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Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition

LJ001-0001.wav

slightly fast

pɹɪntɪŋ, ɪn ðʌ oʊnli sɛns wɪð wɪtʃ wi ɑɹ æt pɹɛzʌnt kʌnsɜ˞nd, dɪfɜ˞z fɹʌm moʊst ɪf nɑt fɹʌm ɔl ðʌ ɑɹts ʌnd kɹæfts ɹɛpɹɪzɛntɪd ɪn ðʌ ɛksʌbɪʃʌn

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

in being comparatively modern.

LJ001-0002.wav

slightly fast

ɪn biɪŋ kʌmpɛɹʌtɪvli mɑdɜ˞n.

moderate ambient sound

very roomy sounding

slightly expressive

For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process

LJ001-0003.wav

moderate speed

fɔɹ ɔlðoʊ ðʌ tʃaɪniz tʊk ɪmpɹɛʃʌnz fɹʌm wʊd blɑks ɪnɡɹeɪvd ɪn ɹɪlif fɔɹ sɛntʃɜ˞iz bɪfɔɹ ðʌ ʌv ðʌ nɛðɜ˞lʌndz, baɪ ʌ sɪmʌlɜ˞ pɹɑsɛs

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,

LJ001-0004.wav

slightly fast

pɹʌdust ðʌ blɑk bʊks, wɪtʃ wɜ˞ ðʌ ɪmidiʌt pɹɛdʌsɛsɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ tɹu pɹɪntɪd bʊk,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.

LJ001-0005.wav

slightly fast

ðʌ ɪnvɛnʃʌn ʌv muvʌbʌl mɛtʌl lɛtɜ˞z ɪn ðʌ mɪdʌl ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i meɪ dʒʌstli bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d æz ðʌ ɪnvɛnʃʌn ʌv ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ.

slightly noisy

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,

LJ001-0006.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd ɪt ɪz wɜ˞θ mɛnʃʌn ɪn pæsɪŋ ðæt, æz æn ɪɡzæmpʌl ʌv faɪn tʌpɑɡɹʌfi,

moderate ambient sound

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about 1455,

LJ001-0007.wav

slightly slowly

ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst bʊk pɹɪntɪd wɪð muvʌbʌl taɪps, ðʌ ɡutʌnbɜ˞ɡ, ɔɹ "fɔɹti-tu laɪn baɪbʌl" ʌv ʌbaʊt ,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

has never been surpassed.

LJ001-0008.wav

moderate speed

hæz nɛvɜ˞ bɪn sɜ˞pæst.

slightly noisy

slightly roomy sounding

slightly monotone

Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.

LJ001-0009.wav

moderate speed

pɹɪntɪŋ, ðɛn, fɔɹ aʊɜ˞ pɜ˞pʌs, meɪ bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d æz ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv meɪkɪŋ bʊks baɪ minz ʌv muvʌbʌl taɪps.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,

LJ001-0010.wav

moderate speed

naʊ, æz ɔl bʊks nɑt pɹaɪmɛɹʌli ɪntɛndɪd æz pɪktʃɜ˞-bʊks kʌnsɪst pɹɪnsɪpli ʌv taɪps kʌmpoʊzd tu fɔɹm lɛtɜ˞pɹɛs,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;

LJ001-0011.wav

slightly fast

ɪt ɪz ʌv ðʌ fɜ˞st ɪmpɔɹtʌns ðæt ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ juzd ʃʊd bi faɪn ɪn fɔɹm;

slightly noisy

quite roomy sounding

slightly expressive

especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters

LJ001-0012.wav

moderate speed

ʌspɛʃli æz noʊ mɔɹ taɪm ɪz ɑkjʌpaɪd, ɔɹ kɑst ɪnkɜ˞d, ɪn kæstɪŋ, sɛtɪŋ, ɔɹ pɹɪntɪŋ bjutʌfʌl lɛtɜ˞z

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

than in the same operations with ugly ones.

