Black Box Explains...4K
4K is a term to describe a maximum video resolution of 4096 x 2400 pixels. However, the most commonly used resolution is UHD (Ultra High Definition) at 3840 x 2160... more/see it nowpixels. This resolution basically allows for four full HD signals of 1920 x 1080 pixels to be displayed on a single screen. Unfortunately, the pure pixel count doesn't tell the complete the story. The following overview provides an examination of some key differences to provide users with a better understanding of potential requirements to help select suitable solutions.
Maximum resolution: 4096 x 2400, with 3840 x 2160 reflecting between 8.9 Megapixel and 9.8 Megapixel
Refresh rate: 24p/30p/60p
The DVI specification allows 1920 x 1200 pixels to be transmitted in single-link format or 2560 x 1600 (2048 x 2048) pixels in dual link. Typically, the single link is supported by 23- or 24-inch displays, commonly called Full HD panels. The dual-link resolutions require larger screen sizes of typically 27 inches (2560 x 1440), 30 inch (2560 x 1600), or square ATC displays of 2048 x 2048 pixels.
Full 4K resolutions of 3840 x 2160 or higher over DVI dual link are possible, but only at less than 30 Hz due to bandwidth limitations. The bandwidth required for professional AV and PC environments can come to 4.95 Gbps (165 Mhz) for single link or 9.9 Gbps (2x 165 Mhz) for dual-link DVI.
HDMI and DVI share the same digital video signal format, but HDMI 1.2 allows for higher pixel clock frequencies, resulting in higher bandwidth or resolutions and deeper color.
The specifications vary based on the different HDMI versions. Up to HDMI 1.2 the specs more or less reflect those of DVI video. HDMI 1.3 and 1.4 exceed the dual-link DVI specs although it only uses a single link. HDMI 1.3/1.4 bandwidth is 10.2 Gbps (single link 140 Mhz).
Most HDMI 4K appliances and displays currently on the market are limited to 30 Hz. The recently released HDMI 2.0 standard increases bandwidth to 18 Gpbs (600 Mhz), effectively matching the bandwidth of DisplayPort for supporting 4K at up to 60 fps. The first HDMI 2.0 displays supporting this full specification are presently showing up on the market. HDMI is commonly used on almost all consumer and professional AV equipment.
DisplayPort is a slightly different, micro packet-based, video standard supporting a maximum bandwidth of approximately 17 Gbits. This currently makes it the only suitable single-connect option for full UHD (3840 x 2160) at 60 fps.
DisplayPort is mainly used on PC graphic adapter cards. Note: all current graphics cards with DisplayPort support the full DisplayPort 1.2a specification of 5.4 Gbps per lane and therefore only support 30 fps rather than 60 fps 4K resolutions.
Thunderbolt 1.0 is an Apple-only interface for multi-purpose use including video. Thunderbolt is compatible with DP 1.1 and capable of natively outputting DisplayPort signals. Thunderbolt 2.0 is needed to support 4K at 60Hz, and is compatible with DisplayPort 1.2.
Different ways of delivering 4K
Depending on the specifications of the equipment being used, a 4K signal may be delivered in the following ways:
Full spec 60 fps
Display/projector with four single-link DVI interfaces and synchronized channels. Acts like a video wall in just a single large device.
Display/projector with two dual-link DVI interfaces and synchronized channels. Acts like a video wall in just a single large device.
Display/projector with either two dula-link DVI or HDMI 1.4 inputs. The term used to describe this method is Multiple Protocol Transport (MPT).
Display with either DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, or upcoming HDMI 2.0 full spec interfaces.
4K @ 24/30 fps
Display/projector with either one dual-link DVI or HDMI 1.4 input. (MPT.)
Display with either DisplayPort, Thunderbolt or upcoming HDMI 2.0 full spec interfaces. collapse
Black Box Explains...Connecting peripherals with USB.
Before Universal Serial Bus (USB), adding peripherals required skill. You had to open your computer to install a card, set DIP switches, and make IRQ settings. Now you can connect... more/see it nowdigital joysticks, scanners, speakers, cameras, or PC telephones to your computer instantly. With USB, anyone can make the connection because everything is automatic!
Because USB connections are hot-swappable, you can attach or remove peripherals without shutting down your computer. Also, USB hubs have additional ports that enable you to daisychain multiple devices together. More than 800 leading PC, peripheral, and software manufacturers support USB. collapse
Black Box Explains...Alien crosstalk.
Alien crosstalk (ANEXT) is a critical and unique measurement in 10-GbE systems. Crosstalk, used in 10/100/1000BASE-T systems, measures the mixing of signals between wire pairs within a cable. Alien Crosstalk,... more/see it nowin 10-GbE systems, is the measurement of the signal coupling between wire pairs in
different, adjacent cables.
The amount of ANEXT depends on a number of factors, including the promixity of adjacent cables and connectors, the cable length, cable twist density, and EMI. Patch panels and connecting hardware are also affected by Alien Crosstalk.
With Alien Crosstalk, the affected cable is called the disturbed or victim cable. The surrounding cables are the disturber cables.
Black Box Explains...Types of KVM switches.
Black Box has the keyboard/video switches you need to share one CPU between several workstations or to control several CPUs from one monitor and keyboard.
If you do a lot of... more/see it nowswitching, you need premium switches—our top-of-the-line ServSwitch™ KVM switches give you the most reliable connections for the amount of KVM equipment supported. With ServSwitch KVM switches, you can manage as many CPUs as you want from just one workstation, and you can access any server in any computer room from any workstation. Eliminating needless equipment not only saves you money, it also gives you more space and less clutter. Plus, you can switch between PCs, Sun®, and Mac® CPUs. ServSwitch KVM switches can also cut your electricity and cooling costs because by sharing monitors, you use less power and generate less heat.
If your switching demands are very minor, you may not need products as advanced as ServSwitch. Black Box offers switches to fill less demanding needs. Most of these are manual switches or basic electronic switches, which don’t have the sophisticated emulation technology used by the ServSwitch.
For PCs with PS/2® keyboards, try our Keyboard/Video Switches. They send keyboard signals, so your CPUs boot up as though they each have their own keyboard.
With the RS/6000™ KVM Switch, you can run up to six RS/6000 servers from one workstation. Our Keyboard/ Video Switch for Mac enables you to control up to two Mac CPUs from one keyboard and monitor.
With BLACK BOX® KVM Switches, you can share a workstation with two or four CPUs. They’re available in IBM® PC and Sun Workstation® configurations.
You’ll also find that our long-life manual Keyboard/Video Switches are perfect for basic switching applications. collapse
Black Box Explains...Wireless Ethernet standards.
The precursor to 802.11b, IEEE 802.11 was introduced in 1997. It was a beginning, but 802.11 only supported speeds up to 2 Mbps. And it supported two entirely different... more/see it nowmethods of encodingFrequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). This led to confusion and incompatibility between different vendors equipment.
802.11b is comfortably established as the most popular wireless standard. With the IEEE 802.11b Ethernet standard, wireless is fast, easy, and affordable. Wireless devices from all vendors work together seamlessly. 802.11b is a perfect example of a technology that has become both sophisticated and standardized enough to really make life simpler for its users.
The 802.11b extension of the original 802.11 standard boosts wireless throughput from 2 Mbps all the way up to 11 Mbps. 802.11b can transmit up to 200 feet under good conditions, although this distance may be reduced considerably by the presence of obstacles such as walls.
This standard uses DSSS. With DSSS, each bit transmitted is encoded and the encoded bits are sent in parallel across an entire range of frequencies. The code used in a transmission is known only to the sending and receiving stations. By transmitting identical signals across the entire range of frequencies, DSSS helps to reduce interference and makes it possible to recover lost data without retransmission.
The 802.11a wireless Ethernet standard is new on the scene. It uses a different band than 802.11b—the 5.8-GHz band called U-NII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) in the United States. Because the U-NII band has a higher frequency and a larger bandwidth allotment than the 2.4-GHz band, the 802.11a standard achieves speeds of up to 54 Mbps. However, its more limited in range than 802.11b. It uses an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.
802.11g is an extension of 802.11b and operates in the same 2.4-GHz band as 802.11b. It brings data rates up to 54 Mbps using OFDM technology.
Because it's actually an extension of 802.11b, 802.11g is backward-compatible with 802.11b—an 802.11b device can interface directly with an 802.11g access point. However, because 802.11g also runs on the same three channels as 802.11b, it can crowd already busy frequencies.
Super G® is a subset of 802.11g and is a proprietary extension of the 802.11g standard that doubles throughput to 108 Mbps. Super G is not an IEEE approved standard. If you use it, you should use devices from one vendor to ensure compatibility. Super G is generally backwards compatible with 802.11g.
80211n improves upon 802.11g significantly with an increase in the data rate to 600 Mbps. Channels operate at 40 MHz doubling the channel width from 20 MHz. 802.11n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands. 802.11n also added multiple-input multiple-output antennas (MIMO).
Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a part of the new IEEE 802.11n wireless standard. It’s a technique that uses multiple signals to increase the speed, reliability, and coverage of wireless networks. It transmits multiple datastreams simultaneously, increasing wireless capacity to up to 100 or even 250 Mbps.
This wireless transmission method takes advantage of a radio transmission characteristic called multipath, which means that radio waves bouncing off surfaces such as walls and ceilings will arrive at the antenna at fractionally different times. This characteristic has long been considered to be a nuisance that impairs wireless transmission, but MIMO technology actually exploits it to enhance wireless performance.
MIMO sends a high-speed data stream across multiple antennas by breaking it into several lower-speed streams and sending them simultaneously. Each signal travels multiple routes for redundancy.
To pick up these multipath signals, MIMO uses multiple antennas and compares signals many times a second to select the best one. A MIMO receiver makes sense of these signals by using a mathematical algorithm to reconstruct the signals. Because it has multiple signals to choose from, MIMO achieves higher speeds at greater ranges than conventional wireless hardware does. collapse
Black Box Explains... Matrix video switches.
Matrix switches enable computers to mix and match the output of multiple PCs on multiple video monitors.
For instance, if your operation has four PCs and you want to display the... more/see it nowvideo on one monitor to the other three monitors, a matrix video switch is what you need to handle the job. Use matrix switches for:
• Trade showsSet up a wall of video to wow the senses of attendees.
• Transportation schedulesProvide real-time updates of flights or deliveries on multiple screens.
• Training demonstrationsControl each screens video to focus everyones attention on whats important. collapse

Míníonn Ciste Dubh...4K
Is téarma é 4K chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar réiteach físe uasta de 4096 x 2400 picteilín. Is é an réiteach is coitianta a úsáidtear, áfach, UHD (Ultra High Definition) ag 3840 x 2160... níos mó/féach anois épiceall. Is féidir leis an réiteach seo ceithre chomhartha HD iomlán de 1920 x 1080 píosail a thaispeáint ar scáileán amháin. Ar an drochuair, ní léiríonn an líon pícséil íon an scéal iomlán. Soláthraíonn an forbhreathnú seo a leanas scrúdú ar roinnt príomhdhifríochtaí chun tuiscint níos fearr a thabhairt d'úsáideoirí ar riachtanais fhéideartha chun cabhrú le réitigh oiriúnacha a roghnú.
Ard-réitigh: 4096 x 2400, le 3840 x 2160 ag léiriú idir 8.9 Megapixel agus 9.8 Megapixel
Ráta athnuachana: 24p/30p/60p
Ceadaíonn sonraíocht DVI 1920 x 1200 picteilín a tharchur i bhformáid aon-nasc nó 2560 x 1600 (2048 x 2048) picteilín i dlúthnasc. De ghnáth, tacaíonn taispeántais 23 nó 24 orlach leis an nasc aonair, ar a dtugtar painéil Full HD go coitianta. Éilíonn na rúin dhúbailte nasc méideanna scáileáin níos mó de ghnáth 27 orlach (2560 x 1440), 30 orlach (2560 x 1600), nó taispeántais cearnach ATC de 2048 x 2048 picteilín.
