Print this page
Babies are not little adults. We all know this and yet we worry whether people making products to be used on babies take sufficient care to ensure the products are safe to use on them. Here we explain the major differences between baby and adult skin and how those differences are taken into account to ensure products intended to be used on babies and infants up to three years of age are safe for them in particular.
The skin of babies is more delicate than that of adults and can be damaged by coarse fabrics or rough towels for example. This is partly because baby skin is slightly thinner than adult skin (about 20 to 30%, but not five times thinner as has often been reported) and also because skin responds to the environment and babies are making the transition from life in the womb to life in the outside world. Baby skin also has a higher surface pH (a scientific measure of acidity or alkalinity).
Products intended to be used on babies and infants are formulated to take account of these factors; for example, they use milder cleansers, low levels of fragrance and carefully control the pH to ensure compatibility. Also, there is an enhanced safety assessment legally required for all cosmetic products intended for use on children under three years of age.
Can ingredients be more easily absorbed through infant skin?
Even so, people ask whether ingredients in such products are more easily absorbed into infant skin and whether this could lead to safety concerns now or later in life. Actually, babies are born with skin which is very nearly complete in its barrier function and this further matures within the first two to four weeks after birth to provide a very effective barrier to the ingress of substances. So, although baby skin may be physically more sensitive than adult skin and thus requires gentler handling, from the point of view of being able to keep out unwanted substances, baby skin is an effective barrier.
Should only natural and organic products be used on children's skin?
Almost any substance, natural or man-made, has the potential to cause an allergic reaction in someone, somewhere; the body does not differentiate whether something is natural or synthetic. There is no such thing as a ‘chemical-free’ product as in fact everything is made up of chemicals, from cosmetics, to water, to the human body. Sense About Science has some further information on chemicals that is worth a read.

Cló an leathanaigh seo
Ní daoine fásta beaga iad na páistí. Tá a fhios againn go léir é sin agus fós tá imní orainn an ndéanann daoine a dhéanann táirgí le húsáid ar naíonáin cúram leordhóthanach lena chinntiú go bhfuil na táirgí sábháilte le húsáid orthu. Sa chás seo, mínímid na príomhdhifríochtaí idir craiceann naíonáin agus craiceann na ndaoine fásta agus conas a chuirtear na difríochtaí sin san áireamh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil táirgí atá ceaptha le húsáid ar naíonáin agus ar leanaí suas le trí bliana d'aois sábháilte dóibh go háirithe.
Tá craiceann naíonáin níos déine ná craiceann daoine fásta agus d'fhéadfadh fabraicí garbh nó tuáillí garbh a bheith ina gcontúirt dó, mar shampla. Tá sé seo go páirteach toisc go bhfuil craiceann na páistí beagán níos tanaí ná craiceann na ndaoine fásta (thart ar 20 go 30%, ach ní cúig huaire níos tanaí mar a thuairiscítear go minic) agus freisin toisc go bhfreagraíonn craiceann don chomhshaol agus go bhfuil leanaí ag déanamh an t-aistriú ó shaol sa mháthair go saol sa domhan lasmuigh. Tá pH dromchla níos airde ag craiceann na leanaí freisin (méid eolaíoch d'aigéad nó alcálineacht).
Déantar táirgí atá ceaptha le húsáid ar naíonáin agus ar leanaí a fhoirmliú chun na fachtóirí sin a chur san áireamh; mar shampla, úsáidtear glanadóirí níos socair, leibhéil ísle boladh agus déantar rialú cúramach ar an pH chun comhoiriúnacht a chinntiú. Chomh maith leis sin, tá measúnú sábháilteachta feabhsaithe ag teastáil go dlíthiúil do gach táirge cosmaideach atá ceaptha le húsáid ar leanaí faoi bhun trí bliana d'aois.
An féidir le comhábhair a ionsú níos éasca trí chraiceann naíonáin?
Mar sin féin, tá daoine ag fiafraí an bhfuil comhábhair i dtáirgí den sórt sin níos éasca a ionsú i gcraiceann naíonáin agus an bhféadfadh sé seo imní sábháilteachta a bheith ann anois nó ina dhiaidh sin sa saol. Go deimhin, is le craiceann atá beagnach críochnaithe ina fheidhm bhacaíochta a rugadh leanaí agus déanann sé seo níos mó a dhúis laistigh den chéad dhá nó ceithre sheachtain tar éis an bhreith chun bacainn an-éifeachtach a sholáthar ar iontráil substaintí. Mar sin, cé go bhféadfadh craiceann na páistí a bheith níos íogaire go fisiciúil ná craiceann daoine fásta agus dá bhrí sin go dteastaíonn láimhseáil níos déine uaidh, ó thaobh a bheith in ann substaintí neamh-inmhianaithe a choinneáil amach, is bacainn éifeachtach é craiceann na páistí.
An chóir táirgí nádúrtha agus orgánacha amháin a úsáid ar chraiceann leanaí?
Tá an cumas ag beagnach aon substaint, nádúrtha nó de dhéantús an duine, frithghníomh a chur ar dhuine, áit éigin; ní dhéanann an corp idirdhealú idir rud nádúrtha nó sintéiseach. Níl aon rud mar "táirge saor ó cheimiceáin" mar go bhfuil gach rud déanta suas de cheimiceáin, ó chosmaidí, go huisce, go corp an duine. Tá roinnt faisnéise breise ar cheimiceáin i Sense About Science atá fiú a léamh.


What is Communion?
Communion is a holy time of worship when we come together as one body to remember and celebrate what Christ did for us. It is typically done either weekly or monthly but the outcome is the same; a sharing of the most important reminder of what Christ did for us in life, death and resurrection.
Why do we celebrate Communion?
The Lord told us to do it in remembrance of him. "This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me." 1 Corinthians 11:24 We celebrate communion in an ongoing effort to be more like Him. It is a statement of faith.
What does Communion do to us?
As we examine ourselves (before taking the bread and wine) we are convicted, humbled and grateful. Convicted of the enormous sacrifice Christ made on our behalf. Humbled because we realize without Him we would be lost. Grateful for the opportunity to draw near to him, participate in the body of Christ and continue the process of growing in faith.
How do we celebrate Communion?
Corporately coming together as one, "Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ? Because there is one loaf, we, who are many, are one body, for we all partake of the one loaf. 1 Corinthians 10:16-17
Prayer and thanksgiving- "This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me" ! Corinthians 11:24
Reflection- "A man ought to examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of the cup." 1 Corinthians 11:28
Taking the elements- "And when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me." 1Corinthians 11:24
Who can participate in Communion?
Anyone who has asked Christ into their heart can partake of the cup and bread.
What else is Communion called?
Communion is also called Holy Communion, the Lord's Supper, Breaking of bread, the Eucharist and Sacrament of the Table. Each of these has a particular meaning but is referred to in Communion.
Do different churches celebrate Communion differently?
For the most part there is an overall agreement on how it should be celebrated though some disagree with the open and closed communion. Some denominations differ in their understanding of whether they take Communion with those whom they are not in full communion (members of their own church). Other churches allow any who wish to commenmorate the life and teachings of Christ regardless of religious affiliation.
Who presides over Communion?
A pastor or priest leads their congregation in Communion with worship, prayer and passing out of the elements.
Is Communion important?
The leader of a church recognizes the depth of importance of Communion. His whole purpose is to lead his parishioners to a deeper relationship with Christ. Communion symbolizes the ongoing growth of faith and richness of relationship with Christ. For the parishioner it is a coming together of the church symbolizing that they are one in Christ and renewing the commitment to continue to strive to be like Christ.

Cad é an Chomhá?
Is am naofa é an Chomaoineamh de adhradh nuair a thagann muid le chéile mar chorp amháin chun cuimhneamh agus ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar an méid a rinne Críost dúinn. De ghnáth déantar é nó gach seachtain nó gach mí ach is é an toradh an rud céanna; comhthoil ar an gcuimhne is tábhachtaí ar an méid a rinne Críost dúinn i saol, bás agus aiséirí.
Cén fáth a ndéanaimid Comórtas a cheiliúradh?
Dúirt an Tiarna dúinn é a dhéanamh i gcuimhne air. "Is é seo mo chorp, atá ar bhur son; déan an méid seo chun cuimhne domsa". 1 Corantaigh 11:24 Ceiliúrann muid an comhroinnt i iarracht leanúnach a bheith níos mó cosúil leis. Is ráiteas creidimh é.
Cad a dhéanann an Chomaoineamh dúinn?
Agus muid féin ag scrúdú (sular ghlacann muid an t-arán agus an fíon) bíonn muid ciontaithe, humbled agus buíoch. Convinced an íobairt ollmhór Chríost a rinne ar ár son. Humbled toisc go dtuigeann muid gan é bheadh muid caillte. Buíoch as an deis a bheith in aice leis, páirt a ghlacadh i gcorp Chríost agus leanúint ar aghaidh ag fás sa chreideamh.
Conas a cheiliúrann muid an Chomaoin?
Ag teacht le chéile mar aon, "Nach bhfuil an cupán buíochais a bhuíochas a ghabháil linn as a bhfuil comhroinn againn le fuil Chríost? Agus an t-arán a bhriseann muid, nach comhroinn é i gcorp Chríost? Mar is aon arán amháin atá ann, is comhlacht amháin sinn, cé go bhfuil go leor againn, mar tá gach duine againn ag glacadh leis an aon arán amháin. 1 Corantaigh 10:16-17
Urnaí agus buíochas- "Is é seo mo chorp, a bhfuil ar do shon; é seo a dhéanamh i gcuimhne dom " ! Corantaigh 11:24
Smaoineamh- "Ba chóir do dhuine féin a scrúdú sula n-itheann sé as an aran agus sula n-ólann sé as an gcáis". 1 Corantaigh 11:28
Ag glacadh na n-eilimintí- "Agus tar éis dó buíochas a ghabháil, bhris sé é agus dúirt, 'Seo mo chorp, atá ar bhur son; déan é seo chun cuimhne domsa.' " 1Chorintigh 11:24
Cé is féidir páirt a ghlacadh sa Chomhá?
Is féidir le duine ar bith a d'iarr Críost ina gcroí páirt a ghlacadh sa chaisleán agus sa bharán.
Cad eile a dtugtar Communion?
Tugtar Comórtas Naofa, Cóireáil an Tiarna, Briseadh an aráin, an tEocharist agus Sacrament an Bhlais ar an gComhórtas freisin. Tá brí ar leith ag gach ceann acu ach tagraíonn siad dóibh sa Chomhá.
An ndéanann eaglaisí éagsúla Comórtas a cheiliúradh ar bhealach difriúil?
I bhformhór na gcásanna, tá comhaontú foriomlán ann maidir leis an gcaoi ar chóir é a cheiliúradh cé go bhfuil roinnt daoine míchinnte maidir leis an gcomhthráth oscailte agus dúnta. Tá difríocht ag roinnt ainmníochtaí ina dtuiscint ar an gcaoi a ghlacann siad Comórtas leo siúd nach bhfuil siad i lánchomórtas (baill dá n-eaglais féin). Ceadaíonn eaglaisí eile do dhuine ar bith ar mian leis saol agus teagasc Chríost a chomhairliú gan beann ar a chuid reiligiúnacha.
Cé a dhéanann an Chomaoineamh?
Tugann páiste nó sagart a gcuid pobal i gComháine le adhradh, le guí agus le dul amach as na heilimintí.
An bhfuil an Chomháireamh tábhachtach?
Aithníonn ceannaire na heaglaise an tábhacht thomhais atá ag an gComháireamh. Is é a chuspóir iomlán a threorú a parishioners le caidreamh níos doimhne le Críost. Is siombail é an Comórtas ar fhás leanúnach an chreidimh agus saibhreas an chaidrimh le Críost. Maidir leis an bpobal, is é an teacht le chéile na heaglaise é a shiombailíonn go bhfuil siad ina n-aon i gCríost agus a athnuachan an tiomantas leanúint ar aghaidh ag iarraidh a bheith cosúil le Críost.


