ALivE - Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystems Planning Tool
ALivE is a computer-based tool designed to support its users in organising and analysing information to plan effective EbA options within a broader EbA planning process. ALivE stands for Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystems. It is a rapid qualitative assessment technique that can be applied in any ecosystem, enabling the user to:
- Understand and analyse linkages among ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change.
- Identify and prioritise EbA options for community and ecosystem resilience.
- Design project activities that facilitate implementation of priority EbA options.
- Identify key elements and indicators for a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework.
ALivE is organised into three modules and five steps that build on each other:
- In Module A, you will systematically analyse links among ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change, to better understand vulnerability to climate change and the role of ecosystems in adaptation.
- In Module B, you will identify and prioritise EbA options for community and ecosystem resilience and design project activities that facilitate implementation of priority EbA options.
- In Module C, you will identify key elements and indicators for a monitoring and evaluation framework.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who is ALivE for?
The target audience of ALivE is made up of two groups: users and stakeholders. Expected users of ALivE include project managers and practitioners working at the local or community level designing or implementing an EbA intervention. The secondary audience consists of stakeholders in the EbA planning process, including community members, local authorities, NGOs and policy-makers. Users of the tool will work closely with these stakeholders.
When should I use ALivE?
ALivE is designed to be applied in the context of a larger adaptation project that has already established an objective to integrate EbA options. The tool should be applied during the design phase of such an initiative. It will be most effectively used in places where strong relationships with stakeholders have already been established.
Why should I use ALivE?
ALivE takes a step-by-step approach to identify EbA options, taking local ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change into consideration. It provides you with a user-friendly process to determine whether EbA options are feasible and likely to be effective. ALivE also helps you to identify elements for an M&E framework during the planning stage.
What do I need?
Users will need to have access to a computer and internet connection to download the tool. However, the tool itself can be used offline. Access to existing information and analysis on ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change in the target area will provide input to the tool. Expertise in climate change adaptation and ecosystem restoration, conservation and management are useful but not mandatory.
How long will it take?
ALivE is a computer-based analysis that relies on information collected from desk-based and participatory research processes. The time required to undertake the gathering of information will vary and depend largely on the scope of the analysis, the amount of information already available about the target area and the existing relationships with local stakeholders. Once all information has been collected, using ALivE will generally only take a couple to a few days.
What doesn’t ALivE do?
ALivE is not a substitute for a stand-alone comprehensive climate risk assessment or detailed environmental assessment. It does not take users through all of the steps and stages involved in a full project planning cycle. ALivE does not include a cost-benefit analysis for EbA options.
We recommend that users review and familiarize themselves with the user manual before launching the computer-based tool. The user manual provides you with detailed guidance on applying ALivE as part of an EbA planning process. In addition to step-by-step instructions for using the tool itself, the manual provides a framework and methodologies for collecting and organising the information required to use ALivE, as well as guidance on identifying entry points for integrating EbA into policies and planning processes.
Download the User Manuals:
- English (PDF 5.85 MB)
- French (PDF 5.87 MB)
- Spanish (PDF 4.26 MB)
- Nepali (PDF 3.71 MB)
- Chinese (PDF 5.75 MB)
- Russian (PDF 4.8 MB)
Download the ALivE tool:
If you have a story to share about using ALivE – how it was applied, the benefits and challenges, of how we could modify the tool to better meet your needs, please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org.
ALivE Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystem Planning Tool: User ManualThe ALivE user manual provides detailed guidance on applying the computer-based ALivE tool designed to support the planning of effective and feasible ecosystem-based adaptation options. Read More
Connecting the Dots: How ecosystem services support adaptation to climate changeWhat does Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) look like in practice? This blog looks at lessons from recent work in Nepal. Read More

ALivE - Inríon um Oiriúnú, Maireachtáil agus Ecosystems
Is uirlis ríomhaireachta é ALivE atá deartha chun tacú lena úsáideoirí faisnéis a eagrú agus a anailísiú chun roghanna éifeachtacha CBA a phleanáil laistigh de phróiseas pleanála CBA níos leithne. Is éard atá i ALivE ná Oiriúnú, Beochaillí agus Éiceachórais. Is teicníc measúnaithe cáilíochtúil tapa é is féidir a chur i bhfeidhm in aon éiceachóras, rud a chuireann ar chumas an úsáideora:
- naisc idir éiceachórais, modhanna maireachtála agus athrú aeráide a thuiscint agus a anailísiú.
- Roghanna CBA a shainaithint agus a thosaíocht a chur ar fáil le haghaidh athléimneacht an phobail agus na héiceachórais.
- Gníomhaíochtaí tionscadail a dhearadh a éascóidh cur chun feidhme roghanna tosaíochta CBA.
- Eacnamaíocht a shainaithint agus a chur ar fáil do na Ballstáit.
Tá ALivE eagraithe i dtrí mhódúl agus cúig chéim a thógann ar a chéile:
- Sa Módúl A, déanfaidh tú anailís shistéamach ar naisc idir éiceachórais, modhanna maireachtála agus athrú aeráide, chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar leochaileacht i leith athrú aeráide agus ar ról na n-éiceachórais i dtaca le hoiriúnú.
- Sa Mhodúl B, sainaithneoidh tú agus tabharfaidh tú tosaíocht do roghanna EbA do athléimneacht an phobail agus na héiceachórais agus gníomhaíochtaí tionscadail dearaidh a éascóidh cur i bhfeidhm roghanna tosaíochta EbA.
- Sa Mhodúl C, sainaithneoidh tú príomhghnéithe agus táscairí le haghaidh creat faireacháin agus meastóireachta.
Ceisteanna a Chuirtear go minic
Cé a bhfuil ALivE le haghaidh?
Tá dhá ghrúpa dírithe ar ALivE: úsáideoirí agus páirtithe leasmhara. I measc úsáideoirí a bhfuiltear ag súil leis de ALivE tá bainisteoirí tionscadail agus cleachtóirí a oibríonn ar an leibhéal áitiúil nó pobail ag dearadh nó ag cur idirghabhála EBA i bhfeidhm. Is iad na páirtithe leasmhara sa phróiseas pleanála EbA, lena n-áirítear baill an phobail, údaráis áitiúla, eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha agus lucht déanta beartas, an lucht éisteachta thánaisteach. Beidh úsáideoirí na huirlis ag obair go dlúth leis na páirtithe leasmhara sin.
Cén uair ba chóir dom ALivE a úsáid?
Tá ALivE deartha le cur i bhfeidhm i gcomhthéacs tionscadail oiriúnaithe níos mó a bhfuil cuspóir bunaithe aige cheana féin chun roghanna EbA a chomhtháthú. Ba cheart an uirlis a chur i bhfeidhm le linn chéim dearadh tionscnaimh den sórt sin. Úsáidfear é go héifeachtach sna háiteanna ina bhfuil caidreamh láidir le páirtithe leasmhara bunaithe cheana féin.
Cén fáth a gcaithfidh mé ALivE a úsáid?
Tá an t-aistriúchán seo bunaithe ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an t-athrú aeráide ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an saol, agus go bhfuil an t-athrú aeráide ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an saol. Soláthraíonn sé próiseas atá éasca le húsáid duit chun a chinneadh an bhfuil roghanna EbA indéanta agus is dócha go mbeidh siad éifeachtach. Cuidíonn ALivE leat freisin gnéithe a shainaithint le haghaidh creat M&E le linn na céime pleanála.
Cad is gá dom?
Ní mór rochtain a bheith ag úsáideoirí ar ríomhaire agus ar nasc idirlín chun an uirlis a íoslódáil. Is féidir an uirlis féin a úsáid gan a bheith ar líne, áfach. Beidh rochtain ar fhaisnéis agus ar anailís atá ann cheana féin maidir le héiceachórais, acmhainní maireachtála agus athrú aeráide sa limistéar spriocdhírithe mar ionchur don uirlis. Tá saineolas maidir le hoiriúnú do athrú aeráide agus athchóiriú, caomhnú agus bainistiú éiceachórais úsáideach ach ní éigeantach.
Cé chomh fada a thógfaidh sé?
Is anailís ríomhaire-bhunaithe é ALivE a thacaíonn le faisnéis a bhailítear ó phróisis taighde atá bunaithe ar dheasc agus rannpháirteach. Beidh an t-am a theastaíonn chun faisnéis a bhailiú éagsúil agus braitheann sé go mór ar raon feidhme an anailíse, ar an méid faisnéise atá ar fáil cheana féin faoin gcathair sprioc agus ar na caidrimh atá ann cheana leis na páirtithe leasmhara áitiúla. Nuair a bheidh an fhaisnéis go léir bainte amach, ní thógfaidh úsáid ALivE ach cúpla lá go cúpla lá de ghnáth.
Cad nach ndéanann ALivE?
Ní hionann ALivE agus measúnú cuimsitheach ar riosca aeráide nó measúnú mionsonraithe ar an gcomhshaol a dhéantar ar bhonn neamhspleách. Ní thugann sé deis d'úsáideoirí dul trí na céimeanna agus na céimeanna go léir a bhaineann le timthriall iomlán pleanála tionscadail. Ní chuimsíonn ALivE anailís chostais-sochair do roghanna EbA.
Moltar d'úsáideoirí an lámhleabhar úsáideora a athbhreithniú agus a chur ar an eolas sula gcuirfidh siad an uirlis ríomhaire-bhunaithe i bhfeidhm. Soláthraíonn an lámhleabhar úsáideora treoir mhionsonraithe duit maidir le ALivE a chur i bhfeidhm mar chuid de phróiseas pleanála EbA. Chomh maith le treoracha céim ar chéim maidir le húsáid an uirlis féin, soláthraíonn an lámhleabhar creat agus modheolaíochtaí chun an fhaisnéis a theastaíonn chun ALivE a úsáid a bhailiú agus a eagrú, chomh maith le treoir maidir le pointí iontrála a shainaithint chun EbA a chomhtháthú i mbeartais agus próisis pleanála.