Tá réitigh iomlána 4K de 3840 x 2160 nó níos airde ar nasc dhúbailte DVI indéanta, ach ní féidir iad a úsáid ach ag níos lú ná 30 Hz mar gheall ar theorainneacha bandaleithead. Is féidir leis an mbandleithid a theastaíonn d'iompar AV agus PC gairmiúil teacht ar 4.95 Gbps (165 Mhz) le haghaidh nasc aonair nó 9.9 Gbps (2x 165 Mhz) le haghaidh DVI dhá nasc.
Tá an formáid comhartha físe digiteach céanna ag HDMI agus DVI, ach ceadaíonn HDMI 1.2 minicíochtaí clog picteilín níos airde, rud a fhágann go bhfuil bandaleithead nó réitigh níos airde agus dath níos doimhne.
Athraíonn na sonraíochtaí bunaithe ar na leaganacha HDMI éagsúla. Go dtí HDMI 1.2 léiríonn na sonraíochtaí níos mó nó níos lú iad siúd de DVI físeán. Tá HDMI 1.3 agus 1.4 níos mó ná na sonraíochtaí DVI dúbailte cé nach n-úsáideann sé ach nasc amháin. Is é an bandaleithead HDMI 1.3/1.4 10.2 Gbps (sceideal aonair 140 Mhz).
Tá an chuid is mó de na fearais agus taispeántais HDMI 4K atá ar an margadh faoi láthair teoranta do 30 Hz. Méadaíonn an caighdeán HDMI 2.0 a scaoileadh le déanaí an bandaleithead go 18 Gpbs (600 Mhz), ag teacht go héifeachtach le bandaleithead DisplayPort chun tacú le 4K ag suas le 60 fps. Tá na chéad taispeántais HDMI 2.0 a thacaíonn leis an sonraíocht iomlán seo ag teacht ar an margadh faoi láthair. Úsáidtear HDMI go coitianta ar beagnach gach trealamh AV tomhaltóra agus gairmiúil.
Is caighdeán físeán beagáinín difriúil, bunaithe ar mhicriphacaid, é DisplayPort a thacaíonn le bandleithead uasta de thart ar 17 Gbits. Is é seo an t-aon rogha singil-cheangail oiriúnach faoi láthair do UHD iomlán (3840 x 2160) ag 60 fps.
Úsáidtear DisplayPort go príomha ar chártaí oiriúnaithe grafaicí PC. Tabhair faoi deara: tacaíonn gach cárta grafaicí reatha le DisplayPort le sonraíocht iomlán DisplayPort 1.2a de 5.4 Gbps in aghaidh an tslí agus dá bhrí sin ní thacaíonn siad ach le 30 fps seachas 60 fps le réitigh 4K.
Is comhéadan Apple amháin é Thunderbolt 1.0 le húsáid ilchuspóire lena n-áirítear físeán. Tá Thunderbolt comhoiriúnach le DP 1.1 agus is féidir leis comharthaí DisplayPort a aschur go dúchasach. Tá Thunderbolt 2.0 riachtanach chun tacú le 4K ag 60Hz, agus tá sé comhoiriúnach le DisplayPort 1.2.
Bealaí éagsúla chun 4K a sheachadadh
I gcomhréir le sonraíochtaí an trealaimh a úsáidtear, féadfar comhartha 4K a sheachadadh ar na bealaí seo a leanas:
Specs iomlán 60 fps
Léarscáil/proiector le ceithre chomhéadan DVI aon-nasc agus cainéil shioncronaithe. Gníomhartha cosúil le balla físe i gléas amháin mór.
Léarscáil/proiector le dhá chomhéadan DVI dhá nasc agus cainéil shinscruinne. Gníomhartha cosúil le balla físe i gléas amháin mór.
Léarscáil/proiector le dhá ionchur DVI nó HDMI 1.4 dula-link. Is é an téarma a úsáidtear chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an modh seo ná iompar ilphrótacail (MPT).
Taispeánann sé le DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, nó le comhéadan speicis iomlána HDMI 2.0 atá le teacht.
4K @ 24/30 fps
Taispeántar an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe. (MPT.)
Taispeántas le comhéadan speicis iomlána DisplayPort, Thunderbolt nó HDMI 2.0 atá le teacht. titim
Míníonn an Bosca Dubh...Tagann sé forimeallacha le USB.
Roimh Universal Serial Bus (USB), bhí scileanna ag teastáil chun forfhearais a chur leis. Bhí ort do ríomhaire a oscailt chun cárta a shuiteáil, lascainí DIP a shocrú, agus socrú IRQ a dhéanamh. Anois is féidir leat a nascadh... níos mó/féach é anois joysticks digiteach, scanners, cainteoirí, ceamaraí, nó teileafóin PC le do ríomhaire láithreach. Le USB, is féidir le duine ar bith an nasc a dhéanamh toisc go bhfuil gach rud uathoibríoch!
Toisc go bhfuil naisc USB in-athshóite, is féidir leat forfheistí a cheangal nó a bhaint gan do ríomhaire a dhúnadh. Chomh maith leis sin, tá calafoirt bhreise ag na hionaid USB a chuireann ar do chumas go leor feistí a cheangal le chéile. Tacaíonn níos mó ná 800 príomh-mhonaróir ríomhaire, forimeallacha agus bogearraí le USB. titim
Míníonn an Ciste Dubh...Crosstalk Eachtrach.
Is tomhas criticiúil agus uathúil é crosstalk eachtrannach (ANEXT) i gcórais 10-GbE. Déantar crosstalk, a úsáidtear i gcórais 10/100/1000BASE-T, chun comharthaí a mheascadh idir péirí sreinge laistigh de chábla. Is é an t-amhrán a dhéantar ar an gcúpláil comhartha idir péirí sreinge i gcórais 10GbE ná
cáblaí éagsúla, in aice le chéile.
Braitheann méid ANEXT ar roinnt fachtóirí, lena n-áirítear promixity cáblaí agus nascóirí in aice láimhe, fad an chábla, dlús casadh cábla, agus EMI. Bíonn tionchar ag Alien Crosstalk ar phainéil paiste agus ar crua-earraí nasctha freisin.
Le Crosstalk Eachtrach, tugtar an cábla a bhfuil tionchar aige air mar an cábla suaite nó íospartach. Is iad na cáblaí timpeall na cáblaí suaiteora.
Míníonn an Bosca Dubh...Cineálacha lascainí KVM.
Tá na haistriúcháin eochairchlár/vídeó ag Black Box a theastaíonn uait chun CPU amháin a roinnt idir roinnt stáisiúin oibre nó chun roinnt CPUanna a rialú ó mhonatóir agus eochairchlár amháin.
Má dhéanann tú go leor... níos mó/féach é anoisathrú, ní mór duit athruithe préimhedá dtugann ár n-athruithe ServSwitchTM KVM barr-an-líne naisc is iontaofa duit don mhéid trealaimh KVM a dtacaítear leo. Le haistriúcháin ServSwitch KVM, is féidir leat a lán CPUanna a bhainistiú mar is mian leat ó shuíomh oibre amháin, agus is féidir leat rochtain a fháil ar aon fhreastalaí i seomra ríomhaireachta ar bith ó aon shuíomh oibre. Ní amháin go sábhálann sé airgead duit trealamh neamhriachtanach a dhiúscairt, ach go dtugann sé níos mó spáis duit agus níos lú clutter. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leat aistriú idir PCanna, Sun®, agus Mac® CPUanna. Is féidir le haistriúcháin ServSwitch KVM do chostais leictreachais agus fuaraithe a laghdú freisin toisc go n-úsáideann tú níos lú cumhachta agus go ndéantar níos lú teasa trí mhonatóirí a roinnt.
Má tá do chuid éilimh ar athrú an-bheag, b'fhéidir nach gá duit táirgí chomh forleathan le ServSwitch. Cuireann Black Box lascainí ar fáil chun riachtanais níos lú éilimh a chomhlíonadh. Is comhaireamhán láimhe nó comhaireamhán leictreonach bunúsach iad an chuid is mó díobh seo, nach bhfuil an teicneolaíocht athsholáthair sofhiasta a úsáideann an ServSwitch iontu.
I gcás ríomhaire le méarchláir PS/2®, déan iarracht ár n-Aiscí méarchláir/Físeán. Seolann siad comharthaí méarchlár, mar sin tosaíonn do CPUanna mar go bhfuil a mheáchan féin acu.
Le RS/6000TM KVM Switch, is féidir leat suas le sé fhreastalaí RS/6000 a reáchtáil ó shuíomh oibre amháin. Cuireann ár n-Ionad Clárchlár/Videó do Mac ar do chumas suas le dhá CPU Mac a rialú ó chlárchlár amháin agus monatóireacht.
Le BLACK BOX® KVM Switches, is féidir leat stáisiún oibre a roinnt le dhá nó ceithre CPU. Tá siad ar fáil i gcumraíochtaí IBM® PC agus Sun Workstation®.
Is féidir leat a fháil amach freisin go bhfuil ár n-aistriúcháin lámhleabhar / físeán lámhleabhar fada-saoil foirfe do bhunús iarratais a athrú. titim
Míníonn Cásca Dubh...Caighdeáin Ethernet Gan sreang.
Tugadh an réamhtheachtaí do 802.11b, IEEE 802.11 isteach i 1997. Bhí sé ina thús, ach ní thacaigh 802.11 ach le luasanna suas go 2 Mbps. Agus d'fhormheas sé dhá mhodh códaithe go hiomlán difriúil... níos mó/féach é anois Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) agus Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). Mar thoradh air sin, bhí mearbhall agus neamh-chomhoiriúnacht idir trealamh de dhíoltóirí éagsúla.
Tá 802.11b bunaithe go compordach mar an caighdeán gan sreang is mó a bhfuil tóir air. Leis an gcaighdeán IEEE 802.11b Ethernet, tá gan sreang tapa, éasca agus inacmhainne. Oibríonn feistí gan sreang ó gach díoltóir le chéile gan uaim. Is 802.11b sampla foirfe de theicneolaíocht a tháinig araon sophisticated agus caighdeánaithe go leor chun i ndáiríre a dhéanamh ar an saol níos simplí dá úsáideoirí.
Cuireann síneadh 802.11b den chaighdeán 802.11 bunaidh trína chéile gan sreang ó 2 Mbps go dtí 11 Mbps. Is féidir le 802.11b a tharchur suas le 200 troigh faoi choinníollacha maithe, cé go bhféadfadh an fad seo a laghdú go suntasach trí bhacainní a bheith i láthair mar bhallaí.
Úsáidtear DSSS sa chaighdeán seo. Le DSSS, déantar gach píosa a tarchuirtear a chódú agus seoltar na píosaí códaithe i gcomhthráth ar fud raon iomlán minicíochtaí. Níl an cód a úsáidtear i dtráchtáil ar eolas ach amháin ag na stáisiúin a sheolann agus a fhaigheann. Trí chomharthaí comhionanna a tharchur ar fud an raon iomlán minicíochtaí, cabhraíonn DSSS le cur isteach a laghdú agus déanann sé indéanta sonraí caillte a aisghabháil gan aththarchur.
Tá caighdeán Ethernet gan sreang 802.11a nua ar an láthair. Úsáideann sé banda difriúil ná 802.11b an banda 5.8-GHz ar a dtugtar U-NII (Infrastruktúr Náisiúnta Faisnéise Gan Cheadúnas) sna Stáit Aontaithe. Toisc go bhfuil minicíocht níos airde ag an bhanda U-NII agus go bhfuil leithdháileadh níos mó bandaleithead aige ná an bhanda 2.4-GHz, baineann caighdeán 802.11a le luasanna suas le 54 Mbps. Mar sin féin, tá a raon níos teoranta ná 802.11b. Úsáidtear scéim chódála ilchruinnigh deighilte minicíochta orthoigineach (OFDM) in ionad FHSS nó DSSS.
Is síneadh de 802.11b é 802.11g agus oibríonn sé sa bhanda 2.4-GHz céanna le 802.11b. Tugann sé rátaí sonraí suas le 54 Mbps ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht OFDM.
Toisc gur síneadh de 802.11b é i ndáiríre, tá 802.11g comhoiriúnach siar le 802.11b is féidir le feiste 802.11b idirghabháil go díreach le pointe rochtana 802.11g. Mar sin féin, toisc go ritheann 802.11g ar na trí chainéil chéanna le 802.11b, is féidir leis minicíochtaí atá gnóthach cheana féin a shruthú.
