What is meningococcal disease (illness)
Q & A on Meningococcal Disease and Vaccine
Update, June, 2011
What is meningococcal disease?
Meningococcal disease is caused by bacteria (germs) called Neisseria meningitidis
Although meningococcal disease is uncommon, it is a very serious disease. The infection
can develop very quickly and can be fatal in 10 per cent of cases or more. If infection is
diagnosed early enough and the right antibiotics are given quickly, a patient can make a
complete recovery. Is it the same as meningitis?
No, but can be the cause of meningitis. Meningitis is sometimes the result of
Severe infections from meningococcal bacteria can cause:
– an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis can also be caused by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc. in addition to meningococcal bacteria,
[or septicemia]– overwhelming infection in the bloodstream. When caused
by meningococcal bacteria, it is sometimes called “meningococcemia.” Sepsis can also be caused by other bacteria.
• Both meningococcal meningitis and meningococcal sepsis can occur in the same
patient. Patients with sepsis usually have a higher fatality rate.
How serious is meningococcal disease?
Meningococcal bacteria live in the throats of up to 15% of the population at any one time.
Most people who are infected with the bacteria don’t know it. Of those who are infected
with the bacteria, only about 1% gets sick from it.
But, in that 1%, the seriousness of the illness can range from very mild to extremely
serious and in some cases, lead to rapid death.
How long does it take for symptoms to show up after a person is exposed to
The incubation period from when a person is exposed to when he or she may show
symptoms usually ranges from 2–10 days, but is most often 3-4 days. What is my risk of getting meningococcal disease?
• Generally, your risk of getting meningococcal illness is low. Only a very small
number of people with meningococcal bacteria in their throats develop meningococcal disease
• Meningococcal bacteria live naturally in the back of the nose and throat in about 5
– 15% of the population without causing illness. In outbreaks this percentage can be higher.
• In a small number of people, the bacteria manage to get through the lining of the
throat, enter the bloodstream and cause “invasive” meningococcal disease” (meningitis or sepsis [septicemia]).
• If you have been in very close contact with someone with the illness, your risk of
getting meningococcal disease is heightened.
• Household members of confirmed cases have 400 – 800 times the risk of
meningococcal disease than the average person.
• Risk is also heightened for those with specific immune system problems
(“complement deficiency”) or who have had their spleen removed (or non-functioning spleen).
Who is most at risk of serious meningococcal disease?
Very close contacts of an infected person are most at risk of getting infected with
meningococcal bacteria. Close contacts include:
Members of the same household A girlfriend or boyfriend Anyone who has stayed overnight with the affected person in the seven days
Anyone who has kissed or shared eating utensils, drink containers, toothbrushes,
cigarettes, or anything that as been in the mouth of the affected person
What are the symptoms of meningococcal illness in adults and older children?
*without significant fever, it is very unlikely that a person would have meningococcal
disease. Signs and symptoms in infants and young children: similar to above, but may also
What should I do if I or someone I know has these symptoms?
• Seek medical help immediately if somebody close to you has some of these signs
and symptoms, and you are worried that they are much sicker than usual.
• In the very early stages, meningococcal disease can appear to be like other, less
serious illnesses. Your doctor may not immediately recognize this illness. Do not hesitate to seek medical help again – even if it has only been an hour or two since you last sought help.
• If the person seems to be sicker, has suddenly developed small red/purple spots or
larger bruises on the skin, or becomes difficult to wake up – seek medical help urgently.
• Young adults should not be left alone if they suddenly develop a high fever
(>101o)—they may become seriously ill very quickly.
How is meningococcal disease treated?
If the infection is diagnosed early, it can be treated with antibiotics.
• Early antibiotic treatment is vital
• If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given immediately. People
with meningococcal disease are always admitted to hospital and may require admission to an Intensive Care Unit.
• The sooner that antibiotics and other treatments begin, the less damage the disease
will cause. However, this is a very serious infection, which can progress very rapidly despite the best treatment.
Do meningococcal bacteria spread easily?
Only a very small number of people with meningococcal bacteria in their throats develop
meningococcal disease. Meningococcal bacteria are only found in humans. They are
passed from person to person by regular, close, household contact or intimate contact
with secretions from the back of the nose and throat like saliva or nasal mucous. This can
occur when someone coughs or sneezes directly in your face, or through kissing, sharing
drinks, eating utensils, smokes, or putting anything in your mouth that has been in
someone else’s mouth (hookah mouthpiece, lipstick, etc). They cannot be picked up from
water supplies, swimming pools, ice skating rinks, buildings or factories. Do meningococcal bacteria live very long outside of the body?
Different strains may vary, but they generally live for only a short time outside the human
body, a few minutes to several hours. They are spread by human-to-human close contact
that allows an exchange of oral or nasal secretions. They are not found in animals, just
humans. Will everyone who gets meningococcal germs in their throats get sick?
No. Meningococcal bacteria live naturally in the back of the nose and throat in about 5 –
15% of the population at any given time without causing illness. But, in a small number
of people, the bacteria manage to get through the lining of the throat, enter the
bloodstream and cause “invasive” meningococcal disease (meningitis or septicemia). Are certain people the more common “carriers” of meningococcal bacteria?
People of any age can ‘carry’ the germs without becoming ill and carriers eventually
develop immunity to the strains they carry. Although everyone is a carrier at some time,
carriers are most common among teenagers and young adults, especially those who
smoke. If someone in my household gets meningococcal disease, will I be at risk of getting
You would be a close contact and would be considered at risk of becoming ill. You
should seek preventive treatment with the right antibiotics (usually Cipro or Rifampin). Who usually gets sick from meningococcal bacteria?
In healthy persons, serious illness is more common in teens and young adults. Smoking,
bar patronage, and excessive alcohol consumption may put college students at increased
risk for the disease. In persons with underlying health problems, someone with specific
defects in their immune system or who has had a spleen removed is at increased risk.
However, meningococcal disease can occur among people of either gender and in all age
groups, including those considered healthy. A household contact to a meningococcal
patient faces a risk of 400 to 800 times an average person’s risk. How is meningococcal disease prevented?
In the short term, meningococcal disease can be prevented in close contacts of
meningococcal patients by treatment with specific antibiotics shown to be effective at eliminating the bacteria from the throat.
In the longer term, vaccines provide better protection from disease. However,
recent studies have shown that the protection by vaccine wanes after a couple of year, and by 5 years after vaccination is back down to pre-vaccination levels.
How is meningococcal disease treated?
Patients with symptoms of meningococcal disease need to be hospitalized and started on
intravenous antibiotics (these are different than the antibiotics used to prevent illness in
contacts). It is important that treatment be started early in the course of the disease to
increase the chances of survival.
Is there a vaccine for meningococcal disease?
Meningococcal vaccines are available to help protect against most of the types of meningococcal bacteria that cause serious disease, but they do not prevent all cases, and their effectiveness decreases with time since vaccination. There are two kinds of vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis
available in the United States: meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Menomune®) and meningococcal conjugate vaccine (Menactra® and Menveo®). The conjugate vaccines are believed to provide better protection.
Who should be vaccinated against meningococcal disease?
• Children: Meningococcal vaccine is recommended for certain high-risk
• Pre-teens/Adolescents: Meningococcal vaccine is routinely recommended for all
11 through 18 year olds. If your child did not get this vaccine at the 11- or 12-year-old check-up, make an appointment for him or her to get it now.
• Adults: meningococcal vaccine is recommended for adults who
Are college freshmen living in a dormitory
Have a damaged spleen or spleen has been removed
Have specific immune problem (complement deficiency)
Are traveling to or residing in countries in which the disease is common
Those wishing to reduce their risk of meningococcal disease.
*Priority populations for vaccination may change during an outbreak.
Recent situation in Larimer County (June, 2010 – December, 2010)
• The Fort Collins community saw a higher than usual number of serious
meningococcal infections over six months in 2010. The state confirmed eight meningococcal disease cases linked to the outbreak in Larimer County (one of those lived in the Denver area with links to the CSU campus community). Five cases, including the one in Denver, resulted in death.
• All people who died after getting ill in Fort Collins had the same “C” strain of the
bacteria and all died of meningococcal sepsis.
Why the concern over a relatively small number getting sick?
Because of the possible severity of the illness in those that get ill from it. Why are college students more at risk of getting this?
Likely reasons are that at that age there is more chance that people will be living in group
settings (dorms), will be socializing frequently where drinks and eating utensils are
shared, will share cigarettes, hookahs, joints, and engage in other behaviors where saliva
is passed from mouth to mouth. Meningococcal bacteria are spread through saliva. How high is my risk of getting this right now?
The risk to the general population is very low, even when there have been recent cases.
However, the recent severe illnesses and deaths indicate that these bacteria are still
circulating in the community so your chance of either getting it or passing it on is higher
Meningococcal bacteria live in the throats of approximately 15% of the general
population at any one time. Of those who get infected from it, only about 1% becomes
seriously ill. How can I avoid getting it?
• Avoid sharing eating utensils and food • Consider vaccination • Don’t share cigarettes, hookahs and joints. • Avoid drinking games and “pouring” games where drinks are poured directly into
How long will the vaccine protect me or my child?
The meningococcal vaccine protects against most strains of meningococcal disease, but
not all. Studies have shown that its effectiveness lessens after three years. If I or my child already had a meningococcal vaccination, should they get another
If you are under 30 and if it has been over three years since your last vaccination, it’s
recommended to get another at this time. I don’t remember if or when I or my child had a meningococcal vaccine. How can I
• Call your health care provider to check your vaccine record.
• If you are a CSU student, contact the Hartshorn Sutdent Health Center to check
Can I get the shot if I’m recovering from a cold?
Yes it is OK to get the vaccine if you are recovering from a cold. You should not get the
vaccine if you have a fever, but get the vaccine after the fever has gone away. If you are
have questions about the vaccine please ask the clinician who is administering the
vaccination for guidance.
Where can I get a meningococcal vaccination?
• Through your health care provider • At local pharmacies • At college health centers
Do I need my parents’ permission to get this vaccine?
If you are over 18, you do not need your parents’ permission. But it would be a good
thing to discuss with them. Are there side effects of this shot?
Side effects of the meningococcal vaccine are rare, unless a person is allergic to the
vaccine ingredients. Most side effects include a sore arm the next day. Also, people of
college-age tend to faint after receiving immunizations. Is there any special preparation I should do before coming to a clinic for a shot?
• Eat something with some protein and carbs. • Be well hydrated
Where can I get more information on meningococcal disease and the meningococcal
• • • • CO-HELP telephone information line: 1-877-462-2911, 7 am to 11 pm, Mon
through Friday; 9 am – 5 pm on weekends.
HURRICANE PREPARATION Living in the Gulf Coast area, it’s not a matter of if a hurricane develops but when ! The time to plan for a hurricane is before hurricane season begins, not when a hurricane is a threat to your area! Think of some potential problems before they arise: You can’t find a place to stay that accepts large dogs. You have too many dogs and can’t fi
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND Latin American and the Caribbean Regional Office Caribbean Subregional Office Subregional Meeting to assess the implementation of the Programme of LIMITED Action of the International Conference on Population and Development 15 years after its adoption RE