Íoslódáil na Leabhráin Úsáideora:
- Béarla (PDF 5.85 MB)
- Fraincis (PDF 5.87 MB)
- Spáinnis (PDF 4.26 MB)
- Nepali (PDF 3.71 MB)
- Sínis (PDF 5.75 MB)
- Rúisis (PDF 4.8 MB)
Íoslódáil uirlis ALivE:
Má tá scéal agat le roinnt faoi úsáid ALivE  conas a cuireadh i bhfeidhm é, na buntáistí agus na dúshláin, nó conas a d'fhéadfaimis an uirlis a mhodhnú chun freastal níos fearr ar do chuid riachtanas, seol ríomhphost chuig firstname.lastname@example.org.
ALivE Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystem Planning Tool: User ManualCuireann lámhleabhar úsáideora ALivE treoir mhionsonraithe ar fáil maidir le huirlis ALivE ríomhaire-bhunaithe a chur i bhfeidhm atá deartha chun tacú le pleanáil roghanna oiriúnaithe éifeachtacha agus indéanta atá bunaithe ar éiceachóras. Léigh Tuilleadh
An t-Eiceachóras a Chur i gComhpháirt: Conas a Thacaíonn Seirbhísí Éiceachórais le Oiriúnú do Athrú AeráideCad é an chuma atá ar Oiriúnú bunaithe ar Eiceachóras (EBA) i gcleachtas? Breathnaíonn an blag seo ar na ceachtanna ó obair le déanaí sa Neapál. Léigh Tuilleadh


Two to five percent of women with metastatic breast cancer experience leptomeningeal metastases (LM). This is also referred to as carcinomatous meningitis. LM occurs when breast cancer spreads to the meninges, which are layers of tissue that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Metastases can spread to the meninges through the blood or they can travel from brain metastases, carried by the cerebrospinal fluid that flows through the meninges.
LM usually occurs at a very late stage in the course of metastatic breast cancer. In very rare instances, it can occur as a first metastasis. Leptomeningeal metastases are difficult to treat, since many drugs are not able to penetrate from the bloodstream through the meninges into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, or simply spinal fluid). Often brain metastases and leptomeningeal metastases occur at the same time. For that reason, women diagnosed with leptomeningeal metastases should also have an MRI of the brain.
Symptoms of leptomeningeal metastases are caused by the pressure that metastases put on the nerves that run across the meninges in both the head and the spine, including those that run from the spinal cord out to the body, and depend on where metastases are located. Symptoms that occur simultaneously in both the head and the spine suggest a diagnosis of LM. Leptomeningeal metastases can also cause hydrocephalus (water on the brain), a condition that occurs when a metastasis interferes with the flow of blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal fluid, which is produced inside the brain, is unable to exit the brain through its normal paths, causing increased pressure in the brain.
Symptoms of leptomeningeal metastases may include:
- Loss of sensation in the face
- Mental confusion
- Weakness or loss of sensation in the legs and inner thighs
- Loss of control of the bladder or bowel
- Vision and hearing problems
- Extreme Sleepiness and even loss of consciousness
Leptomeningeal metastases can be difficult to diagnose. The most common method is by withdrawing spinal fluid with a needle and examining it for breast cancer cells. This procedure is called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture. If the first lumbar puncture comes out negative it must be repeated two more times to assure a 90% chance of an accurate diagnosis. Doing one puncture only assures a 45% accuracy. It is important that the lumbar puncture be close to the site of the suspected area of leptomeningeal metastases. Elevated CSF pressure, white count, and protein levels, and lowered glucose levels can also be signs of LM. An MRI with gadolinium (a contrast agent) of the entire brain and spine can also be used to diagnosis LM and is better than a CT scan. However, on an MRI, inflammatory disease or local infection can be mistaken for leptomeningeal metastases. An MRI with a radioactive tracer can also be used to locate obstructions in the spinal fluid or blood flow caused by LM.
There is no agreed-upon standard treatment for leptomeningeal metastases. Much of the time, the benefits of treatment are offset by treatment side effects. Especially if there is uncontrollable disease in other organs, treating symptoms of the disease but not the disease itself may be the best option. This may include radiation.
Actual treatment depends on whether leptomeningeal metastases are bulky, with large tumors, or diffuse (small clusters of cancer cells in the spinal fluid). Scans of the entire central nervous system are necessary and if both are present it is important to treat both. Radiation therapy is only given to relieve symptoms in areas of bulky disease because chemotherapeutic agents do not appear to penetrate tumors or nodules (smaller tumors) in the meninges. Chemotherapy is given for diffuse disease and may extend life for several months, or sometimes for a longer time.
There is no direct evidence that intrathecal chemotherapy, which is introduced directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, is better than intravenous chemotherapy, which is given through the veins. Intrathecal therapy is generally reserved for women whose systemic disease is under reasonable control and who are in good physical condition. Methotrexate is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy agents. It is important to continue to treat metastatic disease in other organs while treating LM.
Intrathecal chemotherapy is usually delivered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid through an Ommaya reservoir, which is a device inserted in the head, under the scalp. The hair where the reservoir will be inserted is shaved and the patient is put to sleep or made very drowsy while the device is being put in place. There may be a small raised area where the Ommaya reservoir is located. Like a port, the device remains in place during the course of treatment. It is important to have cerebrospinal flow studies done before intrathecal chemotherapy is undertaken to make sure there are no blockages. Occasionally, doctors will use radiation to relieve flow blockages.
Complications resulting from intrathecal chemotherapy are frequent (infections) and can be serious and even life-threatening. Studies show that response to intrathecal chemotherapy occurs in a small minority of patients, perhaps up to 20%.
However, for women with HER2 + leptomeningeal disease there is increasing and seemingly successful use of intrathecal Herceptin both with chemo and alone. Many of these successes have been reported as case studies, although there is one small trial that was done in Spain with promising results. Several trials are now underway to verify these results in larger numbers of women. (see Clinical Trials Leptomeningeal Disease) In these case studies, low dose (15mg-40mg weekly) and high dose (100mg-150mg weekly) Herceptin have been used. High dose appears not to be toxic and the brain swelling that it causes can be controlled by gradually increasing the dose of Herceptin and using steroids. Intrathecal Herceptin can also be delivered by lumbar puncture to the spine.
In addition,there have also been reports of remissions with capecitabine (Xeloda), tamoxifen, Arimidex, Femara, Aromasin and Megace. While Xeloda is an oral chemotherapy, the other five are hormonal therapies for ER+ leptomeningeal disease. (see Clinical Trials Leptomeningeal Disease).
Long term survivors are at risk for leukoencephalopathy (damage to the white matter of the brain), which can cause lethargy, personality changes, and dementia. It is not known whether the order in which chemotherapy and radiation are given can lower the risk of leukoencephalopathy, although there is some suggestion that giving radiation after chemotherapy may be better than giving it before. It is hoped that the new drugs being developed for brain metastases will also work for leptomeningeal metastases.
For more on leptomeningeal metastases, check out our Selected Bibliography.

Tá meastastóisis leptomeningeal (LM) ag dhá go cúig faoin gcéad de na mná a bhfuil ailse chíche meastóiseach orthu. Tugtar meningitis carcinomatous air seo freisin. Tarlaíonn LM nuair a scaipeann ailse chíche chuig na meninges, a bhfuil sraitheanna fíocháin acu a chlúdaíonn an inchinn agus an méid spinal. Is féidir le meastais scaipeadh chuig na meninges tríd an fhuil nó is féidir leo taisteal ó meastais inchinne, a iompraíonn an sreabhach ceirbreaspinéil a shruthaíonn tríd na meninges.
De ghnáth bíonn LM ag céim an-dhéanach i rith ailse chíche meastastáisteach. I gcásanna an-annamh, d'fhéadfadh sé tarlú mar chéad meastastáis. Tá sé deacair meastastáis leptomeningeal a chóireáil, ós rud é nach féidir le go leor drugaí dul isteach ón sruth fola trí na meninges isteach sa sreabhach ceirbreaspinéil (CSF, nó sreabhach spinal go simplí). Is minic a tharlaíonn meastastáis inchinne agus meastáis leptomeningeal ag an am céanna. Ar an gcúis sin, ba cheart MRI den inchinn a bheith ag mná a ndearnadh diagnóis orthu le meastastáis leptomeningeal.
Tá comharthaí meastastáis leptomeningeal mar thoradh ar an bhrú a chuireann meastáis ar na néaróga a ritheann trasna na meninges sa cheann agus sa chnámh cnámh, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a ritheann ón méid spinal amach go dtí an corp, agus braitheann siad ar an áit a bhfuil meastáis suite. Tugann comharthaí a tharlaíonn ag an am céanna sa cheann agus sa spine le fios go bhfuil diagnóis LM ann. Is féidir le meastastáis leptomeningeal hidreacéfail a chur i gcúis freisin (uisce ar an inchinn), coinníoll a tharlaíonn nuair a chuireann meastáis isteach ar shreabhadh fola nó sreabhach ceirbreaspinéil. Ní féidir leis an sreabhach spinal, a tháirgtear taobh istigh den inchinn, an inchinn a fhágáil trína gcosáin gnáth, rud a fhágann go bhfuil brú méadaithe sa inchinn.
D'fhéadfadh comharthaí meastastáis leptomeningeal a bheith ina measc:
- Caillteanas mothúcháin sa ghné
- Meabhrúchán meabhrach
- Laghdú nó caillteanas mothaithe sna cosa agus sna cosa istigh
- Caillteanas rialaithe ar an mblas nó ar an intestine
- fadhbanna le feiceáil agus éisteacht
- Tromlach mhór agus fiú caillteanas comhfhios
Is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair meastóisis leptomeningeal a dhiagnóisiú. Is é an modh is coitianta ná sreabhadh spinal a tharraingt le snáthaid agus é a scrúdú ar chealla ailse chíche. Tugtar an nós imeachta seo tap cnámh cnámh nó puncture lumbar. Má tá an chéad phunctair lumbar diúltach ní mór dó a athdhéanamh dhá uair eile chun seans 90% de dhiagnóis chruinn a chinntiú. Ní thugann aon phuncta amháin ach 45% de chruinneas. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeidh an puncture lumbar gar don áit a bhfuil amhras ann go bhfuil meastastóisis leptomeningeal. Is féidir le brú CSF ard, líon bán, agus leibhéil próitéine, agus leibhéil glúcóis ísle a bheith ina chomharthaí de LM freisin. Is féidir MRI le gadolinium (agint chonstaic) den inchinn agus an spine iomlán a úsáid freisin chun LM a dhiagnóisiú agus tá sé níos fearr ná scan CT. Mar sin féin, ar MRI, d'fhéadfadh galar athlastach nó ionfhabhtú áitiúil a bheith mícheart le haghaidh meastóisis leptomeningeal. Is féidir MRI le rianóir radaighníomhach a úsáid freisin chun bac a aimsiú sa sreabhach spinal nó sa sreabhadh fola a d'fhág LM.
Níl aon chóireáil chaighdeánach comhaontaithe ann do mheastastáis leptomeningeal. Go minic, tá fo-iarsmaí na cóireála ag dul i gcoinne na sochair a fhaigheann an cóireáil. Go háirithe má tá galar neamhrialta in orgáin eile, is féidir go mbeadh an rogha is fearr ann cóireáil a dhéanamh ar thimpistí an ghalair ach ní ar an ghalair féin. D'fhéadfadh radaíocht a bheith san áireamh ann.
Braitheann an cóireáil iarbhír ar an gcaoi a bhfuil meastastóisis leptomeningeal mór, le tumors móra, nó scaipthe (clústáin bheaga cealla ailse sa sreabhach spinal). Tá scanadh ar an gcóras néaróg lárnach iomlán riachtanach agus má tá an dá cheann i láthair tá sé tábhachtach an dá cheann a chóireáil. Ní thugtar teiripe radaíochta ach chun comharthaí a mhaolú i limistéir galar mórchruinn toisc nach bhfuil sé cosúil go dtéann gníomhairí ceimiteiripeacha isteach i nimh nó nóidúl (imhrí níos lú) sna meninges. Tugtar ceimiteiripe le haghaidh galar scaipthe agus d'fhéadfadh sé saol a fhadú ar feadh roinnt míonna, nó uaireanta ar feadh tréimhse níos faide.
Níl aon fhianaise dhíreach ann go bhfuil ceimiteiripe intrathecal, a chuirtear isteach go díreach sa leacht ceirbrospinal, níos fearr ná ceimiteiripe intravenous, a chuirtear isteach tríd na féitheacha. De ghnáth, tá cóireáil intrathecal á gcur ar fáil do mhná a bhfuil a ghalair shiostúil faoi rialú réasúnta agus atá i dea-chomhdháil fhisiciúil. Tá meiteatréicste ar cheann de na gníomhairí ceimiteiripe is coitianta a úsáidtear. Tá sé tábhachtach leanúint de chóireáil ar ghalair meastastatacha in orgáin eile agus LM á chóireáil.
De ghnáth, cuirtear ceimiteiripe intrathecal isteach go díreach sa leacht ceirbreaspinéil trí stór Ommaya, is gléas é a chuirtear isteach sa cheann, faoi scalp. Déantar an gruaig a shaothar ina gcuirfear an cisterna isteach a shaothrú agus déantar an t-othar a chur ina chodladh nó a dhéanamh an-chlaonmhar agus an gléas á chur ina áit. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh limistéar ardán beag ann áit a bhfuil an cisterna Ommaya suite. Cosúil le port, fanann an gléas san áit le linn an chóireála. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfar staidéir ar shreabhadh ceirbreacha spinal sula ndéantar ceimiteiripe intrathecal chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil aon bhlocálacha ann. Uaireanta, úsáideann dochtúirí radaíocht chun blocálacha sruth a mhaolú.
Tá deacrachtaí mar thoradh ar cheimiteiripe intrathecal go minic (ionfhabhtuithe) agus is féidir leo a bheith tromchúiseach agus fiú a bheith ina mbagairt ar shaol. Léiríonn staidéir go dtarlaíonn freagra ar cheimiteiripe intrathecal i mionlach beag othar, b'fhéidir suas le 20%.
Mar sin féin, i gcás mná a bhfuil galar leptomeningeal HER2 + ann, tá úsáid níos mó agus cosúil go bhfuil rath ar Herceptin intrathecal le ceimheo agus ina n-aonar. Tá go leor de na rathúlachtaí seo tuairiscíodh mar staidéir cás, cé go bhfuil triail bheag amháin a rinneadh sa Spáinn le torthaí geallta. Tá roinnt trialacha ar siúl anois chun na torthaí seo a fhíorú i líon níos mó mná. (féach Trialacha Chliniciúla Leptomeningeal Disease) Sna staidéir chás seo, úsáideadh dáileog íseal (15 mg - 40 mg in aghaidh na seachtaine) agus dáileog ard (100 mg - 150 mg in aghaidh na seachtaine) Herceptin. Is cosúil nach bhfuil dáileog ard tocsaineach agus is féidir an t- ollú inchinne a bhíonn mar thoradh air a rialú trí dáileog Herceptin a mhéadú de réir a chéile agus stéaróidigh a úsáid. Is féidir Herceptin intrathecal a thabhairt trí phunctair lumbar sa spine freisin.
Ina theannta sin, tuairiscíodh go raibh an leigheas ag titim le capecitabine (Xeloda), tamoxifen, Arimidex, Femara, Aromasin agus Megace. Cé gur ceimiteiripe ó bhéal é Xeloda, is teiripeanna hormónacha iad na cúig cinn eile le haghaidh galar leptomeningeal ER+. (féach Trialacha Cliniciúla ar Ailse Leptomeningeal).
Tá daoine a mhaireann ar feadh i bhfad i mbaol le leukoencephalopathy (damáiste a dhéanamh do ábhar bán na hinchinne), a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le lethargy, athruithe pearsantachta, agus díomhaoin. Níl a fhios an féidir leis an ord a thugtar ceimiteiripe agus radaíocht an riosca leic-encephalopathy a laghdú, cé go bhfuil roinnt moltaí ann go bhféadfadh radaíocht a thabhairt tar éis ceimiteiripe a bheith níos fearr ná é a thabhairt roimh. Tá súil go n-oibreoidh na drugaí nua atá á bhforbairt le haghaidh meastastáis inchinne freisin le haghaidh meastastáis leptomeningeal.
Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais ar mhéastastáisí leptomeningeal, féach ar ár Leabharlann Roghnaithe.


EPA Dredging Project Starts In Superiors’ Howards Bay
If you've noticed some activity under the east-side of the Blatnik Bridge this week, it's for a reason. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) started a planned dredging project at Howards Bay that's expected to last the summer and into early fall.
According to details released by the EPA, the work is tied to the St. Louis River Area of Concern - which was created as part of the 1987 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. This specific project will see crews dredging contaminated sediment at Howards Bay. "Sediment in Howards Bay is polluted with contaminants typically associated with fossil fuels such as coal, gasoline, and oil". The work is one part routine navigation dredging combined with environmental restoration to remove the contamination.
The EPA dredging area is sizable in nature - extending from "Hughitt Slip to the head of Howards Bay near 5th and Main Street". All told, the crew - with a mechanical dredge implement - will work to remove approximately 75,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment, which will eventually be disposed of at the Wisconsin Point Landfill. At the landfill, a protective barrier layer of soil will cover the contaminated sediment.
All told, the voluntary dredging work at Howards Bay will cost $12.1 million, with funds coming from the federal Great Lakes Restoration Initiative along with its non-federal partners - Fraser Shipyards Inc., Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the City of Superior. The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative was formed in 2010 as a "non-regulatory program to accelerate efforts to protect and restore the largest system of fresh surface water in the world".

Tosaíonn an Tionscadal Dréithe EPA i mBá Howards
Má thug tú faoi deara roinnt gníomhaíochta faoi an taobh thoir den Droichead Blatnik an tseachtain seo, tá sé ar chúis. Thosaigh Gníomhaireacht Chosaint Comhshaoil na Stát Aontaithe (EPA) tionscadal dréibheála pleanáilte ag Bà Howards a bhfuiltear ag súil go mairfidh sé an samhradh agus go luath san fhómhar.
De réir sonraí a d'eisigh an EPA, tá an obair ceangailte le Limistéar imní Abhainn St. Louis - a cruthaíodh mar chuid de Chomhaontú Cáilíocht Uisce na Lochanna Móra 1987. Sa tionscadal sonrach seo, beidh foirne ag dréigean leataobh truaillithe ag Cuan Howards. "Tá an t-iomaire i mBá Howards truaillithe le truailleáin a bhaineann de ghnáth le breoslaí iontaise mar guail, gásailín, agus ola". Is é an obair ná dréagáil seoltóireachta gnáthamh a chomhcheanglaítear le hathchóiriú comhshaoil chun an truailliú a bhaint.
Tá an limistéar dredging EPA mór sa nádúr - ag síneadh ó "Hughitt Slip go ceann Bhaile Howards in aice le 5ú agus Príomhshráid". Ar an iomlán, oibreoidh an criú - le huirlis dréige meicniúil - le thart ar 75,000 slat ciúbach de shéide truaillithe a bhaint, a chuirfear ar fáil sa deireadh ag an Dúnmhargadh Wisconsin Point. Ag an líonadh talún, clúdaíonn sraith cosanta soilse an taiscéim truaillithe.
Ar an iomlán, beidh costas $12.1 milliún ar an obair dhraenála deonach ag Howards Bay, le cistí a thagann ó Tionscnamh Athchóiriú na Lochanna Móra cónaidhme mar aon lena chomhpháirtithe neamhchoimisinéirí - Fraser Shipyards Inc., Roinn Acmhainní Nádúrtha Wisconsin, agus Cathair Superior. Bunaíodh Tionscnamh Athchóiriú na nLá Mór i 2010 mar "clár neamhrialtúil chun iarrachtaí a luathaithe chun an córas uisce úra dromchla is mó ar domhan a chosaint agus a athchóiriú".


Local health authorities in states like North Dakota, as well as in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom, say they’ve pleaded with the companies to give them more control over the kinds of information their apps can collect. Without the companies’ help, some worry their contact tracing systems will remain dangerously strained.
But Apple and Google have refused, arguing that letting the apps collect location data or loosening other smartphone rules would undermine people’s privacy. The companies are also concerned that easing the restrictions around apps’ Bluetooth use would drain phone battery life, which could irritate customers. That unbending stance has led some health authorities to abandon hopes of building a fully functioning contact-tracing app.
The struggle for effective digital contact tracing is reshaping the debate over the trade-offs between privacy and public health when lives are immediately at stake. Public officials say the need to understand how the virus is spreading is urgent, informing decisions about whether communities can reopen and detecting future outbreaks.
But the tech giants’ resistance to letting public health officials access people’s data has a long precedent of keeping personal information out of the hands of governments. Apple and Google said they reached out to hundreds of public health officials for input on the software before it was announced.
Though the companies first debuted the effort by calling it a “contact tracing” system, company executives now say it is designed to do no such thing. They said they intend to fully release the system in the middle of this month.
Company officials said public health authorities had asked for assistance because contact tracing apps that relied on Bluetooth would run into technical challenges without their help. They said their effort was not built to digitize contact tracing or to replace the human element of public health.
But Helen Nissenbaum, a professor of information science and director of the Digital Life Initiative at Cornell University, called Apple and Google’s use of privacy to defend their refusal to allow public health officials access to smartphone technology a “flamboyant smokescreen.” She said it was ironic that the two companies had for years tolerated the mass collection of people’s data but were now preventing its use for a purpose that is “critical to public health.”
“If it’s between Google and Apple having the data, I would far prefer my physician and the public health authorities to have the data about my health status,” she said. “At least they’re constrained by laws.”
The Apple-Google system uses the short-range Bluetooth antennas in smartphones to log when two people come into contact for a short period of time, but not where that contact took place. An alert is sent if one of the people tests positive for a coronavirus infection, but that information is not shared with public health officials or contact-tracing teams.
That limitation has led some health authorities to attempt to build their own apps outside of the Apple-Google design. But developers around the world who have tried to build their own systems have run into functionality issues. For example, Apple restricts all apps not made by Apple from tracking Bluetooth in the “background” to avoid battery drain and privacy issues.
That means that a user must keep one of the apps built by health departments open for it to work — something most users would find incredibly inconvenient. Any time, for example, a user took a phone call, read an email or put their phone in their pocket, the app would not be running.
The tension over virus-tracking apps reflects a major power imbalance between the tech giants and state and local health officials, who argue that Apple and Google’s technical decisions have undermined their response to a global health emergency. It also highlights the tech giants’ ability to exert unfettered control over how billions of smartphones work.
“They are exercising sovereign power. It’s just crazy,” said Matt Stoller, the director of research at the American Economic Liberties Project, a Washington think tank devoted to reducing the power of monopolies. Apple and Google have “decided for the whole world,” he added, “that it’s not a decision for the public to make. … You have a private government that is making choices over your society instead of democratic governments being able to make those choices.”
Some developers who had run into the functionality issue in their own contact-tracing apps asked the companies for help. But they were told they could only get around that rule if they used the Apple-Google system, which would prohibit them from recording location data or sharing information with contact-tracing teams.
In North Dakota, developers had built a contact-tracing app, Care19, that logged people’s smartphone location data as a memory tool: If the person tested positive, a public health worker could ask for their permission to review that data over the previous two weeks to piece together where they had gone. They had been hopeful that the Apple-Google system would further refine its accuracy.
But Apple’s restrictions against sharing data with health authorities have forced developers there to start from scratch. They are now building two separate apps — one for contact-tracing teams, the other on Apple and Google’s system — even though they fear that will lead to lower public adoption, greater confusion and longer delays for lifesaving data.
“Every minute that ticks by, maybe someone else is getting infected, so we want to be able to use everything we can,” said Vern Dosch, the contact-tracing liaison for North Dakota. “I get it. They have a brand to protect. I just wish they would have led with their jaw.”
The coronavirus represents a massive challenge for contact tracing around the world, and some experts have said public health teams need all the help they can get. Researchers at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security have estimated that the U.S. will need to recruit and train 100,000 contact tracers to help identify the sick and quarantine the exposed.
Contact tracers today use phone calls and interviews to track people’s movements, and rely almost entirely on people’s memory. Minute-by-minute location logs recorded by people’s phones, some officials have argued, could ease that burden by providing a more precise and automated way to track new outbreaks.
“We’re sort of at the point where we just can’t do traditional contact tracing. There’s just not the manpower,” said Tyler Shelby, a graduate student at Yale’s medical and public health schools who is working on contact-tracing software.
But state teams that have tried to use apps to help with contact tracing have been stymied by the tech giants’ rules. Developers in Alberta, Canada, had built their own contact-tracing app that struggled with reliability on iPhones due to Apple’s Bluetooth restrictions. Quinn Mah, executive director of information management at Alberta Health, said he pleaded with Apple for help, but the company refused. Alberta health officials now are debating whether to give up on those plans and go with Apple’s contact-tracing system, even though it could greatly reduce their ability to track infections.
“A segment of our population has said, ‘Well, Google and Apple have done this, so why aren’t you guys adopting this?’” Mah said. “'Why would government think they could do something better than Apple and Google?’”
The companies have argued that limiting the data the apps use could bolster their adoption rate, because people may not trust or use an app that logs their location for later use by public health authorities. A Washington Post-University of Maryland poll found last month that a larger group of Americans said they trusted public health agencies more than Apple and Google to keep their information secure.
Some privacy advocates have applauded the companies’ stance around anonymity and security concerns. Amos Toh, an artificial intelligence and technology researcher at Human Rights Watch, said he worries that authoritarian governments might compel the companies to change the terms so that data can be scooped up and used to suppress human rights.
“It opens up a dangerous new front,” Toh said. “These technologies are unproven and we have questions about their accuracy and repercussions for the most vulnerable groups.”
But some parts of the U.S., including Apple and Google’s home state, say the restrictions have rendered the apps effectively useless. In California, epidemiologists in charge of contact tracing are ignoring the Apple-Google approach and have decided the best course for contact tracing is to train thousands of people to do the work.
“The limitations of those kind of apps are extensive,” said Mike Reid, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco, who is leading the effort to train contact tracers in the state. “I don’t think they have an important role to play for most of the population.”
The contact tracers, he said, will be using software made by Salesforce and Accenture to help reach patients by phone and are trained on how to protect sensitive patient information.
“We go to pains to minimize the amount of data we take from people and we ask consent from people we’re talking to on the phone. We go to considerable lengths to ensure there are strong technical controls to ensure the anonymization of our platforms,” he said. “Can you say the same thing about these big tech companies? I’m not sure.”
Some security researchers have also questioned whether the companies’ restrictions on public health officials and technical methods have posed their own challenges.
With the Apple and Google approach, “We’ve overcompensated for privacy and still created other risks and not solved the problem,” said Ashkan Soltani, the former chief technologist of the Federal Trade Commission. “I’d personally be more comfortable if it were a health agency that I trusted and there were legal protections in place over the use of the data and I knew it was operated by a dedicated security team.”
Countries such as Germany, Italy and the Netherlands have said they will use the Apple-Google system, though other nations, including Norway and the U.K., are building and testing more centralized apps they hope will work around the companies’ restrictions. France’s digital minister, Cédric O, said in a TV interview last week that it was deeply regrettable how Apple had failed to help the country’s efforts during the crisis, and that officials would remember the slight.
But some public health experts believe the push toward unproven virus-tracing apps has wasted time and missed the point. Tom Frieden, the former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now working with the health organization Vital Strategies, said the proximity-tracing system as proposed by Apple and Google has “been largely a distraction.”
“There are very serious questions about its feasibility and its ability to be done with adequate respect for privacy, and it has muddied the water for what actually needs to happen,” Frieden said in an interview Wednesday. “This was an approach that was done with not much understanding and a lot of overpromising.”
His group is now working with New York state officials to build three smartphone apps tackling more basic problems: assisting quarantined people with remote health-care visits and food deliveries, and helping contact tracers do their jobs. He said developers grappling with the Apple-Google system would have a greater impact focusing on simpler struggles for local health departments as opposed to pursuing “magical thinking.”
The proximity-tracing systems are “a bright shiny object,” he said, “but right now they’re doing nothing to stop the pandemic.”

Deir údaráis sláinte áitiúla i stáit cosúil le Dakota Thuaidh, chomh maith le tíortha cosúil le Ceanada agus an Ríocht Aontaithe, gur impigh siad ar na cuideachtaí níos mó smachta a thabhairt dóibh ar na cineálacha faisnéise is féidir a gcuid apps a bhailiú. Gan cabhair ó na cuideachtaí, tá imní ar roinnt daoine go mbeidh a gcórais rianú teagmhála ag fanacht go contúirteach.
Ach dhiúltaigh Apple agus Google, ag argóint go gcuirfeadh ligean do na feidhmchláir sonraí suímh a bhailiú nó rialacha fón cliste eile a scaoileadh faoi bhun príobháideacht daoine. Tá imní ar na cuideachtaí freisin go gcuirfeadh an t-íospartaigh a bhaineann le feidhmchláir  úsáid Bluetooth le saol ceallraí an fhón, rud a d'fhéadfadh irritate custaiméirí. Mar gheall ar an seasamh gan athrú sin, tá roinnt údaráis sláinte tar éis dóchas a thabhairt suas d'app rianúcháin teagmhála atá ag feidhmiú go hiomlán a thógáil.
Tá an streachailt le haghaidh rianú teagmhála digiteach éifeachtach ag athmhúnlú an díospóireachta ar na comhréireachtaí idir príobháideacht agus sláinte poiblí nuair a bhíonn beatha ar an mbaol láithreach. Deir oifigigh phoiblí go bhfuil sé práinneach an gá atá le tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhfuil an víreas ag scaipeadh, ag cur le cinntí a dhéanamh ar cibé an féidir le pobail athoscailt agus ráigí amach anseo a bhrath.
Ach tá sean-chonspóid ag na hiodrálaithe teicneolaíochta le ligean d'oifigigh sláinte poiblí rochtain a fháil ar shonraí daoine maidir le faisnéis phearsanta a choinneáil amach ó lámha rialtais. Dúirt Apple agus Google gur chuir siad teagmháil le céadta oifigeach sláinte poiblí chun a gcuid tuairimí a fháil faoin mbogearraí sula bhfógraíodh é.
Cé gur chuir na cuideachtaí tús leis an iarracht ag glaoch air mar chóras "rabhaidh teagmhála", deir feidhmeannaigh na gcuideachta anois nach bhfuil sé deartha chun rud den sórt sin a dhéanamh. Dúirt siad go bhfuil sé ar intinn acu an córas a scaoileadh go hiomlán i lár na míosa seo.
Dúirt oifigigh na cuideachta gur iarr údaráis sláinte poiblí cúnamh toisc go mbeadh dúshláin theicniúla ag aipeanna rianaithe teagmhála a bhí ag brath ar Bluetooth gan a gcuid cabhrach. Dúirt siad nach raibh a n-iarracht le rianú teagmhála a dhigitíochtú ná le gné an duine den tsláinte phoiblí a chur in ionad.
Ach Helen Nissenbaum, ollamh eolaíochta faisnéise agus stiúrthóir an Tionscnamh Saoil Dhigiteach in Ollscoil Cornell, d'iarr Apple agus Google's úsáid príobháideachta chun a n-aghaidh a chosaint ar a diúltú ligean d'oifigigh sláinte poiblí rochtain a fháil ar theicneolaíocht smartphone a "flamboyant smokescreen". Dúirt sí go raibh sé irónach go raibh an dá chuideachta ar feadh blianta a throid bailiúchán mais de dhaoine's sonraí ach bhí anois ag cur cosc ar a úsáid chun críocha atá "criticiúil do shláinte an phobail".
'Má tá sé idir Google agus Apple a bhfuil na sonraí, ba mhaith liom i bhfad níos fearr mo dhochtúir agus na húdaráis sláinte poiblí a bheith ar an sonraí faoi mo stádas sláinte,' a dúirt sí. Ar a laghad tá siad ag teorainn le dlíthe.
Úsáideann an córas Apple-Google na antennaí Bluetooth gearr-raon i bhfón cliste chun logáil nuair a thagann beirt daoine i dteagmháil ar feadh tréimhse ghearr ama, ach ní áit a raibh an teagmháil sin. Seoltar rabhadh má tá tástáil dearfach ag duine de na daoine le haghaidh ionfhabhtú coronavirus, ach ní roinntear an fhaisnéis sin le hoifigigh sláinte poiblí ná le foirne rianú teagmhála.
Mar thoradh ar an teorainn sin, tá roinnt údaráis sláinte ag iarraidh a gcuid feidhmchláir féin a thógáil lasmuigh de dhearadh Apple-Google. Ach d'éirigh le forbróirí ar fud an domhain a rinne iarracht a gcórais féin a thógáil le saincheisteanna feidhmiúlachta. Mar shampla, cuireann Apple srianta ar gach aip nach ndearna Apple le Bluetooth a rianú sa fhiosach chun easpa cadhnraí agus saincheisteanna príobháideachta a sheachaint.
Ciallaíonn sé sin go gcaithfidh úsáideoir ceann de na feidhmchláir a d'fhág na ranna sláinte a choinneáil ar oscailt chun go n-oibreoidh sé - rud a bheadh thar a bheith míshásta ag formhór na n-úsáideoirí. Aon uair, mar shampla, a ghlac úsáideoir glao fón, léamh ríomhphost nó a chur a gcuid fón ina phóca, ní bheadh an aip ag rith.
Léiríonn an teannas ar apps-rabhaidh víris míchothromú mór cumhachta idir na hiodrálacha teicneolaíochta agus oifigigh sláinte stáit agus áitiúla, a mhaíonn go bhfuil cinntí teicniúla Apple agus Google tar éis a n-fhreagairt ar éigeandáil sláinte domhanda a chur faoi dhroch smacht. Cuireann sé béim freisin ar chumas na n-aibhneanna teicneolaíochta rialú gan srian a chur i bhfeidhm ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn na billiúin fón cliste.
Tá siad ag feidhmiú cumhachta uachtaránachta. "Is cuma cé chomh mór is atá an t-airgead atá againn", a dúirt Matt Stoller, stiúrthóir taighde ag an Tionscadal um Shaoirsí Eacnamaíocha Mheiriceá, buidheann smaointe i Washington atá dírithe ar chumhacht na monaplachtaí a laghdú. Tá Apple agus Google "ag cinneadh don domhan ar fad", a dúirt sé, "nach cinneadh é don phobal é a dhéanamh. ... Tá rialtas príobháideach agat atá ag déanamh roghanna ar do shochaí in ionad go mbeadh rialtais dhaonlathach in ann na roghanna sin a dhéanamh.
D'iarr roinnt forbróirí a bhí ag teacht isteach ar an gceist feidhmiúlachta ina gcuid apps féin le rianú teagmhála ar na cuideachtaí cabhair a fháil. Ach dúradh leo nach bhféadfaidís an riail sin a sheachaint ach amháin má d'úsáid siad an córas Apple-Google, a chuirfeadh cosc orthu sonraí suímh a thaifeadadh nó faisnéis a roinnt le foirne rianú teagmhála.
I Dakota Thuaidh, d'fhostaigh forbróirí aip le rianú teagmhála, Care19, a rinne sonraí suímh fón cliste daoine a chlárú mar uirlis chuimhne: Má thástáil an duine dearfach, d'fhéadfadh oibrí sláinte poiblí a gcead a iarraidh chun na sonraí sin a athbhreithniú le dhá sheachtain roimhe sin chun an áit a raibh siad imithe a chur le chéile. Bhí siad dóchasach go mbeadh an córas Apple-Google a chruinneas a scagadh tuilleadh.
Ach chuir srianta Apple i gcoinne sonraí a roinnt le húdaráis sláinte cosc ar fhorbróirí ansin tosú ó scratch. Tá siad ag tógáil dhá aip ar leithligh anois - ceann amháin le haghaidh foirne le rianú teagmhála, an ceann eile ar chóras Apple agus Google - cé go bhfuil eagla orthu go dtiocfaidh glacadh níos ísle ag an bpobal, mearbhall níos mó agus moilleanna níos faide ar shonraí a shábhálann beatha.
"B'fhéidir go bhfuil duine eile ag fáil galar le gach nóiméad a théann thart, mar sin ba mhaith linn a bheith in ann gach rud is féidir linn a úsáid", a dúirt Vern Dosch, an nasc le rianú teagmhála do Dakota Thuaidh. Tá mé é. Tá branda acu le cosaint. Ba mhaith liom ach go mbeadh siad a bhí i gceannas lena jaw.
Is dúshlán ollmhór é an coronavirus chun teagmháil a rianú ar fud an domhain, agus dúirt roinnt saineolaithe go dteastaíonn gach cabhair is féidir leo a fháil ó fhoirne sláinte poiblí. Measann taighdeoirí ag Ionad Slándála Sláinte Johns Hopkins go mbeidh ar na Stáit Aontaithe 100,000 rialtóir teagmhála a earcú agus a oiliúint chun cabhrú le daoine tinn a aithint agus na daoine a nochtadh a chur i gclárú.
Úsáidtear glaonna teileafóin agus agallaimh chun gluaiseachtaí daoine a rianú, agus tá siad ag brath go hiomlán ar chuimhne daoine. D'áitigh roinnt oifigeach go bhféadfadh loganna suímh nóiméad ar nóiméad a thaifeadadh ag fóin daoine an t-ualach sin a mhaolú trí bhealach níos cruinne agus uathoibrithe a sholáthar chun ráigí nua a rianú.
Tá muid ag pointe nach féidir linn ach a dhéanamh ar rianú teagmhála traidisiúnta. Níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil.
Ach tá foireann stáit a rinne iarracht aip a úsáid chun cabhrú le rianú teagmhála a chur i gcontúirt ag rialacha na n-aibhne teicneolaíochta. D'fhostaigh forbróirí in Alberta, Ceanada, a aip féin le rianú teagmhála a bhí ag streachailt le hiontaofacht ar iPhones mar gheall ar shrianta Bluetooth Apple. Dúirt Quinn Mah, stiúrthóir feidhmiúcháin bainistíochta faisnéise ag Alberta Health, gur impigh sé ar Apple cabhair a thabhairt, ach dhiúltaigh an chuideachta. Tá oifigigh sláinte Alberta ag plé anois an gcaithfí a thabhairt suas ar na pleananna sin agus dul le córas rianú teagmhála Apple, cé go bhféadfadh sé a gcumas ionfhabhtuithe a rianú a laghdú go mór.
Dúirt cuid dár ndaonra, "Bhuel, rinne Google agus Apple é seo, mar sin cén fáth nach bhfuil sibh ag glacadh leis seo?" a dúirt Mah.  'Cén fáth a cheapfadh an rialtas go bhféadfadh siad rud éigin a dhéanamh níos fearr ná Apple agus Google?
D'áitigh na cuideachtaí go bhféadfadh teorainn a chur leis an bhfaisnéis a úsáideann na feidhmchláir a ráta uchtála a threisiú, toisc nach bhféadfadh daoine muinín a bheith acu nó feidhmchlár a úsáid a thaifeadann a suíomh le húsáid níos déanaí ag údaráis sláinte poiblí. Fuair vótaíocht Washington Post-Ollscoil Maryland an mhí seo caite gur dúirt grúpa níos mó Meiriceánaigh go raibh muinín acu in ghníomhaireachtaí sláinte poiblí níos mó ná Apple agus Google chun a gcuid faisnéise a choinneáil slán.
Tá roinnt lucht tacaíochta príobháideachta tar éis moladh a thabhairt do sheasamh na gcuideachtaí maidir le neamhainmniú agus imní slándála. Dúirt Amos Toh, taighdeoir intleacht shaorga agus teicneolaíochta ag Human Rights Watch, go bhfuil imní air go bhféadfadh rialtais údarásacha na cuideachtaí a chur iallach ar na téarmaí a athrú ionas gur féidir sonraí a bhailiú agus a úsáid chun cearta an duine a chur faoi chois.
"Tá an t-athrú seo ina aghaidh nua contúirteach", a dúirt Toh. Níor cruthaíodh na teicneolaíochtaí seo agus tá ceisteanna againn maidir lena n-eagrú agus a n-athruithe ar na grúpaí is leochailí.
Ach deir roinnt codanna de na Stáit Aontaithe, lena n-áirítear Apple agus Google's home state, go bhfuil na srianta déanta ag na apps go héifeachtach gan úsáid. I California, tá Epidemiologists atá i gceannas ar rianú teagmhála ag neamhaird ar an gcur chuige Apple-Google agus chinn an bealach is fearr le haghaidh rianú teagmhála ná na mílte duine a oiliúint chun an obair a dhéanamh.
"Tá teorainneacha na gcineálacha apps sin leathan", a dúirt Mike Reid, ollamh cúnta leighis in Ollscoil California i San Francisco, atá i gceannas ar an iarracht rianóirí teagmhála a oiliúint sa stát. Ní dóigh liom go bhfuil ról tábhachtach acu don chuid is mó den daonra.
Beidh na rianóirí teagmhála, a dúirt sé, ag baint úsáide as bogearraí a rinne Salesforce agus Accenture chun cabhrú le hothair a bhaint amach ar an bhfón agus tá siad oilte ar conas faisnéis íogair othair a chosaint.
Déanaimid iarracht an méid sonraí a bhainimid ó dhaoine a íoslaghdú agus iarrann muid toiliú ó dhaoine a bhfuil muid ag caint leo ar an bhfón. "Tá muid ag dul i bhfad go mór chun a chinntiú go bhfuil rialuithe teicniúla láidre ann chun a chinntiú go bhfuil ár n-ardáin gan ainm", a dúirt sé. An féidir leat an rud céanna a rá faoi na cuideachtaí mór-theicneolaíochta seo? Níl mé cinnte.
Tá roinnt taighdeoirí slándála ag ceistiú freisin an bhfuil srianta na gcuideachtaí ar oifigigh sláinte poiblí agus modhanna teicniúla tar éis dúshláin a chruthú dóibh féin.
Le cur chuige Apple agus Google, "Tá ró-chomhdháileadh déanta againn ar phríobháideacht agus tá rioscaí eile cruthaithe fós agus níor réitíodh an fhadhb", a dúirt Ashkan Soltani, iar-príomh-theicneolaí an Choimisiúin Trádála Chónaidhme. Ba mhaith liom go pearsanta a bheith níos compordaí má bhí sé gníomhaireacht sláinte go raibh muinín agam agus go raibh cosaintí dlíthiúla i bhfeidhm maidir le húsáid na sonraí agus bhí a fhios agam go raibh sé á oibriú ag foireann slándála tiomnaithe.
Dúirt tíortha mar an Ghearmáin, an Iodáil agus an Ísiltír go n-úsáidfidh siad an córas Apple-Google, cé go bhfuil náisiúin eile, lena n-áirítear an Iorua agus an RA, ag tógáil agus ag tástáil aipeanna níos láidre a bhfuil súil acu go n-oibreoidh siad timpeall ar shrianta na gcuideachtaí. Dúirt Aire Digiteach na Fraince, Cédric O, in agallamh teilifíse an tseachtain seo caite go raibh sé an-díomá ar an gcaoi a ndeachaigh Apple as cuidiú le hiarrachtaí na tíre le linn na géarchéime, agus go gcuimhneofaí ar na hoifigigh an míshástacht.
Ach creideann roinnt saineolaithe sláinte poiblí go bhfuil an brú i dtreo aipeanna gan fhianaise a rianú víris caillte am agus an pointe caillte. Dúirt Tom Frieden, iar-stiúrthóir na nIonad um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair a oibríonn anois leis an eagraíocht sláinte Vital Strategies, gur "scéal dírithe ar mhealladh" a bhí sa chóras leantachta mar a mhol Apple agus Google.
"Tá ceisteanna an-tromchúiseacha ann maidir lena indéantacht agus a chumas a dhéanamh le meas leordhóthanach ar phríobháideacht, agus tá sé tar éis an t-uisce a dhúnadh le haghaidh na rudaí a chaithfidh tarlú i ndáiríre", a dúirt Frieden in agallamh Dé Céadaoin. Ba é seo cur chuige a rinneadh gan mórán tuiscint agus go leor ró-ghealltanas.
Tá a ghrúpa ag obair anois le hoifigigh stáit Nua Eabhrac chun trí aip fón cliste a thógáil ag dul i ngleic le fadhbanna níos bunúsaí: cabhrú le daoine atá faoi cheathrú le cuairteanna cúraim sláinte agus seachadtaí bia iargúlta, agus cabhrú le rianóirí teagmhála a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh. Dúirt sé go mbeadh tionchar níos mó ag forbróirí atá ag streachailt leis an gcóras Apple-Google má dhíríonn siad ar streachailtí níos simplí do ranna sláinte áitiúla seachas "smaoineamh draíochta" a shaothrú.
Tá na córais rianú gar-chomhchruinneas aonad geal geal, a dúirt sé, ach faoi láthair níl siad ag déanamh aon ní chun stop a chur leis an bpaindéim.


The Mathews Forest, dubbed a ‘biological bonanza’ by the BBC, the Mathews Mountain Range is one of the great stretches of Kenyan forest wildernesses.
Scientists call this mountain forest a ‘sky island’, which rises up out of the surrounding sea of arid lowlands, to an altitude of 2200 metres. This ancient mountain forest is a stronghold for a wide range of plant and wildlife species, such as Melanistic leopard, also known as the black panther, lion, forest elephant and antelopes, buffalo, the rare De Brazza monkey, Colobus monkey, greater kudu, waterbuck, giant forest hog as well as Africa’s endangered wild dog.
Over 200 bird species have been counted in the area, together with more than 150 species of butterflies, representing more than twice the amount of butterfly species found in the UK. Stretching for 150km, the mountains are covered in a 300km2 dense indigenous forest interspersed with giant cedars and a rare species of ancient cycad, one of the oldest plant types on the planet, endemic to the Mathews forests.
The real attraction of this remote area is its striking beauty and the opportunity to explore the forest on foot in complete privacy as well as to experience unique social interactions with the local Samburu and Ndorobo people.
To the south of the Mathews mountains lie the Sarara Plains, approximately 75,000 hectares, home to the Samburu tribes people, a group of semi-nomadic pastoralists who have for long shown tolerance for the wildlife that co-exists alongside their cattle. Many species of birdlife, the rare Grevy Zebra, as well as elephant herds, big cats, and wild dog habit this area. Leopard sightings are common, and visits to the Samburu “singing wells” are a unique experience.

Is é an Foraois Mathews, a thug an BBC "bonanza bitheolaíoch" air, ceann de na foraoisí fiáine móra i gCéinia.
Glaonn eolaithe ar an bhforaois shléibhe seo 'oileán spéir', a thagann suas as an fharraige timpeall na talún tirim, go dtí airde 2200 méadar. Is é an fhoraois shléibhe ársa seo an daingne do raon leathan speiceas plandaí agus fiadhúlra, mar shampla léopard Melanistic, ar a dtugtar an panther dubh, leon, elephant foraoise agus antelopes, buffalo, an t-imic De Brazza neamhchoitianta, an t-imic Colobus, kudu níos mó, uisce, muiceach foraoise ollmhór chomh maith le madra fiáine i mbaol na hAfraice.
Tá breis agus 200 speiceas éan á gcur san áireamh sa cheantar, mar aon le breis agus 150 speiceas liomach, rud a léiríonn níos mó ná dhá oiread an líon speiceas liomach a fhaightear sa RA. Ag síneadh ar feadh 150km, tá na sléibhte clúdaithe i bhforaois dúchasach dlúth 300km2 idirghabhála le cédraí ollmhóra agus speiceas annamh de cycad ársa, ceann de na cineálacha plandaí is sine ar an bpláinéad, endéamach do fhoraoisí Mathews.
Is é an rud a mheallann an limistéar iargúlta seo ná a áilleacht iontach agus an deis chun an fhoraois a iniúchadh ar shiúl na cosa i príobháideacht iomlán chomh maith le caidreamh sóisialta uathúil a fháil leis na daoine Samburu agus Ndorobo áitiúla.
I ndeisceart na sléibhte Mathews tá Sléibhte Sarara, thart ar 75,000 heicteár, baile do thríú daoine Samburu, grúpa peastóirí leath-nómadacha a léirigh go leor fhulaingt don fhiadhúlra a chónaíonn in éineacht lena gcuid beithíoch. Tá go leor speiceas éan, an Grevy Zebra neamhchoitianta, chomh maith le caoraí elephant, cait mhóra, agus madra fiáine ag maireachtáil sa cheantar seo. Tá léamhrán le feiceáil go coitianta, agus is eispéireas uathúil é cuairt a thabhairt ar na "poill amhránaíochta" Samburu.


Definitions for Articleˈɑr tɪ kəl
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Article
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
ar•ti•cleˈɑr tɪ kəl(n.; v.)-cled, -cling.
(n.)a factual piece of writing, usu. on a single topic, appearing in a newspaper, magazine, etc.
an individual object, member, or portion of a class; item:
an article of clothing.
something of indefinite character or description.
an item for sale; commodity.
a member of a small class of words or affixes, as the words a, an, and the in English, that are linked to nouns and that typically function in identifying the noun as a noun and in indicating definiteness or indefiniteness of reference.
Ref: Compare definite article , indefinite article.
a separate clause or section in a contract, treaty, statute, or other formal document.
(v.t.)to charge or accuse of specific offenses.
to bind by the articles of a contract:
to article an apprentice.
Origin of article:
1200–50; ME < AF, ML articulus article of faith, L: joint, member, clause, dim. of artus joint; see -cle1
nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
one of a class of artifacts
"an article of clothing"
a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)
(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase
bind by a contract; especially for a training period
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
article(noun)ˈɑr tɪ kəl
a piece of writing in newspaper, magazine, etc.
a magazine article
articleˈɑr tɪ kəl
an article of clothing
articleˈɑr tɪ kəl
a word used before a noun
"a," "an," and "the" are articles.
A part or segment of something joined to other parts, or, in combination, forming a structured set.
A story, report, or opinion piece in a newspaper, magazine, journal, internet etc.
A member of a group or class
an article of clothing
a sales article
A part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English). In some languages the article may appear as en ending (e.g. definite article in Swedish) or there may be none (e.g. Finnish, Estonian).
A section of a legal document, bylaws, etc.
A wench. A prime article. A handsome girl.
She's a prime article (whip slang), she's a devilish good piece, a hell of a goer.
To study or train to become qualified, especially in the legal profession.
To bind by articles of apprenticeship.
a distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement
a literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia
subject; matter; concern; distinct
a distinct part
a particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article
precise point of time; moment
one of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article
one of the segments of an articulated appendage
to formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars
to accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles
to bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic
to agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant
An article is a word that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and some. 'An' and 'a' are modern forms of the Old English 'an', which in Anglian dialects was the number 'one' and survived into Modern Scots as the number 'ane'. Both 'on' and 'an' survived into Modern English, with 'one' used as the number and 'an' as an indefinite article. Traditionally in English, an article is usually considered to be a type of adjective. In some languages, articles are a special part of speech, which cannot easily be combined with other parts of speech. It is also possible for articles to be part of another part of speech category such as a determiner, an English part of speech category that combines articles and demonstratives. In languages that employ articles, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain definiteness, just as many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number. Every noun must be accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article itself specifies a certain definiteness. This is in contrast to other adjectives and determiners, which are typically optional. This obligatory nature of articles makes them among the most common words in many languages—in English, for example, the most frequent word is the.
British National Corpus
Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'Article' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1537
Written Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'Article' in Written Corpus Frequency: #2134
Rank popularity for the word 'Article' in Nouns Frequency: #465
Anagrams of Article
Translations for Article
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a thing or an object
This shop sells articles of all kinds; articles of clothing.
- شَيء، سِلْعَه، قِطْعَهArabic
- artigoPortuguese (BR)
- artikl, předmět, kusCzech
- der ArtikelGerman
- vare; artikelDanish
- کالا؛ تکهFarsi
- vara, vörutegund, hluturIcelandic
- daiktas, prekėLithuanian
- apģērba gabaliLatvian
- artikel, stukDutch
- vare, artikkelNorwegian
- کالا؛ تکهPersian
- کالای، رختPashto
- предмет, изделиеRussian
- blago, izdelekSlovenian
- stvar ili predmetSerbian
- sak, artikel, varaSwedish
- 物品Chinese (Trad.)
- виріб; продуктUkrainian
- شے ، چیزUrdu
- 物品Chinese (Simp.)
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Sainmhínithe do Articleˈɑr tɪ kəl
Ar an leathanach seo, tugtar gach brí agus aistriúchán is féidir ar an bhfocal Airteagal
Random House Webster's College Dictionary (Fheicis: an t-ealaín)
ar•ti•cleˈɑr tɪ kəl ((n.; v.) -cled, -cling.
(n.) píosa fíorais scríbhneoireachta, usu. ar ábhar amháin, a thagann i nuachtán, i iris, etc.
réad aonair, ball nó cuid de aicme; mír:
earraí éadaí.
rud éigin de charachtar nó cur síos neamhchinnte.
earra le díol; earra.
ball de rang beag focal nó affixes, mar na focail a, an, agus an i mBéarla, atá nasctha le hainmneacha agus a fheidhmíonn de ghnáth chun an t-ainmfhocal a aithint mar ainmfhocal agus chun sainmhíniú nó neamhchinníocht na tagartha a léiriú.
Ref: Comparáid a dhéanamh idir alt cinnte agus alt neamhchinnte.
clásal nó alt ar leithligh i gconradh, i gconradh, i reacht, nó i ndoiciméad foirmiúil eile.
(v.t. ) chun cionta sonracha a chur i gcúis nó a chur i gcúis.
chun ceangal a dhéanamh le hairteagail chonartha:
chun alt a fhoghlaimeoir.
Bunús an earra:
120050; ME < AF, ML articulus article of faith, L: comhpháirteach, ball, clásal, dim. comhpháirteach artus; féach -cle1
prósa neamhfhicseach a chruthaíonn cuid neamhspleách d'fhoilseachán
ceann de aicme artefacts
"earra éadaí"
rannán ar leithligh d'ionstraim dhlíthiúil (mar reachtas nó conradh nó diongbháilteacht)
(gramadach) cinneadh a d'fhéadfadh a léiriú go bhfuil saintréith tagartha frása ainmfhocal
a cheangal le conradh; go háirithe le haghaidh tréimhse oiliúna
Fuaimín Béarla an Léitheora Kernerman
article (noun) ' tɪ kəl
píosa scríbhneoireachta i nuachtán, iris, etc.
alt as iris
articleˈɑr tɪ kəl
earraí éadaí
articleˈɑr tɪ kəl
focal a úsáidtear roimh ainmfhocal
Is earraí iad "a", "an", agus "the".
Cuid nó codán de rud a bhaineann le codanna eile, nó, i gcomhcheangal, a chruthaíonn tacar struchtúrtha.
Scéal, tuarascáil nó píosa tuairim i nuachtán, iris, iris, idirlíon srl.
Comhalta de ghrúpa nó de rang
earraí éadaí
earra díolacháin
Cuid de chaint a léiríonn, a shonraíonn agus a theorannannann ainmfhocal (a, an, nó the i mBéarla). I roinnt teangacha d'fhéadfadh an t-airteagal a bheith le feiceáil mar en ending (m.sh. (e.g. definite article in Swedish) nó d'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh aon cheann ann (e.g. (Chuntais:
Cuid de dhoiciméad dlíthiúil, rialacháin, srl.
A cailín. Ardaitheoir den scoth. Cailín álainn.
Tá sí ar cheann de na chéad alt (slang Whip), tá sí ina diabhal maith píosa, an diabhal de goer.
Staidéar nó oiliúint a dhéanamh chun bheith cáilithe, go háirithe sa ghairm dlí.
Chun a cheangal le hailt ar phraghsáil.
cuid ar leith de ionstraim, díospóireacht, saothar liteartha, nó aon scríbhneoireacht eile, ina bhfuil dhá shonraíocht nó níos mó, nó ina ndéantar plé ar ábhair éagsúla; mar, alt sa Bhunreacht. Dá bhrí sin: Clásail i gconradh, i gcóras rialachán, i gconradh, nó mar an gcéanna; téarma, coinníoll, nó foráil i gconradh; ráiteas concise; mar, ailt chomhaontaithe
comhdhéanamh liteartha, a chruthaíonn cuid neamhspleách de iris, nuachtán nó ciceolaipéide
ábhar; ábhar; ábhar; ábhar ar leith
cuid ar leithligh
ceann ar leith de rudaí éagsúla; mar, earra earraí; is earra riachtanach é salann
pointe cruinn ama; nóiméad
ceann de na trí fhocal, a, an, the, a úsáidtear roimh ainmfhocail chun a n-iarratas a theorannú nó a shainiú. Tugtar an (nó an) airteagal neamhchinnte, an an airteagal sainithe
ceann de na codanna de bhreisigh ghnéithe
chun a fhoirmliú i n-earraí; chun a chur in iúl i ndáil le sonraí ar leith
chun cúis nó cúis trí thaispeántas earraí
a cheangal le hairteagail conradh nó foráil; mar, a alt a phrintíseach a meicnic
chun aontú le hairteagail; chun a shocrú; chun bargain; chun conradh
Is focal é alt a úsáidtear le hainmfhocal chun an cineál tagairt atá á dhéanamh ag an ainmfhocal a chur in iúl. Sonraíonn ailt an cinntitheacht gramadaí den ainmfhocal, i roinnt teangacha ag leathnú go méid nó raon feidhme uimhriúil. Is iad na hairteagail sa teanga Béarla an agus a/an, agus some. Is foirmeacha nua-aimseartha iad 'An' agus 'a' den Sean-Béarla 'an', a bhí i dtráchtálacha na Breataine mar uimhir 'one' agus a mhair i nGaeilge Nua-aimseartha mar uimhir 'ane'. D'fhan 'on' agus 'an' araon i mBéarla Nua-aimseartha, agus 'one' á úsáid mar an uimhir agus 'an' mar alt neamhchinnteach. Go traidisiúnta i mBéarla, is gnách go meastar gur cineál tréithfhocail é alt. I roinnt teangacha, is cuid speisialta de chaint a bhíonn sna hailt, nach féidir a chur le chéile go héasca le codanna eile cainte. Is féidir le hailt a bheith mar chuid de chatagóir eile de chuid cainte mar a chinneadh, catagóir cuid cainte Béarla a chomhcheanglaíonn hailt agus taispeántais. I dteangacha a úsáideann earraí, léirítear gach ainmfhocal coitianta, le roinnt eisceachtaí, le cinntitheacht áirithe, díreach mar a léirítear i go leor teangacha gach ainmfhocal le huimhir ghramadaí áirithe. Ní mór an t-airteagal, más ann dó, a bheith ag gabháil le gach ainmneacht a fhreagraíonn dá chinnteacht, agus sonraíonn easpa alt é féin cinnteacht áirithe. Tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht le hairíonna agus cinntithe eile, a bhíonn de ghnáth roghnach. Tá an nádúr éigeantach seo d'airteagail á dhéanamh mar chuid de na focail is coitianta i go leor teangacha - i mBéarla, mar shampla, is é an focal is minice an focal is minice.
Corpus Náisiúnta na Breataine
Tráthanna na gCeist
Rang a thabhairt ar an tóir atá ar an bhfocal 'Article' i gCorpus Labhairte minicíocht: #1537
Tréimhsí Corpus Scríofa
Rang a thabhairt ar an tóir atá ar an bhfocal 'Article' in Written Corpus
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Anagrams d'Airteagal
Aistriúcháin don Airteagal
Fuaimín Ilteangach Béarla Kernerman
rud nó réad
Díolann an siopa seo earraí de gach cineál; earraí éadaí.
- shé, síl-a, sgéach
- AirteagalPortaingéise (BR)
- artikl, předmět, kusChéis
- der ArtikelGearmáinis
- vare; artikel
- KALA; TKHFARSI
- vara, vörutegund, hluturIcelandic
- daiktas, prekėLithuáinis
- apģērba gabaliLaitvia
- artikel, stukNódarlainnis
- vare, artikkelNóiré
- KALA; TKHÉPársan
- Kalāy, RakhtoPashto
- предмет, изделиеRúisis
- blago, продуктSlóivéinis
- stvar ili predmetSeirbis
- sak, artikel, varaSuainis
- 物品Chinese (Trad.)
- táirge; táirgeUcraíneach
- She , چیزUrdu
- 物品Chinese (Simp.)
Faigh níos mó aistriúcháin don Airteagal
Faigh aistriúchán don sainmhíniú Artaigil i dteangacha eile:
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The Jambi people (also known as the Melayu Jambi) primarily live in four of the six districts that comprise the Jambi Province of central Sumatra. These districts are Tanjungjabung, Batanghari, Bungo-Tebo, and the capital city of Jambi. The Jambi language is a branch of the Melayu (Malay) language cluster. Their culture is greatly influenced by the Minangkabau culture.
Most of the area the Jambi inhabit is a lowland basin of dense jungles, peat bogs, swamps, and rivers--all drained by the mighty Batang Hari River (655 kilometer long) and its tributaries. The rivers are important to them not only as a means of transportation but as a source of fish. They are adept swimmers and fishermen. They use eight types of traditional fishing tackle, as well as the modern pukat ('fishnet'). They are great eaters of ikan (fish) and complain that a meal is incomplete without its distinctive flavor.
Most of the Jambi make their living by fishing. For catching fish they use different types of traps ranging from the traditional to the modern. Some of the types of fish they catch are: ringau, kelemak, toman, pati, baung, juaro, bujuk, seluang, gabus, betok, and serapil. In addition to fishing, farming and plantation work are important occupations for the Jambi people.
The Jambi are proud of their status as descendants of an ancient Melayu kingdom that dates back to the 7th century. This pride, in fact, has threatened their economic development due to their unwillingness to accept modernization. This is evident as transmigrants from other parts of Indonesia are better off economically than most of the Jambi themselves.
Travel between neighboring rural villages is more often done by river than by land. This is due to the Jambi mainly living in thick jungle areas with wide marshes, making land travel very difficult. The Jambi have many different kinds of ceremonies and rituals, which they celebrate at special occasions.
These would include: birth of a child, naming a child, first hair cut, ear piercing for two-year old girls, and circumcision for sons between six and ten years old. When the children come of age, (15 year old girls and 17 year old boys), there is a ceremony to file their teeth as a symbol of their adulthood.
Almost all of the Jambi are Muslims. All villages have a mesjid ('mosque') or langar ('prayer house') with many having a madrasah ('Islamic school'). For the Jambi, all principles and guidelines governing human life have been passed down from their ancestors, who in turn received them from the official Islamic written sources of revealed truth, the Qur'an (Islamic Holy Book) and the Hadith (guidelines for faith and practice derived from the Prophet Muhammad's life). They also believe that religious leaders, dwarfs, and dukun (shaman/healer/occultist) possess supernatural powers.

Tá daoine Jambi (ar a dtugtar Melayu Jambi freisin) ina gcónaí go príomha i gceithre cheann de na sé cheantar a chuimsíonn Cúige Jambi i lár Sumatra. Is iad na ceantair seo Tanjungjabung, Batanghari, Bungo-Tebo, agus príomhchathair Jambi. Is brainse den chlúster teanga Melayu (Malaeis) í an teanga Jambi. Tá tionchar mór ag an gcultúr Minangkabau ar a gcultúr.
Is é an chuid is mó den limistéar ina bhfuil an Jambi ná cuisne ísealchríocha de choilltibh tiubh, bogs torfa, swamps, agus na haibhneacha - go léir a scriosann Abhainn Batang Hari cumhachtach (655 ciliméadar ar fhad) agus a fho-aibhneacha. Tá na haibhneacha tábhachtach dóibh ní hamháin mar mhodh iompair ach mar fhoinse iasc. Is snámhóirí agus iascairí sásúla iad. Baineann siad úsáid as ocht gcineál trealaimh iascaireachta traidisiúnta, chomh maith leis an pukat nua-aimseartha ("líon iascaireachta"). Is mór-itheora ikan (iasc) iad agus gearánann siad nach bhfuil béile iomlán gan a blas sainiúil.
Is é an iascaireacht a dhéanann formhór na Jambi a mbeatha. Chun iasc a ghabháil úsáideann siad cineálacha éagsúla gaistí ó thraidisiúnta go nua-aimseartha. Is iad seo cuid de na cineálacha éisc a ghabháil: ringau, kelemak, toman, pati, baung, juaro, bujuk, seluang, gabus, betok, agus serapil. Chomh maith le hiascaireacht, is gairm thábhachtach iad feirmeoireacht agus obair phlandaí do mhuintir Jambi.
Tá na Jambi bródúil as a stádas mar shliocht ríocht ársa Melayu a théann siar go dtí an 7ú haois. Tá an bród seo, i ndáiríre, i mbaol a bhforbairt eacnamaíoch mar gheall ar a n-éagmais glacadh le nuachóiriú. Tá sé seo le feiceáil mar tá tras-imreoirí ó áiteanna eile san Indinéis níos fearr ó thaobh eacnamaíochta de ná an chuid is mó de na Jambi féin.
Is minic a dhéantar taisteal idir sráidbhailte tuaithe in aice láimhe ar abhainn ná ar thalamh. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an Jambi go príomha ina gcónaí i limistéir dhlúth jungle le marshes leathan, rud a dhéanann taisteal talún an-deacair. Tá go leor cineálacha éagsúla searmanais agus deasghnátha ag na Jambi, a cheiliúrann siad ar ócáidí speisialta.
I measc na n-eachtraí sin: breith leanbh, ainmniú leanbh, an chéad ghruaig a ghearradh, cluas a phorcáil do chailíní dhá bhliain d'aois, agus ceircíntiúis do bhuachaillí idir sé agus deich mbliana d'aois. Nuair a thagann na páistí in aois, (15 bliana d'aois cailíní agus 17 bliana d'aois buachaillí), tá searmanas a file a gcuid fiacla mar shiombail ar a n-aosaigh.
Is Moslamaigh beagnach gach duine de Jambi. Tá mesjid ('mosque') nó langar ('house of prayer') ag gach sráidbhaile agus tá madrasah ('scoil Ioslamach') ag go leor acu. Maidir leis na Jambi, tá na prionsabail agus na treoirlínte go léir a rialaíonn saol an duine tar éis a bheith ar fáil óna sinsir, a fuair iad ó fhoinsí scríofa oifigiúla Ioslamacha na fírinne nochtaithe, an Qur'an (Leabhar Naofa Ioslamach) agus an Hadith (treoirlínte maidir le creideamh agus cleachtas a dhíorthaíodh ó shaol an Prophet Muhammad). Creideann siad freisin go bhfuil cumhachtaí thar-nádúrtha ag ceannairí reiligiúnacha, ag na gealánta, agus ag na dukun (shaman/gheallóir/occultist).