Is fo-sóite de 802.11g é Super G® agus is síneadh dílseánach den chaighdeán 802.11g é a dhúbailt an t-aistriú go 108 Mbps. Ní caighdeán ceadaithe IEEE é Super G. Má úsáideann tú é, ba cheart duit feistí ó aon díoltóir a úsáid chun comhoiriúnacht a chinntiú. Tá Super G comhoiriúnach go ginearálta ar ais le 802.11g.
Feabhsaíonn 80211n ar 802.11g go suntasach le méadú ar an ráta sonraí go 600 Mbps. Oibríonn cainéil ag 40 MHz ag dul in éag an leithead cainéil ó 20 MHz. Oibríonn 802.11n ar an bhanda 2.4 GHz agus ar an bhanda 5 GHz araon. Chuir 802.11n antennaí il-ionchuir il-aschur (MIMO) leis freisin.
Tá MIMO (Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output) mar chuid den chaighdeán gan sreang nua IEEE 802.11n. Is teicníc í a úsáideann comharthaí iomadúla chun luas, iontaofacht agus clúdach líonraí gan sreang a mhéadú. Tá sé in ann go leor sruthanna sonraí a tharchur ag an am céanna, rud a mhéadaíonn acmhainn gan sreang go 100 nó fiú 250 Mbps.
Baineann an modh tarchurtha gan sreang seo leas as saintréith tarchurtha raidió ar a dtugtar ilbhealach, rud a chiallaíonn go dtiocfaidh tonnta raidió a théann ar uachtar cosúil le ballaí agus uasteorainn ar an antenna ag amanna difríochta. Meastar go bhfuil an saintréith seo ina nuisance a chuireann isteach ar tharchur gan sreang, ach úsáideann teicneolaíocht MIMO é i ndáiríre chun feidhmíocht gan sreang a fheabhsú.
Seolann MIMO sruth sonraí ardluais ar fud antennas iolra trína bhriseadh ina roinnt sruthanna níos lúluais agus iad a sheoladh ag an am céanna. Téann gach comhartha trí bhealaí éagsúla chun go mbeidh sé iomarcach.
Chun na comharthaí ilbhealaigh seo a phiocadh, úsáideann MIMO antennas éagsúla agus déanann sé comharthaí a chur i gcomparáid go leor uaireanta sa dara ceann chun an ceann is fearr a roghnú. Déanann glacadóir MIMO ciall na comharthaí seo trí algartam matamaiticiúil a úsáid chun na comharthaí a athchóiriú. Toisc go bhfuil go leor comharthaí aige le roghnú as, baineann MIMO luas níos airde ag raon níos mó ná mar a dhéanann crua-earraí gan sreang traidisiúnta. titim
Míníonn an Bosca Dubh... casanna físe Matrix.
Ligeann lascainí maitrís do ríomhaireanna aschur il-PCanna ar fhíschláir fhíseáin a mheascadh agus a mheaitseáil.
Mar shampla, má tá ceithre ríomhaire ag do oibríocht agus más mian leat an... níos mó/féach é anoisvideo ar mhonatóir amháin a thaispeáint do na trí mhonatóir eile, is é an t-aistriú físe maitéiseach an rud is gá duit chun an post a láimhseáil. Úsáid lascain mhátraí le haghaidh:
• Taispeántais trádálaFág balla físe chun na braiteoirí a spreagadh.
• Clár iompairCuir nuashonruithe fíor-ama ar eitiltí nó ar sheachadadh ar scáileáin éagsúla.
• Taispeántais oiliúna: Féach ar gach scáileán le do thoil chun aird gach duine a dhíriú ar an rud atá tábhachtach. titim


Pneumatics is the use of pressurized gas to enable motion. Pneumatic movement can be achieved through the use of various components. A sustainable supply of compressed air can be made by compressing atmospheric air, which is why pneumatic components work so well in fixed installation, such as factories.
Pneumatic Equipment Components
Pneumatic systems use a variety of components to affect movement, as well as for control purposes. For efficient movement and control, the following pneumatic equipment components are used:
- Pneumatic Actuators: Basic pneumatic actuators are used to trigger control valves to cause motion. Pneumatic actuators are most commonly used in assembly lines or for loading and unloading purposes.
- Pneumatic Cylinders: Cylinders are a mechanical device in a pneumatic system that produces force via compressed air. Once pneumatic cylinders are actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at one end of the piston and imparts force on the piston, which causes the piston to move.
- Pneumatic Fittings: This pneumatic equipment component provides control for your process by connecting to valves and providing leak-free pneumatic movement.
- Pneumatic Pumps: As an air exhausting mechanism, this pneumatic equipment component sucks in outside air, compresses it and harnesses the air for use in your process.
- Pneumatic Seals: Primarily used in pneumatic cylinders and valves, pneumatic seals prevent air leakage. This pneumatic equipment component is best suited in low pressure instances.
- Pneumatic Tubing: This pneumatic equipment component provides protection from leakage throughout the pneumatic device.
- Pneumatic Valves: Controlling air flow and preventing leakage in your pneumatic device is paramount in ensuring that your process runs efficiently. This pneumatic equipment component achieves both of these goals.
Pneumatic Tips is dedicated to providing engineers and industry professionals with the most comprehensive articles about pneumatic equipment components and other pneumatics topics. We pride ourselves on using our industry experts’ knowledge to pass along the information engineers and manufacturing professionals need in order to get their job done. Subscribe to our RSS feed to stay current on the latest pneumatics news.

Is é an pneumaitic ná gáis faoi bhrú a úsáid chun gluaiseacht a chumasú. Is féidir gluaiseacht phléimhe a bhaint amach trí chomhpháirteanna éagsúla a úsáid. Is féidir soláthar inbhuanaithe aer brúite a dhéanamh trí aer atmaisféarach a chromadh, agus is é sin an fáth go n-oibríonn comhpháirteanna niúmacha chomh maith i suiteáil sheasta, mar shampla monarchana.
Comhpháirteanna trealaimh phléimhe
Úsáidtear comhpháirteanna éagsúla i gcórais phléimhe chun tionchar a imirt ar ghluaiseacht, chomh maith le críocha rialaithe. Chun gluaiseacht agus rialú éifeachtach a dhéanamh, úsáidtear na comhpháirteanna trealaimh phneumaíoch seo a leanas:
- Gníomhaitheoirí Pneumacha: Úsáidtear gníomhaitheoirí bunúsacha pneumacha chun comhlaí rialaithe a spreagadh chun gluaiseacht a chur i bhfeidhm. Úsáidtear gníomhaitheoirí pneumaíocha go coitianta i línte comhcheangail nó chun críocha a luchtú agus a dhíluchtú.
- Sillíní Pneumacha: Is feiste meicniúil i gcóras pneumacha iad silíní a tháirgeann fórsa trí aer brúite. Nuair a chuirtear an tsilindéar niúmaíoch i bhfeidhm, téann aer comhbhrúite isteach sa phíob ag ceann amháin den phiston agus cuireann sé fórsa ar an phiston, rud a fhágann go bogann an phiston.
- Comhlánaithe Pneumacha: Soláthraíonn an comhpháirt trealaimh phneumacha seo rialú do phróiseas trína nasc le comhlaí agus trína chur ar fáil gluaiseacht phneumacha gan sceitheadh.
- Pumps Pneumatic: Mar mheicníocht aistrithe aer, an comhpháirt trealaimh pneumaíoch seo sucks in aer lasmuigh, compresses sé agus a harnesses an aer le húsáid i do phróiseas.
- Seals Pneumatic: Úsáidtear go príomha i siolandair agus i bhalbhanna pneumaiticiúla, cosnaíonn seals pneumaiticiúla sceitheadh aeir. Tá an comhpháirt trealaimh phnéamaiticiúil seo oiriúnach go maith i gcásanna brú íseal.
- Tubaill Pneumacha: Soláthraíonn an comhpháirt trealaimh phneumacha seo cosaint ó sceitheadh ar fud an fheiste phneumacha.
- Válfaí Pneumacha: Tá sé ríthábhachtach an sreabhadh aer a rialú agus sceitheadh a chosc i do ghléas painaméadach chun a chinntiú go ritheann do phróiseas go héifeachtach. Baineann an comhpháirt trealaimh phléinéamaiticiúil seo leis an dá chuspóir sin a bhaint amach.
Tá Pneumatic Tips tiomanta d'innealtóirí agus do ghairmithe tionscail a chur ar fáil leis na hailt is cuimsithí faoi chomhpháirteanna trealaimh phneumaitice agus faoi ábhair eile phneumaitice. Táimid bródúil as ár saineolaithe tionscail a úsáid chun an fhaisnéis a theastaíonn ó innealtóirí agus ó ghairmithe monaraithe a chur ar fáil chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh. Fáiltíonn tú dár RSS chun fanacht ar an eolas faoi na nuachtáin phléineamaitice is déanaí.


Members' Research Report Archive
The Landscape Art of William John Burchell (1781 – 1863)
Maria Cristina Wolff de Carvalho, Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado, São Paulo
Paul Mellon Senior Fellow, 2011 – 2012
The writings, drawings, and encyclopedic collecting of British naturalist William John Burchell (1781 – 1863) generated what may be called a panoramic approach to studying the landscapes he intimately explored. Yet each element of his far-ranging interests became part of an indivisible whole.
Burchell first began formulating his approach during his early years as an artist in England and Wales, but it achieved sharper focus over the course of his long expeditions. During his sojourns on the island of Saint Helena (1805 – 1810), in South Africa (1810 – 1815), and in Brazil (1825 – 1830), and in subsequent decades in England spent systematically organizing his collections and the results of his research, Burchell came to establish a unique link between science and art. The collection, selection, and organization of flora, fauna, and ethnographic artifacts; the observation and recording of the vast range of subjects that interested him; and the artistic rendering of natural landscapes and cultural environments were fused into a comprehensive whole. By intuiting a reciprocal relationship between science and art and interspersing written observations with drawings, Burchell eventually created his own poetics, in which environments are presented with utmost concision. This is beautifully demonstrated in his only published memoirs, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa (two volumes, 1822 and 1824).
The ultimate goal of Burchell’s voyages was to traverse unknown regions, compiling an environmental inventory and acquiring new perspectives on human nature. His aim was to reconstruct nature and culture from a vicarious standpoint, creating in drawings, paintings, and written descriptions landscapes that would conform to his own vision and values. J. M. Coetzee argues in The Picturesque, the Sublime, and the South African Landscape (1988) that the sense of strangeness Burchell encountered when confronted by the landscapes of that country triggered a tension between the reality of nature and his inexorably European poetics. But it is also true that Burchell sought an innate, science-based harmony in each microcosm, which he would then translate into art.
In November 2011 I went to Museum Africa, Johannesburg, where I came to understand how Burchell’s method developed. As a member of the British educated class, he received a broad schooling in both the arts and natural history. His initial foray into the art of draftsmanship was shaped by the culture of the picturesque, which considered landscape through rigorous values and principles of geometry and composition. This perspective was introduced to him by his teachers, James Merigot (1760 – 1824), author of The Amateur’s Portfolio (1815), and John Claude Nattes (1765 – 1822), who wrote Natte’s Practical Geometry (1805). Burchell’s first works, executed between 1797 and 1804, already reveal a taste for painstaking detail, dynamic architectural foregrounds and backgrounds, and encompassing vistas, all in keeping with the reigning romantic sensibility. At this time Burchell also undoubtedly visited the much-esteemed Panorama at Leicester Square in London, and he soon emulated this mode of presentation in numerous landscapes. He developed a technique of drawing 360-degree vistas by using an “imaginary cylinder,” perhaps with a camera lucida.
The landscapes from Burchell’s notebooks that I was able to study in South Africa included those he completed while living on Saint Helena. Depictions of the dramatic topography mesh with an underlying delicacy, emotional complexity, and visual acuity that pinpoint the exact function of each element. These drawings anticipate Burchell’s later works, such as the breathtaking image of the vast, parched mountains and valleys of the Great Karoo, in South Africa, or the exuberant landscape in Brazil, completed while he was exploring the southeastern coast between Rio de Janeiro and Santos and interior regions from São Paulo to Belém do Pará, passing through the central arid savannah. Burchell’s images and notes seem even more astonishing when recording human settlements, with their indigenous tools and materials, traditional architectural forms, urban organization, and unique ways in which daily life becomes inextricably linked with the environment.
The diverse products of his scientific research and artistic creation are now all dispersed among a number of museums and other institutions, most notably the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (herbarium and related drawings and writings); the Linnean Society of London (correspondence); Oxford University Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum (collections of animal specimens, human artifacts, drawings, maps, and writings); Museum Africa, Johannesburg (drawings and watercolors); and the Instituto Moreira Salles in Rio de Janeiro (eighteen attributed watercolors). With the understanding of Burchell’s unique method that I have gained from these archives, I plan to mine their troves further, with the ultimate goal of preparing an artistic-scientific catalogue raisonné of Burchell’s written and artistic oeuvre. Along the way, I hope to organize exhibitions and symposia and to publish introductory books for a more general readership so that his contributions will receive the attention they deserve.

Tuarascáil Taighde na bhFeisirí
An Ealaín tírdhreacha de chuid William John Burchell (1781  1863)
Maria Cristina Wolff de Carvalho, Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado, São Paulo
Paul Mellon Senior Fellow, 2011  2012
Ghlac scríbhinní, líníochtaí, agus bailiúchán encyclopedic na nádúr William John Burchell na Breataine (1781  1863) leis an rud a d'fhéadfaí cur chuige panoramic a ghairm chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar na tírdhreacha a rinne sé iniúchadh go dlúth orthu. Ach tháinig gach gné dá leasanna fadtéarmacha mar chuid de iomlán indivisible.
Thosaigh Burchell ag cur a chur chuige i bhfoirm i rith a bhlianta tosaigh mar ealaíontóir i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, ach bhain sé fócas níos géire amach le linn a thuras fada. Le linn a chuid ama ar oileán Naomh Helena (1805  1810), san Afraic Theas (1810  1815), agus sa Bhrasaíl (1825  1830), agus sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin i Sasana a chaith sé a bhailiúcháin agus torthaí a chuid taighde a eagrú go córais, tháinig Burchell chun nasc uathúil a bhunú idir eolaíocht agus ealaín. Ba é an bailiúchán, an roghnú agus an eagraíocht a bhí ag na fáinní, na féin agus na n-earraí eitneagrafacha; an breathnóireacht agus an taifeadadh ar an raon leathan ábhar a raibh suim aige ann; agus an léiriú ealaíne na tírdhreacha nádúrtha agus na timpeallachtaí cultúrtha a bhí le chéile i dlúthfhillteacht. Trí intuitioning a caidreamh cómhalarta idir eolaíocht agus ealaín agus interspersing scríofa breathnuithe le líníochtaí, Burchell cruthaíodh sa deireadh a chuid poetics féin, ina bhfuil timpeallachtaí a chur i láthair leis an concise uasta. Léirítear é seo go hálainn ina chuimhní cinn foilsithe amháin, Taistealaíochtaí i nDaonlathach na hAfraice Theas (dhá tholm, 1822 agus 1824).
Ba é sprioc deiridh turais Burchell ná réigiúin anaithnid a thrasnú, suímh chomhshaoil a thiomsú agus dearcadh nua a fháil ar nádúr an duine. Ba é a chuspóir ná nádúr agus cultúr a athchóiriú ó thaobh ionadaíoch de, ag cruthú tírdhreacha i dhréachtaí, péinteálacha agus tuairiscí scríofa a bheadh ag teacht lena fhís agus a luachanna féin. Deir J. M. Coetzee in The Picturesque, the Sublime, and the South African Landscape (1988) gur spreag an mothú aisteach a d'fhulaing Burchell nuair a bhí sé i ngleic le tírdhreacha na tíre sin teannas idir réaltacht an dúlra agus a chuid filíochta Eorpacha gan staonadh. Ach tá sé fíor freisin go raibh Burchell ag lorg comhchuibheas dúchasach, eolaíoch i ngach micreacóis, a d'aistrigh sé ina ealaín ansin.
I mí na Samhna 2011 chuaigh mé go Músaem na hAfraice, Johannesburg, áit a d'fhág mé go raibh tuiscint agam ar conas a d'fhorbair modh Burchell. Mar bhall den aicme oideachasúil na Breataine, fuair sé oideachas leathan sna healaíona agus sa stair nádúrtha araon. Bhí a chuid foréigean tosaigh i n-ealaín na líníochta cumhdaithe ag cultúr na pictiúrtha, a mheas tírdhreach trí luachanna agus prionsabail déine geoimre agus comhdhéanta. Thug a chuid múinteoirí, James Merigot (1760  1824), údar The Amateur's Portfolio (1815), agus John Claude Nattes (1765  1822), a scríobh Natte's Practical Geometry (1805) an dearcadh seo dó. Léiríonn na chéad saothair Burchell, a rinneadh idir 1797 agus 1804, go bhfuil sé ag iarraidh sonraí a dhéanamh go cúramach, réamhamharc agus cúlchistí ailtireachta dinimiciúla, agus radharcanna cuimsitheacha, go léir i gcomhréir leis an bhfianaise rómánsúil a bhí i réim. Ag an am seo, gan amhras, thug Burchell cuairt ar an Panorama an-mheas ar Leicester Square i Londain, agus d'athraigh sé an modh cur i láthair seo go luath i go leor tírdhreacha. D'fhorbair sé teicníc chun radharcanna 360 céim a tharraingt trí silindéar samhlacha a úsáid,  b'fhéidir le ceamara lucida.
I measc na tírdhreacha ó nótaí Burchell a d'fhulaing mé san Afraic Theas bhí na cinn a chríochnaigh sé agus é ag maireachtáil ar Naomh Héileana. Léiríonn na léaráidí ar an topagrafaíocht drámatúil an delicacy, an chastacht mhothúchánach, agus an géarchéim amhairc atá faoi bhun na léaráidí sin go díreach an fheidhm a bhí ag gach eilimint. Na líníochtaí seo a réamh-Burchell's oibreacha níos déanaí, mar shampla an íomhá breathtaking na mór, sléibhte agus gleannta ardaí an Karoo Mór, i Meiriceá Theas, nó an tírdhreach exuberant sa Bhrasaíl, críochnaithe agus a bhí sé ag iniúchadh an chósta oirdheisceart idir Rio de Janeiro agus Santos agus réigiúin intíre ó São Paulo go Belém do Pará, ag dul tríd an lárnach sabhána tirim. Is cosúil go bhfuil íomhánna agus nótaí Burchell níos iontaí fós nuair a thaifeadann siad lonnaíochtaí daonna, lena n-uirlisí agus a n-ábhair dhúchasacha, a bhfoirmeacha ailtireachta traidisiúnta, eagraíocht uirbeach, agus bealaí uathúla ina mbíonn saol laethúil nasctha go neamhspleách leis an gcomhshaol.
Tá na táirgí éagsúla dá chuid taighde eolaíoch agus cruthaitheacht ealaíne scaipthe anois i measc roinnt músaem agus institiúidí eile, go háirithe Gairdíní Ríoga Bótánacha, Kew (herbarium agus líníochtaí agus scríbhinní gaolmhara); Cumann Linne na Londaine (correspondence); Músaem Ollscoil Oxford agus Músaem Pitt Rivers (bailiúcháin speiceálacha ainmhithe, earraí daonna, líníochtaí, léarscáileanna agus scríbhinní); Músaem na hAfraice, Johannesburg (líonta agus uisce-dhuine); agus an Instituto Moreira Salles i Rio de Janeiro (ochd a déag uisce-dhuine a thugtar air). Leis an tuiscint a fuair mé ar mhodh uathúil Burchell ó na cartlanna seo, tá sé beartaithe agam a gcuid trófa a mhaolú tuilleadh, leis an gcuspóir deiridh catalóg ealaíne-eolaíoch raisonné d'oibre scríofa agus ealaíne Burchell a ullmhú. Ar an mbealach, tá súil agam taispeántais agus seimineáir a eagrú agus leabhair tosaigh a fhoilsiú do léitheoirí níos ginearálta ionas go bhfaighidh a chuid ranníocaíochtaí an aird is fiú dóibh.


Antipater was able to quickly raise a force of 600 native Macedonian cavalry to fight in the Lamian War when it began in 323 BC.  Other academics who concur that the difference between the Macedonians and Greeks was a political rather than a true ethnic discrepancy include Michael B. Sakellariou, Malcolm Errington,[note 44] and Craige B.  Amyntas III was also nearly overthrown by the forces of the Chalcidian city of Olynthos, but with the aid of Teleutias, brother of the Spartan king Agesilaus II, the Macedonians forced Olynthos to surrender and dissolve their Chalcidian League in 379 BC. Philip II then cancelled the wedding altogether and exiled Alexander's advisors Ptolemy, Nearchus, and Harpalus. Near Sveti Nikola is the Paeonian city of Bylazora and near Valandovo is the ancient Paeonian town Idomenae. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states, accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted.  After breaching the walls, Alexander's forces killed 6,000 Thebans, took 30,000 inhabitants as prisoners of war, and burned the city to the ground as a warning that convinced all other Greek states except Sparta not to challenge Alexander again. , Encouraged by the Aetolian League and their calls to liberate Greece from the Romans, the Seleucid king Antiochus III landed with his army at Demetrias, Thessaly, in 192 BC, and was elected strategos by the Aetolians. , The ruins of roughly twenty Greek theatres survive in the present-day regions of Macedonia and Thrace in Greece: sixteen open-air theatres, three odea, and a possible theatre in Veria undergoing excavation. , Perdiccas II sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) between Athens and Sparta, and in 429 BC Athens retaliated by persuading Sitalces to invade Macedonia, but he was forced to retreat owing to a shortage of provisions in winter.  Likewise, the city-states within contemporary Greek koina (i.e., federations of city-states, the sympoliteia) obeyed the federal decrees voted on collectively by the members of their league. , In ancient Athens, the Athenian democracy was restored on three separate occasions following the initial conquest of the city by Antipater in 322 BC.  Following the 418 BC Battle of Mantinea, the victorious Spartans formed an alliance with Argos, a military pact Perdiccas II was keen to join given the threat of Spartan allies remaining in Chalcidice. , In 280 BC, Pyrrhus embarked on a campaign in Magna Graecia (i.e. , Philip II spent his initial years radically transforming the Macedonian army.  He then restored the Argead dynastic graves at Aigai and annexed the Kingdom of Paeonia.  By 265 BC, Athens was surrounded and besieged by Antigonus II's forces, and a Ptolemaic fleet was defeated in the Battle of Cos. Athens finally surrendered in 261 BC. If you have an answer not listed above please take a moment to contribute it to help others. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the ensuing wars of the Diadochi, and the partitioning of Alexander's short-lived empire, Macedonia remained a Greek cultural and political center in the Mediterranean region along with Ptolemaic Egypt, the Seleucid Empire, and the Kingdom of Pergamon.  With the aid of the Ptolemaic navy, the Athenian statesman Chremonides led a revolt against Macedonian authority known as the Chremonidean War (267–261 BC).  He improved Macedonia's currency by minting coins with a higher silver content as well as issuing separate copper coinage. Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to Achaemenid Persia. Cassander besieged Athens in 303 BC, but was forced to retreat to Macedonia when Demetrius invaded Boeotia to his rear, attempting to sever his path of retreat. , Modern scholars have argued over the possible role of Alexander III "the Great" and his mother Olympias in the assassination of Philip II, noting the latter's choice to exclude Alexander from his planned invasion of Asia, choosing instead for him to act as regent of Greece and deputy hegemon of the League of Corinth, and the potential bearing of another male heir between Philip II and his new wife, Cleopatra Eurydice. © 2014-18 M. Jon Brown. Sopater, one of Paul’s companions belonged to this city, and his conversion probably took place at this time (Acts …  The minting of coinage significantly increased during the reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great, especially after the increase in state revenues following the seizure of the Pangaion Hills. Macedonia was then divided between Pyrrhus and Lysimachus, the former taking western Macedonia and the latter eastern Macedonia.  Aside from metalwork and painting, mosaics are another significant form of surviving Macedonian artwork. King suggests, instead of a "comrade-in-arms" as was the traditional relationship of Macedonian kings with their companions.  Philip II's initial campaign against Pherae in Thessaly in 353 BC at the behest of Larissa ended in two disastrous defeats by the Phocian general Onomarchus. He performed daily ritual sacrifices and led religious festivals. In 2014, the ancient Macedonian Kasta Tomb, the largest ancient tomb found in Greece (as of 2017), was discovered outside of Amphipolis, a city that was incorporated into the Macedonian realm after its capture by Philip II in 357 BC.  Perseus then attempted to form marriage alliances with Prusias II of Bithynia and Seleucus IV Philopator of the Seleucid Empire, along with renewed relations with Rhodes that greatly unsettled Eumenes II. [note 9] Before Antipater embarked on his campaign in the Peloponnese, Memnon, the governor of Thrace, was dissuaded from rebellion by use of diplomacy.  When the Macedonians captured Lissus in 212 BC, the Roman Senate responded by inciting the Aetolian League, Sparta, Elis, Messenia, and Attalus I (r. 241–197 BC) of Pergamon to wage war against Philip V, keeping him occupied and away from Italy.  Alexander I provided Macedonian military support to Xerxes I (r. 486–465 BC) during the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480–479 BC, and Macedonian soldiers fought on the side of the Persians at the 479 BC Battle of Platea. It is located near the village of Knezhje, which is part of …  Following the Greek victory at Salamis in 480 BC, Alexander I was employed as an Achaemenid diplomat to propose a peace treaty and alliance with Athens, an offer that was rejected.  The Macedonian hereditary monarchy existed since at least the time of Archaic Greece, with Homeric aristocratic roots in Mycenaean Greece. Enter the answer length or the answer pattern to get better results. , State revenues were also raised by collecting produce from arable lands, timber from forests, and taxes on imports and exports at harbors. The name Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) comes from the ethnonym Μακεδόνες (Makedónes), which itself is derived from the ancient Greek adjective μακεδνός (makednós), meaning "tall, slim", also the name of a people related to the Dorians (Herodotus), and possibly descriptive of Ancient Macedonians. Categories: ancient city, UNESCO World Heritage Site and polis Location: Macedonia , Northern Greece , Greece , Balkans , Europe Latitude: 41.0135° or 41° 0' 48.5" north Before Antipater died in 319 BC, he named the staunch Argead loyalist Polyperchon as his successor, passing over his own son Cassander and ignoring the right of the king to choose a new regent (since Philip III was considered mentally unstable), in effect bypassing the council of the army as well.  Alexander's father, Philip II, was perhaps influenced by Persian traditions when he adopted institutions similar to those found in the Achaemenid realm, such as having a royal secretary, royal archive, royal pages, and a seated throne.  The right to mint coins was shared by central and some local governments, i.e. Bistra – St. John the Baptist – Bigorski Monastery, Ohrid – Our Lady the Most Glorious (St. Clement), Mlado Nagoričane – St. George the Victorious, Staro Nagoričane – St. George the Great Martyr, Tikveš Lake – St. George (Polog Monastery), Skopje – St. Clement of Ohrid (Soborna Crkva), Sushica – St. Demetrius (Marko’s Monastery), Lešok (Leshok) – Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Lešok (Leshok) – St. Athanasius (Leshochki Manastir). , Over the next few years, Philip II reformed local governments in Thessaly, campaigned against the Illyrian ruler Pleuratus I, deposed Arybbas in Epirus in favor of his brother-in-law Alexander I (through Philip II's marriage to Olympias), and defeated Cersebleptes in Thrace. Bylazora or Vilazora (Ancient Greek: Βυλάζωρα) was a Paeonian city from the period of early classic antiquity. Evidence is lacking regarding the extent to which each of these groups shared authority with the king or if their existence had a basis in a formal constitutional framework.  Antipater, Antigonus Monophthalmus, Craterus, and Ptolemy formed a coalition against Perdiccas in a civil war initiated by Ptolemy's seizure of the hearse of Alexander the Great.  Evidence is lacking regarding the extent to which each of these groups shared authority with the king or if their existence had a basis in a formal constitutional framework. Pages in category "Cities in ancient Macedonia" The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total. , The Macedonian king was an autocratic figure at the head of both government and society, with arguably unlimited authority to handle affairs of state and public policy, but he was also the leader of a very personal regime with close relationships or connections to his hetairoi, the core of the Macedonian aristocracy.  Philip II adopted some of the military tactics of his enemies, such as the embolon (flying wedge) cavalry formation of the Scythians. Berea in Easton’s Bible Dictionary: a city of Macedonia to which Paul with Silas and Timotheus went when persecuted at Thessalonica (Acts 17:10, 13), and from which also he was compelled to withdraw, when he fled to the sea-coast and thence sailed to Athens (14, 15). , Macedonian architecture, although utilizing a mixture of different forms and styles from the rest of Greece, did not represent a unique or diverging style from other ancient Greek architecture. Demetrius II accepted her proposal, but he damaged relations with the Seleucids by divorcing Stratonice of Macedon. [note 1] Linguist Robert S. P. Beekes claims that both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot be explained in terms of Indo-European morphology, however De Decker argues that the arguments are insufficient. According to tradition, the city, under its first name of Crenides (or Datum), was founded c. 360 BCE by settlers from nearby Thasos who were led by the Athenian Kallistratos.  Antigonus promptly allied with Polyperchon, now based in Corinth, and issued an ultimatum of his own to Cassander, charging him with murder for executing Olympias and demanding that he hand over the royal family, King Alexander IV and the queen mother Roxana. It began when Phocis captured and plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi instead of submitting unpaid fines, causing the Amphictyonic League to declare war on Phocis and a civil war among the members of the Thessalian League aligned with either Phocis or Thebes.  Perseus fled to Samothrace but surrendered shortly afterwards, was brought to Rome for the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, and was placed under house arrest at Alba Fucens, where he died in 166 BC. [note 5] His first marriages were to Phila of Elimeia of the Upper Macedonian aristocracy as well as the Illyrian princess Audata to ensure a marriage alliance.  Thebes ejected a Macedonian garrison from Nicaea (near Thermopylae), leading Thebes to join Athens, Megara, Corinth, Achaea, and Euboea in a final confrontation against Macedonia at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC.  Olympias then had Nicanor and dozens of other Macedonian nobles killed, but by the spring of 316 BC, Cassander had defeated her forces, captured her, and placed her on trial for murder before sentencing her to death. , It is known that Macedonian kings before Philip II upheld the privileges and carried out the responsibilities of hosting foreign diplomats, determining the kingdom's foreign policies, and negotiating alliances with foreign powers. Description and History Ohrid was an ancient city that is now the modern capital city of the Ohrid Municipality in the country of Macedonia. [note 40], Music was also appreciated in Macedonia. On the site of the ancient city is the Archaeological Museum of Pella . , "Macedon" redirects here. , Philip II was twenty-four years old when he acceded to the throne in 359 BC. , Following its adoption as the court language of Philip II of Macedon's regime, authors of ancient Macedonia wrote their works in Koine Greek, the lingua franca of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece. , Meanwhile, in Greece, the Spartan king Agis III attempted to lead a rebellion of the Greeks against Macedonia. These included two siege towers connected by a makeshift wickerwork curtain wall mounted with stone-shooting ballistae, and sheds to protect the approach of the battering ram.  When Alexander had Parmenion murdered at Ecbatana (near modern Hamadan, Iran) in 330 BC, this was "symptomatic of the growing gulf between the king's interests and those of his country and people", according to Errington.  Philip's plan to punish the Persians for the suffering of the Greeks and to liberate the Greek cities of Asia Minor as well as perhaps the panhellenic fear of another Persian invasion of Greece, contributed to his decision to invade the Achaemenid Empire. Ancient Macedonian capital is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 3 times. the elected governor (archon) of a large city (polis), as well as the politico-religious office of the epistates. , A council of the army convened in Babylon immediately after Alexander's death, naming Philip III as king and the chiliarch Perdiccas as his regent. This list may not reflect recent changes (). [note 20] The most trusted or highest ranking companions formed a council that served as an advisory body to the king.  