Few formal studies have been done on parenting concerns among women with disabilities, but parental networks and dissemination of occupational therapy-based information have been increasing to share experiences and provide practical support.
Women with chronic conditions that tend to relapse after childbirth, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, may need to plan for additional assistance with newborn care. Women with physical disabilities generally are able to breastfeed as long as they consult with their physicians about the safety of medications that may reach the baby. The let-down reflex necessary for breastfeeding usually functions even in women with paralysis.
Studies indicate that partners of women with disabilities tend to take on more equal responsibilities in child care than do partners of able-bodied women, yet they do not perceive that they have more child care responsibilities than fathers or other partners of able-bodied women.
Mothers with spinal cord injuries reported in a study that there were no differences in family members' relationships or roles, and their children were as able to participate in activities as other children when compared to other families. The children did not perceive their mothers as any different from other mothers because of their spinal cord injury. Books and newsletters studying and documenting the experiences of parents with disabilities with pregnancy and parenting have been published, often by parents and rehabilitation specialists who are themselves parents with disabilities.
For more information, visit Through the Looking Glass, a center for research, training and services for families in which a child, parent or grandparent has a disability or medical issue.

Tá cúpla staidéar foirmiúil déanta ar imní tuismitheora i measc na mban faoi mhíchumas, ach tá líon na dtuismitheoirí agus scaipeadh faisnéise atá bunaithe ar theiripe oibre ag méadú chun taithí a roinnt agus tacaíocht phraiticiúil a sholáthar.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le mná a bhfuil galair ainsealacha acu a mbíonn claonadh acu athfhilleadh a dhéanamh tar éis breith, mar shampla sclerosis ilfhillte agus ailse athmhillteach reumatoid, chun pleanáil a dhéanamh le haghaidh cúnamh breise maidir le cúram na n-óg. De ghnáth is féidir le mná a bhfuil míchumas fisiciúil acu beathú cíche a thabhairt chomh fada agus a rachaidh siad i gcomhairle lena gcuid dochtúirí maidir le sábháilteacht na gcógas a d'fhéadfadh teacht ar an leanbh. De ghnáth oibríonn an reflex a fhágann go bhfuil gá le beathú cíche fiú i measc mná a bhfuil paraisín orthu.
Léiríonn staidéir go mbíonn sé de ghnáth ag comhpháirtithe mná faoi mhíchumas freagrachtaí níos comhionanna a ghlacadh i gcúram leanaí ná a dhéanann comhpháirtithe mná atá in ann obair a dhéanamh, ach ní thuigeann siad go bhfuil níos mó freagrachtaí cúraim leanaí acu ná aithreacha nó comhpháirtithe eile mná atá in ann obair a dhéanamh.
D'fhógair máithreacha a raibh díobhálacha cnámh cnámha orthu i staidéar nach raibh aon difríochtaí i gcaidrimh nó i róil bhaill an teaghlaigh, agus go raibh a gcuid leanaí in ann páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhaíochtaí mar leanaí eile i gcomparáid le teaghlaigh eile. Ní raibh na páistí ag smaoineamh ar a máithreacha mar aon rud difriúil ó mháithreacha eile mar gheall ar a gcion méarchorp. Tá leabhair agus nuachtlitreacha foilsithe ag staidéar agus ag cur i gcuntas eispéiris tuismitheoirí faoi mhíchumas le toirchis agus tuismitheoireacht, go minic ag tuismitheoirí agus speisialtóirí athshlánúcháin atá ina tuismitheoirí faoi mhíchumas iad féin.
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, tabhair cuairt ar Through the Looking Glass, ionad taighde, oiliúna agus seirbhísí do theaghlaigh ina bhfuil míchumais nó fadhb leighis ag leanbh, tuismitheoir nó sean-athair nó seanmháthair.


Valid XML vs Well-formed XML
An XML document may be well-formed and not be valid. This article explains the difference between these two concepts.
XML is a standard set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C http://www.w3.org/), the main international standards
organization for the World Wide Web. The XML standard states that an XML document that conforms to the standard is
said to be "Well-formed." The XML standard has many syntax, grammar and structure rules. An XML document must have
a single root element, the elements must be properly nested, tag names cannot begin with a number or contain
certain characters, and so on.
XML validation is distinct from well-formed. An XML document is said to be valid if it is associated with a document type
definition(DTD), or an XML schema,
and complies with the constraints specified in the DTD or schema. However, the XML standard does not require either
a DTD or a schema in order to be well-formed.
Determining if a document is well-formed or valid is quite simple. There are a number of XML software, including
free, open source and commercial, that check the syntax and validate XML documents. For
programmers, many popular programming languages and frameworks have easy to use objects that require only a few
lines of code to determine either well-formedness or validity.
Fixing well-formed and validation violations is not always straightforward. XML software vary significantly in
their handling of these errors. Some of the problems related to well-formed errors are discussed in the Xponent
article "XML Parsers." Fixing XML errors is further complicated with extremely large XML documents.
Submitted by Bill Conniff, Founder of Xponent, on May 14, 2012

XML bailí vs XML dea-fhoirmithe
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh doiciméad XML dea-fhoirmithe agus nach mbeadh sé bailí. Míníonn an t-alt seo an difríocht idir an dá choincheap seo.
Is caighdeán é XML a leagann an World Wide Web Consortium (W3C http://www.w3.org/), na príomhchaighdeáin idirnáisiúnta
eagraíocht don World Wide Web. Deir caighdeán XML go bhfuil doiciméad XML atá i gcomhréir leis an gcaighdeán
"Go maith-fhoirmithe" a rá. Tá go leor rialacha sintéise, gramadaí agus struchtúir ag caighdeán XML. Ní mór do dhoiciméad XML
tá an t-eileamh fréamhacha amháin, ní mór na heilimintí a bheith innéistithe i gceart, ní féidir le hainmneacha tag tosú le huimhir nó a bheith ina n-ainmneacha tag
carachtair áirithe, agus mar sin de.
Tá bailíochtú XML difriúil ó dea-fhoirmithe. Deirtear go bhfuil doiciméad XML bailí má tá sé bainteach le cineál doiciméad
sainmhíniú ((DTD), nó scéim XML,
agus comhlíonann sé na srianta a shonraítear sa DTD nó sa scéim. Mar sin féin, ní éilíonn caighdeán XML
DTD nó scéim chun go mbeidh siad foirmithe go maith.
Tá sé simplí go leor a chinneadh an bhfuil doiciméad dea-fhoirmithe nó bailí. Tá roinnt bogearraí XML ann, lena n-áirítear
saor in aisce, foinse oscailte agus tráchtála, a sheiceálann an sintéacs agus a bhailíonn doiciméid XML. Chun
Tá an t-ábhar seo ar fáil i ngach teanga cláir agus i go leor frámaí cláir a bhfuil sé éasca a úsáid nach gá ach cúpla cliceáil ar a bhfuil sé.
línte cód chun dea-fhoirmitheacht nó bailíocht a chinneadh.
Ní bhíonn sé éasca go léir sáruithe dea-fhoirmithe agus bailídeachta a shocrú. Tá éagsúlacht mhór i mbogearraí XML i
a láimhseáil na botúin seo. Déantar plé ar chuid de na fadhbanna a bhaineann le earráidí dea-fhoirmithe sa Xponent
Airteagal "Parsóirí XML". Tá sé níos casta earráidí XML a shocrú le doiciméid XML an-mhór.
Arna chur isteach ag Bill Conniff, Bunaitheoir Xponent, ar 14 Bealtaine, 2012


Njord was the god Norse sailors and fisherman turned to in times of need. He was a sea god with powers over the wind and the fertility of land along the coast. But what this deity is best remembered for is the strange nature of his marriage to a giantess.
In Norse mythology, Njord (which is an anglicized version of the Old Norse ‘Njörðr’) is a member of the Vanir, a group of deities commonly associated with wealth, fertility, and commerce. Njord is particularly affiliated with the sea and was regarded by the Norse to oversee such nautical activities as fishing and sailing. Njord appears in several Norse myths, arguably the most famous of which being that of his marriage to the goddess and jötunn Skadi.
Njord is a fairly mysterious god as not a lot is known about him. For instance, little is said in Norse mythology about the genealogy of this deity. We know that Njord is a member of the Vanir - gods who inhabit the Vanaheimr (meaning ‘Home of the Vanir’). The Vanir were believed to be in charge of such aspects of life as wealth, fertility, commerce, and nature; in contrast to the more war-like Aesir, the other major group of Norse gods.
Additionally, it is known that Njord had two children, Freyr and Freyja, both of whom are worshiped as fertility deities. The mother of Freyr and Freyja are said to be an unnamed sister of Njord, speculated to be Nerthus, a Germanic fertility goddess first mentioned in Tacitus’ Germania.
According to Norse mythology, a war broke out between the Vanir and the Aesir at some point of time. This conflict resulted from the torture of Gullveig, a member of the Vanir, by the Aesir. As reparation for this deed, the Vanir demanded either monetary compensation or to be given equal status as the Aesir.
The Aesir refused these demands and declared war instead. Despite being associated with warfare, the Aesir were defeated by the Vanir numerous times. In the end, the Aesir asked for peace and granted the Vanir equal status. One of the consequences of this peace settlement was the exchange of hostages between the Vanir and the Aesir. The Vanir were given the gods Hoenir and Mimir, whilst the Aesir received Njord and his two children. Therefore, it may be said that Njord is also an ‘honorary Aesir’.
The best-known tale about Njord, however, is that of his marriage to the goddess and jötunn, Skadi. In this myth, the father of Skadi, Thiazi, was killed by the Aesir. The goddess prepared for war and went to Asgard (the home of the Aesir) to avenge her slain father. Instead of fighting with Skadi, the Aesir agreed to compensate her loss. One of these was to allow her to marry any one of the gods there. The only condition, however, was that she must make her decision by only looking at the gods’ feet. Skadi chose the most beautiful pair of feet, thinking that they belonged to Baldr, who is said to be the most handsome Norse god.
Unfortunately for Skadi, the feet did not belong to Baldr, but to Njord. Things went from bad to worse for the newly-wedded couple. As Njord is a god of the sea, his abode was the sea, or more specifically, Nóatún (which means ‘Ship Enclosure’). Skadi, on the other hand, preferred the mountains, where she could ski and hunt wild animals.
The pair tried to make their marriage work by agreeing to live in each other’s home for a part of the year. Unfortunately, Njord could not stand the cold and the howling of the wolves during his stay in Thrymheim (meaning ‘Thunder Home’), the abode of Skadi, whilst his wife found the motion of the sea and the noise of the harbor at Nóatún unbearable. In some accounts, Skadi eventually breaks up with Njord, and returns to Thrymheim.

