5Ch3. Ahead / Direct Transverse thrust Helical discharge from propeller creates a larger pressure on port side of rudderSlight upward flow from the hull into propeller puts more pressure onto the down sweeping propeller bladesSpeed of water into the propeller is eneven in velocityResult: tendency to give a swing to port
7Ch3. Ahead / Indirect transverse thrust Effect of propeller flow on the rudder: due to helical dischargeFrom propeller pressure of water more regular on left side ofRudderResult: increase the swing to port when running ahead
8Ch.3. Ahead / Skin friction effect Ship drags water along with it due to skin friction: reduction in floweffects a big portion of propeller disc.Variation of flow velocity changes the relative angle of incidenceto the rotating blades and creates an inbalance of drag forces inupper and lower sections of propeller discResult: the ship turns to starboard
9Ch3. Ahead / Transverse thrust Direct effect: helical flow tends to turn the ship to portIndirect effect: the upward flow on the propeller disc tends to turn the ship to portThe variation of velocity into the propeller disc tends to turn the ship to starboardResultant: the transverse thrust causes a gentle turn to Port
10Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Direct EffectWater enters propeller disc at uniformvelocity and directionWeak transverse force generated by difference of pressure on upper and lower propeller bladesResultGentle turn to starboard
11Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Indirect effectHelical flow of propeller wash strikes after body of hull withinward component on Ps and outward component on Sb:Result is a higher pressure on Sb pushes stern to Ps.Reverse flow over rudder and rudder effect reversed but weaker
12Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Conclusion:pronounced turn to Sb when engine is going asternSimilar effect with headway, sternway of vessel stopped
13Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Crash Stop manœuvre:In deep water, pronounced turn to SbIn shallow water, trun less pronounced to the restriction of transverse components of propeller flow due to small UKC
14Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine ahead:Propeller flow strikes rudderand increases the ruddereffect.Action of propeller flow onrudder more pronouncedwhen vessel is stopped orwith sternway.
15Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine astern and Rudder amidships: the vessel isSwinging to Starbard.
16Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine astern and Rudder to Port: reverse effect on therudder and increased swing of vessel to starboard.Effect more pronounced with vessel stopped or withsterway
17Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine astern and rudder to Sb: rudder effect opposestransverse thrustVessel may swing to Port (rudder action bigger) orkeep a straight course or swing gently to Sb
18Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Headway + engine astern + Sb. Rudder:as long as the vessel keeps some headway: vessel turn to Sbdue to rudder + propeller effectswhen vessel gets strenway, it may turn to port if rudder effectgreater than propeller effect.
19Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Kick ahead manoeuver to regain control of a vessel withsternway:Rudder is put hard to port with engine ahead : turn to Sb due to effectof propeller astern is stopped.
20Ch3. Rudder counter effect to control propeller effect Rudder to SbEngine asternPut rudder amidships and gradually to SbEnd with rudder hard to Sb.
21Ch.3. Kick ahead manoeuver To increase significantly the rate of turn of a vesselstopped or nearly stopped : short bursts of engineahead to increase the rudder effect.
22Ch3. Negociating a bend with kick ahead 1. Vessel approaches withreduced speed2. Hard to port3. Half or full ahead4. Rate of turn increases5. Short bursts on the engineto avoid increase of speed6. Reduce or stop the engine
23Ch3. Half turn with right handed propeller Pos 1: Rudder hard to Sb with engineon half/full aheadPos 2: Rudder hard to port with engineon half/full asternPos 3: Rudder hard to Sb with enginePos 3 : Half turn is completed.Remark : The wind may modify oreven oppose this manœuvre.
24Ch3. Half turn with right handed propeller The previous manœuvre is only possible when the vessel startswith the first turn to Sb. Otherwise will the propeller effect opposethe rudder effect
25Ch3. Half turn in heavy wind condition Pos 1 : Engine half/full astern – the stern comes into the windPos 2 : Rudder hard to port and engine half/full aheadPos 3 : Half turn completed
26Ch3. Twin propellersHandling characteristics depends of several factors:Rudder configurationEffect of torqueTransverse thrustPivot pointTurning ability
27Ch3. Twin propellers / Rudder configuration Single rudder is situated on the center line between the two propellers:even with hard over is rudder partially or wholly out of propeller helicaldischarge.Very poor single rudder response at very slow speeds.
28Ch3. Twin propellers / Torque effect Torque effect: turning effect created by one engine asternand one engine ahead or only one engine used.poor effect with engines too close together (for exempleon narrow beamed ships) – better to use the propellerstogether with rudder as for a single screw ship.
30Ch3. Parallel propeller shafts Best configuration for handling capacity
31Ch3. Convergent propeller shafts Medium handling capacity
32Ch3. Divergent propeller shafts Poor handling capacityno turning moment if shafts converge in the pivot point.
33Ch3. Twin propellers / Outward turning Outward turning fixed pitchThe blades are outward turningIn the upper half of the circle ofrotation when viewed from asternIf Sb propeller is put astern it willbe rotating in the opposite direction
34Ch3. Twin propellers / Transverse thrust Outward turning fixed pitchpropellers(Sb ahead & Ps astern):Helical discharge of Ps propellerdeflected up and onto Sb quarterof the ship.Transverse thrust is assisting thetorque effect and rudders to turnthe vessel to port.Remark:Transverse thrust is apoor force compared to rudderforce.
35Ch3. Twin propellers / Transverse thrust Inward turning fixed pitch propellersIf the ship is turning to port and the port propeller is put astern, it will be rotating in the opposite direction and is then acting as a left handed propeller on a single screw ship: part of the helical discharge will be deflected up and towards the starboard quarter.The transverse thrust attempt to turn the bow to starboard in the opposite direction of the desired turn, working against the rudders and the torque effect.
36Twin propellers / Transverse thrust Inward turning (handed) fixed pitch propellersThe transverse thrust effect can be extremely severeAnd render the vessel totally uncontrollable.It is better to stop one engine and work the vessel as a single crew ship.This configuration gives a better economical performance in terms of fuel consumption.
37Ch3. Transverse thrust / Variable Pitch propellers Inward turning:The best configuration for CP(controllable pitch) propellers:the inside propeller during a turngives transverse thrust on theappropriate quarter of the ship andincrease the effects of rudders andtorque.
39Pivot point positionEngine stopped /bowthruster to Sb:Pivot point close (1/3L) to the sternvessel turns on her heels: bow fastto Sb.Very effective with sternway
40Pivot point positionBowthruster stopped / Sb engineastern / Ps engine ahead :Pivot point close (1/3L) to bowBow turns slowly to SbStern turns fast to port
41Pivot point positionBowthruster stopped / Sb engineAhead / Ps engine astern / ruddersHard to Sb:Pivot point very close (1/4L) to bowSterns goes to portRate of turn increased due to rudderposition
42Ch3. Pivot point position Bowthruster to Sb/ Sb engine astern/Ps engine ahead / rudders amidships:pivot point close to center of gravityand behindbow turns faster then stern due tothe position of the pivot point
43Ch3. Position of pivot point Bowthruster on / Ps engine ahead /Sb engine astern / rudders hard Sb:Pivot point at center of gravityShip turns around her center of gravityEqual Rate of turns at bow and stern

5C3. Tarraingt Chonair / Díreach Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair
7Ch3. Torthaí an bhrú uisce ar an mbarr ar thaobh chlé den bhrú: méadú ar an swing go calafort nuair a bhíonn sé ag rith ar aghaidh
8Ch.3. Éifeacht frith-aontach ar aghaidh/an chraiceann Tarraingíonn an long uisce leis mar gheall ar frith-aontach ar an gcraiceann: laghdaíonn sé an sreabhadh, bíonn tionchar aige ar chuid mhór den diosca scaiptheora. Athraíonn athrú luas an srutháin an uillinn coibhneasta a thagann chun cinn i leith na mblaí rothlú agus cruthaíonn sé neamhionannas na fórsaí tarraingte i rannáin uachtaracha agus íochtaracha den diosca scaiptheora.
9Ch3. Tarraingt ar aghaidh / Tromchlaí Torthaí díreacha: bíonn an sruth héiliciúil ag dul chun na loinge a thiontú go calafoirtTarraingt dhíreach: bíonn an sruth suas ar an diosca scaipthe ag dul chun na loinge a thiontú go calafoirtTarraingt éagsúlacht an luas isteach sa diosca scaipthe ag dul chun na loinge a thiontú go cúlchláirMar thoradh air sin: bíonn an t-aistriú trasnach ag dul go mall go calafoirt
10C3. Tarraingt Aster / Trascúil Éifeacht DíríTarraingt uisce isteach i diosca an spléire ag luas agus treo comhionannFórsa trasnach lag a ghintear trí dhifríocht brú ar bhlátaí an spléire uachtarach agus ísealTorthaíTarraingt éadrom go stiúbartha
11C3. Tarraingt chúl / tras-chúl Éifeacht indíreach Scream héiliúil na sruthadh scrúdaithe buaileann tar éis corp an chúl comhpháirt taobh istigh ar Ps agus comhpháirt taobh amuigh ar Sb: Is é an toradh brú níos airde ar Sb brúíonn sé an chúl go Ps. Scream aisiompartha thar an rudder agus éifeacht rudder aistrithe ach níos laige
12Ch3. Tarraingt chúl / tras-chúl Conclúid: cas suntasach go Sb nuair a bhíonn an t-inneall ag dul chúlEifeacht den chineál céanna le ceann, cúl na soithí stop
13Ch3. Tarraingt ar an mbarr / trasnach Crash Stop maneuver:In uisce domhain, casadh suntasach go SbIn uisce cluthar, trun níos lú suntasach chun srian a chur ar chomhpháirteanna trasnaacha sruth an spléire mar gheall ar UKC beag
14Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an ruder Inneall os comhair:Titeann sreabhadh an eipil leis an ruder agus méadaíonn sé éifeacht an ruder.Tá éifeacht an sreabhadh an eipil ar an ruder níos suntasaí nuair a bhíonn an soitheach stad nó ag an mbarr.
15Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an rudder Inneall an chúlchlocha agus an rudder i lár na loinge: tá an soitheach ag dul i dtreo Starbard.
16C3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an rudder Inneall an chúl agus an rudder go calafort: éifeacht a mhalairt ar an rudder agus swing níos mó an tsoithigh go stiúbord.Eifeacht níos suntasaí nuair a bhíonn an soitheach stopadh nó ar ais ó bhealach
17Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an rudder Inneall an chúl agus an rudder go Sb: éifeacht an rudder i gcoinne an brú tras-bhreatach Is féidir leis an long dul go Port (gníomh an rudder níos mó) nó cúrsa díreach a choinneáil nó dul go réidh go Sb
18Ch3. Athghníomhaíocht idir an spléine agus an ruder Headway + an t-inneall i ndiaidh an innill + Sb. Rudder: chomh fada agus a choinníonn an soitheach dul chun cinn: tiontaíonn an soitheach go Sbd mar gheall ar éifeachtaí rudder + propeller nuair a bhíonn an soitheach ag dul i dtreo strenway, d'fhéadfadh sé dul go calafort má tá éifeacht rudder níos mó ná éifeacht an propeller.
19Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an ruder Gléas ar aghaidh, bainisteoireacht a fháil ar ais ar long ar an taobh thiar: Cuirtear an ruder go crua ar an gcalafort agus an t-inneall ar aghaidh: cas ar Sb mar gheall ar éifeacht an eipil, stopadh an taobh thiar.
20Ch3. Athghníomhaíocht frith-ionsaí an ródair chun éifeacht an spléige a rialú Ród go SbEngine ar chúl Cuir an ródair i lár na loinge agus de réir a chéile go SbEnd le ródair crua go Sb.
21C.3. Clúdaigh an t-eitleán chun an t-eitleán a chur ar ais go dtí an t-eitleán a bhí ag dul i ngleic leis an eitleán.
22Ch3. Ag idirbheartaíocht le casadh le ciceadh ar aghaidh 1. Tá an long ag dul i dtreo le luas laghdaithe2. Dúr go port 3. leath nó go hiomlán ar aghaidh4. Méadaíonn ráta casadh5. Tá an t-inneall ag feidhmiú go tapa chun méadú luas a sheachaint6. Tóg an t-inneall nó stop an t-inneall
23Ch3. Pos 1: Rudder crua go Sb le inneall ar leath/iomlán ar aghaidhPos 2: Rudder crua go calafort le inneall ar leath/iomlán ar chúlPos 3: Rudder crua go Sb le inneallPos 3 : Tá leath-threoraithe déanta.Nóta: D'fhéadfadh an ghaoth an maitéire seo a mhodhnú nó a chur i gcoinne.
24C3. Ní féidir an beart roimhe seo a dhéanamh ach amháin nuair a thosaíonn an long leis an gcéad chasadh go Sb. Seachas sin, beidh an éifeacht scagaire i gcoinne an éifeacht rudder
25Ch3. Fágann an t-inneall an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán
26Ch3. Tá an t-easnamh ar an gcumas a bhaineann le héileacraipí dúbailte a láimhseáil ag brath ar roinnt fachtóirí:Comhsheasamh an ródaireEifeacht an torcThruacht thruscht tras-tríomhthaobhachPunt casadhTréimhseáil
27Ch3. Tá an ruder aonair suite ar an líne lár idir an dá chraobh: fiú má tá an ruder crua go páirteach nó go hiomlán as héilic an chraobh. Freagra an-bocht an ruder aonair ag luasanna an-bheaga.
28Ch3. Tá an t-eipidéim seo ag cur le feabhas ar an gcumas a bhaineann le feidhmiú an t-eipidéim agus an t-eipidéim a bhaineann leis an gcumas a bhaineann le feidhmiú an t-eipidéim.
30Ch3. Cúntóirí a bhfuil an t-uasghrádú is fearr acu
31C3. Cothabhála meánach
32C3. Achta scrúdaithe a thagann le chéile sa phointe pivot
33Ch3. Préileoirí dúbailte / casadh amach Préileáil amach cúl seasta Tá na liathróidí ag casadh amach Sa leath uachtarach den chiorcal rothlaithe nuair a breathnófar orthu ó chúl Má chuirtear an phréileálaí Sb ar chúl beidh sé ag casadh sa treo eile
34C3. Tá an t-eipilís ag dul i dtreo na loinge agus tá an t-eipilís ag dul i dtreo na loinge ag dul i dtreo na loinge.
35C3. Tá an t-eileaball ag casadh go calafort agus an eileaball calafort á chur ar chúl, beidh sé ag casadh sa treo eile agus ansin ag gníomhú mar eileaball ar láimh chlé ar long screw amháin: déantar cuid den scaoileadh héiliciúil a dhíbirt suas agus i dtreo an cheathrú cúlchláir. Déantar iarracht ag an bhrú trasnach an cúlchláir a chasadh go cúlchláir i dtreo a mhalairt den chúl a theastaíonn, ag obair i gcoinne na ródaí agus éifeacht an torc.
36Próipéil dhúbailte / brú trasnaPróipéil phéinteáilte a thiománaíonn isteach (le lámha)Is féidir go mbeadh éifeacht an brú trasna an-mhóragus go ndéanfaí an long gan rialú go hiomlán.Is fearr inneall amháin a stopadh agus an long a oibriú mar long foirne amháin. Tugann an cumraíocht seo feidhmíocht eacnamaíoch níos fearr ó thaobh tomhaltas breosla.
37C3. Tarraingt trasnach / propellers Pitch VarúbthaTarraingt isteach:An cumraíocht is fearr le haghaidh CP (pitch controllable) propellers:an propeller taobh istigh le linn a thurthaíonntarraingt trasnach ar an gceathrú cuart cuí den long agus méadaíonn sé éifeachtaí ruddersandtorque.
39Suíomh pointe piobthaMheinín stop / boothruster go Sb:Punt piobtha gar (1/3L) don bhádchíosa casann sé ar a hailt: bog go tapa go Sb.An-éifeachtach le sternway
40Poist phointe piobóidePróiseálaí bowd stop / inneall Sbbb / inneall Ps os comhair:Poince piobóide gar (1/3L) do bowdBow casann go mall go SbStern casann go tapa go calafort
41Suíomh pointe piobailTagann an t-inneall bowdhruster / inneall SbAr aghaidh / inneall Ps ar chúl / ruddersDroch le Sb:Punt piobail an-ghar (1/4L) ar an mbóS an chúl téann sé go portRate of turn increased due to rudderposition
42C3. Pointe Píobtha Pointe Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha
43C3. Poist an phointe pivot Bowthruster ar / Ps inneall ar aghaidh / Sb inneall cúl / rudders crua Sb:Poince pivot ag lár na meáchanTriomann an long timpeall a lár meáchanRáta comhionann tionta ag an mbó agus ag an gcúl


The shower file contains the , , coordinates and the energy of each particles produced in the shower at each tracking step. The column names are x, y, z, and Energy, respectively. The shower file may grow very large depending on the number of samples requested, the energy of the initial particle, and depending on whether the shower is fully developed.
The shower output file may be plotted directly with the sddsplot toolkit plotting program. For instance,
sddsplot -col=x,z <file> -grapic=dotsplots the projection of the shower trajectories in <file> as dots. Since no information on the geometry of the problem is contained in these output files it may be necessary to overlap the shower product trajectories with the outline of the regions. The outline can be generated from the geometry plot file produced by shower, as explained in the next section.

Tá na comhordanáidí agus fuinneamh gach cáithnín a tháirgtear sa ghrian ag gach céim rianaithe sa chomhad ghrian. Is iad na hainmneacha colún x, y, z, agus Fuinneamh, faoi seach. D'fhéadfadh an comhad cithfholcadh a bheith an-mhór ag brath ar líon na samplaí a iarrtar, ar fhuinneamh na bpáirtíneoil tosaigh, agus ag brath ar an gcithfholcadh a bheith forbartha go hiomlán.
Is féidir an comhad aschuir cith a phlátaithe go díreach leis an gclár phlátaithe sddsplot toolkit. Mar shampla,
sddsplot -col=x,z <file> -grapic=dotsplots an t-eascraíocht de na treochtaí cithfholcadh i <file> mar phointí. Ós rud é nach bhfuil aon fhaisnéis ar gheoiméadar an fhadhb sna comhaid aschuir seo, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith riachtanach na treochtaí táirgí cithfholcadh a shárú le cur síos na réigiún. Is féidir an t-oideas a ghiniúint ón gcomhad pláta geoimeadraíochta a tháirgtear le cith, mar a mhínítear sa chéad chuid eile.


Basics Of Negotiation
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Negotiation is defined as a discussion that is aimed at reaching an agreement. It is used to settle differences and reach a compromise without argument or dispute. People will aim to get the best deal for them when coming to an agreement. However, the idea of good negotiation is to find mutual benefit in order to maintain a relationship between the parties involved.
A lot of people dread negotiating with others. What they don’t realize is that they are negotiating all the time, even daily. Formal negotiations happen when discussing terms of a job offer with a recruiter or buying a new car. Informal negotiations are more common and occur when determining who gets to pick the movie for date night, working out a conflict between coworkers, or convincing a client to take a late delivery.
Whether we like it or not, we are negotiating all the time. Learning the basics of negotiation can help us to be better able to come to an agreement faster and with better results for both parties.
It take two to tango, or to negotiate. If either you or the other party feels they are not getting something out of the deal they can walk away. You may be the best option but if they don’t feel they are getting what they need they are not likely to accept your offer and may even leave negotiations. Remember that while you have a back up plan or BANTA so does the other side. Doing your research and preparing before going into any negotiation will help you to come out ahead and happy.
Prepare before you go into the negotiation.
Know what it is that you are trying to accomplish. You need to know what success looks like, otherwise you’ll never attain it. Ask yourself what is the minimum you’d be will to accept. Prepare your BANTA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement) and be willing to go with it if you can’t get what you want out of negotiations.
Understand your opponent.
Learn about the person or people you with whom you will be negotiating, especially their negotiating power. Make sure you are working with people who have the authority to approve a deal that gives you what you want. Talk with others who have negotiated with the them in the past to get ideas on what works and doesn’t work. Find out their strengths and weaknesses so that you can take advantage of your strengths and their weaknesses. Decipher any patterns or styles of negotiation they use so that you can turn that against them.
Make a plan ahead of time.
You want to know where your line is drawn and where you will not cross, you don’t want to decide that while in the negotiation. The first offer sets the benchmark so be aggressive and ask for more than you want to give room for compromise. There is give and take in all negotiations, know where you are willing and unwilling to compromise. Have a few concessions ready at hand that do not reduce your position. Know your walk away point, when the negotiation hits a stand still your willingness to talk away will pressure the other party to accept your terms.
Aim for both parties to get something out of the deal.
This is called a Win-Win scenario because both sides come away with something they want. It’s important that both sides feel they got something out of the deal, especially if it is an ongoing relationship. Even if it is a one-off negotiation a win-lose strategy will come back to haunt you either through reputation or if you ever interact with them again. The whole point of negotiation is for both sides to come away with some value.
Be patient, don’t negotiate with yourself.
If you make an offer first then wait on the other person to make a counter offer. Prematurely making a second, lesser offer is a sign of weakness that will be exploited. Make sure you get a counter offer before making any concessions on your original offer. Not making a credible offer may lead the other side to ignore your offer ending the negotiations early.
Know when to keep your mouth shut.
Silence can be your greatest ally, don’t make the mistake of continuing to talk after you’ve succeeded in getting what you want. The best negotiators do more listening than they do talking. Talking too much is not about finding an acceptable compromise but about proving a point. Be careful what you say, especially early on, as once you’ve said something you can’t retract it.
Understand how to deal with various hardcore negotiation tactics/styles.
Large requests or demands but little to no concessions. This most common tactic protects the deal maker at the cost of the negotiation process. To deal with this know your goals and what you are willing to give and where you will walk away.
All-or-nothing strategy. They make an offer but state that it is not negotiable. Ignore the offer and instead focus on the content and make a counter offer that addresses the needs of both sides.
Pushing to a breaking point. They will keep asking for more and more until you reach a breaking point and concede. Call them out on this tactic and state that you will not continue unless they agree to a back-and-forth exchange of offers.
Ad hominem. This is a logical fallacy of attacking the person instead of the idea or argument. Take a break if needed to collect yourself then tell them that you will not tolerate childish attempts to ruffle your feathers.
The 17 Essential Qualities of a Team Player
John C. Maxwell
The 14th quality of a team player is Self Improvement. “To improve the team, improve yourself.” This is the first time I’ve read a book that says put down the book and pick up your phone. Of course this was written before the advent of smart phones so Maxwell was making a point that the manufacturer of most phones back when this book was written was Nokia. In 2019 Samsung produced the most phones in the world. He goes on to talk about how Nokia started as a small pulp mill in the 1860’s. However, the company didn’t stay in the wood business long and sought to grow and improve itself. In the 1990’s the company’s CEO decided to focus on the area of greatest potential, communication and drop the other areas. Maxwell goes on to talk about how people tend to look for quick fixes to problems rather than long term solutions. This strategy causes them to stop moving forward once the pressure is no longer there. He states that people who are constantly improving themselves by making preparation, contemplation, and application an ongoing cycle in their lives. He gives three ways to become self-improving: become highly teachable, plan your progress, value self-improvement more than self-promotion.
Tricks of the Trade
Don’t negotiate things that aren’t negotiable.

Bunús na hIomaíochta
Podcast: Seinn i bhfuinneog nua.  Íoslódáil (56.9MB)  Cuir isteach
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Sainmhínítear idirbheartaíocht mar phlé a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige comhaontú a bhaint amach. Úsáidtear é chun difríochtaí a réiteach agus comhréiteach a bhaint amach gan argóint ná díospóid. Beidh sé mar aidhm ag daoine an déileáil is fearr a fháil dóibh féin agus iad ag teacht ar chomhaontú. Mar sin féin, is é an smaoineamh a bhaineann le dea-idirbheartaíocht ná tairbhe fhrithpháirteach a aimsiú d'fhonn caidreamh a choinneáil idir na páirtithe lena mbaineann.
Tá eagla ar go leor daoine idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh le daoine eile. Ní thuigeann siad go bhfuil siad ag idirbheartaíocht an t-am ar fad, fiú go laethúil. Tarlaíonn idirbheartaíocht foirmiúil nuair a phléann tú téarmaí tairiscint poist le earcaitheoir nó nuair a cheannaíonn tú carr nua. Tá idirbheartaíochtaí neamhfhoirmiúla níos coitianta agus tarlaíonn siad nuair a chinntear cé a roghnaíonn an scannán le haghaidh oíche dáta, ag obair ar choimhlint idir comhghleacaithe, nó ag cur ina luí ar chliant seachadadh déanach a ghlacadh.
Cibé an maith linn é nó nach maith linn é, táimid ag idirbheartaíocht an t-am ar fad. Is féidir le bunriachtanais na caibidlíochta a fhoghlaim chun cabhrú linn teacht ar chomhaontú níos tapúla agus le torthaí níos fearr don dá pháirtí.
Tógann sé dhá tango, nó chun idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh. Má bhraitheann tú féin nó an páirtí eile nach bhfuil rud éigin á fháil acu as an gcomhaontú, féadfaidh siad imeacht. B'fhéidir gurb é tú an rogha is fearr ach mura mbraitheann siad go bhfuil siad ag fáil an méid is gá dóibh ní dócha go nglacfaidh siad le do thairiscint agus b'fhéidir go bhfágfaidh siad na caibidlíochtaí fiú. Cuimhnigh go cé go bhfuil plean cúltaca agat nó BANTA tá an taobh eile freisin. Má dhéanann tú do thaighde agus má ullmhaíonn tú sula dtéann tú isteach i aon chaibidlíocht, cabhróidh sé leat dul amach agus a bheith sásta.
Ullmhaigh sula dtéann tú isteach sa chaibidlíocht.
Bíodh a fhios agat cad atá tú ag iarraidh a chur i gcrích. Ní mór duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi conas a fhéachann rath, ar shlí eile ní shroichfidh tú é. Iarr ort féin cad é an íosmhéid a bheadh tú sásta glacadh leis. Déan do BANTA (an rogha is fearr i gcomparáid le comhaontú idirbheartaithe) a ullmhú agus bí réidh chun dul leis mura féidir leat a fháil ar a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh as idirbheartaíochtaí.
Tuig do chuid opponent.
Foghlaim faoin duine nó faoi na daoine a mbeidh tú ag idirbheartaíocht leo, go háirithe a gcumhacht idirbheartaíochta. Déan cinnte go bhfuil tú ag obair le daoine a bhfuil an t-údarás acu déileáil a cheadú a thugann an rud atá uait duit. Labhair le daoine eile a rinne idirbheartaíocht leo san am atá caite chun smaointe a fháil ar an méid a oibríonn agus nach n-oibríonn. Faigh amach a láidreachtaí agus a laigí ionas gur féidir leat leas a bhaint as do láidreachtaí agus a laigí. Déantúsaigh aon patrún nó stíl idirbheartaíochta a úsáideann siad ionas gur féidir leat é sin a chasadh ina n-aghaidh.
Déan plean roimh ré.
Ba mhaith leat a fháil amach cá háit a ndéantar do líne a tharraingt agus cá háit nach rachaidh tú trasna, ní mhaith leat é sin a chinneadh agus tú ag caibidlíocht. Is é an chéad tairiscint an t-amhrán, mar sin bí ionsaitheach agus iarr níos mó ná mar is mian leat chun spás a thabhairt do chomhréiteach. Tá a thabhairt agus a ghlacadh i ngach idirbheartaíocht, a fhios nuair a bhíonn tú toilteanach agus neamhtoilteanach chun comhréiteach. Bíodh cúpla éascú réidh ar láimh nach laghdóidh do sheasamh. Bíodh a fhios agat do phointe imeacht, nuair a bhuaileann an chaibidlíocht seasamh fós beidh do toilteanas labhairt amach brú a chur ar an bpáirtí eile do théarmaí a ghlacadh.
Tá sé mar aidhm ag an dá pháirtí rud éigin a fháil as an gcomhaontú.
Tugtar cás Win-Win air seo toisc go dtagann an dá thaobh amach le rud éigin a theastaíonn uathu. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbraitheann an dá thaobh go bhfuair siad rud éigin as an gcomhaontú, go háirithe má tá sé ina chaidreamh leanúnach. Fiú má tá sé ina idirbheartaíocht aon-uair a straitéis bhuaigh-caillfidh teacht ar ais chun tú a haunt nó trí cháil nó má tá tú riamh idirghníomhú leo arís. Is é an pointe iomlán den chaibidlíocht go dtiocfaidh an dá thaobh ar shiúl le roinnt luach.
Bí foighneach, ná déileáil leat féin.
Má dhéanann tú tairiscint ar dtús ansin fanacht ar an duine eile chun tairiscint a dhéanamh ar aghaidh. Is comhartha laige é an dara tairiscint níos lú a dhéanamh go luath agus go ndéantar é a shaothrú. Déan cinnte go bhfaighidh tú cuntófaras sula ndéanann tú aon choimisinéirí ar do thairiscint bhunaidh. Mura ndéanann tú tairiscint chreidiúnach d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh an taobh eile neamhaird ar do thairiscint ag cur deireadh leis na caibidlíochtaí go luath.
Bíodh a fhios agat nuair a choinneáil do bhéal dúnta.
Is féidir leis an tsíocháin a bheith mar do chomhghuaillíocht is mó, ná déan an botún leanúint ar aghaidh ag caint tar éis duit a fháil ar a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh. Déanann na hidirbheartaithe is fearr níos mó éisteachta ná mar a labhraíonn siad. Ní bhaineann ró-labhairt le comhréiteach inghlactha a fháil ach le pointe a chruthú. Bí cúramach le cad a deir tú, go háirithe go luath, mar nach féidir leat é a tharraingt siar nuair a dúirt tú rud éigin.
Tuiscint a fháil ar conas déileáil le tacticí/stíleanna idirbheartaíochta cruach-chroí éagsúla.
Iarratais nó éilimh mhóra ach nach leor nó gan aon éascú. Déantar an cleachtas is coitianta seo chun an déantóir a chosaint ar chostas an phróisis idirbheartaíochta. Chun déileáil leis seo, bíodh a fhios agat cad iad do spriocanna agus cad atá tú sásta a thabhairt agus cá háit a rachaidh tú ar shiúl.
Straitéis gach rud nó rud ar bith. Déanann siad tairiscint ach deir siad nach féidir é a chur ar an margadh. Ná déan dearmad ar an tairiscint agus dírigh ina ionad sin ar an ábhar agus déan tairiscint frith-aontaithe a fhreastalaíonn ar riachtanais an dá thaobh.
Ag brú go pointe briseadh. Beidh siad ag iarraidh níos mó agus níos mó go dtí go sroichfidh tú pointe briseadh agus go nglacfaidh tú leis. Cuir an tactic seo in iúl dóibh agus inis dóibh nach leanfaidh tú ar aghaidh mura nglacfaidh siad le malartú tairiscintí ar ais agus ar aghaidh.
Ad hominem. Is é seo an t-earráid loighciúil a bhaineann le duine a ionsaí in ionad an smaoineamh nó an argóint. Tóg sos más gá duit chun tú féin a bhailiú ansin abair leo nach nglacfaidh tú le hiarrachtaí páistí chun do chíor a chur i ngéibheann.
Na 17 Gnéithe Riachtanacha d'Imreoir Foirne
John C. Maxwell
Is é an 14ú cáilíocht d'imreoir foirne féin-fheabhsú.  Chun an fhoireann a fheabhsú, feabhsaigh tú féin. Is é seo an chéad uair a léigh mé leabhar a deir cuir an leabhar síos agus glac do ghuthán. Ar ndóigh, scríobhadh seo roimh teacht na bhfón cliste mar sin bhí Maxwell ag cur le pointe go raibh an monaróir de chuid is mó fóin ar ais nuair a scríobhadh an leabhar seo Nokia. I 2019 tá Samsung tar éis an líon is mó fóin a tháirgeadh ar domhan. Lean sé ar aghaidh ag caint faoi conas a thosaigh Nokia mar mhilliún páipéar beag sna 1860idí. Mar sin féin, níor mhair an chuideachta i ngnó an fhigiúr fada agus rinne sí iarracht fás agus feabhas a chur uirthi féin. Sna 1990idí, shocraigh Príomhfheidhmeannach na cuideachta díriú ar an réimse a raibh an acmhainn is mó ann, cumarsáid, agus na réimsí eile a thréigean. Leanann Maxwell ag caint faoi conas a bhíonn daoine ag lorg réitigh tapa ar fhadhbanna seachas réitigh fadtéarmacha. Mar thoradh ar an straitéis seo scoirfidh siad ag dul ar aghaidh nuair nach mbeidh an brú ann a thuilleadh. Deir sé go bhfuil daoine a bhfuil feabhas leanúnach á dhéanamh orthu féin trí ullmhú, machnamh, agus cur i bhfeidhm a dhéanamh mar timthriall leanúnach ina saol. Tugann sé trí bhealach chun féin-fheabhsú a dhéanamh: a bheith an-teagaisg, pleanáil do dhul chun cinn, luach a chur ar féin-fheabhsú níos mó ná féin-árthaíocht.
Tricks na Trádála
Ná déileáil le rudaí nach féidir a dhéileáil.


Classification Order Psittaciformes, Family Psittacidae Scientific Name Amazona Vinacea Other Common Names N/A
Species Description Length 36 cm (14 in). Green; all feathers are
black-edged. Forehead, chin, and lores red. Upper throat, breast
and, sometimes, the abdomen, purple-red. Nape feathers bluish. Eyes
orange-red, beak red with a horn colored tip on the upper mandible,
legs gray. The female is darker tinged, and the beak is less red.
The young have pale red lores, and the beak is red only at the base;
the iris is yellow.
Habitat It inhabits lowland and highland Atlantic
Distribution Southeastern Brazil and Paraguay
Captivity Gentle, affectionate bird, but, as a rule, not
a good talker. Only young birds are easily tamed. Due to
deforestation their natural biotope is dangerously affected, and
therefore the export of this species is forbidden. The bird is now
on List B (Vulnerable). There are still many pet birds in Europe and
the US available, it is therefore time that aviculturists combine
their effots to save this species from extinction. The birds breed
in captivity without to many problems. The female lays 2-3 eggs;
both parents feed the young, which hatch after about 28 days.
High-protein baby cereal and bread soaked in honey-water are
essential during the breeding season; also necessary are sunflower
seeds, monkey chow, fruits (banana, apple, tomato) and greens.
Willow twigs are necessary throughout the year.
Summary An Amazon parrot is a large parrot of the genus
Amazona native to the New World ranging from South America to Mexico
and the Caribbean.
Most Amazons are predominantly green, with accenting colors that
depend on the species and can be quite vivid. Amazons, like all
parrots, are zygodactyl, having four toes on each foot-two front and
two back. They feed primarily on nuts and fruits, supplemented by
Amazons are known for their exceptional vocal abilities,
playfulness, and dexterity with their feet. They are very loyal,
loving companions; having them is somewhat like having a
two-year-old human child in ability and temperament for 50-plus
years. However, some Amazons are aggressive
(usually during their mating time), and they all require a lot of
attention when kept as pets. Parrots require more attention and care
than domesticated pets such as dogs or cats. Parrots are highly
intelligent wild animals.
While there are a number of species of birds that can be
kept as cage-bird pets with little human attention, parrots must
have daily attention in order to keep them mentally healthy. Parrots
are not for the inexperienced bird owner. All parrots need a lot of
stimulating activities to keep from being bored and terribly
destructive to themselves and their surroundings. In particular,
since Amazons are cavity nesters in the wild, their desire to chew
wood is strong, and they need to be provided with destructible toys
to satisfy this innate urge.
Amazons are actually very
similar in personality to monkeys, and both animals lead similar
lives back in their rainforest canopies. Amazons are very energetic,
playful, social creatures that crave lots of interaction with their
human owners. The best pet birds are hand-raised and have bonded
early with human companions. More than other parrot species, Amazons
are well known for their strong or often moody characters. They can
be, at different times, cuddly, loud, quiet, stubborn, silly,
jealous, playfully aggressive or irritable. They will play and fight
with their toys for hours on end, even rolling over on their backs
to juggle a ball or play with some string. Sometimes, however, an
Amazon will temporarily become possessive of a toy, or a person, and
may become quite aggressive toward anyone who tries to interfere.
Careless owners have had fingers or ears bitten, followed by a trip
to the hospital for stitches. This is the trickier aspect of owning
an Amazon parrot, you really have to understand your bird's moods
and behaviors. Amazon parrots are definitely not for all pet owners,
they need much more love and attention than most people would
expect. Owning an Amazon is very similar to owning a dog with wings.

Ordú aicmithe Psittaciformes, Teaghlach Psittacidae Ainm Eolaíoch Amazona Vinacea Ainmneacha Coitianta Eile N/A
Tuairisc ar an speiceas Length 36 cm (14 in). Glas; tá na plumaí go léir
dubh-taobh. Forehead, chin, agus Lores dearg. Uachtarach an throat, an chíche
agus, uaireanta, an bolg, purple-dearg. Tá plúirí na nape gorm. Súil
dearg-oráiste, beac dearg le barr corn-dath ar an mandible uachtarach,
cosa liath. Tá an baineann níos dorcha, agus tá an beak níos lú dearg.
Tá lores dearga lom ag na daoine óga, agus níl an beac dearg ach ag an mbonn;
tá an iris buí.
Gnáthóg Tá sé ina chónaí i dtuath agus i dtuath Atlantach
Dáileadh: Oirdheisceart na Breataine agus Paragua
Caipiteal Gentle, éan-éan, ach, mar riail, ní
Labhair go maith. Níl ach éan óga a bhfuil sé éasca a tamed. Mar gheall ar
dífhoraoisiú go bhfuil tionchar contúirteach ag baint lena bpíotóp nádúrtha, agus
dá bhrí sin tá cosc ar onnmhairiú na speiceas seo. Tá an t-éan anois
ar Liosta B (Socair). Tá go leor éan peataí fós san Eoraip agus
Tá an t-earraí atá ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá sé thar am go bhfuil na feirmeoirí éan ag comhcheangal
a gcuid effots a shábháil ar an speiceas seo ó extinction. Tá na héin ag breeding
i bpríosún gan go leor fadhbanna. Cuireann an baineann 2-3 uibhe;
Tá an dá thuismitheoir ag cothú na n-óg, a thagann amach tar éis thart ar 28 lá.
Tá gráin agus arán leanbh ard-próitéine atá soaked in uisce mil
tá siad riachtanach le linn na séasúir atáirgthe; tá gá freisin le sunflower
síolta, chow mhoncaí, torthaí (banán, úll, tomato) agus glasraí.
Tá gá le braonanna Willow i rith na bliana.
Gearrthóg Is é an parrot amazon parrot mór den ghéineas
Amazona dúchasach don Domhan Nua ag dul ó Mheiriceá Theas go Meicsiceo
agus an Mhuir Chairib.
Tá an chuid is mó amazons go príomha glas, le dathanna accenting go
Braitheann sé ar an speiceas agus is féidir go mbeadh sé an-bheo. Amazons, cosúil le gach
páiréid, is zygodactyl iad, a bhfuil ceithre mhéar acu ar gach cosa - dhá cheann tosaigh agus
dhá ar ais. Tá siad ag ithe go príomha ar thrá agus torthaí, arna bhforlíonadh le
Tá aithne ar amazons as a gcumas gutha eisceachtúla,
playfulness, agus dexterity lena cosa. Tá siad an-diúltach,
comhpháirtithe grámhara; tá a bheith acu beagán cosúil le bheith ag
leanbh daonna dhá bhliain d'aois i gcumas agus temperament do 50 níos mó
blianta. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt Amazon ionsaitheach
(de ghnáth le linn a gcuid ama páirte), agus éilíonn siad go léir go leor
aire nuair a choinnítear iad mar pheataí. Éilíonn páiréid níos mó aire agus cúraim
ná peataí tí mar madraí nó cait. Tá parrots an-
ainmhithe fiáine cliste.
Cé go bhfuil roinnt speiceas éan ann a d'fhéadfadh a bheith
a choinnítear mar pheataí cage-eolaí le beag aird daonna, ní mór
aire laethúil a fháil chun a n-intinn a choinneáil sláintiúil. Píosaí
nach bhfuil do úinéir éan gan taithí. Gach parrots gá go leor de
gníomhaíochtaí spreagúla chun gan a bheith bored agus go hiontach
go bhfuil siad ag déanamh díothaitheacha dóibh féin agus dá dtimpeallacht. Go háirithe,
ó amazons iad cavity nests sa fiáin, a n-éileamh chun chew
tá an adhmad láidir, agus ní mór iad a chur ar fáil le bréagáin destructible
chun an t-éileamh dúchasach seo a shásamh.
Tá Amazons i ndáiríre an-
cosúil le pearsantachta le apes, agus an dá ainmhithe a bheith cosúil
Tá cónaí ar ais ina canopies foraoise báistí. Tá Amazon an-láidir,
créatúir spraoi, sóisialta go bhfuil crainn a lán idirghníomhaíochta lena
úinéirí daonna. Tá na héin peataí is fearr ardaithe de láimh agus tá siad ceangailte
luath le comhghleacaithe daonna. Níos mó ná speicis eile páiróit, Amaisíní
Tá cáil orthu mar gheall ar a gcáilíocht láidir nó go minic móideach. Is féidir leo
a bheith, ag amanna éagsúla, cuddly, ard, ciúin, stubborn, amaideach,
éadúil, ionsaitheach go lúcháireach nó irritable. Beidh siad ag imirt agus troid
lena gcuid bréagáin ar feadh uaireanta an chloig ar deireadh, fiú rolling ar a gcúl
chun liathróid a ghlanadh nó a imirt le roinnt sreang. Uaireanta, áfach,
Beidh Amazon a bheith sealadach possessive de bréagán, nó duine, agus
d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith go leor ionsaitheach i gcoinne aon duine a dhéanann iarracht a chur isteach.
Tá úinéirí neamhchúramach tar éis fingers nó cluasa bitten, agus turas ina dhiaidh sin
go dtí an ospidéal le haghaidh steallacha. Is é seo an gné trickier de úinéireacht
parrot Amazon, ní mór duit a thuiscint i ndáiríre do éanlaith éanlaith
agus iompar. Is cinnte nach bhfuil páiróga Amazon do gach sealbhóir peataí,
is gá dóibh i bhfad níos mó grá agus aire ná mar a bheadh ag an gcuid is mó daoine
súil. Tá Amazon a bheith agat an-chosúil le madra le sciatháin a bheith agat.


The Grand Palace at Peterhof was designed to be the centerpiece of Peter the Great's "Russian Versaille". Around 1720, the Tsar gave up on attempts to establish his court at Strelna, mainly because the boggy ground proved entirely unsuitable for the canals and fountains that he envisioned. Moving his attentions further east to Peterhof, the Tsar began to draw up his own plans for the grounds and palace. Work had already begun on a modest palace, designed by Jean-Baptiste Le Blond, in 1714, and that building was completed in 1721.
Meanwhile, fired by Peter's untiring enthusiasm, a massive amount of work had been completed around the palace, including the landscaping of the Lower Park, the digging of the Sea Canal, and the building of Monplaisir, Marly Palace, and most of the Hermitage. The original Higher Palace was somewhat inadequate for its surrounding splendours, and Peter instructed Le Blond and his pupil, Johann Braunstein, to expand the building.
Work was halted after Peter's death in 1725, and Petrhof was almost abandoned until Peter's daughter Elizabeth came to the throne in 1740. Elizabeth commissioned Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who had already completed the Summer Palace in St. Petersburg, to build a genuinely regal palace. Rastrelli chose to retain the original building within his design, and the result is supremely elegant and surprisingly restrained. The long, narrow palace, which was built in the last decade before baroque made way for neoclassicism, has minimal decoration, and Rastrelli's chief stylistic flourishes are the two white pavilions with gilded cupolas at the end of the wings. Beige and white, the palace is majestic without being overwhelming, and provides a perfect backdrop both to the elegantly formal Upper Garden, and to the spectacular Grand Cascade.
Inside, the Grand Palace is considerably more lavish, and the fact that the interiors had to be almost entirely reconstructed after World War Two does nothing to detract from their grandeur. A combination of original designs by Rastrelli and renovations by Yurii Felten and Vallin de la Mothe during the reign of Catherine the Great. Further changes were made in the mid-19th century, but nonetheless the palace's sumptuous interiors have retained a remarkable homogeneity of style.
Visitors entering the palace are confronted by Rastrelli's incredibly ornate Ceremonial Staircase, which sets the tone for what is to come with a magnificent fresco of Aurora and Genius and multitude of gilded statues. Highlights include the richly gilded Ballroom and Felten's splendid white-and-turquoise Throne Room, which has a particularly fine parquet floor. The Western Chinese Study is heavily Oriental, with jewel red and green walls and a beautiful Chinese tea-set. The Drawing Room of the Imperial Suite is equally influenced by chinoiserie, with particularly fine silk wall hangings. The rest of the Imperial Suite, the royal family's private quarters, is furnished in grand 19th century style. Also of interest is Peter the Great's charmingly simple Oak Study, and the adjacent Crown Room, which was in fact the Imperial bedchamber.
|Open:|| ||Daily 10:30 am to 7 pm. Last admission is at 5:45 pm. Thursday: 10:30 am to 9 pm. Last admission is at 8 pm.|
|Admission:||RUB 550.00. Audio-guide: RUB 500.00|
|Photo and video:||not allowed|
|Accessibility note:||Partial wheelchair access is available. Free wheelchair rental is available.|

Dearadh an Grand Palace i Peterhof chun a bheith ina lárphéire de "Versaille na Rúise" de chuid Phéadar an Mór. Timpeall 1720, thit an tSair suas ar iarrachtaí a chúirt a bhunú ag Strelna, go príomha toisc nach raibh an talamh bogtha oiriúnach go hiomlán do na canálacha agus na foinn a shamhlaíodh sé. Ag bogadh a chuid aird níos faide ó thuaidh go Peterhof, thosaigh an Tsar ag tarraingt suas a phleananna féin don talamh agus don phálás. Bhí tús curtha cheana féin le hobair ar phálás measartha, arna dhearadh ag Jean-Baptiste Le Blond, i 1714, agus críochnaíodh an foirgneamh sin i 1721.
Idir an dá linn, ag éirí as díograis gan staonadh Peter, rinneadh méid ollmhór oibre timpeall an phálás, lena n-áirítear tírdhreachú an Pháirc Íseal, tochailt an Chainéal Mara, agus tógáil Monplaisir, Pálás Marly, agus an chuid is mó den Hermitage. Bhí an Pálás Uachtarach bunaidh beagán neamhréireach dá splendors timpeall, agus d'ordaigh Peter Le Blond agus a dheisceabal, Johann Braunstein, an foirgneamh a leathnú.
Cuireadh deireadh leis an obair tar éis bháis Peter i 1725, agus bhí Petrhof beagnach tréigthe go dtí gur tháinig iníon Peter, Elizabeth, ar an ríchathaoir i 1740. D'ordaigh Elizabeth Bartolomeo Rastrelli, a bhí críochnaithe aige cheana féin an Pálás Samhraidh i St. Petersburg, pálás fíor-ríoga a thógáil. Roghnaigh Rastrelli an foirgneamh bunaidh a choinneáil laistigh dá dhearadh, agus tá an toradh thar a bheith galánta agus go hiontach coibhneasta. Tá an maighistir fada, caol, a tógadh sa deich mbliana deireanach sula ndeachaigh an barócaigh ar aghaidh chuig an néoclasizim, le maisiú íosta, agus is iad príomh-fhorbairtí stíl Rastrelli an dá phailliún bán le cúpulaí órga ag deireadh na sciatháin. Beige agus bán, tá an phálás maorga gan a bheith tromchúiseach, agus soláthraíonn sé cúlra foirfe don Ghairdín Uachtarach foirmiúil galánta, agus don Grand Cascade iontach.
Taobh istigh, tá an Grand Palace i bhfad níos saibhre, agus ní dhéanann an fíric go raibh na hinmheáin a athchóiriú beagnach go hiomlán tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda rud ar bith a chur in oiriúint dá gcuid mórthimpeall. Comhcheangal de dhearadh bunaidh Rastrelli agus athchóirithe ag Yurii Felten agus Vallin de la Mothe le linn réimeas Catherine an Mór. Rinneadh athruithe breise i lár an 19ú haois, ach mar sin féin tá an taobh istigh sumptuous an phálás a choimeádta homogeneity suntasach de stíl.
Nuair a théann cuairteoirí isteach sa phálás, bíonn siad i ngleic le Stair Ceiliúradh Rastrelli atá an-dearg, a leagann an t-othar le haghaidh na rudaí atá le teacht le fresco iontach de Aurora agus Genius agus iliomad de mhúnlaí órga. I measc na n-alt is mó tá an Seomra Ball a bhfuil an-golded agus Seomra Tróna iontach bán-agus-turquoise Felten, a bhfuil urlár parquet an-mhaith aige. Tá an Staidéar Lár-Chineach go mór Oirthear, le ballaí dearga agus glas jewel agus seata tae Sínis álainn. Tá tionchar ag chinoiserie ar an Seomra Drawing den Suíte Impiriúil, le crochta balla síoda fíneáil go háirithe. Tá an chuid eile den Imperial Suite, ceathrú príobháideach an teaghlaigh ríoga, ar fáil i stíl mhór an 19ú haois. Tá spéis freisin i Staidéar Oak simplí charmingly Peter an Mór, agus an Seomra Coróin in aice láimhe, a bhí i ndáiríre an seomra codlata Impiriúil.
♬Open: ♬Sadder ♬Daily 10:30 am to 7 pm. Is é an t-aistriúchán deireanach ag 5:45 pm. Déardaoin: 10:30 am go 9 pm. Is é an t-aistriúchán deireanach ag 8 pm.
Comhghlactha: 550 rúbal. Treoir fuaime: RUB 500.00
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