Demetrius of Pharos is alleged to have convinced Philip V to first secure Illyria in advance of an invasion of the Italian peninsula.  It is unclear if the male offspring of Macedonian queens or consorts were always preferred over others given the accession of Archelaus I of Macedon, son of Perdiccas II of Macedon and a slave woman, although Archelaus succeeded the throne after murdering his father's designated heir apparent. , The kingdom of Macedonia was situated along the Haliacmon and Axius rivers in Lower Macedonia, north of Mount Olympus.  The direct line of father-to-son succession was broken after the assassination of Orestes of Macedon in 396 BC (allegedly by his regent and successor Aeropus II of Macedon), clouding the issue of whether primogeniture was the established custom or if there was a constitutional right for an assembly of the army or of the people to choose another king.  Philippi, the city founded by Philip II, was the only other city in the Macedonian commonwealth that had a democratic government with popular assemblies, since the assembly (ecclesia) of Thessaloniki seems to have had only a passive function in practice. The Macedonian king subsequently hunted down and executed Bessus in what is now Afghanistan, securing the region of Sogdia in the process. , While Philip V was busy fighting Rome's Greek allies, Rome viewed this as an opportunity to punish this former ally of Hannibal with a war that they hoped would supply a victory and require few resources. Sort A-Z. , After the defeat of Perseus at Pydna in 168 BC, the Roman Senate allowed the reopening of iron and copper mines, but forbade the mining of gold and silver by the four newly established autonomous client states that replaced the monarchy in Macedonia.  The Macedonians also most likely introduced mattye to Athenian cuisine, a dish usually made of chicken or other spiced, salted, and sauced meats served during the wine course.  Macedonian infantry in this period consisted of poorly trained shepherds and farmers, while the cavalry was composed of noblemen. , Ancient authors and modern scholars alike disagree about the ethnic identity of the ancient Macedonians. , Royal bodyguards served as the closest members to the king at court and on the battlefield. [note 13] This assuaged the fear of Eumenes II that Macedonia could pose a threat to his lands in the Hellespont.  The Macedonian navy was reduced to a mere six vessels as agreed in the 197 BC peace treaty that concluded the Second Macedonian War with the Roman Republic, although Perseus of Macedon quickly assembled some lemboi at the outbreak of the Third Macedonian War in 171 BC.  They were also expected to accompany him on royal hunts for the acquisition of game meat as well as for sport. 360° panorama photo from Europe by Naum Krstanovski Nakka.  Despite the early reputation of Macedon as a leader in siege technology, Alexandria in Ptolemaic Egypt became the center for technological improvements to the catapult by the 3rd century BC, as evidenced by the writings of Philo of Alexandria.  By the end of his reign and military career in 323 BC, Alexander would rule over an empire consisting of mainland Greece, Asia Minor, the Levant, ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and much of Central and South Asia (i.e. Province of Macedonia 241 ] Macedonian became extinct in either the Hellenistic or the answer pattern to get results. Ii 's daughter Thessalonike and briefly extended Macedonian control into Illyria as far Epidamnos! Antigonus II was ancient city in macedonia years old when he acceded to the king at court and on site... 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Bhí Antipater in ann fórsa de 600 marcach Macadónach dúchasach a ardú go tapa chun troid i gCogadh Lamian nuair a thosaigh sé i 323 RC. I measc acadúlaithe eile a aontaíonn go raibh an difríocht idir na Macadónaigh agus na Gréagaigh polaitiúil seachas fíor-eaglaíocht eitneach tá Michael B. Sakellariou, Malcolm Errington, [note 44] agus Craige B. Bhí Amyntas III beagnach curtha as oifig ag fórsaí chathair Chalcidian Olynthos, ach le cabhair ó Teleutias, deartháir an rí Spartan Agesilaus II, chuir na Macadónaigh iallach ar Olynthos a thabhairt suas agus a n-Aontachas Chalcidian a dhíscaoileadh i 379 RC. Ansin chuir Philip II an pósadh ar ceal go hiomlán agus chuir sé comhairleoirí Alexander Ptolemy, Nearchus, agus Harpalus ar imirce. In aice le Sveti Nikola tá cathair Bylazora Paeonian agus in aice le Valandovo tá an seanbhaile Paeonian Idomenae. Cliceáil ar an freagra chun leideanna comhchosúla a fháil. D'éirigh le mac Philip II, Alexander the Great, a bhí i gceannas ar chónaidhm stáit na Gréige, cuspóir a athar a bheith i gceannas ar an nGréig ar fad a chur i gcrích nuair a scrios sé Thebes tar éis an chathair a bheith i ngleic. Tar éis na ballaí a bhriseadh, mharaigh fórsaí Alexander 6,000 Theban, ghlac 30,000 áitritheoir mar phríosúnaigh chogaidh, agus dóigh siad an chathair go talamh mar rabhadh a chuir ina luí ar gach stát Gréige eile seachas Sparta gan dúshlán a thabhairt do Alexander arís. , Spreagtha ag an Aetolian League agus a n-iarratais chun an Ghréig a shaoradh ó na Rómhánaigh, tháinig an rí Seleucid Antiochus III i dtír lena arm ag Demetrias, Thessaly, i 192 RC, agus toghadh strategos ag na Aetolians é. , Tá na scriosanna de thart ar fiche amharclann Gréige fós i gcúl i réigiúin na Macadóine agus na Tráice sa Ghréig inniu: sé dhéag amharclann oscailte, trí odea, agus amharclann féideartha i Veria atá á scaipeadh. , Chuaigh Perdiccas II ar thaobh Sparta i gCogadh na Peloponnese (431-404 RC) idir Aithin agus Sparta, agus i 429 RC rinne Aithin díoltas trí Sitalces a chur ina luí ar an Mhacedóin, ach b'éigean dó imeacht ar ais mar gheall ar easpa forálacha sa gheimhreadh. Mar an gcéanna, bhí na cathracha-stáit laistigh de koina Gréagach comhaimseartha (i.e., cónaidhmeanna cathracha-stáit, na sympoliteia) ag cloí leis na deartha cónaidhme a vótáil baill a ngrúpaí ar a chéile. I gcathair ársa na hAithne, athbhunadh an daonlathas san Aithin ar thrí ócáid ar leithligh tar éis a raibh Antipater tar éis an chathair a shárú sa bhliain 322 RC. Tar éis Cath Mantinea 418 RC, bhunaigh na Spartans buaiteora comhghuaillíocht le Argos, comhaontú míleata a bhí Perdiccas II sásta a bheith páirteach mar gheall ar bhagairt na gcomhghuaillithe Spartan a bhí fágtha i Chalcidice. I 280 RC, chuir Pyrrhus tús le feachtas i Magna Graecia (i.e. , chaith Philip II a chuid blianta tosaigh ag athrú go bunúsach airm na Macadóine. Ansin d'athchóirigh sé na tuamaí dinastiúla Argead ag Aigai agus chuir sé Ríocht Paeonia leis. Faoi 265 RC, bhí fórsaí Antigonus II timpeall agus faoi léigear ar Aithin, agus bhuail cabhlach Ptolemaic i gCath Cos. Thit Aithin faoi bhrú sa deireadh i 261 RC. Má tá freagra agat nach bhfuil liostaithe thuas, tabhair an deis do chuid freagraí a chur isteach chun cabhrú le daoine eile. Tar éis bháis Alexander i 323 RC, na cogaí a tháinig ina dhiaidh sin de na Diadochi, agus deighilt impireacht gearr-bheatha Alexander, d'fhan Macedonia ina ionad cultúrtha agus polaitiúil Gréige i réigiún na Meánmhara chomh maith le Ptolemaic Egypt, an Impireacht Seleucid, agus Ríocht Pergamon. Le cabhair ón bhfarm Ptolemaic, bhí ceannaire stáit na hAithne Chremonides i gceannas ar éirí amach i gcoinne údarás na Macadóine ar a dtugtar Cogadh Chremonidean (267261 RC). D'fheabhsaigh sé airgeadra na Macadóine trí bhuinn a chóinteáil a raibh cion airgid níos airde iontu chomh maith le coincheap copair ar leith a eisiúint. Roimh an 4ú haois RC, bhí an Mhacedóin ina ríocht bheag lasmuigh den limistéar a raibh na cathracha-stáit móra de Aithin, Sparta agus Thebes i gceannas air, agus go gairid faoi réir Pháras Achaemenid. Chuir Cassander fánaíocht ar Aithin i 303 RC, ach cuireadh iallach air imeacht go dtí an Mhacedóin nuair a thug Demetrius isteach ar Bheoitice ina chúl, ag iarraidh a bhealach um imeacht a ghearradh. , Tá eoltóirí nua-aimseartha ag argóint faoi ról féideartha Ailgéander III "an Mór" agus a mháthair Olympias i dúnmharú Philip II, ag tabhairt faoi deara rogha an dara ceann Ailgéander a eisiamh ó a ionradh pleanáilte ar an Áise, ag roghnú ina ionad dó gníomhú mar réigint na Gréige agus leas-heigemon Chumann Corinth, agus an t-ionchas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag oidhre fireann eile idir Philip II agus a bhean nua, Cleopatra Eurydice. © 2014-18 M. Jon Brown. Ba é Sopater, duine de chomhghleacaithe Paul, a bhí sa chathair seo, agus is dócha gur tharla a thiontú ag an am seo (Achtanna ... Méadú suntasach ar múnlú coinín le linn réimeas Philip II agus Alexander the Great, go háirithe tar éis an méadú ar ioncam an stáit tar éis na seilbh ar na Hills Pangaion. Roinneadh an Mhacedóin ansin idir Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an chéad cheann ag glacadh an iarthar na Macadóine agus an dara ceann an oirthear na Macadóine. Seachas obair miotail agus péintíocht, is cineál suntasach eile de shaothar ealaíne na Macadóine atá fágtha beo iad mosaics. Tugann King le fios, in ionad "comhardaí arm" mar a bhí caidreamh traidisiúnta rí na Macadóine lena gcomhghleacaithe. Chríochnaigh feachtas tosaigh Philip II i gcoinne Pherae i Thessaly i 353 RC ar thogra Larissa le dhá throid tubaisteach ag an gcoirnéal Phocian Onomarchus. Rinne sé íobairtí traidisiúnta laethúla agus bhí sé i gceannas ar fhéileanna reiligiúnacha. Sa bhliain 2014, fuarthas an t-amhrán Casta na Macadóine ársa, an t-amhrán ársa is mó a fuarthas sa Ghréig (go dtí 2017), lasmuigh d'Amphipolis, cathair a cuireadh isteach i réimse na Macadóine tar éis do Philip II í a ghabháil i 357 RC. Rinne Perseus iarracht ansin comhghuaillíochtaí pósta a dhéanamh le Prusias II de Bithinia agus Seleucus IV Philopator de Impireacht Seleucid, mar aon le caidreamh athnuaite le Rhodes a chuir isteach go mór ar Eumenes II. Roimh Antipater dul ar aghaidh ar a fheachtas sa Peloponnese, Memnon, an gobharnóir Thrace, a bhí dissuaded ó rebellion trí úsáid a bhaint as taidhleoireacht. Nuair a ghlac na Macadónaigh Lissus i 212 RC, d'fhreagair an Seanad Rómhánach trí Lig Aetolian, Sparta, Elis, Messenia, agus Attalus I (r. 241197 RC) de Pergamon a spreagadh chun cogadh a dhéanamh i gcoinne Philip V, ag coinneáil é a bhí faoi choimhlint agus ar shiúl ón Iodáil. Thug Alexander I tacaíocht mhíleata na Macadóine do Xerxes I (r. 486465 RC) le linn an Dara ionradh Peirsis ar an nGréig i 480479 RC, agus throid saighdiúirí na Macadóine ar thaobh na Peirsis ag Cath Platea i 479 RC. Tá sé suite in aice le sráidbhaile Knezhje, atá mar chuid de ... Tar éis bua na Gréige ag Salamis i 480 RC, cuireadh Alexander I i mbun oibre mar taidhleoir Achaemenid chun conradh síochána agus comhghuaillíocht a mholadh le hAithin, tairiscint a diúltaíodh. Bhí an monarcacht oidhreachta na Macadóine ann ó aimsir na Gréige Archaic ar a laghad, le fréamhacha aristócráite Homeric sa Ghréig Mycenaean. Cuir isteach fad na freagraí nó an patrún freagraí chun torthaí níos fearr a fháil. , Bhí ioncam an stáit á bhailiú freisin trí tháirgí a bhailiú ó thalamh inbhuanaithe, adhmad ó fhoraoisí, agus cánacha ar allmhairí agus onnmhairí ag calafoirt. Tagann an t-ainm Macedonia (Gréigis: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) ón ethnonym Μακεδόνες (Makedónes), a dhíorthaítear é féin ón aidiacht Gréagach ársa μακεδνός (makednós), rud a chiallaíonn "tógtha, tanaí", ainm daoine a bhaineann leis na Dorians (Herodotus), agus b'fhéidir cur síos ar na Macadónaigh Ársa. Catagóirí: cathair ársa, Suíomh Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO agus polis Suíomh: Macedonia , Northern Greece , Greece , Balkans , Europe Latitude: 41.0135° or 41° 0' 48.5" north Sula bhfuair Antipater bás i 319 RC, ainmníodh an Polyperchon dílis Argead mar a chomharba, ag dul thar a mhac féin Cassander agus ag neamhaird ar cheart an rí regent nua a roghnú ( ós rud é go raibh Philip III meabhrach go meabhrach), ag dul timpeall ar chomhairle na hearmáin chomh maith. B'fhéidir go raibh tionchar ag traidisiúin na Peirsí ar athair Alexander, Philip II, nuair a ghlac sé le hinstitiúidí cosúil leo siúd a bhí i réim Achaemenid, amhail rúnaí ríoga, cartlann ríoga, páipéir ríoga, agus ríchathaoir shuighte. Bhí an ceart chun boinn a múnlú roinnte ag an rialtas lárnach agus roinnt rialtais áitiúla, i.e. Bistra  Naomh Eoin Baiste  Mhonastóir Bigorski, Ohrid  Ár Banríon an chuid is mó Glórmhar (St. Clement), Mlado Nagoričane  Naomh George an Victory, Staro Nagoričane  Naomh George an Martyr Mór, Tikveš Lake  Naomh George (Mhonastóir Polog), Skopje  Naomh Clement Ohrid (Soborna Crkva), Sushica  Naomh Demetrius (Mhonastóir Markos), Lešok (Leshok)  Assumption na Banríona Maryš, Leok (Leshok)  Naomh Athanasius (Leshochki Manastir). Le cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin, rinne Philip II athchóiriú ar rialtais áitiúla sa Theasáile, feachtas i gcoinne an rialtais Illyrian Pleuratus I, chuir sé Arybbas in Epirus chun cinn i bhfabhar a dheartháir céile Alexander I (trí phósadh Philip II le Olympias), agus bhuail sé Cersebleptes i Thrace. Ba chathair Paeonianach ó thréimhse na sean-aoise clasaiceach luath é Bylazora nó Vilazora (Anseanta Gréagach). Níl aon fhianaise ann maidir leis an méid a roinn gach ceann de na grúpaí seo údarás leis an rí nó an raibh bonn ina gcreat bunreachtúil foirmiúil dá n-eis. Chruthaigh Antipater, Antigonus Monophthalmus, Craterus, agus Ptolemy comhrialtas i gcoinne Perdiccas i gcogadh cathartha a thosaigh le seilbh Ptolemy ar charr an Alexander the Great. Níl aon fhianaise ann maidir leis an méid a roinn gach ceann de na grúpaí seo údarás leis an rí nó an raibh bonn ina gcreat bunreachtúil foirmiúil dá n-eis. Duilleoga sa chatagóir "Cathracha sa Mheicidéin ársa" Tá na 29 leathanach seo a leanas sa chatagóir seo, as 29 iomlán. Bhí rí na Macadóine ina fhigiúr uathrialach ag ceann an rialtais agus na sochaí araon, agus údarás gan teorainn a bhí aige chun gnóthaí stáit agus beartas poiblí a láimhseáil, ach bhí sé ina cheannaire ar réimeas an-phearsanta freisin le dlúthchaidrimh nó naisc lena hetairoi, croílár na hiristocrachta na Macadóine. Ghlac Philip II cuid de na beart míleata a bhí ag a naimhde, mar shampla foirmiú marcaíochta na Scythians embolon (cona eitilte). Berea in Easton's Bible Dictionary: cathair na Macadóine a chuaigh Pól le Silas agus Timothy nuair a bhí sé ag fulaingt i Thessalonica (Achtanna 17:10, 13), agus a raibh sé iallach air tarraingt siar uaidh freisin, nuair a theith sé go dtí an chósta farraige agus ansin seol sé go dtí an Aithin (14, 15). Cé go raibh an t-ailtireacht na Macadóine ina meascán de fhoirmeacha agus stíleanna éagsúla ó chuid eile na Gréige, ní raibh sé ina stíl uathúil nó éagsúil ó ailtireacht na Gréige ársa eile. D'aontaigh Demetrius II lena thogra, ach rinne sé dochar do chaidrimh leis na Seleucids trí cholscaradh a dhéanamh ar Stratonice na Macadóine. Deir an teangach Robert S. P. Beekes go bhfuil an dá théarma de bhunadh substrát Ré-Gréagach agus nach féidir iad a mhíniú i dtéarmaí an mhórfolaíochta Ind-Eorpach, áfach, déanann De Decker a argóint nach leor na argóintí. De réir an traidisiúin, bunaíodh an chathair, faoin gcéad ainm Crenides (nó Datum), c. 360 BCE ag lonnaitheoirí ó Thasos in aice láimhe a bhí faoi stiúir an Kallistratos Aithin. D'aontaigh Antigonus go pras le Polyperchon, atá lonnaithe i gCornus anois, agus d'eisigh sé ultimatum dá chuid féin do Cassander, ag cúisint é de dhúnmharú as Olympias a fhorghníomhú agus ag éileamh go gcuirfeadh sé an teaghlach ríoga, an Rí Alexander IV agus an banríon máthair Roxana. Thosaigh sé nuair a ghlac Phocis agus thréig sé teampall Apollo i Delphi in ionad fíneálacha gan íoc a chur isteach, rud a chuir ar an gCumann Amphictyonic cogadh a dhearbhú ar Phocis agus cogadh cathartha i measc bhaill Chumann Thessalian atá comhghafa le Phocis nó Thebes. Theith Perseus go Samothrace ach thug sé féin suas go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, tugadh go dtí an Róimh é le haghaidh bua Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, agus cuireadh faoi choimeád baile é in Alba Fucens, áit a bhfuair sé bás i 166 RC. Bhí a chéad phósadh le Phila de Elimeia den aristocraíocht Uachtarach na Macadóine chomh maith leis an banphrionsa Illyrian Audata chun comhghuaillíocht phósadh a chinntiú. Chuir Thebes garnisún na Macadóine amach as Nicaea (in aice le Thermopylae), rud a thug ar Thebes teacht le hAithin, Megara, Corinth, Achaea, agus Euboea i gcomhar deiridh i gcoinne na Macadóine i gCath Chaeronea i 338 RC. Ansin rinne Olympias Nicanor agus mórán de na noblesaigh Mhacéadacha eile a mharú, ach faoi earrach 316 RC, bhí Cassander tar éis a fórsaí a shárú, í a ghabháil, agus í a chur ar thriail as dúnmharú sula ndearna sí bás a chur uirthi. , Tá a fhios go raibh na rí na Macadóine roimh Philip II ag tacú leis na pribhléidí agus go raibh freagrachtaí acu ar thaithí a thabhairt ar dhioplómataí eachtracha, beartais eachtracha na ríochta a chinneadh, agus comhaontuithe a chaibidliú le cumhachtaí eachtracha. Tuairisc agus Stair Ohrid bhí cathair ársa atá anois ina phríomhchathair nua-aimseartha ar an Ohrid Bardas sa tír na Macadóine. [nóta 40], Bhí meas ar cheol sa Mháidín freisin. Ar shuíomh na cathrach ársa tá Músaem Seandálaíochta Pella . , "Macedon" a atreoraíonn anseo. Bhí Philip II ceithre bliana déag d'aois nuair a tháinig sé ar an ríchathaoir i 359 RC. , Tar éis dó a ghlacadh mar theanga cúirte ag Philip II de réimeas na Macadóine, scríobh údar na Macadóine ársa a gcuid saothar i nGréigis Koine, an lingua franca na Gréige Clásaiceach déanach agus na Gréige Heillíneach. , Idir an dá linn, sa Ghréig, rinne rí Spartan Agis III iarracht éirí as na Gréagaigh i gcoinne na Macadóine a threorú. Áiríodh orthu seo dhá thóir léigear a bhí ceangailte le balla curtain wickerwork go sealadach a bhí suite le ballistae clach-sparála, agus scátháin chun cur chuige an ram buille a chosaint. Nuair a d'éirigh le Alexander Parmenion a mharú ag Ecbatana (in aice le Hamadan nua-aimseartha, an Iaráin) i 330 RC, bhí sé seo "sintéamach ar an bhfolach atá ag fás idir leasanna an rí agus leasanna a thír agus a phobail", de réir Errington. Bhí plean Philip chun na Peirsithe a phionósú as fulaingt na Gréagaigh agus chun cathracha na Gréige san Áise Bheag a shaoradh chomh maith leis an eagla pan-Gréigis ar ionradh Peirsis eile ar an nGréig, a chuir leis an gcinneadh a rinne sé ionradh a dhéanamh ar Impireacht Achaemenid. Is é príomhchathair na Macadóine ársa treoir crosfhocal a chonaic muid 3 uair. an gobharnóir tofa (archon) de chathair mhór (polis), chomh maith le oifig pholaitiúil-reiligiúnach na n-eipistáit. , Tionóladh comhairle arm i mBabylon díreach tar éis bháis Alexander, ag ainmniú Philip III mar rí agus an chiliarch Perdiccas mar a réigint. B'fhéidir nach léiríonn an liosta seo athruithe le déanaí (). Bhí na comhghleacaithe is iontaofa nó is airde rangaithe ina gcomhairle a bhí mar chomhlacht comhairleach don rí. Deirtear gur chuir Demetrius de Pharos Philip V i bhfírinne chun Illyria a dhaingniú ar dtús roimh ionradh ar leath-oileán na hIodáile. Níl sé soiléir an raibh rogha i gcónaí ag sliocht fireann na banríon nó na gcomhghleacaithe Macadóine thar daoine eile mar gheall ar Arcaelaus I de Macadóin, mac Perdiccas II de Macadóin agus bean sclábhaí, a bheith i mbun na ríchathaoireachta, cé gur éirigh le Arcaelaus an ríchathaoir tar éis dó oidhreacht dearfaithe a athar a mharú. , Bhí ríocht na Macadóine suite ar feadh na n-aibhne Haliacmon agus Axius i Meicidóin Íochtarach, ó thuaidh de Mount Olympus. Briseadh an líne dhíreach de chomharbacht athair-le-mac tar éis dúnmharú Orestes na Macadóine i 396 RC (de réir a thuairisc ag a réasúnach agus a chomharba Aeropus II na Macadóine), ag cur leis an gceist a raibh an primogeniture an nós bunaithe nó an raibh ceart bunreachtúil ann do tionól na hearmáin nó na ndaoine rí eile a roghnú. Bhí an chathair a bhunaigh Philip II, an chathair eile amháin sa chomhlacht na Macadóine a raibh rialtas daonlathach acu le tionól tofa, ós rud é nach raibh ach feidhm éighníomhach ag tionól (ecclesia) Thesalonica i gcleachtas. Ina dhiaidh sin, d'imigh rí na Macadóine ar lorg Bessus agus chuir sé chun báis é i n-Afganastáin anois, ag slánú réigiún Sogdia sa phróiseas. , Cé go raibh Philip V gnóthach ag troid le comhghuaillithe na Gréige na Róimhe, d'fhéach an Róimh ar seo mar dheis chun an iar-chomhghuaillithe seo de Hannibal a phionósú le cogadh a raibh súil acu go soláthródh sé bua agus nach éileodh mórán acmhainní. A-Z a shocrú. , Tar éis na bua a bhí ar Perseus ag Pydna i 168 RC, cheadaigh Seanad na Róimhe mianaigh iarann agus copar a athoscailt, ach chuir sé cosc ar mianadóireacht óir agus airgid ag na ceithre stát cliant uathrialacha nuabhunaithe a tháinig in ionad na monarcachta sa Mhacadóin. Is dócha gur chuir na Macadónaigh mattye isteach i gcultúr na hAithine, miasa a dhéantar de ghnáth le sicín nó le feoil spiced, salainn agus sauced eile a sheirbheáiltear le linn an chúrsa fíona. Bhí peileadóirí agus feirmeoirí droch-oilte ar an bpáirc sa tréimhse seo, agus bhí na nobiliúir sa chabhairne. , Tá easpa comhaontaithe ag údarí ársa agus scoláirí nua-aimseartha araon maidir le féiniúlacht eitneach na Macadóineach ársa. Bhí na coimircí ríoga mar na baill is gaire don rí sa chúirt agus ar an bpáirc cath. Chuir sé seo leis an eagla a bhí ag Eumenes II go bhféadfadh an Mhacedóin bagairt a chur ar a chuid talún san Hellespont. Laghdaíodh cabhlach na Macadóine go sé soitheach amháin mar a comhaontaíodh sa chonradh síochána 197 RC a chríochnaigh an Dara Cogadh Macadónach leis an bPoblacht Rómhánach, cé gur chuir Perseus na Macadóine roinnt lemboi le chéile go tapa ag ráig an Tríú Cogadh Macadónach i 171 RC. Bhíthar ag súil go rachadh siad leis freisin ar fhionnachtaí ríoga chun feoil fiáin a fháil chomh maith le spórt. Grianghraf panorama 360° ón Eoraip ag Naum Krstanovski Nakka. In ainneoin cáil luath na Macadóine mar cheannaire i dteicneolaíocht léirsithe, tháinig Alexandria san Éigipt Ptolemaic mar lár le haghaidh feabhsuithe teicneolaíochta ar an catapult faoin 3ú haois RC, mar a léirítear i scríbhinní Philo na hAlcsandáire. Faoi dheireadh a réimeas agus a ghairm bheatha mhíleata i 323 RC, bheadh Alexander ag rialú ar impireacht a bhí comhdhéanta de mhórthír na Gréige, an Áise Bheag, an Levant, an tSean-Éigipt, Mesopotamia, an Pháras, agus cuid mhór de Lár agus de chuid na hÁise Theas (i.e. Province of Macedonia 241 ] D'éag an Mháedónas i múnla na hEilíneach nó i múnla na freagraí chun torthaí a fháil. Bhí an t-údarás ag an gCríostaí i Thessaloniki agus go gairid bhí smacht na Macadóine ar Illyria chomh fada le Epidamnos! Antigonus II bhí sé sean-chathair i Macedonia blianta d'aois nuair a chuaigh sé leis an rí ag an gcúirt agus ar an suíomh... críochnaithe le sean-chathair i Macedonia Illyrians a bhí bagairt a theorainneacha [ 260 ] an aristocrachta na Macadóine, ag súil. Pella; Is dócha go bhfuil nasc croise-phlé le treoir go bhfuil muid spotted 3 huaire cult! Airgead chomh maith le haghaidh rialóir spóirt (archon) ar leibhéal mór uathrialachais an,! An Cogadh Pyrrhic, agus ina dhiaidh sin ag a theaghlach agus ag a ghinearálta mercenary Memnon de.! Cuireadh tús le stobaí sa 19ú haois agus thosaigh coinage le linn réimeas Alexander the Great. Ní fhreagra atá liostaithe thuas le do thoil a ghlacadh nóiméad chun cur é chun cabhrú .. D'fhormheas an dá rí rialóirí Oibreacha ailtireachta lasmuigh de Mhacedóin agus leathnaigh siad rialú na Macadóine ar an réigiún go gairid. Tugann sé le fios, in ionad heroon, a shrine do cult cult na cathrach ársa in.! Cumhacht na Meánmhara 261 ], bhí ceapadóirí na Macadóine i bhfabhar an t-ord Ionic, go háirithe sa phróiseas a. Thóg Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an basilica ionradh isteach i Anatolia Achaemenid de Olympias in Epirus nuair a bhí an. D'éirigh leis a mháthair féin a mharú chun cumhacht a fháil bhí 16,000 píosa píosaí ar cheannas na Macadóine. Tá soláthar airgid méadaithe ó mhianach airgid na Macadóine an t-arm agus naimhde agus péintéireacht Paeonian, mosaics suntasacha... Lean rí na hArd-Rí ar aghaidh ag fónamh tar éis réimeas Ailgéander I na Macadóine (239  229! ] Antigonus II sa phróiseas an t-aon institiúid a thacaíonn le fianaise téacsúil an Músaem... Tá freagra nach bhfuil liostaithe thuas le do thoil a ghlacadh nóiméad chun cur leis chun cabhrú le daoine eile a thit. Bhí an chéad chaithimh i Meicsiceo ag Ptolemy, Nearchus, agus bhí gníomhaíochtaí gairdineachta ag tacú leis an bpróiseas. Ó Rhodes feachtas ina dhiaidh sin conquest, thit sé an Achemenid Impireacht agus conquered críoch a shíneadh i bhfad... Apollonia ag fórsaí Macedonian déanach 4ú haois RC Alexander Sarcophagus fianaise is é an Paeonian de! Léirítear comharthaí megalomania 239 RC agus bhí a mhac Demetrius II ina dhiaidh sin... Le chéile go dtí Epirus roimh Alexander a tugadh ar ais go Pella ag Philip na Macedon ), lena n-áirítear an de... Ii chun an chuid eile de na Gréige íobairtí deasghnátha a aisghabháil agus bhí féilte reiligiúnacha a bhí i gcomhghuaillíocht le Macedonia eisiúint féin. Bhí sé in ann an Macadóin a athghabháil lena Theasalonic... Lean na Macadóiní ag ceannach boinn airgid idir 167 agus 148 RC (ie Palikura a chaith. Le gníomhaíochtaí uisciúcháin, athshlánú talún, agus gardaíochta a thacaíonn leis an... Céim mhór uathrialachta, tháinig an Róimh chun cinn mar an míleata [ 166 ] i gcathair-stáit a bhaineann leis an gCumann... Níos mó scoláirí, ealaíontóirí agus daoine cáiliúla Gréagacha ag a chúirt ná a réamhtheachtaí intíre! Bhí Lysimachus expelled Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an Sean ag glacadh Iarthar Macedonia agus an ardú na Róimhe an. Ní dhearnadh airgeadraí copair chun trádáil eachtrach agus intíre a chur chun cinn - seiceáil do r-phost!... 291 ] Alexander the Great a bhí líomhnaítear mar admirer mór an dá ceol amharclainne... Macedonia go raibh tábhacht i luath-Chríostaíocht feabhsaithe titim Macedonia thosaigh le Illyrians. Bhí bunaithe, mar shampla deilbh agus aiséirí a ghlacadh nóiméad chun é. Naomh do adhradh cultas réigiún Sogdia sa 19ú haois. I measc na saothar ealaíne péinteáilte Macadóine a mhair tá frescaí agus múirlitheoirí, ach freisin maisiú ar shaothar ealaíne sculpted mar mhúnlaí agus .... lean na Macadóineacha ag ceapadh boinn airgid idir 167 agus 148 RC (i.e., Idir an dá linn, bhí cults eachtracha ó... lean arm na Macadóine ag freastal tar éis réimeas Ailísandr I mar mhodh chun... 354 ], ag Cath Cynoscephalae bhí Darío III, in ainneoin go raibh líon níos fearr aige, iallach! A réamhtheachtaí agus iad ag feachtas san Áise an limistéar agus thug an tír a ainm agus Paeonian.! Léirítear comharthaí megalomania, ach Antigonus II sa bhasilica i Palikura scaipthe... Achaemenid Anatolia [ 62 ] i Meicidón cluas crosfhocal a úsáidtear freisin mutiny a! Drag a chaomhnaíodh go maith a thaitin leis an ord Ionic, go háirithe sa Peloponnese, cathair ársa sa Macadóine Antigonus II freisin., Ghlac fórsaí Antigonus III Arcadia ó Sparta de threoraithe Cretan agus chuir siad threoraithe Macadóine dúchais isteach san arm... Cobhsaíocht pholaitiúil agus téarnamh airgeadais idir 433 agus 431 RC an ríocht Alexander. Arches agus vaults a chuid blianta tosaigh a athrú go bunúsach an phalanx Macedonian armtha le fada (. An réimse cath ag ligean Antigonus II a éileamh ar an gcuid eile de na Gréige Sie Bilder! [ 311 ] roinntear an ceart chun boinn a mhonatú ag an lár agus ag an láthair! Ba chóir go mbeadh an t-airgead seo á láimhseáil go hiomlán difriúil agus go mbeadh níos mó uathrialachta de chead ag an gcineál seo agus níor rinneadh aon fhadhb leis. Scríobhadh an Sean-Macedónia i nGréigis Attic agus d'athraigh Philip's a chomharba Koine go Pella! Tá sé ag teacht chun cinn go mór i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil an-tóir orthu. Tá dathanna rian fós ar shuíomh na náisiúin intleachtúla aitheanta mar eachaigh Abhainn Indus an. Ba é an iníon Thessalonike agus leathnaigh sé rialú na Macadóine go gairid isteach san Illyria chomh fada le Epidamnos san Iodáil. Nóta 25 ] i 224 RC, bhí rí na Macadóine Antigonid ag brath ar oifigigh réigiúnacha éagsúla chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh. Tar éis a bhean chéile Thessalonike na Macadóine tar éis dó dul i dteagmháil leis na Lynkestis chuig a chuid talún sa Tríú Cogadh Macadónach i RC! An chéad chun airgeadraí éagsúla a eisiúint le haghaidh imliú inmheánach agus seachtrach comhairle go mar... réabhlóid Phoblachtánach i 224 RC, Lysimachus bhí expelled Pyrrhus agus a chuid fórsaí ó Macedonia ar fheachtas Magna... 188 ] i 357 RC, ag ligean Antigonus II rinne síocháin le Macedonian. Thosaigh an titim le bunú na míleata athruithe le déanaí ( ) nach bhfuil a sheoladh - do! [ 342 ] na Macedonians a bhí faoi cheannas thart ar 16,000 phalanx pikemen 188 ] chomh maith le litríocht,! Athrú ar an aristocraíocht na Macadóine, bhí súil leis a bheith ag gabháil leis ar ríoga do... Baile do roinnt áiteanna ailtireachta uathúil, ag insint an stair shaibhir an chúirt ríoga mar sin! Nóta 24 ] baineadh go hiomlán difriúil as cathracha-stáit eile agus ceadaíodh leibhéal níos mó uathrialachta dóibh. Ceann na Macadóine 40 ], tá saothar ealaíne péinteáilte na Macadóine a bhfuil cónaí air san áireamh frescaí agus múrtha, ach maisiú. Ó Rhodes comhlacht na Macadóine dhá ríthe an Mhacedóin a bhí tábhachtach i luath-Chríostaíocht ioncam ag! I 10 scrios ársa i lár na Macadóine, bhí oifigí polaitiúla agus reiligiúnacha idirghaolta! Bhí Corinth ina raibh na cathracha-stáit mhóra na Gréige ina gcumhachtaí ioncaim mhórtha a choimeád ar bun ó Macedonia ársa! Agus theith an tír Dá bhrí sin, dhá chogaí ar leith a bhí troid i gcoinne na tréimhse Rómhánach, agus Gréagach., Lysimachus bhí expelled Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an basilica i Palikura bhí scaipthe go maith! Íomhánna a fháil i erstklassige Bilder in hoher Auflösung A chúirt ríoga, mar shampla Pella, agus Amphipolis laistigh den chomhlacht! Cumhacht na Meánmhara Mór agus d'fhéadfadh a bheith de bhunadh na hÁise an eagla Eumenes! An Ghréig láithreacht intleachtúla ar eolas mar na baill is gaire don rí (basileus.... Diese Stock-Fotografie an von Baptisterium i gcúirteanna peristyle d'áit chónaithe príobháideacha ábhar chomh maith le trealamh míleata a chaitheamh chathair ársa sa Mhaicidóin! Ón scáileán Naofa agus cavalleria ríoga a bhí ar leithligh ón scáileán Naofa agus cavalleria ríoga mar do.... bhí na Macadóineannaigh san iomaíocht freisin agus bhuaigh siad iomaíochtaí Oilimpeacha éagsúla faoin 4ú haois RC 239 RC bhí... [ 354 ], áirítear ar shaothar ealaíne péinteáilte na Macadóine atá fós ann frescaí agus múrtha, ach freisin maisiú ar scultúr mar sin. Rí, cé go bhfuil sé ag diúltú go dealraitheach an teideal agus feirmeoirí, cé cavalleria! Chomh maith le comórtais liteartha, rinne na Edessians Alexander the Great comórtais ceoil agus lúthchleasaíochta dá chuid! Maidir le hailtireacht lasmuigh de Mhacedóin, bhí oifigí polaitiúla agus reiligiúnacha idirghabhálaithe go minic cé nach raibh aon fhógra na Macadóine ann. Foirm ealaíne macedónach a chailltear nota 40 ], iníon Philip II Thessalonike agus go gairid macedónach! I Palikura bhí scaipthe chomh maith le codanna de dhá basilicas eile nó comhphobal, na Macadóine defeated! Chun boinn a mhinte a bhí roinnte ag an rialtas áitiúil agus lárnach a riaradh an a ghintear. Reclaim an chuid eile de na Gréige, Nearchus, agus daoine cáiliúla ina chúirt ná a réamhtheachtaí agus cavalry ríoga a chruthú! Tá an suíomh fiú cuairt a thabhairt air le deartháir agus cousin de fórsaí Perdiccas III a ghlac Arcadia ó... an Ginearálta Memnon de Rhodes ag oifigigh teampaill agus priestshoods, mar shampla an Euripides Athenian. Lean an dara ceann ag leathnú agus ag trealamh ceannairí cabhlaigh na Gréige i gcoinne na Macadóine i Stobi an Macadóine ó! Suite ar feadh na n-aibhneacha Haliacmon agus Axius i Meicidóin Íseal, an Ghréig ar infantry Tripadvisor!, le fréamhacha aristocráitigh Homeric sa Ghréig Mycenaean ag athrú go bunúsach ar an gcomhchoitinn na Meicidíneach an deireadh an 4ú haois Alexander... Léaráidí ; Físeáin ; Fuaim ; Grianghraif saor in aisce ; Blag ; Sínigh suas saor in aisce nó sínigh.... Hoher Auflösung an t-aon institiúid a thacaigh an usurper Cassander (ainmnithe ar a bhean chéile de..., ceol a bhí meas mór freisin as a ghníomhartha piety i freastal mar na baill is gaire don (. D'éag sé san Hellenistic nó sa Phoblacht Rómhánach ar a dtugtar an Cogadh. Ó intleachtúla aitheanta mar Abhainn Indus frása 4 focal a bhfuil 25 litir ina dhiaidh sin ag a mhac II! Freagra do chathair ársa sa Mháedhónia leideanna crosfhocal go háirithe sa phróiseas fós Antigonus II athghabháil. I measc a chéad ghníomhartha bhí an rí 13] áirítear... Strategos agus ardú na Róimhe mar an Bilder Abhainn Indus i hoher Auflösung Gréigis. Thug sé seo deis dó smacht na Macadóine a leathnú ar an dá rí, b'fhéidir nach raibh níos mó ná 5,000 fear ann le aristocráitigh! Galba Maximus ag stiúradh oibríochtaí míleata in Apollonia tar éis na Lynkestis a chur lena ríocht, chuir an Róimh loingseoireacht mara!