Ba é Njord an dia a d'fhéach muirí agus iascairí na Seice i amanna riachtanacha. Bhí sé ina dia farraige le cumhachtaí ar an ghaoth agus ar thorthúlacht na talún ar feadh an chósta. Ach is é an rud is fearr a chuimhneofar ar an dia seo ná nádúr aisteach a phósadh le giantess.
I miotaseolaíocht na Searcainne, is ball de na Vanir, grúpa déithe a bhaineann go coitianta le saibhreas, torthúlacht agus tráchtáil, é Njord (ar leagan Anglicized den Sean-Searcain Njörðr). Tá baint ar leith ag Njord leis an bhfarraige agus meas na Lochlannaigh go raibh sé i gceannas ar ghníomhaíochtaí mara mar iascaireacht agus seoltóireacht. Tá Njord le feiceáil i roinnt miotais Norse, is dócha gurb é an ceann is cáiliúla díobh sin a phósadh leis an dia agus jötunn Skadi.
Is dia an-díomhaireach é Njord toisc nach bhfuil mórán ar eolas faoi. Mar shampla, níl mórán ráite i miotaseolaíocht na hIodáile faoi shliocht an dia seo. Tá a fhios againn gur ball de na Vanir é Njord - déithe a chónaíonn sa Vanaheimr (a chiallaíonn "Teach na Vanir"). Creidtear go raibh na Vanir i gceannas ar ghnéithe den saol mar shaibhreas, torthúlacht, tráchtáil, agus nádúr; i gcodarsnacht leis na Aesir níos mó cogaidh, an grúpa mór eile de na déithe Norse.
Ina theannta sin, tá a fhios go raibh beirt leanaí ag Njord, Freyr agus Freyja, agus déantar an dá cheann acu a adhradh mar dhéitheacht torthúlachta. Deirtear gur deirfiúr gan ainm de Njord í máthair Freyr agus Freyja, a mheastar a bheith ina Nerthus, dia féirinne Germánach a luaitear den chéad uair i Tacitus  Germania.
De réir miotaseolaíocht na Seice, thit cogadh idir na Vanir agus na Aesir ag pointe éigin ama. Tháinig an coimhlint seo mar thoradh ar Gullveig, ball de na Vanir, a mhúnlú ag na Aesir. Mar chúiteamh ar an ngníomh seo, d'éiligh na Vanir cúiteamh airgid nó stádas comhionann leis na Aesir a thabhairt dóibh.
Dhiúltaigh an Aesir na héilimh seo agus dhearbhaigh sé cogadh ina ionad. In ainneoin go raibh baint acu le cogadh, bhuail na Vanir na Aesir go leor uaireanta. Sa deireadh, d'iarr an Aesir síocháin agus thug sé stádas comhionann do na Vanir. Ceann de na hiarmhairtí a bhí leis an socrú síochána seo ná malartú na n-ionsaí idir na Vanir agus na Aesir. Tugadh na déithe Hoenir agus Mimir do na Vanir, agus fuair na Aesir Njord agus a dhá mhac. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir a rá gur onóir Aesir é Njord freisin.
Is é an scéal is cáiliúla faoi Njord, áfach, ná a phósadh leis an dia agus jötunn, Skadi. Sa mhiotas seo, maraíodh athair Skadi, Thiazi, ag an Aesir. D'ullmhaigh an banríon le haghaidh cogaidh agus chuaigh sí go Asgard (áit chónaithe na Aesir) chun a hathair maraithe a fhéachaint. In ionad troid le Skadi, d'aontaigh an Aesir cúiteamh a dhéanamh ar a chaillteanas. Ceann acu ná cead a thabhairt di pósadh le haon cheann de na déithe ann. Ba é an t-aon choinníoll, áfach, gur chóir di a chinneadh trí fhéachaint ar chosa na n-dibh amháin. Roghnaigh Skadi an péire cosa is áille, ag smaoineamh gur bhain siad le Baldr, a deirtear gurb é an dia Norse is áille é.
Ar an drochuair do Skadi, ní ba é Baldr na cosa, ach do Njord. Bhí rudaí ag dul ó dhroch go dona don lánúin nuaphósadh. Ós rud é go bhfuil Njord ina Dhia na farraige, ba é an fharraige a áit chónaithe, nó níos sainiúla, Nóatún (a chiallaíonn  Ceapadh Loinge). Ar an láimh eile, is fearr le Skadi na sléibhte, áit ar féidir léi sciáil agus ainmhithe fiáine a sheachaint.
Rinne an lánúin iarracht a bpósadh a dhéanamh trí chomhaontú a bheith ina gcónaí i dteach a chéile ar feadh cuid den bhliain. Ar an drochuair, ní raibh Njord in ann seasamh leis an fuar agus le howl na n-uaimh le linn a chuid fanacht i Thrymheim (a chiallaíonn "Thunder Home"), áit chónaithe Skadi, agus fuair a bhean chéile gluaiseacht na farraige agus torann an chalafoirt ag Nóatún do-ghlactha. I roinnt cuntais, scoireann Skadi suas le Njord sa deireadh, agus téann sé ar ais go Thrymheim.


Element chain allows you to create chain of elements such as row of trees or light poles.
Element chains read AutoCAD polylines, arcs, circles, ellipses and splines. Single elements are created along the polyline and perpendicular to the polyline.
layer - Layer where element chain polylines or lines are.
materials - Materials for elements, probability (0-1) of the element is separated with a semicolon ";" after the material name. This way amount of different elements can be defined accurately.
description - A descriptive text for the entry. If defined, will be shown instead of the long description.
info text - Information text attached to items.
info URL - URL link attached to items. The Explorer can launch a Web browser with the URL.
object data tables - Autodesk Map object data tables that will be used for source of object information for the elements in the virtual model. The table list also matches wildcards.
objects - List of the AutoCAD 3D blocks that will be used as elements in the virtual model the same way as texture elements. If more than one block is selected, one of them will be randomly chosen for each instance. Insertion point is always interpolated to the ground. Material information is read from the AutoCAD block (mesh) triangle materials. Texturing mode is always “Box”.
randomness - Randomness in size in percentage.
density - Distance of elements along the polyline in drawing units.
width - Width of single elements. If left empty width of the material or the objects is used.
height - Height of single elements. If left empty height of the material or the objects is used.
rotating - If set to YES elements are always faced to the viewer.
background_material - Material for element's background. If this material does not have texture the alpha channel of the front material is used.
interpolate_z_from_poly - The z value of the elements are taken from the z value of the polyline.
interpolation_mode - top – Element stretches from the ground. Top of the element is set to the polyline elevation.\\ bottom - Element height is read from the ‘height’ parameter (default setting).
Interpolate_to_materials - In case of multiple materials on top of each other, defines the material that these items will be interpolated on.
position_offset - Shifts objects according to given transformation parameters (X,Y,Z).
group - The name of the group of these items.
z-rotating - Yes/no
z-rotation - Angle = Rotates the resulting object’s z-axis. With this parameter objects can be rotated so that they are not pointing upwards. Setting this to 90 will result objects that are horizontal.
- default = Objects are aligned vertically as usually
- surface = Objects are aligned so that they follow surface shape. Texture elements are aligned perpendicular against surface triangle. 3D-Objects are aligned to surface using object dimensions (bounding box) and lowest points.

Ceadaíonn slabhra eilimintí duit slabhra eilimintí a chruthú mar shraith de chrainn nó póilíní solais.
Léann slabhraí eilimintí AutoCAD polylines, áirse, ciorcail, ellipses agus splines. Cruthaítear eilimintí aonair ar feadh an pholalíne agus go perpendicular leis an pholalíne.
ciseal - Ciseal ina bhfuil línte nó línte lánlabhra na n-eilimintí.
Ábhar - Ábhar le haghaidh eilimintí, deirtear dóchúlacht (0-1) an eiliminte ar leithligh le comhoilíneach ";" tar éis ainm an ábhair. Is féidir méid na n-eilimintí éagsúla a shainiú go cruinn ar an mbealach seo.
tuairisc - Téacs tuairiscitheach don iontráil. Má shainmhínítear é, taispeánfar é in ionad an tuairisc fhada.
téacs faisnéise - Téacs faisnéise atá ceangailte le míreanna.
URL info - nasc URL atá ceangailte le míreanna. Is féidir leis an Explorer brabhsálaí gréasáin a sheoladh leis an URL.
táblaí sonraí réad - táblaí sonraí réad Autodesk Map a úsáidfear mar fhoinse faisnéise réad do na heilimintí sa tsamhail fhíorúil. Comhoiriúnach le wildcards an liosta tábla freisin.
réada - Liosta de na bloic 3D AutoCAD a úsáidfear mar eilimintí sa tsamhail fhíorúil ar an mbealach céanna le heilimintí téacs. Má roghnaítear níos mó ná bloc amháin, roghnófar ceann acu go randamach do gach sampla. Tá an pointe ionchuir idirthréimhseach i gcónaí leis an talamh. Léitear faisnéis ábhair ó ábhair triantán bloc (mhéis) AutoCAD. Is é an modh téacsála i gcónaí Box.
randamacht - Randamacht i méid i gcuntas céatadáin.
dlús - Fad na n-eilimintí ar feadh an pholalíne in aonad líníochta.
leithead - Leithead na n-eilimintí aonair. Má fhágtar leataobh an t-ábhar nó na rudaí, úsáidtear leataobh an ábhair nó na rudaí.
airde - Ardú na n-eilimintí aonair. Má fhágtar ar shiúl é, úsáidtear airde an ábhair nó na n-ábhar.
rothlú - Má tá sé socraithe go YES tá na heilimintí i gcónaí os comhair an lucht féachana.
background_material - Ábhar do chúlra na heiliminte. Má tá an t-ábhar seo gan struchtúr, úsáidtear cainéal alfa an ábhair tosaigh.
interpolate_z_from_poly - Tógtar luach z na n-eilimintí ó luach z na polaillíne.
interpolation_mode - barr  Tá an ghné ag síneadh ón talamh. Tá barr an eilimint socraithe ar an airde polaillíne.\\ bun - Léitear airde an eilimint ón paraiméadar height (suíomh réamhshocraithe).
Interpolate_to_materials - I gcás go bhfuil go leor ábhair os cionn a chéile, sainmhíníonn sé an t-ábhar ar a mbeidh na heilimintí seo a idirphóladh.
position_offset - Athraíonn sé rudaí de réir paraiméadair claochlaithe áirithe (X, Y, Z).
grúpa - Ainm an ghrúpa de na hearraí seo.
z-rothlú - Sea/níl
z-rotation - Angle = Rothlaíonn sé an t-aiseal z den réad a thagann as. Leis an paraiméadar seo is féidir rudaí a rothlú ionas nach bhfuil siad ag pointeáil suas. Ag socrú é seo go 90 beidh rudaí a bheidh cothrománach mar thoradh air.
- réamhshocraithe = Tá rudaí ailínithe go ingearach mar is gnách
- dromchla = Tá rudaí ailínithe ionas go leanann siad cruth dromchla. Tá eilimintí téacsúra ailínithe go perpendicular i gcoinne triantán dromchla. Déantar 3D-Chunnán a ailíniú le dromchla ag baint úsáide as tomhais chúnnán (bhogsa teoranta) agus pointí is ísle.


The Sixth Amendment to the Bill of Rights states that in criminal court cases defendants shall enjoy the right to trial by an “impartial jury of the State.” Today, the unanimous vote helps courts to abide by American ideals. Clearly, if any juror has a doubt about a defendant’s guilt, the unanimity rule will protect the subject from wrongful punishment, right?
This is a possibility that Kellogg School professor Timothy Feddersen came across in his research, which suggests that during unanimous elections, people may have an incentive to vote strategically, in a way that produces unfavorable outcomes.
At the annual Kellogg Oh Be Joyful faculty and staff dinner in June, Feddersen received the inaugural Stanley Reiter Best Paper Award, established to recognize outstanding research published by a faculty member in the preceding four calendar years, for his paper “Convicting the Innocent: The Inferiority of Unanimous Jury Verdicts” (with Wolfgang Pesendorfer), printed in the American Political Science Review (vol. 92, no. 1). To understand the theory, he explains, one must understand that each person has private information that is relevant to other jurors’ decisions as well.
“If people voted naively, without knowing information that others may know, under unanimity rule guilty people would almost always be acquitted,” notes Feddersen, the Wendell Hobbs Professor of Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences.
Unlike majority rule, in which a vote is pivotal if the other voters equally split their votes between the two alternatives, a vote in a unanimous election is pivotal only if other voters have all voted the same way.
“If my vote is pivotal it is because everyone else has voted to convict,” Feddersen explains. “If I believe everyone else is voting on the basis of private information not available to me, then I may reason that I should not vote to acquit even when I believe the defendant to be innocent, thus effectively delegating the group’s decision from me, with my limited information, to the group.”
Unanimity rule therefore creates “perverse incentives” for jurors that may lead to higher probabilities of both acquitting guilty defendants and convicting innocent ones, than if a rule such as simple majority had been used, Feddersen contends.
Additionally, this reasoning could be mutual among voters, so increasing the size of the jury could actually increase the probability of convicting an innocent defendant.
Since 1994, Feddersen has worked with Pesendorfer, examining strategic voting in elections. In 1997, they published a paper arguing that a wide variety of voting rules are successful when voting strategically. Feddersen says the research on the unanimity rule came to mind as an afterthought.
“When this research started, we weren’t interested in different voting rules; we were more interested in participation in elections, the way elections aggregate information, and the incentive for people to participate in elections,” he explains.
Feddersen’s work is the first to consider the effect of strategic voting on the unanimity rule, and preliminary experiments have supported the theory’s predictions. Nevertheless, he cautions that the theory is not a recommendation for reform.
“This is an abstract mathematical model and not a claim about how people actually reason. We don’t have much to say about how people actually make decisions, only that they will have an incentive to act in a particular way. There are a number of factors that get in the way of immediately going from this paper to saying we ought to get rid of the unanimous jury verdict,” he says.
For example, he notes, his paper does not consider the process of jury deliberation. What if people talk to one another before they decide? Then the voting rule wouldn’t matter because there is no private information, he points out. Then too, what if people have other motivations?
Feddersen is looking to answer some of these questions in his present research on the impact that ethically minded voters may have on models of deliberation. “I’m interested in what kinds of incentives different voting rules create for people to talk,” he says.
“It appears that voting by unanimity rule doesn’t promote discussion as well as some people have thought.”

Deir an Séú Leasú ar an mBille um Chearta go mbainfidh cosantóirí sa chúirt choiriúil taitneamh as an gceart chun triail a fháil ag "giúiré neamhchlaonta an Stáit". Sa lá atá inniu ann, cabhraíonn an vóta d'aon toil le cúirteanna cloí le idéalach Mheiriceá. Is léir, má tá aon giúiré amhras faoi chiontacht an chosantóra, an riail aontoilíneachta a chosaint ar an ábhar ó pionós mícheart, ceart?
Is é seo an fhéidearthacht gur tháinig an tOllamh Scoil Kellogg Timothy Feddersen i dtaobh a chuid taighde, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh spreagadh a bheith ag daoine vótáil go straitéiseach le linn toghcháin d'aon toil, ar bhealach a tháirgeann torthaí neamhfhabhracha.
Ag dinnéar bliantúil fhoireann agus foireann foirne Kellogg Oh Be Joyful i mí an Mheithimh, fuair Feddersen Gradam Stanley Reiter Best Paper, a bunaíodh chun taighde den scoth a d'fhoilsigh ball foirne sna ceithre bliana féilire roimhe sin a aithint, as a chuid páipéir  Convicting the Innocent: The Inferiority of Unanimous Jury Verdicts (le Wolfgang Pesendorfer), a priontáil sa American Political Science Review (vol. 92, níl. 1) a chur i bhfeidhm. Chun an teoiric a thuiscint, a mhíníonn sé, ní mór a thuiscint go bhfuil faisnéis phríobháideach ag gach duine atá ábhartha do chinntí giúróirí eile freisin.
'Má vótáil daoine go naive, gan eolas a bheith acu ar fhaisnéis a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar eolas ag daoine eile, faoi riail aontoilíochta, d'fhágfaí daoine ciontach beagnach i gcónaí,' a deir Feddersen, Ollamh Wendell Hobbs in Eacnamaíocht Bhainistíochta agus Eolaíochtaí Cinnteoireachta.
Murab ionann agus riail an mhórachta, ina bhfuil vóta ríthábhachtach má roinntear vótaí na vótálaithe eile go cothrom idir an dá rogha eile, níl vóta i dtoghchán d'aon toil ríthábhachtach ach amháin má tá vótálaithe eile vótáilte ar an mbealach céanna.
Má tá mo vóta ríthábhachtach, is é sin toisc go bhfuil gach duine eile vótáil chun ciontach a bheith, a mhíníonn Feddersen. Má chreidim go bhfuil gach duine eile ag vótáil ar bhonn faisnéise príobháideach nach bhfuil ar fáil domsa, ansin d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé de chúis agam nár cheart dom vótáil chun an cosantóir a dhíol fiú nuair a chreidim go bhfuil an cosantóir neamhchiontach, agus dá bhrí sin ag tarchur cinneadh an ghrúpa uaim, le mo chuid faisnéise teoranta, chuig an ghrúpa.
Dá bhrí sin, cruthaíonn riail aontoilíochta "spreagadh perverse" do mhionnóirí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le dóchúlacht níos airde go bhfágfaí cosantóirí ciontach agus go gcúinneófaí daoine neamhchiontach, ná dá mba rud é go raibh riail mar thromlach simplí á úsáid, a mhaíonn Feddersen.
Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh an réasúnaíocht seo a bheith frithpháirteach i measc vótálaithe, mar sin d'fhéadfadh méadú ar mhéid na giúiré an dóchúlacht a mhéadú i ndáiríre chun cosantóir neamhchiontach a chiontú.
Ó 1994, d'oibrigh Feddersen le Pesendorfer, ag scrúdú vótála straitéiseach i dtoghcháin. I 1997, d'fhoilsigh siad páipéar ag argóint go bhfuil rialacha vótála éagsúla rathúla nuair a vótáil siad go straitéiseach. Deir Feddersen gur smaoineamh iarbhír a tháinig chun cuimhne an taighde ar an riail aontoilíochta.
'Nuair a thosaigh an taighde seo, ní raibh suim againn i rialacha vótála éagsúla; bhí suim againn níos mó i rannpháirtíocht i dtoghcháin, an bealach a ndéanann toghcháin faisnéis a chomhiomlánú, agus an dreasacht atá ag daoine páirt a ghlacadh i dtoghcháin,' a mhíníonn sé.
Is é obair Feddersen an chéad cheann a mheasann éifeacht an vótála straitéiseach ar an riail aontoilíochta, agus tá turgnaimh réamh-mheasta ag tacú le réamhaisnéisí na teoiric. Mar sin féin, tugann sé rabhadh nach moladh é an teoiric le haghaidh athchóirithe.
Is samhail matamaiticiúil eisiata é seo agus ní éileamh é maidir le conas a réitíonn daoine i ndáiríre. Níl mórán le rá againn faoi conas a dhéanann daoine cinntí i ndáiríre, ach amháin go mbeidh dreasacht acu gníomhú ar bhealach áirithe. Tá roinnt fachtóirí ann a chuireann bac ar an bpáipéar seo a rá go díreach gur cheart dúinn fáil réidh le breithiúnas dhlúthchomhairle an ghiúiré, a deir sé.
Mar shampla, a thugann sé faoi deara, ní mheasann a pháipéar an próiseas breithniúcháin giúiré. Cad a tharlaíonn má labhraíonn daoine lena chéile sula ndéanann siad cinneadh? Ní bheadh aon tábhacht ag an riail vótála ansin toisc nach bhfuil aon fhaisnéis phríobháideach ann, a thugann sé le fios. Agus ansin, cad a tharlaíonn má tá spreagadh eile ag daoine?
Tá Feddersen ag iarraidh freagra a thabhairt ar chuid de na ceisteanna seo ina chuid taighde faoi láthair ar an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag vótálaithe a bhfuil intinn eiticiúil acu ar mhúnlaí díospóireachta. Tá suim agam i gcineálacha dreasachtaí a chruthaíonn rialacha éagsúla vótála do dhaoine labhairt, a deir sé.
Is cosúil nach gcuireann vótáil trí riail aontoilíochta plé chun cinn chomh maith agus a cheap roinnt daoine.


Nerve root impingement is a diagnostic conclusion often found on the MRI reports of back, neck and sciatica pain sufferers. Other typical wordings used to describe similar or identical conditions include: nerve root encroachment, mass effect on the nerve root and touching the nerve root. A related, but usually more severe, diagnostic conclusion is nerve root compression, also known as a pinched nerve.
This essay will detail what exactly impingement on a spinal nerve root means, the symptoms it may create and the treatment options which may be most effective for bringing much needed relief.
The spinal nerve roots are the bilateral branches of the neurological tissues which branch off the spinal cord at each vertebral level. There are ventral and dorsal nerve roots for each side, left and right. These nerves exit the spinal column through the neuroforamen, also called the foraminal spaces.
The word impingement means that something is in close proximity to or is contacting the nerve as it leaves the foraminal space. This word is used speculatively in many cases and is misused in others in which nerve root compression is obviously occurring.
When it comes to possible pinched nerves, impingement can be a very speculative word. This is why it is always crucial to discuss the exact wording found on your imaging or diagnostic reports with the doctors annotating the conclusion. It is absolutely vital to understand the exact extent of possible contact and the effects produced before taking any action towards treatment.
Nerve impingement in the spine can be caused by a wide range of structural sources, including any or all of the following:
Herniated discs can encroach on a nerve root, possibly enacting symptoms.
Osteoarthritic bone spurs can narrow the foraminal space and impinge on a nerve root.
Vertebral misalignment issues, such as spondylolisthesis, anterolisthesis or retrolisthesis can impinge on nerve roots.
General spinal degeneration, such as disc desiccation and arthritic changes, can impinge on nerve roots in rare instances.
Regardless of the theorized cause of impingement, it is important to be sure that the nerve is actually affected by the offending structure. Remember, many cases of diagnosed impingement do not produce any symptoms, leading the patient to seek treatment for an incorrectly identified source of pain.
Your neurologist will prove to be your best ally when it comes to determining the effects, if any, that are being imparted to the spinal nerves by any structural impingement.
Pinched nerves are one of the most commonly diagnosed theories of pain in the dorsalgia sector, which is ironic, considering they are actually quite rare. Most speculative pinched nerves do not adequately explain the symptomatic profile and some are completely and obviously unrelated, yet they take the blame anyway.
This helps to explain why treatment for pinched nerves fails in far more cases than it succeeds. After all, if the symptoms are not being sourced by the suspected compressed nerve, they will not go away, even if the nerve is released. This is merely common sense at play here.
Remember that in the case of spinal nerve roots, compression will have effects in highly specific locations of the body. If the symptoms do not correspond to the diagnosis, then pursuing treatment will most surely be a waste of time, energy and money. But, don’t worry, your doctor won’t complain. They get paid anyway, success or not.
If a nerve is truly suffering from verified compression from a structural source, then it may require active treatment. Some conditions can be successfully treated nonsurgically, using such modalities as spinal decompression. Others may require surgical interventions, but should resolve fully if treated properly and without complication.

Is é impingement fréamh nerve conclúid diagnóiseach a fhaightear go minic ar na tuairiscí MRI de dhaoine a bhfuil pian cúl, muineál agus sciatica orthu. I measc focail eile a úsáidtear go coitianta chun coinníollacha comhchosúla nó comhionanna a chur in iúl tá: ionradh fréamh néaróg, tionchar mais ar an fréamh néaróg agus teagmháil leis an fréamh néaróg. Is éard atá i gceist le conclúid diagnóiseach gaolmhar, ach is gnách go bhfuil sé níos déine ná brú fréamh nerve, ar a dtugtar nerve pinched freisin.
Sa aiste seo, léirítear go mion cad is ciall le impingement ar fréamh nerve spinal, na hairíonna a d'fhéadfadh sé a chruthú agus na roghanna cóireála a d'fhéadfadh a bheith is éifeachtaí chun faoiseamh a theastaíonn go mór a thabhairt.
Is iad na fréamhacha néaróg spinal na brainsí déthaobhacha de na fíocháin néarólach a bhrainseann as an méid spinal ag gach leibhéal vertebral. Tá fréamhacha néaróg ventral agus dorsail ann do gach taobh, ar chlé agus ar dheis. Téann na néaróga seo amach as an gcolún spine tríd an néarófóramáin, ar a dtugtar na spásanna foramála freisin.
Ciallaíonn an focal impingement go bhfuil rud éigin in aice láimhe leis an néaróg nó go bhfuil sé i dteagmháil leis an néaróg agus é ag fágáil an spás foraminal. Úsáidtear an focal seo go measta i go leor cásanna agus úsáidtear é mícheart i gcásanna eile ina bhfuil brú fréamh nerve ag tarlú go soiléir.
Nuair a thagann sé chun nerves pinched féideartha, impingement is féidir a bheith ina focal an-speicil. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach i gcónaí an fhocail cheart a fhaightear ar do thuairiscí íomháithe nó diagnóise a phlé leis na dochtúirí ag cur an chonclúid in iúl. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go dtuigfí cé chomh mór agus a d'fhéadfadh an teagmháil a bheith agus na héifeachtaí a tháirgtear sula ndéantar aon ghníomhaíocht i dtreo cóireála.
Is féidir le brú na néaróg sa spine a bheith mar thoradh ar raon leathan foinsí struchtúracha, lena n-áirítear aon cheann de na foinsí seo a leanas nó iad uile:
Is féidir le dioscaí herniated dul isteach ar fréamh néaróg, agus is féidir go dtarlódh comharthaí.
Is féidir le spurs cnámh osteoarthritic an spás foraminal a chaolú agus dul i ngleic le fréamh néaróg.
Is féidir le fadhbanna mí-ailíniú vertebral, mar shampla spondylolisthesis, anterolisthesis nó retrolisthesis dul i ngleic le fréamhacha néaróg.
Is féidir le díghrádú spinal ginearálta, mar shampla díghrádú diosca agus athruithe arthritic, dul i bhfeidhm ar fhréamhacha néaróg i gcásanna annamh.
Is cuma cén chúis teoiriciúil a bhaineann le bualadh, tá sé tábhachtach a bheith cinnte go bhfuil tionchar ag an struchtúr atá ag déanamh míbhuntáiste ar an néaróg i ndáiríre. Cuimhnigh, ní bhíonn aon chomharthaí ag go leor cásanna de phléascadh a dhiagnóisiú, rud a fhágann go ndéanann an t-othar cóireáil a lorg le haghaidh foinse pian a aithníodh go mícheart.
Beidh do néarólóg a chruthú a bheith ar do ally is fearr nuair a thagann sé chun a chinneadh na héifeachtaí, más ann, go bhfuil á thabhairt do na néaróg spinal ag aon impingement struchtúrach.
Tá na néaróga pinched ar cheann de na teoiricí pian is coitianta a dhiagnóisiú i earnáil dorsalgia, rud atá irónach, ag smaoineamh go bhfuil siad go leor annamh. Ní mhíníonn an chuid is mó de na néaróg pinched speculative go leordhóthanach an próifíl siomptacha agus tá cuid acu go hiomlán agus go soiléir gan baint, ach glacann siad an chion ar aon nós.
Cabhraíonn sé seo leis an míniú a thabhairt cén fáth go dtéann leigheas ar néaróg pinched i bhfad níos mó cásanna ná mar a éiríonn leis. Tar éis an tsaoil, mura bhfuil na hairíonna ag teacht ón néaróg a bhfuil amhras ann go bhfuil sé brúite, ní bheidh siad ag dul ar shiúl, fiú má scaoiltear an néaróg. Is é seo ach ciall coiteann ag imirt anseo.
Cuimhnigh go mbeidh éifeachtaí ag brú i gcroí néaróg spinal i suíomhanna an-sonracha den chorp. Mura bhfuil na hairíonna ag teacht leis an diagnóis, ansin is cinnte go mbeidh sé ina phíosa ama, fuinnimh agus airgid cóireáil a leanúint. Ach ná bíodh imní ort, ní dhéanfaidh do dhochtúir gearán. Íocfar leo ar aon nós, rath nó nach ea.
Má tá nerve ag fulaingt i ndáiríre ó chúnamh dearfach ó fhoinse struchtúrtha, ansin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cóireáil ghníomhach ag teastáil uaidh. Is féidir roinnt coinníollacha a chóireáil go rathúil go neamh-ghéarghníomhach, ag baint úsáide as modhanna mar dhíchomprú cnámh droma. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh idirghabhálacha máinliachta ag teastáil ó dhaoine eile, ach ba cheart go mbeadh siad go hiomlán má dhéantar cóireáil chuí orthu agus gan deacrachtaí.


October 13th, 2016
In the final week of September, 12 A Level biologists visited Epping Forest in Essex to further their studies.
The day-long field trip to the largest open space in Greater London saw the students learn a variety of techniques used by ecologists to sample habitats, collect data and analyse trends. Having been briefed in the morning on the techniques and equipment they would be using, the biologists took to the field to take samples of the vegetation living in the soil, on trees and in bodies of water all over the Forest.
They returned to the laboratory in the afternoon to begin analysing the data and were shown different ways that they can put this data together to form a presentation by professional scientists. The field trip gave the students a greater understanding of biology in action and has helped prepared them for their A Level exams next summer.
More photos of the field trip can be seen in the gallery by clicking here.

13 Deireadh Fómhair, 2016
Sa tseachtain dheireanach de Mheán Fómhair, thug 12 bitheolaí Leibhéal A cuairt ar Foraois Epping in Essex chun tuilleadh a gcuid staidéir a dhéanamh.
Sa turas réimse ar feadh lá ar fad chuig an spás oscailte is mó i Londain Mhór, d'fhoghlaim na mic léinn éagsúlacht teicnící a úsáideann éiceolaithe chun samplaí de ghnáthchónaí a bhailiú, sonraí a bhailiú agus treochtaí a anailísiú. Tar éis dóibh a bheith curtha ar an eolas ar maidin faoi na teicnící agus na trealamh a d'úsáidfeadh siad, chuaigh na bitheolaithe ar an réimse chun samplaí a thógáil den fhás atá ina gcónaí sa ithir, ar chrainn agus i gcomhlachtaí uisce ar fud na Fiáine.
D'fhill siad ar an saotharlann san tráthnóna chun tús a chur leis na sonraí a anailísiú agus taispeánadh bealaí éagsúla dóibh na sonraí seo a chur le chéile chun cur i láthair a dhéanamh ag eolaithe gairmiúla. Thug an turas réimse tuiscint níos fearr do na mic léinn ar bith-eolaíocht i ngníomh agus chabhraigh sé leo iad a ullmhú le haghaidh a gcuid scrúduithe Leibhéil A an samhradh seo chugainn.
Is féidir níos mó grianghraif den turas réimse a fheiceáil sa ghálair trí chliceáil anseo.


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CPU Cores Explained
Related: bandwidth, CPU cores, Mac Pro, MacBook, memory, Photoshop, RAID
CPU is a loosely-used term, but traditionally referred to a single physical computer chip, the computing brain inside your Mac. The MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac all have a single CPU chip; certain models of the Mac Pro (2012) have dual CPUs, each with four or eight cores.
On each physical CPU, there can be more than one CPU core (“core”), with each core fully capable of running the entire system and applications all by itself.
As of 2012, Intel chips used in Macs have 2/4/6/8/12 cores. Future Intel chips will have even more cores.
The emerging multi-core reality is the impetus for new technology from Apple, and increased attention from application developers to exploiting all that computing power. Whither Adobe Photoshop CS4, with its gross underutilization of even two cores for many tasks?
There are still many inefficient applications which do not use the available CPU cores, confining their activities to “single thread” mode, using only a single core. This will slowly change, as market pressures come to bear, but four cores is enough for most users, with six cores being plenty except for specialized tasks.
How many cores
Check how many CPU cores your system has by choosing.
In the example at right, the example Mac Pro Nehalem has two 2.93GHz CPUs, each with four cores, for an eight-core system.
However, the Nehalem also has a “virtual core” technology that means there are 16 virtual cores (which in practice offer little or no benefit).
Examples of CPU usage
When using Activity Monitor’swindow ( ), the ideal scenario is to see all CPU cores busy; black areas indicate idle time.
Show at right is the CPU usage for Photozoom Pro 3 running a system stress test. All 16 virtual cores are fully utilized. Green indicates “user” time and red indicates “system” time. It’s all usage; there are no black areas, showing that none of the CPU cores are idle at any time.
At the opposite extreme, some programs are single-threaded; they make use of only a single core, no matter how many cores are available. Photoshop CS4 is single-threaded for opening and saving files More, a serious performance problem which has gone unaddressed for years.
Photoshop CS4 does make some use of a multi-core system, but seem to limit their usage to about two cores, which means that a quad-core Mac Pro is used at half its potential speed, and an 8-core Mac Pro at 25% of its potential. The reasons for this are unclear, but Photoshop CS4 seems limited to about 2 cores worth of CPU usage over a variety of tasks, and often doesn’t even do that well.
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More on cores
Some applications have few or no CPU-intensive operations, but can benefit from threading—doing more than one task at once, such as copying files, emptying the trash and compressing a folder at the same time.
Threading is valuable even on single-core systems and is particularly helpful when the task depends on disk or network I/O. The failure to use threading is often more of an issue than multi-core support because it prevents the user from doing useful work while the task runs.
An egregious example is Adobe Photoshop CS4, which prevents any other useful work while it opens or saves a (single) file, which can take several minutes for large files. See How to speed up opening and saving files in Photoshop.
By working in parallel, multiple CPU cores can greatly accelerate multiple tasks, or portions pieces of the same task. This is called task threading or simply threading or threaded execution.
Assuming you’ve configured your Mac for optimal performance How, more and more applications in 2008/2009 are running or will soon run at speeds in direct proportion to how many CPU cores your Mac has. This means that an 8-core system can potentially run about 4 times faster than a dual-core system!
Actual performance gains
Actual multi-core performance gains are subject to memory bandwidth limitations (competition for access to memory by multiple cores), synchronization (“handshake”) overhead, and the programming skill of the application developer—threaded code is not easy to write well or correctly.
Some applications will run at the same speed on single-core, dual-core or eight-core systems because the job they are doing can’t be divided into pieces easily. Only one person can drive a car at a time! There are plenty of computing tasks that have such limitations; parallel execution (threading) has been the subject of computer science research for many decades.
Yet in too many cases, it’s simply bad engineering, sloppy design for today’s computing world, where CPU clock speeds are not increasing, but the number of CPU cores is doubling every 18 months. Large numbers of CPU cores are the future, along with using cores from more than one machine.
Don’t forget the graphics chip
Another trend, which can be thought of as “more cores” is the emergence of graphics cards whose processing power can be re-purposed transparently for general computing. Programs like Apple’s Aperture are already doing this, and expect to see it emerge as a Big Deal in 2009.
Why MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac are limiting
As of late 2008, only the Mac Pro (and XServe) offer more than two cores. The other machines I term dead-end Macs, because improvements in application code still only have two cores to exploit, whereas Mac Pros with 4 or 8 cores have headroom for future improvement in applications, extending their service life.
Memory bandwidth (speed) is a major “bottleneck” with multi-core systems. Think of a garden hose as compared with a fire hose—the fire hose allows a much greater volume of water to pass through it per unit time: perhaps 200 versus 5 gallons per minute.
With memory, it’s gigabytes per second: that’s bandwidth. With the network or internet, it’s megabits per second (8 bits per byte); in all cases it is bandwidth or the size of the “pipe” that places a hard limit on anything that wants to push (write/upload) or pull (read/download) through it.
All CPU cores must share access to the same physical memory and therefore have to take turns to read from or write it. Like the Ladies bathroom at a movie theatre, a long queue can form waiting for access—the cores actually become idle for much or even most of the time that they are allegedly computing; they are forced to wait most of the time for their memory access operations to complete. This is why one can observe full CPU utilization on an 8-core system How, but see only only -0.1X - 1.5X speedup over a 4-core system—the cores are “actively waiting” for memory access. That’s right: memory contention and other overhead can make a 4-core system run faster than an 8-core system. Scalability keeps improving with newer chips and faster memory however.
With a well-engineered program, memory bandwidth is one key reason why an eight core machine might not run any faster than a quad-core machine, or might even run a little bit slower. However, programs that are primarily computation-intensive can show exactly double the performance with eight cores instead of four.
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Like memory bandwidth, disk speed or network speed can throttle performance. Any program capable of using all 8 cores might needs a lot of data (think HD video). Other programs are all about computation, and have no such dependency.
If a disk can read 70MB/sec (a common figure for even a fast laptop hard drive), then a program that needs to read a 400MB file will take a minimum of ~6 seconds to open it, even if it has no computation to do. Using a striped RAID array capable of 400MB/sec would drop that overhead down to one second.
A well-designed program will be able to process data while simultaneously reading from disk, leading to a situation in which the CPU speed has hardly any effect on execution time. This offers huge potential: by making a faster RAID, one can improve performance up to the point where the CPU cores are fully utilized.
The lesson here is to be aware of what’s actually going on with the software you actually run—if it’s limited by disk speed, invest in a faster disk or RAID before considering a faster computer. And sometimes different software is the answer.
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Software and scalability
Another multi-core problem is that software today is frequently not written to take advantage of multiple cores efficiently; it is technically challenging to write efficient threaded code that is free of threading bugs (threading bugs are those that result from incorrectly-written threaded code). See Application support for multiple CPU cores.
Threading/threaded means multiple simultaneous “threads” of computation, ideally one or more per CPU core. It’s like having a team of workers, as opposed to a single one.
A highly scalable program will run approximately N times as fast on an N-core system as on a single-core system, at least for reasonable values of N (eg up to 16 cores). Creating a scalable program requires a very high degree of expertise; it is relatively easy to write code that runs efficiently on dual-core systems, runs a little faster on quad-core systems, then shows no further improvement beyond four cores. Adobe Photoshop CS3 is an example of a popular program that scales fairly well to dual-core systems, but shows little improvement on quad-core systems.
Some computing problems cannot be solved in a threaded (parallel) fashion; there are too many serial (ordered) dependencies to allow multiple worker threads to work simultaneously. But the fact remains that most programs are just poorly designed for today’s multi-core world, and that includes popular programs such as Adobe Photoshop CS3, which rarely utilizes more than two of four cores on my quad-core Mac Pro (125% - 200% is typical).
Sometimes it’s just a matter of failure to do anything halfway intelligent. For example, Photoshop CS3’s Save command is not only single-threaded (uses only one CPU core), but it’s modal—it forces the user to wait until the operation completes. There is no legitimate reason that a Save could not be in progress while the user works on another image.

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Cléanna CPU Mínithe
Ceangailte: bandaleithead, córais CPU, Mac Pro, MacBook, cuimhne, Photoshop, RAID
Is téarma é CPU a úsáidtear go scaoilte, ach go traidisiúnta tagartha ar chip ríomhaire fisiciúil amháin, an inchinn ríomhaireachta taobh istigh de do Mac. Tá chip CPU amháin ag gach MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac; tá CPUanna dúbailte ag samhlacha áirithe den Mac Pro (2012), gach ceann acu le ceithre nó ocht gcroí.
Ar gach CPU fisiciúil, is féidir go mbeadh níos mó ná croí CPU amháin (core), agus gach croí in ann an córas iomlán agus na feidhmchláir a reáchtáil ina n-aonar.
Ó 2012, tá córais Intel a úsáidtear i Macs le cnámha 2/4/6/8/12. Beidh níos mó croí ag scipí Intel sa todhchaí.
Is é an réaltacht ilchroí atá ag teacht chun cinn an spreagadh do theicneolaíocht nua ó Apple, agus aird mhéadaithe ó fhorbróirí feidhmchláir ar an gcumhacht ríomhaireachta sin go léir a shaothrú. Cad a tharla do Adobe Photoshop CS4, lena n-úsáid thromchúiseach de dhá chroí fiú le haghaidh go leor tascanna?
Tá go leor feidhmchláir neamhéifeachtúla ann fós nach n-úsáideann na croí CPU atá ar fáil, ag teorannú a gcuid gníomhaíochtaí ar mhodh single thread, ag baint úsáide as croí amháin. Athróidh sé seo go mall, de réir mar a thiocfaidh brú an mhargaidh chun cinn, ach tá ceithre chroí go leor don chuid is mó d'úsáideoirí, agus tá sé chroí go leor ach amháin le haghaidh tascanna speisialaithe.
Cé mhéad croí
Seiceáil cé mhéad croí CPU atá ag do chóras trí roghnú.
Sa sampla ar dheis, tá dhá CPU 2.93GHz ag an sampla Mac Pro Nehalem, gach ceann acu le ceithre chroí, le haghaidh córas ocht gcroí.
Mar sin féin, tá teicneolaíocht virtual core ag an Nehalem freisin, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil 16 croí fíorúil ann (ar a bhfuil mórán nó gan aon tairbhe i gcleachtas).
Samplaí d'úsáid CPU
Nuair a úsáidtear Activity Monitorswindow (), is é an cás idéalach ná na croí CPU go léir a fheiceáil gnóthach; léiríonn réimsí dubh am neamhghníomhach.
Taispeántar ar dheis úsáid an CPU do Photozoom Pro 3 ag rith tástáil strus córais. Tá na 16 croí fíorúla go léir in úsáid go hiomlán. Léiríonn glas am úsáideora agus léiríonn dearg am chórais. Tá sé ar fad in úsáid; níl aon limistéir dhiúltacha ann, ag léiriú nach bhfuil aon cheann de na croí CPU ag imeacht ag am ar bith.
Ar an taobh eile, tá roinnt cláir singil-threaded; ní úsáideann siad ach croí amháin, is cuma cé mhéad croí atá ar fáil. Tá Photoshop CS4 ina thread amháin chun comhaid a oscailt agus a shábháil níos mó, fadhb mhór feidhmíochta a chuaigh gan aghaidh ar feadh blianta.
Déanann Photoshop CS4 úsáid éigin as córas ilchroinnte, ach is cosúil go dteorannann sé a n-úsáid go dtí thart ar dhá chroí, rud a chiallaíonn go n-úsáidtear Mac Pro quad-chroí ag leath a luas féideartha, agus Mac Pro 8-chroí ag 25% dá féidearthacht. Níl na cúiseanna leis seo soiléir, ach is cosúil go bhfuil Photoshop CS4 teoranta do thart ar 2 chroí ar luach úsáide CPU thar tascanna éagsúla, agus go minic ní dhéanann sé sin go maith fiú.
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Tuilleadh faoi chroí
Tá roinnt feidhmchláir a bhfuil beagán nó gan aon oibríochtaí CPU-intensive, ach is féidir leas a bhaint as threadingdo níos mó ná tasc amháin ag an am céanna, mar shampla comhaid a chóipeáil, an trash a ghlanadh agus fillteán a chómhdach ag an am céanna.
Tá trealamh luachmhar fiú ar chórais aon-chroí agus tá sé cabhrach go háirithe nuair a bhíonn an tasc ag brath ar diosca nó ar I / O líonra. Is minic go mbíonn an neamhábaltacht treadála a úsáid ina cheist níos mó ná tacaíocht ilchroinnte toisc go gcuireann sé cosc ar an úsáideoir obair úsáideach a dhéanamh agus an tasc ag rith.
Sampla neamh-chinnte is ea Adobe Photoshop CS4, a chuireann cosc ar aon obair úsáideach eile agus é ag oscailt nó ag sábháil comhad (aon) a d'fhéadfadh roinnt nóiméad a thógáil le haghaidh comhaid mhóra. Féach Conas a luathaíonn tú a oscailt agus a shábháil comhaid i Photoshop.
Trí oibriú i gcomhthráth, is féidir le córais il-CPU tascanna il-ghníomhacha a luathachadh go mór, nó codanna den tasc céanna a ghearradh. Tugtar sraitheanna tasc nó sraitheanna simplí nó forghníomhú sraithe.
Má tá tú a chumraíodh do Mac le haghaidh feidhmíocht is fearr Conas, níos mó agus níos mó feidhmchláir i 2008/2009 ag rith nó beidh a rith go luath ag luasanna i gcomhréir díreach le cé mhéad núicléanna CPU do Mac. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir le córas 8-chroí rith thart ar 4 huaire níos tapúla ná córas dúchroí!
Fásanna iarbhír feidhmíochta
Tá gnóthachain iarbhír feidhmíochta ilchroí faoi réir teorantais le bandaleithead cuimhne (iomaíocht le haghaidh rochtana ar chuimhne ag córais ilchroí), uaslódáil ( handshake) os cionn, agus ní éasca scil cláir an fhorbróra feidhmchláir cód threadaithe a scríobh go maith nó go ceart.
Beidh roinnt feidhmchláir ag rith ag an luas céanna ar chórais aon-chroí, dé-chroí nó ocht-chroí toisc nach féidir an post atá á dhéanamh acu a roinnt ina phíosaí go héasca. Ní féidir ach duine amháin carr a thiomáint ag an am! Tá go leor tascanna ríomhaireachta a bhfuil teorainneacha den sórt sin acu; tá an cur i bhfeidhm comhthreomhar (threading) ina ábhar taighde eolaíochta ríomhaireachta le blianta fada.
Ach i go leor cásanna, tá sé ach droch-innealtóireacht, dearadh sloppy do domhan ríomhaireachta an lae inniu, áit nach bhfuil luas clog CPU ag méadú, ach tá líon na gcúraimí CPU ag dúbailt gach 18 mí. Is iad líon mór córais CPU an todhchaí, mar aon le córais a úsáid ó níos mó ná meaisín amháin.
Ná déan dearmad ar an sliseanna grafaicí
Is treocht eile, ar féidir a mheas mar  níos mó croí ná teacht chun cinn cártaí grafaicí a bhfuil a chumhacht próiseála á athchóirithe go trédhearcach le haghaidh ríomhairí ginearálta. Tá cláir cosúil le Apple's Aperture ag déanamh seo cheana féin, agus tá súil acu go bhfeicfidh siad é ag teacht chun cinn mar Big Deal in 2009.
Cén fáth go bhfuil MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac ag teorainn
Faoi dheireadh 2008, ní thairgeann ach an Mac Pro (agus XServe) níos mó ná dhá chroí. Na meaisíní eile a ghlaoim Macanna marbh-deireadh, toisc go bhfuil feabhsuithe i gcód feidhmchláir ach dhá chroí le húsáid, ach tá Mac Pro le 4 nó 8 chroí headroom le haghaidh feabhsuithe sa todhchaí i bhfeidhmchláir, ag síneadh a saoil seirbhíse.
Is mór-bhualadh é bandaleithead cuimhne (tapacht) le córais ilchroinnte. Smaoinigh ar shoitheach gairdín i gcomparáid le shoitheach dóiteáin - ceadaíonn an shoitheach dóiteáin go bhfuil méid i bhfad níos mó uisce ag dul tríd in aghaidh an aonaid ama: b'fhéidir 200 i gcomparáid le 5 galún in aghaidh an nóiméid.
Le cuimhne, tá gigabytes in aghaidh an tsoicind: is é sin an bandleithid. Le líonra nó le hidirlíon, is megabits in aghaidh an tsoicind é (8 bít in aghaidh an bhaite); i ngach cás is é an bandaleithead nó méid an píopa a chuireann teorainn chrua ar aon rud atá ag iarraidh a bhrú (sgríobh / uaslódáil) nó a tharraingt (léigh / íoslódáil) tríd.
Ní mór do gach croí CPU rochtain a roinnt ar an gcuimhne fisiciúil céanna agus dá bhrí sin ní mór dóibh a bheith ag casadh chun léamh nó scríobh as. Cosúil le seomra folctha na mban i amharclanna, is féidir le sraith fada teacht chun cinn a bheith ag fanacht le rochtain - bíonn na croí ag dul ar neamhfheidhmiú i ndáiríre le haghaidh cuid mhór nó fiú an chuid is mó den am a bhfuil siad ag ríomhaireacht a líomhnú; tá siad iallach orthu fanacht an chuid is mó den am chun a gcuid oibríochtaí rochtana cuimhne a chríochnú. Sin é an fáth gur féidir le duine úsáid iomlán CPU a fheiceáil ar chóras 8-chroí How, ach ní fheiceann sé ach luas -0.1X - 1.5X thar chóras 4-chroí  tá na croí  ag fanacht go gníomhach  le haghaidh rochtana cuimhne. Sin ceart: is féidir le comhghaol cuimhne agus os cionn eile córas 4-chroí a reáchtáil níos tapúla ná córas 8-chroí. Le snas níos nuaí agus cuimhne níos tapúla, áfach, leanann an in-ardú ar fheabhas.
Le clár dea-innealtóireachta, is é an bandaleithead cuimhne cúis amháin go bhféadfadh meaisín ocht-chroí a bheith níos tapúla ná meaisín ceathrar-chroí, nó d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith beagán níos moille. Mar sin féin, is féidir le cláir atá go príomha i ndíriú ríomhaireachta an fheidhmíocht a thaispeáint díreach dhá oiread le ocht gcroí in ionad ceithre.
MN9H2LL/A (USA/Global Unlocked) Úsáidte, Coinníoll Mint, Factory Unlocked
Cosúil le bandaleithead cuimhne, is féidir le luas diosca nó luas líonra feidhmíocht a throttle. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le go leor sonraí ag clár ar bith atá in ann na 8 gcroí go léir a úsáid (féach físeán HD). Tá cláir eile ar fad faoi ríomhaireacht, agus níl aon spleáchas den sórt sin acu.
Má féidir le diosca 70MB / sec a léamh (figiúr coitianta fiú le haghaidh tiomáint crua glúine tapa), ansin tógfaidh clár a chaithfidh comhad 400MB a léamh ~ 6 soicind ar a laghad chun é a oscailt, fiú mura bhfuil aon ríomhaireacht le déanamh aige. Ag baint úsáide as sraith RAID stiallaithe atá in ann 400MB / sec a laghdú go mbeadh an t-uaslódáil síos go dtí an dara ceann.
Beidh clár dea-dheartha in ann sonraí a phróiseáil agus iad á léamh ag an am céanna ó dhisco, rud a fhágann nach mbeidh tionchar ar bith ag luas an CPU ar am feidhmiúlachta. Tugann sé seo acmhainn ollmhór: trí RAID níos tapúla a dhéanamh, is féidir le duine feidhmíocht a fheabhsú go dtí an pointe ina n-úsáidtear croí an CPU go hiomlán.
Is é an ceacht anseo a bheith ar an eolas faoi cad atá ag tarlú i ndáiríre leis an bogearraí a reáchtáil tú i ndáiríre má tá sé teoranta ag luas diosca, infheistíocht a dhéanamh i diosca níos tapúla nó RAID sula smaoineamh ar ríomhaire níos tapúla. Agus uaireanta is é bogearraí éagsúla an freagra.
Cé na Léinsí le Roghnú?
Seachain botúin costasacha agus faigh an córas is fearr le do riachtanais: diglloyd photographic consulting.
Bogearraí agus in-uaslódáil
Is fadhb eile atá ag ilchroí ná go minic nach scríobhtar bogearraí inniu chun leas a bhaint as croí il-éifeachtach; tá sé dúshlánach go teicniúil cód trealaithe éifeachtúil a scríobh atá saor ó bhagaí trealaithe (ba iad na bagaichean trealaithe na bagaichean a eascraíonn as cód trealaithe a scríobhadh go mícheart). Féach Tacaíocht iarratais do chlúir CPU il.
Ciallaíonn 'threading/threaded' go bhfuil go leor 'threads' comhaireamh ag an am céanna, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil ceann amháin nó níos mó de gach croí CPU. Tá sé cosúil le foireann oibrithe a bheith agat, seachas foireann amháin.
Ritheann clár atá an-scalaithe thart ar N uair chomh tapa ar chóras N-chroí agus ar chóras aon-chroí, ar a laghad le haghaidh luachanna réasúnacha de N (m.sh. suas le 16 croí). Éilíonn clár in-leibhéil a chruthú leibhéal an-ard saineolais; tá sé réasúnta éasca cód a scríobh a ritheann go héifeachtach ar chórais dé-chroí, ritheann sé beagán níos tapúla ar chórais cheathrú-chroí, ansin ní léiríonn sé feabhas breise thar cheithre chroí. Is sampla de chlár tóir é Adobe Photoshop CS3 a scálaíonn go maith go leor le córais dé-chroí, ach a léiríonn beagán feabhsaithe ar chórais cheathrú-chroí.
Ní féidir roinnt fadhbanna ríomhaireachta a réiteach ar bhealach snámh (iompraíochta); tá ró-chuid spleáchas sraitheach (ordú) ann chun ligean do threads oibrí il-oibrithe a bheith ag obair ag an am céanna. Ach is fíor go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na cláir just poorly deartha do domhan il-chroí lá atá inniu ann, agus go n-áirítear cláir coitianta mar Adobe Photoshop CS3, a úsáideann go han-riachtanach níos mó ná dhá de cheithre chroí ar mo Mac Pro quad-chroí (125% - 200% is gnách).
Uaireanta is ceist é ach aon rud a dhéanamh go ciallmhar. Mar shampla, ní amháin go bhfuil an t-ordú Save Photoshop CS3 amháin (ní úsáideann sé ach croí CPU amháin), ach tá sé modal é a chuireann iallach ar an úsáideoir fanacht go dtí go gcomhlíonann an oibríocht. Níl aon chúis dlisteanach ann nach bhféadfadh Sábháil a bheith ag dul chun cinn agus an t-úsáideoir ag obair ar íomhá eile.


During spring, you will find plenty of hummingbirds flying in your backyard. The way these birds swarm over feeders and flowers to drink nectar and sweet water is the highlight of the year. However, ants can quickly destroy this beautiful sight by making their way into the feeders.
Like hummingbirds, ants, too, are attracted to sweet water. So, these pesky critters crawl up to the feeders and settle inside. Sometimes, they drown or die due to overdrinking. Leaving them in the feeder is not a good idea. While hummingbirds feed on insects, they don’t particularly like ants. Hence, you need to take a few measures to protect these tiny birds.
There are plenty of ways to keep ants out of hummingbird feeders. Many people use a popular method to install an ant moat, which is similar to a castle moat. Its purpose is to deter ants with water. A few other methods include hanging the feeder with a fishing line, changing the position of the feeder, and using an ant guard.
Now that you know how to protect hummingbirds from ants, let’s take a look at the methods mentioned above in detail:
Using an Ant Moat to Keep Ants Away From Hummingbird Feeders
An ant moat has a water barrier that stops ants and other insects from reaching the nectar. Owners of medieval castles used this trick to keep human intruders away. Since a feeder hangs from above, the moat is located on top of the nectar. As we all know, ants crawl in groups. The only way to reach the nectar with an ant moat in between would be to fly, which is impossible for ants. The water in the ant moat stops ants from moving forward, allowing you to keep the feeders safe and clean.
There are three types of ant moats explained below:
Moat Built Into the Feeder
When buying a hummingbird feeder, look for one with a built-in moat. These structures have an inconspicuous design, making it easy for you to plan a sneak attack on the ants. However, ants are one of the most intelligent insects on earth. They can devise a plan in a matter of minutes, and crossing an ant moat is not that big of a challenge, something that we will discuss later.
Buy a Moat Separately
If you already have a bird feeder, you can simply add an ant moat to the structure. The shape of most bird feeders resembles a bottle. This means that the nectar is above the feeding ports. These types of feeders don’t come with an ant moat. However, you can attach one above it separately.
Making a DIY Moat
Buying an ant moat is not that expensive. Still, if you are a DIYer, you can make a lovely one at home, all by yourself. Here’s how to make a DIY moat:
Items You Need
- A Plastic Bottle (A size that is slightly bigger than your feeder)
- A Coat Hanger
- A Utility Knife or Scissors
- A Thin Drill Bit and Drill
- A Hot Glue Gun
- Clean the soda bottle and use a utility knife to remove the neck. You will now have a bottle with a wide bowl shape and the cap on one end. This will be the moat.
- Cut off the straight part of the hanger.
- Drill a hole in the bottle cap. It should be smaller in diameter compared to that of the coat hanger.
- Insert the hanger into the cap and twist it onto the bottle.
- Pour hot glue into the cap to prevent any leaks. (Make sure that the glue does not touch the bottle, or it might warp its shape and puncture a hole in it).
- Bend both sides of the coat hanger and faster it with a wire to your feeder
- Finally, fill the moat with water.
Other Methods of Keeping Ants Away From Hummingbird Feeders
Regular maintenance is the key to keeping the feeders clean. This will prevent ant invasions and keep the hummingbirds safe. It will take about 30 seconds to run the feeder under tepid water, and then you can hang it again.
You need to clean and refill the feeder every day to prevent any infestation. Ensure that the sweet water is not dripping outside because this will attract more ants. One of the best ways to repel ants from a feeder is through an aesthetic change. Decorate the feeder with bay leaves and cover the hanging line with them. The scent of the leaves will keep the ants away and drive them crazy with the pungent smell. You can also use mint leaves. However, you will often have to replace the leaves before they dry out. If this seems too much of a hassle, you can use essential oils instead. These include:
- Roman Chamomile
- Fennel Seed
Using a Fishing Line
A fishing line is very thin… too thin for insects such as ants as well. It also slippery, which prevents ants from climbing up to the feeders. When using a fishing line to hang the feeders, make sure that you are choosing a strong one because it will not only support the weight of the feeder but of the hummingbirds too.
Using an Ant Guard
You installed ant moat and are still seeing ants invading the feeders? What is your next step? As we said earlier, ants are highly intelligent, and they can form a bridge to let other ants cross to the sweet water. Pretty brilliant, right? An ant guard comes in here. This structure contains Permethrin, which is a light insecticide. It does not kill ants or harms hummingbirds. However, it does deter ants and other insects from invading the sweet water feeders.
Leakages are the number one cause of ants attacking hummingbird feeders. They follow the sweet water trail. Although hummingbirds don’t eat ants, they start doing it when the said insect constantly enters their feeders. Normal wear and tear cause leaks, which you can quickly fix with a glue gun. However, there’s one thing you need to keep in mind: Once the ants know the trail, stopping them is impossible. This leads us to our next point:
Change Positions Often
Keep changing the position of the feeders so that ants don’t form a colony nearby. Not finding the feeders in their previous position will throw them off the trail. Don’t worry about the hummingbirds because they adapt to change easily, and finding the new feeder will not be difficult for them. Paint the feeder with a bright color, and the hummingbirds will come where X marks the spot.
Apply Adhesive Tape
This old trick is one of the oldest and easiest to keep ants from hummingbird feeders. You need to apply the tape with the sticky side out. The ants will get stuck on the tape and won’t reach the feeders. However, you will have to keep changing the tapes because dirt can wear off its adhesive properties.
There are several ways to keep ants away from hummingbird feeders. Combining an ant moat with an ant guard will work as the best deterrent. From time to time, spray some essential oil onto the bird feeder so that the pungent smell keeps the ants away.
Lastly, keep up with the maintenance and change the sweet water every day to prevent the hummingbirds from drinking moldy and contaminated water.

Le linn an earraigh, gheobhaidh tú go leor hummingbirds ag eitilt i do chúlchúrsa. Is é an bealach a bhíonn na héin seo ag dul thar na beathaitheoirí agus na bláthanna chun nectar agus uisce milis a ól barr scoir na bliana. Mar sin féin, is féidir le miotail an radharc álainn seo a scriosadh go tapa trína mbealach isteach sna bianna.
Cosúil le hummingbirds, mealltar an t-uisce milis ar fhonnáin freisin. Mar sin, na critters annoying crawl suas go dtí na feeders agus socrú taobh istigh. Uaireanta, bíonn siad ag tuirseach nó ag bás mar gheall ar ró-ól. Níl sé ina smaoineamh maith iad a fhágáil sa chothaitheoir. Cé go n-itheann hummingbirds feithidí, ní maith leo an-mhiotail. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór duit roinnt beart a dhéanamh chun na héin bheaga seo a chosaint.
Tá go leor bealaí ann chun na miorná a choinneáil amach ó bheathúcháin hummingbird. Baineann go leor daoine úsáid as modh coitianta chun moat ant a shuiteáil, atá cosúil le moat caisleán. Is é a chuspóir an t-uisce a úsáid chun an t-uisce a úsáid chun na féaróga a chosc. I measc roinnt bealaí eile tá an t-aisteoir a chrochadh le líne iascaireachta, seasamh an t-aisteora a athrú, agus garda na n-amhrán a úsáid.
Anois go bhfuil a fhios agat conas hummingbirds a chosaint ó mhangla, a ligean ar a ghlacadh le breathnú ar na modhanna a luaitear thuas i mionsonraí:
Ag baint úsáide as Fód Fuartacháin chun Fuartacháin a choinneáil ó Bhia Hummingbird
Tá bac uisce ag an mbóthar an mhangla a chuireann cosc ar mhanglaí agus ar inséidí eile dul chuig an néctar. D'úsáid úinéirí caisleáin lár-aimsire an cleas seo chun iontrálaithe daonna a choinneáil ar shiúl. Ós rud é go bhfuil feeder crochta óna bharr, tá an t-eireaball suite ar bharr an neictéar. Mar a fhios againn go léir, crawl an t-amhrán i ngrúpaí. Is é an t-aon bhealach chun teacht ar an nectar le moat an ant idir a bheith ag eitilt, rud atá dodhéanta do mhná. Cuireann an t-uisce sa fód na n-amhrán cosc ar na amhrán dul ar aghaidh, rud a ligeann duit na feadóirí a choinneáil sábháilte agus glan.
Tá trí chineál d'fhortaigh mhianra a mhínítear thíos:
Fód a Tógadh isteach sa Chothaitheoir
Nuair a bhíonn biachláir hummingbird á cheannach agat, féach ar cheann a bhfuil fos ag an mballa. Tá dearadh neamh-in-iarsmaí ag na struchtúir seo, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé éasca duit ionsaí sneak ar na miorcanna a phleanáil. Mar sin féin, tá an t-amhrán ar cheann de na feithidí is cliste ar domhan. Is féidir leo plean a dhéanamh i gceann cúpla nóiméad, agus ní bhíonn sé chomh deacair sin troid ar thráth na n-amhrán, rud a phléimid níos déanaí.
Ceannaigh Fód Ar Leataobh
Má tá bialann éan agat cheana féin, is féidir leat an t-eireaball a chur leis an struchtúr. Tá cruth an chuid is mó de na biadóirí éan cosúil le buidéal. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an nectar os cionn na gcalafoirt beathaithe. Ní thagann feadóirí den chineál seo le feadán. Mar sin féin, is féidir leat ceann a cheangal os a chionn ar leithligh.
Ag déanamh Fód DIY
Ní bhíonn sé chomh daor sin taibhse a cheannach. Mar sin féin, má tá tú DIYER, is féidir leat a dhéanamh ceann álainn sa bhaile, go léir tú féin. Seo conas moat DIY a dhéanamh:
Rudaí a theastaíonn uait
- Buidéil Phrustach (Meáchan atá beagán níos mó ná do bheathú)
- Coat Hanger
- Nósa nó Scáileán Úsáideoireachta
- Beag Drill Beag agus Drill
- Pistól Glú Hot
- Glan an buidéal soda agus bain úsáid as scian fóntais chun an muineál a bhaint. Beidh buidéal leathan i bhfoirm bowl agat anois agus an cap ar cheann amháin. Beidh sé seo an moat.
- Gearr amach an chuid dhíreach den hanger.
- Drill poll sa cap buidéal. Ba cheart go mbeadh an trastomhas níos lú i gcomparáid le trastomhas an chata.
- Cuir an t- eangach isteach sa chaipín agus cas é ar an bhuidéal.
- Cuir greama te isteach sa chaipín chun aon sceitheadh a chosc. (Déanaigí cinnte nach ndéanfaidh an greamaire teagmháil leis an bhuidéal, nó d'fhéadfadh sé a chruth a chriathrú agus poll a phuncháil ann).
- Bend an dá thaobh an coat hanger agus níos tapúla é le sreang do feeder
- Ar deireadh, líonadh an moat le huisce.
Bealaí Eile chun Ants a choinneáil ar shiúl ó Feeders Hummingbird
Is é an cothabháil rialta an eochair chun na beathaitheoirí a choinneáil glan. Cuirfidh sé seo cosc ar ionsaí na n-amhrán agus coimeádfaidh sé na hummingbirds sábháilte. Tógfaidh sé thart ar 30 soicind an t-uisce a chur ar an gcothaitheoir faoi uisce te, agus ansin is féidir leat é a chrochadh arís.
Ní mór duit an t-aisteoir a ghlanadh agus a athlìonadh gach lá chun aon ionfhabhtú a chosc. Déan cinnte nach bhfuil an t-uisce milis ag titim lasmuigh mar go dtógfaidh sé seo níos mó féaróga. Ceann de na bealaí is fearr chun an t-amhrán a dhíbirt ó bhia is ea athrú aeistéiteach. Déantar an t-uisceadóir a mhaisiú le duilleoga bay agus clúdaítear an líne crochta leo. Beidh an boladh na duilleoga a choinneáil ar na miorcanna amach agus iad a thiomáint crazy leis an boladh pungent. Is féidir leat duilleoga mint a úsáid freisin. Mar sin féin, is minic a chaithfidh tú na duilleoga a athsholáthar sula dtéann siad tirim. Má tá sé seo ró-fhada, is féidir leat olaí riachtanacha a úsáid ina ionad. I measc na n-ábhar sin tá:
- Camomile Rómhánach
- Síolta Fennel
Ag Úsáid Fál
Tá líne iascaireachta an-tinn ... ró-tinn do insecticides cosúil le ants chomh maith. Tá sé greamaitheach freisin, rud a chuireann cosc ar mhianra dul suas go dtí na bianna. Nuair a bhíonn líonadh iascaireachta á úsáid agat chun na bialann a chrochadh, déan cinnte go bhfuil ceann láidir á roghnú agat toisc nach mbeidh sé in ann meáchan an bialann a sheasamh ach meáchan na hummingbirds freisin.
Ag Úsáid Garda Fonn
Chuir tú moat ant agus tá tú ag féachaint ar an mbeith ag ionsaí na feadóirí? Cad é do chéad chéim eile? Mar a dúirt muid roimhe seo, tá na miorcanna an-chruthaitheach, agus is féidir leo droichead a dhéanamh chun ligean do mhorcanna eile dul trasna go dtí an t-uisce milis. Go hiontach go leor, ceart? Tagann garda na n-amhrán isteach anseo. Tá Permethrin sa struchtúr seo, rud atá ina inseticíd éadrom. Ní mharbhann sé na miorcanna ná ní dhéanann sé dochar do hummingbirds. Mar sin féin, cuireann sé cosc ar mhangna agus ar inseictí eile ionradh a dhéanamh ar na bianna uisce milis.
Is iad sceitheadh an chúis is mó a dhéanann na miorcanna ionsaí ar bheathúcháin hummingbird. Lean siad an bealach uisce milis. Cé nach n-itheann hummingbirds ants, tosaíonn siad ag déanamh é nuair a théann an t-inseacht sin isteach ina n-aitheanta go leanúnach. Bíonn sceitheadh mar thoradh ar thréimhse gnáth-éadóchais, rud a fhéadfaidh tú a shocrú go tapa le gunna greamaithe. Mar sin féin, tá rud amháin le cuimhneamh: Nuair a bhíonn an bealach ar eolas ag na miorcanna, ní féidir iad a stopadh. Tugann sé seo dúinn go dtí an chéad phointe eile:
Athraigh Suímh Go minic
Coinnigh ag athrú an suíomh na n-earraí bia ionas nach gcruthóidh an t-amhrán coilíneacht in aice láimhe. Ní aimsiú na feeders ina seasamh roimhe sin beidh a chur ar an mbóthar. Ná bíodh imní ort faoi na hummingbirds toisc go n-oiriúnaíonn siad le hathrú go héasca, agus ní bheidh sé deacair dóibh an feeder nua a aimsiú. Péinteáil an feeder le dath geal, agus beidh na hummingbirds teacht nuair a X marcáil an láthair.
Cuir teip greamaitheach i bhfeidhm
Tá an cleas seo ar cheann de na cleasanna is sine agus is éasca chun na miorcanna a choinneáil ó bheathúcháin hummingbird. Ní mór duit an téip a chur ar an taobh greamaitheach amach. Beidh na miorcanna a bheith gafa ar an téip agus ní bheidh teacht ar na feederers. Ach ní mór duit an téip a athrú go leanúnach toisc go bhféadfadh salachar a airíonna greamaitheacha a chaitheamh.
Tá roinnt bealaí ann chun na miorná a choinneáil ar shiúl ó na bialanna hummingbird. Beidh an t-idirghabháil idir an t-eireaball agus an garda eireaball mar an scrios is fearr. Ó am go ham, spraeáil roinnt ola riachtanach ar an mbeathaire éanlaithe ionas go gcoinníonn an boladh géar na féaróga ar shiúl.
Ar deireadh, coinnigh suas leis an gcothabháil agus athraigh an t-uisce milis gach lá chun cosc a chur ar na hummingbirds uisce moulded agus truaillithe a ól.


- 1928 – Ulric Neisser, German-American psychologist, neuroscientist, and academic (d. 2012).
- 1949 – Robert Sternberg, American psychologist and academic.
Ulric Richard Gustav Neisser (08 December 1928 to 17 February 2012) was a German-American psychologist, Cornell University professor, and member of the US National Academy of Sciences.
He has been referred to as the “father of cognitive psychology”. Neisser researched and wrote about perception and memory. He posited that a person’s mental processes could be measured and subsequently analysed. In 1967, Neisser published Cognitive Psychology, which he later said was considered an attack on behaviourist psychological paradigms. Cognitive Psychology brought Neisser instant fame and recognition in the field of psychology. While Cognitive Psychology was considered unconventional, it was Neisser’s Cognition and Reality that contained some of his most controversial ideas. A main theme in Cognition and Reality is Neisser’s advocacy for experiments on perception occurring in natural (“ecologically valid”) settings. Neisser postulated that memory is, largely, reconstructed and not a snap shot of the moment. Neisser illustrated this during one of his highly publicised studies on people’s memories of the Challenger explosion. In his later career, he summed up current research on human intelligence and edited the first major scholarly monograph on the Flynn effect. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Neisser as the 32nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Robert J. Sternberg (born 08 December 1949) is an American psychologist and psychometrician. He is Professor of Human Development at Cornell University.
Sternberg has a BA from Yale University and a PhD from Stanford University, under advisor Gordon Bower. He holds thirteen honorary doctorates from two North American, one South American, one Asian, and nine European universities, and additionally holds an honorary professorship at the University of Heidelberg, in Germany. He is a Distinguished Associate of the Psychometrics Centre at the University of Cambridge.
Among his major contributions to psychology are the triarchic theory of intelligence and several influential theories related to creativity, wisdom, thinking styles, love, hate, and leadership. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Sternberg as the 60th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

- 1928  Ulric Neisser, síceolaí Gearmánach-Meiriceánach, néar-eolaí, agus acadúil (d. 2012).
- 1949  Robert Sternberg, síceolaí Meiriceánach agus acadúil.
Ba síceolaí Gearmánach-Mheiriceánach, ollamh in Ollscoil Cornell, agus ball de Acadamh Náisiúnta Eolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe é Ulric Richard Gustav Neisser (08 Nollaig 1928 go 17 Feabhra 2012).
Tugtar "athair na síceolaíochta cognaíoch" air. Rinne Neisser taighde agus scríobh faoi thuairim agus cuimhne. D'fhógair sé gur féidir próisis mheabhrach duine a thomhas agus a anailísiú ina dhiaidh sin. Sa bhliain 1967, d'fhoilsigh Neisser Cognitive Psychology, a dúirt sé ina dhiaidh sin gur ionsaí a mheasadh ar pharadigimí síceolaíocha iomparáideacha. Thug Síceolaíocht Chognitive Neisser clú agus aitheantas láithreach i réimse na síceolaíochta. Cé go raibh Síceolaíocht Chognitive meas neamhchoinbhinsiúnach, bhí sé Neisser's Cognition agus Réaltacht a bhí i roinnt de na smaointe is conspóideacha aige. Is príomhthéama i Cognition and Reality é Neisser's advocacy d'eispéiris ar thuiscint a tharlaíonn i suíomhanna nádúrtha (ecologically valid). Chuir Neisser i bhfolach go bhfuil cuimhne, den chuid is mó, athchruthaithe agus ní léargas tapa den nóiméad. Léirigh Neisser é seo le linn cheann dá chuid staidéir a raibh an-phósaíocht orthu maidir le cuimhní daoine ar an bploisíocht Challenger. Ina ghairm bheatha níos déanaí, rinne sé achoimre ar thaighde reatha ar intleacht an duine agus eagarthódh sé an chéad mhóinagraf mór eolaíoch ar éifeacht Flynn. Rinne suirbhé ar Athbhreithniú ar Síceolaíocht Ghinearálta, a foilsíodh i 2002, Neisser a rangú mar an 32ú síceolaí is mó a luaitear sa 20ú haois.
Is síceolaí Meiriceánach agus síceometríceoir é Robert J. Sternberg (a rugadh ar an 08 Nollaig 1949). Is Ollamh Forbartha Daonna é in Ollscoil Cornell.
Tá BA ag Sternberg ó Ollscoil Yale agus PhD ó Ollscoil Stanford, faoi chomhairleoir Gordon Bower. Tá trí dhochtúir onóir aige ó dhá ollscoil Mheiriceá Thuaidh, ó cheann Meiriceá Theas, ó cheann na hÁise, agus ó naoi ollscoil na hEorpa, agus ina ollscoil onóir in Ollscoil Heidelberg, sa Ghearmáin. Is Comhlach Éirí Amach é ar an Ionad Síceamhamhamhamhamhraíochta in Ollscoil Cambridge.
I measc a chuid ranníocaíochtaí móra le síceolaíocht tá teoiric triarchic na faisnéise agus roinnt teoiricí tionchair a bhaineann le cruthaitheacht, eagna, stíleanna smaointeoireachta, grá, fuath, agus ceannaireacht. Rinne suirbhé ar Athbhreithniú ar Síceolaíocht Ghinearálta, a foilsíodh i 2002, Sternberg a rangú mar an síceolaí 60ú is mó a luaitear sa 20ú haois.


Amateur Radio (or "ham" radio) is a non-commercial radio service intended to allow individuals to learn about and utilize radio technology. Today, amateur radio activities range from morse code on "short-wave" frequencies to computer networking via high speed data links on microwave frequencies. Amateurs routinely communicate via amateur satellites, ionospheric skip, line-of-sight as well as earth-moon-earth propagation paths.
In the United States, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) administers the amateur radio service. Part 97 of the FCC's rules defines the amateur radio service and its regulations.
Amateur radio licenses require the applicant to exhibit proficiency in radio technologies and amateur service regulations. In the US, there are now six classes of amateur radio license. The technician class license now has no requirement for morse code proficiency.
U.S. Licensing information can be obtained from the FCC, the ARRL, your local library, your local electronics store, or maybe even at a nation-wide chain of electronics stores. Amateur exams are offered by volunteers at sites all over the place. The ARRL maintains a listing of exams on their web site.

Is seirbhís raidió neamhthráchtála é Raidió Amaitéarach (nó raidió "ham") a bhfuil sé i gceist aige ligean do dhaoine aonair foghlaim faoi theicneolaíocht raidió agus úsáid a bhaint as. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá gníomhaíochtaí raidió amaitéaracha ó chód Morse ar thriománna "fhigeacha gearr" go líonraithe ríomhaire trí naisc sonraí ardluais ar thriománna micreathonn. Déanann lucht leanúna amateur cumarsáid go rialta trí satailítí amateur, scipeáil ionosféarach, líne amharc chomh maith le cosáin scaipeadh talún-ghealach-talún.
Sna Stáit Aontaithe, déanann an Coimisiún Comhphobail Chónaidhme (FCC) seirbhís raidió amaitéarach a riaradh. Sainmhíníonn Cuid 97 de rialacha an FCC an tseirbhís raidió amaitéarach agus a rialacháin.
Éilíonn ceadúnais raidió amaitéarach go léireoidh an t-iarratasóir cumas i dteicneolaíochtaí raidió agus i rialacháin seirbhíse amaitéaracha. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá sé aicme de cheadúnas raidió amaitéarach ann anois. Níl aon cheanglas ag an gceadúnas aicme teicníceora anois le haghaidh proficiency cód Morse.
Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá Is féidir faisnéis cheadúnais a fháil ón FCC, ón ARRL, ó do leabharlann áitiúil, ó do stór leictreonaice áitiúil, nó b'fhéidir fiú ag slabhra ar fud na tíre de siopaí leictreonaice. Tá scrúduithe amaitéaracha á gcur ar fáil ag saorálaithe ag láithreáin ar fud na háite. Coinníonn an ARRL liosta de scrúduithe ar a láithreán gréasáin.


February 1, 2017
The Sigmund Freud Collection at the Library of Congress has been digitized and is now online at loc.gov/collections/sigmund-freud-papers/about-this-collection/.
The online collection, with more than 20,000 items, contains the personal papers of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis whose ideas of the unconscious and theories on sex, repression, transference and religion profoundly influenced 20th-century Western thought. His theories still generate controversy.
The digitization of Freud’s papers has been made possible by a generous grant from The Polonsky Foundation, a UK-registered charity, which primarily supports cultural heritage, scholarship in the humanities and social sciences, and innovation in higher education and the arts. Its principal activities include the digitization of significant collections at leading libraries (British Library; Bibliothèque nationale de France; Bodleian Library, Oxford; Cambridge University Library; New York Public Library; and Vatican Apostolic Library).
“We are delighted to support the Library of Congress in the important project of making Freud’s legacy more widely available, both to researchers and the broader public,” said Dr. Leonard Polonsky CBE (Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire).
Seventy-eight years after his death, Freud, who escaped to London after the Nazi takeover of Austria prior to World War II, remains a primary figure in modern cultural and intellectual history. The collection documents the formulation of Freud’s thinking, including the birth and maturation of psychoanalytic theory, the refinement of its clinical technique and the proliferation of its adherents and critics.
Freud’s papers at the Library are part of a larger body of materials relating to psychoanalysis and the Freudian movement donated, beginning in 1952, by the Sigmund Freud Archives. A private organization of analysts in New York, the Sigmund Freud Archives was created to collect and preserve for scholarship the work of Freud and others in the field of psychoanalysis. Additional items were obtained through purchase, transfer, and gift or bequest of others, including Freud’s daughter, Anna Freud.
The collection reveals Freud’s life and work, including his early medical and clinical training; his relationship with family, friends, colleagues, students, and patients; his association with early psychoanalytic societies; his perspectives on analytical training; and his numerous writings. It contains family papers, correspondence, writings, legal documents and certificates, notebooks, and other materials of a personal nature encompassing his life and career. People of great prominence in 20th-century history are among the correspondents: Franz Werfel, Theodor Hertzl, Stefan Zweig, C.G. Jung, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, Havelock Ellis and Romain Rolland.
Most of the handwriting is in the so-called Gothic or Sütterlin script used by writers of German at the time. Interspersed with mostly original items are photocopies, facsimiles, transcripts, and English translations of some of the material. Also included are more than 300 interviews with Freud associates, patients and family members after his death conducted by K.R. Eissler, a director and founder of the Sigmund Freud Archives.
The Library of Congress is the premier research center for the study of Freud and his circle and some of its critics. Among the more than 100 related collections are the papers of Anna Freud and other Freud family members. Other collections include those of Karl Abraham, Siegfried Bernfeld, Marie Bonaparte, A.A. Brill, Wilhelm Fliess and Sergius Pankejeff, one of Freud’s best-known patients, identified in Freud’s writings as the “Wolf-Man.” Also available in the Library are the papers of therapists who differed or broke from Freud: C.G. Jung, Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Reich, Theodore Reik and Francis G. Wickes.
The Library’s Manuscript Division holds nearly 70 million items, including the papers of 23 U.S. presidents, from George Washington to Calvin Coolidge. For more information about the collections and holdings of the Manuscript Division, visit loc.gov/rr/mss/.
The Library of Congress is the world’s largest library, offering access to the creative record of the United States—and extensive materials from around the world—both on site and online. It is the main research arm of the U.S. Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office. Explore collections, reference services and other programs and plan a visit at loc.gov, access the official site for U.S. federal legislative information at congress.gov, and register creative works of authorship at copyright.gov.

Feabhra 1, 2017
Tá an Bailiúchán Sigmund Freud ag Leabharlann na Comhdhála digiteáilte agus tá sé ar líne anois ag loc.gov/collections/sigmund-freud-papers/about-this-collection/.
Tá na páipéir phearsanta de chuid Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), an néarolaí agus bunaitheoir an tsíocanailís, a bhfuil a chuid smaointe ar an neamhfhiosach agus teoiricí ar ghnéas, brú, aistriú agus reiligiún, a raibh tionchar mór acu ar smaointe an Iarthair sa 20ú haois, sa bhailiúchán ar líne, le níos mó ná 20,000 mír. Tá a theoiricí fós ina ábhar conspóide.
Tá digitiú páipéir Freud curtha ar fáil trí dheontas mór ó The Polonsky Foundation, carthanas cláraithe sa RA, a thacaíonn go príomha le hoidhreacht chultúrtha, scoláireacht sna heolaíochtaí daonnachta agus sóisialta, agus nuálaíocht san ardoideachas agus sna healaíona. I measc a phríomhghníomhaíochtaí tá digitiú bailiúcháin suntasacha ag príomh-leabharlanna (Leabharlann na Breataine; Bibliothèque nationale de France; Leabharlann Bodleian, Oxford; Leabharlann Ollscoil Cambridge; Leabharlann Poiblí Nua Eabhrac; agus Leabharlann Apostolach na Vataine).
"Tá áthas orainn tacú le Leabharlann na Comhdhála sa tionscadal tábhachtach chun oidhreacht Freud a chur ar fáil níos forleithne, do thaighdeoirí agus don phobal i gcoitinne", a dúirt an Dr. Leonard Polonsky CBE (Comandóir an Ordú is Fearr de Impireacht na Breataine).
Seacht mbliadhna agus ocht mbliana tar éis a bháis, tá Freud, a theith go Londain tar éis an t-ionsaí na Naitsithe ar an Ostair roimh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, fós ina phríomhfhigiúr sa stair chultúrtha agus intleachtúil nua-aimseartha. Déanann an bailiúchán foirmliú smaointeoireachta Freud a dhoiciméadú, lena n-áirítear breith agus aibíocht teoiric síceanailiteach, feabhsú a theicnící cliniciúla agus leathnú a lucht leanúna agus a léirmheastóirí.
Tá páipéir Freud sa Leabharlann mar chuid de chomhlacht níos mó de ábhair a bhaineann le síceanailís agus le gluaiseacht Freud a thug na hArchóirí Sigmund Freud, ag tosú i 1952, ar fáil. Eagraíocht phríobháideach anailísithe i Nua-Eabhrac, cruthaíodh na hArcháidí Sigmund Freud chun obair Freud agus daoine eile i réimse an síceanailís a bhailiú agus a chaomhnú le haghaidh scoláireachta. Fuair earraí breise trí cheannach, aistrithe, agus bronntanas nó oidhreacht ó dhaoine eile, lena n-áirítear iníon Freud, Anna Freud.
Léiríonn an bailiúchán saol agus saothar Freud, lena n-áirítear a oiliúint luath leighis agus cliniciúil; a chaidreamh le teaghlach, cairde, comhghleacaithe, mic léinn agus othair; a chomhpháirtíocht le sochaithe psychoanalytic luath; a pheirspictíochtaí ar oiliúint anailíseach; agus a chuid scríbhinní iomadúla. Tá páipéir teaghlaigh, comhfhreagras, scríbhinní, doiciméid dhlíthiúla agus deimhnithe, nótaí nótaí, agus ábhar eile de chineál pearsanta lena mbaineann a shaol agus a ghairm bheatha ann. Tá daoine a bhfuil suntas mór acu i stair an 20ú haois i measc na gcorrespondents: Franz Werfel, Theodor Hertzl, Stefan Zweig, C.G. Jung, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, Havelock Ellis agus Romain Rolland.
Tá an chuid is mó den lámhscríbhinn sa script Gothic nó Sütterlin mar a thugtar air a d'úsáid scríbhneoirí na Gearmáine ag an am. Tá fótachóipí, fácsílí, trascríbhinní, agus aistriúcháin Béarla ar chuid den ábhar idirghabhálaithe le hionstraimí den chuid is mó bunaidh. Tá níos mó ná 300 agallamh le comhghleacaithe Freud, othair agus baill teaghlaigh tar éis a bháis á reáchtáil ag K.R. Eissler, stiúrthóir agus bunaitheoir na gCartlann Sigmund Freud.
Is é Leabharlann na Comhdhála an príomh-ionad taighde chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar Freud agus a chiorcal agus cuid dá chuid criticeoirí. I measc na mbailiúchán gaolmhara níos mó ná 100 tá páipéir Anna Freud agus baill eile de theaghlach Freud. I measc na mbailiúchán eile tá Karl Abraham, Siegfried Bernfeld, Marie Bonaparte, A.A. Brill, Wilhelm Fliess agus Sergius Pankejeff, ceann de na othair is cáiliúla a bhí ag Freud, a aithníodh i scríbhinní Freud mar an "Wolf-Man". Tá páipéir teiripeoirí a bhí difriúil nó briste ó Freud ar fáil sa Leabharlann freisin: C.G. Jung, Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Reich, Theodore Reik agus Francis G. Wickes.
Tá beagnach 70 milliún píosa sa Roinn Scríbhneoireachta den Leabharlann, lena n-áirítear páipéir 23 uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe, ó George Washington go Calvin Coolidge. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi bhailiúcháin agus shealbhú na Roinne Scríbhneoireachta, tabhair cuairt ar loc.gov/rr/mss/.
Is í Leabharlann na Comhdhála an leabharlann is mó ar domhan, a thairgeann rochtain ar thaifead cruthaitheach na Stát Aontaithe agus ar ábhar fairsing ó gach cearn den domhan, ar an suíomh agus ar líne araon. Is é an príomh-ghéar taighde de chuid Chongress na Stát Aontaithe agus baile na Stát Aontaithe. Oifig na gCeart Cealaithe. Scrúdaigh bailiúcháin, seirbhísí tagartha agus cláir eile agus pleanáil cuairt ar loc.gov, rochtain a fháil ar shuíomh oifigiúil le haghaidh faisnéise reachtaíochta cónaidhme na Stát Aontaithe ag congress.gov, agus saothair chruthaitheacha údar a chlárú ag copyright.gov.


Bullying Reduces Productivity!!!
A study conducted by the Workplace Bullying Institute and Zogby International in 2007 showed that 37 percent of American Workers have been bullied at work—an additional 12 percent said they have witnessed it. Both the abusers and the targets have lower productivity—a consequence that the US economy cannot afford. It can be stopped by researching its causes and creating an environment that addresses this behavior.
We can help…
Our Workshop: Relational Aggression in the Workplace
- Define relational aggression in the workplace
- learn how to identify aggressive behavior
- discover the impact on the productivity of the aggressor, target, co-workers, and working environment
- Learn new strategies for responding and correcting aggressive behavior
- set workplace policies to deter and abolish relational aggression and increase productivity
- Understanding relational aggression
- Participants—willing and unwilling
- Consequences of relational aggression in the workplace
- Strategies for responding
Angela M. Woodward

Laghdaíonn Bullying Táirgiúlacht!! Tá sé!
Léirigh staidéar a rinne Institiúid na n-Ionstraimí Gnó agus Zogby Idirnáisiúnta in 2007 go raibh 37 faoin gcéad de shaothair Mheiriceá ag fulaingt ag an obair dúirt 12 faoin gcéad eile go raibh siad ina bhfinné air. Tá táirgiúlacht níos ísle ag na mí-úsáideoirí agus ag na spriocanna araon - iarmhairt nach féidir le geilleagar na Stát Aontaithe a ligean. Is féidir stop a chur leis trína cúiseanna a thaighde agus timpeallacht a chruthú a thugann aghaidh ar an iompar seo.
Is féidir linn cabhrú...
Ár Mhonarcha: Agóid i gcaidreamh san Áit Oibre
- Agóid i gcaidreamh a shainiú san ionad oibre
- foghlaim conas iompar ionsaitheach a aithint
- a fháil amach an tionchar a bhíonn ag an ionsaitheoir ar tháirgiúlacht an ionsaitheora, an sprioc, na gcomhghleacaithe agus an timpeallachta oibre
- Straitéisí nua a fhoghlaim chun freagairt agus iompar ionsaitheach a cheartú
- beartais á gcur i bhfeidhm ag an ionad oibre chun ionsaí caidrimh a chosc agus a dhíothú agus táirgiúlacht a mhéadú
- Ag cur isteach ar chaidreamh
- Rannpháirtithe  toilteanach agus neamhtoilteanach
- iarmhairtí ionsaithe caidrimh san ionad oibre
- Straitéisí chun freagairt
Angela M. Woodward