Global Food Crisis: The Struggle to Satisfy China and India's Hunger
With their huge populations, China and India exert an unparalleled force on world food markets. They are looking abroad as it becomes more difficult for them to be self-sufficient -- and the increasing demand often has disastrous consequences across the globe.
Santarém, in the heart of the Brazilian rainforest, is a modest little city. Quaint passenger steamers bob next to the breakwater of the Tapajós River, which flows into the Amazon here, while couples walk hand-in-hand along the riverfront.
The city would be even more idyllic, however, if the view of the cloudy tropical sky in the background were not marred by a terminal operated by the American agricultural conglomerate Cargill.
The steel structure protrudes into the air like the neck of a giraffe, constantly spewing ton after ton of soybeans into the holds of waiting ships. Every hour, a giant freighter departs for the mouth of the Amazon, 600 kilometers (373 miles) away. From there, the ships will set sail for China.
Villages, rubber plantations and grazing land for cattle were transformed into bean fields. The farmers cut enormous swathes into the rainforest, until environmentalists put a temporary stop to the unchecked rash of clearcutting. In Mato Grosso, the most important farming region, producers and environmental activists agreed on a two-year moratorium on the purchase of soybeans from the Amazon basin.
But now the moratorium is set to expire and prices are rising. This is mainly the result of China's thirst for raw materials, says Pedro Jacyr Bongiolo, the president of the André Maggi Group, one of the world's largest soybean producers.
'A Culture of Death'
From the Río de la Plata to the Amazon, the Chinese are sucking the markets for soybeans dry. Large segments of the state of Mato Grosso are already covered with a green, pesticide-drenched monoculture. In the dry season between August and November, a cloud of smoke descends on Cuiabá, the capital of Mato Grosso. Despite a government ban, many farmers burn down sections of the rainforest to gain more farmland.
In neighboring Argentina, thick smoke even darkened the skies in the capital Buenos Aires two weeks ago. In that case, the smoke was coming from bush fires set by cattle ranchers in the nearby delta of the Paraná River. The ranchers need more pastureland because expanding soybean farms are swallowing up their traditional pastures. Here, too, the soybeans are being produced for the Chinese market.
It has long been clear who the losers are in this soybean rush. In Santarém, hundreds of small farmers became unemployed when they sold their fields to soybean farmers. The money was quickly spent, and now most of them live in slums, because there are now few jobs in agriculture.
"Soy is a culture of death," says union leader Ivete Bastos. But few are interested in opinions like hers, especially not 16,000 kilometers away in China. Brazil is one of China's major trading partners. Long-term contracts between the two countries are intended to secure raw materials for China -- and, more recently, food products in particular.
The rising world power, with its population of 1.3 billion, must take steps to ensure that it too does not become a victim of the global food crisis, having only recently managed to win the fight against poverty for much of its population at home. But now India, home to 1.1 billion people, has caught up with China in terms of the power it wields as a massive market. Together, the two Asian nations must feed more than a third of the world's population. In times of exploding food prices, their sheer size alone makes the crisis even worse.
To confront this growing problem and because wheat production has stagnated since the turn of the millennium, India has recently decided to develop an additional strategic food reserve. Statisticians have calculated that the demand for food increases by 0.7 percent for each percentage point of Indian growth. According to this calculation, last year alone, when India's per capita growth was about 7.5 percent, the country needed about 5.2 percent more food, especially more expensive non-staple foods. The situation is similar in China. Its global purchases of soybeans are a consequence of changes in eating habits. More than half of all soybean production in the world now ends up in China.
It isn't difficult to imagine what happens to prices when the world's two most populous countries buy up other food products in a similarly aggressive fashion. In more and more dangerously poor countries, wheat and meat have become an almost unaffordable luxury, while famine and hunger riots are only likely to get worse. London-based author Raj Patel, whose new book "Stuffed and Starved" takes a critical look at the global food industry, warns that the events in Haiti are "a sign of things to come."
A large share of the soybean harvest is traded at the Chicago Board of Trade. Although one is unlikely to find the Chinese there, they are the topic of many conversations. They sweep the market clean every day, "as if they had a giant broom," say traders. Chinese farmers need more and more feed for their livestock, while Chinese families are using more and more cooking oil.
The National Development and Reform Commission in Beijing is in charge of crisis management. It hopes to put a stop to spiraling prices by reducing import duties, but this hasn't worked as planned. A stampede even erupted at a supermarket in Chongqing, when customers rushed into the store to take advantage of a sale of cooking oil. Three people were trampled to death and 31 were injured.
Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao tried to console himself and his fellow Chinese when he said: "With grain in our hands there is no need to panic." But the Chinese Communist Party has recently become concerned over the potential threat to calm and order posed by supply bottlenecks. Even in affluent Hong Kong, consumers bought up all the rice in stores in a collective attack of panic buying. To discourage such behavior, the government media have taken to constantly broadcasting images of lush fields and well-stocked supermarkets.
- Part 1: The Struggle to Satisfy China and India's Hunger
- Part 2: China Invests in Africa
© DER SPIEGEL 18/2008
All Rights Reserved
Reproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH

An Géarchéim Bhia Domhanda: An Troid chun ocras na Síne agus na hIndia a Shásamh
Leis na daonra ollmhór atá acu, tá neart gan chomparáid ag an tSín agus ag an India ar mhargaí bia an domhain. Tá siad ag féachaint thar lear de réir mar a bhíonn sé níos deacra dóibh a bheith féin-dhírithe - agus is minic go mbíonn iarmhairtí tubaisteach ag an éileamh méadaithe ar fud an domhain.
Tá Santarém, i gcroílár an fhoraoise báistí na Brasaíle, ina chathair bheag measartha. Tá báid paisinéirí áille ag bogadh in aice le briseadh uisce Abhainn Tapajós, a shroicheann an Amazon anseo, agus tá lánúineacha ag siúl lámh i lámh ar feadh an abhainn.
Bheadh an chathair níos idillíne fós, áfach, mura mbeadh an tairseach a oibríonn an comhchruinniú talmhaíochta Meiriceánach Cargill ag cur isteach ar an spéir thrópaiceach clúdach sa chúlra.
Tá an struchtúr cruach ag dul amach san aer cosúil le muineál girafa, ag spewing tonna tar éis tonna de bhéanna sóise i gcúplaí na long atá ag fanacht. Gach uair an chloig, imíonn long lasta ollmhór i dtreo bhéal an Amazon, 600 ciliméadar (373 míle) ar shiúl. Ón áit sin, beidh na longa seolta go dtí an tSín.
Athraíodh sráidbhailte, plandaíochtaí rubair agus talamh féaraigh d'eallach i réimsí féaraigh. Bhí na feirmeoirí ag gearradh sráideanna ollmhóra isteach sa fhoraois thirim, go dtí go ndearna muintir an chomhshaoil stop sealadach leis an gcroílár neamhrialta de ghearradh go hiomlán. I Mato Grosso, an réigiún feirmeoireachta is tábhachtaí, chomhaontaigh táirgeoirí agus gníomhaithe comhshaoil ar mhaoirseacht dhá bhliain ar cheannach soibíní sóise ó bhac Amazon.
Ach anois tá an moratóireacht le dul in éag agus tá praghsanna ag ardú. Is é seo go príomha mar thoradh ar dheora na Síne ar amhábhair, a deir Pedro Jacyr Bongiolo, uachtarán Ghrúpa André Maggi, ceann de na táirgeoirí soibí is mó ar domhan.
'Cultúr na Mharbh'
Ó Río de la Plata go dtí an Amazon, tá na Síne ag sucking na margaí do pónairí sóise tirim. Tá codanna móra de stát Mato Grosso clúdaithe cheana féin le monochultúr glas, atá líonta le pléasticíd. Sa séasúr tirim idir Lúnasa agus Samhain, téann scamall de dhúba ar Cuiabá, príomhchathair Mato Grosso. In ainneoin toirmeasc rialtais, déanann go leor feirmeoirí codanna den fhoraois báistí a dhó chun níos mó talún feirme a fháil.
Sa cheantar comharsanach san Airgintín, chuir deatach tiubh dorcha ar neamh sa phríomhchathair Buenos Aires dhá sheachtain ó shin. Sa chás sin, bhí an deatach ag teacht ó tinte fionnaidh a chuir feirmeoirí bó i dtógáil in aice láimhe Abhainn Paraná. Tá níos mó féaraigh ag teastáil ó na feirmeoirí mar go bhfuil feirmeacha sóibín ag leathnú ag dul i ngleic lena gcuid féaraigh thraidisiúnta. Anseo, freisin, tá na pónairí sóise á dtáirgeadh do mhargadh na Síne.
Tá sé soiléir le fada cé na caillteoirí atá sa ruán sóib seo. I Santarém, d'éirigh na céadta feirmeoir beag dífhostaithe nuair a dhíol siad a gcuid feirmeacha le feirmeoirí sóibíní. Chaith siad an t-airgead go tapa, agus anois tá an chuid is mó acu ina gcónaí i slumanna, toisc nach bhfuil mórán post sa talmhaíocht anois.
"Is cultúr báis é an soái", a deir ceannaire an aontachais Ivete Bastos. Ach níl mórán suim ag tuairimí mar a cuid, go háirithe ní 16,000 ciliméadar ar shiúl sa tSín. Tá an Bhrasaíl ar cheann de na príomhpháirtithe trádála na Síne. Tá conarthaí fadtéarmacha idir an dá thír i gceist chun amhábhair a fháil don tSín - agus, níos déanaí, táirgí bia go háirithe.
Ní mór don chumhacht domhanda atá ag éirí suas, lena daonra de 1.3 billiún, céimeanna a ghlacadh lena chinntiú nach mbeidh sí féin ina íospartach den ghéarchéim bhia domhanda, tar éis dó an troid i gcoinne na bochtaineachta a bhuachan le cuid mhór dá daonra sa bhaile le déanaí. Ach anois tá an India, baile do 1.1 billiún duine, tar éis teacht ar an tSín i dtéarmaí an chumhachta a bhfuil sé ag baint leis mar mhargadh ollmhór. Le chéile, ní mór do na dhá náisiún san Áise níos mó ná an tríú cuid de dhaonra an domhain a chothú. I amanna praghsanna bia a fhás, déanann a méid féin an ghéarchéim níos measa.
Chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar an bhfadhb atá ag fás seo agus toisc go bhfuil táirgeadh cruithneachta stagnáilte ó thús na mílaoise, chinn an India le déanaí cúlchiste bia straitéiseach breise a fhorbairt. Tá na staitisticí tar éis a ríomh go méadaíonn an t-éileamh ar bhia 0.7 faoin gcéad le haghaidh gach pointe céatadáin d'fhás na hIndia. De réir an ríomh seo, an bhliain seo caite amháin, nuair a bhí fás in aghaidh an duine san India thart ar 7.5 faoin gcéad, bhí thart ar 5.2 faoin gcéad níos mó bia ag teastáil sa tír, go háirithe bianna neamh-staple níos daoire. Tá an scéal den chineál céanna sa tSín. Tá a cheannach domhanda de shnáithíní sóia mar thoradh ar athruithe ar nósanna ithe. Tá níos mó ná leath de tháirgeadh na soibíní sóise ar fud an domhain ag teacht chun cinn sa tSín anois.
Níl sé deacair a shamhlú cad a tharlaíonn do phraghsanna nuair a cheannaíonn an dá thír is mó daonra ar domhan táirgí bia eile ar bhealach ionsaitheach den chineál céanna. I níos mó agus níos mó tíortha bochta, tá cruithneacht beagnach dochreidte ag cruithneacht agus feoil, agus is dócha nach mbeidh an t-eagla agus na reibiliúnaí ocrais ach níos measa. Tugann Raj Patel, scríbhneoir atá lonnaithe i Londain, a bhfuil a leabhar nua "Stuffed and Starved" ag tabhairt léargas criticiúil ar thionscal bia domhanda, rabhadh go bhfuil na himeachtaí in Haiti "ar comhartha de rudaí atá le teacht".
Déantar cuid mhór den fómhar soibí a thrádáil ag an mBord Trádála i Chicago. Cé nach dócha go bhfaighidh duine na Síne ann, is ábhar a lán comhrá iad. Déanann siad glanadh ar an margadh gach lá, "cosúil le go mbeadh scuab ollmhór acu", a deir trádálaithe. Tá níos mó agus níos mó bia ag teastáil ó fheirmeoirí na Síne dá gcuid beostoic, agus tá níos mó agus níos mó ola cócaireachta á úsáid ag teaghlaigh na Síne.
Tá an Coimisiún Náisiúnta Forbartha agus Athchóirithe i mBeicín freagrach as bainistiú géarchéime. Tá sé ag súil go gcuirfidh sé stop le praghsanna spíreála trí dhleachtanna ar allmhairí a laghdú, ach níor oibrigh sé seo mar a bhí beartaithe. Tharla stampede fiú i ollmhargadh i Chongqing, nuair a chuaigh custaiméirí isteach sa siopa chun leas a bhaint as díol ola cócaireachta. Trí dhuine a bhí trampled chun báis agus 31 gortaithe.
Rinne Príomh-Aire na Síne Wen Jiabao iarracht é féin agus a chomh-Sínigh a chothú nuair a dúirt sé: "Le gráin inár lámha níl aon chúis le pancóireacht". Ach tá imní ar Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne le déanaí faoin mbagairt a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann ar shíocháin agus ar an ord a bhaineann le stróicí soláthair. Fiú amháin i Hong Cong saibhir, cheannaigh tomhaltóirí an rís go léir sna siopaí i dtionscnamh comhchoiteann ceannaigh panic. Chun an iompar sin a dhíspreagadh, tá na meáin rialtais tar éis grianghraif de fheirmeacha fial agus de shúparmhargaí a bhfuil go leor stoc acu a chur ar an teilifís go leanúnach.
- Cuid 1: An Troid chun ocras na Síne agus na hIndia a Shásamh
- Cuid 2: Infheistíonn an tSín san Afraic
© DER SPIEGEL 18/2008
Gach Ceart Coimeádta
Ní cheadaítear atáirgeadh ach amháin le cead SPIEGELnet GmbH