Cad é galar (breoiteacht) méangóicóige
Ceisteanna agus Freagraí ar Ghalair Meningococcal agus an Vacsaín
Nuashonrú, Meitheamh, 2011
Cad é galar meningococcal?
Is baictéir (gérms) darbh ainm Neisseria meningitidis a bhíonn i gceist le galar méiningicóca
Cé nach bhfuil galar meningococcal coitianta, is galar an-tromchúiseach é. An t-ionfhabhtú
Is féidir le VEID a bheith ag forbairt go tapa agus is féidir go mbeidh sé marfach i 10% de na cásanna nó níos mó. Má tá ionfhabhtú
má dhéantar diagnóis go luath agus má thugtar na antaibheathaigh cheart go tapa, is féidir le hothair
athshlánú iomlán. An bhfuil sé mar an gcéanna le meningitis?
Níl, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chúis le meningitis. Uaireanta is é meningitis toradh
Is féidir le haignéis thromchúiseacha ó bhaictéir méineongocóige:
 ionfhabhtú ar na membráin a chlúdaíonn an inchinn agus an méarchlár.
Is féidir baictéir eile, víris, fungais, etc. a bheith ina gcúis le méineigintis. i dteannta baictéir méangóicóige,
[nó seipticéim]  ionfhabhtú mór sa sruth fola. Nuair a bhíonn sé mar thoradh air
Baineann an galar seo le baictéir méangóicócacha, is minic a thugtar meningococcemia air.
• Is féidir meningitis méinigocócach agus seipis méinigocócach a bheith ann san am céanna
an t-othar. De ghnáth bíonn ráta básmhaireachta níos airde ag othair a bhfuil sepsis orthu.
Cé chomh tromchúiseach is atá galar méingicocócach?
Tá baictéir méinginigicócacha ina gcónaí i gcolg suas le 15% den daonra ag am ar bith.
Ní bhíonn a fhios ag formhór na ndaoine atá ionfhabhtaithe leis an baictéir. I measc na ndaoine atá ionfhabhtaithe
leis an baictéir, ní fhaigheann ach thart ar 1% tinn as.
Ach, sa 1% sin, is féidir le tromchúis an ghalair a bheith idir an-éag go mór
Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le héifeachtúlacht an chórais.
Cé chomh fada a thógann sé do na hairíonna a thaispeáint tar éis duine a bheith nochtaithe do
An tréimhse ionchasaithe ó tharla go bhfuil duine nochtaithe go dtí go bhféadfadh sé nó sí
De ghnáth, bíonn na comharthaí idir 2 agus 10 lá, ach is minic go mbíonn siad idir 3 agus 4 lá. Cad é an baol go bhfaighidh mé galar méingicocócach?
• Go ginearálta, tá do riosca galar méangóicóige a fháil íseal. Ní raibh ach an-bheagán
líon na ndaoine a bhfuil baictéir méinginógócacha ina gcroí ag forbairt galar méinginógócacha
• Tá baictéir méiningocóca ina gcónaí go nádúrtha i gcúl an srón agus an throat i thart ar 5
 15% den daonra gan tinneas a chur ina gcúis. I gcás ráigí d'fhéadfadh an céatadán seo a bheith níos airde.
• I líon beag daoine, éiríonn leis na baictéir dul tríd an
go dtí an t- am a thagann sé isteach sa sruth fola agus go dtiocfaidh " galar méningocócach ionrach " (meningitis nó seipis [seiptiséim]).
• Má bhí tú i dteagmháil an-dlúth le duine a bhfuil an galar air, d'fhéadfadh do
Tá sé ag éirí níos measa ná mar a bheadh ag galar meningococcal.
• Tá 400  800 uair an baol go mbeidh daoine sa teaghlach a bhfuil cásanna dearbhaithe acu
Ní mór duit a bheith cinnte go bhfuil tú ag fáil amach faoi na coinníollacha a bhaineann le galar meningococcal ná an meán duine.
• Tá an baol ard freisin dóibh siúd a bhfuil fadhbanna sonracha acu le córas imdhíonachta
( easnamh comhlánaithe) nó a ndearnadh a spléine a bhaint (nó spléine neamhfheidhmiúil).
Cé atá i mbaol go mór galar tromchúiseach méingicocócach a fháil?
Tá an baol is mó ann go bhfaighidh daoine a bhfuil teagmháil an-dlúth acu le duine atá ionfhabhtaithe
Baictéir méangóicóca. I measc na dlúthdhuineacha tá:
Comhaltaí den teaghlach céanna Cailín nó buachaill duine ar bith a d'fhan thar oíche leis an duine atá i gceist sna seacht lá
Aon duine a bhfuil kissed nó a roinnt earraí ithe, a ól coimeádáin, scuab fiacla,
cigártaí, nó aon rud a bhí i mbéal an duine atá buailte
Cad iad na hairíonna a bhaineann le galar meningococcal i ndaoine fásta agus i leanaí níos sine?
* gan fiabhras suntasach, is beag an seans go mbeadh meningococcoccal ag duine
galar. comharthaí agus comharthaí i naíonáin agus i leanaí óga: cosúil leis an méid thuas, ach d'fhéadfadh
Cad ba cheart dom a dhéanamh má tá na hairíonna seo agamsa nó ag duine a bhfuil aithne agam air?
• Déan cabhair leighis a lorg láithreach má tá cuid de na comharthaí seo ag duine gar duit
agus comharthaí, agus tá imní ort go bhfuil siad i bhfad níos tinn ná mar is gnách.
• I gcéimeanna an-luath, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an galar méineongoicócach cosúil le galair eile, níos lú ná
tinnis thromchúiseacha. B'fhéidir nach aithneoidh do dhochtúir an tinneas seo láithreach. Ná bíodh aon leisce ort cúnamh leighis a lorg arís  fiú mura bhfuil ach uair nó dhó caite ó d'iarr tú cúnamh an uair dheireanach.
• Má tá an duine níos tinn, má tá spotaí beaga dearga/ liathróide tagtha air go tobann nó má tá
 é a dhéanamh go tapa, nó go mbeidh sé deacair é a dhúiseacht.
• Níor chóir daoine fásta óga a fhágáil ina n-aonar má bhíonn teas ard acu go tobann
(> 101o)  d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith tinn go tromchúiseach go han-tapa.
Conas a dhéantar cóireáil ar ghalar meningococcal?
Má dhéantar an t-ionfhabhtú a dhiagnóisiú go luath, is féidir é a chóireáil le antaibheathaigh.
• Tá sé ríthábhachtach cóireáil luath le haitiobiotáic
• Má tá amhras ar ghalar meningococcal, tabharfar antaibheathaigh láithreach. Daoine
Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le galar meningococcal i gcónaí san ospidéal agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le ligean isteach in Aonaid Cúraim Thromchúiseach.
• An níos luaithe a thosaíonn antaibheathaigh agus cóireálacha eile, is lú an damáiste a dhéantar don ghalair
Beidh cúis. Mar sin féin, is ionfhabhtú an-tromchúiseach é seo, a d'fhéadfadh dul chun cinn a dhéanamh go tapa in ainneoin an chóireála is fearr.
An scaipeann baictéir méineigicóca go héasca?
Ní bhíonn ach líon an-bheag daoine a bhfuil baictéir méineigicócacha ina gcroí ag forbairt
galar méingicocócach. Ní fhaightear baictéir méanín-chóca ach i ndaoine. Tá siad
tar éis dó a bheith i do chónaí in aon áit eile, nó
le secretions ó chúl an srón agus an throat cosúil le saille nó mucous nasal. Is féidir leis seo
tarlaíonn sé nuair a bhíonn duine ag cough nó ag sneachta go díreach i do aghaidh, nó trí phógadh, ag roinnt
deochanna, uirlisí ithe, tobac, nó aon rud a chur i do bhéal a bhí i
duine eile a bhéal (bhéal-chlaon, liopaí, etc.). Ní féidir iad a phiocadh suas ó
soláthairtí uisce, linnte snámha, rinc scátála, foirgnimh nó monarchana. An maireann baictéir méineigicóca go fada lasmuigh den chorp?
D'fhéadfadh strainsí éagsúla a bheith éagsúil, ach de ghnáth ní mhaireann siad ach tamall gearr lasmuigh den duine
Tá an t-am a chaitear an druga seo le haghaidh an chóireála ag dul ó chúpla nóiméad go roinnt uaireanta an chloig. Tá siad scaipthe trí dlúthbhaint ó dhuine go duine
a cheadaíonn malartuithe béil nó srón a mhalartú. Ní fhaightear iad i ainmhithe, ach
daoine. An mbeidh gach duine a fhaigheann micréib meningococcal ina throats tinn?
Níl. Tá baictéir méinginigicóca beo go nádúrtha i gcúl an srón agus an throat i thart ar 5
15% den daonra ag am ar bith gan tinneas a chur ina gcúis. Ach, i líon beag
de dhaoine, bainfidh na baictéir amach tríd an sliocht an throat, ag dul isteach sa
Ní mór an t-ábhar a bheith i gceart agus ní mór a bheith i gceart. An bhfuil daoine áirithe ar na ' iompróirí ' is coitianta de bhaictéir méingicócacha?
Is féidir le daoine de gach aois na micreamh a "iompar" gan a bheith tinn agus iompróirí a bheith acu sa deireadh
go bhforbróidh siad díolúine do na strains a iompróidh siad. Cé go bhfuil gach duine ina iompróir ag am éigin,
Tá iompróirí an-choitianta i measc déagóirí agus daoine fásta óga, go háirithe iad siúd a bhfuil
deataigh. Má fhaigheann duine i mo theach galar méingicocócach, an mbeidh mé i mbaol a fháil
Ba mhaith leat a bheith i d'fhorbairt agus ba mhaith leat a bheith i do chónaí i do chónaí.
Ba chóir go mbeadh cóireáil choscála ag teastáil ó na antaibheathaigh cheart (de ghnáth Cipro nó Rifampin). Cé a fhaigheann baictéir méingicocóca de ghnáth tinn?
I measc daoine sláintiúla, tá galar tromchúiseach níos coitianta i measc déagóirí agus daoine fásta óga. Tobac a chaitheamh,
Tá an-chuid de na daoine a bhfuil an t-alcól acu i mboscaí, agus d'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh tomhaltas iomarcach alcóil mic léinn coláiste i mbaol méadaithe
an riosca don ghalair. I ndaoine a bhfuil fadhbanna sláinte bunúsacha acu, duine a bhfuil
Tá riosca níos mó ag daoine a bhfuil míchumas ina gcóras imdhíonachta acu nó a ndearnadh spléine a bhaint acu.
Mar sin féin, is féidir le galar méingicocócach tarlú i measc daoine de gach gnéas agus in aon aois
grúpaí, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a mheastar a bheith sláintiúil. Teagmhálaithe a bhfuil teagmháil acu le meningococcal
Tá an t-éileamh ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil. Conas a chosctar galar méingicocócach?
Is féidir galar méaningococcal a chosc go gearrthéarmach i dtráchtanna dlúth le daoine a bhfuil
Ba chóir go mbeadh an t-ábhar a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil.
Ar an fhadtéarma, soláthraíonn vacsaíní cosaint níos fearr ó ghalair. Mar sin féin,
Léiríonn staidéir le déanaí go bhfuil an cosaint ag an vacsaín ag titim tar éis cúpla bliain, agus faoi 5 bliana tar éis an vacsaínithe tá sé ar ais go dtí leibhéil réamh-vacsaínithe.
Conas a dhéantar cóireáil ar ghalar meningococcal?
Ní mór othair a bhfuil comharthaí galar méiningocócach orthu a ospidéalú agus tús a chur leo
Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le héifeachtúlacht na n-ainmhithe a úsáidtear chun galar a chosc.
Contae). Tá sé tábhachtach go dtosófar le cóireáil go luath i rith an ghalair chun
méadú a dhéanamh ar na seansanna maireachtála.
An bhfuil vacsaín ann le haghaidh galar méingicocócach?
Tá vacsaíní méingicócacha ar fáil chun cabhrú le cosaint a dhéanamh i gcoinne an chuid is mó de na cineálacha baictéir méingicócacha a chuireann galar tromchúiseach ar fáil, ach ní chuireann siad cosc ar gach cás, agus laghdaíonn a n-éifeachtúlacht le himeacht ama tar éis an vacsaínithe. Tá dhá chineál vacsaín ann i gcoinne Neisseria meningitidis
Tá an vacsaín seo ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe: vacsaín polysaccharide meningococcal (Menomune®) agus vacsaín comhcheangailte meningococcal (Menactra® agus Menveo®). Creidtear go soláthraíonn na vacsaíní comhcheangailte cosaint níos fearr.
Cé ba chóir a vacsaínú i gcoinne galar méingicocócach?
• Leanaí: moltar vacsaín meningocococal a thabhairt do dhaoine áirithe a bhfuil riosca ard acu
• Roimh- déagóirí/ Óige: moltar vacsaín meningocococal go rialta do gach duine
11 go 18 bliana d'aois. Mura bhfuair do leanbh an vacsaín seo ag an seiceáil 11 nó 12 bliana d'aois, déan coinneáil dó nó di chun é a fháil anois.
• Daoine fásta: moltar vacsaín meningocococal a thabhairt d' dhaoine fásta a bhfuil
An bhfuil freshmen coláiste ina gcónaí i dormitory
Má tá do spléine damáiste nó má tá do spléine curtha as
Tá fadhb speisiúil imdhíonachta agat (teoranta comhlánaithe)
Tá siad ag taisteal chuig tíortha ina bhfuil an galar coitianta nó ina bhfuil cónaí orthu
Daoine ar mian leo a mbaol galar méangóicóige a laghdú.
* D'fhéadfadh go n-athródh pobal tosaíochta le haghaidh vacsaínithe le linn ráig.
An staid le déanaí i gContae Larimer (Meitheamh, 2010  Nollaig, 2010)
• Chonaic pobal Fort Collins líon níos airde ná mar is gnách de
ionfhabhtuithe meningococcal thar sé mhí in 2010. Dheimhnigh an stát ocht gcás galar meningococcal a bhaineann leis an ráig i gContae Larimer (bhí duine acu i gceantar Denver a raibh naisc aige le pobal campais CSU). Cúig chás, lena n-áirítear an ceann i Denver, mar thoradh ar bás.
• Bhí an strain C céanna ag na daoine go léir a fuair bás tar éis dóibh a bheith tinn i Fort Collins
Baictéir agus fuair siad bás go léir as seipis meningococcal.
Cén fáth an imní faoi líon réasúnta beag daoine atá ag fulaingt?
Mar gheall ar an dlúthththracht a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an ngalar i measc na ndaoine a fhaigheann tinn as. Cén fáth go bhfuil mic léinn coláiste níos mó i mbaol é seo a fháil?
Is dócha gur cúiseanna é go bhfuil seans níos mó ann go mbeidh daoine ag maireachtáil i ngrúpaí ag an aois sin
Beidh siad ag caitheamh an chuid is mó den am ag freastal ar an gcluiche, ag imirt an cluiche agus ag imirt an cluiche.
roinnte, beidh scaireanna, hookahs, joints, agus páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhartha eile ina bhfuil saill
Tá sé tar éis a bheith ar an mbéal. Scaiptear baictéir méanín-chóca trí spíon. Cé chomh mór is atá an riosca go bhfaighidh mé é seo anois?
Tá an riosca don phobal i gcoitinne an-íseal, fiú nuair a bhí cásanna le déanaí ann.
Mar sin féin, léiríonn na haigíní tromchúiseacha agus na báis le déanaí go bhfuil na baictéir seo fós
ag scaipeadh sa phobal mar sin tá do dheis é a fháil nó é a tharchur níos airde
Tá baictéir méangóicócacha ina gcónaí i gcolg thart ar 15% de na daoine a bhfuil
daonra ag aon am amháin. De na daoine a fhaigheann ionfhabhtaithe as, ní thagann ach thart ar 1%
Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach conas is féidir liom a sheachaint é?
• Ná roinn uirlisí bia agus bia le chéile • Smaoinigh ar vacsaínú • Ná roinn tobac, hookahs agus joints. • Seachain cluichí ól agus cluichí 'íola' ina gcuirtear deochanna go díreach isteach
Cé chomh fada a chosnóidh an vacsaín mé féin nó mo pháiste?
Tá an vacsaín méinín- chocsaí cosanta i gcoinne an chuid is mó de shlabhraí galar méinín- chocsaí, ach ní
ní go léir. Léirigh staidéir go bhfuil a éifeachtúlacht ag titim tar éis trí bliana. Má bhí vacsaín méineigicoccóig agamsa nó ag mo pháiste cheana féin, ba cheart dóibh a bheith
Má tá tú faoi 30 agus má tá sé níos mó ná trí bliana ó d' vacsaínú deireanach, tá sé
moltar duit ceann eile a fháil ag an am seo. Ní cuimhin liom an raibh vacsaín méineongocóige agamsa nó mo pháiste nó nuair a bhí. Conas is féidir liom
• Glaoigh ar do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte chun do thaifead vacsaínithe a sheiceáil.
• Má tá tú ina mac léinn CSU, déan teagmháil le Lárionad Sláinte Hartshorn Sutdent chun seiceáil
An féidir liom an instealladh a fháil má tá mé ag teacht ar ais ó choinbhleacht?
Sea, tá sé ceart go leor an vacsaín a fháil má tá tú ag teacht ar ais ó choinbhleacht. Níor chóir duit a fháil ar an
má tá fiabhras agat, ach déan an vacsaín a fháil tar éis don fiabhras imeacht. Má tá tú
má tá aon cheist agat faoin vacsaín, iarr ar an gcliniceoir a bhfuil an vacsaín á
vacsaínithe mar threoir.
Cá bhfaighidh mé vacsaín meningococcoccal?
• Tríd do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte • Ag cógaisíní áitiúla • Ag lárionaid sláinte na coláiste
An gá cead mo thuismitheoirí a bheith agam chun an vacsaín seo a fháil?
Mura bhfuil tú os cionn 18 mbliana d'aois, ní gá duit cead do thuismitheoirí. Ach bheadh sé go maith
rud le plé leo. An bhfuil fo-iarsmaí ag an bhosca seo?
Tá fo-iarsmaí an vacsaín méineicocóige annamh, mura bhfuil duine ailléirgeach ar an vacsaín.
comhábhair an vacsaín. Is éard atá i bhformhór na n-easnamh ná lámh tinn an lá dar gcionn. Chomh maith leis sin, daoine de
Tá an-chuid daoine in aois na coláiste ag dul i míchompord tar éis dóibh imdhíonachtaí a fháil. An bhfuil aon ullmhúchán speisialta ar chóir dom a dhéanamh sula dtiocfaidh mé chuig clinic le haghaidh instealladh?
• Bíodh rud éigin le próitéin agus carbaihiodráití agat. • Bíodh uisce agat go maith
Cá bhfaighidh mé tuilleadh faisnéise faoi ghalar méineagóicócach agus faoi
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trí Dé hAoine; 9 am  5 pm ar an deireadh seachtaine.
GLACHAÍONNÁN IN AIRGINNÁIS: Ag maireachtáil i gceantar Chósta na Murascaille, ní ceist é an ndéantar hurricane ach cén uair a dhéantar é! Is é an t-am chun pleanáil a dhéanamh le haghaidh hurricane ná sula dtosaíonn séasúr na hurricane, ní nuair a bhíonn bagairt ag hurricane ar do cheantar! Smaoinigh ar roinnt fadhbanna a d'fhéadfadh teacht chun cinn sular tharlaíonn siad: Ní féidir leat áit a fháil chun fanacht a ghlacann le madraí móra. Tá tú ró-luachanna madraí agus ní féidir fi
COMHÍSTAE EACNÓMACH I NAMHÁIR LAÍNNIS AGUS I NÁ CARIBBEAN Ceanncheathrú Fo-réigiúnach na Caráibí Ciste Daonra na Náisiún Aontaithe Oifig Réigiúnach Mheiriceá Laidineach agus na Caráibí Oifig Fo-réigiúnach na Caráibis Cruinniú Fo-réigiúnach chun cur chun feidhme Chlár Gníomhaíochta SÓCHTÁIN na Comhdhála Idirnáisiúnta um Daonra agus Forbairt a mheas 15 bliain tar éis a ghlacadh


A Virginia Tech scientist has discovered a potentially new form of plant communication, one that allows them to share an extraordinary amount of genetic information with one another.
The finding by Jim Westwood, a professor of plant pathology, physiology, and weed science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, throws open the door to a new arena of science that explores how plants communicate with each other on a molecular level. It also gives scientists new insight into ways to fight parasitic weeds that wreak havoc on food crops in some of the poorest parts of the world.
His findings were published on Aug. 15 in the journal Science.
"The discovery of this novel form of inter-organism communication shows that this is happening a lot more than any one has previously realized," said Westwood, who is an affiliated researcher with the Fralin Life Science Institute. "Now that we have found that they are sharing all this information, the next question is, 'What exactly are they telling each other?'."
Westwood examined the relationship between a parasitic plant, dodder, and two host plants, Arabidopsis and tomatoes. In order to suck the moisture and nutrients out of the host plants, dodder uses an appendage called a haustorium to penetrate the plant. Westwood has previously broken new ground when he found that during this parasitic interaction, there is a transport of RNA between the two species. RNA translates information passed down from DNA, which is an organism's blueprint.
His new work expands this scope of this exchange and examines the mRNA, or messenger RNA, which sends messages within cells telling them which actions to take, such as which proteins to code. It was thought that mRNA was very fragile and short-lived, so transferring it between species was unimaginable.
But Westwood found that during this parasitic relationship, thousands upon thousands of mRNA molecules
|Contact: Zeke Barlow|

D'aimsigh eolaí de chuid Virginia Tech foirm nua cumarsáide plandaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann, ceann a ligeann dóibh méid neamhghnách faisnéise géiniteach a roinnt lena chéile.
Tá an t-athrú a rinne Jim Westwood, ollamh paiteolaíochta plandaí, fisiolaíochta, agus eolaíochta féirín sa Choláiste Talmhaíochta agus Eolaíochtaí Beatha, ag oscailt an doras chuig réimse nua eolaíochta a dhéanann iniúchadh ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn plandaí le chéile ar leibhéal móilíneach. Tugann sé léargas nua freisin do eolaithe ar bhealaí chun troid a dhéanamh le féar parásaiteacha a dhéanann scrios ar chotháin bia i roinnt de na codanna is boichte den domhan.
Foilsíodh a chuid torthaí ar an 15 Lúnasa sa iris Science.
"Léiríonn an fhoirm nua seo cumarsáide idir ainmhithe go bhfuil sé seo ag tarlú i bhfad níos mó ná mar a thuig duine ar bith roimhe seo", a dúirt Westwood, taighdeoir atá cleamhnaithe le Institiúid Eolaíochta Beatha Fralin. "Nuair a fuair muid amach go bhfuil siad ag roinnt an fhaisnéis seo go léir, is é an chéad cheist eile, 'Cad atá á rá acu go díreach lena chéile?'. "
Rinne Westwood scrúdú ar an gcaidreamh idir planda paraisíteach, dodder, agus dhá phlanda óstach, Arabidopsis agus trátaí. D'fhonn an taise agus na cothaithigh a shúghadh as na plandaí óstach, úsáideann an dodder forlíonadh ar a dtugtar haustorium chun dul isteach sa phlanda. Tá Westwood tar éis talamh nua a bhriseadh roimhe seo nuair a fuair sé amach go bhfuil iompar RNA idir an dá speiceas le linn an idirghníomhaíochta paraisíteach seo. Aistríonn RNA faisnéis a tharchur ó DNA, is é seo phlean orgánach.
Leathnaíonn a chuid oibre nua raon feidhme an mhalartaithe seo agus scrúdaíonn sé an mRNA, nó an RNA teachtaire, a sheolann teachtaireachtaí laistigh de chealla ag insint dóibh cén gníomh a dhéanamh, mar shampla cén próitéin a chódáil. Shíltear go raibh an mRNA an-chroite agus go raibh a shaolré gearr, mar sin ní raibh sé indéanta é a aistriú idir speicis.
Ach fuair Westwood go le linn an caidreamh parasiteach, na mílte ar na mílte de mhóilíní mRNA
Teagmháil: Zeke Barlow


Acupuncture can calm highly anxious dental patients and ensure they can be given the treatment they need, suggests a small study published in Acupuncture in Medicine.
A visit to the dentist provokes extreme fear and anxiety in an estimated one in 20 people, and can put them off going altogether, a condition termed odontophobia.
And up to a third of patients report moderate anxiety at the prospect of dental treatment, studies show.
The authors base their findings on 16 women and four men from eight dental practice lists.
Each of the patients was moderately or extremely anxious about going to the dentist for treatment, as assessed by a validated questionnaire – the Back Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
All were in their 40s and had been trying to deal with this problem for between two and 30 years.
The BAI score was assessed before and after five minutes of acupuncture treatment, targeting two specific acupuncture points (GV20 and EX6) on the top of the head.
The acupuncture was carried out by the dentists themselves, all of whom are members of the British Dental Acupuncture Society.
The average BAI score of 26.5 fell to 11.5, and all 20 patients were able to undergo their planned treatment, whereas before this had only been possible in six – and then only partially and after a great deal of effort on the part of both dentist and patient.
The authors point out that several attempts have been made to conquer this type of anxiety, including sedatives, relaxation techniques, behavioural therapies, biofeedback and hypnosis.
The research indicates that these do help, but they are time consuming and require considerable levels of psychotherapeutic skills, if applied properly, say the authors.
They caution that further larger studies are needed to confirm the value of acupuncture in these sorts of cases, but suggest that acupuncture ‘may offer a simple and inexpensive method of treatment’.

Is féidir le acupuncture othair fiacla atá an-chúram a shásamh agus a chinntiú go bhféadfar an chóireáil a theastaíonn uathu a thabhairt dóibh, de réir staidéar beag a foilsíodh in Acupuncture in Medicine.
Tá an t-eagla agus an imní ag dul chuig an fiaclóir i gceann amháin as 20 duine, agus d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh sé ar a gcumas dul go hiomlán, staid ar a dtugtar odontophobia.
Agus léiríonn staidéir go bhfuil imní measartha ag suas le trian de na hothair nuair a bhíonn súil acu le cóireáil fiacla a fháil.
Tá na húdair ag bunú a gcuid torthaí ar 16 bhean agus ceithre fhear ó ocht liosta cleachtais fiacla.
Bhí imní measartha nó an-mhór ag gach duine de na hothair maidir le dul chuig an fiaclóir le haghaidh cóireála, mar a mheasadh le ceistneoir bhailíochtaithe  an Inventar imní cúl (BAI).
Bhí siad uile ina 40í agus bhí siad ag iarraidh déileáil leis an bhfadhb seo le dhá bhliain go 30 bliain.
Rinneadh an scór BAI a mheas roimh agus tar éis cúig nóiméad de chóireáil acupuncture, ag díriú ar dhá phointe acupuncture sonracha (GV20 agus EX6) ar bharr na cinn.
Rinne na fiaclóirí féin an t-aicéipictiúr, agus is baill iad go léir den British Dental Acupuncture Society.
Thit scór BAI meán 26.5 go 11.5, agus d'éirigh leis na 20 othar go léir a gcóireáil phleanáilte a dhéanamh, cé nach raibh sé seo indéanta roimhe seo ach i sé  agus ansin ach go páirteach agus tar éis go leor iarrachta ó thaobh an fiaclóra agus an othair araon.
Tugann na húdair le fios go ndearnadh roinnt iarrachtaí chun an cineál imní seo a shárú, lena n-áirítear sedatives, teicnící scíth a ligean, teiripe iompraíochta, biofeedback agus hipnóis.
Léiríonn an taighde go gcuireann na modhanna seo cabhair ar fáil, ach tá siad ag caitheamh ama agus éilíonn siad leibhéil suntasacha scileanna síceiteiripeacha, má chuirtear i bhfeidhm go cuí iad, a deir na húdair.
Tugann siad rabhadh go bhfuil gá le tuilleadh staidéir níos mó chun luach an aicíbeachta a dhearbhú sna cineálacha cásanna seo, ach tugann siad le fios go bhféadfadh icíbeacht modh cóireála simplí agus saor a thairiscint.


Objectives: To conduct rapid assessments of avoidable blindness to estimate the magnitude and causes of blindness in people aged ⩾50 years in Negros Island and Antique district, Philippines.
Methods: Clusters of 50 people aged ⩾50 years were sampled with probability proportionate to size. Households within clusters were selected through compact segment sampling. Visual acuity (VA) was measured with a tumbling “E” chart. Ophthalmologists examined people with VA<6/18 in either eye.
Results: In Negros, 2774 of 3649 enumerated subjects were examined (76.0%) and 3177 of 3842 enumerated subjects in Antique (82.7%). The prevalence of blindness (presenting VA<3/60 in better eye) was 2.6% (95% CI = 2.0 to 3.2%) in Negros and 3.0% (2.4 to 3.6%) in Antique. The leading cause of blindness was untreated cataract, and was refractive error for visual impairment (VA<6/18 to ⩾6/60). Most of the cases of blindness (67% in Negros, 82% in Antique) and visual impairment (94% in Negros, 95% in Antique) were avoidable (ie, operated and unoperated cataract, refractive error and corneal scar). In Negros, 23% of eyes had a poor outcome after cataract surgery, and 13% in Antique.
Conclusions: The prevalence of blindness in two areas in the Philippines was relatively low. Since most cases were avoidable, further reductions are possible.
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Competing interests: None declared.
This work was supported by grants from SightSavers International, Christian Blind Mission and ORBIS International.
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Oibrithe: Measú tapa a dhéanamh ar an dalltacht a d'fhéadfaí a sheachaint chun meastachán a dhéanamh ar mhéid agus cúiseanna dalltachta i measc daoine 50 bliain d'aois in Oileán Negros agus i gcathair Antique, na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha.
Mhodhanna: Rinneadh samplaí de chlústáin de 50 duine atá 50 bliain d'aois agus ba é an dóchúlacht comhréireach leis an méid. Roghnaíodh teaghlaigh laistigh de chlústéir trí sampláil chomhchruinnithe. Tomhaistear géarchéim amhairc (GG) le cairt E a thriomú. Rinne ocsaigineolaithe scrúdú ar dhaoine a raibh VA<6/18 acu i ngach súl.
Torthaí: I Negros, rinneadh scrúdú ar 2774 de 3649 ábhar atá liostáilte (76.0%) agus ar 3177 de 3842 ábhar atá liostáilte i Antique (82.7%). Ba é 2. 6% (95% CI = 2. 0 go 3. 2%) an leithead ar dallú (ag léiriú VA< 3/ 60 i súl níos fearr) i Negros agus 3. 0% (2. 4 go 3. 6%) i Antique. Ba é cataracht neamhchóireáilte an príomhchúis le dalltas, agus ba é an earráid reifreacsaíochta do lagú amhairc (VA<6/18 go 6/60). D'fhéadfaí an chuid is mó de na cásanna de dhallús (67% i Negros, 82% i Antique) agus lagú amhairc (94% i Negros, 95% i Antique) a sheachaint (ie, cataracht oibríochtúil agus neamhoibríochtúil, earráid reifreacsa agus scar corneala). I Negros, bhí drochthorthaí ag 23% de na súile tar éis máinliacht cataract, agus 13% i Antique.
Conclúidí: Bhí an líon daoine a bhí dall i dhá cheantar sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha réasúnta íseal. Ós rud é gur féidir an chuid is mó de na cásanna a sheachaint, is féidir tuilleadh laghduithe a dhéanamh.
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Thucydides, a participant in and chronicler of the Peloponnesian War, the long contest between Athens and Sparta in the fifth century B.C., is one of the most influential early Western historians. His detailed study of the conflict, HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, is still pored over by students of war and political science, and the fact-based method of historical study that he introduced has been influential down to the present day. Kagan presents Thucydides the man and asks readers to reconsider the conventional notion of this ancient author as a completely objective reporter of history. Paul Hecht’s reading is a textbook example of good nonfiction narration: It’s clear, confident, and consistent in tone and volume, making for pleasurable listening even in relatively noisy conditions. M.G. © AudioFile 2010, Portland, Maine [Published: SEPTEMBER 2010]
Library Ed. Recorded Books 2010
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Tá Thucydides, rannpháirtí agus chronicler i gCogadh na Peloponnese, an iomaíocht fhada idir Aithin agus Sparta sa chúigiú haois RC, ar cheann de na staireoirí is mó tionchair luath san Iarthar. Tá staidéar mionsonraithe a rinne sé ar an gcoimhlint, ISTÉARCHÁIL NA GHAGHA PÉILOPÓNÍSIS, á dhéanamh fós ag mic léinn cogaidh agus eolaíochta polaitíochta, agus tá tionchar ag an modh staidéir stairiúil atá bunaithe ar fhíricí a chuir sé isteach go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. Cuireann Kagan Thucydides ar an bhfear agus iarrann sé ar léitheoirí an nochtadh choinbhinsiúnach a dhéanamh ar an údar ársa seo mar thuairisceoir iomlán oibiachtúil ar stair. Is sampla téacsleabhar de scéal neamhfhíor é Paul Hecht: Tá sé soiléir, muiníneach, agus comhsheasmhach i tonachas agus i méid, rud a fhágann go bhfuil éisteacht taitneamhach fiú i ndálaí réasúnta torann. M.G. © AudioFile 2010, Portland, Maine [ Foilsithe: SEPTEMBHR 2010]
Leabharlann Ed. Leabhair Clártha 2010
CS ISBN 9781440771651 $61.75 Ocht gcásdaí
CD ISBN 9781440771668 $77.75 Ocht CD
DD ISBN 9781440790799 foinsí éagsúla
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An international research group has discovered that the mutated form of a gene called Palladin causes familial pancreatic cancer. The findings, published online Dec. 12, 2006, in the journal PLoS Medicine, may help define a target for screening and early diagnosis for this often-lethal cancer. Dr. Teri Brentnall, associate professor of medicine at the University of Washington and a Hutchinson Center affiliate investigator, led the research.
The researchers found the Palladin gene behaves abnormally in both hereditary and non-hereditary forms of pancreatic cancer. They believe the mutated gene causes cancer by triggering cytoskeleton malfunction, which allows the cancer cells to move more quickly than normal cells, essentially invading the surrounding healthy tissue.
To pinpoint the gene, Brentnall and colleagues developed a surveillance program for the early detection of pancreatic pre-cancer in susceptible families. The researchers spent a decade monitoring an affected family to identify the source of the fatal inheritance that killed half of its members.
Brentnall collaborates with Center investigators Drs. Sunil Hingorani, Meg Mandelson and John Potter on other pancreatic-cancer research.

Fuair grúpa taighde idirnáisiúnta amach go gcuireann foirm athraitheach de ghine ar a dtugtar Palladin ailse pancreas teaghlaigh i gcrích. D'fhéadfadh na torthaí, a foilsíodh ar líne an 12 Nollaig, 2006, sa iris PLoS Medicine, cabhrú le sprioc a shainiú le haghaidh scagadh agus diagnóis luath don ailse seo a bhíonn marfach go minic. Bhí an taighde faoi stiúir an Dr. Teri Brentnall, ollamh coimhdeach le míochaine in Ollscoil Washington agus imscrúdaitheoir cleamhnaithe le Ionad Hutchinson.
Fuair na taighdeoirí go bhfuil gnáthghníomh neamhghnácha ag an ngine Palladin i bhfoirmeacha oidhreacha agus neamhoidhreacha ailse pancreas araon. Creideann siad go gcuireann an géin mhúinteach ailse de bharr mífheidhm cytoskeleton a spreagadh, rud a ligeann do na cealla ailse bogadh níos tapúla ná cealla gnáth, ag ionradh go bunúsach ar an bhfíochán sláintiúil timpeall.
Chun an géin a aimsiú go cruinn, d'fhorbair Brentnall agus a chomhghleacaithe clár faireachais chun réamh-ailse pancreas a bhrath go luath i dteaghlaigh atá so-ghabhálach. Chaith na taighdeoirí deich mbliana ag faire ar theaghlach atá i mbaol a aithint foinse an oidhreachta mharfach a mharaigh leath dá chomhaltaí.
Brentnall comhoibríonn le imscrúdaitheoirí Ionad Drs. Sunil Hingorani, Meg Mandelson agus John Potter ar thaighde eile ar ailse pancreas.


Over the past three decades, researchers have firmly established that the omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have healthy effects on the heart. Omega-3 fatty acids seem to help both in preventing cardiovascular disease as well as in preventing future heart attacks, strokes, and other adverse events in people who have established cardiovascular disease. These findings have been so strong that the American Heart Association now recommends eating fish or taking fish oil as a preventive measure both for healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanism behind omega-3's healthy effects isn't yet known.
In a new study, Zhaohui Gao, Robert P. Feehan, Lawrence I. Sinoway, and Kevin D. Monahan of the Penn State College of Medicine investigated whether part of omega-3's benefits might rely on improving cardiac diastolic function -- the ability of the heart to relax and efficiently refill with blood at each beat, which declines with age. Their findings show that taking an omega-3 supplement daily for three months didn't change diastolic function in older adults, suggesting that omega-3's benefits might fall on other aspects of cardiovascular function.
An abstract of their study entitled, "Three-Month Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Does Not Improve Cardiac Diastolic Function in Healthy Older Adults," will be discussed at the meeting Experimental Biology 2012 being held April 21-25 at the San Diego Convention Center.
No Effect on Diastolic Function To investigate omega-3's effects on diastolic function, the researchers recruited 11 healthy adults with an average age of 66 years -- a prime age group in which hearts begin to show signs of aging, including diastolic dysfunction. The researchers gave these volunteers, split nearly equally between men and women, echocardiograms to measure heart structure and function. This echocardiogram included traditional Doppler measures, as well as cutting edge tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking imaging, two newer technologies that give more detailed views of the heart.
Over the next 12 weeks, these volunteers each took daily omega-3 supplements containing 1.9 grams EPA and 1.5 grams DHA. The researchers then repeated the echocardiograms.
Results show that between the first and second scans, the volunteers had no detectable improvements in diastolic function, says study leader Kevin Monahan, Ph.D., suggesting that fish oil didn't change this important parameter of cardiac health.
Keep Up the Fish Oil However, Monahan says, the results shouldn't deter people from taking fish oil or other omega-3 supplements for heart health. "I don't think there's any reason to stop taking fish oil based on our data," he says. "From a big picture standpoint, we know that consumption of fish and fish oil reduces cardiac disease risk and mortality. Just because omega-3 supplements doesn't improve diastolic function over 12 weeks in this population doesn't mean that these nutrients don't exert other important cardiac effects."
He notes that a longer trial may produce more noticeable results on diastolic function, or that omega-3 fatty acids may produce more profound effects on other aspects of heart function, preventing heart disease in other ways.
Diastolic dysfunction can be a harbinger of heart failure, Monahan says, causing symptoms including shortness of breath and severe fatigue with physical activity. Heart failure is a prevalent and expensive condition in the U.S., with estimated costs in the tens of billions of dollars.
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Le trí scór bliain anuas, tá sé cruthaithe go láidir ag taighdeoirí go bhfuil éifeachtaí sláintiúla ag aigéid shailleacha omega-3 in ola éisc, lena n-áirítear aigéad eicosapentaenoic (EPA) agus aigéad docosahexaenoic (DHA). Is cosúil go gcuireann aigéid shailleacha Omega-3 le galair chroí-aigéalach a chosc chomh maith le hionsaithe croí, strócanna agus imeachtaí díobhálacha eile a chosc i ndáil le daoine a bhfuil galair chroí-aigéalach cruthaithe acu. Tá na torthaí seo chomh láidir sin go molann Cumann an Chroí Mheiriceá anois iasc a ithe nó ola éisc a ghlacadh mar bheart coisctheach do dhaoine folláine agus dóibh siúd a bhfuil galar cardashoithíoch orthu. Mar sin féin, níl a fhios fós an meicníocht atá taobh thiar d'éifeachtaí sláintiúla omega-3.
I staidéar nua, rinne Zhaohui Gao, Robert P. Feehan, Lawrence I. Sinoway, agus Kevin D. Monahan ó Choláiste Leighis Stáit na Pensilvéine fiosrúchán ar an bhféadfadh cuid de na buntáistí a bhaineann le omega-3 a bheith ag brath ar fheidhm diastólach croí a fheabhsú - cumas an chroí scíth a ligean agus athlíonadh go héifeachtach le fuil ag gach buille, a laghdaíonn le haois. Léiríonn a gcuid torthaí nach raibh athrú ar fheidhm diastólach i ndaoine fásta níos sine ag glacadh forlíonta omega-3 go laethúil ar feadh trí mhí, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh sochair omega-3 titim ar ghnéithe eile de fheidhm chártaithe.
Tá achoimre ar a gcuid staidéir dar teideal, "Three-Month Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Does Not Improve Cardiac Diastolic Function in Healthy Older Adults", a bheidh le plé ag an gcruinniú Eolaíochta Taighde 2012 a bheidh ar siúl 21-25 Aibreán ag an Ionad Coinbhinsiúin San Diego.
Níl aon Iarsma ar Fhocsaí Diastolic Chun éifeachtaí omega-3 ar fheidhm diastolic a fhiosrú, earcaigh na taighdeoirí 11 duine fásta sláintiúil le meán-aois 66 bliana - grúpa aois phríomhúil ina dtosaíonn croí ag taispeáint comharthaí d'aois, lena n-áirítear mífheidhm diastolic. Thug na taighdeoirí seo deonacha, roinnte beagnach go cothrom idir fir agus mná, echocardiograms chun struchtúr agus feidhm an chroí a thomhas. Áiríodh leis an echocardiogram seo tomhais traidisiúnta Doppler, chomh maith le léargas Doppler fíochán géar agus léargas rianú speckle 2D, dhá theicneolaíocht níos nuaí a thugann radharcanna níos mionsonraithe ar an gcroí.
Le 12 sheachtain ina dhiaidh sin, ghlac na saorálaithe seo forlíontaí óimige-3 laethúla ina raibh 1.9 gram EPA agus 1.5 gram DHA. Ansin rinne na taighdeoirí na heiccardiograms a athdhéanamh.
Léiríonn na torthaí nach raibh aon fheabhsuithe inbhraite ag na hoibrithe deonacha sa fheidhm diastólach idir an chéad scanadh agus an dara scanadh, a deir ceannaire an staidéir Kevin Monahan, Ph.D., rud a thugann le tuiscint nach ndearna ola éisc athrú ar an paraiméadar tábhachtach seo de shláinte croí.
Coinnigh suas an Ola Iasc Mar sin féin, deir Monahan, níor cheart go gcuirfeadh na torthaí bac ar dhaoine ola iasca nó forlíontaí omega-3 eile a ghlacadh le haghaidh sláinte croí. "Ní dóigh liom go bhfuil aon chúis ann stop a chur le h-ola éisc a ghlacadh bunaithe ar ár gcuid sonraí", a deir sé. "Ó thaobh an ghné mhóra de, tá a fhios againn go laghdaíonn tomhaltas iasc agus ola éisc riosca galar croí agus básmhaireacht. Ní chiallaíonn an rud nach bhfeabhsaíonn forlíontaí omega-3 feidhm diastólach thar 12 sheachtain sa phobal seo nach mbíonn éifeachtaí tábhachtacha eile croí ag na cothaithigh seo".
Tugann sé faoi deara go bhféadfadh torthaí níos suntasaí a bheith ag triail níos faide ar fheidhm diastólach, nó go bhféadfadh aigéid shailleacha omega-3 éifeachtaí níos doimhne a bheith acu ar ghnéithe eile de fheidhm an chroí, ag cosc a chur ar ghalair croí ar bhealaí eile.
Is féidir le mífheidhm diastólach a bheith ina fhógairt ar mhainneachtain croí, a deir Monahan, ag cruthú comharthaí lena n-áirítear go leor gaoithe agus tuirse mór le gníomhaíocht fhisiciúil. Is galar forleathan agus costasach é teip croí sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus meastar go bhfuil na costais i ndeich billiúin dollar.
Citeáil an Leathanach seo:


In his own vastly expanded version of “Notes on the Birds of Nottinghamshire”, published in 1907, and now housed in the local collection of Mansfield Library, author Joseph Whitaker has added, for the most part in pencil, his own notes and additions. In some cases, he has pasted newspaper clippingts onto the pages. At one particular point, towards the end of the book, he has added the following handwritten note, misspellings and all:
“Jer Falcon. one shot at Park Hall by Mr Shelton. We were beating a plantation on Clipstone Road near the Red House Farm it was misty + this falcon flew low over the trees + was shot by him.
I missed this bird out when this book was written. Now in my collection”.
Sceptics might say, of course, that Joseph Whitaker was mistaken in his identification of the bird and that it was, quite simply, not a definite Gyrfalcon. This is, however, a rather unlikely scenario. Joseph Whitaker was familiar with many, many different kinds of raptor. If anything, he had probably seen more species within the county than the majority of present-day birdwatchers. And don’t forget. Mr Shelton shot it. They were identifying a corpse, not a distant dot disappearing into a dismal sky:
In any case a Gyrfalcon would have been easily identifiable on size alone. It is a falcon as big as a Common Buzzard And if Whitaker’s bird was a white phase individual, it would have been totally unmistakeable:
There are only two birds of this size which are completely white, namely Gyrfalcon and Snowy Owl. The latter is not exactly difficult to identify:
Gyrfalcons exist in two different colour morphs and it would, admittedly, have been more difficult to identify a dark morph bird:
The issue of size would still have been there, of course. Gyrfalcons of both white and dark morphs are huge birds. Furthermore, even dark phase Gyrfalcons are very distinctive birds, especially when viewed as dead specimens.
Dark morph birds may just be an academic problem anyway. According to at least one ornithological authority, namely Fisher in 1967, the vast majority of Gyrfalcons seen in England during the Victorian era were, in actual fact, white phase birds, with apparently only one dark morph individual recorded nationally during the last third of the 19th century.
And in Whitaker’s day, of course, there was no need to worry about the presence of escaped foreign falcons from Australia, or exotic, artificially inseminated hybrids produced by Baron Frankenstein the Falconer. It would have been very difficult to misidentify one of these charismatic killers:
Indeed, it is difficult to imagine what Mr Shelton shot, if it were not a Gyrfalcon. We also know that the bird went into Joseph Whitaker’s collection. This fact in itself would have served as some kind of checking mechanism, since the specimen would have been mounted and then inspected by the continuous parade of visitors to Whitaker’s house in Rainworth. These would have included a large number of nationally reputable ornithologists and it would have been impossible for a man like Joseph Whitaker to have shown them such an important county specimen without their quickly mentioning the fact had the bird be misidentified.
Why then do we not have the Gyrfalcon now? Again, answers are not difficult to find. The bird may have been sold privately, either before or after Whitaker’s death. Equally it was common practice, when the owner of a great collection died, for selected individual birds to be passed onto close friends, before the collection as a whole was sold, usually at a public auction. It is also conceivable that the specimen may have been stolen after Whitaker’s death.
On the death of a great collector, it was a frequent occurrence that the beneficiaries of the estate had little or no expert knowledge of the worth or importance of certain individual stuffed birds. These vulnerable specimens were then liable to disappear between the death of the collector and the public disposal of the collection. This has certainly happened to a number of other birds which are known to have been in Whitaker’s possession but have now disappeared, presumably between his death and the acquisition of his collection on behalf of the Mansfield Museum.
In any case, why should we automatically cast doubt on Whitaker’s handwritten note? What clearer message can the great man have hurled forward into the future, than the one we now have? He offers us the word of an honest man.
You might be lucky enough one day to see a Gyrfalcon in this country. I never have. But I console myself by watching the Peregrine Falcons which have nested for years in the middle of the City of Nottingham:
They can be seen on the Newton and Arkwright Building of Nottingham Trent University on South Sherwood Street, Nottingham.
In this aerial view, the Fire Station is coloured orange as it is the most well known building in this part of the city for the majority of people. (No, it’s not on fire):
Look at the street to the right of the Fire Station and follow it towards the top of the photo. The Newton and Arkwright Building is the enormous white building on the right as you walk up the slight slope towards the Theatre Royal. It is a very distinctive Third Reich type of 1930s architecture.
If you go there, take some binoculars if you have any. Look at the right side of the building. The nest is on a wide lip that runs the whole length of the building, just below a row of largish windows. This street map might help. Look for the orange arrow:
If you wish, you can watch them on a live webcam. The birds are present pretty much all they year round. Theoretically, they should not be here in the winter, but somehow they seem quite frequently drawn back, a little bit like teenagers returning to the Bank of Dad. At the moment, they should be feeding their young. In the past, there have been catastrophes with this, as is always the case with Mother Nature, but if all goes well, it can be a wonderfully blood spattered spectacle.
But back to Gyrfalcons.
Here are a pair of them, filmed by “thegowser1” at 78 degrees north between Svalbard and Greenland:
More typical for a twitcher in north west Europe would be these two films of a bird which had strayed to Champtocé-sur-Loire, in Maine-et-Loire, France. The two films come from Alain Fossé, and show a raptor doing what they spend most of their time doing…absolutely nothing!. High calorie meals of meat mean you only need move around infrequently (or so I tell my wife).
These are much more typical of a March day near Mansfield than an icebreaker near the North Pole!

Ina leagan féin a leathnaíodh go mór de "Nótaí ar Éiní Nottinghamshire", a foilsíodh i 1907, agus atá anois i mbailiúchán áitiúil Leabharlann Mansfield, chuir an t-údar Joseph Whitaker, a chuid is mó i peanncil, a nótaí agus a bhreiseáin féin leis. I gcásanna áirithe, tá gearrthóga nuachtáin greamaithe aige ar na leathanaigh. Ag pointe áirithe, i dtreo dheireadh an leabhair, chuir sé an nóta scríofa seo a leanas, mí-litreacha agus gach rud:
Jer Falcon. shot amháin i Park Hall ag an tUasal Shelton. Bhí muid ag bualadh le plandaíocht ar Clipstone Road in aice le Feirm an Tithe Deirge bhí sé misty + eitil an faucon íseal thar na crainn + bhí lámhaigh sé.
Chaill mé an t-éan seo amach nuair a scríobhadh an leabhar seo. Anois i mo bhailiúchán.
D'fhéadfadh amhras a rá, ar ndóigh, go raibh Joseph Whitaker mícheart ina shainaithint ar an éan agus nach Gyrfalcon cinnte a bhí ann, go simplí. Is cás é seo, áfach, nach dócha go dtarlódh. Bhí Joseph Whitaker eolach ar go leor cineálacha éagsúla raptor. Má tá aon rud, bhí sé a fheiceáil is dócha níos mó speiceas laistigh den chontae ná an chuid is mó de na lá atá inniu ann birdwatchers. Agus ná déan dearmad. Shot an tUasal Shelton é. Bhí siad ag aithint corp, ní pointe i bhfad i gcéin ag dul in éag i spéir gruama:
Ar aon chuma, bheadh Gyrfalcon in ann a aithint go héasca ar mhéid amháin. Is é an falcon chomh mór le Buzzard Coitinne agus má Whitaker's éan a bhí ina phearsanta chéim bán, bheadh sé a bheith go hiomlán unmistakable:
Níl ach dhá éan den mhéid seo atá bán go hiomlán, is é sin Gyrfalcon agus Owl Snowy. Ní deacair an ceann deireanach a aithint:
Tá dhá mhórfón dath difriúil ag Gyrfalcons agus is cinnte go mbeadh sé níos deacra éan mórfón dorcha a aithint:
Ba chóir go mbeadh an cheist ar mhéid fós ann, ar ndóigh. Is éard atá i ghirfalcónna de mhórfónna bán agus dorcha araon ná éan ollmhóra. Ina theannta sin, is é an chuid is mó de na héin a bhfuil an ghéarchéim dorcha acu ná éin ar leith, go háirithe nuair a fheictear iad mar speiceas marbh.
D'fhéadfadh éanlaith mhórf dorcha a bheith ina fhadhb acadúil ar aon nós. De réir údarás ornitho-eolaíoch amháin ar a laghad, is é sin Fisher i 1967, ba é an chuid is mó de Gyrfalcons a fheictear i Sasana le linn ré Victoriana, ar ndóigh, éin phais bán, agus is cosúil nach raibh ach duine amháin dorcha morph taifeadta go náisiúnta le linn an tríú cuid deireanach den 19ú haois.
Agus in Whitaker's lá, ar ndóigh, ní raibh gá a bheith buartha faoi láithreacht na falcons eachtrach éalaithe ó Astráil, nó coimhthíocha, hibridí inseminated go saorga a tháirgtear ag Baron Frankenstein an Falconer. Bheadh sé an-deacair a bheith mí-aitheanta ar cheann de na killer carismatic:
Go deimhin, tá sé deacair a shamhlú cad a lámhaigh an tUasal Shelton, más rud é nach raibh sé Gyrfalcon. Tá a fhios againn freisin go ndeachaigh an t-éan isteach i mbailiúchán Joseph Whitaker. D'fhéadfadh an fhíric seo a bheith ina mheicníocht seiceála de chineál éigin, ós rud é go mbeadh an t-aonad suite agus ansin a iniúchadh ag an paráid leanúnach de chuairteoirí chuig teach Whitaker i Rainworth. Ba chóir go mbeadh líon mór ornitologists náisiúnta meas a bheith san áireamh agus ba cheart go mbeadh sé dodhéanta d'fhear mar Joseph Whitaker sampla contae chomh tábhachtach sin a thaispeáint dóibh gan an fhíric a lua go tapa go raibh an t-éan mí-aithne.
Cén fáth nach bhfuil an Gyrfalcon againn anois? Arís, níl sé deacair freagraí a fháil. D'fhéadfadh an t-éan a bheith díolta go príobháideach, roimh bhás Whitaker nó ina dhiaidh sin. Bhí sé ina chleachtas coitianta freisin, nuair a fuair úinéir bailiúchán mór bás, go dtabharfaí éan aonair roghnaithe do chairde dlúithe, sula raibh an bailiúchán ina iomláine á dhíol, de ghnáth ag ceant poiblí. Is féidir a shamhlú freisin gur féidir go raibh an sampla goidte tar éis bhás Whitaker.
Nuair a fuair bailiúchán mór bás, bhí sé go minic go raibh eolas beag nó aon eolas saineolach ag tairbhithe an eastáit ar luach nó ar thábhacht éanlaith áirithe. Bhí na samplaí leochaileacha seo in ann imtheacht ansin idir bás an bhailiúcháin agus an bailiúchán a chur ar fáil don phobal. Is cinnte gur tharla sé seo le roinnt éan eile a bhfuil a fhios acu go raibh siad i seilbh Whitaker ach a d'éag anois, is dócha idir a bhás agus a bhailiúchán a fháil thar ceann Mhúsaem Mansfield.
Ar aon chuma, cén fáth a mbeadh amhras againn go huathoibríoch ar nóta lámhscríofa Whitaker? Cad is féidir leis an bhfear mór a chur ar aghaidh go soiléir sa todhchaí, ná an ceann atá againn anois? Cuireann sé focal fear macánta ar fáil dúinn.
B'fhéidir go mbeidh tú an-ádh leat lá amháin Gyrfalcon a fheiceáil sa tír seo. Ní raibh mé riamh. Ach console mé mé féin ag féachaint ar an Peregrine Falcons a bhfuil nested ar feadh blianta i lár na Cathrach Nottingham:
Is féidir iad a fheiceáil ar Foirgneamh Newton agus Arkwright Ollscoil Nottingham Trent ar Shráid Sherwood Theas, Nottingham.
Sa radharc ó aer seo, tá an Stáisiún Dóiteáin datha orainsí mar is é an foirgneamh is cáiliúla sa chuid seo den chathair do bhformhór na ndaoine. (Níl, tá sé arnot ar tine):
Féach ar an tsráid ar dheis an Stáisiún Dóiteáin agus lean é i dtreo barr an ghrianghraf. Is é an Foirgneamh Newton agus Arkwright an foirgneamh bán ollmhór ar dheis agus tú ag siúl suas an droichead beag i dtreo an Theatre Royal. Is cineál an Tríú Reich an-chomhartha é d'ailtireacht na 1930í.
Má théann tú ann, glac roinnt dornán má tá aon cheann agat. Féach ar thaobh na láimhe deise den fhoirgneamh. Tá an nead ar lip leathan a ritheann ar feadh an fhoirgnimh, díreach faoi shraith de fhuinneoga mór. D'fhéadfadh an léarscáil sráide seo cabhrú. Féach ar an saighead oráiste:
Más mian leat, is féidir leat féachaint orthu ar shuíomh gréasáin beo. Tá na héin i láthair go mór ar feadh na bliana. Go teoiriciúil, níor chóir dóibh a bheith anseo sa gheimhreadh, ach ar bhealach éigin is cosúil go bhfuil siad tarraingthe go leor go minic ar ais, beagán cosúil le déagóirí ag filleadh ar an Banc de Dad. Faoi láthair, ba chóir dóibh a gcuid óga a chothú. San am atá caite, bhí tubaistí ann leis seo, mar is i gcónaí an cás le Mother Nature, ach má théann gach rud go maith, is féidir é a bheith ina radharc iontach fuilteach.
Ach ar ais go Gyrfalcons.
Seo péire acu, a rinne an t-eagóir thegowser1 a scannánú ag 78 céim ó thuaidh idir Svalbard agus an Ghráinéalainn:
Níos tipiciúla do twitcher i dtuaisceart na hEorpa bheadh an dá scannán seo d'eun a bhí caillte go Champtocé-sur-Loire, i Maine-et-Loire, an Fhrainc. Tagann an dá scannán ó Alain Fossé, agus taispeánann siad raptor ag déanamh an rud a chaitheann siad an chuid is mó dá gcuid ama ag déanamh...gan rud ar bith go hiomlán! Ní gá duit bogadh ach go minic mar gheall ar bhéile feola ardchalaraí (nó mar a deirim le mo bhean chéile).
Tá siad i bhfad níos tipiciúla de lá Márta in aice Mansfield ná an bhrógálach oighear in aice leis an Poil Thuaidh!


For thousands of women in Latin American countries, the joy of pregnancy has given way to fear. Maternity wards across the region are full of women waiting anxiously for ultrasound scans that will indicate whether the child they are carrying has a shrunken head and damaged brain, as a result of a condition called microcephaly.
Shocking images of babies with birth defects have made many women think twice about getting pregnant. Some women face a dilemma, pitting their religious beliefs about abortion against the risk that their babies could be born with abnormally small heads and a short life expectancy.
The virus has been reported in more than 30 countries, most of them in the Americas. So far, only Brazil has seen a sharp rise in microcephaly cases suspected of being linked to the mosquito-borne Zika virus.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has advised pregnant women to avoid travel to areas with an active Zika outbreak. The American Red Cross has asked blood donors who have traveled to Zika virus outbreak areas such as Mexico, the Caribbean or Central and South America to wait at least 28 days before donating.
Some Latin American governments have advised women to delay having children. El Salvador recommended women not get pregnant for two years.
The Zika outbreak has triggered debate on liberalising abortion in the region, where many countries have strict laws. A group of researchers, activists and lawyers plan to petition Brazil's Supreme Court to allow abortions for women who have the virus, bypassing an increasingly conservative Congress where Evangelical lawmakers are backing a bill to restrict abortion, even in cases of rape.
Public health experts believe Zika will lead to an increase in illegal abortions. An estimated one million are already carried out every year in Brazil. Botched procedures in clandestine clinics using sharp tools, over-the-counter medicines and no sterilisation are already a major cause of deaths.
Brazil's government says women who want to get pregnant should discuss the risks with their doctors, but has stopped short of telling them to delay. Instead, it plans to hand out insect repellent to tens of thousands of low-income pregnant women and is stepping up an offensive to eradicate the mosquito, with the help of the army.
Zika is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water. While anyone can be bitten by Aedes, public health experts agree that the poor are more vulnerable because they often lack amenities that help diminish the risk, such as air conditioning and window screens. Test kits for the virus are only effective in the first week of infection and only available at private clinics at a cost of 900 reais (£157), out of the reach of many women.
World Health Organisation officials say there is no scientific proof that Zika stunts the development of the foetus, causing microcephaly, but it is strongly suspected.

I gcás na mílte mná i dtíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach, tá eagla tar éis dul in ionad áthas an toirchis. Tá páirteanna máithreachais ar fud na réigiúin lán de mhná ag fanacht go géar le scannáin ultrafhuaime a léireoidh an bhfuil ceann laghdaithe agus damáiste inchinn ag an leanbh atá acu mar thoradh ar riocht ar a dtugtar microcephaly.
Tá pictiúir shúbhrócha de leanaí a bhfuil lochtanna breith acu tar éis go leor mná a chur ina luí ar a bheith ag iompar clainne. Tá dúshlán ag mná áirithe, ag cur a gcreideamh reiligiúnach maidir le cur isteach ar an leanbh i gcoinne an bhagairt go d'fhéadfadh a gcuid leanaí a bheith le cinn neamhghnácha agus le súil ghearr saoil.
Tuairiscíodh go bhfuil an víreas i níos mó ná 30 tír, an chuid is mó acu sna Meiriceá. Go dtí seo, níl ach sa Bhrasaíl méadú mór ar chásanna micreacéfaili a bhfuil amhras ann go bhfuil baint acu leis an víreas Zika a iompróidh mosquito.
Tá an tIonad Stáit Aontaithe um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) tar éis comhairle a thabhairt do mhná torracha taisteal chuig ceantair ina bhfuil ráig gníomhach Zika. D'iarr an Chros Dearg Mheiriceá ar dheontóirí fola a thaistil go dtí limistéir le ráig víris Zika mar Mheicsiceo, an Mhuir Chairib nó Meiriceá Láir agus Theas fanacht ar a laghad 28 lá sula ndeonaíonn siad.
Tá roinnt rialtais Mheiriceá Laidineach tar éis comhairle a thabhairt do mhná go gcuirfí moill ar leanaí a bheith acu. Moltar do mhná gan a bheith torrach ar feadh dhá bhliain.
Tá an ráig Zika tar éis díospóireacht a spreagadh maidir le haistriú na ginmhilleadh sa réigiún, áit a bhfuil dlíthe dian ag go leor tíortha. Tá grúpa taighdeoirí, gníomhaithe agus dlíodóirí ag pleanáil achainí a dhéanamh ar Chúirt Uachtarach na Brasaíle chun ligean do mhná a bhfuil an víreas acu a bheith ag cur báis, ag dul timpeall ar Chongress atá ag éirí níos coimeádach ina bhfuil lucht reachtaíochta Eabhsailíochta ag tacú le bille chun cur báis a shrianadh, fiú i gcásanna éigniú.
Creideann saineolaithe sláinte poiblí go dtiocfaidh méadú ar an mbortú mídhleathach de bharr Zika. Meastar go ndéantar milliún díobh cheana féin gach bliain sa Bhrasaíl. Is cúis mhór báis iad nósanna imeachta botched i gclinicí faoi rún a úsáideann uirlisí géara, cógais thar an cófra agus gan aon sterilization.
Deir rialtas na Brasaíle gur chóir do mhná ar mian leo a bheith torrach na rioscaí a phlé lena gcuid dochtúirí, ach níor stop sé go dtí a rá leo moill a chur air. Ina áit sin, tá sé beartaithe inset repellent a dháileadh ar na mílte mná torracha ar ioncam íseal agus tá sé ag cur isteach ar an bhfothú an mosquito, le cabhair ón arm.
Tá Zika scaipthe ag an mosquito Aedes aegypti, a mhéadaíonn in uisce stagnant. Cé gur féidir le duine ar bith a bheith bitten ag Aedes, aontaíonn saineolaithe sláinte poiblí go bhfuil na daoine bochta níos leochailí toisc go mbíonn na háiseanna a chabhraíonn leis an mbaol a laghdú acu, mar shampla aerchóirithe agus scáileáin fuinneog. Ní bhíonn trealamh tástála ar an víreas éifeachtach ach sa chéad seachtain den ionfhabhtú agus níl siad ar fáil ach i gclinicí príobháideacha ar chostas 900 reais (£ 157), rud nach féidir le go leor mná a bhaint amach.
Deir oifigigh de chuid Eagraíocht Sláinte na Cruinne nach bhfuil aon fhianaise eolaíoch ann go gcuireann Zika bac ar fhorbairt an fhéatas, ag cúis le micreacéfaili, ach tá amhras láidir ann.


Duration: 15 minutes
Summary: Design patterns are important because they represent generic solution to a common problem. They are created in a way that solves the common task at hand, but more importantly provide a solution that is easier to maintain and enhance as the application evolves. Please note that the code I am covering in these examples is mostly from the DoFactory web site (not my own). I am covering these patterns to make developers aware of them and encourage everyone to find the pattern that matches his/her needs and apply it to a specific scenario. Please note that not every problem needs a pattern (in other words, do not over use them). Some patterns are similar; with experience you can hand pick the one that mostly suits your needs. In this case, we will cover the Command Design Pattern. This pattern encapsulates a request as an object, thereby letting you parameterize clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and support undoable operations.
Methodology of the development of example: Good coding standard and simplified design.
Technology Used: C# 4.0
Keywords: C#, System, Console, abstract, override, ReadLine, WriteLine, protected.

Tráth: 15 nóiméad
Gearrthóg: Tá patrúin dearaidh tábhachtach toisc go léiríonn siad réiteach cineálach ar fhadhb choitianta. Cruthaítear iad ar bhealach a réitíonn an tasc choiteann atá ar fáil, ach níos tábhachtaí fós, soláthraíonn siad réiteach atá níos éasca a chothabháil agus a fheabhsú de réir mar a éiríonn an t-iarratas. Tabhair faoi deara le do thoil go bhfuil an cód atá á chlúdach agam sna samplaí seo den chuid is mó ó shuíomh Gréasáin DoFactory (ní mo chuid féin). Táim ag clúdach na patrúin seo chun forbróirí a chur ar an eolas faoi agus gach duine a spreagadh chun an patrúin a aimsiú a oireann dá riachtanais agus é a chur i bhfeidhm ar chás ar leith. Tabhair faoi deara nach gá patrúin do gach fadhb (ar a shon sin, ná húsáid iad go forleathan). Tá roinnt patrúin cosúil lena chéile; le taithí is féidir leat an ceann is fearr a oireann do do chuid riachtanas a roghnú. Sa chás seo, beidh muid a chlúdach an Patrúin Dearadh Command. Cuireann an patrún seo iarratas i gcáipéis mar réad, rud a ligeann duit cliant a pharaiméadaireacht le hiarratais éagsúla, iarratais ar cheangail nó ar chlár, agus tacú le hoibríochtaí neamh-in-fheidhmiúla.
Modheolaíocht forbartha sampla: Caighdeán códaithe maith agus dearadh simplithe.
Teicneolaíocht a Úsáidtear: C# 4.0
Eochairfhocail: C#, Córas, Console, abstract, override, ReadLine, WriteLine, faoi chosaint.


Cold Winter, Heavy Snow Could lead to Greater Winter Fish Kill
LITTLE FALLS — We are coming off Minnesota’s 6th coldest winter in 120 years, and it could mean additional winter fish kill in some Minnesota lakes.
Eric Altena is the DNR Area Fisheries Manager in Little Falls. He says it’s normal to have some winter fish kill, especially in some shallower lakes in southwestern Minnesota. Altena says thick ice and heavy snowpack can reduce the oxygen levels in the lakes.
Altena says, “Typically lakes achieve a common temperature throughout, especially in the wintertime when the water is actually a little warmer toward the bottom. They have good oxygen content with the colder water. As the winter progresses and you have less light transmission and still the high nutrient levels, the oxygen gets used up.”
Lakes in central and northern Minnesota are generally deeper and can sustain the necessary oxygen levels for fish survival.
Walleye and bass are the most susceptible species to winter kill.

D'fhéadfadh an Geimhreadh Fuar, an Chéadaigh Thiomsaigh a bheith ina chúis le Mórú Iasc Geimhreadh
LITTLE FALLS  Táimid ag teacht as Minnesota's 6ú geimhreadh is fuar i 120 bliain, agus d'fhéadfadh sé a chiallaíonn iascach gheimhreadh breise a mharú i roinnt lochanna Minnesota.
Tá Eric Altena ina bhainisteoir iascaigh limistéar DNR i Little Falls. Deir sé go bhfuil sé gnáth go bhfuil roinnt iasc a mharú i rith an gheimhridh, go háirithe i roinnt lochanna níos lú íseal i ndeisceart Minnesota. Altena deir oighear tiubh agus clúdach sneachta trom is féidir a laghdú ar na leibhéil ocsaigine sna lochanna.
Altena deir, De ghnáth, déanann lochanna teocht choiteann a bhaint amach ar fud, go háirithe i rith an gheimhridh nuair a bhíonn an t-uisce i ndáiríre beagán níos teo i dtreo na bun. Tá cion ocsaigin maith acu leis an uisce níos fuaire. De réir mar a théann an gheimhreadh ar aghaidh agus go bhfuil níos lú tarchur solais agat agus go bhfuil na leibhéil chothaitheacha ard fós, ní bhíonn an ocsaigin ag dul in olcas.
Tá lochanna i lár agus i dtuaisceart Minnesota níos doimhne de ghnáth agus is féidir leo na leibhéil ocsaigine is gá a chothabháil chun éanlathas iasc.
Is iad an Walleye agus an bass na speicis is so-ghabhálacha le marú an gheimhridh.


The Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition
language(VBScript), is a simplified version of the Visual Basic and Visual Basic for
Applications family of programming languages.
A D V E R T I S E M E N T
It is also well thought-out to be
closely related to the BASIC programming language.
VBScript is a scripting language,
which can enhance HTML Web pages by making them active, as compared to a simple
static presentation of data.Specifically, VBScript was created by Microsoft to use either as
a server-side scripting language with the Microsoft Internet Information Server (versions 3.0 and later).Or as a client-side scripting language for the Microsoft Internet Explorer (versions
3.0 and later) or as A most important advantage for
using the server-side approach is that the VBScript is processed by the server
before it is transmitted to the client. Therefore,the client only receives an
HTML page and we do not have to concern ourselves as to whether the browser can
interpret the VBScript. In contrast, by using the client-side approach, you
reduce the work load of the server by transfer the work to client end. Unfortunately, older version and non-Microsoft browsers may not be able to
correctly interpret and display the transmitted file. In addition to this, the
source code is out in the open to the browser user and also a client-side
program can produce a more-responsive application. since user input can be
processed on the client machine, and not sent back to the server for processing.
VBScript is the default language of Active
Server Pages (ASP).
VBScript may very well be the most important programming language for many Web-application.
VBScript Version 5.0 was released in 1999. Certainly, the most important new
feature of Version 5.0 is the ability to create your own class objects. Other new features included like the Timer function,
With statement, and regular expression searching using the RegExp and Match objects.
A scripting language differentiates itself from other typical languages in that they not needing to be compiled and are usually simpler to learn.
A Scripting language is interpreted at run-time so you can execuate instructions immediately.
A few characteristics :
Scripting languages often follow the semantics and syntax of command
languages. For illustration many scripting languages do not require quoting of
string literals, but rather require explicit evaluation of variables (x
denotes the string "x", but $x denotes the value of the variable x).
Scripting languages make it very simple to call system related commands, prepare their
arguments, and manipulate their results. They generally have some built-in
primitives for manipulating environment variables,file and directory names, argument lists
Scripting languages flexible to handle strings, and don't
emphasize numerical manipulation.
Since calling system related commands is generally much more expensive than
script execution itself, there is little emphasis on run-time efficiency,
therefore they are often implemented using interpreters,macro processors or bytecode
Before continue to start VBScript you should have a basic understanding of
WWW, HTML and the basic concept of building Web pages
If you want to study these subjects first, go to our

An Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition
Is leagan simplithe den Visual Basic agus Visual Basic é VBScript, a úsáidtear chun na heochairfhocail a úsáid.
Teaghlach teangacha cláir iarratais.
A D V E R T I S E N T
Tá sé dea-mheas freisin a bheith
Tá an t-eagrán seo go dlúthbhainte leis an teanga cláir BASIC.
Is teanga scripting é VBScript,
a fhéadfaidh leathanaigh ghréasáin HTML a fheabhsú trína ndéanamh gníomhach, i gcomparáid le
Tá an t-eolas seo ar fáil i Microsoft agus tá sé ar fáil i gcló eile.
teanga scriptála ar thaobh an fhreastalaí le Seirbhíseoir Faisnéise Idirlín Microsoft (leaganacha 3.0 agus níos déanaí). Nó mar theanga scriptála ar thaobh an chliaint do Microsoft Internet Explorer (leaganacha
3.0 agus níos déanaí) nó mar
ag baint úsáide as an cur chuige taobh freastalaí is é go bhfuil an VBScript próiseáilte ag an freastalaí
sula n-aistrítear é chuig an gcliant. Dá bhrí sin, ní fhaigheann an cliant ach
Tá an t-ábhar seo ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin seo.
an VBScript a léiriú. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, trí úsáid a bhaint as an gcur chuige ó thaobh an chliaint de,
an t-ualach oibre ar an bhfreastalaí a laghdú trí an obair a aistriú chuig an gcliant. Ar an drochuair, ní fhéadfaidh sean-leagan agus brabhsálaithe neamh-Microsoft
an comhad a tharchur a léiriú agus a thaispeáint i gceart. Ina theannta sin, tá an
Tá an cód foinse amach ar oscailt don úsáideoir brabhsálaí agus freisin cliant-taobh
Is féidir leis an gclár feidhmchlár níos freagartha a tháirgeadh. ós rud é gur féidir ionchur úsáideora a bheith
próiseáilte ar an meaisín cliant, agus ní seolta ar ais chuig an bhfreastalaí le próiseáil.
Is é VBScript an teanga réamhshocraithe de Gníomhach
Leathanaigh Seirbhíseora (ASP).
B'fhéidir gurb é VBScript an teanga cláir is tábhachtaí do go leor feidhmchlár gréasáin.
Scaoileadh VBScript Leagan 5.0 i 1999. Is cinnte gurb é an rud is tábhachtaí
Is é gné de Leagan 5.0 an cumas chun rudaí do chlas féin a chruthú. Feidhmeanna nua eile a chuimsítear cosúil leis an ngníomhaíocht ama,
Le ráiteas, agus cuardach léiriú rialta ag baint úsáide as na réada RegExp agus Match.
Tá teanga scripting difriúil ó theangacha tipiciúla eile toisc nach gá iad a thiomsú agus go mbíonn siad níos simplí le foghlaim de ghnáth.
Déantar teanga scripting a léirmhíniú ag rith am ionas gur féidir leat orduithe a chur i gcrích láithreach.
Cúpla saintréith:
Is minic a leanann teangacha scripteála seamantachta agus sintéise an ordaithe
teangacha. Mar shampla, ní gá go luaitear na focail a bhí i bhfocail a bhí i bhfocail a bhí i bhfocail a bhí i bhfocail.
go bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bheith
léiríonn an sreang "x", ach léiríonn $x luach an athróg x).
Déanann teangacha scripting é a dhéanamh an-simplí chun orduithe a bhaineann le córas a ghlaoch, a n-ordú a ullmhú
argóintí, agus a gcuid torthaí a ionramháil. Tá siad de ghnáth roinnt tógtha-i
primitiva chun athróg timpeallachta, ainmneacha comhaid agus treoracha, liostaí argóintí a ionramháil
Teangacha scripting solúbtha chun déileáil le sreangaí, agus ní
béim a chur ar ionramháil uimhriúil.
Ós rud é go bhfuil ag glaoch ar na horduithe a bhaineann leis an gcóras i gcoitinne i bhfad níos costasaí ná
an scripte a chur i gcrích féin, níl mórán béime ar éifeachtúlacht rith-ama,
Is minic, dá bhrí sin, a chuirtear i bhfeidhm iad ag baint úsáide as léiritheoirí, próiseálaithe maicróime nó cód bita
Sula leanann tú ag tosú VBScript ba chóir go mbeadh tuiscint bhunúsach agat ar
WWW, HTML agus bunchoincheap na leathanaigh ghréasáin a thógáil
Más mian leat na hábhair seo a staidéar ar dtús, téigh chuig ár


"Over the course of the war, U.S. bombing of Laos would become so intense that it averaged one attack every eight minutes for nearly a decade," observes Joshua Kurlantzick in his new book, A Great Place to Have a War: America in Laos and the Birth of a Military CIA. Kurlantzick, a Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow for Southeast Asia, mines extensive interviews and recently declassified Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) records to give a definitive account of the secret war in the tiny Southeast Asian nation of Laos, which lasted from 1961 to 1973, and was the largest covert operation in U.S. history. The conflict forever changed the CIA from a relatively small spying agency into an organization with vast paramilitary powers.
The book explores how the responsibility for U.S. military conflicts shifted from the uniformed armed services to U.S. intelligence agencies operating with less scrutiny. Kurlantzick asserts that it began in 1961, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved Operation Momentum, a plan to create a proxy army of ethnic Hmong to fight communist forces in Laos, in order to minimize U.S. military involvement and keep the war hidden from the public at home, as well as most of Congress.
Kurlantzick's account follows the war's central characters, including the four instrumental people who led the operation: the CIA operative who came up with the idea; the charismatic general who led the Hmong army in the field; the State Department careerist who took control over the war as it grew; and the wild card paramilitary specialist who trained the Hmong army and is believed to be an inspiration for Marlon Brando's character in Apocalypse Now.
The book reveals that
- by 1970, Operation Momentum was costing $500 million annually, the equivalent to $3.3 billion today;
- the United States dropped more bombs on Laos than on any other country in history;
- 80 percent of all bombing casualties in Laos were civilians; the war killed 10 percent of the population; and
- one third of the bombs dropped on Laos remained unexploded after the war ended in 1975, and those bombs killed 20,000 Laotians in the three decades that followed.
The CIA had previously been a relatively small player in American policy, one that concentrated on intelligence and political work. Although the anticommunist forces supported by the United States were eventually defeated, "within the CIA, the Laos war quickly took on an exalted status, both as an operation that effectively stalled the communist takeover in Southeast Asia and as an operation that remade the agency into a stronger, bigger beast," Kurlantzick writes.
The secret war in Laos created a CIA that fights with real paramilitary forces and weapons as much as it gathers secrets, contends Kurlantzick. The war became a template for CIA proxy wars all over the world, from Central America in the 1980s to today's war on terrorism, where the CIA and Special Forces operate with little oversight.
A Council on Foreign Relations Book

"Le linn na cogaidh, bheadh buamáil na Stát Aontaithe ar Laos chomh dian go raibh ionsaí amháin ann gach ocht nóiméad ar an meán ar feadh beagnach deich mbliana", a deir Joshua Kurlantzick ina leabhar nua, A Great Place to Have a War: America in Laos and the Birth of a Military CIA. Tá curlantzick, ball sinsearach den Chomhairle um Chaidreamh Eachtrach don Oirdheisceart na hÁise, ag baint leas as agallaimh fhairsing agus taifid an Gníomhaireachta um Ghrianghrafadóireacht Lárnach (CIA) a d'éirigh leo a shainaithint le déanaí chun cuntas críochnaitheach a thabhairt ar an gcogadh rúnda i náisiún beag Oirdheisceart na hÁise, Laos, a mhair ó 1961 go 1973, agus ba é an oibríocht rúnda is mó i stair na Stát Aontaithe é. D'athraigh an coinbhleacht an CIA go deo ó ghníomhaireacht spiúnaíochta réasúnta beag go heagraíocht le cumhachtaí leath-mhilitary ollmhór.
Scrúdaíonn an leabhar conas a d'athraigh an fhreagracht as coinbhleachtaí míleata na Stát Aontaithe ó na seirbhísí armtha uimhrithe go gníomhaireachtaí faisnéise na Stát Aontaithe a oibríonn le níos lú scrúdú. Deir Kurlantzick gur thosaigh sé i 1961, nuair a cheadaigh an tUachtarán Dwight D. Eisenhower Oibríocht Momentum, plean chun arm ionadaí de Hmong eitneach a chruthú chun troid le fórsaí cumannaitheacha i Laos, d'fhonn rannpháirtíocht mhíleata na Stát Aontaithe a íoslaghdú agus an cogadh a choinneáil i bhfolach ón bpobal sa bhaile, chomh maith le formhór den Chomhdháil.
Leanann cuntas Kurlantzick príomhcharachtair an chogaidh, lena n-áirítear na ceithre dhuine ionstraimúla a threoraigh an oibríocht: oibrí CIA a tháinig leis an smaoineamh; an ginearál carismatach a threoraigh arm Hmong sa réimse; an gairmiúil ón Roinn Stáit a ghlac smacht ar an gcogadh de réir mar a d'fhás sé; agus an speisialtóir páirimilitéir cárta fiáin a d'oiliúradh arm Hmong agus a chreidtear a bheith ina inspioráid do charachtar Marlon Brando i Apocalypse Now.
Léiríonn an leabhar go
- faoi 1970, bhí costas Oibríocht Momentum $ 500 milliún in aghaidh na bliana, is ionann agus $ 3.3 billiún inniu;
- thit na Stáit Aontaithe níos mó buamaí ar Laos ná ar aon tír eile sa stair;
- Ba sibhialtaigh 80 faoin gcéad de na báisithe buamála go léir i Laos; maraíodh 10 faoin gcéad den daonra sa chogadh; agus
- bhí an tríú cuid de na buamaí a thit ar Laos gan a bheith ag pléascadh tar éis an chogaidh a chríochnú i 1975, agus maraíodh 20,000 Laotian sna trí scór bliain ina dhiaidh sin.
Bhí an CIA ina imreoir réasúnta beag roimhe seo i mbeartas Mheiriceá, ceann a d'aird ar obair faisnéise agus polaitiúil. Cé gur bhuail na fórsaí frithchomórtha a raibh tacaíocht ag na Stáit Aontaithe orthu sa deireadh, "laistigh den CIA, ghlac cogadh Laos stádas ard go tapa, mar oibríocht a chuir stad go héifeachtach ar an nglacadh coimníste san Oirdheisceart na hÁise agus mar oibríocht a rinne an ghníomhaireacht a athchruthú ina fhiadhóir níos láidre, níos mó", a scríobhann Kurlantzick.
Cruthaigh an cogadh rúnda i Laos CIA a throid le fórsaí agus airm iarbhír leath-mhilitar chomh maith le rún a bhailiú, a mhaígh Kurlantzick. Tháinig an cogadh ina theampall do chogaí proxy CIA ar fud an domhain, ó Mheiriceá Láir sna 1980idí go dtí an cogadh inniu ar sceimhlitheoireacht, áit a n-oibríonn an CIA agus na Fórsaí Speisialta le beagán maoirseachta.
Leabhar ón gComhairle um Chaidreamh Eachtrach


“In every day life the ancient Hawaiian trusted to the protection of his thick, coarse hair and wore no hat. When the conch-shell trumpet called to battle, however, the chiefs donned a head-covering both ornamental and useful.”
“While it was firm and thick enough to resist a severe blow, it was remarkable for beauty of form. … It was a custom to cut the hair close at the sides of the head leaving a ridge of stiff, erect hair, like a mane on the top of the scalp), and this mane-like ridge was called mahiole, the same name that was given to a helmet.”
“Originally this personal decoration was a mark of rank, but like all such exclusive tokens was in course of time seized by the aspiring democracy.”
“At the period when feather helmets were in vogue the mahiole was a token of chieftainship, and it covered by any cap, the latter would repeat the token. Hence the skullcap was supplemented by a ridge which often … became an imposing crest.” (Brigham)
The mahiole represented the political status of male chiefs who had various authority.
Mahiole were constructed of the aerial roots of the ʻieʻie vine, woven into a basketry frame. They were perfectly fitted to an individual, and protected the most sacred part of the body, the head.
A net of olonā fibers was laid over the framework, and feathers attached in bundles in the same way as for the cloaks. The featherwork starts from the bottom, so each new row conceals the quills of the feathers below. (Museum of New Zealand)
“It was probably the cherished armor of a king as noble as any of the Hawaiian line. and yet it is not all yellow, as one or two authors claim that the helmet of a king should always be: it is of red, as are the most of those which retain any of their original feathers, and not a single one of all is exclusively yellow.”
“It may seem strange that articles so highly valued should have so little history connected with them … it would add greatly to the interest which must ever attach to these beautiful examples of patient and long-continued work by a primitive people if we knew …”
“… what chief first ordered the construction, how long the hunters collected, how many years the deft fingers of the high chiefesses plaited the precious feathers into the network, what rejoicings at the completion of the long task, in what battle it first was worn, and then the changing ownership when murder, fraud, or theft transferred the garment …” (Brigham)
There are many different kinds of mahiole that can be seen today found in museums around the world from the mahiole haka (short crested helmet,) mahiole pōheoheo (knobbed helmet,) mahiole haka kahakaha (striped short crest helmet,) spoked crescent helmet and others.
The mahiole pōheoheo has mushroom-like ornaments on top, or which were decorated with human hair, were worn by warriors or lesser chiefs. (National Museum of Australia)

Sa saol laethúil bhí muinín ag an sean-Hawaiian i gcosaint a chuid gruaige tiubh, garbh agus ní raibh hata aige. Nuair a ghlaoigh an trumpa conch-chill chun cath, áfach, d'fhéach na ceannairí le ceann-chlúdach ornáideach agus úsáideach araon.
 Cé go raibh sé daingean agus tiubh go leor chun seasamh in aghaidh buille tromchúiseach, bhí sé suntasach le háilleacht na foirme. ... Ba ghnáthghnách an gruaig a ghearradh go dlúth ar thaobh na cinn ag fágáil crann gruaige crua, in airde, cosúil le mane ar bharr an scalp), agus tugadh mahiole ar an crann crann seo, an t-ainm céanna a tugadh ar chlogfort.
Ar dtús bhí an bronntanas pearsanta seo mar chomhartha ranga, ach cosúil le gach comhartha eisiach den sórt sin, ba é an daonlathas a bhí ag iarraidh é a ghabháil le himeacht ama.
An tráth a bhí casanna plumha i mbéal an mhaighnéala mar chomhartha ar cheannas, agus d'athraigh aon chaipín a bhí clúdaithe leis an gcap an comhartha. Dá bhrí sin, bhí an cranialcap comhlánaithe ag crann a go minic ... tháinig crest imposing.  (Brigham)
Léiríonn an mahiole stádas polaitiúil na gceannairí fireann a raibh údarás éagsúil acu.
Tógadh mahiole de na fréamhacha aeirí de fhíonchaor ʻieʻie, a bhí innte i bhfráma ciseán. Bhí siad oiriúnach go foirfe do dhuine aonair, agus a chosaint ar an chuid is naofa den chorp, an ceann.
Bhí líonra de shnáithíní olonā leagtha thar an gcreat, agus bhí plúirí ceangailte i bpunanna ar an mbealach céanna leis na cótaí. Tosaíonn an obair plumála ón mbun, mar sin cuireann gach sraith nua i bhfolach na piollaí na plumáin thíos. (Músaem na Sealainne Nua)
Is dócha gur armúr álainn é de rí chomh uasal le haon cheann de shliocht Haváí. agus fós nach bhfuil sé go léir buí, mar a éilíonn údar amháin nó dhá go bhfuil an casc rí ba chóir a bheith i gcónaí: tá sé de dearg, mar atá an chuid is mó de na cinn a choimeád ar aon cheann de a n-fhuil bunaidh, agus ní amháin ar cheann de gach amháin go hiomlán buí.
 D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith aisteach go bhfuil an oiread sin stair ag baint le hearraí a bhfuil luach an-ard orthu ... cuirfeadh sé go mór leis an spéis a chaithfear a bheith ceangailte leis na samplaí áille seo de shaothar foighneach agus fada leanúnach ag daoine primitive dá mbeadh a fhios againn ...
... cén ceannasaí a d'ordaigh an tógáil ar dtús, cé chomh fada a bhailíodh na sealgairí, cé mhéad bliain a rinne méara deiléir na chiefesses ard na plúirí luachmhara a phléasc isteach sa líonra, cén áthas ar chríochnú an tasc fhada, cén cath a caitheadh ar dtús é, agus ansin an t-úinéireacht a athrú nuair a d'aistrigh dúnmharú, calaois nó goid an éadaí ... (Brigham)
Tá go leor cineálacha éagsúla mahiole ann a fheictear inniu le fáil i mbailte sa domhan ó mahiole haka (caipín crested gearr,) mahiole pōheoheo (caipín cnapán), mahiole haka kahakaha (caipín crested gearr,) casc spóic meath agus eile.
Tá ornáidí cosúil le haisíní ar an mahiole pōheoheo ar a bharr, nó a bhí maisithe le gruaig an duine, a bhí ag gabháil ag cogadh nó ceannairí níos lú. (Músaem Náisiúnta na hAstráile)