LJ001-0013.wav

slightly fast

ðæn ɪn ðʌ seɪm ɑpɜ˞eɪʃʌnz wɪð ʌɡli wʌnz.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,

LJ001-0014.wav

slightly fast

ʌnd ɪt wɑz ʌ mætɜ˞ ʌv kɔɹs ðæt ɪn ðʌ mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz, wɛn ðʌ kɹæftsmɛn tʊk kɛɹ ðæt bjutʌfʌl fɔɹm ʃʊd ɔlweɪz bi ʌ pɑɹt ʌv ðɛɹ pɹʌdʌkʃʌnz wʌtɛvɜ˞ ðeɪ wɜ˞,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.

LJ001-0015.wav

slightly fast

ðʌ fɔɹmz ʌv pɹɪntɪd lɛtɜ˞z ʃʊd bi bjutʌfʌl, ʌnd ðæt ðɛɹ ɜ˞eɪndʒmʌnt ɑn ðʌ peɪdʒ ʃʊd bi ɹizʌnʌbʌl ʌnd ʌ hɛlp tu ðʌ ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z ðɛmsɛlvz.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

slightly expressive

The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore

LJ001-0016.wav

moderate speed

ðʌ mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz bɹɔt kʌlɪɡɹʌfi tu pɜ˞fɛkʃʌn, ʌnd ɪt wɑz nætʃɜ˞ʌl ðɛɹfɔɹ

slightly clear

quite roomy sounding

slightly expressive

that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.

LJ001-0017.wav

quite fast

ðæt ðʌ fɔɹmz ʌv pɹɪntɪd lɛtɜ˞z ʃʊd fɑloʊ mɔɹ ɔɹ lɛs kloʊsli ðoʊz ʌv ðʌ ɹɪtʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞, ʌnd ðeɪ fɑloʊd ðɛm vɛɹi kloʊsli.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,

LJ001-0018.wav

slightly fast

ðʌ fɜ˞st bʊks wɜ˞ pɹɪntɪd ɪn blæk lɛtɜ˞, aɪ.i. ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ wɪtʃ wɑz ʌ ɡɑθɪk dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ðʌ eɪntʃʌnt ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite expressive

and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;

LJ001-0019.wav

slightly fast

ʌnd wɪtʃ dɪvɛlʌpt mɔɹ kʌmplitli ʌnd sætɪsfæktɹʌli ɑn ðʌ saɪd ʌv ðʌ "loʊɜ˞-keɪs" ðæn ðʌ kæpʌtʌl lɛtɜ˞z;

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.

LJ001-0020.wav

moderate speed

ðʌ "loʊɜ˞-keɪs" biɪŋ ɪn fækt ɪnvɛntʌd ɪn ðʌ ɜ˞li mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation

LJ001-0021.wav

moderate speed

ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst bʊk pɹɪntɪd wɪð muvʌbʌl taɪp, ðʌ ʌfɔɹsɛd ɡutʌnbɜ˞ɡ baɪbʌl, ɪz pɹɪntɪd ɪn lɛtɜ˞z wɪtʃ ɑɹ æn ɪɡzækt ɪmʌteɪʃʌn

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"

LJ001-0022.wav

moderate speed

ʌv ðʌ mɔɹ fɔɹmʌl ɪkliziæstɪkʌl ɹaɪtɪŋ wɪtʃ ʌbteɪnd æt ðæt taɪm; ðɪs hæz sɪns bɪn kɔld "mɪsʌl taɪp,"

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.

LJ001-0023.wav

slightly fast

ʌnd wɑz ɪn fækt ðʌ kaɪnd ʌv lɛtɜ˞ juzd ɪn ðʌ mɛni splɛndɪd , sɔltɜ˞z, ɛtsɛtɜ˞ʌ., pɹʌdust baɪ pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year 1462)

LJ001-0024.wav

slightly slowly

bʌt ðʌ fɜ˞st baɪbʌl æktʃuʌli deɪtɪd (wɪtʃ ɔlsoʊ wɑz pɹɪntɪd æt baɪ pitɜ˞ ɪn ðʌ jɪɹ )

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.