Written Contribution from ILGA-Europe and IGLYO "Schools for the 21st Century"
Education plays a pivotal role in developing young people's capacity to reach their full human potential. As such, a priority for ILGA-Europe – the European Region of the International Lesbian and Gay Association – and the International Gay and Lesbian Youth Organisation (IGLYO) is to ensure a climate of safety, support and affirmation exist in schools, which enables lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people like their heterosexual peers to achieve their full potential. Unfortunately, the current situation of LGBT youth in schools is not one of openness and inclusiveness. A European-wide survey carried out by ILGA-Europe and IGLYO in 2006 (Takács, 2006) found that education is the field in which LGBT youth experience most discrimination: 61.2% of young LGBT people in Europe responded that they had experienced discrimination at school.

Iompar i scríbhinn ó ILGA-Europe agus IGLYO "Scoileanna don 21ú haois"
Tá ról lárnach ag an oideachas i gcumas daoine óga a fhorbairt chun a n-acmhainneacht daonna a bhaint amach. Mar sin, is é tosaíocht do ILGA-Eorpach  Réigiún Eorpach an Chumann Idirnáisiúnta Lesbianna agus Aonair  agus don Eagraíocht Idirnáisiúnta Óige Aonair agus Aonair (IGLYO) ná a chinntiú go bhfuil aeráid sábháilteachta, tacaíochta agus dearbhaithe ann sna scoileanna, rud a chuireann ar chumas daoine leispiacha, aonair, déghnéasacha agus trasghnéasacha (LGBT) cosúil lena gcomhghleacaithe heitearóiseach a n-acmhainn iomlán a bhaint amach. Ar an drochuair, níl an staid reatha i measc na n-óige LGBT sna scoileanna ar oscailt agus ar chuimsitheacht. Fuair suirbhé ar fud na hEorpa a rinne ILGA-Europe agus IGLYO i 2006 (Takács, 2006) gurb é an t-oideachas an réimse ina bhfuil an idirdhealú is mó ag daoine óga LGBT: d'fhreagair 61.2% de dhaoine óga LGBT san Eoraip gur bhain siad idirdhealú amach ar scoil.


Proud of Who I Am
The students will demonstrate self-respect by learning good habits for taking care of their emotional and physical health. The students will be provided with an opportunity to practice treating oneself and being treated by others with respect. They explore why caring for self and others is good for the community.
The learner will:
- demonstrate an understanding of self-respect by creating a visual representation of his/her physical and internal characteristics.
- understand the importance of positive communication toward oneself in building relationships and adding to the common good.
- large sheet of butcher paper for each student (for human tracing) and markers
- read-aloud copy of Simon's Hook by Karen Kedig Burnett or "Secret of the Flowers" by Irene Malek (online) or student copies of Nothing's Fair in 5th Grade by Barth DeClements
The students will have two homework assignments: 1) Write a reflection paper on the labeling activity and discussion. Describe an intrinsic and extrinsic trait that surprised you the most. 2) Maintain a food/exercise journal for a week.
Burnett, Karen Kedig. Simon's Hook. GR Publishing, 1999. ISBN-13: 978-0966853018
Character Education "Teaching Values" unit Malek, Irene "Secret of the Flower." PDF
DeClements, Barthe "Nothing's Fair in 5th Grade." Puffin, 1990. ISBN-10 01400344438
Review the examples of respect and disrespect from Lesson One. Ask the students whether the chart touches on how we show respect or disrespect for our own self and our own body. Tell the class that today's lesson is about caring for ourselves "inside and out."
Ask the students what they think physical health looks like (brainstorm a list) and emotional health (brainstorm list). Ask, "Why is good health important?"
Read aloud (excerpts of) "Secrets of the Flower" by Irene Malek or Simon's Hook by Karen Kedig Burnett. "Secrets of the Flower" is about a fairy who learns good habits of respect through gardening while "Simon's Hook" is about a little boy who learns how to handle being teased and put down by others.
Discuss with students how they think the characters in the stories did or did not respect themselves at different points throughout the story. How did respectful behavior improve the situation for them and others?
As a group, generate a list of character traits and descriptions of the main characters from the story.
Distribute to each student a large sheet of butcher paper and markers. Ask the students to work with a partner who will trace their physical body on the paper.
Have each student write on the traced figure words that describe him or her self. They may refer to the list of behaviors and character traits for ideas. These words should be positive and describe their inner and external evidences of self-respect. Examples: For internal traits, write "pride" in the head or "beautiful" in the heart or "hard-working" in the hands. For external traits, write "brushed teeth (or hair)"near the head or"strong arms" or "smiling face." Note: it is not necessary for students to put their names on the papers.
After allowing 15 minutes to decorate and label their body tracing, have the students hang their posters around the room to create a class gallery walk. Walk by the images in a line, looking at what each student wrote. Have students look for unique descriptions and positive traits they share or aspire to.
Have a group discussion to identify traits that exhibit self-respect. Write a few traits or descriptions that you found surprising and/or in common throughout the illustrations. How do they feel about reading positive traits?
Note: facilitate the conversation to include elements of "positive self-talk" and good habits of exercise and health. Topics may include eating well/nutrition, standing up for self, getting enough sleep/exercise, grooming of hair/teeth/nails, regular visits to doctors (including dentists and optometrists) and dressing appropriately. Discourage any self-criticism.
Exit ticket: Write a sentence telling how feeling respect for yourself affects others.
The assessment for this lesson would take the form of collecting the students' drawings and checking the labeling. It should coincide with class participation and properly labeling intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics. Two other assessments will be from the homework reflection assignment where the students describe any changes in opinion and observations from the activity and from the homework food/exercise log assignment where students maintain a daily journal of food intake and exercise. (See School/Home Connection.)
Strand PHIL.II Philanthropy and Civil Society
Standard PCS 01. Self, citizenship, and society
Benchmark E.3 Describe a benefit of group cooperation.
Standard PCS 02. Diverse Cultures
Benchmark E.2 Discuss the importance of respect for others.
Benchmark E.4 Demonstrate listening skills.
Strand PHIL.III Philanthropy and the Individual
Standard PI 01. Reasons for Individual Philanthropy
Benchmark E.5 Give examples of actions students can take to improve the common good and list or describe responsibilities that go with those actions.

Ar Mór-Chóir Cé Mise
Léireoidh na mic léinn féinmheas trí thráchtanna maithe a fhoghlaim chun aire a thabhairt dá shláinte mhothúchánach agus fisiceach. Cuirfear deis ar fáil do na mic léinn cleachtadh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a gcaithfear le daoine eile agus iad féin a chóireáil le meas. Déantar iniúchadh ar an bhfíric go bhfuil cúram a thabhairt duit féin agus do dhaoine eile go maith don phobal.
Beidh ar an foghlaimeoir:
- tuiscint ar féinmheas a léiriú trí léiriú amhairc a chruthú ar a chuid saintréithe fisiciúla agus inmheánacha.
- tuiscint a fháil ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le cumarsáid dhearfach i leith féin chun caidrimh a thógáil agus chun leas an phobail a chur leis.
- bileog mór páipéir mhiotail do gach mac léinn (le haghaidh rianú daonna) agus marcóirí
- cóip de Simon's Hook le Karen Kedig Burnett nó "Secret of the Flowers" le Irene Malek (ar líne) a léamh go hard nó cóipeanna mac léinn de Nothing's Fair in 5ú Grád le Barth DeClements
Beidh dhá thosaíocht bhaile ag na mic léinn: 1) Scríobh páipéar machnaimh ar an ngníomhaíocht lipéadúcháin agus ar an gcruinniú. Déan cur síos ar thréith inmheánach agus seachtrach a chuir iontas ort. 2) Coinnigh leabhar bia/oiliúna ar feadh seachtaine.
Burnett, Karen Kedig. Tá siad ag caint faoi na daoine seo. Simon's Hook. GR Foilsitheoireacht, 1999. ISBN-13: 978-0966853018
Oideachas Carachtair "Cuaiseanna Múinteoireachta" aonad Malek, Irene "Secret of the Flower". PDF
DeClements, Barthe "Nothing's Fair in 5th Grade". Puffin, 1990. ISBN-10 01400344438 (an t-eispéireas a bhaineann le hIarratas)
Déan athbhreithniú ar na samplaí de urram agus mí-urram ó Léas a hAon. Iarr ar na mic léinn an bhfuil an tábla ag baint le conas a léiríonn muid meas nó mí-mheas ar ár n-aigne féin agus ar ár gcorp féin. Inis don rang go bhfuil an ceacht inniu faoi aire a thabhairt dúinn féin "inné agus amach".
Iarr ar na mic léinn a thuairimí a thabhairt faoi shláinte fhisiceach (liosta brainstorming) agus sláinte mhothúchánach (liosta brainstorming). Iarr, "Cén fáth a bhfuil sláinte mhaith tábhachtach?"
Léigh amach (scríbhinní) "Secrets of the Flower" le Irene Malek nó Simon's Hook le Karen Kedig Burnett. "Secrets of the Flower" is faoi fairy a fhoghlaimann dea-chleachtais na meas trí ghairdíníocht agus "Simon's Hook" is faoi buachaill beag a fhoghlaimíonn conas déileáil le teased agus a chur síos ag daoine eile.
Déan plé leis na mic léinn ar an dóigh a cheapann siad go raibh meas ag carachtair na scéalta orthu féin nó nár rinne siad é ag pointí éagsúla i rith na scéalta. Cén chaoi a ndeachaigh feidhmiú le meas ar an scéal níos fearr dóibh féin agus do dhaoine eile?
Mar ghrúpa, déan liosta de thréithe carachtair agus tuairiscí ar phríomhcharachtair an scéil.
Roinneáil le gach mac léinn bileog mór páipéir mhara agus marcóirí. Iarr ar na mic léinn oibriú le comhpháirtí a dhéanfaidh a gcorp fisiciúil a rianú ar an bpáipéar.
Cuir gach dalta focail a thuairiscíonn é féin ar an bhfigiúr a bhfuil an léarscáil air. D'fhéadfadh siad tagairt a dhéanamh do liosta na n-iompar agus na ngnéithe carachtair le haghaidh smaointe. Ba cheart go mbeadh na focail seo dearfach agus go dtabharfaí cur síos orthu mar fhianaise intíre agus seachtrach ar féinmheas. Samplaí: Maidir le tréithe inmheánacha, scríobh "bródúil" sa cheann nó " álainn " sa chroí nó "dúr-obair" ar na lámha. Maidir le tréithe seachtracha, scríobh "fhiacla (nó gruaig) scuabtha" in aice leis an gceann nó "arm láidir" nó "ag faire smiorúil". Nóta: ní gá do mhic léinn a n-ainmneacha a chur ar na páipéir.
Tar éis 15 nóiméad a thabhairt dóibh a gcuid body tracing a mhaisiú agus a lipéadú, lig do na daltaí a gcuid póstairí a chrochadh timpeall an tseomra chun siúl gailearaí ranga a chruthú. Siúil trí na pictiúir i líne, ag féachaint ar an méid a scríobh gach mac léinn. Cuir ar na daltaí cur síos ar shainmhínithe uathúla agus tréithe dearfacha a bhfuil siad comhchoiteann leo nó a bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a bheith acu.
Bíodh plé grúpa agat chun tréithe a léiríonn féinmheas a aithint. Scríobh cúpla tréith nó cur síos a fuair tú iontas agus/nó i gcoiteann le linn na n-iolrúin. Conas a bhraitheann siad faoi tréithe dearfacha a léamh?
Nóta: éascú ar an gcomhrá chun gnéithe de "pósitive féin-labhairt" agus dea-chleachtas aclaíochta agus sláinte a chur san áireamh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh i gceist le hábhair ithe/aiste bia maith, seasamh ar son féin, codladh/aistríocht go leor a fháil, gruaig/fhiacla/naongháin a chló, cuairteanna rialta ar dhochtúirí (lena n-áirítear fiaclóirí agus optometrists) agus éadaí oiriúnach a chaitheamh. Ná bíodh aon féin-chríitic ort.
Ticéad scoir: Scríobh abairt ag cur in iúl conas a théann meas ort féin i bhfeidhm ar dhaoine eile.
Ba cheart go ndéanfaí an measúnú don chéim seo i bhfoirm líníochtaí na mac léinn a bhailiú agus na lipéid a sheiceáil. Ba cheart go mbeadh sé ag comhréireacht le rannpháirtíocht sa rang agus le tréithe intrinsic agus extrinsic a lipéadú i gceart. Beidh dhá mheasúnú eile ón tasc machnaimh ar obair bhaile ina ndéanann na daltaí cur síos ar aon athruithe ar thuairimí agus ar bhreathnuithe ón ngníomhaíocht agus ón tasc logála bia/fheidhmiú ar obair bhaile ina gcoinníonn na daltaí iris laethúil ar iontógáil bia agus ar fheidhmiú. (Féach Scoil/Connection Baile.)
Snáithe PHIL.II Caomhnóireacht agus an tsochaí shibhialta
Caighdeánach PCS 01. Féin, saoránacht, agus an tsochaí
E.3 Tabhair cur síos ar bhuntáiste a bhaineann le comhoibriú grúpa.
Caighdeánach PCS 02. Cultúir Éagsúla
E.2 Déan plé ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le meas a bheith ag daoine eile.
Treoir E.4 Scileanna éisteachta a léiriú.
Snáithe PHIL.III Daonlathas agus an Duine aonair
PI 01 caighdeánach. Cúiseanna le Daonlathas Daonna
E.5 Tabhair samplaí de ghníomhaíochtaí is féidir le mic léinn a dhéanamh chun an leas coiteann a fheabhsú agus liostaigh nó cur síos a dhéanamh ar na freagrachtaí a théann leis na gníomhaíochtaí sin.