OAK PARK, Ill. -- Before Frank Lloyd Wright became the most famous architect in the world, he was a struggling employee who had to borrow money from his boss to build his own house.
That house, and the adjoining professional studio, make up the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio in this posh suburb of Chicago. I got a chance for a behind-the-scenes tour Monday as part of Road Trip 2013, and as a Wright fan who has toured other favorites like Taliesin West in Arizona, in Pennsylvania, and the in California, this was a treat.
And why not? This stunning property, set amidst leafy trees, and close to a plethora of other Wright buildings, is where the young architect began his career in earnest. From 1889 to 1909 Wright lived and worked here, trying out many of the ideas that eventually became his signatures in what amounted to his own architectural lab. Those ideas included open floor plans, built-in furniture, windows that encouraged residents to see the nature outside, high ceilings, and much more.
When Wright moved in with his wife and newborn in 1889, he was still working for Chicago architect Louis Sullivan. Indeed, Wright needed to borrow $5,000 from Sullivan to afford the property. As part of his agreement with his boss, he wasn't allowed to moonlight, but needing money, he designed a number of what are known as "bootleg" houses, several of which can be found within a stone's throw of his own house. That moonlighting eventually got Wright fired.
The house he built was known as a shingle style, a popular design on the East Coast that had been brought to the Midwest by the architect Joseph Lyman Silsbee. It had a peaked roof, and featured many of Wright's now well-known flourishes: windows that let in lots of natural light, a building set far back from the street, high ceilings, and more. It was also an example of what Wright termed "organic architecture," meaning a building that was designed to blend in with the surrounding environment.
While most Chicago buildings used standard red bricks on their facades, and relegated the use of earth-tone Chicago bricks to the side, Wright favored such tones, and decided he wanted to use the material on the front of his home. He also wanted sets, or bands, of windows that were side by side, rather than separated. And he chose a front door that was much wider than the norm.
Though Wright was at the vanguard of a new, modern, style of architecture, he was nevertheless a man who had grown up in the Victorian era, and his house could not avoid some artifacts from that age. An example is the classical frieze found in the molding of the house's entryway.
But walking into the house's living room, one could have told right away that they were in a new style of building. The room was large and flowing, rather than the standard of the time, which was smaller rooms, one after the next, with a door in between.
Another new idea he tried out here before implementing it in his commissions was the use of built-in furniture. He enjoyed that style because it maximized the use of space -- and gave him more control over the room.
Similarly, he wanted to bring the outside in, so he used lots of windows that brought in natural light, as well as views of the exterior. This would become one of his most famous design elements.
And not only did he want to let residents have views of the nature outside, he sometimes wanted to bring it physically inside. Here, he built an interior passageway around a willow tree, which was allowed to grow into the house. That original tree is now gone, but preservationists have done their best to recall it with a new tree.
Yet another innovation was the way he built hearths into many of the house's rooms, yet didn't put the flue directly above. He wanted to use that space for things like windows or mirrors, so he created double flues, with one on each side of the wall.
Throughout the house are brilliant and unexpected flourishes, such as a gorgeous skylight in the dining room -- that just happens to be exactly the same size as the dining room table below -- or radiators hidden in the floorboards. The building reflected a genius designer just coming into his own, trying out the ideas that would make him world famous on his own family and business.
As he struck out on his own, Wright grew to need a sizable space for the teams of draftsmen and artisans he employed. So, alongside the residence is a studio where Wright worked, met with clients, and kept on coming up with his famous ideas.
What better place, then, to try out things that would eventually become highly sought after than at home? For those who venture to Oak Park to take a look, an education in architectural experimentation awaits in Wright's lab.
Road Trip 2013
reading•At Frank Lloyd Wright's home, a lab for world-class architecture
Aug 19•Planes, trains, and automobiles: Road Trip 2013 comes to an end
Aug 19•Tour the Midwest with the Road Trip Picture of the Day (pictures)
Aug 19•From Doomsday plane to Frank Lloyd Wright: The best of Road Trip 2013 (pictures)
Aug 17•How Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin survived murder, fires, constant change

OAK PARK, Ill. -- Sula raibh Frank Lloyd Wright an t-ailtire is cáiliúla ar domhan, bhí sé ina fhostaí ag streachailt a bhí ag iarraidh airgead a fháil ar iasacht óna sheanfhear chun a theach féin a thógáil.
Is é an teach sin, agus an stiúideo gairmiúil atá in aice leis, an Teach agus an Stiúideo Frank Lloyd Wright sa fho-bhaile snasta seo de Chicago. Fuair mé deis le haghaidh turas taobh thiar de na radhairc Dé Luain mar chuid de Taistil Bóthar 2013, agus mar lucht leanúna Wright a thuras ar a bhfuil daoine eile is fearr leat cosúil le Taliesin West in Arizona, i Pennsylvania, agus sa California, bhí sé seo le pléisiúr.
Agus cén fáth nach bhfuil? Is é an t-oighreacht iontach seo, atá suite i measc crainn duilleacha, agus in aice le líon mór foirgnimh eile Wright, áit a thosaigh an t-ailtire óg a ghairm bheatha go fírinneach. Ó 1889 go 1909 d'fhan agus d'oibrigh Wright anseo, ag triail a bhaint as go leor de na smaointe a tháinig ina shíniúí sa deireadh i méid a bhí ina saotharlann ailtireachta féin. I measc na smaointe sin bhí pláinéid urláir oscailte, troscán tógtha, fuinneoga a spreagann cónaitheoirí an nádúr amuigh faoin aer a fheiceáil, uasteorainneacha arda, agus go leor eile.
Nuair a bhog Wright isteach lena bhean chéile agus a leanbh nuabhunaithe i 1889, bhí sé fós ag obair don ailtire Chicago Louis Sullivan. Go deimhin, bhí ar Wright $ 5,000 a fháil ar iasacht ó Sullivan chun an mhaoin a íoc. Mar chuid dá chomhaontú lena sheanfhear, ní raibh cead aige solas na míosa a dhéanamh, ach ag teastáil airgid, dhear sé roinnt de na tithe "bootleg" ar a dtugtar, agus is féidir roinnt acu a fháil laistigh de charraig charraig dá theach féin. Go bhfuil moonlighting sa deireadh fuair Wright díscaoileadh.
Bhí an teach a thóg sé ar a dtugtar stíl shingle, dearadh tóir ar an gCosta Thoir a thug an t-ailtire Joseph Lyman Silsbee chuig an Meán-Chuain. Bhí díon picte aige, agus bhí go leor de na fionnachtana Wright atá ar eolas go maith anois ann: fuinneoga a ligfeadh isteach go leor solais nádúrtha, foirgneamh atá suite i bhfad siar ón tsráid, uasteorainneacha arda, agus go leor eile. Bhí sé ina shampla freisin de na rudaí a thug Wright ar a dtugtar "ailtireacht orgánach", rud a chiallaíonn foirgneamh a ceapadh chun a bheith comhcheangailte leis an timpeallacht timpeall air.
Cé go n-úsáid an chuid is mó de na foirgnimh i Chicago brící dearga caighdeánacha ar a n-aghaidh, agus gur chuir siad úsáid bríceanna Chicago d'ath-tón ar an taobh, bhí Wright i bhfabhar na tonna sin, agus shocraigh sé go raibh sé ag iarraidh an t-ábhar a úsáid ar aghaidh a bhaile. Bhí sé ag iarraidh freisin go mbeadh sraith, nó bannaí, fuinneoga taobh le taobh, seachas ar leithligh. Agus roghnaigh sé doras tosaigh a bhí i bhfad níos leithne ná an norm.
Cé go raibh Wright ag an mbarr de stíl nua, nua-aimseartha, ailtireachta, bhí sé mar sin féin ina dhuine a d'fhás suas san ré Victorianach, agus ní fhéadfadh a theach roinnt earraí ón aois sin a sheachaint. Sampla de seo is ea an frios clasaiceach a fhaightear i múnlú an iontrála tí.
Ach ag siúl isteach sa seomra suí an tí, d'fhéadfadh duine a bheith in iúl láithreach go raibh siad i stíl nua tógála. Bhí an seomra mór agus sreabhach, seachas an caighdeán an ama, a bhí seomraí níos lú, ceann i ndiaidh an chéad cheann eile, le doras idir.
Bhí smaoineamh nua eile a thriail sé amach anseo sula gcuirfeadh sé i bhfeidhm é ina chuid coimisiúin úsáid troscán tógtha isteach. Bhí an stíl sin á taitneamh aige mar go raibh an úsáid as spás á uasmhéadú aige -- agus thug sé níos mó smachta dó ar an seomra.
Ar an gcaoi chéanna, bhí sé ag iarraidh an taobh amuigh a thabhairt isteach, mar sin d'úsáid sé go leor fuinneoga a thug solas nádúrtha isteach, chomh maith le radhairc ar an taobh amuigh. Bheadh sé seo ar cheann de na heilimintí dearaidh is cáiliúla aige.
Agus ní hamháin gur theastaigh uaidh ligean do chónaitheoirí radharcanna den nádúr lasmuigh a bheith acu, bhí sé ag iarraidh é a thabhairt isteach go fisiciúil uaireanta. Anseo, thóg sé pasáiste istigh timpeall ar chrann willow, a cheadaíodh a fhás isteach sa teach. Tá an crann bunaidh sin imithe anois, ach rinne na coimeádaithe a ndícheall é a chur i gcuimhne le crann nua.
Ach bhí nuálaíocht eile ar an mbealach a thóg sé hearths i go leor de na seomraí an tí, ach ní raibh an flue a chur díreach os cionn. Bhí sé ag iarraidh an spás sin a úsáid le haghaidh rudaí cosúil le fuinneoga nó scátháin, mar sin chruthaigh sé flues dúbailte, le ceann ar gach taobh den bhalla.
Tá na rudaí iontach agus gan choinne ag fás ar fud an tí, mar shampla an spéirbhealach iontach sa seomra bia -- a tharlaíonn go bhfuil an méid céanna leis an mbord seomra bia thíos -- nó radaitheoirí i bhfolach sna plátaí talún. Léiríonn an foirgneamh dearthóir géineach ag teacht isteach ina chuid féin, ag triail a bhaint as na smaointe a d'fhéadfadh a dhéanamh dó ar domhan cáiliúil ar a theaghlach féin agus gnó.
De réir mar a bhuail sé amach ar a chuid féin, d'fhás Wright ag teastáil spás mór do na foirne de línitheoirí agus ceardaithe a fhostaigh sé. Mar sin, in aice leis an áit chónaithe tá stiúideo áit a d'oibrigh Wright, bhuail sé le cliaint, agus lean sé ar aghaidh ag teacht suas lena chuid smaointe cáiliúla.
Cén áit is fearr, ansin, chun rudaí a thriailfí go mór ina dhiaidh sin a thriail ná sa bhaile? I gcás na ndaoine a venture go Oak Park a ghlacadh le breathnú, oideachas i turgnamh ailtireachta ag fanacht i saotharlann Wright.
Taisteal ar Bhóthar 2013
Léitheoireacht•I dteach Frank Lloyd Wright, saotharlann le haghaidh ailtireachta den scoth
19 Lúnasa•Aeráin, traenacha, agus gluaisteáin: Tá deireadh le Road Trip 2013
19 Lúnasa•Cuairte ar an Meán-iarthair leis an bPictiúr Taistil ar Bhóthar an lae (pictiúir)
19 Lúnasa•Ó eitleán Lá an Chéasta go Frank Lloyd Wright: An chuid is fearr de Thuras ar Bhóthar 2013 (pictiúir)
17 Lúnasa•Conas a d'fhág Taliesin Frank Lloyd Wright bás ó mhurt, ó dhóiteán, ó athrú leanúnach


This website area is an updated version of the document: 'When your baby is born with genitals that look different....the first days.' You can download the full document here. The document is available in multiple languages.
The development of your baby in the womb is likely to have been affected by one of many conditions that together are called Disorders - or Differences - of Sex Development (DSD). Sex development is a complex process and the sex of a baby isn't determined by one single thing. There’s a much bigger picture, and many things together influence the sex of a baby, such as:
• how the genitals look like on the outside
• how the baby’s reproductive organs developed on the inside
• hormones and how your baby’s body responds to them, and
• genetic information.
Most of the time these come together in such a way that the sex of a baby is not in question. However, when we have questions about the child’s sex, it is important to look at all these aspects of sex development.
By working together with health care professionals and by talking with other families, parents can get the information they need to understand how their baby has developed and how to raise a happy, healthy child.

Is leagan nuashonraithe den doiciméad é an limistéar gréasáin seo: 'Nuair a rugadh do leanbh le gníomhairí gnéis a bhfuil cuma difriúil orthu.... na chéad laethanta.' Is féidir leat an doiciméad iomlán a íoslódáil anseo. Tá an doiciméad ar fáil i dteangacha éagsúla.
Is dócha go raibh tionchar ag ceann de na coinníollacha go leor a dtugtar neamhoird - nó difríochtaí - i bhforbairt ghnéasach (DSD) orthu ar fhorbairt do pháiste sa bhroinn. Tá forbairt gnéis próiseas casta agus nach bhfuil an ghnéas leanbh a chinneadh ag rud amháin amháin. Tá pictiúr i bhfad níos mó ann, agus bíonn tionchar ag go leor rudaí le chéile ar ghnéas na linbh, mar shampla:
• cuma na gníomhairí gnéis ón taobh amuigh
• conas a d'fhorbair orgáin atáirgthe an linbh ar an taobh istigh
• hormóin agus conas a fhreagraíonn do chorp do pháiste orthu, agus
• faisnéis ghineiteach.
An chuid is mó den am tagann na cinn seo le chéile ar bhealach nach bhfuil gnéas an linbh i gceist. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn ceisteanna againn faoi ghnéas an linbh, tá sé tábhachtach féachaint ar na gnéithe seo go léir den fhorbairt ghnéasach.
Trí bheith ag obair i gcomhar le gairmithe cúraim sláinte agus trí labhairt le teaghlaigh eile, is féidir le tuismitheoirí an t-eolas a theastaíonn uathu a fháil chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhfuil a gcuid páistí ag forbairt agus ar conas leanbh sona, sláintiúil a thógáil.


Assessment of Progress in MERIT Schools
In 2010, in an effort to improve education and educational opportunities across the nation, the federal government provided funding for School Improvement Grants (SIG) to support the lowest performing schools and districts. Schools and districts throughout the country applied for these grants, and the program now serves more than 730 schools nationally (Klein, 2011). Schools and districts accepting SIG money are required to adopt one of four federally defined school intervention models: Closure, Restart, Turnaround, or Transformation. The school Closure model refers to a district closing a school and enrolling the students who attended the school in to other higher-achieving schools in the district. The Restart model occurs when a district converts the school or closes and reopens it under management of an educational management organization (EMO). The Turnaround model includes replacing the principal and rehiring no more than 50% of the school’s staff, adopting a new governance structure, and implementing a research-based instructional program aligned to state standards. The Transformation model requires replacing the school principal and addressing four areas critical to transforming persistently low-achieving schools: developing teacher and principal leader effectiveness, implementing instructional reform strategies, extending learning time and creating community connections, and providing operating flexibility and sustained support.
Most states required eligible schools and districts to complete detailed grant applications with specific information regarding how they would implement one of the four intervention models. Along with this process, some states elected to perform an assessment of each school to determine their specific needs. As part of the application process in Washington State, The BERC Group, Inc. conducted School and Classroom Practices Studies (SCPS) at all of the eligible schools. These studies included: a) a review of district level practices and policies to identify potential supports and barriers that may impact the district’s ability to implement an intervention; b) classroom observation data focusing on instructional practices within the school (researchers conducted 380 classroom observations in the winter of 2010); c) qualitative interviews and focus groups focusing on the alignment of school structures and practices with the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction’s (OSPI) Nine Characteristics of High Performing Schools (Shannon & Bylsma, 2007); and d) high school outcomes data (course-offering patterns, course-taking patterns and college eligibility, graduation rates, and college enrollment, college persistence, and college graduation rates). The BERC Group findings were used to complete the application for SIG support and were incorporated into the ongoing implementation of improvement goals and action plans at the school and district levels.
In Washington State, 17 schools from nine different districts received a grant under this program. These schools were named Models of Equity and Excellence through Rapid Improvement and Turnaround (MERIT) by OSPI and began working together on the implementation of their plans in the summer of 2010. In the spring of the 2010-2011 school year, BERC Group researchers visited each of the schools and districts again to conduct an Assessment of Progress, which provided the same data as mentioned above and allowed for measuring changes the schools and districts made over the course of the year. Additionally, staff, family, and student surveys aligned with the Nine Characteristics of High Performing Schools were administered, collected, and analyzed by The BERC Group. OSPI is also using other tools to monitor the success of the MERIT schools, such as benchmark data, leading indicator data required through the grant, and end-of-year reports, and each district is collecting data unique to their specific areas of focus. Approximately 762 people, including district and building administrators, union leaders, certificated and non-certificated staff members, counselors, parents, and students participated in interviews and focus groups. In addition, researchers conducted 417 observations in the spring of 2011 to determine the extent to which Powerful Teaching and Learning (R) was present in the school. These observations were compared to baseline observations (380) collected in the winter of 2011.
The BERC Group, Inc.
District and School Improvement and Accountability
6501 North 23rd Street Tacoma, WA 98406
Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction
Old Capitol Building
PO Box 47200
Olympia, WA 98504-7200
The BERC Group brings experience and an extensive knowledge base to any evaluation project.

Measúnú ar Fhorbairt i Scoileanna MERIT
I 2010, i iarracht oideachas agus deiseanna oideachais a fheabhsú ar fud na tíre, chuir an rialtas cónaidhme maoiniú ar fáil do Dhámhachtainí Feabhsúcháin Scoile (SIG) chun tacú leis na scoileanna agus na ceantair is lú a bhí ag feidhmiú. D'iarr scoileanna agus ceantair ar fud na tíre ar na deontais seo, agus tá an clár ag freastal ar níos mó ná 730 scoil ar fud na tíre anois (Klein, 2011). Ní mór do scoileanna agus do cheantair a ghlacann le airgead SIG ceann de cheithre mhúnla idirghabhála scoile a shainmhínítear go cónaidhme a ghlacadh: Dúnadh, Athsheoladh, Athchóirithe, nó Athchóirithe. Tagraíonn samhail Dúnadh na scoile do cheantar a dhúnann scoil agus a chláraíonn na mic léinn a d'fhreastail ar an scoil i scoileanna eile a bhfuil níos airde ag baint leo sa cheantar. Tarlaíonn an tsamhail Athghníomhach nuair a athraíonn ceantar an scoil nó nuair a dhúnann sé agus a osclaíonn sé arís faoi bhainistíocht eagraíocht bainistíochta oideachais (EMO). Áirítear leis an tsamhail Athchóirithe an phríomhoide a athsholáthar agus nach mó ná 50% d'fhoireann na scoile a athfhostú, struchtúr rialachais nua a ghlacadh, agus clár teagaisc bunaithe ar thaighde a chur i bhfeidhm atá ailínithe le caighdeáin stáit. Ní mór don tsamhail Athchóirithe príomhoide na scoile a athsholáthar agus aghaidh a thabhairt ar cheithre réimse atá ríthábhachtach chun scoileanna a bhfuil feidhmíocht íseal acu a athrú: éifeachtacht mhúinteoirí agus príomhoide ceannaire a fhorbairt, straitéisí athchóirithe teagaisc a chur chun feidhme, am foghlama a fhadú agus naisc phobail a chruthú, agus solúbthacht oibriúcháin agus tacaíocht leanúnach a sholáthar.
I bhformhór na stáit, iarradh ar scoileanna agus ar cheantair incháilithe iarratais ar dheontais mhionsonraithe a chomhlánú le faisnéis shonraithe maidir leis an gcaoi a gcuirfidh siad ceann de na ceithre mhúnla idirghabhála i bhfeidhm. Chomh maith leis an bpróiseas seo, roghnaigh roinnt stáit measúnú a dhéanamh ar gach scoil chun a riachtanais shonracha a chinneadh. Mar chuid den phróiseas iarratais i Stát Washington, rinne Grúpa BERC, Inc. Staidéir ar chleachtais scoile agus seomra ranga (SCPS) ag na scoileanna incháilithe go léir. Áiríodh sna staidéir seo: a) athbhreithniú ar chleachtais agus ar bheartais ar leibhéal an cheantair chun tacú le hiarratais agus bacainní a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar chumas an cheantair idirghabháil a chur i bhfeidhm; b) sonraí breathnóireachta seomra ranga ag díriú ar chleachtais teagaisc laistigh den scoil (chuir taighdeoirí 380 breathnóireacht seomra ranga i rith gheimhridh 2010); c) agallaimh cháilíochtúla agus grúpaí fócais ag díriú ar ailíniú struchtúir agus cleachtais scoile le hOifig an tUas-Oifig Teagaisc Phoiblí (OSPI) Naoi gCaighdeán de Scoileanna Ard-Ionstraim (Shannon & Bylsma, 2007); agus d) sonraí torthaí ardscoile (patrúiní cúrsaithe a thairiscint, patrúin cúrsaithe a ghlacadh agus incháilitheacht do choláiste, rátaí céim, agus ráta clárúcháin, coisteantais agus céim na coláiste). Baineadh úsáid as torthaí Grúpa BERC chun an t-iarratas ar thacaíocht SIG a chomhlánú agus cuireadh iad san áireamh i gcur chun feidhme leanúnach na gcuspóirí feabhsaithe agus na bpleananna gníomhaíochta ar leibhéal na scoile agus na ceantair.
Sa Stát Washington, fuair 17 scoil ó naoi gceantar éagsúla deontas faoin gclár seo. D'ainmnigh OSPI na scoileanna seo mar Mhúnlaí Éadúlachta agus Feabhais trí Fheabhsú agus Athchóiriú Gasta (MERIT) agus thosaigh siad ag obair le chéile ar chur i bhfeidhm a gcuid pleananna i samhradh 2010. I rith earrach na bliana scoile 2010-2011, thug taighdeoirí Grúpa BERC cuairt arís ar gach scoil agus ar gach ceantar chun Measúnú ar Fhorbairt a dhéanamh, a thug na sonraí céanna a luaitear thuas agus a thug deis na hathruithe a rinne na scoileanna agus na ceantair i rith na bliana a thomhas. Ina theannta sin, bhain Grúpa BERC suirbhéanna foirne, teaghlaigh agus daltaí a bhí ag teacht le Naoi gCaighdeán de Scoileanna Ardfheidhmíochta, a bhailiú agus a anailísiú. Tá OSPI ag úsáid uirlisí eile freisin chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar rath na scoileanna MERIT, amhail sonraí tagarmharc, sonraí príomhtháscairí a theastaíonn tríd an deontas, agus tuarascálacha deireadh na bliana, agus tá gach ceantar ag bailiú sonraí atá uathúil dá réimsí fócais ar leith. Ghlac thart ar 762 duine, lena n-áirítear riarthóirí ceantair agus foirgnimh, ceannairí ceardchumainn, baill foirne deimhnithe agus neamhdheimhnithe, comhairleoirí, tuismitheoirí agus mic léinn páirt in agallaimh agus i ngrúpaí fócais. Ina theannta sin, rinne taighdeoirí 417 breathnóireacht i rith earrach 2011 chun a chinneadh cé chomh mór agus a bhí Teagasc agus Foghlaim Cumhachtach (R) i láthair sa scoil. Tá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil i bhfianaise na n-athruithe a rinneadh ar an mbonn a bhí ag an mbonn sin.
An Grúpa BERC, Inc.
Feabhas agus cuntasacht na dtionscal agus na scoile
6501 Sráid 23rd Thuaidh Tacoma, WA 98406
Oifig an tUas-Oifigigh um Threoir na hOideachais Phoiblí
Seann Foirgneamh na Capitol
Cás PO 47200
Olympia, WA 98504-7200
Cuireann Grúpa BERC taithí agus bonn eolais fairsing le haon tionscadal meastóireachta.


Repetitive minor blows to the head lead to an array of destructive, lifelong changes within the brain. A report earlier this month in the journal Brain links such injury, called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), to behavioral changes in the victims.
Scientists studied the donated brains of 85 people, age 17 to 98, with histories of multiple, mild head injuries. Sixty-four had been athletes and 21 military veterans. Fifty-eight of the brains came from men who had played American football at least to the level of high school. Thirty-three had played in the National Football League.
CTE is characterized by unique changes seen in microscopic and chemical analysis of brain tissue. Its severity ranges from small deposits of a complex, abnormal protein to generalized involvement of the entire brain. Brains were ranked from stage 1 to stage 4 based upon the extent of pathology.
Researchers evaluated clinical records and interviewed close family members to compile behavioral profiles for the autopsied persons.
Five of six victims of stage 1 CTE had complained of recurring symptoms ranging from headache to problems in concentration and recall. Two had been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Eleven of 14 victims of state 2 CTE had symptoms that including explosive, emotional outbursts, depression, impairment of short-term memory, mood swings and headaches.
Analysis of clinical records for stage 3 victims, one of whom was asymptomatic, revealed more prominent impairment of memory and decision-making, wide swings in mood and aggressiveness.
All subjects with stage 4 CTE exhibited symptoms, eventually developing severe impairment of memory and dementia.
CTE seemed to increase the risk for other disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Seven CTE victims killed themselves, while six others had expressed suicidal thoughts and six died of drug or alcohol abuse.
The recent murder-suicide perpetrated by a player for the Kansas City Chiefs raises the question of CTE in the shooter. How many aggressive acts by other football players are due to CTE?
The landmark study in Brain emphasizes that CTE is a progressive disorder whose effects continue for years after retirement. CTE occurs in players of all collision sports -- football, ice hockey, lacrosse, boxing -- as well as military personnel exposed to repeated blast waves.
Concussions are the forerunners of CTE. Most concussions are either unrecognized or unreported because participants in collision sports pride themselves on toughness.
As American football players become bigger and faster, the incidence of concussions can be expected to rise unless significant changes can be made in equipment, especially helmets.
Because of rising numbers of fatalities and severe injuries to the nervous system, American football faced a ban in the early years of the 20th century. Alarmed by this prospect, President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905 contacted Harvard President Charles Lowell to lead a reform of football's rules. Despite squabbling over the details, a group of college presidents eventually formed the Intercollegiate Athletic Association to change the game to lessen risks of catastrophic injury. Serious injuries declined after tighter rules were accepted in 1910.
Primitive helmets, which were little more than leather pads, appeared in the early 1900s but use was optional. By 1939, helmets were mandatory in college games. The National Football League required helmets for all players in 1943. Plastic helmets appeared in the Army-Navy game of 1944.
Subsequent helmet design focused upon the prevention of skull fractures. Uniform safety standards were mandated in 1973. Skull fractures among players disappeared. Concussions continue.
Rules of collision sports, especially football and ice hockey, must be updated specifically to lessen brain injuries.
CTE can be compared to a house with a severe termite infestation. Destruction continues silently for years until irreversible, progressive changes lead to the collapse of the structure. The risk of CTE among athletes must be minimized. Techniques for earlier diagnosis and treatment are crucial. This smoldering epidemic must be addressed.
Contact Clif Cleaveland at email@example.com.

Tosaíonn buaic bheaga athfhillteach ar an gceann le sraith athruithe dochta, ar feadh an tsaoil laistigh den inchinn. Tugann tuarascáil a foilsíodh níos luaithe an mhí seo sa iris Brain nasc idir an díobháil sin, ar a dtugtar encephalopathy crónach traumatic (CTE), agus athruithe i ngníomhartha na n-íospartaigh.
Rinne eolaithe staidéar ar na hinneall a dheonaíodh ó 85 duine, idir 17 agus 98 bliain d'aois, a raibh go leor díobhálacha beaga sa cheann acu. Bhí 64 acu ina lúthchleasaithe agus 21 ina shaighdiúirí míleata. Tháinig 58 de na hinneall ó dhaoine a bhí ag imirt peile Mheiriceá ar a laghad go dtí leibhéal na scoile ard. Bhí tríocha agus trí a bhí ag imirt sa Chumann Náisiúnta Peile.
Tá athruithe uathúla le feiceáil i anailís mhicreascópach agus ceimiceach ar fhíochán na hinchinne ar CTE. Tá a déine idir taiscí beaga próitéine casta neamhghnácha agus rannpháirtíocht ghinearálach an inchinn ar fad. Rinneadh brains a rangú ó chéim 1 go chéim 4 bunaithe ar mhéid na paiteolaíochta.
Rinne taighdeoirí meastóireacht ar thaifid chliniciúil agus agallaimh a dhéanamh le baill teaghlaigh dlúth chun próifílí iompair a thiomsú do na daoine a ndearnadh autopsy orthu.
Bhí cúigear de shé íospartach de CTE céim 1 ag gearán faoi chomharthaí athfhillteacha ó cheannán go fadhbanna i ndíriú agus i gcuimhne. Bhí dhá cheann acu a diagnóisíodh le neamhord strus iar-trauma.
Bhí comharthaí ag aon duine déag de 14 íospartach de CTE staid 2 lena n-áirítear pléascadh, ráigí mothúchánach, dúlagar, lagú ar chuimhne gearrthéarmach, athruithe giúmar agus tinneas cinn.
Léirigh anailís ar thaifid chliniciúil íospartaigh chéim 3, duine acu gan comharthaí, lagú níos suntasaí ar chuimhne agus ar chinntí a dhéanamh, athruithe móra ar mhothúchán agus ionsaitheacht.
Léirigh gach duine a raibh CTE céim 4 orthu comharthaí, agus d'fhorbair siad lagú tromchúiseach ar chuimhne agus dementia sa deireadh.
Is cosúil go méadaíonn CTE an baol go dtarlódh neamhoird eile mar ghalar Alzheimer agus sclerosis lateral amyotrophic, ar a dtugtar galar Lou Gehrig freisin. D'éirigh seacht n-íospartach CTE leo féin, agus bhí sé cinn eile ag cur in iúl smaointe féinmharú agus fuair sé cinn eile bás de bharr mí-úsáid drugaí nó alcóil.
An dúnmharú-fhuil féinmharú le déanaí a rinne imreoir do na Kansas City Chiefs ardaíonn an cheist faoi CTE sa lámhachóir. Cé mhéad gníomhartha ionsaitheach ag imreoirí peile eile atá mar gheall ar CTE?
Cuireann an staidéar réamhtheachtach i mBrain béim ar CTE mar neamhoird fhorleathan a leanann a éifeachtaí ar feadh blianta tar éis na scor. Tagann CTE i imreoirí de gach spórt buailte - peile, haca ar an oighear, lacrosse, bogsa - chomh maith le pearsanra míleata a nochttar do bhfuaimeanna brú athfhillte.
Is iad concussions réamhtheachtaí CTE. Ní aithnítear nó ní thuairiscítear an chuid is mó de na concussions toisc go mbraitheann rannpháirtithe i spóirt chollásach go bhfuil siad láidir.
De réir mar a bhíonn imreoirí peile Mheiriceá níos mó agus níos tapúla, is féidir a bheith ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú ar líon na gcómhnán mura féidir athruithe suntasacha a dhéanamh ar threalamh, go háirithe ar chúntóirí.
Mar gheall ar líon méadaitheach na mbásanna agus na gcion tromchúiseacha ar an gcóras néarógach, bhí cosc ar pheil Mheiriceá i mblianta tosaigh an 20ú haois. Ar eagla an ionchais seo, chuir an tUachtarán Theodore Roosevelt i dteagmháil le hUachtarán Harvard Charles Lowell i 1905 chun athchóiriú a dhéanamh ar rialacha peile. In ainneoin na miondíola a bhí ag grúpa uachtaráin coláiste faoi na sonraí, bhunaigh siad Comhlachas Iompair Idir-Coláistí sa deireadh chun an cluiche a athrú chun rioscaí díobhála tubaisteacha a laghdú. Thit na himreoirí tromchúiseacha tar éis rialacha níos déine a bheith glactha i 1910.
Bhí cascaí primitive, nach raibh ach beagán níos mó ná pads leathair, le feiceáil go luath sna 1900í ach bhí úsáid roghnach. Faoi 1939, bhí cascóirí éigeantach i gcluichí coláiste. Éilíonn an Líne Peile Náisiúnta helmití do gach imreoir i 1943. Tháinig cascaí plaisteacha i gcluiche Arm-Mharaigh 1944.
Díríodh dearadh casc ina dhiaidh sin ar chosc a chur ar bhriseadh cráine. Cuireadh caighdeáin choibhneasta sábháilteachta de chumhacht i 1973. D'imigh briseadh crápaí i measc imreoirí. Leanann concussions.
Ní mór rialacha spóirt chollása, go háirithe peil agus haca ar an oighear, a nuashonrú go sonrach chun díobhálacha inchinn a laghdú.
Is féidir CTE a chur i gcomparáid le teach ina bhfuil ionradh tromchúiseach termití. Leanann an scrios go ciúin ar feadh blianta go dtí go dtiocfaidh athruithe a bheidh gan aisghabháil agus a bheidh ag dul i méid chun an struchtúr a bhriseadh. Ní mór an riosca CTE i measc lúthchleasaithe a íoslaghdú. Tá teicnící chun diagnóis agus cóireáil níos luaithe ríthábhachtach. Ní mór aghaidh a thabhairt ar an eipidéim seo atá ag éirí go géar.
Déan teagmháil le Clif Cleaveland ag email@example.com.


The curve is described by two functions:
Find the derivative, which will be, for the positive square root function:
y' is not defined at x = 2a because the function is not differentiable at this point (although it is continuous). Nevertheless you can find the limits of y' as and which will be different due to the absolute value function in the denominator.
Of course, this is the gradient of the tangent, so the gradient of the normal will be
You can find the equation for the normal line using:
Now it should be obvious how to show that the normal line intersects the positive square root function at the given point.

Déantar curva a thuairisciú le dhá fheidhm:
Faigh an díorthaigh, a bheidh, don fheidhm rótan cearnach dearfach:
Níl y' sainithe ag x = 2a toisc nach bhfuil an fheidhm in-difriúnaithe ag an bpointe seo (cé go bhfuil sí leanúnach). Mar sin féin is féidir leat a fháil ar na teorainneacha de y 'agus a bheidh difriúil mar gheall ar an luach iomlán feidhm sa ainmníocht.
Ar ndóigh, is é seo an gradient an tangent, mar sin beidh an gradient an gnáth a bheith
Is féidir leat an chothromóid don líne choitinn a fháil trí úsáid a bhaint as:
Anois ba chóir go mbeadh sé soiléir conas a thaispeáint go bhfuil an líne gnáth intersects an fheidhm róit chearnach dearfach ag an bpointe a thugtar.


We have all held some sort of food in its original packaging and thought to read the “Nutrition Facts” on the back. Here we read how many calories, protein, sugar, vitamins, calcium, iron, etc. What many read and not give it second thought is “Total Fat,” “Saturated Fat,” and “Trans Fat.” Why are there three? What’s the difference between them? We usually just forget about it and enjoy the food anyway.
Total fat is generally known as the type of fat you eat that makes a difference in your diet. The amount of total fat you consume impacts your energy level, caloric intake, and overall health. Generally when people here the word “fat” or “total fat” people think to steer clear but fact of the matter is, you do need to have some sort of fat intake. To keep your total fat intake in moderation, your daily intake of total fat should be about 25 to 35 percent of your total daily caloric intake. This can vary based on how physically active you are on a daily basis.
Saturated fat are fats that come from products consumed via animals. These tend to be meat, dairy, and eggs. With that said, they can too come from plant products like coconuts, palm, and palm kernel oils. Saturated fats are the fats you generally want to avoid as much as possible as they are known to raise bad cholesterol levels.
Trans fat are you unsaturated fats. Don’t go ahead and assume that because they are essentially the opposite of saturated fats that they are good for you. Trans fats can do harm in lowering your good cholesterol levels and raising your bad cholesterol levels.
In the grand scheme of things, the American Heart Association believes you should limit your saturated fats to less than 7 percent of your daily calories and trans fats to less than 1% while also keeping cholesterol intake under 300 milligrams daily.

Bhí bia éigin againn go léir ina phacáistiú bunaidh agus shíl muid go léigh muid an "Factais Chothúcháin" ar an gcúl. Anseo léimid cé mhéad calraí, próitéin, siúcra, vitimíní, cailciam, iarann, etc. Cad a léann go leor agus nach bhfuil a thabhairt dó smaoineamh eile is é  Saill iomlán,   Saill Saturated,  agus  Trans Saill.  Cén fáth go bhfuil trí? Cad é an difríocht idir iad? De ghnáth ní chuirimid dearmad air agus taitneamh a bhaint as an bia ar aon nós.
Is é an saille iomlán an cineál saille a itheann tú a dhéanann difríocht i do réim bia. Bíonn tionchar ag an méid saille iomlán a itheann tú ar do leibhéal fuinnimh, ar an iontógáil chalaireach, agus ar do shláinte i gcoitinne. Go ginearálta nuair a daoine anseo an focal "saill" nó "saill iomlán" daoine smaoineamh a stiúradh ar shiúl ach fírinne an tsaoil, ní mór duit a bheith ar chineál éigin de iontógáil saill. Chun do iontógáil iomlán saille a choinneáil i modhnú, ba cheart go mbeadh do iontógáil laethúil saille iomlán thart ar 25 go 35 faoin gcéad de do iontógáil chalairic laethúil iomlán. Féadfaidh sé seo a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar cé chomh gníomhach is atá tú go fisiciúil ar bhonn laethúil.
Is saillte iad saillte a thagann ó tháirgí a íoctar trí ainmhithe. Is gnách go mbíonn feoil, déiríochtaí bainne agus uibheacha ann. Agus sin ráite, is féidir iad a bheith ó tháirgí plandaí mar chocóin, pailme, agus olaí gráin pailme. Is iad saillte saillte na saillte ar mhaith leat iad a sheachaint chomh fada agus is féidir mar is eol go dtarraingíonn siad leibhéil choilesterol dona.
Is saill trans tú saill neamhsháithithe. Ná téigh ar aghaidh agus a mheas go toisc go bhfuil siad go bunúsach an mhalairt de saillte saturated go bhfuil siad go maith duitse. Is féidir le saillte tras a bheith díobhálach i do leibhéil cholesterol maith a ísliú agus do leibhéil cholesterol olc a ardú.
I scéim mhór rudaí, creideann Cumann an Chroí Mheiriceá gur chóir duit do chuid saillte saillte a theorannú go níos lú ná 7 faoin gcéad de do chailéarí laethúla agus saillte tras go níos lú ná 1% agus an iontógáil cholesterol a choinneáil faoi 300 miligram laethúil.


Unless you work in certain very specific fields like self-driving car engineering, you may have not heard of Kalman Filters or have largely forgotten what you once learned about them in school. I myself had relegated them to the deep recesses of my mind. Admittedly, I have only really studied Kalman Filters in a nanodegree program with Udacity in self-driving car engineering, and that was three years ago. But recently, work organized a learning day event that let me pursue something of my own interest in the name of learning, and Pub/Sub has released its official C++ client library and now supports ordering. I want to revisit Kalman Filters and introduce you to Pub/Sub with Kalman Filters, using a favorite pastime of mine — birdwatching — as an aid. I hope using birding in the mix will make it easy and interesting for you to follow along. Let’s get started!
What are Kalman Filters?
Kalman Filters (basic, extended, unscented, etc.) are algorithms for predicting variables in a dynamic system using continuous and imperfect measurements. Kalman Filters require us to know the underlying mathematical models that define the dynamic system and assume that the errors in the measurements follow Gaussian distributions.
How important are fresh measurement data in Kalman Filters? Very. Unlike time series forecasting models that must train using a large window of data with trend and seasonality, Kalman Filters bootstrap themselves with a single measurement and perform self-update with each new measurement. They keep up with the high velocity of input data by being extremely light-weight, and they base their accuracy on the constant and reliable flow of the input data.
As such, Kalman Filters excel at predicting the positions and motions of moving objects in real time using sensor data as in a self-driving car. The sensor data in a self-driving car can be a combination of sensor data from LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) sensors, which can hold the positions and velocities of a nearby vehicle. When the self-driving car receives these sensor data, Kalman Filters use the sensor data to predict the vehicle’s position and velocities at the next timestamp, which feed the self-driving car’s other modules such as path-planning, and in the process also update the filters so as to prepare for the next round of sensor input.
Knowing how different Kalman Filters work requires a fair amount of understanding in matrix multiplication and statistical models. But if you are comfortable with knowing the basics and feel motivated to develop an intuition about the steps involved, imagine you have a pair of binoculars and are birdwatching in nature. Through your binoculars, your eyes scan treetops for winged and feathered creatures. Just when you find one, it flips its wings and jumps onto another branch. Your brain suddenly whirrs away, processing the information as fast as it can to carve out an area in your visual field where the bird has possibly landed. You aren’t too bad at it to begin with, but as you keep your eyes open and keep paying attention, you keep getting better.
The birding scenario illustrates two computational phases shared by all Kalman Filters: prediction and measurement update. Assume
x is a state vector representing the unknown variables in a system that we want to predict, and
P is the covariance matrix of x. For example,
x can be the positions (
py) and velocities (
vy) of a moving object along the x and y axis of a 2-D world, and its covariance matrix
P tells us the covariance between any pair of elements in
x. That is, whether the variables are positively or negatively related. To make a prediction on
P’, we apply the equation — distance equals velocity times time — to obtain
x’, then we apply the formulas for covariance to obtain
P’ and add some noise. This prediction phase is like the brain guessing the rough location of a bird that you are tracking.
Coming to the measurement update phase, imagine that you see the branch where the bird has landed. Your brain must use this information to adjust the innerworks of its estimation process accordingly. How much to adjust? The Kalman Gain (
K) is how much.
K = Error in the estimates / ( Error in the estimates + Error in the measurements)
The Kalman Gain can be thought of as the ratio of the error in the estimates over the sum of the error in the estimates and the error in the measurements. When the error in the estimates is small relative to the error in the measurement, the Kalman Gain is small, a small portion of the difference between the measurements (
z) and the previous estimates (
H・x') will contribute to the updated state vector
x = x' + K・(z — H・x'). Here,
H is a state transition matrix that lets us discard elements in the state matrix that we don’t have measurements for. For instance, we may be able to measure positions but not velocities, in which case we need a state transition matrix that can map the state vector that contains four elements (
vy) onto the measurement space that contains just two elements (
In contrast, when the error in the estimates is large relative to the measurement error, the Kalman Gain is close to
1 / H as given by
K = P'・Hᵀ / (H・P'・Hᵀ + R), where
H transposed. This means that we can put more trust in the measurements (
K will almost filter
x’ out in
x ≈ x' + 1 / H・(z — H・x').
Like our eyes, measurement instruments in the real world aren’t perfect. However, we can predetermine the error in the measurements (
R) by putting some reasonable bounds around the error. To update the covariance matrix
P, we use
P = (I — K・H)・P' where
I is an identity matrix.
With each round of new sensor input, we predict and we update. At the end of the prediction phase, we obtain new estimates for the state vector,
x’ and its covariance matrix,
P’. At the end of the measurement update phase, we obtain new
P. The cycle continues with robust self-correction as long as the input data feed is alive.
Pub/Sub with Kalman Filters
This brings me to Pub/Sub. In my homework from 2017, I implemented an extended Kalman Filter to predict the positions and velocities of a moving vehicle. I read fake laser and radar data from a text file. I used a while loop to read the input file line by line and made predictions using each line of input. I wrote the estimates to a local file. I also stored the estimates in an array to calculate Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) at the end. This kind of setup is very common in a classroom setting and is great for learning, but instead of reading sensor data from a file, can it be done with Pub/Sub to emulate streaming data in the real world?
If you haven’t heard of Pub/Sub, it is a scalable managed messaging service on Google Cloud Platform (GCP). It offers low latency and high throughput publishing and subscribing at scale (see quota limits). It guarantees at least once delivery of messages. It also supports one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many relationships between publisher and subscriber clients.
If I could explain all of this to my 2017 self who knew nothing about Pub/Sub back then, I would tell her something like this —
Imagine the sample data that Udacity uses to grade my homework is not a file that I download from GitHub but a real streaming source in a different part of the world. My instructors have decided to publish the data 24/7 to a Pub/Sub topic. To test the code for an extended Kalman Filter, every student, no matter where we are in the world, must create a Pub/Sub subscription for this topic to get the same copy of the data that the instructors publish. As before, my homework will still be graded based on how close my estimates are compared to the ground truth using RMSE. Bonus points for me too if my program can keep up with the rate that the data is published to the topic.
This made-up homework would have been impossible to do in C++ in 2017 because Pub/Sub did not have a public-facing C++ client library then. In addition, the lack of ordering guarantee would require a non-trivial amount of engineering work to deal with out-of-order data. Luckily, both constraints are not true now. I followed the C++ development environment setup instructions to install and import the Pub/Sub C++ client library and refactored my old code to read from a Pub/Sub subscription instead of an input file.
Here is a breakdown of my subscriber code inside a lambda named
sessionreceives a Pub/Sub message with fake laser and radar data.
- It calls
PreprocessPackages()to preprocess the message.
- It calls
ProcessMeasurement()to predict and update.
- It call
CalculateRMSEContinuous()to evaluate the EKF.
- It acknowledges the message.
- It expires after 10K messages have arrived or 30 seconds have passed, whichever comes first.
I also included a Python script and a bash script to show how to publish mocked LiDAR and RADAR data with an ordering key. The use of an ordering key ensures that any data published with the key are delivered in the order that they are received by Pub/Sub. In case data are published to Pub/Sub out-of-order, which could happen if a sensor has malfunctioned or multiple publisher clients are used, I make sure to dismiss the late data by comparing timestamps in
FusionEKF.cpp. When I run my program, I see it spit out new sensor data, new estimates, and new RMSE in real time.
I just went over how Kalman Filters work and how to use Pub/Sub with Kalman Filters in this article. The code example shows how to use an extended Kalman Filter with a Pub/Sub subscriber client written in C++. The output you see above is entirely reproducible by following instructions in this GitHub repo. I hope that you will have the chance to check it out, and like me, when thinking of Kalman Filters and Pub/Sub next time, you will not only think of real-time streaming and prediction, but also a little fun birdwatching. Thanks for reading!

Mura bhfuil tú ag obair i réimsí áirithe an-sonracha cosúil le innealtóireacht gluaisteán féin-thiomána, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil tú tar éis éisteacht faoi Scagairí Kalman nó go mór dearmad a dhéanamh ar an méid a d'fhoghlaim tú faoi sa scoil. Bhí mé féin relegated iad go dtí na recesses domhain de mo intinn. Is fíor, níor fhoghlaim mé Filtrí Kalman ach i gclár nano-chéime le Udacity i innealtóireacht charr féin-thiomána, agus bhí sé sin trí bliana ó shin. Ach le déanaí, d'eagraigh an obair ócáid lá foghlama a lig dom rud éigin a bhfuil suim agam féin a shaothrú in ainm na foghlama, agus d'eisigh Pub/Sub a leabharlann cliant C++ oifigiúil agus tacaíonn sé anois le horduithe. Ba mhaith liom cuairt a thabhairt ar Kalman Filters arís agus tú a chur i láthair a Pub / Sub le Filters Kalman, ag baint úsáide as mo chuid ama ama caite is fearr liom  birdwatching  mar chabhair. Tá súil agam go mbeidh sé éasca agus suimiúil duit leanúint leis an bpíosa seo. A ligean ar tús a chur!
Cad iad Scagairí Kalman?
Filteranna Kalman (bhunscoile, leathnaithe, gan scáth, etc.) Is algartam iad chun athróg a thuar i gcóras dinimiciúil ag baint úsáide as tomhais leanúnacha agus neamhfhoirfe. Éilíonn Scagairí Kalman dúinn na samhlacha matamaiticiúla bunúsacha a aithníonn an córas dinimiciúil a aithint agus a mheas go leanann na botúin sna tomhais dáileadh Gaussian.
Cé chomh tábhachtach is atá sonraí nua tomhais i Sceallraí Kalman? Go mór. Murab ionann agus samhlacha réamhamhaisnéis sraithe ama a chaithfidh oiliúint a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as fuinneog mór sonraí le treocht agus séasúracht, déanann Scagairí Kalman iad féin a bhootstrap le tomhas amháin agus déanann siad féin-uasghrádú le gach tomhas nua. Coinníonn siad suas le luas ard na sonraí ionchuir trí bheith an-eolach, agus bunaíonn siad a cruinneas ar shreabhadh leanúnach agus iontaofa na sonraí ionchuir.
Mar sin, tá Sceideal Kalman ag tuar na suíomhanna agus na gluaiseachtaí a bhaineann le rudaí gluaiseachta i bhfíor-am ag baint úsáide as sonraí braiteora mar atá i gcarr féin-thiomána. Is féidir leis na sonraí braiteora i gcarr féin-thiomána a bheith ina meascán de shonraí braiteora ó LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) agus RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) braiteoirí, ar féidir leo seasamh agus luasanna feithicle in aice láimhe a choinneáil. Nuair a fhaigheann an carr féin-thiomána na sonraí braiteora seo, úsáideann Scagairí Kalman na sonraí braiteora chun seasamh agus luasanna an fheithiclí a thuar ag an gcéad timstamp eile, a chuireann modúil eile an charr féin-thiomána ar fáil, mar shampla pleanáil bóthair, agus sa phróiseas, nuashonraíonn siad na scagairí freisin chun ullmhú don chéad bhabhta eile de ionchur braiteora.
Chun a fháil amach conas a oibríonn Filtrálacha Kalman éagsúla, teastaíonn méid maith tuisceana i mholtaí matrix agus samhlacha staidrimh. Ach má tá tú compordach leis na bunscoileanna a bheith agat agus má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil sé d'aidhm agat intuition a fhorbairt maidir leis na céimeanna a bhaineann leis, samhlaigh go bhfuil péire dáileoga agat agus go bhfuil tú ag faire ar éin sa nádúr. Trí do bhinéiscéal, scagann do shúile barr na gcrann le haghaidh créatúir bhuan agus plumáilte. Díreach nuair a fhaigheann tú ceann, casann sé a sciatháin agus léim sé ar bhrainse eile. Tá do inchinn ag dul ar shiúl go tobann, ag próiseáil an fhaisnéis chomh tapa agus is féidir chun limistéar a dhéanamh amach i do réimse amhairc áit a bhfuil an éan tar éis tuirlingt a dhéanamh. Ní bhíonn tú chomh dona leis sin ar dtús, ach de réir mar a choinníonn tú do shúile ar oscailt agus a choinníonn tú d'aird, téann tú níos fearr.
Léiríonn an cás éirí amach dhá chéim ríomhleitheacha a roinneann na Filtraí Kalman go léir: réamhaisnéis agus nuashonrú tomhais. Glac leis
x is veictóir staid a léiríonn na hathróga anaithnid i gcóras gur mian linn a thuar, agus
Is é P an maitrís covariance de x. Mar shampla,
Is féidir le x a bheith ina suíomhanna (
py) agus luasanna (
vy) de réad atá ag gluaiseacht ar feadh eicheas x agus y de shaol 2-D, agus a mhaitrís choibhiantais
P insíonn dúinn an covariance idir aon péire eilimintí i
x. Is é sin, cibé an bhfuil na hathróga ceangailte go dearfach nó go diúltach. Chun tuar a dhéanamh ar
P, déanaimid an chothromóid  fad a bheith cothrom le luas am  a fháil
x, ansin táimid ag cur na foirmlí do covariance a fháil
P  agus cuir roinnt torann. Tá an chéim réamh-mheasta seo cosúil leis an inchinn ag meastóireacht ar shuíomh garbh éan atá á rianú agat.
Ag teacht chuig an gcéim nuashonraithe tomhais, samhlaigh go bhfeiceann tú an brainse ina bhfuil an éan tugtha. Ní mór do inchinn an fhaisnéis seo a úsáid chun na hoibreacha inmheánacha dá phróiseas meastacháin a choigeartú dá réir sin. Cé mhéad a choigeartú? An Gain Kalman (
K) is é an méid.
K = Earráid sna meastacháin / (Earráid sna meastacháin + Earráid sna tomhais)
Is féidir a mheas go bhfuil an Gain Kalman mar an cóimheas idir an earráid sna meastacháin thar suim na earráide sna meastacháin agus an earráide sna tomhais. Nuair a bhíonn an t-earráid sna meastacháin beag i gcomparáid leis an earráid sa tomhas, tá Ghnóthachas Kalman beag, cuid bheag den difríocht idir na tomhais (
(z) agus na meastacháin roimhe sin (
H·x') rannchuideoidh sé leis an bhféachtóir staid nuashonraithe
x = x' + K·(z  H·x'). Anseo,
Is matrix idirthréimhse stáit é H a ligeann dúinn eilimintí sa mhátrix stáit a dhiúscairt nach bhfuil tomhais againn dóibh. Mar shampla, b'fhéidir go mbeimid in ann suíomhanna a thomhas ach ní luasanna, sa chás sin ní mór dúinn mátrix idirthréimhse stáit a d'fhéadfadh an veictear stáit a léarscáil ina bhfuil ceithre eilimint (
(v) ar an spás tomhais nach bhfuil ach dhá eilimint ann (
I gcodarsnacht leis sin, nuair a bhíonn an t-earráid sna meastacháin mór i gcomparáid leis an earráid tomhais, tá Ghnóthachan Kalman gar do
1 / H mar a thugtar
K = P'·HT / (H·P'·HT + R), áit a bhfuil
H tras-shuíomh. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir linn níos mó muiníne a chur sna tomhais (
K beidh beagnach scagaire
x amach i
x ≈ x' + 1 / H・(z  H・x').
Cosúil lenár súile, níl ionstraimí tomhais sa saol fíor foirfe. Is féidir linn, áfach, an botún sna tomhais a réamhshocrú (
R) trí teorainneacha réasúnacha a chur timpeall an earráide. Chun an maitrís choibhiúchais a nuashonrú
P, úsáidimid
P = (I  K·H)・P' áit a bhfuil
Is mé matrix aitheantais.
Le gach raindíl ionchuir braiteora nua, déanaimid réamhaisnéis agus nuashonrú. Ag deireadh na céime réamhaisnéis, faighimid meastacháin nua don veictear stát,
x agus a mhaitrís choibhiantachta,
P. Ag deireadh na céime nuashonraithe tomhais, faigheann muid nua
P. Leanann an timthriall le féincheartú láidir chomh fada agus a bhíonn an t-uisce sonraí ionchuir beo.
Pub/Sub le Scagairí Kalman
Seo a thugann dom go Pub/Sub. I mo chuid obair bhaile ó 2017, chuir mé scagaire Kalman leathnaithe i bhfeidhm chun seasamh agus luasanna feithicle atá ag gluaiseacht a thuar. Léigh mé léasair bréige agus sonraí radair ó chomhad téacs. D'úsáid mé lúb am chun an comhad ionchuir a léamh líne ar líne agus rinne mé réamhaisnéisí ag baint úsáide as gach líne ionchuir. Scríobh mé na meastacháin go dtí comhad áitiúil. Stóráil mé na meastacháin freisin i sraith chun an Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) a ríomh ag an deireadh. Tá an cineál socraithe seo an-choitianta i suíomh seomra ranga agus tá sé iontach le haghaidh foghlama, ach in ionad sonraí braiteora a léamh ó chomhad, an féidir é a dhéanamh le Pub/Sub chun sonraí sruthú a emulate sa saol fíor?
Mura bhfuil tú ag éisteacht le Pub/Sub, is seirbhís ríomhphoist arna bhainistiú ar ardán scamall Google (GCP) é. Tairgeann sé foilsitheoireacht agus síntiús ardthráchtála ar scála (féach teorainneacha cuóta). Ráthaíonn sé go dtabharfar teachtaireachtaí uair amháin ar a laghad. Tacaíonn sé freisin le caidrimh duine go go leor, go leor go duine, agus go leor go go leor idir cliant foilsitheoir agus síntiúsóir.
Dá bhféadfainn é seo a mhíniú go léir do mo 2017 féin nach raibh a fhios agam rud ar bith faoi Pub / Sub ar ais ansin, ba mhaith liom a rá rud éigin mar seo léi
Samhlaigh nach comhad a íoslódáil mé ó GitHub é an sampla sonraí a úsáideann Udacity chun mo chuid obair bhaile a ghrádáil ach foinse sruthú fíor i gcuid difriúil den domhan. Tá mo threoraithe tar éis cinneadh a dhéanamh na sonraí a fhoilsiú 24/7 le Pub / Sub ábhar. Chun an cód a thástáil le haghaidh Sceideal Kalman leathnaithe, ní mór do gach mac léinn, is cuma cá bhfuil muid ar domhan, síntiús Pub/Sub a chruthú don ábhar seo chun an cóip chéanna den sonraí a fhoilsiú na teagascóirí a fháil. Mar a bhí roimhe seo, déanfar mo chuid obair bhaile a rangú fós bunaithe ar cé chomh gar is atá mo mheastacháin i gcomparáid leis an bhfírinne talún ag baint úsáide as RMSE. Pointí bónais domsa freisin má fhéadann mo chlár dul i gcomhar leis an ráta a fhoilsítear na sonraí don ábhar.
Ní bheadh sé indéanta an obair bhaile déanta seo a dhéanamh i C ++ in 2017 toisc nach raibh leabharlann cliant C ++ ag Pub / Sub ag an am sin. Ina theannta sin, d'eagraigh an easpa ráthaíochta ordú méid mór oibre innealtóireachta chun déileáil le sonraí lasmuigh den ordú. Ar an dea-uair, níl an dá shrian fíor anois. Lean mé na treoracha socrú timpeallacht forbartha C ++ chun an leabharlann cliant Pub / Sub C ++ a shuiteáil agus a allmhairiú agus athfhadhb mé mo chód d'aois chun léamh ó shíntiús Pub / Sub in ionad comhad ionchuir.
Seo a bhriseadh síos ar mo chód síntiúsóir taobh istigh de lambda ainmnithe
Faigheann seisiún teachtaireacht Pub / Sub le sonraí léasair agus radair bréagacha.
- Tá sé glaonna
Pacáistí a réamhphróiseáil (PreprocessPackages) chun an teachtaireacht a réamhphróiseáil.
- Tá sé glaonna
ProcessMeasurement (PróiseasMeasú) chun a thuar agus a nuashonrú.
- Tá sé glaoch
RMSECcontinuous a ríomh chun an EKF a mheas.
- Deimhníonn sé an teachtaireacht.
- Téann sé in éag tar éis 10K teachtaireachtaí a bheith tagtha nó tar éis 30 soicind a bheith caite, cibé acu a thagann ar dtús.
Chuir mé scripte Python agus scripte bash san áireamh freisin chun a thaispeáint conas sonraí LiDAR agus RADAR samhlaithe a fhoilsiú le eochair ordaithe. Cinntíonn úsáid eochair ordaithe go gcuirtear aon sonraí a fhoilsítear leis an eochair ar fáil san ord a fhaigheann Pub/Sub iad. I gcás sonraí a fhoilsiú go Pub / Sub as ord, a d'fhéadfadh tarlú má tá brawler braiteoir nó má úsáidtear cliant foilsitheoir il, déanaim cinnte chun diúltú do na sonraí déanach trí comparáid a dhéanamh le stampaí ama i
FusionEKF.cpp. Nuair a rithim mo chlár, feicim go scaipeann sé sonraí braiteoirí nua, meastacháin nua, agus RMSE nua i bhfíor-am.
Chuaigh mé díreach ar aghaidh ar conas a oibríonn Filtrálacha Kalman agus conas Pub/Sub a úsáid le Filtrálacha Kalman san alt seo. Taispeánann an sampla cód conas Filter Kalman leathnaithe a úsáid le cliant síntiúsóir Pub/Sub a scríobhadh i C++. Is féidir an toradh a fheiceann tú thuas a athdhéanamh go hiomlán trí threoracha a leanúint sa repo GitHub seo. Tá súil agam go mbeidh deis agat é a sheiceáil amach, agus cosúil liomsa, nuair a smaoiníonn tú ar Kalman Filters agus Pub/Sub an chéad uair eile, ní hamháin go smaoiníonn tú ar shruthú agus réamhaisnéis fíor-ama, ach freisin ar bhreathnú éan beag spraoi. Go raibh maith agat as léamh!


How can you determine if your child is too sick to go to school? Parents have always had this dilemma: Do you send your child to school knowing he may infect everyone around him or keep him home and set him back in his schoolwork? If your child stays home, there may also be the issue of supervision for him if both parents work.
Below are some symptoms that exclude children from attending school:
- Fever - Children with fever greater than 100.4 should not go to school. Once there is a fever, children should be fever-free for at least 24 hours before they return to school.
- Vomiting - Children who are vomiting should not go to school and should be vomit-free for 24 hours prior to going back to school.
- Diarrhea - Any child with loose stool that occurs more than four times in a 24-hour period should stay home until the frequency slows down.
- Pink eye - Children with redness of the eyes plus drainage from one or both should not go to school, and should not return until they have been treated with antibiotic drops for 24 hours.
- Cough - This symptom is more subjective, but kids who are continuously coughing should stay home from school. Frequent coughing makes it impossible to pay attention, distracts the children around them and potentially spreads infection in the classroom.
- Chicken pox - With immunization, this isn't seen as often now, but is still a reason to keep your child home from school. If you think your child's rash is possibly chicken pox, it is a good idea to see your pediatrician before sending your child to school.
- Strep throat - Children with diagnosed strep throat should stay out of school until they have received antibiotic treatment for 24 hours. Symptoms of significant sore throat, fever and swollen glands warrant a trip to the pediatrician to check whether it is strep or a virus causing the sore throat.
Children can go to school with a cold (upper respiratory infection) as long as they don't have fever and aren't coughing too frequently. Teach your kids to use tissues, cough and sneeze into their elbow, and wash their hands frequently. Sinus infections and ear infections are not contagious, so kids can go to school with them if they are feeling okay.
If you are ever in doubt about sending your child to school, getting him evaluated by his pediatrician can help you decide what to do.
For more information on your child's health, visit mountnittany.org, or contact our Bellefonte pediatrics office at 814.355.3626, or our Boalsburg pediatrics office at 814.466.7921.

Conas is féidir leat a chinneadh an bhfuil do leanbh ró-bheo le dul ar scoil? Bhí an dúshlán seo i gcónaí ag tuismitheoirí: An gcuireann tú do leanbh chuig an scoil agus tú ag fios go bhféadfadh sé gach duine timpeall air a ionfhabhtuithe nó an coinníonn tú sa bhaile é agus é a chur ar ais ina chuid oibre scoile? Má fhanann do leanbh sa bhaile, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ceist faoi mhaoirseacht air freisin má bhíonn an dá thuismitheoir ag obair.
Seo thíos roinnt comharthaí a chuireann leanaí as freastal ar scoil:
- Teochta - Ní ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil teochta níos mó ná 100. 4 dul ar scoil. Nuair a bhíonn fiabhras ann, ba cheart go mbeadh leanaí saor ó fiabhras ar feadh 24 uair an chloig ar a laghad sula dtéann siad ar ais ar scoil.
- Briseadh suas - Níor chóir do leanaí atá ag briseadh suas dul ar scoil agus ba chóir dóibh a bheith saor ó bhrú ar feadh 24 uair an chloig sula dtéann siad ar ais ar scoil.
- Díreach - Ba chóir do gach leanbh a bhfuil stoil scaoilte aige a tharlaíonn níos mó ná ceithre huaire i dtréimhse 24 uair a chloig fanacht sa bhaile go dtí go laghdófar an minicíocht.
- Súil phinse - Ní ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil deargú na súl chomh maith le draenáil ó cheann amháin nó ón dá cheann dul ar scoil, agus níor chóir dóibh filleadh ar scoil go dtí go mbeidh siad cóireáilte le titim antaibheathach ar feadh 24 uair an chloig.
- Cough - Tá an comhartha seo níos suibiachtúla, ach ba chóir do pháistí a bhfuil coughing leanúnach ag fanacht sa bhaile ón scoil. De bharr an cháis go minic ní féidir aird a thabhairt, déanann sé na páistí a bhfuil siad timpeall orthu a mhealladh agus d'fhéadfadh sé go scaipeadh ionfhabhtaithe sa seomra ranga.
- Poil - Le himdhíonú, ní fheictear é seo chomh minic anois, ach is cúis é fós do leanbh a choinneáil sa bhaile ón scoil. Má cheapann tú gur féidir go bhfuil an easpa i do leanbh mar chicken pox, is smaoineamh maith é dul i gcomhairle le do pháistí sula gcuirfidh tú do leanbh ar scoil.
- Strep throat - Ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil strep throat diagnóisithe acu fanacht as an scoil go dtí go bhfaighidh siad cóireáil antaibheathach ar feadh 24 uair an chloig. Má tá comharthaí suntasacha de chrath, fiabhras agus glúineanna swollen, is gá dul chuig an gclár leanaí chun a sheiceáil an strep nó víreas a bhfuil an chrath ag cur.
Is féidir le páistí dul ar scoil le fuar (ionfhabhtú na n-ionstraimí anailísí) chomh fada agus nach bhfuil fiabhras acu agus nach bhfuil siad ag cougháil go minic. Múin do pháistí fíocháin a úsáid, a cháil a chaitheamh agus a sneeze isteach ina gcodán, agus a lámha a ní go minic. Ní bhíonn ionfhabhtuithe sinus agus ionfhabhtuithe cluaise gabhaltach, mar sin is féidir le páistí dul ar scoil leo má bhraitheann siad go maith.
Má tá amhras ort riamh faoi do leanbh a chur ar scoil, is féidir le measúnú a dhéanamh ag a leanbh-leighis cabhrú leat cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an méid atá le déanamh.
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar shláinte do pháiste, tabhair cuairt ar mountnittany.org, nó déan teagmháil lenár n-oifig péidiatraice Bellefonte ag 814.355.3626, nó lenár n-oifig péidiatraice Boalsburg ag 814.466.7921.


Introduction to networking how the internet works this site is being built as a source of open educational resources to support my textbook on tcp ip network . Chapter 1 introduction using the internet seems pretty easy we go to a web address and up comes a page or we go to our favorite social site and. Introduction to networking how the internet works dr charles r severance sue blumenberg mauro toselli aimee andrion on amazoncom free shipping on . This book demystifies the architecture and protocols of computers as they communicate over the internet it was written for everyone no technical knowledge is required. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for introduction to networking how the internet works at amazoncom read honest and unbiased product reviews from
How it works:
1. Register Trial Account.
2. Download The Books as you like ( Personal use )

Tús le líonraithe conas a oibríonn an t-idirlíon tá an suíomh seo á thógáil mar fhoinse acmhainní oideachais oscailte chun tacú le mo leabhar teagaisc ar líonra TCP / IP . Caibidil 1 cur isteach ag baint úsáide as an Idirlíon cosúil go leor éasca téann muid go dtí seoladh gréasáin agus suas a thagann leathanach nó téann muid go dtí ár suíomh sóisialta is fearr leat agus. Treoir maidir le líonraíocht conas a oibríonn an Idirlíon Dr Charles R Severance Sue Blumenberg Mauro Toselli Aimee Andrion ar Amazoncom loingseoireacht saor in aisce ar . Déantar an leabhar seo a dhímheasú ar ailtireacht agus ar phrótacail na ríomhairí agus iad ag cumarsáid ar an idirlíon scríofa do gach duine níl aon eolas teicniúil ag teastáil. Faigh athbhreithnithe úsáideacha ó chustaiméirí agus rátálacha athbhreithnithe le haghaidh cur isteach ar líonraíocht conas a oibríonn an t-idirlíon ag amazoncom léigh athbhreithnithe macánta agus neamhchlaonta ar tháirgí ó
Conas a oibríonn sé:
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cuntas Trialach a chlárú.
2. Seachadadh. Tarraing na Leabhair síos mar is mian leat (Le húsáid phearsanta)


Food allergies are more prevalent than people realize, and they can cause a slew of health related complaints. More and more we hear talk of just by locating individual’s food sensitivities and or allergies we can clean up our health in a big way.
We can be responsive to any number of foods and these responses once located can have significant improvements upon one’s health. There is a common list of roughly 20 foods that cover 85% of such reactions. We can assess the impact through dietary modifications to locate these foods offenders, which is generally considered the gold standard, as there are no false positive or negatives (your body wont lie to you).
Or we can test blood samples to find levels of reactivity across a large list of foods via a number of different Immunoglobulin’s which mediate different forms of immune and inflammatory reactions in the body. Here we discuss the impact and solutions of this commonly overlooked aspect to chronic health concerns.
Approximately 70% of your immune system is located in your digestive system, so it is not surprising to doctors that you could develop allergic reactions to food, since the food you consume on a daily basis comes into direct contact with your immune system each time you eat. Though many downplay systemic reactions to food sensitivities. Though don’t be fooled food sensitivities can impact many, many health condition within or without the digestive system.
Inflammation and Disease
Inflammation can cause all sorts of health issues. The real point is that the body has so much energy and so many resources at its disposal. If our lifestyle causes increased body inflammation then we have to utilize more resources to deal with a more complicated internal biochemical environment.
A great metaphor to this is rush hour traffic. There are times when the highway is crowded and to get where you are going takes longer-you might be late for work due to traffic. Well when our system is inflamed we have extra cars on the highway that our backed up.
Things don’t get done in an effective way and the system suffers due to any number of mechanistic explanations. When we have chronic health concerns one basis of recovery is a reduced body burden of stress and inflammation-we want everything to run at peak performance. It is hard to do so when you can’t efficiently get from point A to point B.
Many things can cause a general inflammatory state. A very easy and very common solution can be adjusting your diet to decrease inflammatory or allergenic load. For instance one can eat what is referenced as an anti-inflammatory diet (a discussion for another time) also one can find their food sensitivities or what is commonly called food allergies.
“But My Doctor Told Me I’m Not Allergic to Any Foods?”
Well this all maters what your doctor uses to assess for food allergies. A true allergy-mediated by IGE (Immunoglobulin E)-causes a sudden response with in usually minutes to some foreign element in the body-such as perhaps a food or a pollen. Your Doctor might perform a scratch test-or the RAST Test-to determine IgE food allergies. From this skin surface scratch test if you develop a small harmless skin lesion with in a small amount of time then you have an IgE food allergy.
Well here is the thing. Most people have an idea of their IgE food allergies as the response is immediate-you eat it and then you get it! But the truth is that most inflammation created by foods is not so speedy. Infact they take somewhere within 72 hours to develop or build. This form of reaction really should not be called an allergy, rather it should be referenced as a hypersensitivity to the food.
You won’t see these responses from an IgE RAST Test. But you will see these responses from an allergy elimination diet or a blood test for an IgG Immunoglobulin-sma efamily as the IgE immunogobulin. This is the take home point. Your child and or yourself may have had an IgE test but more then likely you will need an IgG test for the results you are looking for.
What Might an IgG test reveal and or Treat
Oh my-where does it end!
Once again we are talking anything from general health to specific health conditions. What I mean is that food allergies (IgE) or Food Sensitivities (IgG), which are much much more common, can both cause general inflammation and back up the highway leaving a traffic jam that allows nothing to get done.
What do I mean by nothing to get done. Well in this metaphor perhaps we are talking about your blood and the delivery of nutrition, oxygen and other vital components and the removal of waste products from cellular structures. Inflammation impairs different biochemical processes that aid any number of important biochemical steps (brain chemistry, thyroid function and respiratory function are three common highlights). But, if we are talking about digestive function well then we are talking about the possible gradual impairment of the GI barrier.
Just about any digestive symptom or condition can be impacted by chronic inflammation as started by simple food allergies (mind you simple to treat as well). Also consider if the GI barrier to the circulation is impaired and nutrition is compromised then all sorts of down stream effects become possible. The bottom line is that general inflammation can start from food sensitivities with out one even knowing it.
Why, because an IgG response builds over 72 hours as opposed to the immediate response of IgE mediated allergies. So if you eat an offending IgG mediated food every 72 hours you then initiate a cascade affect. This affect is never diminished as you keep reintroducing the allergy and can increase other affects from there-hence a cascade and or increasing impairment.
Celiacs Disease – A Range of Symptoms in the Gluten intolerance
Foods can also trigger different immune systems in different ways, causing many different symptoms and making them difficult to diagnose. For instance, celiac disease is often thought to be a food allergy to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. But celiac is actually a genetic autoimmune disease, and is an IgA (another Immunoglobulin but more specific to the GI lining) and IgG antibody reaction to food as well as an autoantibody (autoimmune) reaction.
Many estimate as high as 1 in 13 people have some level of reaction to gluten foods (not all of these Celiac’s) through IgG, IgE, IGA, autoantibody (autoimmune) or some other immune mediation. The possible symptoms of celiac disease, the most damaging form of gluten reaction, ranges from none (asymptomatic celiacs), to diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, and fatigue. All forms of celiac cause damage to the lining of your intestines. They can also cause liver damage, anemia, and osteoporosis, all of which can be subtle enough that you don’t actually feel them.
There is also atypical celiac, which is the most common form of the disease. Atypical celiac can have a range of symptoms, and is therefore much more likely to go undiagnosed. The symptoms of this can vary from migraines to constipation, but is usually affects the immune system, digestive system or nervous system. Celiacs can also cause Dermatitis Herpetiformis, an itchy skin rash that can affect any part of the body. For some it looks like facial acne and for others it can look like eczema.
There are three parts to the diagnosis of celiac disease:
- Blood work, which includes Tissue transglutaminase IgA, anti endomysial IgG, anti gliaden IgA and IgG and total IgA
- Small intestinal biopsy; and
- The response to the gluten free diet.
The treatment for celiacs, the gluten free diet, has to be strictly followed for life. Treatment also involves reversing any nutritional deficiencies that may have developed as a result of the damage to the small intestine, which is where we absorb nutrients from our food. Many celiacs still have multiple nutritional deficiencies even years after going gluten free.
How We Can Help
Dr. Joseph Dubroff is a Naturopathic doctor, with comprehensive training in nutritional biochemistry and therapeutic diets, leaving him an ideal Doctor to work with these conditions. He offers herbal, homeopathic, nutritional, hormonal and other treatments that allow his patients to improve their symptoms effectively, safely and typically without side effects.

Tá ailléirgí bia níos forleithne ná mar a cheapann daoine, agus is féidir leo gearán sláinte a bhaineann le go leor a chur ar bun. Níos mó agus níos mó cloisimid ag caint ach trí shuíomh daoine aonair's íogaireacht bia agus nó ailléirgí is féidir linn a ghlanadh ár sláinte ar bhealach mór.
Is féidir linn freagairt do líon ar bith bianna agus nuair a aimsítear na freagraí seo is féidir feabhsuithe suntasacha a dhéanamh ar shláinte duine. Tá liosta comónta ann de thart ar 20 bia a chlúdaíonn 85% de na frithghníomhartha sin. Is féidir linn an tionchar a mheas trí mhodhnú aiste bia chun na ciontóirí bia seo a aimsiú, a mheastar go ginearálta mar an chaighdeán óir, toisc nach bhfuil aon dearfacha bréagacha nó diúltacha ann (ní bheidh do chorp ag bréag ort).
Nó is féidir linn samplaí fola a thástáil chun leibhéil imoibritheachta a aimsiú ar fud liosta mór bianna trí roinnt Immunoglobulin éagsúla a idirghabhálann cineálacha éagsúla imoibritheacha agus imoibritheacha athghiniúna sa chorp. Déanaimid plé anseo ar thionchar agus réitigh an ghné seo a dhéantar dearmad air go coitianta maidir le hábhair shláinte ainsealacha.
Tá thart ar 70% de do chóras imdhíonachta suite i do chóras díleá, mar sin ní haon ionadh do dhochtúirí go bhféadfadh tú frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha a fhorbairt le bia, ós rud é go dtagann an bia a itheann tú go laethúil i dteagmháil dhíreach le do chóras imdhíonachta gach uair a itheann tú. Cé go ndéanann go leor daoine athruithe córais ar íogaireacht bia a íoslaghdú. Cé nach bhfuil a bheith fooled is féidir le íogaireacht bia tionchar a imirt ar go leor, go leor riocht sláinte laistigh nó lasmuigh den chóras díleá.
Inflammation and Disease (Tinníocht agus Galar)
Is féidir le athlasadh gach cineál fadhbanna sláinte a chur faoi deara. Is é an pointe i ndáiríre go bhfuil an oiread sin fuinnimh agus an oiread sin acmhainní ar fáil ag an gcomhlacht. Má chuireann ár stíl mhaireachtála athlasadh comhlacht méadaithe ansin ní mór dúinn a úsáid acmhainní níos mó chun déileáil le timpeallacht bithcheimiceach inmheánach níos casta.
Is maitéar iontach é seo le trácht uair an chloig buaic. Tá amanna ann nuair a bhíonn an mhórbhealach plódaithe agus go dtógann sé níos mó ama chun an áit a bhfuil tú ag dul - d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú déanach ag dul ar an obair mar gheall ar thrácht. Bhuel nuair a bhíonn ár gcóras inflamed tá muid carr breise ar an mbóthar mór go bhfuil ár cúltaca suas.
Ní dhéantar rudaí ar bhealach éifeachtach agus tá an córas ag fulaingt mar gheall ar roinnt míniúcháin mheicniúla. Nuair a bhíonn fadhbanna sláinte ainsealacha againn is é bonn amháin den ghnóthú ualach laghdaithe comhlacht de strus agus athlasadh - ba mhaith linn go reáchtálfadh gach rud ag an bpróiseas is fearr. Tá sé deacair é sin a dhéanamh nuair nach féidir leat dul ó phointe A go pointe B go héifeachtach.
Is féidir le go leor rudaí staid athlastach ginearálta a chur faoi deara. Is féidir le réiteach an-éasca agus an-choitianta a bheith ag coigeartú do aiste bia chun ualach athlastach nó ailléirgeach a laghdú. Mar shampla is féidir le duine a ithe cad atá tagartha mar aiste bia frith-athlastach (a phlé le haghaidh am eile) freisin is féidir le duine a gcuid íogaireacht bia nó cad a dtugtar go coitianta ailléirgí bia.
Ach Dúirt Mo Dochtúir liom Níl mé ailléirgeach do aon bhia?
Bhuel, is é seo go léir a úsáideann do dhochtúir chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar ailléirgí bia. Ailergy fíor-trídheangaithe ag IGE (Immunglobulin E) - cúis le freagairt tobann le i nóiméad de ghnáth le roinnt eilimint eachtrach sa chorp - mar shampla b'fhéidir bia nó pollín. D'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir tástáil scratch a dhéanamh - nó an tástáil RAST - chun a fháil amach a bhfuil alergíochtaí bia IgE ann. Ón tástáil seo scratch dromchla craiceann má tá tú a fhorbairt leá craiceann beag neamhdhíobhálach le i méid beag ama ansin tá tú a bhfuil ailléirgí bia IgE.
Bhuel tá an rud seo. Tá tuairim ag an gcuid is mó daoine faoina n-ailléirgí bia IgE mar go bhfuil an freagra láithreach - itheann tú é agus ansin gheobhaidh tú é! Ach is é an fhírinne ná nach mbíonn an chuid is mó den athlasadh a chruthaíonn bianna chomh tapa. I bhfírinne, tógann siad áit éigin laistigh de 72 uair an chloig chun forbairt nó a thógáil. Níor cheart go n-ainmníodh an cineál seo imoibrithe mar ailléirge, ach ba cheart tagairt a dhéanamh di mar hipiríogaireacht don bhia.
Ní fheicfidh tú na freagraí seo ó Thástáil IgE RAST. Ach feicfidh tú na freagraí seo ó aiste bia a dhíchur ailléirge nó tástáil fola le haghaidh IgG Immunoglobulin-sma efamily mar an immunogobulin IgE. Is é seo an pointe a thógáil sa bhaile. D'fhéadfadh go raibh tástáil IgE ar do leanbh nó ort féin ach is dóichí go mbeidh tástáil IgG ag teastáil uait chun na torthaí atá á lorg agat a fháil.
Cad a D'fhéadfadh tástáil IgG a nochtadh agus nó a Chur
Oh mo-áit a bhfuil sé ag críochnú!
Arís eile, táimid ag caint faoi rud ar bith ó shláinte ghinearálta go coinníollacha sláinte sonracha. Is é an rud atá i gceist agam ná go bhféadfadh ailléirgí bia (IgE) nó íogaireacht bia (IgG), atá i bhfad níos coitianta, athlasadh ginearálta a chur ar bun agus cúlchiste a chur ar an mbóthar mór ag fágáil plódaithe tráchta nach gceadaíonn aon rud a dhéanamh.
Cad a chiallaíonn mé ag rud ar bith a dhéanamh. Bhuel sa mheastóireacht seo b'fhéidir go bhfuil muid ag caint faoi do chuid fola agus an seachadadh cothaithe, ocsaigin agus comhpháirteanna ríthábhachtach eile agus an t-eitiltí táirgí dramhaíola ó struchtúir cheallacha. Laghdaíonn athlasadh próisis bithcheimiceacha éagsúla a chabhraíonn le haon líon céimeanna bithcheimiceacha tábhachtacha (ceimic an inchinn, feidhm thyroid agus feidhm anáil is trí phríomhthorthaí coitianta iad). Ach, má tá muid ag caint faoi fheidhm díleá go maith ansin táimid ag caint faoi lagú de réir a chéile is féidir an bacainn GI.
Is féidir le tinneas nó comhartha díleá a bheith i gceist le tinneas ainsealach a thosaíonn le hailléirgí bia simplí (cuimhnigh go bhfuil sé éasca cóireáil a dhéanamh freisin). Smaoinigh freisin má tá an bacainn GI don scaipeadh fola lag agus má tá cothú cothaithe ann, ansin bíonn gach cineál éifeachtaí downstream indéanta. Is é an rud is bun leis ná go bhféadfadh athlasadh ginearálta tosú ó íogaireacht bia gan duine a bheith ar an eolas fiú faoi.
Cén fáth, toisc go ndéantar freagairt IgG a thógáil thar 72 uair an chloig i gcomparáid le freagairt láithreach ailléirgí idirghabhála IgE. Mar sin má itheann tú bia a bhfuil IgG idirghabhálach ionsaitheach ann gach 72 uair a chloig, tosaíonn tú le héifeacht cascade. Ní laghdaítear an tionchar seo riamh de réir mar a chuireann tú an t-ailléirge ar ais agus is féidir le héifeachtaí eile a mhéadú as sin - dá bhrí sin cascade agus nó lagú méadaithe.
Breoiteacht Celiacs  Réimse na Síomptóim i dTolmhacht Gluten
Is féidir le bianna córais imdhíonachta éagsúla a spreagadh ar bhealaí éagsúla, rud a fhágann go mbíonn go leor comharthaí éagsúla ann agus go mbíonn sé deacair iad a dhiagnóisiú. Mar shampla, is minic a mheastar go bhfuil galar celiac ina ailléirgí bia ar glútan, atá ina phróitéin a fhaightear i cruithneacht, i ríthe agus i bpeirle. Ach is galar autoimmune géiniteach é celiac i ndáiríre, agus is IgA é (Immunglobulin eile ach níos sainiúla don chló gastrointestinal) agus frithchomhlacht IgG le bia chomh maith le frithghníomh autoantibody (autoimmune).
Measann go leor go bhfuil leibhéal áirithe imoibrithe ag 1 as 13 duine ar bhianna glútan (ní iad na Celiacs seo go léir) trí IgG, IgE, IGA, autoantibody (autoimmun) nó trí mheán imdhíonachta eile. Tá na comharthaí is féidir a bhaineann le galar celiac, an cineál is díobhálaí de imoibriú glútan, idir aon cheann (celiacs neamh-ionsamhlacha), go diarrhea, meáchain caillteanas, laige agus tuirse. Déanann gach cineál celiac damáiste do chló do chuid intestines. Is féidir leo freisin damáiste a dhéanamh don ae, anaimic, agus osteoporosis, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith go léir subtle go leor nach mbraitheann tú iad i ndáiríre.
Tá celiac neamhghnách ann freisin, is é sin an cineál is coitianta den ghalar. Is féidir le celiac atypical raon comharthaí a bheith aige, agus dá bhrí sin tá sé i bhfad níos dóchúla nach ndéantar diagnóis air. Is féidir na hairíonna a bheith éagsúil ó migraines go constipation, ach is gnách go mbíonn tionchar aige ar an gcóras imdhíonachta, ar an gcóras díleá nó ar an gcóras néarógach. Is féidir le celiacs Dermatitis Herpetiformis a chur i gcontúirt freisin, ráiteas craiceann itchy a d'fhéadfadh dul i bhfeidhm ar aon chuid den chorp. I gcás cuid de dhaoine is cosúil go bhfuil acne aghaidh ann agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cosúil le ecsema do dhaoine eile.
Tá trí chuid ann chun galar celiac a dhiagnóisiú:
- Saothar fola, lena n-áirítear IgA trasglutaminase fíochán, IgG frith- endomysial, IgA frith- gliadáin agus IgG agus IgA iomlán
- Biopsy an intestinal beag; agus
- An freagra ar an aiste bia saor ó ghlútan.
Ní mór an chóireáil do celiacs, an aiste bia saor ó ghlútan, a leanúint go docht ar feadh an tsaoil. Baineann an cóireáil freisin le haon easnamh cothaitheach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tagtha chun cinn mar thoradh ar an damáiste don intestine beag, áit a n-ionsúimid cothaithigh óna mbia. Tá go leor celiacs fós ag easnamh éagsúla cothaithe fiú blianta tar éis dóibh a bheith saor ó ghlútan.
Conas is Féidir Linn Cuidiú
Is dochtúir Naturopathic é an Dr. Joseph Dubroff, le hoiliúint chuimsitheach i bithcheimic chothaithe agus i réim bia teiripeach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ina Dochtúir idéalach chun oibriú leis na coinníollacha seo. Cuireann sé cóireálacha luibhe, homeopathic, cothaithe, hormónach agus cóireálacha eile ar fáil a ligeann dá othair a gcuid comharthaí a fheabhsú go héifeachtach, go sábháilte agus de ghnáth gan fo-iarsmaí.


Questions to ponder upon:
- Where are colours mentioned in the HOLY BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES?
- When YAH was creating COLOURS, what was going through HIS mind?
- Should we pay attention to COLOURS today?
- If so, why?
- Do we see COLOURS in other places outside of the HOLY BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES, for example DREAMS and VISIONS?
WHAT IS THE BIBLICAL / SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOURS?
It is important to understand the meaning / implication behind COLOURS because our YAH is a GOD of COLOURS!
A variety of Colours were first introduced when the RAINBOW appeared in the sky. Since then a similar range of colours is seen in:
- JOSEPH’S MULTI-COLOURED TUNIC
- THE TABERNACLE OF MOSES
- THE HIGH PRIEST’S GARMENT
First look at the PRIMARY COLOURS which are found in the RAINBOW seen in Genesis. They are seven in all. Remember / Note that NUMBER 7 is YAH’S NUMBER that signifies PERFECTION!
Note that each TRIBE OF ISRAEL had a specific COLOUR that YAH assigned to them as seen in the HIGH PRIEST’S Breastplate.
It is also important to look at the COLOURS that YAH asked to be placed on the HIGH PRIEST’S GARMENT as seen in Exodus. Link them to the TEMPERAMENTS or Personalities / Characteristics of each of the Children of Israel (a.k.a Jacob).
Red is the color of fire and blood, so it is associated with energy, war, danger, strength, power, determination as well as passion, desire, and love. Red is a very emotionally intense color.
Please watch the RESOURCEFUL Videos below for more information:

Ceisteanna le machnamh a dhéanamh orthu:
- Cá bhfuil dathanna a luaitear sa SCRÍOBHÍR BÍBLÍOS HOLY?
- Nuair a bhí YAH ag cruthú COLORS, cad a bhí ag dul trí a intinn?
- Ar chóir dúinn aird a thabhairt ar COLORS inniu?
- Más amhlaidh, cén fáth?
- An bhfeicimid COLAIRÍ in áiteanna eile lasmuigh de NA SCRÍOCHTA BÍBLÍOSAÍ SANTA, mar shampla SOIBHÍ agus FÉINNÍ?
CÉ AÍ TÍ AN TÍMHÍ BÍBLÍOS/SPIRITHEACH LE COLAIR?
Tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint an bhrí / impleacht taobh thiar COLORS toisc go bhfuil ár YAH GOD COLORS!
Tugadh éagsúlacht na dTeangacha isteach den chéad uair nuair a d'fhéach RAINBOW sa spéir. Ó shin i leith, tá raon dath den chineál céanna le feiceáil i:
- Joseph'S TUNIC MULTICOLORED
- TABERNACLE MÓSA
- OIDHEANNACHTA an Ard-Sagart
Féach ar dtús ar na PRIMARY COLORS a fhaightear sa RAINBOW le feiceáil i Genesis. Tá siad seacht in iomlán. Cuimhnigh / Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil NÚMHÁR 7 YAHS NÚMHÁR a léiríonn foirfeacht!
Tabhair faoi deara go raibh COLOR sonrach ag gach TRIBH DE ISRAEL a shann YAH dóibh mar a fheictear i bhfreastalaí an Ard-Shagart.
Tá sé tábhachtach freisin féachaint ar na COLAIRÍ a d'iarr YAH a chur ar éadaí an Ard-Shagart mar a fheictear i Ecsodus. Ceangail iad le TEMPERAMENTS nó Pearsantachtaí / saintréithe gach duine de Chúige Iosrael (a.k.a Jacob).
Is é dearg dath an tine agus na fola, mar sin tá baint aige le fuinneamh, cogadh, contúirtí, neart, cumhacht, cinneadh chomh maith le paisean, mianta agus grá. Is dath an-neart go mothúchánach é dearg.
Féach ar na físeáin OIRISÍÍ thíos le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais: