Vanity Fair magazine recently ran a profile of Elon Musk that focused on the ways that Musk is at odds with other tech gurus about the relative merits of artificial intelligence (AI). Musk, who thinks that A.I. is humanity’s biggest threat, is quoted as saying “sometimes what will happen is a scientist will get so engrossed in their work that they don’t really realize the ramifications of what they’re doing.” Musk doesn’t reference it directly, but his fears about a scientist who gets carried away with his work, with disastrous results, perfectly describe Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.
Victor Frankenstein’s ambition to “penetrate the recesses of nature” leads him to create a human being, which he thinks will become a new species that will “bless him” as the creator. Victor’s creature, as we all know, does not turn out the way Victor expects, and when the creature comes to life one November evening, Victor flees in horror, leaving his creature defenseless and alone—and outside of Victor’s control. Eventually, after the creature learns to read and think, he confronts Victor and demands that Victor make him a female companion. The creature plans to flee with the female to South America, where they will live on nuts and berries and exist in complete harmony with nature. Victor initially agrees to this plan and then changes his mind, fearful that the female creature “might refuse to comply” with the plan. He destroys the female creature, which sends his first creation into a vengeful rage. The final chapters of the novel focus on the battle between man and creation, each trying to destroy the other.
The novel is about the dangers of ambition, yes, and about not realizing the full ramifications of your actions, but ultimately, “Frankenstein’s monster” is not the problem.
At the heart of the novel is what happens when women are neglected and their experiences denied by male ambition. Frankenstein wants to create life all by himself, without women; he cannot bear the thought that the female creature might not “comply” with what men want her to do; and when the creature kills Frankenstein’s bride on their wedding night, it’s because Frankenstein never thought that the monster would bother with anyone else other than him.
Maureen Dowd, who wrote this article, also interviewed a number of other players in the tech world as a way to map the spectrum of attitudes about AI developments.
Here is the infographic that accompanied the article:
Notice anything? It’s like Frankenstein talking to himself: apparently only men have opinions about AI, which I guess explains why Dowd’s article only contains interviews with men. Musk talks about other male entrepreneurs, who then talk about Musk, themselves, and each other. It’s a giant reflecting mirror of men talking about their accomplishments—past, present, and future.
And yet, as Heather Roff pointed out in a recent issue of Foreign Policy, as developments in AI continue, no one seems to be asking key questions: “Are there abuses of power? What is the value happening here? Why are we doing this? Who is subordinate? And who is in charge?” Questions like these are embedded in feminist theories but I’m going to bet that none of the guys on that infographic are very well versed in the writings of Donna Haraway or bell hooks.
The men in Dowd’s article are terrifically accomplished, there’s no doubt, but they (and we) should take a lesson from Mary Shelley and her nineteenth-century nightmare: when you leave women out of the equation(s), the results are disastrous.

D'eisigh iris Vanity Fair próifíl de Elon Musk le déanaí a d'fhócas ar na bealaí a bhfuil Musk ag teacht in éag le gurúis teicneolaíochta eile maidir le buntáistí coibhneasta intleacht shaorga (AI). Musk, a cheapann go A.I. Is é an bagairt is mó atá ag an daonnacht, a luaitear mar a deir sé " Uaireanta is é an rud a tharlóidh ná go mbeidh eolaí chomh dírithe ar a gcuid oibre nach dtuigeann siad i ndáiríre na sliocht a bhaineann leis an méid atá á dhéanamh acu. " Ní thagraíonn Musk é go díreach, ach a eagla faoi eolaí a théann i bhfad le a chuid oibre, le torthaí tubaisteacha, a thuairisciú go foirfe Frankenstein Mary Shelley.
Tá sé mar aidhm ag Victor Frankenstein "a bheith ag dul isteach i n-eachtraí na dúlra" a chruthú duine, a cheapann sé go mbeidh sé ina speiceas nua a bheannaíonn é mar an cruthaitheoir. Ní tharlaíonn an t-eachtra Victor mar a bhí súil ag Victor, agus nuair a thagann an t-eachtra chun beatha tráthnóna samhna amháin, éiríonn Victor i uafás i dtrioblóid, ag fágáil a chreatúr gan chosaint agus ina n-aonar agus lasmuigh de rialú Victor. Faoi dheireadh, tar éis don chreatur foghlaim a léamh agus smaoineamh, déanann sé aghaidh ar Victor agus éilíonn sé go ndéanfaidh Victor comhpháirtí baineann dó. Tá sé beartaithe ag an gcruth éalú leis an mbean go Meiriceá Theas, áit a mbeifear ag maireachtáil ar muiceola agus ar bhéara agus a bheith i gcomhchuibheas iomlán leis an dúlra. Aontaíonn Victor leis an bplean seo ar dtús agus ansin athraíonn sé a intinn, eagla go bhféadfadh an créatúr baineann diúltú cloí leis an bplean. Scriosann sé an créatúr baineann, a sheolann a chéad chruthaitheacht isteach i ngrá fíréanta. Díríonn caibidil dheireanacha an úrscéil ar an gcath idir an duine agus an chruthaitheacht, ag iarraidh gach ceann eile a scriosadh.
Tá an úrscéal faoi na contúirtí a bhaineann le haillmhianta, sea, agus faoi nach dtuigeann tú na héifeachtaí iomlána de do ghníomhartha, ach sa deireadh, ní hé 'mhiontair Frankenstein' an fhadhb.
Is é croílár an úrscéil an rud a tharlaíonn nuair a dhéantar dearmad ar mhná agus nuair a dhiúltaíonn uaillmhianta fir a dtaithí. Frankenstein ag iarraidh a chruthú ar an saol go léir leis féin, gan mná; ní féidir leis a sheasamh an smaoineamh go bhféadfadh an créatúr baineann nach mbeadh "comply" leis an méid a fir ag iarraidh uirthi a dhéanamh; agus nuair a mharaíonn an créatúr Frankenstein's bride ar a n-oíche phósta, tá sé toisc nach raibh Frankenstein ag smaoineamh go mbeadh an t-eagla a bother le duine ar bith eile seachas dó.
Rinne Maureen Dowd, a scríobh an t-alt seo, agallamh freisin le roinnt imreoirí eile i saol na teicneolaíochta mar bhealach chun speictream na dearcadh maidir le forbairtí AI a mhapeáil.
Seo an infographic a bhí ag gabháil leis an alt:
An bhfuil aon rud faoi deara? Tá sé cosúil le Frankenstein ag caint leis féin: is cosúil nach bhfuil ach tuairimí ag fir faoi AI, rud a mhíníonn dom go bhfuil agallamh ag Dowd le fir amháin. Labhraíonn Musk faoi fhostóirí fireannacha eile, a labhraíonn ansin faoi Musk, iad féin, agus a chéile. Is scáthán ollmhór é a léiríonn fir ag caint faoina n-éachtaí, a bhí ann roimhe, a bhfuil ann faoi láthair agus a bheidh ann amach anseo.
Agus fós, mar a thug Heather Roff le fios i dtionól le déanaí de Foreign Policy, de réir mar a leanann forbairtí in AI, is cosúil nach bhfuil aon duine ag cur ceisteanna tábhachtacha: An bhfuil mí-úsáid cumhachta ann? Cad é an luach a tharlaíonn anseo? Cén fáth a bhfuil muid ag déanamh seo? Cé atá faoi réir? Agus cé atá i gceannas? Tá ceisteanna mar seo i dteoiric na mban ach tá mé ag dul a geall go bhfuil aon cheann de na guys ar an infographic go bhfuil an-chomhfhiosach i scríbhinní Donna Haraway nó bell hooks.
Tá na fir in alt Dowd iontach cumasach, níl aon amhras ann, ach ba cheart dóibh (agus dúinn) ceacht a ghlacadh ó Mary Shelley agus a uafáis an naoú haois déag: nuair a fhágann tú mná amach as an chothromóid, tá na torthaí tubaisteach.


There are four main approaches to defining the scope of landscape architecture:
- as the art of composing landform, water and vegetation with buildings and paving, the art of landscape architecture is as old as the arts of making cities: the textual records date from after 3500 BCE and the archaeological records from about 10,000 BCE. Since the making of gardens began after the making of cities, landscape architecture is best understood as deriving from urban design.
- as a technical term, ‘landscape architect’ dates from its use by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828. He used it to refer to the art of relating a work of architecture to the character of the surrounding landscape
- as an art and science focusing on the public realm, landscape architecture dates from 1858, when Olmsted and Vaux used it in their winning entry for the Central Park New York competition
- as an organised profession landscape architecture dates from Wednesday 4th January 1899. This is the day on which a group met to form the American Society of Landscape Architects. The aims were to ‘establish landscape architecture as a recognized profession in North America,’ to ‘develop educational studies in landscape architecture,’ and to ‘provide a voice of authority in the “New Profession”‘
For a summary account of the history and theory of landscape architecture, please see the eBook Landscape Design History & Theory by Tom Turner.

Tá ceithre phríomh-sheachtais ann chun raon feidhme ailtireachta tírdhreacha a shainiú:
- mar ealaín na cruthanna talún, uisce agus plandaíochta a chomhdhéanamh le foirgnimh agus le pavéireacht, tá ealaín na hailtireachta tírdhreacha chomh sean le healaíona na cathracha a dhéanamh: tá na taifid téacsúla tar éis 3500 BCE agus na taifid seandálaíochta ó thart ar 10,000 BCE. Ós rud é gur thosaigh gairdíní a dhéanamh tar éis cathracha a dhéanamh, tuigtear go bhfuil ailtireacht tírdhreacha ag teacht as dearadh uirbeach.
- mar théarma teicniúil, tá 'ailtire tírdhreacha' ag teacht ó Gilbert Laing Meason i 1828. D'úsáid sé é chun tagairt a dhéanamh don ealaín a bhaineann le saothar ailtireachta le carachtar an tírdhreacha timpeall air
- mar ealaín agus eolaíocht ag díriú ar an réimse poiblí, téann ailtireacht tírdhreacha ó 1858, nuair a d'úsáid Olmsted agus Vaux é ina iontráil bhuaite don chomórtas Central Park New York
- mar ghairm eagraithe tá an ailtireacht tírdhreacha ag dul ó Dé Céadaoin 4 Eanáir 1899. Is é seo an lá ar bhuail grúpa chun an Cumann Meiriceánach na nAiríonna Tíre a bhunú. Ba iad na cuspóirí ná ailtireacht tírdhreacha a bhunú mar ghairm aitheanta i Meiriceá Thuaidh,  staidéar oideachasúil a fhorbairt i ndearadh tírdhreacha,  agus  guth údaráis a sholáthar sa Ganmhíniú Nua
Le haghaidh cuntas achoimre ar stair agus ar teoiric ailtireachta tírdhreacha, féach an Leabhar Leabhar Ealaíne Tuairim agus Teoiric Thionscadail Tírdhreacha le Tom Turner.


Then (from Cnicus) to Halicarnassus, the royal residence of the dynasts of Caria, which was formerly called Zephyra. Here is the tomb of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders, a monument erected by Artemisia in honor of her husband; and here is the fountain called Salmacis, which has the slanderous repute, for what reason I do not know, of making effeminate all who drink from it. It seems that the effeminacy of man is laid to the charge of the air or of the water; yet it is not these, but rather riches and wanton living, that are the cause of effeminacy. Halicarnassus has an acropolis; and off the city lies Arconnesus. Its colonizers were, among others, Anthes and a number of Troezenians. Natives of Halicarnassus have been: Herodotus the historian, whom they later called a Thurian, because he took part in the colonization of Thurii; and Heracleitus the poet, the comrade of Callimachus; and, in my time, Dionysius the historian.
This city, too, met a reverse when it was forcibly seized by Alexander. For Hecatomnus, the king of the Carians, had three sons, Mausolus and Hidrieus and Pixodarus, and two daughters. Mausolus, the eldest of the brothers, married Artemisia, the elder of the daughters, and Hidrieus, the second son, married Ada, the other sister. Mausolus became king and at last, childless, he left the empire to his wife, by whom the above-mentioned tomb was erected. But she pined away and died through grief for her husband, and Hidrieus then became ruler. He died from a disease and was succeeded by his wife Ada; but she was banished by Pixodarus, the remaining son of Hecatomnos. Having espoused the side of the Persians, he sent for a satrap to share the empire with him; and when he too departed from life, the satrap took possession of Halicarnassus. And when Alexander came over, the satrap sustained a siege.
This extract is from: The Geography of Strabo (ed. H. L. Jones, 1924), Cambridge. Harvard University Press. Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
- Perseus: Strabo, Geography

Ansin (ó Cnicus) go Halicarnassus, áit chónaithe ríoga na dynasts de Caria, a bhí ar a dtugtar Zephyra roimhe seo. Anseo tá an tuama Mausolus, ar cheann de na Seacht Wonders, séadchomhartha a thóg Artemisia i onóir a fear céile; agus anseo tá an foinse Salmacis ar a dtugtar, a bhfuil an reputation slanderous, ar cén fáth nach bhfuil a fhios agam, a dhéanamh effeminate gach duine a ól as. Is cosúil go bhfuil effeminacy an duine a chur ar an gcúis an aer nó an uisce; ach ní iad seo, ach saibhreas agus saol leisce, go bhfuil an chúis effeminacy. Tá acropolis ag Halicarnassus; agus taobh amuigh den chathair tá Arconnesus. Ba iad a coilíneoirí, i measc daoine eile, Anthes agus roinnt Troezenians. Bhí: Herodotus an staire, a d'iarr siad Thurian ina dhiaidh sin, mar gheall ar ghlac sé páirt i gcolónaíocht Thurii; agus Heracleitus an file, an comrádaí Callimachus; agus, i mo chuid ama, Dionysius an staire.
Tháinig an cathair seo, freisin, ar ais nuair a ghlac Alasdair í go foréigneach. I gcás Hecatomnus, rí na Carians, bhí triúr mac, Mausolus agus Hidrieus agus Pixodarus, agus beirt iníonacha. Phós Mausolus, an duine is sine de na deartháireacha, Artemisia, an duine is sine de na iníonacha, agus phós Hidrieus, an dara mac, Ada, an deirfiúr eile. Tháinig Mausolus ina rí agus ar deireadh, gan leanbh, d'fhág sé an impireacht dá bhean chéile, a thóg an tuama thuasluaite. Ach d'fhan sí ag dul i ngleic agus fuair sí bás as brón ar a fear céile, agus tháinig Hidrieus ina rialtóir ansin. Fuair sé bás ó ghalair agus tháinig Ada, a bhean chéile ina dhiaidh; ach chuir Pixodarus, mac Hecatomnos a bhí fágtha, í ar shiúl. Tar éis dó páirt a ghlacadh i bPársas, chuir sé ar aghaidh le satrap chun an impireacht a roinnt leis; agus nuair a d'fhág sé an saol freisin, ghlac an satrap Halicarnassus. Agus nuair a tháinig Alexander, an satrap a choimeád ar bun ar léigear.
Tá an sliocht seo ó: The Geography of Strabo (ed. H. L. Jones, 1924), Cambridge. Foilseachán Ollscoil Harvard. Cuirtear Iúil 2004 ó The Perseus Project URL thíos, ina bhfuil tuairimí agus hipearnascanna suimiúla.
- Perseus: Strabo, Geography


1-Students will go into the field whenever possible, when not possible bring the field or stream to them!
2-Students will use the
data collection sheet
for gathering abiotic and biotic information to make inferences about the quality of water in
two varying sample sites.
3-Using the LaMotte water monitoring kits students will work together in groups of four to collect pH, temp, dissolved O 2 , phosphate, and
nitrate levels. Students will consolidate all grade level data to determine mean statistics.
4-Students will then collect/identifiy a sample of macroinvertebrates from both stream locations and use the water quality keys to determine
if there are abiotic factors in the bodies of water that may effect the fauna that exist within them.

1-Tagfaidh mic léinn isteach sa réimse nuair is féidir, nuair nach féidir an réimse nó an sruth a thabhairt dóibh!
2-Bainfidh mic léinn úsáid as an
bileog bailiúcháin sonraí
chun faisnéis aibíochta agus bithéach a bhailiú chun tuairimí a dhéanamh faoi cháilíocht an uisce i
dhá shuíomh samplaíochta éagsúla.
3-Le húsáid na gcistí monatóireachta uisce LaMotte oibreoidh mic léinn le chéile i ngrúpaí de cheithre chun pH, teochta, O2 tuaslagtha, fosfáit, agus
leibhéil nítrithe. Déanfaidh na mic léinn na sonraí uile a bhaineann le leibhéal grád a chomhdhlúthú chun meánstaitisticí a chinneadh.
4-Déanfaidh na mic léinn sampla de macroinvertebrates a bhailiú/a aithint ó na háiteanna ar an dá sruth agus úsáidfidh siad na eochair cháilíochta uisce chun a chinneadh
má tá tosca neamhbhithíocha sna comhlachtaí uisce a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt ar an fháuna atá ann.


Wall tile is generally used to cover the wall surface, but it can also be used to trim out different elements on the wall. If you have a wall that will have tile only over the bottom half of it, or that has wainscoting or another partial covering there, tiles can be lined up to form the border between the elements, in place of wood trim. Use bullnose tiles, which are finished on one edge, so that you can line up the finished edges to form the border.
Measure along the span where you want to put the edge tile, whether it is a standard tiled area or other material. Find and mark the halfway point.
Use a notched trowel to spread tile adhesive on the back of a bullnose trim tile, covering the whole surface to a depth of about 1/8 inch.
Press the tile to the wall at the centre line, next to the area it will border, with the finished side of the tile facing outward. Put two spacers next to the other side of the tile to separate it from the area it borders.
Set the other tile in place the same way, on both sides of the first one, building out from the centre toward the edges of the space. Set the tiles so their finished edges all line up and face out. Put spacers between the tiles.
Cut the final tiles on each end of the line, as necessary, on a tile cutter.
Let the tiles set overnight. Pull out the spacers.
Spread grout over all the tiles, using a grout float to press it between the tiles. Use a damp sponge to wipe off the excess grout from the tile face and the surrounding wall.
Some border tiles have built-in spacers.

Úsáidtear tiús balla go ginearálta chun dromchla an bhalla a chlúdach, ach is féidir é a úsáid freisin chun eilimintí éagsúla ar an mballa a ghearradh amach. Má tá balla agat nach mbeidh ach tíle ar an leath thíos de, nó go bhfuil wainscoting nó clúdach páirteach eile ann, is féidir tíle a dhéanamh ar líne chun an teorainn idir na heilimintí a chruthú, in ionad an trím adhmaid. Úsáid tíleanna bullnose, a bhfuil críochnaithe ar imeall amháin, ionas gur féidir leat na imeall críochnaithe a líneáil chun an teorainn a chruthú.
Déan tomhas ar feadh an spáis ina bhfuil tú ag iarraidh an tíle imeall a chur, cibé acu limistéar tíle caighdeánach é nó ábhar eile. Faigh agus marcáil an pointe leathbhealaigh.
Úsáid trowel notched chun greamaitheach tíle a scaipeadh ar chúl tíle trím bullnose, ag clúdach an dromchla ar fad go domhain thart ar 1/8 orlach.
Cuir an tíle ar an mballa ag an líne lárnach, in aice leis an limistéar a bheidh sé ag teorainn leis, agus taobh críochnaithe an tíle ag tabhairt aghaidh amach. Cuir dhá spacers in aice leis an taobh eile den tíle chun é a scaradh ón limistéar a bhfuil teorainn aige leis.
Cuir an tíle eile in áit ar an mbealach céanna, ar gach taobh den chéad cheann, ag tógáil amach ón lár i dtreo imeall an spás. Cuir na tíleanna ar bun ionas go mbeidh a gcuid imeall críochnaithe go léir i riocht agus ag tabhairt aghaidh amach. Cuir spacers idir na tíleanna.
Déan na tíleanna deiridh a ghearradh ar gach ceann den líne, de réir mar is gá, ar ghearradh tíle.
Lig na tíleanna a shuiteáil thar oíche. Tarraing amach na spacers.
Scaip an greim thar na tíleanna go léir, ag baint úsáide as float greim chun é a phriontáil idir na tíleanna. Úsáid spúnóg taise chun an iomarca greim a scriosadh as aghaidh na tíle agus an bhalla timpeall air.
Tá spacers tógtha i roinnt tíleanna teorann.


With the arrival of the Race's Conquest Fleet in 1942, the completion of an Americanatomic bomb became that much more important. Thus, the pressure was on for Leslie Groves to see the project to completion. He accepted a sample of plutonium from a Britishsubmarine in Boston Harbor. He carried the plutonium to Denver, where he turned it over to the US physicists working on an atomic bomb. Groves remained in Denver as commander of the Manhattan Project until that project's completion. He designed the defenses of Denver when the Race advanced on that city in 1944. Those defenses were implemented by Omar Bradley. Groves oversaw the Battle of Denver alongside Bradley.

Le teacht an Race Conquest Flot i 1942, an chríochnú de American buama adamhach tháinig go bhfuil i bhfad níos tábhachtaí. Dá bhrí sin, bhí an brú ar Leslie Groves an tionscadal a fheiceáil go dtí go mbeadh sé críochnaithe. Ghlac sé sampla de plútóiniam ó fho-uisceadóir na Breataine i Boston Harbor. Thóg sé an plútóiniam go Denver, áit a d'éirigh sé leis na fisiceoirí SAM ag obair ar bhuama adamhach. D'fhan Groves i Denver mar cheannasaí ar Thionscadal Manhattan go dtí go raibh an tionscadal sin críochnaithe. Rinne sé cosaint Denver a dhearadh nuair a chuaigh an Rás ar aghaidh ar an gcathair sin i 1944. Chuir Omar Bradley na cosaintí sin i bhfeidhm. D'fhéach Groves ar Pháirtí Denver in éineacht le Bradley.


SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a communication protocol that is employed in signaling and managing multimedia communication sessions. It is used over Internet protocol (IP) networks to provide a huge array of services like voice calls, video calls and instant messaging.
The main reason why SIP is preferred is that it is a highly flexible protocol with a huge depth. Due to its design, it is able to act in a general purpose manner in order to establish real-time multimedia sessions between groups of participants. In simpler terms, SIP is able to set up audio and video multicast meetings along with the old school telephone calls. One of the most important features SIP provides is forking, which allows distribution of calls to the various extension.
SIP forking can be defined as the process of splitting a single SIP call to multiple SIP endpoints. In the traditional models, forking has to be initiated manually. Moreover, regular minute charges or in some cases double minute charges can be applied. With SIP forking several phones can ring at once or a set of phones can ring in a sequential order until they reach the end and are sent to the voice mailbox.
The term “Forking” means dividing a direction. The applications which are installed on SIP endpoints are termed as “User Agents”. These end points or user agents can work in two manners: They can either be a user agent client (if sending a request) or a user agent server (if receiving a request). When a request is sent, a session is initiated; the phone looks for the best available user agent by using a separate program which is called a “Back-to-Back Agent” whose job is to connect the server and client user agents.
Call Rules in SIP Forking
When using SIP there is an option of setting up a set of pre-determined rules called Call Rules. These call rules enable a SIP network to automate basic tasks for an efficient workflow. Call rules are of two types- Dynamic and Manual.
Manual rules are simple. They check for a condition and then either perform or avoid a certain action. For example, you can set up a rule that makes sure that your phone does not rings at all when anyone calls, the caller is directly sent to the mail box. A modification to this rule can be the addition of a few VIP callers that are allowed to call you while others are sent to voice mail.
Dynamic rules are a bit more complex. Citing the same example, a dynamic rule will automatically check your calendar and the time of the day to know when is the time you might be in a meeting or otherwise unavailable and it sends the caller to voice mail automatically. You don’t have to prompt it to do anything.
These call rules make the automation of telephone based work centers easy, allowing for a lot more productivity.
In a Nutshell
Any VoIP service provider worth its salt uses SIP for providing the best communication to its clients. While there are other alternatives like H.323, SIP provides more features with a less complex architecture thus making it the clear winner against other protocols of a similar nature.
There are many advantages that SIP provides for VoIP communication which includes:
- User Location and Registration
- User Availability
- User Capability
- Session Setup
- Session Management
SIP has allowed VoIP to reach its current success. It has shattered geographic barriers and made the whole world a single workplace. With the wonders of SIP forking it has helped businesses increase their productivity and grow productively.

Is prótacal cumarsáide é SIP (Prótacal Tosaithe Seisiúin) a úsáidtear chun seisiúin cumarsáide ilmheánmhéide a chomharthaíocht agus a bhainistiú. Úsáidtear é thar líonraí prótacail Idirlín (IP) chun réimse ollmhór seirbhísí a sholáthar mar glaonna gutha, glaonna físe agus teachtaireachtaí láithreach.
Is é an príomhchúis a bhfuil SIP is fearr ná go bhfuil sé ina phrótacal an-solúbtha le doimhneacht ollmhór. Mar gheall ar a dhearadh, tá sé in ann gníomhú ar bhealach cuspóir ginearálta chun seisiúin il-amhriachtanacha a bhunú idir grúpaí rannpháirtithe. I bhfocail níos simplí, is féidir le SIP cruinnithe multicast fuaime agus físe a chur ar bun in éineacht leis na sean-ghairm theilifíne scoile. Ceann de na gnéithe is tábhachtaí a sholáthraíonn SIP ná forking, a cheadaíonn dáileadh glaonna ar na síneadh éagsúla.
Is féidir forking SIP a shainiú mar an próiseas chun glao SIP amháin a roinnt le pointí deiridh SIP éagsúla. I múnlaí traidisiúnta, ní mór forking a thosú de láimh. Ina theannta sin, féadfar muirir rialta nó i gcásanna áirithe muirir dúbailte a chur i bhfeidhm. Le forking SIP is féidir le roinnt teileafóin fuaim a chur ag an am céanna nó is féidir le sraith teileafóin fuaim a chur in ord ordúil go dtí go sroicheann siad an deireadh agus go gcuirtear chuig an mbosca post guth.
Ciallaíonn an téarma Forking treo a roinnt. Tugtar "Agentí Úsáideora" ar na hiarratais a shuiteáiltear ar phointí deiridh SIP. Is féidir leis na pointí deiridh nó gníomhairí úsáideora seo oibriú ar dhá bhealach: Is féidir leo a bheith ina gcliant gníomhaire úsáideora (má chuireann siad iarratas) nó ina fhreastalaí gníomhaire úsáideora (má fhaigheann siad iarratas). Nuair a seoltar iarratas, tosaítear seisiún; cuireann an fón an ghníomhaire úsáideora is fearr atá ar fáil ar fáil trí chlár ar leithligh a úsáid ar a dtugtar Back-to-Back Agent a bhfuil a phost ag nascadh na n-aignéithe úsáideora freastalaí agus cliant.
Rialacha glaonna i bhFócaireacht SIP
Nuair a úsáidtear SIP tá rogha ann sraith rialacha réamhchinnithe a chur ar bun ar a dtugtar Rialacha Glao. Cuireann na rialacha glaonna seo ar chumas líonra SIP tascanna bunúsacha a uathoibriú le haghaidh sreabhadh oibre éifeachtach. Tá dhá chineál rialacha glaonna - Dinimiciúil agus lámhleabhar.
Tá na rialacha láimhe simplí. Seiceálann siad ar choinníoll agus ansin gníomh áirithe a dhéanamh nó a sheachaint. Mar shampla, is féidir leat a chur ar bun riail a chinntíonn nach bhfuil do ghuthán clinging ar chor ar bith nuair a ghlaonn duine ar bith, an glaoch a sheoladh go díreach chuig an mbosca poist. Is féidir le modhú ar an riail seo roinnt glaoiteoirí VIP a chur leis a bhfuil cead acu glaoch a dhéanamh ort agus daoine eile a sheoladh chuig post guth.
Tá rialacha dinimiciúla beagán níos casta. Ag lua an sampla céanna, seiceálfaidh riail dinimiciúil do chuid féilire agus an t-am den lá go huathoibríoch chun a fháil amach cén t-am a d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith i gcruinniú nó nach bhfuil tú ar fáil ar shlí eile agus seolann sé an glaoiteoir go post guth go huathoibríoch. Ní gá duit a spreagadh chun rud ar bith a dhéanamh.
Déanann na rialacha glaonna seo uathoibriú ionaid oibre trí theilifís a dhéanamh éasca, rud a cheadaíonn táirgiúlacht i bhfad níos mó.
Go Hachomair
Baineann aon soláthraí seirbhíse VoIP a bhfuil luach air úsáid as SIP chun an cumarsáid is fearr a sholáthar dá chliaint. Cé go bhfuil roghanna eile ann mar H.323, soláthraíonn SIP níos mó gnéithe le hailtireacht níos casta agus dá bhrí sin déanann sé an buaiteoir soiléir i gcoinne prótacail eile de chineál den chineál céanna.
Tá go leor buntáistí a sholáthraíonn SIP do chumarsáid VoIP lena n-áirítear:
- Suíomh agus Cláraithe an Úsáideora
- Inrochtaineacht d'úsáideoirí
- Cumas Úsáideora
- Socrú seisiúin
- Bainistíocht Seisiúin
Thug SIP deis do VoIP a rath reatha a bhaint amach. Tá sé tar éis bacainní geografacha a bhriseadh agus an domhan ar fad a dhéanamh ina ionad oibre amháin. Leis na míorbhuartha a bhaineann le SIP, chabhraigh sé le gnólachtaí a dtáirgeacht a mhéadú agus fás táirgiúil a dhéanamh.


Charles Darwin. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. London: John Murray, 1877. First editi...
|Sold for:||Sign-in or Join (free & quick)|
|Claim Item:||Sign-in or Join (free & quick)|
|Auction Ended On:||Sep 13, 2011|
19 Internet/mail/phone bidders
2,864 page views
Heritage Auctions - Beverly Hills
9478 West Olympic Blvd., 1st Floor
Beverly Hills, CA 90212
Edouard Heckel was the translator of several of Darwin's works into French, including this one. Tipped in at the beginning of the book are three autograph letters signed by Charles Darwin (one signed "Ch. Darwin"), written to Heckel. Each letter is on notepaper measuring 8 x 5 inches and all are folded together to fit inside the dimensions of the book. All have the address "Down, Beckenham, Kent, Railway Station, Orpington, S.E. R." printed in the top right corner.
The letters cover the period November, 1877 to August 13, 1878, as Heckel was preparing the French translation of Different Forms of Flowers. Darwin offers praise, suggestions, and appreciation in these three letters. Heckel's translation, Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce was published in Paris in July, 1878 by Reinwald.
This letters in this lot:
The first letter is dated Nov. 20, 1877 and concerns Darwin's appreciation of Heckel's translation of his Cross and Self-Fertilisation (1877), calling it "excellent." He writes that he would be delighted if Heckel could somehow find a publisher for a French translation of the present work: "It would please me much to see a translation by you of the Different Forms of Flowers, but M. Reinwald informed me some little time since, that in the present political state of France he was afraid to bring out a translation." One page.
The second letter is dated Jan. 1, 1878. Heckel has begun translating Different Forms of Flowers, and has asked Darwin for direction on translating plant names (specifically the cowslip and the oxslip). Darwin warns him of two "BAD errata" which had been published in the English edition, and which, apparently, had caused him a certain amount of grief: on page 162 "shortest stamens" had been incorrectly printed as "mid-length stamens," and on p. 205 "own-form mid-length stamens" hand been incorrectly printed as "own-form shortest stamens." Heckel has made the corrections in this copy. Three pages.
The third letter is dated Aug. 13, 1878. Darwin writes Heckel to thank him for his work and to acknowledge that it is largely due to Heckel's translations that his work is known in France. One page.
Heckel's notes on the preliminary page of the book show his progress on the translation: when he started, when he finished, and when the work was published.Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce was published in July, 1878 by Reinwald.
Service and Handling Description: Books & Catalogs (view shipping information)

Charles Darwin. - Tá sé. Na Foirmeacha Difríúla Bláthanna ar Plandaí den Speiceas céanna. Londain: John Murray, 1877. An chéad eagrán...
Díoltar le haghaidh:
│ Claim Item:
♪ Ceiliúradh a chríochnaigh ar: ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪
19 Tairgeoirí ar an Idirlíon/post/téileafón
2,864 amharc ar leathanach
Díolacháin Oidhreachta - Beverly Hills
9478 West Olympic Blvd., 1ú Hurlár
Beverly Hills, CA 90212
Ba é Edouard Heckel an t-aistriúchán ar roinnt de shaothar Darwin go Fraincis, lena n-áirítear an ceann seo. Tá trí litir autograph sínithe ag Charles Darwin (a síníodh "Ch. Darwin"), a scríobh sé chuig Heckel. Tá gach litir ar pháipéar nótaí a thomhas 8 x 5 orlach agus tá gach ceann acu fillte le chéile chun freastal ar thomhais an leabhair. Tá an seoladh "Down, Beckenham, Kent, Stáisiún Iarnróid, Orpington, SE R. " i gcúinne uachtarach ar dheis.
Clúdaíonn na litreacha an tréimhse ó Samhain, 1877 go 13 Lúnasa, 1878, agus Heckel ag ullmhú an aistriúcháin Fraincis de Dath éagsúil na Bláthanna. Tugann Darwin moladh, moltaí, agus meas sna trí litir seo. Foilsíodh aistriúchán Heckel, Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce i bPáras i mí Iúil, 1878 ag Reinwald.
An litreacha seo sa lán seo:
Tá an chéad litir de dháta 20 Samhain, 1877 agus baineann sé le meas Darwin ar aistriúchán Heckel ar a Chros agus Féin-Fertilisation (1877), ag glaoch air "an-mhaith". Scríobhann sé go mbeadh áthas air dá bhféadfaí Heckel foilsitheoir a aimsiú ar bhealach éigin le haghaidh aistriúchán Fraincis den saothar seo: "Bheadh sé an-sásta dom aistriúchán a fheiceáil óna dtugaibh ar na Foirmeacha Difríúla Bláthanna, ach chuir M. Reinwald in iúl dom tamall beag ó shin, go raibh eagla air aistriúchán a thabhairt amach i stát polaitiúil na Fraince atá ann faoi láthair". Leathanach amháin.
Tá an dara litir de dháta 1 Eanáir, 1878. Thosaigh Heckel ag aistriú Foirmeacha Difrí na mBlochain, agus d'iarr sé ar Darwin treoir maidir le hainmneacha plandaí a aistriú (go sonrach an cowslip agus an oxslip). Darwin warns him of two "BAD errata" which had been published in the English edition, and which, apparently, had caused him a certain amount of grief: on page 162 "shortest stamens" had been incorrectly printed as "mid-length stamens", and on p. 205 "own-form mid-length stamens" hand was incorrectly printed as "own-form shortest stamens". Rinne Heckel na ceartaithe sa chóip seo. Trí leathanach.
Tá an tríú litir de dáta 13 Lúnasa, 1878. Scríobhann Darwin chuig Heckel chun buíochas a ghabháil leis as a chuid oibre agus chun a aithint go bhfuil a chuid oibre ar eolas sa Fhrainc go mór mar gheall ar aistrithe Heckel. Leathanach amháin.
Léiríonn nótaí Heckel ar leathanach tosaigh an leabhair a dhul chun cinn ar an aistriúchán: nuair a thosaigh sé, nuair a chríochnaigh sé, agus nuair a foilsíodh an saothar. Foilsíodh Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce i mí Iúil, 1878 ag Reinwald.
Tuairisc ar Sheirbhís agus ar Láimhseáil: Leabhair & Catalóga (féach faisnéis loingseoireachta)


A kind of fruit fly that can tolerate an oderiferous plant may have started its speciation path with mutations that made it not notice a bad smell. Vote for Scientific American in the podcast category at www.webbyawards.com
They call it…seriously…vomit fruit. Tahitian Noni is a Polynesian shrub that smells so bad, well, you get the idea. Anyway, most species of fruit fly stay away from the plant, which gets its nasty smell from the presence of hexanoic and octanoic acids. The flies’ aversion is well-founded—if they even alight on the fetid fruit, they die. But one species of fruit fly, Drosphila sechellia, loves the pukey plant. It even lays its eggs there.
In a study just published in Public Library of Science Biology, researchers looked at the genetic differences between Sechellia and close relatives that shun the Noni. They found a very different pattern of expression of two genes responsible for olfaction, smell for us, that made the Sechellia fruit flies no longer notice the bad smell. More research will unravel the rest of the story—but it seems a good bet that once the Sechellia stopped minding the funk, they quickly developed a resistance to the acidic environment that kills other species of Drosophila. And mutations that made a few flies tolerate a smelly plant may have been the first steps toward a new species.

D'fhéadfadh cineál eitiltí torthaí a d'fhéadfadh plandaí smúthúil a fhulaingt a bheith ag tosú a shlí speiceála le mutations a rinne nach dtuigfeadh sé droch-bhriseadh. Vótáil do Scientific American sa chatagóir podchraoladh ag www.webbyawards.com
Glaoigh siad é... go dáiríre... torthaí vomit. Tá Noni Tahitian arbhar Polynesian go bhfuil smells chomh dona, go maith, a fháil ar an smaoineamh. Ar aon nós, fanann an chuid is mó de speicis an eitilt torthaí ar shiúl ón gléasra, a fhaigheann a smid olc ó láithreacht aigéid heicseanoic agus octa-óic. Tá an flies' aversion tá bonn maith-má tá siad fiú tuirlingt ar an torthaí stinky, bás a fháil. Ach is breá le speiceas amháin de eitiltí torthaí, Drosphila sechellia, an gléasra vomy. Tá sé fiú a chuid uibheacha a leagan ann.
I staidéar a foilsíodh le déanaí in Leabharlann Poiblí na Bitheolaíochta Eolaíochta, d'fhéach taighdeoirí ar na difríochtaí géiniteacha idir Sechellia agus gaolta dlúithe a sheachnaíonn an Noni. Fuair siad patrún an-difriúil léiriú dhá ghine atá freagrach as an smál, an boladh dúinn, a rinne na flea torthaí Sechellia a thuilleadh a thabhairt faoi deara an droch-boladh. Beidh tuilleadh taighde a unravel an chuid eile den scéal - ach is cosúil go bhfuil geall maith go nuair a stopadh an Sechellia minding an funk, d'fhorbair siad go tapa friotaíocht don timpeallacht aigéadach go marbhadh speicis eile de Drosophila. Agus b'fhéidir gurbh iad na hathruithe a rinne cúpla eitilt a d'fhulaing plandaí stinking na chéad chéimeanna i dtreo speiceas nua.


CHD stands for Congenital Heart Disease or Congenital Heart Defect. CHD is an abnormality in the heart that is present at birth.
As the #1 birth defect, CHD affects 1.35 million infants every year worldwide.
CHD kills 2x more children each year than all forms of childhood cancer combined.
1 in every 10 children diagnosed with CHD does not live to adulthood.
The short answer is, for most cases, we really don't know. A few known causes and risk factors have been identified, but more research is needed to better understand exactly when and why CHD occurs.
Very mild defects may resolve on their own as the child grows. Other defects may require medication, catheterization, or even heart surgery. Approximately 1/3 of children born with CHD will require some type of intervention within the first year of their life for survival.
More severe forms of CHD are now often diagnosed by ultrasound during pregnancy. Some cases may be diagnosed shortly after birth and others may remain undetected until adolescence or early adulthood.
Many of these types of CHD have multiple variations depending on the individual's unique anatomy. Several defects may occur together and others may be found in isolation.
Hearing the words, "There's something wrong with your baby's heart" is a scary moment. In that instant, you are unexpectedly thrust into a world of unknowns, medical jargon, and fear for your child. You are not alone. There are many resources available to connect with other families who have walked this road before you and organizations that can help.

Is éard atá i CHD ná galar croí coigníneach nó locht croí coigníneach. Is neamhghnáchas sa chroí é CHD atá i láthair ag an mbreith.
Mar an locht breith #1 is é CHD an locht is mó a théann i bhfeidhm ar 1.35 milliún leanbh gach bliain ar fud an domhain.
Faigheann CHD dhá oiread leanaí a mharú gach bliain ná gach cineál ailse óige le chéile.
Ní mhaireann 1 as gach 10 leanbh a dhiagnóisiítear le CHD go dtí an folláine.
Is é an freagra gearr, i bhformhór na gcásanna, nach bhfuil a fhios againn i ndáiríre. Tá cúpla cúis agus fachtóir riosca ar eolas, ach tá gá le tuilleadh taighde chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an am agus ar an gcúis a tharlaíonn CHD.
D'fhéadfadh míchumas an-éadrom a réiteach dá gcuid féin de réir mar a fhásann an leanbh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le leigheas, catheterization, nó fiú máinliacht croí le míchompord eile. Beidh gá le cuid de chineál idirghabhála ag thart ar 1/3 de na páistí a rugadh le CHD laistigh den chéad bhliain dá saol chun maireachtáil.
Is minic a dhéantar diagnóis anois ar fhoirmeacha níos déine de CHD trí ultrafhuaime le linn toirchis. D'fhéadfadh go ndéanfaí roinnt cásanna a dhiagnóisiú go gairid tar éis breith agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine eile gan a bheith le feiceáil go dtí an déagóirí nó luath-dhoras.
Tá éagsúlachtaí iomadúla ag go leor de na cineálacha seo de CHD ag brath ar anatamaíocht uathúil an duine aonair. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt lochtanna le chéile agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh lochtanna eile ar leithligh.
Is nóiméad scanrúil é na focail, "Tá rud éigin cearr le croí do pháiste". Sa nóiméad sin, tá tú i dtimpeallacht gan choinne i saol na n-easnamh, na searbhónta leighis, agus eagla ar do leanbh. Níl tú i d'aonar. Tá go leor acmhainní ar fáil chun teagmháil a dhéanamh le teaghlaigh eile a shiúil ar an mbóthar seo roimh tú agus le heagraíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú.


The Brown Argus Aricia agestis is another new butterfly that Trust members have found in Ox Close Wood and in fields in East Keswick. This is great news – showing that the management of our reserves is being rewarded with these successes (see Silver-washed Fritillary, below). The caterpillers’ foodplant is usually Common Rock Rose but more recently they have started to use various geraniums, including Meadow Cranesbill, of which there is plenty in the parish.
A New Butterfly… Silver-washed Fritillary
A Silver-washed Fritillary butterfly has been seen for the first time in Ox Close. A male (characterised by the bands along the forewings) was seen on at least three occasions. Its foodplant is Violet of which there are plenty in the wood – so with a bit of luck…. it could breed!
I was able to photograph a Hornet in Ox Close this afternoon.
This is the first I’ve seen in the wood and it confirms its presence which has been suspected for a couple of years now.
For the first time since the 18th century, cows are grazing in Ox Close Wood!
The cows will graze the paddock for a few weeks after which they will go to another reserve to continue their conservation grazing.
Once part of the Common lands of EastKeswick, Ox Close was a wood pasture where wood and timber could be cut and extracted during the winter months and animals grazed during the summer by the Commoners of the village – usually the most prominent residents. By the end of the 18th century, the management of Common lands was deemed inefficient so increasing numbers of individual parish Parliamentary Enclosure Acts were passed to provide the legal framework for privatisation. All Commoners rights to graze in Ox Close ceased at the beginning of 19th century on the enclosure of East Keswick when the wood became part of the Harewood Estate.
The photos show three cows, each with a calf being let into the wood. Because Clarita (below) has horns, she had to be transported separated from her calf and separately from the other cows.
Even though Autumn is approaching quickly, there’s still plenty to see in the wood. Of the birds, there are quite a few Buzzards and, along the river, Kingfishers. Nuthatches have done well this year.
There are still two or three species of butterfly, particularly the Speckled Wood, and the Red Admirals are looking very smart in their newly-emerged condition.
Similarly for Odonata. Brown Hawkers and still present and there were four or five Southern Hawkers. I didn’t see any Darters today, but they will be around still.
During the last 12 months Ash Dieback has become very noticeable. Younger trees are more susceptible than mature trees although we have yet to see the full impact of this fungal disease. Dutch Elm Disease has been present for many years: Many of the Elms in the wood are reaching the age (20 to 25 years) when the Elm Bark Beetle can lay its eggs under the tree’s bark but our (EKWT) regular coppicing of living trees extends their life, ensuring a reliable food source for the White-letter Hairstreak butterflies.
Last Friday the workparty cut and raked an area at the lower end of the grazing pasture to give next year’s Bluebells a clear area in which to flower.
So Summer is here!
SUCCESS AT LAST. Brimstone butterflies are breeding.
7th-9th May 2010. Brimstone butterflies were seen egg laying on the Alder Buckthorn. This is fantastic news. Back in January 2003, fifty Alder Buckthorn saplings were planted along the top ride in the hope of attracting Brimstone butterflies. Over the years since then, only the occasional insect has been seen. But this weekend at least three pairs were seen – with the females egg laying. It is likely that these insects are the offspring of some that bred unseen last year. See the photo in the Butterflies gallery.

Is é an Braon Argus Aricia agestis an bráithreán nua eile a d'aimsigh baill an Chreidmheasa i mBus Ox Close agus i réimsí in Oirthear Keswick. Is dea-scéal é seo  a léiríonn go bhfuil na rathanna seo á luacháil ar bhainistiú ár gcúlchistí (féach Fritillary glanta airgid, thíos). Is é an planda bia a bhíonn ag na caterpillars de ghnáth Common Rock Rose ach le déanaí tá siad ag tosú ag úsáid geraniums éagsúla, lena n-áirítear Meadow Cranesbill, a bhfuil go leor acu sa pharóiste.
A Butterfly Nua... Fritillary Silver-laistithe
Tá féileacán Fritillary glan-airgead le feiceáil den chéad uair i Ox Close. Bhí fear (a bhfuil na bannaí ar feadh na n-uimhreacha tosaigh) le feiceáil ar thrí ócáid ar a laghad. Is é an planda bia Violet a bhfuil go leor acu sa choille  mar sin le beagán de luck.... d'fhéadfadh sé breed!
Bhí mé in ann grianghraf a thógáil de Hornet i Ox Close an tráthnóna seo.
Is é seo an chéad Ive feicthe sa choille agus deimhníonn sé a láithreacht a bhí amhras ar feadh cúpla bliain anois.
Don chéad uair ó na 18ú haois, tá muca ag féasóg i mBó an Oisín!
Beidh na bóithre ag féasadh an paddock ar feadh cúpla seachtain agus ina dhiaidh sin rachaidh siad chuig cúlchiste eile chun leanúint lena gcuid féasadh caomhnaithe.
Nuair a bhí sé mar chuid de thailte Coitinne EastKeswick, bhí Ox Close ina phreasóg adhmaid áit ar féidir adhmad agus adhmad a ghearradh agus a bhaint le linn mhíonna an gheimhridh agus ainmhithe a bhí ag féileadh le linn an tsamhraidh ag Coitinneoirí an bhaile - de ghnáth na cónaitheoirí is suntasaí. Faoi dheireadh an 18ú haois, measadh go raibh bainistíocht na dtailte Coitinne neamhéifeachtach agus mar sin, tugadh líon méadaithe d'Achtanna Ceardaíochta Parlaiminteacha páirceanna aonair chun an creat dlíthiúil a sholáthar le haghaidh príobháidí. D'éirigh le gach ceart Commoners a bheith ag féile i dTeach Ox ag tús an 19ú haois ar an gclos East Keswick nuair a tháinig an adhmad mar chuid de Mhaoinse Harewood.
Taispeánann na grianghraif trí bhail, gach ceann acu le cailín ag ligean isteach sa choille. Toisc go bhfuil corna ag Clarita (ar an íochtar), b'éigean í a iompar ar leithligh óna chailín agus ar leithligh ó na bóithre eile.
Cé go bhfuil an fhómhar ag teacht go tapa, tá go leor le feiceáil fós sa choille. De na héin, tá go leor Buzzards agus, feadh an abhainn, Kingfishers. Tá Nuthatches déanta go maith i mbliana.
Tá fós dhá nó trí speiceas de butterfly, go háirithe an adhmad Speckled, agus tá na Red Admirals ag breathnú an-smart ina riocht nua-éirithe.
Ar an gcaoi chéanna le haghaidh Odonata. Brown Hawkers agus fós i láthair agus bhí ceithre nó cúig Hawkers Theas. Ní fhaca mé aon Darters inniu, ach beidh siad a bheith thart fós.
Le 12 mhí anuas, tá an-tóir ar Ash Dieback. Tá crainn níos óige níos so-ghabhálacha ná crainn aibí cé nach bhfuil an tionchar iomlán ar an ghalair fungach seo le feiceáil go fóill. Tá galar na hAlmáine i láthair le blianta fada: Tá go leor de na hAlmáine sa choille ag teacht ar an aois (20 go 25 bliain) nuair is féidir leis an Beetle Bark Elm a uibheacha a leagan faoi chraiceann na crainn ach cuireann ár (EKWT) cóipeáil rialta ar chrainn beo a saol ar aghaidh, ag cinntiú foinse bia iontaofa do na liopaí Bán-litir Hairstreak.
An Aoine seo caite, rinne an grúpa oibre limistéar a ghearradh agus a ghreamú ag deireadh na féaraí féaraí chun limistéar glan a thabhairt do Bluebells an bhliain seo chugainn chun bláthanna a chur ann.
Mar sin tá Summer anseo!
SUCCESS ar deireadh. Tá na bratachraobháin sulfstone ag breeding.
7-9 Bealtaine 2010. Chonaic farraigeanna sulfstone uibheacha a leagan ar an Alder Buckthorn. Is nuacht iontach é seo. Ar ais i mí Eanáir 2003, plandáil caoga fichid Alder Buckthorn ar feadh an turas is airde i dóchas go dtógfadh siad féileacáin Brimstone. Le blianta ó shin, ní fhaightear ach an t-inseacht seo ó am go ham. Ach an deireadh seachtaine seo, feictear trí phéire ar a laghad  leis na mná ag cur uibheacha. Is dócha gur sliocht iad na h-ionsaithe seo de chuid de na h-ionsaithe a d'fhás gan a bheith le feiceáil an bhliain seo caite. Féach ar an grianghraf sa gailearaí Butterflies.


Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country that links Europe and Asia continents through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits.
Its area is approximately 785,000 sq km. Check out Turkey photos to view the beautiful Black Sea
and Mediterranean beaches, mountains, lakes and rivers.
The official name of Turkey is the "Republic of Turkey", also called the "Anatolian Peninsula" or the "Land of the Turks".
The name is spelled in Turkish as Turkiye. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is considered the founder of modern Turkey.
Ankara is the capital of Turkey, and Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) is the largest and most important city.
Other main cities in Turkey include Izmir, Adana, Bursa,
Antalya, Gaziantep, Konya, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, Marmaris and Bodrum.
Turkey tourism is an important sector of the Turkish economy,
in addition to services, agriculture and several other industries. Millions of tourists visit Turkey each year for business,
culture, entertainment and leisure. Turkey hotels and resorts and restaurants offer
high levels of service.
The Turkish Peninsula is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world. It was the home to many ancient civilisations, mainly the Ottoman Empire.
Turkish history is rich in cultural hertiage, architecture, literature, art and historic achievments.
Turkey has a wealth of religious and historic sites and monumnets including the ancient city of Ephesus,
the Agia Sofia, the Great Mosque and Hospital of Divrigi. Also, the Ancient Greek Temple of Artemis one of the Wonders of the Ancient World and
the archaeological sites of Troy, Hattusha, Safranbolu, Xanthos-Letoon and Cappadocia.
The population of Turkey is around 78.78 millions. The main spoken languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek and English.
Turkish food is a mix of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines.
Kebab is a Turkish specialty with many flavors, other national dishes include mezze assortment,
meat dishes, fish and salads. Turkish sweets and delights are also famous, such as baklava, lokum and icecream.
Turkish coffee is very popular worldwide.

Is tír Eorais-Aise tras-chríochach í an Tuirc a nascann mór-roinn na hEorpa agus na hÁise trí strataí Bosphorus agus Dardanelles.
Tá a limistéar thart ar 785,000 ciliméadar cearnach. Féach ar na grianghraif ón Tuirc chun an Mhuir Dhubh álainn a fheiceáil
agus tránna Meánmhara, sléibhte, lochanna agus aibhneacha.
Is é "Poblacht na Tuirce" ainm oifigiúil na Tuirce, ar a dtugtar "an Choileán Anatólach" nó "Tír na dTuirceach" freisin.
Is é an t-ainm a litriú i Tuirc mar Turkiye. Meastar go bhfuil Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ina bhunaitheoir na Tuirce nua-aimseartha.
Is í Ankara príomhchathair na Tuirce, agus is í Iostanbúl (Constantinopolis roimhe seo) an chathair is mó agus is tábhachtaí.
I measc na bpríomhchathair eile sa Tuirc tá Izmir, Adana, Bursa,
Antalya, Gaziantep, Konya, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, Marmaris agus Bodrum.
Tá turasóireacht na Tuirce ina earnáil thábhachtach de gheilleagar na Tuirce,
Chomh maith leis na seirbhísí, tá talmhaíocht agus roinnt tionscail eile. Tagann na milliúin turasóirí go Tuirc gach bliain chun gnó a dhéanamh,
cultúr, siamsaíocht agus fóillíocht. Tairgtear óstáin agus áiteanna saoire agus bialanna sa Tuirc
ardleibhéil seirbhíse.
Tá an Chipir-Eorpach ar cheann de na réigiúin is sine a bhfuil cónaí orthu go leanúnach ar domhan. Ba é an baile a bhí ag go leor sibhialtachtaí ársa, go príomha an Impireacht Ottoman.
Tá stair na Tuirce saibhir i dtréithe cultúrtha, ailtireacht, litríocht, ealaín agus éachtaí stairiúla.
Tá saibhreas áiteanna reiligiúnacha agus stairiúla agus cuimhneacháin sa Tuirc lena n-áirítear an chathair ársa Ephesus,
Agia Sofia, Mosc Mór agus Ospidéal Divrigi. Chomh maith leis sin, an Teampall Gréagach Ártéimis ceann de na Wonders an Domhain Ársa agus
na suíomhanna seandálaíochta i dTrói, Hattusha, Safranbolu, Xanthos-Letoon agus Cappadocia.
Tá daonra na Tuirce thart ar 78.78 milliún. Is iad na príomh-theangacha labhartha an Tuirc, an Chúrdach, an Araibis, an Airméinis, an Ghréigis agus an Béarla.
Is meascán de chultúir an Mheánoirthir agus na Meánmhara é bia na Tuirce.
Is speisialtóireacht Tuircis í Kebab le go leor blasanna, áirítear le miasa náisiúnta eile measúnú mezze,
bia feola, iasc agus saladach. Tá cáiliúlacht ar fáil freisin ar bhlasraí agus ar bhlasraí na Tuirce, mar shampla baklava, lokum agus uachtar reoite.
Tá caife na Tuirce an-tóir ar fud an domhain.


The main heroine of the novel Emma is young, rich, noble, well-born. She doesn’t have the strength, perseverance and, apparently, the desire to do something seriously. As a result, she does not possess the talents, the ordinary paints, ordinary plays piano and sings.
Jane Austen mocks her the heroine , mocking her arrogance, a certain amount of conceit. Emma, not being able to understand people, likes to get involved in someone else’s life. Thinks she’s a perceptive girl, she tries to matchmake of people not paying attention to their feelings, their desires and opinions. These attempts fail and Emma deceived in their expectations constantly.
But with each new mistake she humbles her vanity, lose the pride, learns to appreciate the true feelings and reject the flattery becomes more tolerant, more forgiving to people. Around her, people, influencing her, improve her character and personality for the better, helping her to sort herself out.
In General, images of minor characters, the author succeeded to fame: Mr. Knightley, educated, educated, noble, prudent, wise in judgment, appears to be the ideal man; Mr. and Mrs. Elton, embodying the arrogance and arrogance, obsession and rudeness, sharpen some of the qualities of Emma.

Is é príomh-bhreacán an úrscéil Emma óg, saibhir, uasal, dea-bhunaithe. Níl an neart, an t-idirghníomhaíocht agus, is cosúil, an fonn aici rud éigin a dhéanamh go dáiríre. Mar thoradh air sin, ní bhfuil sí na buanna, na péinteálacha gnáth, pianó gnáth imríonn agus canann.
Jane Austen mocks sí an laoch, mocking a arrogance, méid áirithe de conceit. Emma, nach bhfuil in ann a thuiscint daoine, is maith leis a bheith i gceist i saol duine éigin eile. Smaoiníonn sí go bhfuil sí cailín intuigthe, déanann sí iarracht daoine a chur le chéile gan aird a thabhairt ar a mothúcháin, a mianta agus a gcuid tuairimí. Failíonn na hiarrachtaí seo agus bhí Emma ag magadh ina n-ionchais i gcónaí.
Ach le gach earráid nua ní mór di a vanity humble, a chailliúint an bród, foghlaimíonn sí a mheas na mothúcháin fíor agus diúltú an flattery a bheith níos fhulaingthe, níos mó maithiúnas a thabhairt do dhaoine. Ar a cuid timpeall, daoine, tionchar a imirt uirthi, a fheabhsú a carachtar agus pearsantacht ar an níos fearr, ag cabhrú léi a ordú féin amach.
Go ginearálta, íomhánna de charachtair bheaga, d'éirigh leis an údar a cáil: an tUasal Knightley, oideachas, oideachas, uasal, cúramach, ciallmhar i bhreithniú, is cosúil go bhfuil an fear idéalach; an tUasal agus Mrs. Elton, a chomhlachtú an arrogance agus arrogance, obsession agus rudteress, a sharpen roinnt de na cáilíochtaí Emma.


Can our immune system cause inflammation in the body and alter our mood?
Recent history is telling us if we want to make therapeutic breakthroughs in an area which remains incredibly important in terms of disability and suffering then we’ve got to think differently.
It’s not very often we get to talk about a revolution in understanding and treating depression and yet now doctors are talking about “one of the strongest discoveries in psychiatry for the last 20 years”.
It is based around the idea that some people are being betrayed by their fiercest protector. That their immune system is altering their brain.
The illness exacts a heavy toll on 350 million people around the world, among them Hayley Mason, from Cambridgeshire:
“My depression gets so bad that I can’t leave the bed, I can’t leave the bedroom, I can’t go downstairs and be with my partner and his kids.
The 30-year-old added: “I can’t have the TV on, I can’t have noise and light, I have suicidal thoughts, I have self-harmed, I can’t leave the house, I can’t drive.
“And just generally I am completely confined to my own home and everything else just feels too much.”
Anti-depressant drugs and psychological treatments, like cognitive behavioural therapy, help the majority of people.
But many don’t respond to existing therapies and so some scientists are now exploring a new frontier – whether the immune system could be causing depression.
“I think we have to be quite radical,” says Prof Ed Bullmore, the head of psychiatry at the University of Cambridge.
Read more: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-37166293

An féidir lenár gcóras imdhíonachta athlasadh a chur ar ár gcorp agus ár n-ainneoin a athrú?
Tá an stair le déanaí ag insint dúinn más mian linn teacht ar thréithe teiripeacha i réimse a bhfuil tábhacht mhór aige i dtéarmaí míchumais agus fulaingt, ansin ní mór dúinn smaoineamh ar bhealach difriúil.
Ní minic a labhraímid faoi réabhlóid i dtuiscint agus i gcóireáil an dúlagar agus fós anois tá dochtúirí ag caint faoi "ceacht de na fionnachtana is láidre sa síceatrí le 20 bliain anuas".
Tá sé bunaithe ar an smaoineamh go bhfuil roinnt daoine á ndíol ag a gcosaint is fiáine. Go bhfuil a gcóras imdhíonachta ag athrú a n-inchinn.
Tá an galar ag cur báis mhór ar 350 milliún duine ar fud an domhain, lena n-áirítear Hayley Mason, ó Cambridgeshire:
Tá mo thirim chomh dona sin nach féidir liom an leaba a fhágáil, ní féidir liom an seomra leapa a fhágáil, ní féidir liom dul síos an staighre agus a bheith le mo pháirtí agus a pháistí.
Dúirt an 30-bliadhna: "Ní féidir liom an teilifís a bheith ar siúl, ní féidir liom fuaim agus solas a bheith agam, tá smaointe féinmharúcha agam, rinne mé féin-gortú, ní féidir liom an teach a fhágáil, ní féidir liom tiomáint.
Agus go ginearálta tá mé go hiomlán teoranta do mo theach féin agus is cosúil go bhfuil gach rud eile ró-mhór.
Cabhraíonn drugaí frith-dhúlagar agus cóireálacha síceolaíocha, cosúil le teiripe imoibritheach cognaíoch, le formhór na ndaoine.
Ach ní fhreagraíonn go leor acu ar chóireálacha atá ann cheana agus mar sin tá roinnt eolaithe ag iniúchadh teorainn nua anois - an bhféadfadh an córas imdhíonachta a bheith ag cúis le dúlagar.
"Sílim go gcaithfimid a bheith an- radacach", a deir an tOllamh Ed Bullmore, ceann na síceatria in Ollscoil Cambridge.
Léigh tuilleadh: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-37166293


There’s a Christmas bird count underway, and it has nothing to do with the number of swans a’swimming or geese a’laying.
For the 121st year, the National Audubon Society is conducting its annual bird count, a community science project running through Jan. 5. Tens of thousands of bird lovers are expected to contribute to the effort, one of the world’s longest-running wildlife censuses, according to organizers.
“Birds are important environmental indicators, so whether you are new to birding or an expert, every action and data collected during Christmas Bird Count is important to help tell us about the quality of the environment and how we can take conservation action,” Nat Miller, conservation director for Audubon Great Lakes, said in a statement.
The “count” is actually an aggregation of data from scores of individual count circles, all 15 miles wide and each led by a “compiler” who’s responsible for submitting observations to Audubon. Volunteer participants tally all birds seen or heard within their given circle on a selected day. “All” birds means the total amount, not just the species — so, three French hens, not just “French hen.” The goal is to obtain a sense of the health of an area’s total bird population.
Coupled with data from other surveys, the Christmas count — in particular the long-term perspective it provides — gives researchers and conservationists a good picture of how North America’s bird populations have not only changed in numbers but also how they’ve moved over time.
Decades of Christmas count data was recently used to demonstrate a decline a nearly 3 billion North American birds since 1970. The information also measures how birds are responding to climate change by tracking their ranges, which helps conservationists develop strategies to protect birds and their habitat, according to the National Audubon Society.
One recent example taken from the Great Lakes has been the shift in migratory habits of the sandhill crane. The birds are now turning up in Christmas counts far north of their typical southern wintering grounds.
In 2019, the Christmas count included a record-setting 2,646 count circles: 1,992 counts in the U.S., 469 in Canada, and 185 in Latin America, the Caribbean, Bermuda and the Pacific Islands. More than 81,000 volunteers took part and tallied more than 42 million birds, representing more than 2,500 species. The total was 6 million fewer than in 2018, which was itself a very low number historically, according to the National Audubon Society. Additional research is being discussed to determine a cause.

Tá comhaireamh éan Nollag ar siúl, agus níl aon rud le déanamh leis an líon na snáithe a bhíonn ag snámh nó na gásanna a bhíonn ag cur.
Ar feadh an 121ú bliain, tá an Cumann Náisiúnta Audubon ag déanamh a chomhaireamh bliantúil éan, tionscadal eolaíochta pobail a reáchtálann go dtí 5 Eanáir. Táthar ag súil go gcuirfidh na mílte lucht grá éan a gcuid airgid leis an iarracht, ceann de na daonáirimh fiadhúlra is faide ar domhan, de réir na n-eagraithe.
"Is táscairí tábhachtacha comhshaoil iad éanlaith, mar sin cibé an bhfuil tú nua i ndán le héanlaith nó ina shaineolaí, tá gach gníomh agus sonraí a bhailítear le linn Chontae Éanlaith na Nollag tábhachtach chun cabhrú linn a insint dúinn faoi cháilíocht an chomhshaoil agus conas is féidir linn gníomh caomhnaithe a dhéanamh", a dúirt Nat Miller, stiúrthóir caomhnaithe do Audubon Great Lakes, i ráiteas.
Is é an "am-am" i ndáiríre comhtháthú sonraí ó scóir de chiorcail chomhaireamh aonair, gach 15 míle ar leithead agus gach ceann faoi stiúir "compilator" atá freagrach as breathnuithe a chur faoi bhráid Audubon. Déanann rannpháirtithe deonacha comhaireamh ar na héin go léir a fheictear nó a chloiseann siad laistigh dá ciorcal ar lá roghnaithe. All birds means the total amount, not just the species  so, three French hens, not just French hen. Is é an aidhm tuiscint a fháil ar shláinte phobal éan iomlán limistéir.
Chomh maith le sonraí ó suirbhéanna eile, tugann an líon Nollag - go háirithe an dearcadh fadtéarmach a sholáthraíonn sé - léargas maith d'fhor-shaothair na Meiriceá Thuaidh ar an gcaoi a bhfuil a líon éan ag athrú, ach freisin ar an gcaoi a bhfuil siad ag bogadh thar am.
Úsáidtear sonraí ar líon na Nollag le blianta fada le déanaí chun laghdú a léiriú beagnach 3 billiún éan Mheiriceá Thuaidh ó 1970. Déanann an t-eolas tomhas freisin ar an gcaoi a bhfuil éin ag freagairt d'athrú aeráide trí rianú a raon, rud a chabhraíonn le cosaintóirí straitéisí a fhorbairt chun éin agus a gnáthóg a chosaint, de réir an Chomhlachta Náisiúnta Audubon.
Sampla le déanaí a tógadh ó na Lochlanna Móra ná athrú ar nósanna imirce an chran Sandhill. Tá na héin ag teacht suas anois i gcúigí na Nollag i bhfad ó thuaidh óna gnáth-chríochanna geimhreadh ó dheas.
I 2019, bhí 2,646 ciorcal comhaireamh i measc an chomhaireamh Nollag: 1,992 comhaireamh sna Stáit Aontaithe, 469 i gCeanada, agus 185 i Meiriceá Laidineach, sa Mhuir Chairib, i mBermuda agus in Oileáin an Aigéin Chiúin. Ghlac níos mó ná 81,000 saorálach páirt agus rinne siad léitheoireacht ar níos mó ná 42 milliún éan, a léiríonn níos mó ná 2,500 speiceas. Ba é an t-iomlán 6 milliún níos lú ná in 2018, a bhí ina líon an-íseal go stairiúil, de réir an Chomhlachta Náisiúnta Audubon. Tá taighde breise á phlé chun cúis a chinneadh.


Our Winter field trip offerings are listed below. The accompanying lessons plans are a sample of the lessons present and the content of each field Trip my vary slightly based on the instructor presenting and individual class needs. To customize a lesson or for additional content not listed please contact the Field Trip Coordinator
Special Notes about winter field trips:
All students MUST wear hat, mittens or gloves, winter coat, snow pants and/or long underwear & winter boots (no tennis shoes allowed!!). Due to the added risk of being outdoors in the wintertime, Field Trip leaders have the option to not allow students to participate, if they are not appropriately dressed.
Winter Cancellation Policy:
the Center will not cancel any field trips due to weather, it is the responsibility of the teacher to
decide if a field trip should be cancelled. To cancel a field trip, please email the Field Trip Coordinator at email@example.com at least 2 hours in advance (3 hours for Gogebic/Ontonagon schools).
Winter trip lengths :
Please be sure to allow enough time for us to be able to put on snowshoes (15 min.), in addition to the field trip. An hour is the minimum for a winter field trip. 1-1/2 hours to 2 hours is ideal, especially for upper elementary lessons.
Field trips are available to schools in the CCISD and GOISD school districts.
Cost: The field trips are $40 per class (up to 30 students). The CCISD will invoice each school at the end of
the season for the total number of field trips provided for each school during that season.
Pre-K & Kindergarten
Gravity and Forces Duration: 1 hour – 1.5 hours
Students will investigate the push and pull forces on the snow-covered ground. They will also participate in sled activities involving friction and gravity. Standards addressed: K-PS2-1, K-PS2-
Camouflage Duration: 1-1.5 hours
What are two local animals that wear a white winter coat? We will take a closer look at these animals and how they are adapted for life in the snow. Standards addressed: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1
Winter Warmth Duration: 1-1.5 hours
How do the animals in our forests keep warm on freezing cold winter days? Students will perform experiments using different types of animal insulation (feathers, wool, fur and lard) to discover techniques various animals use to keep warm. Standards addressed: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1, K-2-ETS1-1, K-2-ETS1-3
Stupendous Snowflakes Duration: 1-1.5 hours
Why do snowflakes have so many different shapes? Students will learn how snowflakes form and closely examine snowflakes. They will discover that snowflakes have six sides, and then create their own snowflake models out of sticks and snowballs. Standards addressed: 2-PS1-1, 2-ESS2-3
Let it Snow! Let it Melt! Duration: 1-1.5 hours
What makes snow and ice melt? Students make observations and draw conclusions about what makes ice melt, as well as, explore the properties of and differences between solids and liquids. Standards addressed: 2-PS1-1, 2-PS1-4, 2-ESS2-3
Beneath the Snow Duration: 1-1.5 hours
Is there anything living under the snow? Actually, there is a flurry of activity occurring beneath the surface! Students explore this winter world, searching for signs of animals on the snow, in galls, under bark, and beneath the snow. Standards addressed: 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2
Winter BirdsDuration: 1-1.5 hours
How do birds cope with the cold? Some birds migrate out of our area for winter, some migrate in, and some stay here year-round. Students will learn the names of some of our winter birds and the variety of survival techniques they use, as well as, search for signs of birds. Standards addressed: 3-LS2-1, 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2
Best InsulatorDuration: 1.5-2 hours
Which socks should you wear to play outside−cotton, wool, fleece or quilted? Students will test the insulating qualities of these different materials, collect data, and create a graph of their findings. Standards addressed: 4-PS3-2, 4-LS1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-2, 3-5-ETS-1-3
Think Small Duration: 1-1.5 hours
Where do small mammals live in the winter, how do they stay warm, and what do they eat? Students will identify winter food webs and search for wildlife signs. Standards addressed: 4-ESS3-1, 4-LS1-1, 4-LS1-2
It’s Snow Good Duration: 1.5 -2 hours
Investigate the characteristics of that wonderful white substance that falls around us for months on end. Students will take measurements of snow volume at various depths, look closely at melting snow, and participate in a snow scavenger hunt. Standards addressed: 5-PS1-2, 5PS1-3, 3-5-ETS1-3
Track & Tale Duration: 1-2 hours
Finding tracks in the snow not only allows us to guess what critters passed by, but also what might have been happening at the time. Was there a chase? Was a rabbit nibbling quietly? What other types of animal sign can tell a story? Standards addressed: 5-LS1-1,5-LS2-1
Winter Survival Duration: 1.5- 2 hours
Students will practice team building and survival skills as they work together to decide from a list of items that would be most useful: whistle, compass, tarp or tin can? We will explore the concept of “wind chill” and learn techniques for building a winter shelter Standards addressed: MS- ETS1-1, MS-ETS1-3
Possible topics include:
Physics of Snow
Discover why snow and ice can take so many forms, from icicles, to drifts, to sheets of ice, to snowflakes.
Students will search for tracks and other signs of animals and interpret what they find.
How do animals adapt to the cold and find food, water and shelter? Students will participate in a variety of activities focusing on animal adaptations and survival.
Students will gain experience identifying trees, shrubs, forbs, and weeds in the winter landscape and explore their importance to wildlife, insects and humans.
You will meet your presenter(s) at the field trip site, unless other arrangements are made. All winter field trip locations listed below have a warming hut.
Locations for Winter Field Trips:
- Lake Linden-Hubbell School Forest
- Swedetown Ski Chalet
- Maasto Hiihto Ski Chalet
- Nara Chalet & Preserve
- Ottawa National Forest Visitor Center
- Paavola Wetlands
- MTU Ford Forestry Center
- Wolverine Ski Trails
- Your school
- Suggest a site (warming hut required)
Cancellation Policy: the Center will not cancel any field trips due to weather, it is the responsibility of the teacher to
decide if a field trip should be cancelled. To cancel a field trip, please please email the Field Trip Coordinator at firstname.lastname@example.org at least 2 hours in advance (3 hours for Gogebic/Ontonagon schools).
For more information, contact:
Brian Doughty, Field Trip Coordinator
Field Trip Financial Support
The Outdoor Science Investigation Field Trip Program has been funded since 2008 with a grant from the Wege Foundation to Michigan Tech.
In 2012 and 2015, snowshoes were purchased with support from the Keweenaw Community Foundation and the MEEMIC Foundation,
respectively. In 2016, another grant from the Keweenaw Community Foundation is funding technology to support outdoor investigations.
The field trip program is coordinated by the Michigan Tech’s Center for Science and Environmental Outreach and the Western UP Center for Science, Math and Environmental Education. It is funded in part by the Michigan Stem Partnership and the Wege Foundation.

Tá ár dtairiscintí turas réimse Gaelach liostaithe thíos. Is sampla de na ceachtanna atá i láthair na pleananna ceachtanna a ghabhann leis agus tá ábhar gach Turas Feirme ag athrú beagán bunaithe ar an teagascóir a chuireann i láthair agus ar riachtanais an aicme aonair. Chun ceacht a shaincheapadh nó le haghaidh ábhar breise nach bhfuil liostaithe le do thoil teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an Coordúire Taistil Réimse
Nótaí Speisialta maidir le turais réimse an gheimhridh:
Caithfidh gach mac léinn hata, glúine nó glúine, cóta geimhridh, pants sneachta agus / nó fo-éadaí fada agus bróg gheimhridh a chaitheamh (ní cheadaítear bróga teileascóireachta !!). Mar gheall ar an mbaol breise a bhaineann le bheith amuigh faoin aer i rith an gheimhridh, tá rogha ag ceannairí Turas Feirme nach ligfidh siad do mhic léinn páirt a ghlacadh, mura bhfuil siad cluthaithe go cuí.
Beartas Cealú an Gheimhridh:
Ní dhéanfaidh an tIonad aon turais chúrsa a chealú de bharr aimsir, is freagracht ar an múinteoir
cinneadh a dhéanamh ar cheart turas réimse a chealú. Chun turas ceantair a chealú, cuir ríomhphost chuig an gComhordóir Turas Ceantair ag email@example.com 2 uair an chloig ar a laghad roimh ré (3 uair an chloig do scoileanna Gogebic/Ontonagon).
Fad na turais i rith an gheimhridh:
Bí cinnte go mbeidh go leor ama againn chun go mbeidh muid in ann bróga sneachta a chur ar aghaidh (15 min. ), i dteannta an turais. Tá uair an chloig ar a laghad le haghaidh turas réimse an gheimhridh. Tá 1-1/2 uair go 2 uair an chloig oiriúnach, go háirithe le haghaidh ceachtanna bunscoile níos airde.
Tá turais chúrsa ar fáil do scoileanna i gceantair scoile CCISD agus GOISD.
Costas: Is é $40 an cíos a ghearrtar ar na turais chúrsa (suas le 30 dalta). Cuirfidh an CCISD fhianaise ar gach scoil ag deireadh na bliana.
an séasúr don líon iomlán turais chúrsa a sholáthraítear do gach scoil le linn na séasúir sin.
Ro-Chúige & Kindergarten
Tromchúis agus na Fórsaí Trom: 1 uair  1.5 uair
Déanfaidh mic léinn imscrúdú ar na fórsaí brú agus tarraingt ar an talamh clúdaithe sneachta. Beidh siad rannpháirteach freisin i ngníomhaíochtaí sleamhnáin a bhaineann le frith-ghéarchéim agus le meáchan. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: K-PS2-1, K-PS2-
Tráth ama camuflaithe: 1-1.5 uair an chloig
Cad iad an dá ainmhí áitiúil a bhfuil cóta geal gheimhridh acu? Déanaimid léargas níos dlúithe ar na hainmhithe seo agus ar an gcaoi a bhfuil siad oiriúnaithe don saol sa sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1
Teas an Gheimhridh Tráth: 1-1.5 uair an chloig
Conas a choinníonn ainmhithe inár bhforaoisí te ar laethanta geimhridh fuar? Beidh na mic léinn ag déanamh turgnaimh ag baint úsáide as cineálacha éagsúla inslithe ainmhithe (féir, uachtar, plúr agus saille) chun teicnící a úsáid ainmhithe éagsúla a fháil chun fanacht te. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1, K-2-ETS1-1, K-2-ETS1-3
Sneachtaí iontach Duration: 1-1.5 hours
Cén fáth go bhfuil an oiread sin cruthanna éagsúla ag na sciatháin sneachta? Foghlaimfidh mic léinn conas a fhoirmiú sneachta agus scrúdú a dhéanamh go dlúth ar sneachta. Fiosfaidh siad go bhfuil sé thaobh ag na sneachta, agus ansin déanfaidh siad a samhlacha sneachta féin a chruthú as bataí agus liathróidí sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 2-PS1-1, 2-ESS2-3
Lig sé sneachta! Lig dó a leá! Tráth: 1-1.5 uair an chloig
Cad a dhéanann sneachta agus oighear a leá? Déanann mic léinn breathnuithe agus conclúidí a tharraingt faoi na rudaí a fhágann go bhfuil oighear ag leá, chomh maith le, a iniúchadh airíonna agus difríochtaí idir soladach agus leachtacha. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 2-PS1-1, 2-PS1-4, 2-ESS2-3
Faoi na sneachta Tráth: 1-1.5 uair an chloig
An bhfuil aon rud ina gcónaí faoin sneachta? Go deimhin, tá go leor gníomhaíochta ag tarlú faoi dhromchla an domhain! Déantar staidéar ar an saol geimhridh seo, ag lorg comharthaí ainmhithe ar an sneachta, i galls, faoi chraiceann, agus faoi an sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2
Eolaithe an Gheimhridh: 1-1.5 uair an chloig
Conas a dhéileálann éanlaith leis an fuar? Téann roinnt éanlaith as ár gceantar don gheimhreadh, téann cuid acu isteach, agus fanann cuid acu anseo ar feadh na bliana. Foghlaimfidh mic léinn ainmneacha roinnt de ár n-éan gheimhridh agus na teicnící éagsúla maireachtála a úsáideann siad, chomh maith le, lorg ar shonraí éan. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 3-LS2-1, 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2
An t-Ionsaitheoir is Fearr: 1.5-2 uair an chloig
Cén stocaí ba chóir duit a chaitheamh chun imirt lasmuigh - cadás, uillinn, fleece nó coiltithe? Déanfaidh mic léinn tástáil ar cháilíochtaí inslithe na n-ábhar éagsúla seo, sonraí a bhailiú, agus graif a chruthú dá gcuid torthaí. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 4-PS3-2, 4-LS1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-2, 3-5-ETS-1-3
Smaoinigh Beag: 1-1.5 uair an chloig
Cá bhfuil mamaigh bheaga ina gcónaí sa gheimhreadh, conas a choinníonn siad te, agus cad a itheann siad? Déanfaidh mic léinn líonraí bia an gheimhridh a aithint agus comharthaí fiadhúlra a chuardach. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 4-ESS3-1, 4-LS1-1, 4-LS1-2
Tá sé sneachta maith Duration: 1.5 -2 hours
Déanaim taighde ar na tréithe a bhaineann leis an substaint bhán iontach sin a thiteann timpeall orainn ar feadh míonna. Déanfaidh mic léinn tomhais ar mhéid na sneachta ag doimhneachtaí éagsúla, féachfaidh siad go dlúth ar an sneachta ag titim, agus beidh siad páirteach i scavenger sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 5-PS1-2, 5PS1-3, 3-5-ETS1-3
Track & Tale Duration: 1-2 uair an chloig
Ag lorg rianta sa sneachta ní hamháin go ligeann dúinn a guess cad critters rith ag, ach freisin cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag tarlú ag an am. An raibh aon chasadh? An raibh coinín ag nibbling go ciúin? Cad iad na cineálacha eile comhartha ainmhithe a d'fhéadfadh scéal a insint? Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 5-LS1-1,5-LS2-1
Tráth na Maireachtála in Aimsir an Gheimhridh: 1.5- 2 uair an chloig
Beidh na mic léinn ag cleachtadh scileanna foirne agus maireachtála agus iad ag obair le chéile chun cinneadh a dhéanamh ó liosta de na míreanna a bheadh an-úsáideach: síol, compás, tarp nó tinne? Déanaimid iniúchadh ar choincheap an 'fhuatha chill' agus foghlaimimid teicnící chun tearmann geimhridh a thógáil Caighdeáin a dhéantar aghaidh orthu: MS- ETS1-1, MS- ETS1-3
I measc na n-ábhar is féidir a bheith:
Físeolaíocht an tSneachta
Faigh amach cén fáth gur féidir leis an sneachta agus leis an oighear a bheith ina gcumaí éagsúla, ó chraobhanna oighear, go sliocht, go sciatháin oighear, go fléacanna sneachta.
Déanfaidh mic léinn lorg ar shraith agus ar shonraí eile ainmhithe agus déanfaidh siad a léiríonn a bhfaigheann siad.
Conas a oiriúnaíonn ainmhithe leis an fuar agus bia, uisce agus tearmann a fháil? Glacfaidh mic léinn páirt i ngníomhaíochtaí éagsúla a dhíríonn ar oiriúnú ainmhithe agus ar mhaireachtáil.
Gheobhaidh na mic léinn taithí ag aithint crainn, crúba, forbs agus féar sa tírdhreach gheimhridh agus déanfar iniúchadh ar a tábhacht do bheatha fiáine, do chraobhchrianta agus do dhaoine.
Beidh tú ag freastal ar do sheoltóir (í) ag an suíomh turais, mura ndéantar socruithe eile. Tá cabáiste téimh ag gach ceann de na háiteanna turas ceilte geimhridh atá liostaithe thíos.
Áiteanna le haghaidh Taistil Feirme an Gheimhridh:
- Foraois Scoile Loch Linden-Hubbell
- Suíomh sciála Swedetown
- Maasto Hiihto Ski Chalet
- Nara Chalet & Coimeád
- Ionad Cuairteoirí Foraoise Náisiúnta Ottawa
- Fhuilteacha Paavola
- MTU Ford Center Foraoiseachta
- Sráid sciála Wolverine
- Do scoil
- Tairgeadh suíomh (b'fhearr an chábán te)
Polasaí Cealúcháin: ní chealúfaidh an tIonad aon turais réimse mar gheall ar aimsir, is freagracht ar an múinteoir
cinneadh a dhéanamh ar cheart turas réimse a chealú. Chun turas ceantair a chealú, cuir ríomhphost chuig an gComhordóir Turas Ceantair ag firstname.lastname@example.org ar a laghad 2 uair an chloig roimh ré (3 uair an chloig do scoileanna Gogebic/Ontonagon).
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, déan teagmháil le:
Brian Doughty, Comhordaitheoir Taistil Feirme
Tacaíocht Airgeadais Taistil Feirme
Tá an Clár Taistil Taighde Saineolaíochta lasmuigh á mhaoiniú ó 2008 le deontas ó Wege Foundation go Michigan Tech.
I 2012 agus 2015, ceannaíodh sneachta sneachta le tacaíocht ó Bhunachar Pobail Keweenaw agus ó Bhunachar MEEMIC,
go háirithe. In 2016, tá deontas eile ó Bhunachar Pobail Keweenaw ag maoiniú teicneolaíochta chun tacú le himscrúduithe lasmuigh.
Tá an clár turas réimse comhordú ag an Michigan Tech's Ionad Eolaíochta agus Forbairt Comhshaoil agus an UP Center for Science, Math agus Oideachas Comhshaoil an Iarthair. Tá sé maoinithe go páirteach ag an gComhpháirtíocht Stáinne Michigan agus ag an Wege Foundation.