It is the moral nature of man by which he rises to good and noble thoughts. The different sciences show us the world as it is. Ethics tells us what it ought to be. It enables man to know how he should act. Man has two windows to his mind : through one he can see his own self as it is; through the other, he can see what he ought to be. It is our task to analyse and explore the body, the brain and the mind of man separately; but if we stop here, we derive no benefit despite our scientific knowledge. It is necessary to know about the evil effects of injustice, wickedness, vanity and the like, and the disaster they spell where the three are found together. And mere knowledge is not enough, it should be followed by appropriate action. An ethical idea is like an architect's plan. The plan shows how the building should be constructed; but is becomes useless if the building is not raised accordingly. Similarly, an ethical idea is useless so long as it is not followed by suitable action. There are many who memorize moral precepts and preach sermons, but they neither practise them nor do they mean to do so. There are some who believe that moral principles are not intended to be practiced in this world; they are meant for the other world- the world which lies beyond death. A great thinker has said, " If you wish to attain perfection, you must begin from this very day to live according to the laws of morality at any cost." We need not be scared away by such thoughts; on the contrary we should be glad to live up to them, considering our responsibility in the matter. "Certainly, cousin," said the gallant Earl of Pembroke, on coming up to the Earl of Derby before Aubercoche and finding the battle already won, "you have neither been courteous nor behaved honorably to fight my enemies without waiting for me". Only when there is such readiness to accept moral responsibility will men tread the path of virtue.
God is omnipotent, He is perfect. There are no limits to His mercy, to His goodness and to His justice. If this is so, how can we, His bond salves, stray at all from the moral path? It is no fault of the ethical principles if one following them should fail. However, those committing a breach of morality have only themselves to blame.
In the path of morality there is no such things as reward for moral behaviour. If a man does some good deed, he does not do it to win applause, he does it because he must. For him doing good is but a higher kind of food, if one may compare food and goodness. And if someone should give him an opportunity to do a good deed, he would feel grateful just as a starving man would be grateful to the giver of food and bless him.
This ethical religion, of which we have spoken, does not mean the cultivation of gentlemanliness. It does mean that we should become a little more diligent, a little better educated, a little cleaner and neater, etc. All this is no doubt included in it, but it touches only the fringe of ethical religion. Many more things have to be done by man if he would walk along this path; and he has to do them as a matter of duty, knowing them to be a part of his nature, not for gaining any worldly benefit.

Is é an nádúr morálta an duine trína éiríonn sé le smaointe maithe agus uasal. Taispeánann na heolaíochtaí éagsúla dúinn an domhan mar atá sé. Deir an Eitic dúinn cad ba cheart a bheith ann. Cuireann sé ar chumas an duine a fhios a bheith aige conas ba chóir dó gníomhú. Tá dhá fhuinneog ag an duine dá intinn: tríd an gceann is féidir leis féin a fheiceáil mar atá sé; tríd an gceann eile, is féidir leis a fheiceáil cad ba cheart dó a bheith. Is é ár gcúram corp, inchinn agus intinn an duine a anailísiú agus a iniúchadh ar leithligh; ach má stopann muid anseo, ní fhaighimid aon tairbhe in ainneoin ár n-eolas eolaíoch. Tá sé riachtanach a fhios a bheith againn faoi na héifeachtaí olc a bhaineann le heagla, le droch-dhuine, le haon agus mar sin de, agus faoin tubaiste a thugann siad nuair a bhíonn na trí cinn le chéile. Agus ní leor eolas amháin, ba cheart gníomh iomchuí a bheith ina dhiaidh sin. Is cosúil le plean ailtire smaoineamh eiticiúil. Léiríonn an plean conas ba chóir an foirgneamh a thógáil; ach bíonn sé gan úsáid mura bhfuil an foirgneamh ardaithe dá réir. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá smaoineamh eiticiúil gan úsáid chomh fada agus nach leanann gníomh oiriúnach air. Tá go leor acu a chuimhníonn prionsabail mhorálta agus a shearbhaíonn searmanas, ach ní chleachtann siad iad ná ní bhíonn sé i gceist acu é sin a dhéanamh. Tá daoine áirithe a chreideann nach bhfuil sé beartaithe go ndéanfaí prionsabail mhorálta a chleachtadh sa saol seo; tá siad ceaptha don domhan eile - an domhan atá taobh thiar den bhás. Dúirt smaointeoir mór, " Má tá tú ag iarraidh foirfeacht a bhaint amach, ní mór duit tosú ón lá seo féin chun maireachtáil de réir dhlíthe na moráltachta ar chostas ar bith. " Ní gá dúinn a bheith eagla ar shiúl ag smaointe den sórt sin; ar a mhalairt, ba cheart dúinn a bheith sásta maireachtáil suas leo, ag smaoineamh ar ár bhfreagracht sa cheist. "Cinnte, a sheanmháthair", a dúirt an Iarla gallant de Pembroke, ar teacht suas go dtí an Iarla Derby roimh Aubercoche agus a fháil ar an cath cheana féin a bhuaigh, "ní raibh tú ná a bheith cúirtéiseach ná iompraíodh go onórach chun troid mo naimhde gan fanacht liom. " Ní bheidh fir ag siúl ar shlí na fírinne ach amháin nuair a bheidh siad réidh chun freagracht mhorálta a ghlacadh.
Tá Dia omnipotent, Tá sé foirfe. Níl teorainn ag a thrócaire, a mhaitheas agus a cheartas. Má tá sé seo mar sin, conas is féidir linn, a chuid bond salves, stray ar chor ar bith as an cosán morálta? Ní hé an locht ar na prionsabail eitice má theipeann ar dhuine a leanann iad. Mar sin féin, ní bhíonn ach an t-aon chion ar na daoine a dhéanann sárú morálta.
Sa chosán moráltachta níl aon rud mar luach saothair le haghaidh iompar morálta. Má dhéanann fear dea-ghníomh, ní dhéanann sé é chun claíomh a fháil, déanann sé é toisc go gcaithfidh sé. Chun dó ag déanamh go maith ach cineál níos airde bia, má tá duine a chur i gcomparáid bia agus dea-cháil. Agus má thug duine éigin deis dó dea-ghníomh a dhéanamh, bheadh sé buíoch de, díreach mar a bheadh fear gortaithe buíoch don duine a thug bia dó agus a bheannaigh é.
Ní chiallaíonn an reiligiún eiticiúil seo, a labhair muid, go bhfuil an gentlemanliness á chothú. Ciallaíonn sé gur cheart dúinn a bheith beagán níos díograise, beagán níos oideachasúla, beagán níos glan agus níos clutha, etc. Tá sé seo go léir gan amhras san áireamh ann, ach ní dhéanann sé ach an taobh den reiligiún eiticiúil. Ní mór go leor rudaí eile a dhéanamh ag an duine más mian leis dul ar an mbóthar seo; agus ní mór dó iad a dhéanamh mar ábhar dualgas, agus é ag fios gur cuid dá nádúr iad, ní chun aon leas sa domhan a fháil.


How China's Chickens Lay A Billion Eggs Per Day
Behind a row of sealed red incubator doors in a new facility in northern China, about 400,000 chicks are hatched every day, part of the rapidly modernising supply chain in China's $37 billion egg industry, the world's biggest.
As China overhauls production of everything from pork to milk and vegetables, farmers raising hens for eggs are also shifting from backyards to factory farms, where modern standardised processes are expected to raise quality and safety.
That's an important step in a country where melamine-tainted eggs and eggs with high antibiotic residues have featured in a series of food safety scandals in recent years. It is also spurring demand for higher priced branded eggs over those sold loose in fresh produce markets.
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Conas a Luíonn Cearc na Síne Billiún Uibhe in aghaidh an lae
Taobh thiar de shraith d'oireadáin incubator dearga faoi shéala i saoráid nua i dtuaisceart na Síne, tá thart ar 400,000 caora a eisiúint gach lá, mar chuid den slabhra soláthair atá ag nuachóiriú go tapa i dtionscal uibheacha $ 37 billiún na Síne, an ceann is mó ar domhan.
De réir mar a athshlánú an tSín táirgeadh gach rud ó fheoil éan go bainne agus glasraí, tá feirmeoirí a bhfuil fionnaí ar uibheacha acu ag aistriú ó chúlchúl chuig feirmeacha monarcha, áit a bhfuiltear ag súil go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar cháilíocht agus ar shábháilteacht trí phróisis chaighdeánaithe nua-aimseartha.
Is céim thábhachtach í sin i dtír ina bhfuil uibheacha melamine-scéalaithe agus uibheacha le fáinní ard antaibheathach le feiceáil i sraith scandálaí sábháilteachta bia le blianta beaga anuas. Tá sé ag spreagadh éilimh ar uibheacha brandaithe ar phraghas níos airde ná iad siúd a dhíoltar go mór i margaí táirgí úra.
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Tugann síntiús triail rochtain gan teorainn ar ábhar préimhe an láithreáin, ábhar an aip, ábhar ríomhphoist seachtainiúil agus eagrán digiteach iris Supermargadh na hEorpa ar feadh 30 lá iomlán. Bain triail as anois!