LJ001-0025.wav

slightly slowly

ɪmʌteɪts ʌ mʌtʃ fɹiɜ˞ hænd, sɪmpʌlɜ˞, ɹaʊndɜ˞, ʌnd lɛs spaɪki, ʌnd ðɛɹfɔɹ fɑɹ ʌnd iziɜ˞ tu ɹɛd.

slightly clear

very roomy sounding

quite expressive

On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,

LJ001-0026.wav

moderate speed

ɑn ðʌ hoʊl ðʌ taɪp ʌv ðɪs bʊk meɪ bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d ðʌ ni-plʌs-ʌltɹʌ ʌv ɡɑθɪk taɪp,

quite clear

quite roomy sounding

quite expressive

especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,

LJ001-0027.wav

moderate speed

ʌspɛʃli æz ɹɪɡɑɹdz ðʌ loʊɜ˞-keɪs lɛtɜ˞z; ʌnd taɪp vɛɹi sɪmʌlɜ˞ wɑz juzd dʊɹɪŋ ðʌ nɛkst fɪftin ɔɹ twɛnti jɪɹz nɑt oʊnli baɪ ,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.

LJ001-0028.wav

slightly slowly

bʌt baɪ pɹɪntɜ˞z ɪn stɹæsbɜ˞ɡ, bæsʌl, pɛɹɪs, lubɛk, ʌnd ʌðɜ˞ sɪtiz.

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

slightly expressive

But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used

LJ001-0029.wav

moderate speed

bʌt ðoʊ ɑn ðʌ hoʊl, ɪksɛpt ɪn ɪtʌli, ɡɑθɪk lɛtɜ˞ wɑz moʊst ɔfʌn juzd

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.

LJ001-0030.wav

moderate speed

ʌ vɛɹi fju jɪɹz sɔ ðʌ bɜ˞θ ʌv ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞ nɑt oʊnli ɪn ɪtʌli, bʌt ɪn dʒɜ˞mʌni ʌnd fɹæns.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

In 1465 Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,

LJ001-0031.wav

quite slowly

ɪn ʌnd bɪɡæn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ðʌ mɑnʌstɛɹi ʌv nɪɹ ɹoʊm,

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,

LJ001-0032.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd juzd æn ɪksidɪŋli bjutʌfʌl taɪp, wɪtʃ ɪz ɪndid tu lʊk æt ʌ tɹænzɪʃʌn bɪtwin ɡɑθɪk ʌnd ɹoʊmʌn,

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

slightly monotone

but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.

LJ001-0033.wav

moderate speed

bʌt wɪtʃ mʌst sɜ˞tʌnli hæv kʌm fɹʌm ðʌ stʌdi ʌv ðʌ twɛlfθ ɔɹ ivɪn ðʌ ɪlɛvʌnθ sɛntʃɜ˞i .

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year 1468,

LJ001-0034.wav

moderate speed

ðeɪ pɹɪntɪd vɛɹi fju bʊks ɪn ðɪs taɪp, θɹi oʊnli; bʌt ɪn ðɛɹ vɛɹi fɜ˞st bʊks ɪn ɹoʊm, bɪɡɪnɪŋ wɪð ðʌ jɪɹ ,

slightly clear

quite roomy sounding

moderate intonation

they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.

LJ001-0035.wav

slightly fast

ðeɪ dɪskɑɹdɪd ðɪs fɔɹ ʌ mɔɹ kʌmplitli ɹoʊmʌn ʌnd fɑɹ lɛs bjutʌfʌl lɛtɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;

LJ001-0036.wav

moderate speed

bʌt ʌbaʊt ðʌ seɪm jɪɹ æt stɹæsbɜ˞ɡ bɪɡæn tu pɹɪnt ɪn ʌ taɪp wɪtʃ ɪz dɪstɪŋktli ɹoʊmʌn;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;

LJ001-0037.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd ðʌ nɛkst jɪɹ ɡʌnθɜ˞ zaɪnɜ˞ æt ɔɡzbɜ˞ɡ fɑloʊd sut;

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

moderate intonation

while in 1470 at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.

