name of them, but its not a flattering name. That way, they don't actually change the ring.\n\nJust like soldering / desoldering.", "Finally, something I can answer! There's three factors when sizing: the type of metal, how much you're sizing, and which way. Gold and silver are fairly easy to size because they're soft metals. Platinum on the other hand is quite hard. If you're increasing the size less than 1, you can probably get away with stretching the band as long as the shank (the round part of the ring) is thick enough. If you're changing the size more, or decreasing the size, then you'll have to cut the shank, add metal, and solder it. \n\nFor the most part, gold and silver bend fairly easily. This is especially true for higher karat weights of gold. This is why a ring caught in a door might bend. Normal sizing can't stress the metal enough to cause it to fracture. The metal does warp because you're changing the circumference of the ring. This isn't usually noticeable unless there are stones set on the ring. \n\nIf you're working with platinum, it's a whole different ball game because platinum has much more density and a higher melting point. Because of this, it often has to go to a specialty shop, which we aren't. \n\nI feel like this is pushing the limit of what a 5 year old can comprehend, but if you want more detail drop a comment. \n\nSource: jeweler's assistant" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dd7prsd" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "It is a product of its time.\n\nOr perhaps more accurately, it's almost entirely NOT a product of its time.\n\nRocky Horror came out at a time in which all of its subjects were bizarre taboo. This wasn't the kind of thing you discussed in public. Transvestites? As the Lead? \n\nIt was hard counter-culture to the more straight laced offerings of the time." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cc0f4z5", "cc0fap0" ], "score": [ 10, 6 ], "text": [ "Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the soda, giving it carbonation. At room temperature and standard pressure the dissolved CO2 will turn to gas at a fairly quick rate. Hence why if you pour a glass of soda and leave it out, it will be flat in a matter of hours.\n\nThere are two ways to keep the CO2 inside the soda, and thus keep the soda carbonated (and not flat). One is to lower the temperature. Lower temperatures allow for more gas to dissolve inside a liquid. However, even at the temperatures in a fridge the CO2 will escape pretty quickly.\n\nThe other way, is pressure. Higher pressure in the air around the liquid will make the CO2 escape slower. This is why bottles are pressurized when you get them.\n\nAfter you drink some of the soda and reseal it, there is normal pressure in the air so CO2 will escape from the soda. As it escapes there is more gas (the CO2) in the bottle so the pressure increases. Have you ever noticed that when you first reclose a 2 liter you can squeeze the plastic but after a few minutes or if you shake it, it gets harder to squeeze again?\n\nSo once the pressure builds up enough the CO2 should mostly stop escaping, and your soda should be pretty stable (although less carbonated then before). Each time you open the 2 liter (even if you pour no more out) you release this pressure and the soda has to release more CO2 into the bottle. \n\nThe more you drink of the soda the faster this happens because\n\n1) each time you open the soda you lose all the pressure and,\n\n2) there is more space for air is in the bottle so more CO2 is required to leave the soda to raise the pressure.", "Plastic breaths, all carbonated beverages in plastic have about a 3 month shelf life. Thats why a lot of times when you buy a coke in a plastic bottle it's super fizzy and some aren't, they over carbonate at the factory to compensate for the fizz that'll escape from plastic. That's why glass bottling is much better, no plastic goes into the environment and the product that goes in will be the same product that came out. \n\n[Here's a cool explanation on the difference between plastic and glass bottling](_URL_0_)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPbh6Ru7VVM&t=3m55s" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d2stwrb", "d2su0ny", "d2su1cc", "d2su3th" ], "score": [ 11, 2, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Its just a colloquial term for a group of states in the North East. It has no formal power or control; it just like the Bible Belt or the Rust Belt or the Deep South.", "New England is just a region of the United States, like the Midwest and the Bible Belt.\n\nIt's not an official area or entity of any sort and holds no power.\n\nIt's really just the Northeast corner of the US and includes states that were part of the original colonies of England.", "It's a region of the country consisting of the Northeastern most part of the US. It is comprised of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Vermont. \n\nIt's similar to terms like \"The South,\" \"Midwest,\" and so on. \n\nIt is not afforded any special powers of its own, but since these regions tend to share at least some cultural/economic/social backgrounds, it's reasonable that the states themselves will act in concert to some extent. ", "New England is a region of the United States consisting of six states that were among the first colonized by the English. It doesn't have any special governing power. It's just a term used for the northeastern states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. \n\n " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "edwsjjp", "edwsmdt", "edwsmjv", "edwso2w", "edwt7o2", "edwt940", "edwvgxp", "edwx7km", "edwxjr9" ], "score": [ 7, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I plan on hunting when I'm out of college because of the corrupt nature of the meat industry. The treatment of the animals is typically poor. I just feel like it's fairer.", "Population control is one reason. Let em starve or make it quick and stock the freezer. Then there's those who live off the grid. Hunting just to kill and not respect and use the animal I don't understand. ", "It’s much like fishing (yes they’re pretty different) but in the sense that you do it for sport. It’s something to enjoy. Also, from a different stance on the argument, for hunting things like deer, it controls overpopulation and keeps the wild ecosystem in as much check as possible. ", "Meat is a very good reason, but also sport. And taste. I don't personally hunt but I've tasted venison once. And OMG put that shit in the grocery isles already!", "Where do you think the meat in the grocery store even comes from? You argument is basically people shouldn't kill animals for their meat because other people kill animals for their meat. You either kill them for meat or you don't eat meat. Period. \n\n\nSo either you pay someone else to do it for you or you do it yourself. Animal dies either way. \n\n\nAnd there are a variety of reasons to hunt. Some people enjoy it for various reasons. Human beings have always been hunters. It's how an ancestors lived. It's natural for us. Hunting just for sport can be argued to be bad, but if you are getting your food out of it, and as we established, an animal has to die to get meat anyway, who not have some fun too. \n\n\nThere's also animal populations. Humans have largely destroyed much of deer's natural predators, so if we don't hunt them, their population explodes. It is barely being kept in check by hunting now. Deer hunting is needed to replace natural predators in this specific case. \n\n\nThere's also some folks who like to avoid all the processing that gets done in industrialized meat. Hunt the meat yourself, and you know it wasn't sprayedin chemicals, or sat in a freezer for a long time, or treated with dyes to make it look fresher. There also the argument that many undustrial farms treat animals inhumanely while the animal you hunt has lived a good natural free life. \n\n\nThere are others I am sure.", "Deer are assholes. They're basically giant rats (but way dumber), and we've wiped out most of their natural predators. If they aren't hunted they tend to start causing a lot of problems and becoming a serious disease vector.\n\nThey also taste great, and hunting them is a fun way to spend time.\n\nFeral pigs are even bigger assholes. They don't taste as good, but nobody cares how many you kill because they're destructive vermin.", "So first thing to understand is that most hunters are not cartoon villains who just want trophy taxidermy. Trophies are cool, but most hunters do that with the odd impressive kill. The primary drives are meat and recreation. You said you can get supermarket meat, but it's rarely the same. In the US, you don't really see venison, pheasant, or small game in stores. Even duck is kind of a rarity. So if you want that meat, your usually stuck with hunting or specialty stores that sometimes buy from hunters anyway. \n\n\nI say recreation because \"sport\" tends to give people the impression that it's some kind of gladiatorial blood sport. That's not it. It's more akin to fishing (which doesn't get as bad a reputation for some reason) as a social activity, or solitary alone time, spent in nature and activity requiring skill. \n\n\nThe major secondary motivation is population control. Most hunters don't consciously think too much about that, but it's what usually dictates what can be hunted, how many you can take, and what season it's hunted in. ", "For one, there's a good $250 worth of meat on a deer, and it's far higher quality than the garbage you buy at the grocery store. I have a friend who recently reached his goal of 500 pounds of cut and packaged meat (a mix of goose, pheasant, duck, and deer) which, coupled with the hundreds of pounds of fish and acre of vegetables he grows will provide the majority of the food his family of five (and three dogs) will eat over the course of the year. \n\nI don't know many people with trophies. It's rather passe these days. Maybe one, likely the first kill as a teenager or maybe an especially large catch, but by and large it just the experience. Planning the location and route, setting cameras to follow common animal routes and migration patters, and simply spending a day in the woods with friends and family, waiting for that golden opportunity. Watching a 13 year old girl fire a .30-06 just like her great grandfather did 65 years ago at the same age. \n\nThere's also the technology of the devices used, the different choices and variables, learning of technique, and collecting gear that will be as valuable 40 years from now as they are today. \n\nI can't stand early mornings or cold weather, so I sit these events out. ", "My Dad comes from a small town in northern Canada where hunting is much more common place than in the south.\n\nWhile he was growing up my Grandfather was a game warden and while it's true that many people hunt for sport, because it's fun, the vast majority did it to sustain their families. At the time hunting permits and guns were a lot cheaper than buying meat at the grocery store. So if you were a poorer family, if you managed to bag a moose you'd have meat for months." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dn5ad5p" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "It's a physiological function. 37 degrees Celsius is optimal for the functioning of all normal bodily functions. An exception to this is the immune system, which functions optimally at higher temperatures (fever). \n\nTemperature is highly regulated, as is the blood levels of many hormones and ions, sugars, fats, among other things. \n\nTo put it plainly, when it comes to physical well being, we are not varied at all. Physilogical wellness is not a trait, like hair color or body type. Rather it is a physiological norm determined by nature itself, optimizing us for maximum survival in ever changing environments " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]