What is open data?
Open data is data that is created, stored and shared by any organisation or institution and made freely available for anyone to use, reuse and redistribute as they wish.
About open data
Open data (and open anything) lends itself to sharing, and to building a community. One of the most important open data sources is government, with government open data playing a key role in the open government movement.
Salsa Digital, as part of our commitment to all things open (open government, open source content management systems (CMS), open platform, open design), embraces the significant potential and benefits of open data. Open data has only just begun to realise its potential through new applications and websites built using open datasets. As data is further offered as authoritative and open, and greater access to this data is delivered to citizens via co-produced applications and websites, the open data concept builds in its reach and benefit.
Open data and open government
Open data has become an important part of the open government movement informing policy, providing greater transparency and encouraging co-production with citizens. In fact, government policy is that data should be ‘open by default’.
Open data is a key part of one of the government’s 15 commitments in the Open Government National Plan (2.1 ‘Release high-value datasets and enable data driven innovation’).
A report on open data was released in May 2017 by the Productivity Commission. The report is a major piece of research into open data in Australia — the overview provides detailed information on where we are now, and how we can make the most out of data in Australia.
The bottom line: Australia needs to embrace open data to unlock the positive economic and social outcomes it can deliver.
Why open data?
Government departments are opening up their datasets to deliver value to industry and citizens.
At a functional level, open data enables co-production between government and citizens/industry, with data that’s available and free being used to create websites and apps. It’s also about data visualisation, with open-source tools like CKAN turning raw data into graphs and charts that help us interpret data and reveal patterns and meaning. Open data is being used to solve problems, and to deliver economic and social benefits.
Who’s opening their data?
There are already many government agencies (at local, state and federal levels) that have opened their data. Data.gov.au (federal repository) currently has nearly 29,000 discoverable datasets and each state also has its own data repository:
- VIC data (this is actually a Salsa project, built using open source tool CKAN) — over 6000 datasets grouped into 15 categories such as environment, education and spatial data.
- NSW data — over 80,000 datasets from 50 government agencies, including local councils.
- ACT data — datasets across 14 categories, with maps to show the data in action (e.g. map of cyclist crashes, graph of air quality)
- SA data — over 1000 datasets and a section on apps and ideas that shows how the data is being used.
- TAS data — data broken into 12 categories, from climate and environment to people and society.
- QLD data — Over 2000 datasets and a dedicated case studies section.
- WA data — Nearly 1000 datasets across 10 categories with useful toolkits targeted at creators, publishers, developers, professionals, executives and consumers.
Who uses government open data?
Below are a handful of case studies:
- SA’s Addinsight — Built by South Australia's Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI), this app alerts drivers in Adelaide of road hazards using two real-time datasets opened by the DPTI.
- SA’s Crime Mapping Tool — Built by the SA Police using their own crime statistics, this website-based tool shows suburbs’ break-in data from the past five years.
- QLD’s Breathe Easy — Built by Remark (a group of Brisbane-based hackers) for GovHack 2016, this air and water pollution app uses data opened by QLD’s Department of Environment and Science.
- Live Traffic NSW — Built by Transport for NSW, this real-time traffic information app uses data from the Transport Management Centre.
- TAS’s RoadCrash data — Built by Peclet using data opened by the Tasmanian Police, this map shows accident hotspots in urban and rural Tasmanian areas.
- WA’s MyFireWatch — Built from a collaboration between Landgate and Edith Cowan University, using data opened by WA’s Landgate, MyFireWatch is a map showing bushfires in WA.
The CSIRO is also part of the open data charge, with Data 61’s Platform for Open Data project. Through this project, Data61 is working with government to open and use high-value datasets. The National Map is a key Data61 project.
Another big player in government open data in Australia is GovHack. GovHack is a yearly ‘hack-a-thon’ that’s gained a lot of traction since it started in 2009. GovHack creates awareness of the power of open data and provides a platform for ‘hacker groups’ to get creative with government open data.
Past winners provide an insight into the projects born from government open data. The 2017 winners included a mobile app that allows people to log issues to their local council (by the group Here for Bread) and an emergency department load forecaster (like a weather forecast but a patient forecast) (by the group Beast Mode).
Salsa’s open data services
Open data strategy: Helping you define a clear plan on how your department can release the public data it creates and make it available for free to anyone who wishes to use it. The plan extends further to help identify how, where and when to share and manage your open datasets. The strategy also covers the roles and responsibilities of the data owner vs the steward vs the custodian.
Open data architecture and schema design: Designing your open data (information) architecture and schemas — metadata definitions that describe and expose your open datasets.
UX design: Designing the user interface and user experience to ensure ease-of-use and data discoverability.
Data migration, consolidation and conversion: Consolidating, migrating and/or converting existing datasets from legacy sources/systems into your new/target open data platform.
Open data portal configuration and implementation
Open data portal module extension development, customisation and/or enhancements
Open data portal frontend theming.
For data contributors on how to describe and submit open datasets
For data administrators/moderators on how to moderate (accept or reject) submissions and revisions
Technical training on how to design, build, configure or theme your open data portal.
Hosting: Open data portal hosting platform and management including 24/7 monitoring, one-hour critical incident response SLA, patching and maintenance, etc.
Support: Ad-hoc open data portal application support and enhancements, service help-desk, etc.
We’ve come a long way in our use of open data, but we need to continue to innovate. Salsa is keen to be part of the evolution, to help deliver the transformation that open data enables.
A recent draft report on data makes recommendations that will revolutionise the way Australia uses data.Read
Get in touch
We’ve been helping government agencies around Australia open their data and deliver on the open government movement. Use the form below or call us on 1300 727 952 to chat about your agency’s needs.

Cad é sonraí oscailte?
Is sonraí oscailte iad sonraí a chruthaíonn, a stórálann agus a roinneann aon eagraíocht nó institiúid agus a chuirtear ar fáil go saor do dhuine ar bith chun iad a úsáid, a athúsáid agus a athdháileadh de réir mar is mian leo.
Maidir le sonraí oscailte
Tá sonraí oscailte (agus aon rud oscailte) oiriúnach chun a roinnt, agus chun pobal a thógáil. Ceann de na foinsí sonraí oscailte is tábhachtaí ná an rialtas, agus tá ról lárnach ag sonraí oscailte an rialtais sa ghluaiseacht rialtais oscailte.
Salsa Digital, mar chuid dár dtiomantas do gach rud oscailte (rialtas oscailte, córais bainistíochta ábhair foinse oscailte (CMS), ardán oscailte, dearadh oscailte), glacann sé le hionchas agus le buntáistí suntasacha sonraí oscailte. Tá sonraí oscailte díreach tar éis tús a chur lena acmhainneacht trí fheidhmchláir agus láithreáin ghréasáin nua a tógadh ag baint úsáide as tacar sonraí oscailte. De réir mar a chuirtear sonraí ar fáil mar shonraí údarásacha agus oscailte, agus go gcuirtear rochtain níos mó ar na sonraí sin ar fáil do shaoránaigh trí iarratais agus láithreáin ghréasáin a tháirgtear i gcomhpháirt, tá an coincheap sonraí oscailte ag fás ina sroich agus ina bhuntáiste.
Sonraí Oscailte agus Rialtas Oscailte
Tá sonraí oscailte ina gcuid thábhachtach den ghluaiseacht rialtais oscailte ag cur eolais ar bheartas, ag soláthar trédhearcachta níos mó agus ag spreagadh comhtháirgthe le saoránaigh. Go deimhin, is é beartas an rialtais gur chóir go mbeadh sonraí "oscailte de réir réamhshocraithe".
Tá sonraí oscailte ina gcuid lárnach de cheann de na 15 tiomantas atá ag an rialtas sa Phlean Náisiúnta um Rialtas Oscailte (Plean Náisiúnta um Rialtas Oscailte 2.1): 'Sátha sonraí ardluacha a scaoileadh agus nuálaíocht arna stiúradh ag sonraí a chumasú'.
Tá an Coimisiún um Tháirgiúlacht tar éis tuarascáil a fhoilsiú i mí na Bealtaine 2017 maidir le sonraí oscailte. Is cuid mhór taighde é an tuarascáil ar shonraí oscailte san Astráil - cuireann an t-amhrán faisnéis mhionsonraithe ar fáil maidir leis an áit a bhfuil muid anois, agus conas is féidir linn an leas is fearr a bhaint as sonraí san Astráil.
An líne bhun: Ní mór don Astráil glacadh le sonraí oscailte chun na torthaí dearfacha eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta a d'fhéadfadh a sholáthar a scaoileadh amach.
Cén fáth a bhfuil sonraí oscailte ann?
Tá ranna rialtais ag oscailt a gcuid tacar sonraí chun luach a sholáthar don tionscal agus do shaoránaigh.
Ar leibhéal feidhmiúil, cuireann sonraí oscailte comhtháirgiú ar fáil idir an rialtas agus saoránaigh/an tionscal, agus úsáidtear sonraí atá ar fáil agus saor in aisce chun suíomhanna gréasáin agus aipeanna a chruthú. Baineann sé freisin le léargas a thabhairt ar shonraí, le huirlisí foinse oscailte mar CKAN a thiocfaidh sonraí amh ina gclár agus i gclár a chabhróidh linn sonraí a léiriú agus patrúin agus brí a nochtadh. Tá sonraí oscailte á n-úsáid chun fadhbanna a réiteach, agus chun sochair eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta a sholáthar.
Cé atá ag oscailt a gcuid sonraí?
Tá go leor gníomhaireachtaí rialtais (ar leibhéal áitiúil, stáit agus cónaidhme) ann cheana féin a d'oscail a gcuid sonraí. Tá beagnach 29,000 tacar sonraí le fáil faoi láthair ag Data.gov.au (ionad stórála cónaidhme) agus tá a stór sonraí féin ag gach stát freisin:
- Sonraí VIC (is tionscadal Salsa é seo i ndáiríre, a tógadh ag baint úsáide as uirlis foinse oscailte CKAN)  níos mó ná 6000 tacar sonraí a bhailítear i 15 chatagóir amhail sonraí comhshaoil, oideachais agus spásúla.
- Sonraí ó NSW  os cionn 80,000 tacar sonraí ó 50 gníomhaireacht rialtais, lena n-áirítear comhairlí áitiúla.
- Sonraí ACT  sraitheanna sonraí ar fud 14 chatagóir, le léarscáileanna chun na sonraí a thaispeáint i ngníomh (m.sh. (cart de thimpistí rothaíochta, graif d'airgead aer)
- Sonraí SA  os cionn 1000 tacar sonraí agus rannán ar fheidhmchláir agus smaointe a léiríonn conas atá na sonraí á n-úsáid.
- Sonraí TAS  sonraí arna dtabhairt isteach i 12 chatagóir, ó aeráid agus comhshaol go daoine agus sochaí.
- Sonraí QLD  Níos mó ná 2000 tacar sonraí agus rannán speisialta de staidéir cás.
- Sonraí WA  Beagnach 1000 tacar sonraí ar fud 10 chatagóir le huirlisí úsáideacha atá dírithe ar chruthaitheoirí, foilsitheoirí, forbróirí, gairmithe, feidhmeannaigh agus tomhaltóirí.
Cé a úsáideann sonraí oscailte an rialtais?
Seo thíos roinnt cás-staidéir:
- SAs Addinsight  Tá an aip seo tógtha ag Roinn Pleanála, Iompair agus Bonneagair (DPTI) na hAstráile Theas, agus tugann sé rabhadh do thiománaithe in Adelaide faoi bhagairtí bóthair trí dhá shraith sonraí fíor-ama a osclaíonn DPTI a úsáid.
- uirlis mhapeála coireachta SA  arna thógáil ag póilíní SA ag baint úsáide as a gcuid staitisticí coireachta féin, léiríonn an uirlis bunaithe ar shuíomh Gréasáin seo sonraí briseadh isteach i mbruachbhailte na cúig bliana anuas.
- QLD's Breathe Easy  Tógtha ag Remark (grúpa hackers atá lonnaithe i Brisbane) le haghaidh GovHack 2016, úsáideann an aip éillithe aeir agus uisce seo sonraí a d'oscail Roinn Comhshaoil agus Eolaíochta QLD.
- Live Traffic NSW  Tá an aip seo le faisnéis thrácht fíor-ama a thóg an tSeirbhís Iompair do NSW agus a úsáideann sonraí ó Lárionad Bainistíochta Iompair.
- Sonraí TASS RoadCrash  Arna thógáil ag Peclet ag baint úsáide as sonraí a d'oscail Póilíní Tasmáine, léiríonn an léarscáil seo hotspots timpiste i gceantair uirbeacha agus tuaithe Tasmáine.
- WAs MyFireWatch  Tá MyFireWatch, a tógadh ó chomhoibriú idir Landgate agus Ollscoil Edith Cowan, ag baint úsáide as sonraí a d'oscail WAs Landgate, ina léarscáil a léiríonn tinte fiáin i WA.
Tá an CSIRO mar chuid den mhuirear sonraí oscailte freisin, le tionscadal Data 61's Platform for Open Data. Tríd an tionscadal seo, tá Data61 ag obair leis an rialtas chun tacair sonraí ardluacha a oscailt agus a úsáid. Is tionscadal lárnach é an Léarscáil Náisiúnta Data61.
Is é an t-imreoir mór eile i sonraí oscailte an rialtais san Astráil GovHack. Is é GovHack an "hack-a-thon" bliantúil a fuair go leor tarraingt ó thosaigh sé i 2009. Cruthaíonn GovHack feasacht faoi chumhacht na sonraí oscailte agus soláthraíonn sé ardán do "ghrúpaí hackers" chun a bheith cruthaitheach le sonraí oscailte an rialtais.
Tugann buaiteoirí roimhe seo léargas ar na tionscadail a rugadh ó shonraí oscailte an rialtais. I measc na n-aitheanta 2017 bhí aip soghluaiste a ligeann do dhaoine ceisteanna a chlárú chuig a gcomhairle áitiúil (ag an ngrúpa Here for Bread) agus réamhaisnéisí ualaigh roinn éigeandála (cosúil le réamhaisnéis aimsire ach réamhaisnéis othar) (ag an ngrúpa Beast Mode).
Seirbhísí sonraí oscailte Salsas
Straitéis sonraí oscailte: Cabhair a thabhairt duit plean soiléir a shainiú maidir le conas is féidir le do roinn na sonraí poiblí a chruthaíonn sé a scaoileadh agus iad a chur ar fáil saor in aisce do dhuine ar bith ar mian leis iad a úsáid. Tá an plean ag leathnú níos faide chun cabhrú le conas, cá háit agus cathain a roinnt agus a bhainistiú do shraith sonraí oscailte. Clúdaíonn an straitéis freisin róil agus freagrachtaí úinéir na sonraí i gcomparáid leis an steward i gcomparáid leis an gcustaiméir.
Ailtireacht sonraí oscailte agus dearadh scéime: Ailtireacht agus scéimeanna sonraí oscailte (faisnéis) a dhearadh  sainmhínithe meiteadat a chuireann síos ar do shraith sonraí oscailte agus a nochtann iad.
Dearadh UX: Dearadh an idirchomhéara úsáideora agus an taithí úsáideora chun éascaíocht úsáide agus infhaighteacht sonraí a chinntiú.
Mhiondú, comhdhlúthú agus tiontú sonraí: Comhdhlúthú, imirce agus/nó tiontú suímh sonraí atá ann cheana ó fhoinsí/chórais oidhreachta chuig do ardán sonraí oscailte nua/targartha.
Cúntóirí
Forbairt síneadh, saincheaptha agus/nó feabhsuithe ar mhódúl an tairseach sonraí oscailte
Téama tosaigh tairseach sonraí oscailte.
I gcás ranníocóirí sonraí maidir le conas tacar sonraí oscailte a thuairisciú agus a chur isteach
Le haghaidh riarthóirí/modaraithe sonraí maidir le conas a modaraíonn siad (a ghlacadh nó a dhiúltú) aighneachtaí agus athbhreithnithe
Oiliúint theicniúil maidir le conas do chalafort sonraí oscailte a dhearadh, a thógáil, a chumrú nó a théamh.
Árasán: Ardán óstála agus bainistíochta tairseach sonraí oscailte lena n-áirítear monatóireacht 24/7 agus SLA maidir le freagairt ar eachtraí criticiúla uair an chloig, pacáil agus cothabháil, etc.
Tacaíocht: Tacaíocht agus feabhsuithe iarratais ad-hoc ar thairseach sonraí oscailte, taibhiú seirbhíse, srl.
Tá go leor dul chun cinn déanta againn maidir le sonraí oscailte a úsáid, ach ní mór dúinn a bheith nuálach. Tá Salsa ag iarraidh a bheith mar chuid den éabhlóid, chun cuidiú leis an athrú a chuireann sonraí oscailte ar fáil a chur i gcrích.
Tá moltaí leagtha amach i dréacht-tuarascáil le déanaí ar shonraí a dhéanfaidh réabhlóid ar an mbealach a n-úsáideann an Astráil sonraí.
Déan teagmháil
Tá muid ag cabhrú le gníomhaireachtaí rialtais ar fud na hAstráile a gcuid sonraí a oscailt agus an gluaiseacht rialtais oscailte a chur i gcrích. Úsáid an fhoirm thíos nó glaoigh orainn ar 1300 727 952 chun labhairt faoi riachtanais do ghníomhaireachta.


Life Science Videos
Videos and Songs to help you learn and make learning fun!
Learn about plant and animal cells.
Cell the Organelle Rap
More about plant and animal cells
Mr. Parr Photosynthesis Rap
Learn about photosynthesis.
Mr. Parr Symbiosos Song
Rap song about symbiotic relationships.
Mr. Parr Producers Rap
Learn about producers in ecosystems.
Mr. Parr Decomposers Song
Role of decomposers in ecosystems.
Mr. Parr Adaptations Song
Learn about animal adaptations, like camouflage.
Wolves in Yellowstone
Importance of all parts of an ecosystem.

Físeáin Eolaíochta Beatha
Físeáin agus Ainmneacha chun cabhrú leat foghlaim agus chun foghlaim a dhéanamh spraoi!
Foghlaim faoi chealla plandaí agus ainmhithe.
Cill an Rap Organelle
Tuilleadh faoi chealla plandaí agus ainmhithe
An tUasal Parr Rap Photosynthesis
Foghlaim faoi fhóta-shintéis.
An tUasal Parr Symbiosos Song
An t-amhrán rap faoi chaidrimh simibéideacha.
An tUasal Parr Rap Táirgeoirí
Foghlaim faoi tháirgeoirí in éiceachórais.
An tUasal Parr Decomposers Song
Ról na dítheagróirí in éiceachórais.
An tUasal Parr Oiriúnaithe Song
Foghlaim faoi oiriúnaithe ainmhithe, cosúil le camouflage.
Luibheanna i Yellowstone
Tá tábhacht ag gach cuid d'éiceachóras.


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Zweikanalton ("two channel sound") or A2 Stereo, is a television sound transmission system used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands and other countries that use or used PAL-B or PAL-G. South Korea formerly utilised its variant of this format in analogue television system until 31 December 2012. It relies on two separate FM carriers.
This offers a relatively high separation between the channels (compared to a subcarrier-based multiplexing system) and can thus be used for bilingual broadcasts as well as stereo. Unlike the competing NICAM standard, Zweikanalton is an analog system.
How It Works
A 2nd FM sound carrier containing the right channel for stereo is transmitted at a frequency 242 kHz higher than the existing mono FM sound carrier, and channel mixing is used in the receiver to derive the left channel.
The second sound carrier also contains a 54.6875 kHz pilot tone to indicate whether the transmission is stereo or bilingual.
The pilot tone is 50% AM modulated with 117.5 Hz for stereo or 274.1 Hz for bilingual.
|mode||existing OIRT 6.5 MHz or BG 5.5 MHz sound carrier contains:||2nd OIRT 6.258 MHz or BG 5.742 MHz carrier contains:||pilot tone in 2nd carrier:|
|mono||mono||carrier is absent||none|
|stereo||mix of left & right (L+R)/2||right audio channel||54.6875 kHz 50% AM with 117.5 Hz|
|bilingual||1st language||2nd language||54.6875 kHz 50% AM with 274.1 Hz|
Zweikanalton can be adapted to any existing analogue television system, and modern PAL or SECAM television receivers generally include a sound detector IC that can decode both Zweikanalton and NICAM.
Zweikanalton can carry either a completely separate audio program, or can be used for stereo sound transmission. In the latter case, the first FM carrier carries (L+R)/2 for compatibility, while the second carrier carries R (not L-R.) After combining the two channels, this method improves the signal-to-noise ratio by reducing the correlated noise between the channels.
The frequencies are chosen such that they cause minimal interference to the picture. The difference between the two sound carriers is 15.5 times the line frequency (15.5 x 15625 Hz = 242187.5 Hz) which, being an odd multiple of half line frequency, reduces the visibility of intermodulation products between the two carriers. The pilot tone frequency is 3.5 times line frequency (54687.5 Hz). The modulated tone frequency is 117.50 Hz for stereo transmission and 274.1 Hz for bilingual transmission. Absence of this tone is interpreted as a monaural transmission.
System M variant
There is a version of A2 used in South Korea, compatible with the System M standard of TV transmission. In this case the second FM carrier is 14.25 times the line frequency, or about 224 kHz, above the first carrier; pre-emphasis is 75 microseconds; the stereo pilot tone frequency is 149.9 Hz; the bilingual pilot tone frequency is 276 Hz; and the second channel carries L-R (not R).
Zweikanalton is known by a variety of names worldwide. Most commonly used names are Zweiton, German Stereo, A2 Stereo, West German Stereo and IGR Stereo.

 Teastaíonn luacha breise don alt seo chun a fhíorú. (Meán Fómhair 2014) (Féach conas agus cathain a ba chóir an teimpléad teachtaireacht seo a bhaint)
Is córas tarchurtha fuaime teilifíse é Zweikanalton ("fuaim dhá chainéil") nó A2 Stereo, a úsáidtear sa Ghearmáin, san Ostair, san Eilvéis, san Ísiltír agus i dtíortha eile a úsáideann nó a úsáideann PAL-B nó PAL-G. D'úsáid an Chóiré Theas a leagan den fhormáid seo roimhe seo i gcóras teilifíse anailíse go dtí an 31 Nollaig 2012. Tá sé ag brath ar dhá iompróir FM ar leithligh.
Tugann sé seo scaradh réasúnta ard idir na bealaí (i gcomparáid le córas ilghníomhach atá bunaithe ar fho-iompróir) agus dá bhrí sin is féidir é a úsáid le haghaidh craoltaí déitheangacha chomh maith le steirió. Murab ionann agus an chaighdeán iomaíoch NICAM, is córas analógach é Zweikanalton.
Conas a Oibríonn sé
Tá 2ú iompróir fuaime FM ina bhfuil an cainéal ceart le haghaidh steirió a tharchur ag minicíocht 242 kHz níos airde ná an iompróir fuaime mono FM atá ann cheana, agus úsáidtear meascán cainéal sa ghlacadóir chun an cainéal chlé a bhaint amach.
Tá ton píolótach 54.6875 kHz sa dara iompróir fuaime chun a léiriú an bhfuil an tarchur stéaréach nó dátheangach.
Is é 50% den ton píolótach AM a mhodhnú le 117.5 Hz le haghaidh stiúideo nó 274.1 Hz le haghaidh déthac.
"mode" "Radhairc" "OIRT 6.5 MHz nó BG 5.5 MHz" "carrier" "containing": "Radhairc2nd" "OIRT 6.258 MHz nó BG 5.742 MHz" "carrier" "containing:" "Radhairc" "pilot tone in 2nd carrier: "Radhairc"
♬mono saidead ♬mono saidead ♬carrier is absent ♬saideadnone saidead
♬stereo Paddy Paddy meascán de chlé & ceart (L + R) / 2 Paddy Paddy ceart cainéal fuaime Paddy Paddy Paddy54.6875 kHz 50% AM le 117.5 Hz Paddy Paddy
☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad
Is féidir Zweikanalton a oiriúnú do aon chóras teilifíse anailíse atá ann cheana, agus tá glacadóirí teilifíse PAL nó SECAM nua-aimseartha ina measc de ghnáth IC braiteora fuaime a fhéadann Zweikanalton agus NICAM a dhíchódú.
Is féidir Zweikanalton clár fuaime go hiomlán ar leithligh a iompar, nó is féidir é a úsáid le haghaidh tarchur fuaime steirió. Sa chás dheireanach, i gcás na comhoiriúnachta, bíonn (L + R) / 2 ag an gcéad iompróir FM, agus i gcás an dara iompróir bíonn R (ní L-R) ag an dara iompróir. Tar éis na dhá chainéil a chur le chéile, feabhsaíonn an modh seo an cóimheas comhartha-rud a dhéanamh leis an torann trí an torann comhghaolta idir na cainéil a laghdú.
Roghnaítear na minicíochtaí ar bhealach a fhágann go mbíonn an t-idirghabháil is lú ann don phictiúr. Is é an difríocht idir an dá iompróir fuaime 15.5 uair an t-atmaisféar líne (15.5 x 15625 Hz = 242187.5 Hz) a laghdaíonn infheictheacht táirgí idirmhódúlaithe idir an dá iompróir, mar is iomaí neamhghnácha é de mhéadar an t-atmaisféar leathlíne. Is é 3.5 huaire an minicíocht líne (54687.5 Hz) an minicíocht tóna píolótach. Is é 117.50 Hz an minicíocht tóna modúlaithe le haghaidh tarchurtha steirió agus 274.1 Hz le haghaidh tarchurtha dé-theanga. Léirítear easpa an tonais seo mar tharchur monaural.
Athrú córas M
Tá leagan de A2 á úsáid sa Chóiré Theas, atá comhoiriúnach leis an gcaighdeán tarchurtha Teilifíse Córas M. Sa chás seo tá an dara iompróir FM 14.25 uair an t-atmaisféar líne, nó thart ar 224 kHz, os cionn an chéad iompróra; tá réamh-mhínithe 75 microseconds; is é an t-atmaisféar tóin stiúideo píolótach 149.9 Hz; is é an t-atmaisféar tóin píolótach déthaobhach 276 Hz; agus iompróidh an dara cainéal L-R (ní R).
Tá ainmneacha éagsúla ar Zweikanalton ar fud an domhain. Is iad na hainmneacha is coitianta a úsáidtear Zweiton, Stereo na Gearmáine, A2 Stereo, Stereo na Gearmáine Thiar agus IGR Stereo.


RAID, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks, is a technology of storing data on a number hard drives that function together as one single logical unit. The drives could be physical or logical i.e. in the second case a single drive is split into different ones through virtualization software. Either way, identical data is kept on all drives and the key benefit of using this kind of a setup is that in case a drive stops working, the data will remain available on the other ones. Employing a RAID also enhances the overall performance as the input and output operations will be spread among a couple of drives. There are several kinds of RAID based on how many drives are used, whether writing is done on all of the drives in real time or just on one, and how the information is synced between the hard drives - whether it's recorded in blocks on one drive after another or it is mirrored from one on the others. All these factors mean that the error tolerance as well as the performance between the various RAID types may vary.
RAID in Cloud Website Hosting
The state-of-the-art cloud hosting platform where all cloud website hosting
accounts are generated uses quick SSD drives instead of the classic HDDs, and they work in RAID-Z. With this setup, multiple hard disks work together and at least one is a dedicated parity disk. In simple terms, when data is written on the remaining drives, it's cloned on the parity one adding an extra bit. This is carried out for redundancy as even if a drive fails or falls out of the RAID for some reason, the info can be rebuilt and verified thanks to the parity disk and the data stored on the other ones, which means that not a thing will be lost and there won't be any service interruptions. This is one more level of protection for your information in addition to the cutting-edge ZFS file system which uses checksums to ensure that all data on our servers is undamaged and is not silently corrupted.
RAID in Semi-dedicated Servers
If you host your sites in a semi-dedicated server
account from our company, any content that you upload will be stored on SSD drives which work in RAID-Z. With this type of RAID, at least one of the hard drives is used for parity - when data is synchronized between the drives, an additional bit is included in it on the parity one. The purpose behind this is to guarantee the integrity of the data that is cloned to a brand new drive in case one of the drives in the RAID breaks down because the content being copied on the new disk is recalculated from the information on the standard drives and on the parity one. Another advantage of RAID-Z is the fact that even in case a disk drive stops working, the system could switch to a different one immediately without service disruptions of any type. RAID-Z adds one more level of security for the content that you upload on our cloud web hosting platform along with the ZFS file system which uses unique checksums in order to authenticate the integrity of each file.
RAID in VPS Servers
The physical servers where we generate VPS server
use quick SSD drives which will boost the speed of your sites substantially. The hard drives operate in RAID to ensure that you won't lose any info due to a power loss or a hardware breakdown. The production servers work with a variety of drives where the data is saved and one disk is used for parity i.e. one bit is added to all info copied on it, which makes it much easier to recover the website content without any loss in case a main drive breaks down. If you use our backup service, the information will be saved on a separate machine that uses standard hard-disk drives and despite the fact that there's no parity one in this case, they are also in a RAID to ensure that we will have a backup copy of your content all the time. With this type of setup your info will always be safe as it will be available on a lot of disk drives.

Is teicneolaíocht í RAID, nó Réim Iomarcach de Dhiskaí Neamhspleácha, chun sonraí a stóráil ar roinnt tiománaí crua a fheidhmíonn le chéile mar aonad loighciúil amháin. D'fhéadfadh na tiománaí a bheith fisiciúil nó loighciúil i.e. sa dara cás, roinntear tiomáint amháin ina chuid éagsúla trí bhrabhsálaí fíorúlaithe. Ar aon nós, coinnítear sonraí comhionanna ar gach tiomáint agus is é an príomhbhuntáiste a bhaineann le cineál socraithe den chineál seo a úsáid ná má scoirfidh tiomáint ag obair, fanfaidh na sonraí ar fáil ar na cinn eile. Feabhsaíonn úsáid RAID an fheidhmíocht fhoriomlán freisin toisc go scaipfear na hoibríochtaí ionchuir agus aschuir idir cúpla tiomáint. Tá roinnt cineálacha RAID bunaithe ar an líon tiománaí a úsáidtear, cibé an ndéantar scríbhneoireacht ar na tiománaí go léir i bhfíor-am nó ar cheann amháin, agus an chaoi a ndéantar an fhaisnéis a shíntiú idir na tiománaí crua - cibé an bhfuil sé taifeadta i mblocanna ar aon tiomáint i ndiaidh a chéile nó go bhfuil sé ag samhail ó cheann ar na cinn eile. Ciallaíonn na fachtóirí seo go léir go bhféadfadh an t-aistriú locht chomh maith leis an fheidhmíocht a bheith éagsúil idir na cineálacha RAID éagsúla.
RAID i hOstaíocht Suíomh Gréasáin Cloud
An ardán óstála scamall is déanaí ina bhfuil gach óstáil láithreán gréasáin scamall
Úsáidtear tiománaí SSD tapa in ionad na HDDanna clasaiceacha, agus oibríonn siad i RAID-Z. Leis an socrú seo, oibríonn go leor dioscaí crua le chéile agus is diosc comhionann tiomnaithe é ceann amháin ar a laghad. Go simplí, nuair a scríobhtar sonraí ar na tiománaithe fágtha, clónófar iad ar an ceann comhionannas ag cur píosa breise leis. Déantar é seo le haghaidh ró-uaslódáil mar fiú má theipeann ar thiomáint nó má thiteann sé as an RAID ar chúis éigin, is féidir an t-eolas a athchóiriú agus a fhíorú a bhuíochas leis an diosca comhionannas agus na sonraí a stóráiltear ar na cinn eile, rud a chiallaíonn nach caillfear aon rud agus nach mbeidh aon bhriseadh seirbhíse ann. Is leibhéal amháin eile é seo de chosaint ar do chuid faisnéise i dteannta leis an gcóras comhaid ZFS ceannródaíoch a úsáideann seiceálacha chun a chinntiú go bhfuil gach sonraí ar ár bhfreastalaithe neamhdhíobhálach agus nach ndéantar é a chontúirt go ciúin.
RAID i Seirbhísigh Semi-Dedicated
Má óstáil tú do láithreáin i bhfreastalaí leath-dhírithe
ó chuntas ár gcuideachta, aon ábhar a uaslódáil tú a stóráil ar thiománaí SSD a oibríonn i RAID-Z. Le RAID den chineál seo, úsáidtear ceann amháin ar a laghad de na tiománaí crua le haghaidh comhionannas - nuair a dhéantar sonraí a shíncronaithe idir na tiománaí, cuirtear beagán breise isteach ann ar an gceann comhionannas. Is é an cuspóir atá taobh thiar de seo ná sláine na sonraí a chlónaítear chuig tiomáint nua-aimseartha a ráthú i gcás go ndéanfaidh ceann de na tiománaí sa RAID damáiste toisc go ndéantar an t-ábhar atá á chóipeáil ar an diosca nua a athcháilsiú ó na sonraí ar na tiománaí caighdeánacha agus ar an gceann comhionann. Buntáiste eile de RAID-Z is ea an fhíric go bhféadfadh an córas aistriú go ceann eile láithreach gan aon chineál cur isteach ar sheirbhís fiú i gcás go stopfadh tiomáint diosca ag obair. Cuireann RAID-Z leibhéal slándála eile leis an ábhar a uaslódálann tú ar ár n-ardán óstála gréasáin scamall mar aon leis an gcóras comhaid ZFS a úsáideann seiceálacha uathúla chun sláine gach comhaid a fhíorú.
RAID i Seirbhísigh VPS
Na freastalaithe fisiciúla ina ndéanaimid a ghiniúint freastalaí VPS
úsáid tiománaí SSD tapa a threisiú luas do shuíomhanna go suntasach. Oibríonn na tiománaí crua i RAID chun a chinntiú nach gcaillfidh tú aon fhaisnéis mar gheall ar chailliúint cumhachta nó ar bhriseadh crua-earraí. Oibríonn na freastalaithe táirgthe le drives éagsúla ina sábháltar na sonraí agus úsáidtear diosca amháin le haghaidh comhionannas i.e. Cuirtear píosa amháin leis an bhfaisnéis go léir a chóipeáiltear air, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos éasca ábhar an láithreáin ghréasáin a aisghabháil gan aon chaillteanas i gcás go ndéanfaidh príomh-eachtra díomá. Má úsáideann tú ár seirbhís cúltaca, sábhálfar an fhaisnéis ar mheaisín ar leithligh a úsáideann tiománaí diosca crua caighdeánacha agus in ainneoin nach bhfuil aon cheann comhionann sa chás seo, tá siad freisin i RAID chun a chinntiú go mbeidh cóip cúltaca againn de do ábhar an t-am ar fad. Leis an gcineál so de shocrú beidh do chuid faisnéise sábháilte i gcónaí mar go mbeidh sé ar fáil ar go leor tiománaí diosca.


Education Secretary Calls For End To Corporal Punishment
Citing disproportionate use among students with disabilities, the U.S. secretary of education is calling for schools to stop relying on physical punishment to address behavior issues.
In a letter to governors and state education officials across the country, Secretary of Education John B. King Jr. said corporal punishment sends the wrong message and should be halted in the 22 states where the practice is still allowed.
“School-sponsored corporal punishment is not only ineffective, it is a harmful practice, and one that disproportionally impacts students of color and students with disabilities,” King wrote in the correspondence this month. “This practice has no place in the public schools of a modern nation that plays such an essential role in the advancement and protection of civil and human rights.”
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Already, corporal punishment is banned in 28 states, but it remains widely used elsewhere.
Education Department data indicates that 110,000 students were subjected to some type of physical punishment in school during the 2013-2014 academic year. The odds of experiencing corporal punishment were consistently higher for kids with disabilities and black children, disparities that King said “shock the conscience.”
Though corporal punishment is intended to influence a child’s behavior, King said that the practice often backfires, with research suggesting that it can prompt kids to become more aggressive or oppositional and can have long-term mental health consequences.
In many cases, King said that the punishments allowed in schools would be considered criminal assault or battery if applied to adults in the very same states. What’s more, he said such practices have already been banned in U.S. prisons and military training facilities.
“While some may argue that corporal punishment is a tradition in some school communities, society has evolved and past practice alone is no justification,” King said. “No school can be considered safe or supportive if its students are fearful of being physically punished. We strongly urge states to eliminate the use of corporal punishment in schools.”
The Education Department correspondence comes as 80 organizations including the National Disability Rights Network, the Association of University Centers on Disabilities and the National Down Syndrome Congress issued a joint letter to policymakers urging similar action. The groups said that children with disabilities are often subjected to corporal punishment for exhibiting behaviors related to their special needs.

Éilíonn an tAire Oideachais deireadh a chur le pionós coirp
Ag tagairt do úsáid neamhréireach i measc daltaí faoi mhíchumas, tá rúnaí oideachais na Stát Aontaithe ag iarraidh ar scoileanna stop a chur le brath ar phionós fisiciúil chun fadhbanna iompair a réiteach.
I litir chuig gobharnóirí agus oifigigh oideachais stáit ar fud na tíre, dúirt Rúnaí Oideachais John B. Dúirt King Jr. go gcuireann pionós coirp an teachtaireacht mhícheart agus ba cheart stop a chur leis sna 22 stát ina bhfuil an cleachtas ceadaithe fós.
"Ní hamháin go bhfuil pionós chorparáideach a thacaíonn na scoileanna neamhéifeachtach, is cleachtas díobhálach é, agus ceann a théann i bhfeidhm go neamhchomhréireach ar mhic léinn d'ainneoin dath agus ar mhic léinn faoi mhíchumas", a scríobh King sa chomhfhreagras an mhí seo. Níor cheart go mbeadh an cleachtas seo i scoileanna poiblí náisiúin nua-aimseartha a bhfuil ról chomh tábhachtach acu i bhforbairt agus i gcosaint chearta sibhialta agus chearta an duine.
Fógra - Lean ort ag léamh thíos
Tá cosc curtha ar phionós corparáideach cheana féin i 28 stát, ach tá sé fós á úsáid go forleathan in áiteanna eile.
Léiríonn sonraí na Roinne Oideachais gur cuireadh 110,000 dalta faoi chineál éigin pionóis choirp sa scoil le linn na bliana acadúla 2013-2014. Bhí na seansanna a raibh pionós coirp acu níos airde go seasta do leanaí faoi mhíchumas agus do leanaí dubh, neamhionannas a dúirt King  cúis imní don choinsias.
Cé go bhfuil sé i gceist le pionós coirp tionchar a imirt ar iompar páiste, dúirt King go mbíonn an cleachtas go minic ag dul ar ais, agus léiríonn taighde gur féidir leis na páistí a spreagadh chun a bheith níos ionsaithí nó frithsheasmhach agus go bhféadfadh iarmhairtí sláinte meabhrach fadtéarmacha a bheith aige.
I go leor cásanna, dúirt King go mbeadh na pionóis a cheadaítear i scoileanna á gcur i gcuntas mar ionsaí coiriúil nó mar bhuail má chuirtear i bhfeidhm orthu daoine fásta sna stáit chéanna. Níos mó ná sin, dúirt sé go bhfuil cosc curtha ar chleachtais den sórt sin cheana féin i bpríosúin na Stát Aontaithe agus i saoráidí oiliúna míleata.
 Cé go bhféadfadh cuid a mhaíomh go bhfuil pionós coirp ina thraidisiún i roinnt pobail scoile, tá an tsochaí tagtha chun cinn agus ní údar le cleachtas roimhe seo amháin,  dúirt King. Ní féidir aon scoil a mheas sábháilte nó tacaíochta má tá eagla ar a mhic léinn go gcuirfear pionós fisiciúil orthu. Iarrann muid go láidir ar na stáit deireadh a chur le húsáid phionós chorparáideach i scoileanna.
Tagann an comhfhreagras ó Roinn an Oideachais mar a d'eisigh 80 eagraíocht lena n-áirítear Líonra Náisiúnta Cearta an Míchumais, Cumann na nIonad Ollscoileanna ar Míchumais agus an Comhdháil Náisiúnta Síndrome Down litir chomhpháirteach do lucht déanta beartais ag iarraidh gníomh den chineál céanna. Dúirt na grúpaí go mbíonn leanaí faoi mhíchumas faoi réir pionós coirp go minic as iompar a thaispeáint a bhaineann lena gcuid riachtanas speisialta.


Confused between an invoice and a receipt?
Many business owners are confused between various business documents, and one of them is the invoice and a receipt.
Technically, invoice and receipt are both the documents that the seller raises to the buyer. But yes, the importance of both of them is different, including its use.
What is an invoice?
An invoice is a legal business document that the seller issues to the buyer. It is issued for raising the payment from the customer or the client. There are different types of business invoices that are created and sent by the seller. The most common business invoice is the commercial invoice or the final invoice.
An invoice is called a demand for payment. Basically, when a transaction occurs between a buyer and a seller, the seller sends an invoice to the buyer with all the sale information, including the product or service details, quantity, tax, total amount, payment details, date, invoice number, and invoice number business signature.
Frequently asked questions related to ‘invoice or invoicing’
What are the different types of invoices?
Invoices are legal business documents. Below are the different types of invoices.
- Commercial invoice
- Proforma invoice
- Credit note
- Debit note
- Interim invoice
- Recurring invoice
- Past due invoice
- Expense report
- Timesheet invoice
When does the seller send an invoice?
The seller issues an invoice to the buyer as soon the sale is completed. The sale here refers to the buying and selling of goods or services.
For example, You are running a digital marketing company. You issue an invoice mentioning the details of your last month’s work, including the number of hours, total amount due, and tax rates to the client. Therefore, you are sending an invoice to your client once your work is completed from your end or in standard terms when the service is delivered. The same applies to the product category.
Is the invoice sent after the payment is received?
No, the invoice is sent once the products or services are delivered to the client. The invoice is issued to demand payment from the customer or the client.
Invoices are classified into a due invoice, paid invoice, and cancelled invoice. The invoice that is paid is called a paid invoice. Invoices that are due for payment are known as due invoices. Invoices that are cancelled or declined, or discarded are known as cancelled invoices.
Today, we have different online invoicing software that helps you create your invoices and track payments online on mobile. Moon Invoice, an online invoicing app, helps you create multiple invoices online to get paid faster. You can therefore manage to send invoices via both desktop and mobile without worrying about the payments. Moreover, the app helps you track payments online and automates the recurring invoices on behalf of your business.
What is a receipt?
A receipt is an important business document. The seller generates it for the buyer once the payment is received. Like an invoice, a receipt also contains all the information about the sale, including the product or service, quantity, price, tax details, payment mode, and date.
There are different types of receipts, including sales receipts, payment receipts, travel invoice receipts, expense receipts, salary slips, tax return receipts, purchase receipts, etc. All these receipts are proof that the payment has been received against the invoice issued by the seller.
Example of payment receipt
Receipt Vs. Invoice: what’s the difference?
As we learnt above, both invoices and receipts are two different business documents. A receipt is issued against a paid invoice, whereas an invoice is issued as proof of sale. There is nothing in common between an invoice and receipt except that it carries the same product or service deal information.
Are paid invoices called as receipts?
No, Paid invoices are known as ‘settled invoices’. Just as the bills are called settled bills after the payment, likewise invoices are known as settled invoices once the payment is received. And, when the customer asks for the proof of document from the seller for the payment, the seller issues a receipt.
How to generate an invoice online?
For generating an invoice online, you need to have an online invoicing maker. Moon Invoice is a complete pack of invoicing software that helps generate commercial invoices, recurring invoices, proforma invoices, and credit notes. You can download it on your Mac, Windows, Android, and iOS devices. Also, you can have quick access to Moon Invoice using the web version.
Moon Invoice also has a feature called due and paid invoice. Small business owners can use Moon Invoice for generating quick, professional invoices and mark them as due, paid, or cancelled with a single click. Learn more about how you can generate multiple invoices and get paid faster with Moon Invoice.
How to send quick payment receipts?
For generating quick payment receipts via receipt maker, you need to mark your invoices as paid. Later for the paid invoices, you can generate or issue a receipt known as a payment receipt. With Moon Invoice, online invoicing software, you can generate quick payment receipts using the invoice tab. Either you can download any of the softwares or access the web version for issuing, emailing, or printing the payment receipts.
How Moon Invoice helps you create & share invoices and receipts?
Moon Invoice is one of the most talked-about invoicing apps today. You must have learned about invoices and receipts earlier, but when you access the Moon Invoice app, you have more fun creating invoices as the app offers 66+ readymade invoicing templates.
With Moon Invoice, you can generate, share, download and print both invoices and receipts on the go. You can mark it as due, paid, or canceled to keep your books of accounts updated. For more details on how invoicing can be easy and fun with Moon Invoice, get our app on your smartphone, Windows, or Mac. Write your queries at email@example.com for more details.

Meas agat an bhfuil an t-iarratas agus an fhaisnéis idir?
Tá go leor úinéirí gnó mearbhall ar dhoiciméid éagsúla gnó, agus is é an fhianaise agus an fáilte ceann acu.
Go teicniúil, is iad an fhianaise agus an fáilte an dá dhoiciméad a thugann an díoltóir don cheannaitheoir. Ach tá, tá tábhacht an dá cheann difriúil, lena n-áirítear a úsáid.
Cad é an fhianaise?
Is doiciméad gnó dlíthiúil é an fhaireachas a eisiúintíonn an díoltóir don cheannaitheoir. Eiseoítear é chun an íocaíocht a bhailiú ón gcustaiméir nó ón gcliant. Tá cineálacha éagsúla fhalacha gnó ann a chruthaíonn agus a sheolann an díoltóir. Is é an fhianaise ghnó is coitianta ná an fhianaise tráchtála nó an fhianaise deiridh.
Tugtar éileamh ar íocaíocht ar fhorais. Go bunúsach, nuair a tharlaíonn idirbheart idir ceannaitheoir agus díoltóir, seolann an díoltóir fhianaise chuig an ceannaitheoir lena bhfuil an fhaisnéis dhíola go léir, lena n-áirítear sonraí an táirge nó na seirbhíse, cainníocht, cánach, méid iomlán, sonraí íocaíochta, dáta, uimhir fhianaise, agus uimhir fhianaise síniú gnó.
Ceisteanna a chuirtear go minic maidir le fhaoireáil nó fhaoireáil
Cad iad na cineálacha éagsúla fiontair?
Is doiciméid ghnó dlíthiúla iad na fíorais. Seo thíos na cineálacha éagsúla fhalacha.
- Farrais tráchtála
- Farrais proforma
- Nóta creidmheasa
- Nóta dochair
- Farrais eatramhach
- Farrais athfhillteach
- Farrais thar am
- Tuarascáil Chostais
- Farraíocht sceideal ama
Cén uair a sheolann an díoltóir an bhfíseán?
Is é an díoltóir a eisiúint an bhille don cheannaitheoir chomh luath agus a chríochnófar an díol. Tagraíonn an díol anseo do cheannach agus díol earraí nó seirbhísí.
Mar shampla, tá cuideachta margaíochta digiteach á reáchtáil agat. Seolann tú fhianaise ar an gcliant ina luaitear sonraí do chuid oibre an mhí seo caite, lena n-áirítear líon na n-uaireanta, an méid iomlán atá dlite, agus rátaí cánach. Dá bhrí sin, tá tú ag seoladh an bhille chuig do chliaint nuair a bheidh do chuid oibre críochnaithe ó do chuid féin nó i dtéarmaí caighdeánacha nuair a sheachadtar an tseirbhís. Baineann an rud céanna leis an gcatagóir táirge.
An seoltar an fhachtúr tar éis an íocaíocht a fháil?
Níl, seoltar an fhianaise nuair a sheachadtar na táirgí nó na seirbhísí don chliant. Déantar an dearbhú-chustaim a eisiúint chun íocaíocht a éileamh ón gcustaiméir nó ón gcliant.
Déantar na heachtraí a aicmiú ina heachtraí dlite, i heachtraí íoctha, agus i heachtraí a ceadaíodh. Tugtar an fhianaise a íocadh ar fhianaise íoctha. Tugtar na fathanna atá dlite le híoc ar fathanna dlite. Tugtar na fattúirí a cheadaítear nó a dhiúltaítear, nó a scriosadh, mar bhfaktúirí a cheadaítear.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá bogearraí éagsúla ar líne a dhéanann fhianaise againn a chabhraíonn leat do bhfiontair a chruthú agus íocaíochtaí a rianú ar líne ar fhón póca. Cabhraíonn Moon Invoice, aip bhilleála ar líne, leat ilbhilleanna a chruthú ar líne chun íocaíocht a fháil níos tapúla. Is féidir leat fhianaise a dhéanamh ar na híocaíochtaí gan a bheith buartha faoi na fhianaise sin a sheoladh trí ríomhaire agus trí ghléas soghluaiste araon. Ina theannta sin, cabhraíonn an aip leat íocaíochtaí a rianú ar líne agus déanann sé na fíorais athfhillteacha a uathoibriú thar ceann do ghnó.
Cad é an fáil?
Is doiciméad gnó tábhachtach é fíteán. Gineann an díoltóir é don cheannaitheoir nuair a fhaightear an íocaíocht. Cosúil le fíorais, tá an fhaisnéis go léir maidir leis an díol ar fáil freisin i bhfuair, lena n-áirítear an táirge nó an tseirbhís, an méid, an praghas, sonraí cánach, modh íocaíochta, agus an dáta.
Tá cineálacha éagsúla fáilte ann, lena n-áirítear fáilte díolacháin, fáilte íocaíochta, fáilte fáltais taistil, fáilte caiteachais, sliotáin tuarastail, fáilte tuairisceáin chánach, fáilte ceannaigh, srl. Is fianaise iad na fáilte seo go léir go bhfuil an íocaíocht faighte i gcoinne an bhille a d'eisigh an díoltóir.
Sampla de cheadúnas íocaíochta
Fógra vs. Fhaois: cad é an difríocht?
Mar a d'fhoghlaim muid thuas, is dhá dhoiciméad gnó éagsúla iad an dá fhachtóir agus an dá cheadúnas. Is é an t-earráid a eisítear i gcoinne an bhille a íocadh, agus is é an bhille a eisítear mar fhianaise díola. Níl aon rud i gcoiteann idir an fhianaise agus an fáiltas ach amháin go bhfuil an fhaisnéis chéanna maidir le déileáil táirge nó seirbhíse air.
An dtugtar fáilteanna ar bhilleanna íoctha?
Níl, is é an t-ainm atá ar na fathaigh íoctha ná fáthaigh shocraithe. Díreach mar a thugtar billí ar billí socraithe tar éis an íocaíochta, ar an gcaoi chéanna tugtar billí socraithe ar an bhfíreannais nuair a fhaightear an íocaíocht. Agus, nuair a iarrann an custaiméir an cruthúnas doiciméad ón díoltóir don íocaíocht, eisíonn an díoltóir fáiltiú.
Conas fhianaise a ghiniúint ar líne?
Chun fhianaise a ghiniúint ar líne, ní mór duit a bheith i do bhféiniúnaí fhianaise ar líne. Is pacáiste iomlán bogearraí billeála é Moon Invoice a chabhraíonn le heachtraí tráchtála, heachtraí athfhillteacha, heachtraí proforma, agus nótaí creidmheasa a ghiniúint. Is féidir leat é a íoslódáil ar do ghléasanna Mac, Windows, Android, agus iOS. Chomh maith leis sin, is féidir leat rochtain tapa a fháil ar Moon Invoice ag baint úsáide as an leagan gréasáin.
Tá gné ag Moon Invoice freisin ar a dtugtar an bhfíreán dlite agus íoctha. Is féidir le húinéirí gnó beag Moon Invoice a úsáid chun fáltais ghairmiúla tapa a ghiniúint agus iad a mharcáil mar fáltais, íoctha, nó ceadaithe le cliceáil amháin. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi conas is féidir leat a ghiniúint il-fhaois agus a fháil íocaithe níos tapúla le Moon Invoice.
Conas fáilteanna íocaíochta tapa a sheoladh?
Chun fáilteanna íocaíochta tapa a ghiniúint trí mhonaróir fáilteanna, ní mór duit do bhilleanna a mharcáil mar a íocadh. Ní mór duit an t-iarratas a chur isteach go dtí an t-iarratasóir. Le Moon Invoice, bogearraí ríomhfhaoisithe ar líne, is féidir leat fáilteanna íocaíochta tapa a ghiniúint ag baint úsáide as an tab fhaois. Is féidir leat aon cheann de na bogearraí a íoslódáil nó rochtain a fháil ar an leagan gréasáin chun na fáilte íocaíochta a eisiúint, a sheoladh trí ríomhphost nó a phriontáil.
Conas a chabhraíonn Moon Invoice leat fhianaise agus fíorais a chruthú agus a roinnt?
Tá Moon Invoice ar cheann de na hiarratais bhille a bhfuil an-chaint orthu inniu. Ní mór duit a bheith foghlamtha faoi bhilleanna agus fáiltí níos luaithe, ach nuair a rochtain tú ar an app Moon bhilleanna, tá tú níos mó spraoi a chruthú bhilleanna mar an app a thairgeann 66+ teimpléid bhilleanna réidh.
Le Moon Invoice, is féidir leat fáltais agus fáilte a ghiniúint, a roinnt, a íoslódáil agus a phriontáil ag an am céanna. Is féidir leat é a mharcáil mar éilimh, íoctha, nó a chealú chun do leabhair chuntas a choinneáil cothrom le dáta. Le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí ar conas is féidir le billeáil a bheith éasca agus spraoi le Moon Invoice, faigh ár n-app ar do smartphone, Windows, nó Mac. Scríobh do chuid ceisteanna chuig email@example.com le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí.


British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

Is ball de ghineas mór comhdhéanta Solidago é an British Golden-rod, atá Meiriceá Thuaidh go príomha. Is plandaí díreacha iad na slat-ór, beag brainse, agus go minic beagán coillteach ag an mbonn. Tá an duilleag éagsúil, de ghnáth de chineál lanceolate, agus uaireanta veined conspicuously. Tá ceann amháin de shraith amháin de bhláthanna bán nó buí ag na cinn bheaga, agus tá siad bainteach i bhfoirmeacha éagsúla inflorescence, go minic de charachtar ollmhór; feictear iad ag deireadh an tsamhraidh agus go luath sa fhómhar. Cé nach bhfuil aon luach tráchtála (seachas mar fheoil do chaorach) tá na ródaí óir conspóideach dá dath geal, go háirithe toisc go bhfuil siad in ann fás i gcolóineanna ollmhóra i réimsí agus ar thaobh na mbóithre.


A natural gas valve is a component of a gas furnace. It connects the natural gas line of the house to the furnace and controls the amount of gas that is sent to the manifold and burners.
Gas valves control the flow of natural gas that moves from a gas main line to a furnace. As of 2010, most new gas furnaces come equipped with natural gas valves. When a furnace is installed, the natural gas valve is calibrated so it properly senses the amount of gas, called gas pressure, that the natural gas lines are supplying it with.
The gas valve receives a signal from the gas furnace control board or module. This small computer tells the gas valve what the gas pressure is. The control board closes the safety switches in the furnace safety circuit and readies the main burner for firing. The control board then sends a signal that tells the valve to open so gas can reach the manifold and main burner.
Gas valves typically do not require any maintenance. Only if a gas valve is submerged or becomes too wet from moisture should it be replaced.
- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images
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Is comhpháirt de shoinéal gáis é comhla gáis nádúrtha. Ceanglaíonn sé líne gáis nádúrtha an tí leis an oigheann agus rialaíonn sé an méid gáis a seoltar chuig an iomláine agus na dóirí.
Rialaíonn comhlaí gáis sreabhadh gáis nádúrtha a ghluaiseann ó phríomhlíne gáis go dtí oigheann. Ó 2010 i leith, tá comhlaí gáis nádúrtha feistithe ar an gcuid is mó de na huirlisí gáis nua. Nuair a chuirtear oigheann i bhfeidhm, déantar an comhla gáis nádúrtha a chailbriú ionas go mbraitheann sé go cuí an méid gáis, ar a dtugtar brú gáis, a sholáthraíonn na línte gáis nádúrtha dó.
Faigheann an comhla gáis comhartha ó bhord rialaithe nó ó mhódúl an fhómhair gáis. Tugann an ríomhaire beag seo an brú gáis a insíonn sé don bhalbón gáis. Dúnann an bord rialaithe na lascainí sábháilteachta i gcircuit sábháilteachta an fhoirceannadh agus ullmhaíonn sé an príomh-loscaire le haghaidh lasadh. Ansin seolann an bord rialaithe comhartha a deir leis an bhalbón oscailt ionas gur féidir le gáis teacht ar an mbainéal agus ar an bpríomh-loscaire.
De ghnáth ní gá aon chothabháil a dhéanamh ar bhalbhaichean gáis. Ní mór comhla gáis a athsholáthar ach amháin má tá sé faoi uisce nó má bhíonn sé ró-fhuí ó fhliuch.
- Crédithe Grianghraf Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images
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-Illustration by Sara Winters
She held several titles: Great of Grace, Great of Praises, Sweet of Love, (Great?) King’s Wife, Lady of the Two Lands and King’s Sister.
Naparaye’s name is known from her tomb in el-Kurru (Ku. 3). At her pyramid an alabaster offering table was found (Khartoum, No. 191)
Napatan Period, reign of Taharqa
These are the other pyramids of the Queens:
Naparaye (K.3), Khensa (K.4), Qalhata (K.5), and Arty (K.6)
El-Kurru was one of the royal cemeteries used by the Nubian royal family. Reisner excavated the royal pyramids. Most of the pyramids date to the early part of the Kushite period, from Alara of Nubia (795–752 BC) to King Nastasen (335–315 BC).
The area is divided into three parts by two wadis. The central section seems to be the oldest and contains several tumulus type tombs that predate the Kingdom of Napata. Reisner thought that the earliest tomb, Tum.1, dated back to the time of Pharaoh Sheshonq I of Ancient Egypt (c. 850 BC) and predates the Kingdom of Napata by some 200 years. At the present scholars (Kendall, Hakem, Totok) think the early cemetery stretches back to the Ramesside period and date the earliest burials to the end of the Twentieth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (c. 1070 BC), although Kendall has reverted his position and now adheres to a dating closer to the one proposed by Reisner.

-Illustration ag Sara Winters
Bhí roinnt teidil aici: Mór na Grásta, Mór na Moladh, Milis an Ghrá, (Mór?) Banphós an Rí, Banphós na Dhá Thír agus Deirfiúr an Rí.
Tá ainm Naparaye ar eolas óna tuama in el-Kurru (Ku. 3). Fuarthas tábla tabhartóireachta alabasta ag a pirimid (Khartoum, Uimh. 191)
Ré Napatan, réim Taharqa
Seo iad na pirimidí eile de na Queens:
Naparaye (K.3), Khensa (K.4), Qalhata (K.5) agus Arty (K.6)
Bhí El-Kurru ar cheann de na tuamaí ríoga a d'úsáid teaghlach ríoga na Nuba. Rinne Reisner na pirimidí ríoga a chaith. Tá an chuid is mó de na pirimidí de thús na tréimhse Kushite, ó Alara de Nubia (795752 RC) go Rí Nastasen (335315 RC).
Tá an limistéar roinnte ina thrí chuid ag dhá wadis. Is cosúil gurb é an chuid lárnach an ceann is sine agus tá roinnt tuamaí de chineál tumulus ann a bhí roimh Ríocht Napata. Shíl Reisner go raibh an tuama is luaithe, Tum.1, ó aimsir Pharaoh Sheshonq I d'Éigipt Ársa (c. 850 RC) agus go raibh sé thart ar 200 bliain roimh Ríocht Napata. Sa lá atá inniu ann, measaim go bhfuil an chéad choimeádán síopa ag dul siar go dtí tréimhse Ramesside agus go bhfuil na sochraideanna is luaithe ag deireadh an Chéad-Dhinastóid 20 de na hÉigipte Ársa (c. 1070 RC), cé go bhfuil Kendall tar éis a sheasamh a aisghabháil agus cloíonn sé anois le dátaithe níos gaire don cheann a mhol Reisner.