LJ001-0038.wav

slightly slowly

waɪl ɪn æt pɛɹɪs ɡɪɹɪŋ ʌnd hɪz ʌsoʊsiʌts tɜ˞nd aʊt ðʌ fɜ˞st bʊks pɹɪntɪd ɪn fɹæns, ɔlsoʊ ɪn ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

slightly expressive

The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,

LJ001-0039.wav

slightly fast

ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn taɪp ʌv ɔl ðiz pɹɪntɜ˞z ɪz sɪmʌlɜ˞ ɪn kɛɹɪktɜ˞,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite expressive

and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.

LJ001-0040.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd ɪz vɛɹi sɪmpʌl ʌnd lɛdʒʌbʌl, ʌnd dɪzaɪnd fɔɹ jus; bʌt ɪt ɪz baɪ noʊ minz wɪθaʊt bjuti.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,

LJ001-0041.wav

moderate speed

ɪt mʌst bi sɛd ðæt ɪt ɪz ɪn noʊ weɪ laɪk ðʌ tɹænzɪʃʌn taɪp ʌv ,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.

LJ001-0042.wav

slightly fast

ʌnd ðoʊ mɔɹ ɹoʊmʌn ðæn ðæt, jɛt skɛɹsli mɔɹ laɪk ðʌ kʌmplit ɹoʊmʌn taɪp ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst pɹɪntɜ˞z ʌv ɹoʊm.

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.

LJ001-0043.wav

slightly fast

ʌ fɜ˞ðɜ˞ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn lɛtɜ˞ tʊk pleɪs æt vɛnʌs.

moderate ambient sound

slightly roomy sounding

slightly expressive

John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,

LJ001-0044.wav

moderate speed

dʒɑn ʌv spaɪɹz ʌnd hɪz bɹʌðɜ˞ , fɑloʊd baɪ nɪkʌlʌs dʒɛnsʌn, bɪɡæn tu pɹɪnt ɪn ðæt sɪti,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

1469, 1470;

LJ001-0045.wav

very slowly

, ;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.

LJ001-0046.wav

slightly fast

ðɛɹ taɪp ɪz ɑn ðʌ laɪnz ʌv ðʌ dʒɜ˞mʌn ʌnd fɹɛntʃ ɹæðɜ˞ ðæn ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z.

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:

LJ001-0047.wav

slightly fast

ʌv dʒɛnsʌn ɪt mʌst bi sɛd ðæt hi kæɹid ðʌ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ɹoʊmʌn taɪp æz fɑɹ æz ɪt kæn ɡoʊ:

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.

LJ001-0048.wav

slightly fast

hɪz lɛtɜ˞ ɪz ædmɜ˞ʌbli klɪɹ ʌnd ɹɛɡjʌlɜ˞, bʌt æt list æz bjutʌfʌl æz ɛni ʌðɜ˞ ɹoʊmʌn taɪp.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by 1490, printing in Venice had declined very much;

LJ001-0049.wav

moderate speed

æftɜ˞ hɪz dɛθ ɪn ðʌ "fɔɹtin eɪtiz," ɔɹ æt list baɪ , pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn vɛnʌs hæd dɪklaɪnd vɛɹi mʌtʃ;

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,

LJ001-0050.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd ðoʊ ðʌ feɪmʌs fæmʌli ʌv ɑldɪs ɹɪstɔɹd ɪts tɛknɪkʌl ɛksʌlʌns, ɹɪdʒɛktɪŋ bætɜ˞d lɛtɜ˞z,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,

LJ001-0051.wav

slightly fast

ʌnd peɪɪŋ ɡɹeɪt ʌtɛnʃʌn tu ðʌ "pɹɛs wɜ˞k" ɔɹ æktʃʌwʌl pɹɑsɛs ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ,

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact

LJ001-0052.wav

moderate speed

jɛt ðɛɹ taɪp ɪz ɑɹtɪstɪkli ɑn ʌ mʌtʃ loʊɜ˞ lɛvʌl ðæn dʒɛnsʌn'ɛs, ʌnd ɪn fækt

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.

LJ001-0053.wav

slightly fast

ðeɪ mʌst bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d tu hæv ɛndʌd ðʌ eɪdʒ ʌv faɪn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ɪtʌli.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,

LJ001-0054.wav

slightly fast

dʒɛnsʌn, haʊɛvɜ˞, hæd mɛni kʌntɛmpɜ˞ɛɹiz hu juzd bjutʌfʌl taɪp,

quite clear

moderate reverberation

slightly expressive

some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.

LJ001-0055.wav

slightly slowly

sʌm ʌv wɪtʃ -- æz, i.dʒi., ðæt ʌv dʒʌkoʊbʌs ɔɹ ʒɑk lʌ ɹuʒ -- ɪz skɛɹsli dɪstɪŋɡwɪʃʌbʌl fɹʌm hɪz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,

LJ001-0056.wav

moderate speed

ɪt wɑz ðiz ɡɹeɪt vʌniʃʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z, tʌɡɛðɜ˞ wɪð ðɛɹ bɹɛðɹʌn ʌv ɹoʊm, mʌlɑn,

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly monotone

Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,

LJ001-0057.wav

slightly fast

pɑɹmʌ, ʌnd wʌn ɔɹ tu ʌðɜ˞ sɪtiz, hu pɹʌdust ðʌ splɛndɪd ɪdɪʃʌnz ʌv ðʌ klæsɪks, wɪtʃ ɑɹ wʌn ʌv ðʌ ɡɹeɪt ɡlɔɹiz ʌv ðʌ pɹɪntɜ˞'ɛs ɑɹt,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,

LJ001-0058.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd ɑɹ wɜ˞ði ɹɛpɹʌzɛntʌtɪvz ʌv ðʌ iɡɜ˞ ɪnθuziæzʌm fɔɹ ðʌ ɹɪvaɪvd lɜ˞nɪŋ ʌv ðæt ɛpʌk. baɪ fɑɹ,

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly monotone

the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.

LJ001-0059.wav

slightly fast

ðʌ ɡɹeɪtɜ˞ pɑɹt ʌv ðiz ɪtæljʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z, ɪt ʃʊd bi mɛnʃʌnd, wɜ˞ dʒɜ˞mʌnz ɔɹ fɹɛntʃmɛn, wɜ˞kɪŋ ʌndɜ˞ ðʌ ɪnfluʌns ʌv ɪtæljʌn ʌpɪnjʌn ʌnd eɪmz.

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries

LJ001-0060.wav

moderate speed

ɪt mʌst bi ʌndɜ˞stʊd ðæt θɹu ðʌ hoʊl ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ ʌnd ðʌ fɜ˞st kwɔɹtɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ sɪkstinθ sɛntʃɜ˞iz

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

quite expressive

the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.

LJ001-0061.wav

slightly fast

ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn lɛtɜ˞ wɑz juzd saɪd baɪ saɪd wɪð ðʌ ɡɑθɪk.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,

LJ001-0062.wav

slightly fast

ivɪn ɪn ɪtʌli moʊst ʌv ðʌ θiʌlɑdʒɪkʌl ʌnd lɔ bʊks wɜ˞ pɹɪntɪd ɪn ɡɑθɪk lɛtɜ˞,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,

LJ001-0063.wav

slightly fast

wɪtʃ wɑz dʒɛnɜ˞ʌli mɔɹ fɔɹmʌli ɡɑθɪk ðæn ðʌ pɹɪntɪŋ ʌv ðʌ dʒɜ˞mʌn wɜ˞kmɪn,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite expressive

many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.

LJ001-0064.wav

moderate speed

mɛni ʌv huz taɪps, ɪndid, laɪk ðæt ʌv ðʌ wɜ˞ks, ɑɹ ʌv ʌ tɹænsɪʃʌnʌl kɛɹɪktɜ˞.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.

LJ001-0065.wav

moderate speed

ðɪs wɑz noʊtʌbli ðʌ keɪs wɪð ðʌ ɜ˞li wɜ˞ks pɹɪntɪd æt ʌlm, ʌnd ɪn ʌ sʌmwʌt lɛsɜ˞ dɪɡɹi æt ɔɡzbɜ˞ɡ.

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.

LJ001-0066.wav

moderate speed

ɪn fækt ɡʌnθɜ˞ zaɪnɜ˞'ɛs fɜ˞st taɪp (æftɜ˞wɜ˞dz juzd baɪ ʃʌslɜ˞) ɪz ɹɪmɑɹkʌbli laɪk ðʌ taɪp ʌv ðʌ bɪfɔɹ-mɛnʃʌnd bʊks.

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.

LJ001-0067.wav

moderate speed

ɪn ðʌ loʊ kʌntɹiz ʌnd kʌloʊn, wɪtʃ wɜ˞ vɛɹi fɜ˞tʌl ʌv pɹɪntɪd bʊks, ɡɑθɪk wɑz ðʌ feɪvɜ˞ɪt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.

LJ001-0068.wav

moderate speed

ðʌ kɛɹʌktɜ˞ɪstɪk dʌtʃ taɪp, æz ɹɛpɹɪzɛntɪd baɪ ðʌ ɛksʌlʌnt pɹɪntɜ˞ dʒɜ˞ɑɹd , ɪz vɛɹi pɹʌnaʊnst ʌnd ʌnkɑmpɹʌmaɪzɪŋ ɡɑθɪk.

slightly clear

quite roomy sounding

moderate intonation

This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,

LJ001-0069.wav

moderate speed

ðɪs taɪp wɑz ɪntɹʌdust ɪntu ɪŋɡlʌnd baɪ di , kækstʌn'ɛs sʌksɛsɜ˞,

quite clear

quite roomy sounding

moderate intonation

and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.

LJ001-0070.wav

slightly fast

ʌnd wɑz juzd ðɛɹ wɪð vɛɹi lɪtʌl vɛɹieɪʃʌn ɔl θɹu ðʌ sɪkstinθ ʌnd sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞iz, ʌnd ɪndid ɪntu ðʌ eɪtinθ.

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.

LJ001-0071.wav

slightly fast

moʊst ʌv kækstʌn'ɛs oʊn taɪps ɑɹ ʌv æn ɜ˞liɜ˞ kɛɹɪktɜ˞, ðoʊ ðeɪ ɔlsoʊ mʌtʃ ɹɪzɛmbʌl flɛmɪʃ ɔɹ kʌloʊn lɛtɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,

LJ001-0072.wav

slightly fast

æftɜ˞ ðʌ ɛnd ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i ðʌ dɛɡɹʌdeɪʃʌn ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ, ʌspɛʃli ɪn dʒɜ˞mʌni ʌnd ɪtʌli,

quite clear

slightly roomy sounding

slightly expressive

went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:

LJ001-0073.wav

moderate speed

wɛnt ɑn ʌpeɪs; ʌnd baɪ ðʌ ɛnd ʌv ðʌ sɪkstinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i ðɛɹ wɑz noʊ ɹɪli bjutʌfʌl pɹɪntɪŋ dʌn:

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;

LJ001-0074.wav

moderate speed

ðʌ bɛst, moʊstli fɹɛntʃ ɔɹ loʊ-kʌntɹi, wɑz nit ʌnd klɪɹ, bʌt wɪθaʊt ɛni dɪstɪŋkʃʌn;

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;

LJ001-0075.wav

moderate speed

ðʌ wɜ˞st, wɪtʃ pɜ˞hæps wɑz ðʌ ɪŋɡlɪʃ, wɑz ʌ tɛɹʌbʌl fɑlɪŋ-ɔf fɹʌm ðʌ wɜ˞k ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ pɹɛsʌz;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite expressive

and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.

LJ001-0076.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd θɪŋz ɡɑt wɜ˞s ʌnd wɜ˞s θɹu ðʌ hoʊl ʌv ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i, soʊ ðæt ɪn ðʌ eɪtinθ pɹɪntɪŋ wɑz vɛɹi mɪzɜ˞ʌbli pɜ˞fɔɹmd.

quite clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in 1720)

LJ001-0077.wav

moderate speed

ɪn ɪŋɡlʌnd ʌbaʊt ðɪs taɪm, æn ʌtɛmpt wɑz meɪd (noʊtʌbli baɪ , hu stɑɹtɪd bɪznʌs ɪn lʌndʌn æz ʌ taɪp-faʊndɜ˞ ɪn )

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

to improve the letter in form.

LJ001-0078.wav

moderate speed

tu ɪmpɹuv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ ɪn fɔɹm.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;

LJ001-0079.wav

slightly slowly

'ɛs taɪp ɪz klɪɹ ʌnd nit, ʌnd fɛɹli wɛl dɪzaɪnd;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:

LJ001-0080.wav

slightly fast

hi simz tu hæv teɪkʌn ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ ʌv ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i fɔɹ hɪz mɑdʌl:

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.

LJ001-0081.wav

slightly slowly

taɪp kæst fɹʌm hɪz meɪtɹɪsɪz ɪz stɪl ɪn ɛvɹideɪ jus.

slightly noisy

very roomy sounding

slightly expressive

In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.

LJ001-0082.wav

moderate speed

ɪn spaɪt, haʊɛvɜ˞, ʌv hɪz pɹeɪzwɜ˞ði ɛfɜ˞ts, pɹɪntɪŋ hæd stɪl wʌn læst dɛɡɹʌdeɪʃʌn tu ʌndɜ˞ɡoʊ.

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.

LJ001-0083.wav

moderate speed

ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i wɜ˞ bæd ɹæðɜ˞ nɛɡʌtɪvli ðæn pɑzʌtɪvli.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.

LJ001-0084.wav

slightly fast

bʌt fɔɹ ðʌ bjuti ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ wɜ˞k ðeɪ maɪt hæv simd tɑlɜ˞ʌbʌl.

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

moderate intonation

It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,

LJ001-0085.wav

slightly fast

ɪt wɑz ɹɪzɜ˞vd fɔɹ ðʌ faʊndɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ leɪtɜ˞ eɪtinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i tu pɹʌdus lɛtɜ˞z wɪtʃ ɑɹ pɑzʌtɪvli ʌɡli, ʌnd wɪtʃ, ɪt meɪ bi ædʌd,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:

LJ001-0086.wav

moderate speed

ɑɹ dæzʌlɪŋ ʌnd ʌnplɛzʌnt tu ðʌ aɪ oʊɪŋ tu ðʌ klʌmzi θɪkʌnɪŋ ʌnd vʌlɡɜ˞ θɪnɪŋ ʌv ðʌ laɪnz:

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite expressive

for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,

LJ001-0087.wav

moderate speed

fɔɹ ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ-sɛntʃɜ˞i lɛtɜ˞z ɑɹ æt list pjʊɹ ʌnd sɪmpʌl ɪn laɪn. ðʌ ɪtæljʌn, , ʌnd ðʌ fɹɛntʃmæn, ,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;

LJ001-0088.wav

moderate speed

wɜ˞ ðʌ lidɜ˞z ɪn ðɪs lʌklʌs tʃeɪndʒ, ðoʊ aʊɜ˞ oʊn bæskɜ˞vɪl, hu wɑz æt wɜ˞k sʌm jɪɹz bɪfɔɹ ðɛm, wɛnt mʌtʃ ɑn ðʌ seɪm laɪnz;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.

LJ001-0089.wav

moderate speed

bʌt hɪz lɛtɜ˞z, ðoʊ ʌnɪntɹʌstɪŋ ʌnd puɹ, ɑɹ nɑt nɪɹli soʊ ɡɹoʊs ʌnd vʌlɡɜ˞ æz ðoʊz ʌv iðɜ˞ ðʌ ɪtæljʌn ɔɹ ðʌ fɹɛntʃmæn.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

With this change the art of printing touched bottom,

LJ001-0090.wav

moderate speed

wɪð ðɪs tʃeɪndʒ ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ tʌtʃt bɑtʌm,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about 1840.

LJ001-0091.wav

moderate speed

soʊ fɑɹ æz faɪn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪz kʌnsɜ˞nd, ðoʊ peɪpɜ˞ dɪd nɑt ɡɛt tu ɪts wɜ˞st tɪl ʌbaʊt .

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

The Chiswick press in 1844 revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.

LJ001-0092.wav

slightly slowly

ðʌ tʃɪzwɪk pɹɛs ɪn ɹɪvaɪvd 'ɛs , pɹɪntɪŋ fɔɹ mɛsɜ˞z. lɔŋmʌn ðʌ daɪɜ˞i ʌv leɪdi wɪlʌbi.

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

This experiment was so far successful that about 1850 Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh

LJ001-0093.wav

moderate speed

ðɪs ɪkspɛɹʌmʌnt wɑz soʊ fɑɹ sʌksɛsfʌl ðæt ʌbaʊt mɛsɜ˞z. mɪlɜ˞ ʌnd ɹɪtʃɜ˞d ʌv ɛdʌnbɜ˞oʊ

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

quite expressive

were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.

LJ001-0094.wav

slightly fast

wɜ˞ ɪndust tu kʌt pʌntʃɪz fɔɹ ʌ sɪɹiz ʌv "oʊld staɪl" lɛtɜ˞z.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,

LJ001-0095.wav

moderate speed

ðiz ʌnd sɪmʌlɜ˞ , kæst baɪ ðʌ ʌbʌv fɜ˞m ʌnd ʌðɜ˞z,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type

LJ001-0096.wav

slightly fast

hæv naʊ kʌm ɪntu dʒɛnɜ˞ʌl jus ʌnd ɑɹ ɑbviʌsli ʌ ɡɹeɪt ɪmpɹuvmʌnt ɑn ðʌ ɔɹdʌnɛɹi "mɑdɜ˞n staɪl" ɪn jus ɪn ɪŋɡlʌnd, wɪtʃ ɪz ɪn fækt ðʌ taɪp

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,

LJ001-0097.wav

moderate speed

ʌ lɪtʌl ɹʌdust ɪn ʌɡlinʌs. ðʌ dɪzaɪn ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z ʌv ðɪs mɑdɜ˞n "oʊld staɪl" livz ʌ ɡʊd dil tu bi dɪzaɪɜ˞d,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.

LJ001-0098.wav

slightly fast

ʌnd ðʌ hoʊl ɪfɛkt ɪz ʌ lɪtʌl tu ɡɹeɪ, oʊɪŋ tu ðʌ θɪnnɪs ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,

LJ001-0099.wav

slightly fast

ɪt mʌst bi ɹɪmɛmbɜ˞d, haʊɛvɜ˞, ðæt moʊst mɑdɜ˞n pɹɪntɪŋ ɪz dʌn baɪ mʌʃinɜ˞i ɑn sɑft peɪpɜ˞, ʌnd nɑt baɪ ðʌ hænd pɹɛs,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.

LJ001-0100.wav

moderate speed

ʌnd ðiz sʌmwʌt wɪɹi lɛtɜ˞z ɑɹ sutʌbʌl fɔɹ ðʌ mʌʃin pɹɑsɛs, wɪtʃ wʊd nɑt du dʒʌstʌs tu lɛtɜ˞z ʌv mɔɹ dʒɛnɜ˞ʌs dɪzaɪn.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive