Reforms currently sweeping through Ethiopia under the new Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed have implications for the relationship between Ethiopia and its neighbours. Ethiopia is seen as the de facto leading state in the region. But it has a history of clashing with neighbouring states.
The current reforms have the potential to bolster Ethiopia’s leadership role in the region. And an Ethiopia that is perceived as a unifying force could lead to more stability.
Two recent announcements stand out: the normalisation of relations with the northern neighbour Eritrea and the signing of a peace deal with the Ogaden National Liberation Front, a separatist movement that has sought self-determination for the Somali region of Ethiopia.
The reasons these two developments are so important is that the tension between Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Ogaden National Liberation Front have each contributed to instability in the region. The peace deal brokered between Ethiopia and Eritrea will not only affect internal tensions within Ethiopia. It’s also likely to signify a new chapter in the politics of the region.
For its part, the peace accord with the Ogaden National Liberation Front will end a long-standing conflict with the Ethiopian state. This conflict has shaped Ethiopia’s relationship with its Somali region, as well as Ethiopia’s relationship with the Republic of Somalia. The Somali region of Ethiopia is one of nine regional states under the current ethnic federal system in Ethiopia. It is mostly inhabited by Somali-speaking people.
Tensions – both within Ethiopia and between Ethiopia and its neighbours – are rooted in history. The formation of Ethiopia’s Empire state in the late nineteenth century was shaped by the absorption of smaller kingdoms in the south, east, and west of Shewa.
Shewa was Ethiopia’s political centre located north of the current capital Addis Ababa. By the late 19th century the incorporation of these territories was almost complete. By this time the capital had been moved to Addis Ababa.
This incorporation of territories is how the idea of the modern “Ethiopian state” emerged. But this imposition of state power on the new territories was contested. It has been the root cause of much of the country’s internal upheavals.
The importance of territory in Ethiopian statehood was further demonstrated by the 1952 incorporation of Eritrea as an Ethiopian province. Most Eritreans resisted the occupation and took up arms. The occupation was followed by nearly 30 years of conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrean liberation movements.
Ethiopia has also been in conflict with neighbouring Somalia since Somalia gained independence in 1960. Shortly after its independence, the new government in Mogadishu began to prioritise clan loyalties as it formed a new centralised state. This pitted various clans against each other and widened the chasm between clan loyalty and nationality.
The foreign policy objectives of the new Somali Republic were influenced by the level of influence it enjoyed in the Somali-inhabited regions of its neighbours. This included the Somali region of Ethiopia.
Eventually, the push and pull between the republic and its diaspora contributed to the rise of a separatist narrative within the Somali-inhabited regions. This spawned organisations such as the Ogaden National Liberation Front. The front is a separatist rebel group fighting for the self-determination of Somalis in Ethiopia’s Somali region.
Conflict and territory
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Ethiopia was mired in conflicts that challenged its territorial integrity. One was the Ethiopia/Eritrea war.
Self-determination was at the core of the conflict between the Ethiopian government and Eritrean liberation movements. Throughout the conflict it was viewed as a civil war since Eritrea was regarded as a province of Ethiopia.
Similarly, the tension between Ethiopia and the Somali separatist movements was triggered by the Somali belief that their territory belonged to the Somali Republic.
These conflicts led to regional instability.
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Ethiopia taking centre stage
Ethiopia has been on a path of reform since 1991. In the intervening years it has become the most economically dominant country in the region. This has cemented its leadership position. The current political reforms can be seen as part of a process of redefining Ethiopia’s role in the broader East African region – and the continent.
The governing Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front and the Ogaden National Liberation Front have been in peace talks since the early 1990s. The unsuccessful talks were accompanied by low-intensity conflict that severely affected the region.
That could be about to change. Thanks to Abiy Ahmed’s reform efforts, the front announced a unilateral ceasefire in August 2018, and by September peace talks had begun with the Ethiopian government and a peace deal was signed. There is cause for optimism that the deal will last because of the current leadership in Addis Ababa.
The peace deal with Eritrea has already had a number of positive outcomes that could contribute to regional stability.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and President Isaias Afwerki have met several times to announce concrete evidence of the peace deal. Abiy also recently hosted his Eritrean and Somali counterparts to cement regional ties.

Tá impleachtaí ag na hathchóirithe atá ag dul ar aghaidh san Aetóip faoi Aire Stáit nua Abiy Ahmed ar an gcaidreamh idir an Aetóip agus a chomharsana. Meastar go bhfuil an tEitióp mar an stát ceannaire de facto sa réigiún. Ach tá stair ag baint leis an tír seo de thrioblóidí le stáit chomharsanacha.
Tá an cumas ag na hathchóirithe atá ar siúl faoi láthair ról ceannaireachta na hIodáile sa réigiún a threisiú. Agus d'fhéadfadh an Aetóip a mheastar mar fhórsa aontaithe a bheith ina chúis le níos mó cobhsaíochta.
Tá dhá fhógra le déanaí i gceist: gnású na gcaidrimh leis an gcomharsanacht ó thuaidh, an Eirítrea, agus síniú comhaontú síochána le Fronta um Shaoradh Náisiúnta Ogaden, gluaiseacht scaradh a d'iarr féinchinnteoireacht do réigiún na Sómalí san Aetóip.
Is iad na cúiseanna a bhfuil an dá fhorbairt chomh tábhachtach ná go bhfuil an teannas idir an Eitóp, an Eiritrea, agus an Fhronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden tar éis gach ceann acu cur le neamhsheasmhacht sa réigiún. Ní dhéanfaidh an comhaontú síochána idirghabhála idir an Aetóip agus an Eiritrea difear do thréithe inmheánacha laistigh den Aetóip amháin. Is dócha go léireoidh sé caibidil nua i bpolaitíocht an réigiúin freisin.
Ar a thaobh féin, cuirfidh an comhaontú síochána le Fronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden deireadh le coinbhleacht fada le stát na hIodáile. Tá an choimhlint seo tar éis caidreamh na hIodáile lena réigiún Somáilithe, chomh maith le caidreamh na hIodáile le Poblacht na Somáilithe a mhúnlú. Tá réigiún na Sómalí san Aetóip ar cheann de na naoi stát réigiúnacha faoin gcóras cónaidhme eitneach reatha san Aetóip. Is daoine Somálach a labhraíonn an chuid is mó de mhuintir na tíre.
Tá na teannas  laistigh den Aetóip agus idir an Aetóip agus a comharsana  bunaithe ar stair. Bhí an fhoirmiú ar stát Impireacht na hIodáile i ndeireadh an naoú haois déag i bhfoirm ag ionsú ríochtaí níos lú i ndeisceart, soir, agus siar Shewa.
Ba ionad polaitiúil na hIodáile é Shewa, suite ó thuaidh den phríomhchathair reatha Addis Ababa. Faoi dheireadh an 19ú haois bhí an ionchorprú na gcríoch seo beagnach críochnaithe. Ag an am seo, aistríodh an príomhchathair go Addis Ababa.
Is é an ionchorprú na gcríocha seo an chaoi ar tháinig smaoineamh an "stáit Eitiópigh" nua-aimseartha chun cinn. Ach bhí an t-údarú seo ar chumhacht an stáit ar na críocha nua faoi dhíospóid. Ba í an t-úrscéal a bhí i bhfianaise cuid mhór de na suaitheadh inmheánacha sa tír.
Léiríodh tábhacht na críoch i státúlacht na hEitióp go breise le corparáid 1952 na hEiritrea mar chúige na hEitióp. D'éirigh le formhór na n-Eritreaigh an áitíocht a sheasamh agus arm a thógáil. Lean an áitíocht beagnach 30 bliain de choimhlint idir gluaiseachtaí saoirse na hIodáile agus na nEritrea.
Tá an Eitóp i gcath le Somáil in aice láimhe freisin ó fuair an Somáil neamhspleáchas i 1960. Go gairid tar éis a neamhspleáchas, thosaigh an rialtas nua i Mogadishu ag cur tús le dílseacht clan agus stáit lárnach nua á bhunú aige. Chuir sé seo clans éagsúla i gcoinne a chéile agus mhéadaigh sé an chasán idir dílseacht do chlan agus náisiúntacht.
Bhí tionchar ag an leibhéal tionchair a bhí ag an bPoblacht Somálach nua i réigiúin a raibh Somálaigh ina gcónaí ina gcomharsana ar chuspóirí beartais eachtracha na Poblachta. Ba é sin réigiún na Sómalí san Aetóip.
Sa deireadh, chuir an brú agus an tarraingt idir an phoblacht agus a diaspora le cur chun cinn scéala scaradh laistigh de na réigiúin ina bhfuil cónaí ar na Sómailí. D'eascair eagraíochtaí mar Fhronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden as seo. Is grúpa ceannairí scaradh é an t-aghaidh a bhíonn ag troid ar son féinchinnteoireachta na Somálaigh i réigiún Somálach na hIodáile.
Comhrac agus críoch
Le linn na 1970idí agus na 1980idí, bhí an Aetóip i mbun coimhlintí a chuir dúshlán ar a láncháilíocht chríochach. Ceann acu ná an cogadh idir an Eitóp agus an Eirítreach.
Bhí féinchinnteoireacht mar chroílár na coimhlinte idir rialtas na hIodáile agus gluaiseachtaí saoirse na hEiritéire. Le linn an choimhlint, measadh gur cogadh cathartha é ós rud é go raibh an Eiritrea mar chúige de chuid na hEitiopáise.
Ar an gcaoi chéanna, bhí an teannas idir an Eitóp agus gluaiseachtaí scaradh Somáice ag teacht as an gcreideamh Somáice go raibh a gcríoch de chuid Phoblacht na Somáice.
Mar thoradh ar na coinbhleachtaí seo bhí éagobhsaíocht réigiúnach ann.
An bhfuil tú ag léamh?
An Eitópia ag dul i lár na stáitse
Tá an Eitópia ar bhealach athchóirithe ó 1991. Sna blianta idirthréimhseacha tá sé anois mar an tír is mó atá i gceannas go heacnamaíoch sa réigiún. Tá sé seo tar éis a seasamh ceannaireachta a dhaingniú. Is féidir na hathchóirithe polaitiúla atá ar siúl faoi láthair a fheiceáil mar chuid de phróiseas chun ról na hIodáile a athshainiú sa réigiún níos leithne san Afraic Thoir  agus ar an mór-roinn.
Tá an Fhronta Daonlathach Réabhlóideach Daonlathach Poblachta na hIodáile agus an Fhronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden ag plé síochána ó thús na 1990idí. Bhí coimhlint íseal-déine ag gabháil leis na cainteanna neamhthlactha a d'fhág tionchar mór ar an réigiún.
D'fhéadfadh sé sin a bheith ar tí athrú. A bhuíochas le hiarrachtaí athchóirithe Abiy Ahmed, d'fhógair an t-aghaidh sos cogaidh aontaobhach i mí Lúnasa 2018, agus i mí Mheán Fómhair thosaigh cainteanna síochána le rialtas na Etiópe agus síníodh comhaontú síochána. Tá cúis dóchais ann go mairfidh an comhaontú mar gheall ar an cheannaireacht reatha in Addis Ababa.
Tá roinnt torthaí dearfacha ag an gcomhaontú síochána le hEritrea cheana féin a d'fhéadfadh cur le cobhsaíocht réigiúnach.
Tá an Príomh-Aire Abiy Ahmed agus an tUachtarán Isaias Afwerki tar éis bualadh le chéile arís agus arís eile chun fianaise nithiúil a fhógairt ar an gcomhaontú síochána. D'fháiltigh Abiy óstáil a chuid comhghleacaithe Eritrea agus Somáice chun naisc réigiúnacha a dhaingniú.


Here, we’ll introduce you to the basic business and home theater projector technologies that make up our portable projector lineup, suggest some example uses, and explain some of the features that you might want to consider when purchasing a projector. The operation of today’s business and home theater projector systems is based on receiving an electric signal (either analog or digital) from a data source (computer, VCR, DVD, etc.), transforming the signal into an image, and projecting the image onto a screen. To do this, the signal must first be converted into a digital signal. If sent as analog, it is passed through an analog-to-digital signal converter. The digital signal is now ready to be processed into an image for projection. Currently, there are two technologies used in business and home theater projectors to display images: liquid-crystal display (LCD Projector) and Digital Light Processing (DLP Projector).
For a LCD projector, the digital signal is processed to polysilicon panels. A light source is passed through a series of dichroic mirrors to separate the various color wavelengths and then through the polysilicon panels where activated pixels process the light into a final compiler before projection through the lens and onto the screen.
With a DLP projector, the digital signal is processed to a DMDT chip. The light source is passed through a color wheel and onto the DMDT chip, and is then reflected off the chip through the lens and onto the screen. The introduction of this rather new technology has led to the further miniaturization of business and home theater projector systems.

Anseo, tabharfaimid isteach duit na teicneolaíochtaí bunúsacha tionscóir ceoil gnó agus tíotáileoige a dhéanann suas ár líne tionscóir iniompartha, molfaimid roinnt úsáidí samplacha, agus mínímid cuid de na gnéithe ar mhaith leat a mheas nuair a cheannaíonn tú tionscóir. Tá oibriú córais tionscanta agus córais tionscanta ceoil tí inniu bunaithe ar chomhartha leictreach a fháil (analog nó digiteach) ó fhoinse sonraí (computer, VCR, DVD, etc.). ), ag athrú an tsínéil go íomhá, agus ag léiriú an íomhá ar scáileán. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, ní mór an comhartha a thiontú ar dtús ina chomhartha digiteach. Má chuirtear ar aghaidh é mar analógach, déantar é a thrasnú trí thionadóir comhartha analógach-go-digiteach. Tá an comhartha digiteach réidh anois le próiseáil i ngrianghraf le haghaidh réamhamharc. Faoi láthair, tá dhá theicneolaíocht a úsáidtear i bpróiseálaithe ceamara gnó agus baile chun íomhánna a thaispeáint: taispeáint criostail leachtach (Próiseálaí LCD) agus Próiseáil Solas Digiteach (Próiseálaí DLP).
I gcás tionscóir LCD, déantar an comhartha digiteach a phróiseáil chuig painéil polysilicon. Tá foinse solais a rith trí shraith de scátháin dichroic a scaradh na tonnfhad dathanna éagsúla agus ansin trí na painéil polysilicon áit a phróiseáil piocsaídeacha gníomhachtaithe an solas isteach i gcumasaitheoir deiridh roimh réithe tríd an lionsa agus ar an scáileán.
Le tionscóir DLP, déantar an comhartha digiteach a phróiseáil chuig sliseanna DMDT. Tá an foinse solais a rith trí roth dath agus ar an sliseanna DMDT, agus ansin a léirítear as an sliseanna tríd an lionsa agus ar an scáileán. Mar thoradh ar an teicneolaíocht nua seo a thabhairt isteach, tá níos mó córas tionscanta ceamaraí ceamara gnó agus baile a mhion-mhínithe.


Bilal is sometimes referred to as Bilal Al-Habashi paying tribute to his Ethiopian (Abyssinian) heritage. The Sahabi (companion) Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA) was one of the men closest to Prophet Muhammad.
He began life as a slave, survived many tortuous years, was the first person to be selected for the call to prayer (Azan) because of his melodious voice, stood fast in the service of Islam and died at the age of sixty four.
Time and time again the story of Bilal is used to demonstrate how the concepts of pluralism and racial equality are imbedded in Islam.
Bilal was born into slavery; his mother was a slave in the household of Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Bilal had a reputation for being a faithful hardworking slave and we can surmise that he had no illusions about life. He probably thought that he would live a life of drudgery and die never having tasted freedom.
He did however walk the earth at a very significant time in world history. It was the dawning of Islam and an unlettered man was calling the people to worship One God; in Arabic, Ahad, the One. Bilal’s master was one of the leaders of Quraish, thus Bilal was able to hear their opinions about life in Mecca and their discussions about Prophet Muhammad.
The economic life of Mecca was dependent on idol worship and Prophet Muhammad’s teachings threatened to destroy that livelihood. Prophet Muhammad was also from the tribe of Quraish and the people could not help but recognise his integrity.
Bilal heard the discussions going back and forth and no doubt decided that a message of mercy, forgiveness and justice was a light and a hope worth clinging to. Bilal declared his acceptance of the message of Islam and his life or drudgery and abuse turned into a nightmare of pain.
Bilal was attracted to the concept of One God, Ahad and it was that word that essentially saved his life.
Biographer Ibn Ishaq informs us that Bilal suffered terribly for his immediate acceptance of Muhammad’s message of Islam. He was beaten mercilessly, dragged by his neck around the hills of Mecca and made to suffer long periods of starvation and thirst under the scorching Meccan sun.
Ibn Ishaq wrote that Bilal’s master Umayyah ibn Khalaf, “…would bring him out at the hottest part of the day and throw him on his back in the open valley and have a great rock put on his chest; then he would say to him, ‘You will stay here until you die or deny Muhammad and worship Al-Lat and Al-Uzza”. Bilal would not renounce Islam and uttered only one word – Ahad.
The news of this slave came to companions of the Prophet who informed the Messenger of Allah. The Prophet sent Sayyidina Abu Bakr (RA) to negotiate the emancipation of Bilal.
Abu Bakr Siddiq visited Umayyah and his people while they were torturing Bilal. Abu Bakr shouted to them:
“Are you killing a man because he says, ‘Allah is my Lord?’ ”
Then Abu Bakr shouted at Umayah ibn Khalaf, master of Bilal,
” Take more than his price and free him. “
Umayyah liked the offer of Abu Bakr because he thought that the sale of Bilal to Abu Bakr brought him more than the death of his servant.
Umayyah sold Bilal to Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr immediately emancipated Bilal and Bilal took his place among the free men. When Abu Bakr Siddiq passed his arm around Bilal, rushing with him to freedom, Umayah said to him:
“If you had refused to buy it with the exception of an ounce of gold, I would have sold it to you.”
Abu Bakr realised that it was appropriate not to answer, but because they violated the dignity of this man who had become his brother and his equal, he replied to Umayah saying:
“By Allah, if you had refused to sell him, within a hundred ounces, I would have paid it.”
Then Abu Bakr left with his Bilal to the Messenger of Allah, giving him news of his release and a big feast was held. Bilal (R.A.) became one of the most faithful and loyal companion of the Prophet (SAW).
– a brief and fascinating life-story of Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), an Afro-Arab companion of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
Photo: Map of Africa ornate with ethnic fabrics

Tagraítear do Bilal uaireanta mar Bilal Al-Habashi ag tabhairt ómós dá oidhreacht Éitióp (Abyssinian). Bhí an Sahabi (comhráite) Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA) ar cheann de na fir is gaire don Prophet Muhammad.
Thosaigh sé ar shaol mar sclábhaí, mhair sé blianta tortuous go leor, ba é an chéad duine a roghnaíodh don glao ar an urnaí (Azan) mar gheall ar a ghuth melodious, sheas sé go daingean i seirbhís an Ioslam agus fuair sé bás ag aois a sé déag a ceathair.
Uair agus arís eile úsáidtear scéal Bilal chun a thaispeáint conas a bhfuil coincheapa ilchultúir agus comhionannas ciníoch i nIoslam.
Rugadh Bilal i sclábhaíocht; bhí a mháthair ina sclábhaí i dteaghlach Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Bhí cáil ar Bilal mar sclábhaí dícheallach dílis agus is féidir linn a thuiscint nach raibh aon illúis aige faoin saol. Is dócha gur cheap sé go mbeadh sé ag maireachtáil ar shaol an chraobh agus go bhfaigheadh sé bás gan smacht a fháil ar shaoirse.
Mar sin féin, shiúil sé ar an talamh ag am an-tábhachtach i stair an domhain. Bhí sé an dawn of Ioslam agus fear unliterate bhí ag glaoch ar na daoine a adhradh Dia amháin; i Araibis, Ahad, an Ceann. Bhí máistir Bilal ar cheann de cheannairí na Quraish, agus mar sin bhí Bilal in ann a gcuid tuairimí faoi shaol i Mecca agus a gcuid plé faoi Prophet Muhammad a chloisteáil.
Bhí saol eacnamaíoch Mecca ag brath ar adhradh idols agus Prophet Muhammad's teagasc bagairt a scriosadh an t-oideachas. Bhí Prophet Muhammad freisin ó threibh na Quraish agus ní fhéadfadh na daoine ach a aithint a ionracas.
Chuala Bilal na pléanna ag dul ar ais agus ar aghaidh agus gan amhras chinn sé gur léargas agus dóchas a bhí ann a bhí ina theachtaireacht trócaire, maithiúnas agus ceartais. Bilal dhearbhaigh sé a glacadh leis an teachtaireacht na hIoslamach agus a shaol nó drudgery agus mí-úsáid a thiontú i nightmare pian.
Bhí Bilal tarraingthe ag an gcoincheap de One God, Ahad agus bhí sé an focal go bunúsach a shábháil a shaol.
Tá an t-eolaí Ibn Ishaq ag insint dúinn go raibh fulaingt uafásach ag Bilal as glacadh láithreach le teachtaireacht Muhammad ar Ioslam. Bhí sé a bhualadh gan trócaire, a tharraingt ag a muineál ar fud na cnoic Mecca agus a rinne a fhulaingt tréimhsí fada de ocras agus tart faoi na scorching Meccan ghrian.
Scríobh Ibn Ishaq go raibh máistir Bilal Umayyah ibn Khalaf,  ... ag tabhairt amach é ag an chuid is teo den lá agus é a chaitheamh ar a chúl sa ghleann oscailte agus carraig mhór a chur ar a chroí; ansin déarfadh sé leis,  Fanfaidh tú anseo go dtí go bhfaighidh tú bás nó go ndéanfaidh tú é a dhiúltú Muhammad agus go n-urramófar Al-Lat agus Al-Uzza. Ní bheadh Bilal a dhiúltú Ioslam agus uttered ach focal amháin  Ahad.
Tháinig an scéal seo an seirbhíseach do chairde an Prophet a d'inis an Messenger de Allah. Chuir an Prophet Sayyidina Abu Bakr (RA) chun idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh ar shaoirse Bilal.
Thug Abu Bakr Siddiq cuairt ar Umayyah agus a mhuintir agus iad ag tortú Bilal. Abu Bakr ghlaoigh orthu:
 An bhfuil tú ag mharú fear toisc go deir sé,  Allah is mo Thiarna?
Ansin Abu Bakr ghlaoigh ar Umayah ibn Khalaf, máistir Bilal,
 Glac níos mó ná a phraghas agus saoradh é.
Chuaigh Umayyah tairiscint Abu Bakr mar cheap sé go raibh díol Bilal do Abu Bakr a thug dó níos mó ná bás a sheirbhíseach.
D' dhíol Umayyah Bilal le Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr éancipated Bilal láithreach agus Bilal ghlac a áit i measc na fir saor in aisce. Nuair a chuir Abu Bakr Siddiq a lámh timpeall ar Bilal, ag rith leis go saor, dúirt Umayah leis:
 Má dhiúltaigh tú é a cheannach ach amháin unsa óir, bheadh mé a dhíol sé duit.
Thuig Abu Bakr go raibh sé oiriúnach gan freagra a thabhairt, ach toisc gur sháraigh siad dínit an duine seo a bhí ina dheartháir agus ina chomhionann, d'fhreagair sé Umayah ag rá:
By Allah, má bhí tú dhiúltaigh a dhíol dó, laistigh de céad unsaí, bheadh mé a íoc é.
Ansin d'fhág Abu Bakr lena Bilal chuig Messenger Allah, ag tabhairt dó na nuacht a scaoileadh agus bhí féile mór ar siúl. Bhí Bilal (R.A.) ar cheann de na comhghleacaithe is dílis agus is dílis don Prophet (SAW).
 scéal-saoil ghearr agus suimiúil de Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), comhghleacaithe Afro-Arab an Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
Grianghraf: Léarscáil na hAfraice ornáide le fabraicí eitneacha


Varicose veins and spider veins may seem like interchangeable terms for the same thing, but that couldn’t be further from the truth. Here’s the low-down on the causes, symptoms and treatments for both varicose veins and spider veins. Spider veins are the less serious of the two and are seen as small discoloured veins that have a spider-web like appearance typically on the legs. These veins rarely cause problems with pain and can be left untreated. In contrast, varicose veins occur due to faulty values in veins of the legs. Blood is able to therefore flow in the wrong direction causing bulging veins, which appear blue and purple. These veins can cause problems of pain, numbness in the legs and in some cases, leg ulcers.
- Created on .

D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh veins varicose agus veins spider cosúil le téarmaí in-athshó do an rud céanna, ach ní fhéadfaí a bheith níos faide ón bhfírinne. Seo an t-eolas faoi na cúiseanna, na hairíonna agus na cóireálacha do veins varicose agus veins spider. Is iad na veins spider an ceann is lú tromchúisí den dá cheann agus feictear iad mar veins beaga athchraolta a bhfuil cuma cosúil le gréasáin spider acu de ghnáth ar na cosa. Is annamh a bhíonn fadhbanna pian ag na fíocháin seo agus is féidir iad a fhágáil gan chóireáil. Ar a mhalairt, tarlaíonn veins varicose mar gheall ar luachanna earráideacha i veins na cosa. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir le fuil a sreabhadh sa treo mícheart ag cruthú fíocháin bhuamála, a bhfuil cuma gorm agus purpúrtha orthu. Is féidir le na fíocháin seo fadhbanna pian, numbness sna cosa agus i gcásanna áirithe, ulcers cosa a chur faoi deara.
- Cruthaithe ar .


A three-dimensional Bouguer gravity map of the Chicxulub Crater. Petroleum exploration boreholes (C1, S1, and Y6) penetrated the crater structure, which is buried several hundred meters below the surface of the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. The Yucatán-6 (Y6) borehole is the discovery hole where Kring and others found shocked quartz and other evidence of impact origin. That discovery prompted the drilling of the Yaxcopoil-1 (Yax-1) borehole, which was the first scientific borehole drilled into the structure by the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) in 2001-2002. As described in the current Science paper, data from that drilling project, when integrated with other K-Pg boundary analyses from around the world, provide a strong link between the Chicxulub impact crater and a mass extinction event 65 million years ago. Proposals to drill into other portions of the immense structure are pending with the ICDP and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.
Credit: David A. Kring
Viewed: 391 times

Léarscáil thrí-thaobhach Bouguer ar chraic Chicxulub. Thit tochailtí iniúchta peitriliam (C1, S1 agus Y6) isteach sa struchtúr crater, atá curtha roinnt céad méadar faoi dhromchla an Iacatain Mheicsiceo. Is é an tollán báire Yucatán-6 (Y6) an tollán fionnachtana áit a bhfuair Kring agus daoine eile cearnach shocked agus fianaise eile ar thionscnamh tionchair. Chuir an fionnachtanas sin le tobar Yaxcopoil-1 (Yax-1) a phollú, a bhí mar an chéad tobar eolaíoch a pholl an struchtúr ag an gClár Idirnáisiúnta Tobar Continental (ICDP) i 2001-2002. Mar a thuairiscítear sa pháipéar eolaíochta reatha, soláthraíonn sonraí ón tionscadal tochailte sin, nuair a chomhtháthú le anailíseanna teorann K-Pg eile ó gach cearn den domhan, nasc láidir idir an crater tionchair Chicxulub agus imeacht eascraíochta mais 65 milliún bliain ó shin. Tá tograí chun drileadh i gcodanna eile den struchtúr ollmhór ag fanacht leis an ICDP agus leis an gClár Tiomána Comhtháite Aigéin.
Creidiúint: David A. Kring
Féach: 391 uair


Color Gene Pair
Pattern Gene Pair
Tan Points and White Markings
Aussie 16 Basic Color Combinations Chart
Lee Greywolf Lopez
Aussie colors and markings come in an amazing variety of combinations but are really only made up of two gene pairs.
The first gene pair controls which colour an Aussie will be and they are either black or red.
The second gene pair controls the pattern and whether the coat will be solid or merle. We'll talk about this gene pair later, but first...
In the gene pair that controls colour the black is dominant and is denoted by a B. The recessive red is denoted by a b.
This means that there are three possible combinations that an Australian Shepherd could inherit. They could be BB, Bb or bb.
When the inherited gene pairs are the same such as BB or bb this is referred to as homozygous as they have the same gene on each chromosome. In a case where Bb is inherited and we have a different gene on each chromosome it is called heterozygous.
So, a dog with BB has two genes that are dominant for black. They will be black and will only produce puppies that are also black. Since it only has dominant genes to give its puppies would all inherit the dominant B gene and would be black even if mated to a bb.
An Australian Shepherd with the Bb gene pair is a black dog but it carries the recessive b gene for the red color. These dogs are called red carriers or red factored. If bred with a BB this dog would produce puppies that were all black. Some of the puppies would be BB while some could be Bb and also carry the recessive red gene.
If a Bb were crossed with another Bb they could have BB (black), Bb (black) and bb (red) puppies. If bred with a bb (red) there could be either Bb (black) or bb (red) puppies born.
So, if a bb were crossed with another bb then only red bb puppies would result.
Once you see how this inheritance works its fairly easy to determine what the chances are of different colored puppies being born in a litter.
Australian Shepherd coat patterns come in solid and merle. Merle is the mottled blend of the dog's color (black or red) to a near white or white.
Merle is the dominant gene while solid is recessive. Merle is represented by an M while solid is shown as m. As with the color gene pairs there are three possible pairings - MM, Mm and mm.
The homozygous MM combination is of particular concern. This pair comes as a result of breeding two Aussies with the merle pattern. This "double merle" combination is often referred to as "lethal white".
Having two merle genes results in puppies that have excessive white in their coats. This is much more serious than a cosmetic concern about appearance. The lack of pigment around the ears and eyes results in severe defects that can render the dog permanently deaf, blind or both. This is why you should not breed merles with merles.
For more information about "lethal white merles" read our in-depth article here.
If a dog with the MM gene pair were bred with a heterozygous merle Mm it would result in more MM homozygous merles as well as Mm heterozygous merles. However, because the merle gene is dominant they could never produce solid offspring.
In the case of a Mm heterozygous merle breeding with another Mm merle the puppies could be MM homozygous merles, Mm heterozygous merles or mm solid color.
Finally we have the mm solid dog. When crossed with a homozygous MM it would result in heterozygous merles Mm only. Breeding with a heterozygous Mm merle would produce merle Mm and solid mm puppies. If crossed with another solid mm dog only solid mm puppies would result.
Common to the Australian Shepherd are tan points that appear in many variations from a rich copper to a lighter cream color. Tan points also cover a range of areas from the "shepherd's spots" above the eyes, the muzzle and cheeks as well as front legs, hind legs and feet.
In cases where the tan points are diminished the spot uder the tail can be an indicator that the dog has inherited tan markings. Sometimes this is the only location that the tan coloring is in evidence.
Puppies can be born will no tan markings except in that one spot under the tail and then develop them in other areas as time goes by. This spot may be the only way to tell if a bicolor is really a tricolor.
The Irish spotting gene influences white blazes, collars, legs and feet. Plus and minus modifiers act further to change the amount of white that appears. This can result in more white appearing than is acceptable under breed standards. Excessive white is grounds for disqualification from the conformation ring.
The Piebald gene is another gene that governs white areas and can be responsible for white spots or patches appearing on the body. Sometimes this modification is so extreme as to make the dog appear to be a homozygous merle.
In order to discourage breeding dogs with excessive white and the attendant health risks breed standards set limits on acceptable areas of white coverage. White collars that extend into the body beyond the withers and white patches on the body are to be avoided.
The following illustrated Austalian Shepherd coat color combinations chart shows you the basic 16 possibilities. These combinations are the most common accounting for colors (red or black), coat pattern (solid or merle) and the degree of tan points and white markings.
For further reading:
Color FAQ on ASHGI for the Australian Shepherd
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Páir Gine Dath
Páire Gine Pattern
Pointí Tan agus Mórúcháin Bán
Cláir Chombinations Bunúsach Dath Aussie 16
Lee Greywolf Lopez
Tá cuma iontach éagsúla ar na dathanna agus ar na marcálacha atá ag na hOstaire ach níl ach dhá péire géine acu i ndáiríre.
Déanann an chéad péire géin rialú ar an dath a bheidh ag an Aussie agus tá siad dubh nó dearg.
Déanann an dara péire géine rialú ar an bpatrún agus ar an gcod a bheidh sé soladach nó merle. Labharfaimid faoi na géine páire níos déanaí, ach ar dtús...
Sa péire géin a rialaíonn dath tá an dubh ceannasach agus déantar é a léiriú le B. Léirítear an dearg reisiúnach le b.
Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil trí chomhcheangal féideartha ann a d'fhéadfadh Cuanra na hAstráile a oidhreacht. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith BB, Bb nó bb.
Nuair a bhíonn na péirí géine a oireann mar an gcéanna mar BB nó bb, tugtar homozygous air seo mar go bhfuil an géin chéanna acu ar gach crómasóim. I gcás ina bhfuil Bb oidhreachtúil agus go bhfuil géin dhifriúil againn ar gach crómasóim, glaoitear air heterozygous.
Mar sin, tá dhá ghine ag madra le BB atá ceannasach don dubh. Beidh siad dubh agus ní bheidh siad ach a tháirgeadh cuileoga atá dubh freisin. Ós rud é nach bhfuil ach géiní ceannasacha aige chun a madraí a thabhairt go dtabharfadh gach duine an géin B ceannasach agus go mbeadh siad dubh fiú má phósadh iad le bb.
Is madra dubh é an Cuan Oileáin le péire géine Bb ach tá an géin b recessive aige don dath dearg. Tugtar iompróirí dearga nó fachtóir dearg ar na madraí seo. Má bhí sé ar an gcineál seo le BB, bheadh na cuileoga go léir dubh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuid de na cuileoga BB agus d'fhéadfadh cuid eile a bheith Bb agus an géin dearg reisiúnach a iompar freisin.
Má bhí Bb trasna le Bb eile d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith BB (dubh), Bb (dubh) agus bb (dearg) madraí. Má tá sé pósta le bb (dearg) d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh piobair Bb (dubh) nó bb (dearg) rugadh.
Mar sin, má bhí BB trasna le BB eile ansin ach red BB puppies a bheith mar thoradh.
Nuair a fheiceann tú conas a oibríonn an oidhreacht tá sé sách éasca a chinneadh cad iad na seansanna a bhfuil cailíní datha éagsúla a rugadh i litre.
Tá patrún cóta Shepherd na hAstráile i dtonn agus i merle. Is é Merle an meascán mottled de dhath an madra (dubh nó dearg) go bán nó bán gar.
Is é Merle an géin cheannasach agus is é an géin soladach an géin choimeádach. Léirítear Merle le M agus léirítear soladach mar m. Cosúil leis na péirí géine dathanna tá trí phéireáil féideartha ann - MM, Mm agus mm.
Tá imní ar leith ar an gcomhcheangal homozygous MM. Tagann an péire seo mar thoradh ar dhá Aussies a chothú leis an bpatrún merle. Is minic a thugtar "bán marfach" ar an meascán "merle dúbailte" seo.
Mar thoradh ar dhá ghine merle a bheith acu, bíonn buachaillí a bhfuil iomarca bán ina gcuid cóta. Tá sé seo i bhfad níos tromchúisí ná imní cosmaideach faoi chuma. Mar thoradh ar an easpa píogmáint timpeall na gcluasa agus na súl, bíonn míchompord tromchúiseach ann a d'fhéadfadh an madra a dhéanamh bodhar, dall nó an dá rud go buan. Sin an fáth nár chóir duit a breed Merles le Merles.
Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoi "merles bán marfach" léigh ár n-alt domhain anseo.
Má dhéantar madra a bhfuil an péire géin MM a chothú le merle heterozygous Mm bheadh níos mó merles homozygous MM mar thoradh air chomh maith le merles heterozygous Mm. Mar sin féin, toisc go bhfuil an géin merle ceannasach ní fhéadfaí tar éis a tháirgeadh sliocht soladach.
I gcás merle heterozygous Mm a chónaíonn le merle Mm eile d'fhéadfadh na cuileoga a bheith mar merles homozygous MM, merles heterozygous Mm nó dath soladach mm.
Faoi dheireadh tá an madra mm soladach againn. Nuair a thraslódh sé le MM homozygous bheadh merles heterozygous Mm amháin mar thoradh air. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord. Má thrasnaíonn tú le madra eile MM soladach ní bheadh ach madraí MM soladach mar thoradh air.
Tá pointí tan coitianta ag an Shepherd Astráilis a léiríonn go leor athruithe ó chraiceann cóipéir go dath uachtar níos éadroime. Clúdaíonn pointí tan raon limistéar freisin ó na "spots pearsan" os cionn na súl, an muzzle agus na gcos chomh maith le cosa tosaigh, cosa cúl agus cosa.
I gcásanna ina bhfuil na pointí tan laghdaithe, is féidir leis an bpointí tan ar an eireaball a léiriú go bhfuil marcanna tan oidhreachta ag an madra. Uaireanta is é seo an t-aon áit a bhfuil an dath tan i bhfianaise.
Is féidir le cuileoga a rugadh ní bheidh aon marcanna tan ach amháin sa láthair amháin faoi an eireaball agus ansin a fhorbairt iad i réimsí eile de réir mar a théann an t-am. B'fhéidir gurb é an t-aon bhealach chun a rá an bhfuil bicolor i ndáiríre tricolor.
Bíonn tionchar ag an ngéin spotting Éireannach ar bhláthanna, collaí, cosa agus cosa. Gníomhaíonn modhnóirí móide agus lúide tuilleadh chun an méid bán a fheictear a athrú. D'fhéadfadh sé seo go mbeadh níos mó bán ag teacht ná mar a ghlacfar leis faoi chaighdeáin an phór. Is cúis é le bheith ró-bheag le haghaidh dícháilithe ó an fáinne cumhdaithe.
Is géin eile é an géin Piebald a rialaíonn limistéir bhána agus is féidir go mbeidh sé freagrach as spotaí nó pataí bána a thagann chun cinn ar an gcomhlacht. Uaireanta bíonn an modhnuithe seo chomh mór sin go bhfuil an madra cosúil le merle homozygous.
D'fhonn coiníní atá ró-bhán agus na rioscaí sláinte a bhaineann leo a dhíspreagadh ó chraiceann a chothú, leagtar síos i gcaighdeáin phór teorainneacha ar limistéir inghlactha clúdach bán. Ní mór collaí bána a shíneann isteach sa chorp thar na coirce agus pataí bána ar an gcorp a sheachaint.
Taispeánann an tábla seo a leanas de chomhcheanglais dathanna cóta Shepherd na hOstaire na 16 fhéidearthacht bhunúsacha. Is iad na teaglaim seo an cuntas is coitianta do dathanna (dearg nó dubh), patrún cóta (dhomhsa nó merle) agus an méid pointí tan agus marcálacha bána.
Le haghaidh tuilleadh léitheoireachta:
Faucet dathanna ar ASHGI don Shepherd Astráilis
An bhfuil Ceisteanna Agat faoi Oiliúint Madraí?
Seiceáil amach na físeáin oiliúna madra tosaigh...
Ba mhaith liom mo mhadra a stopadh ag a bheith ionsaitheach.
Ba mhaith liom cabhair le mo mhadra nua a oiliúint.
Ba mhaith liom mo mhadra chun stop a barking ar gach rud.
Ba mhaith liom mo mhadra chun siúl go deas agus go socair ar an leash.
Faigh Eolas Shepherd na hAstráile, Nuashonruithe ar an suíomh Gréasáin, Tairiscintí Speisialta, agus Cartoon...
Gheobhaidh tú cóip saor in aisce den leabhar
Mo Fhuirgnimh Oiliúna Laethúla
ag an oiliúnóir madraí gairmiúil Daniel Abdelnoor, "Doggy Dan"


Shooting for the stars will first require a lot of down-to-Earth elbow grease, as NASA's new 100-Year Starship project illustrates. The effort, to journey between stars in the 2100s, began with a workshop and now is in the study phase.
NASA's Ames Research Center and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) are collaborating on the $1 million 100-Year Starship Study, an effort to take the first step in the next era of space exploration.
The study will scrutinize the business model needed to develop and mature technologies needed to enable long-haul human space treks a century from now. Kick-started by a strategic planning workshop in January, the project has brought together more than two dozen farsighted futurists, NASA specialists, science fiction writers, foundation aficionados and educators.
But for the moment, put aside all those Vulcan mind melds and get a grip. Launching a truly interstellar human voyage is a goal that will require sustained investments of intellectual and financial capital from a variety of sources.
"The year-long study aims to develop a construct that will incentivize and facilitate private co-investment to ensure continuity of the lengthy technological time horizon needed," according to DARPA thinkers.
Dave Neyland, director of DARPA’s Tactical Technology Office, said that the 100-Year Starship name was chosen because it would require a long-range sustainable effort to get our species to other stars.
"Looking at history, most significant exploration, like crossing oceans or continents for the first time, was sponsored by patrons or groups outside of government," Neyland said in a DARPA statement. [Video: Warp Drive and Wormholes]
Neyland said that the focus of the endeavor is to identify a mechanism that gets such a long-range project "out of the government, and make sure it is an energized and self-sustaining enterprise."
The mission of the workshop was to steer efforts to develop a business model, establish a charter and develop the organizational construct needed to affect a long-term strategy. Over the course of two days, participants met and thrashed out the requirements for seeding research that would enable interstellar flight. Planning is underway for follow on-activities, with the study scheduled for completion by the end of 2011.
The long-haul starship plan
One participant in the workshop was former NASA scientist Marc Millis, a leading authority on breakthrough propulsion physics concepts that might make interstellar hops a doable proposition.
"The meeting and the DARPA funding is about creating an organization that could last for 100-years, rather than about the technological and sociological advancements necessary toeventually create starships," Millis said. "In fact, the funding is not allowed to be spent on any research or educational activities related to interstellar flight, but instead can only be used to define that organization. As much as I really like the name, '100-year starship,' this study should instead be called the '100-year organization study.'"
Millis pointed out that the overall goal of the organization is to sustain research that will lead to the creation of a starship in roughly 100-years, and to inspire students along the way. By asking “why-what-how,” it was hoped to flesh out some substance to define that organization, he said.
An interstellar challenge
"I find this new initiative to be more of a self-serving earmark using good-old-boy networking," Millis told SPACE.com of the study.
He said leaders of the new study need to first consider what other organizations have done in the past and are now accomplishing, such as the Tau Zero Foundation, the British Interplanetary Society and The Planetary Society.
Millis said that, as head of the Tau Zero Foundation, he picked the topic of interstellar flight "to seek game-changing advancements beyond what others even contemplate and to operate beyond the entrapments of all the competition and legacy constraints of nearer-Earth space activities. And now those entrapments are encroaching into the progress being made on interstellar flight."
"I challenge DARPA/Ames to a fair and open competition," Millis said. "If given the same amount of funding, labor, and time, let’s see who can make more progress toward the real challenges of interstellar flight!" [Vote: The Greatest Space Innovators of the 21st Century]
Another workshop attendee was Harry Kloor, an author, scientist and science technology consultant whose has written for "Star Trek: Voyager." Kloor said there should be no rush for the project, but that its aim should be true.
"There are a lot of steps between now and then," Kloor told SPACE.com. "Nobody came forward with the idea that we won’t be trying to reach for the stars. If you don’t aim for it, how are you ever going to hit the target?"
Kloor’s crystal ball calls for unforeseen breakthroughs … be they in medicine, communications, lifespan extension, radiation survival, data transport, even energy generation.
"Also, I’m banking on within five years, 10 years at the most, that we will find nearby, say within 20 light-years, an Earth-like planet."
Given such an eye-opening discovery, Kloor said that public consciousness will change. By finding such a nearby habitable world, humanity could then start to envisage the feasibility of a stellar trek.
"It will be the same as when people were imagining what’s on the other side of our world," Kloor said.
Kloor considers interstellar space travel a necessity.
"If we don’t eventually spread out – I’m not saying tomorrow or even 100 years – but if we don’t get off planet it is inevitable that we would go extinct, just like the dinosaurs," Kloor said. "Either a natural or unnatural event will occur that will wipe us out."
In terms of the recent 100-Year Starship study strategic planning workshop, Kloor saw the gathering as laying the seeds of future efforts that could lead to something.
"The point of the workshop," Kloor concluded, "was to start the conversation moving forward."
Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines and has written for SPACE.com since 1999.

Chun na réaltaí a lámhach, beidh go leor saill chois ag teastáil ar dtús, mar a léiríonn tionscadal nua Starship 100 Bliain NASA. Thosaigh an iarracht, taisteal idir réaltaí sna 2100í le ceardlann agus tá sé anois sa chéim staidéir.
Tá Ionad Taighde Ames NASA agus an Gníomhaireacht Tionscadal Taighde Ard-Aoisigh Cosanta (DARPA) ag comhoibriú ar an Staidéar 100 Bliain Starship $ 1 milliún, iarracht an chéad chéim a ghlacadh sa chéad ré eile de shaothrú spáis.
Déanfaidh an staidéar scrúdú ar an tsamhail ghnó is gá chun na teicneolaíochtaí is gá a fhorbairt agus a aibíochtú chun trekking spás daonna fadréasúnta a chumasú céad bliain ó seo. Tosaíodh leis an tionscadal ag ceardlann pleanála straitéiseacha i mí Eanáir, agus tá níos mó ná dhá dhosaen futurist réamhtheachtach, speisialtóirí NASA, scríbhneoirí ficsean eolaíochta, lucht leanúna bunaíochta agus oideachasóirí tar éis teacht le chéile.
Ach don nóiméad, a chur ar leataobh go léir na Vulcan intinn melds agus a fháil greim. Is sprioc é turas daonna idirréalta a sheoladh a éilíonn infheistíochtaí leanúnacha caipitil intleachtúil agus airgeadais ó fhoinsí éagsúla.
"Tá sé mar aidhm ag an staidéar bliana-le fada tógáil a fhorbairt a spreagfaidh agus a éascóidh comh-infheistíocht phríobháideach chun leanúnachas an ama réamhamhairc theicneolaíoch fada a theastaíonn a chinntiú", de réir smaointeoirí DARPA.
Dúirt Dave Neyland, stiúrthóir Oifig Teicneolaíochta Taicteach DARPA, gur roghnaíodh an t-ainm Starship 100 Bliain toisc go mbeadh iarracht inbhuanaithe fadtéarmach ag teastáil chun ár speiceas a fháil chuig réaltaí eile.
"Má fhéachann muid ar stair, bhí na taiscéalaithe is suntasaí, cosúil le farraige nó mór-roinn a thrasnú den chéad uair, urraithe ag cuairteoirí nó grúpaí lasmuigh den rialtas", a dúirt Neyland i ráiteas DARPA. [Vídeo: Tiomáint Warp agus Wormholes]
Dúirt Neyland go bhfuil fócas an iarrachta ar mheicníocht a aithint a fhaigheann tionscadal fadtéarmach den sórt sin "ar an rialtas, agus a chinntiú go bhfuil sé ina fhiontar fuinniúil agus féin-inbhuanaithe".
Ba é misean an cheardlann iarrachtaí a stiúradh chun samhail ghnó a fhorbairt, cairt a bhunú agus an struchtúr eagraíochta a fhorbairt a theastaíonn chun straitéis fhadtéarmach a chur i bhfeidhm. Le linn dhá lá, bhuail rannpháirtithe agus bhuail siad amach na riachtanais le haghaidh taighde síolta a chuirfeadh eitilt idirréalta in ann. Tá pleanáil á dhéanamh le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí leantacha, agus tá sé beartaithe an staidéar a chríochnú faoi dheireadh 2011.
An plean réalta fada-thalamh
Bhí Marc Millis, iar-eolaí de chuid NASA, ina dhuine is mó a ghlac páirt sa cheardlann, agus is údarás é i bpeirspictíochtaí fiosaice tiomána a d'fhéadfadh hops idirthréadacha a dhéanamh ina thogra inrochtana.
"Tá an cruinniú agus maoiniú DARPA mar gheall ar eagraíocht a chruthú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann ar feadh 100 bliain, seachas na dul chun cinn teicneolaíocha agus socheolaíocha is gá chun spásárthaí a chruthú sa deireadh", a dúirt Millis. "Go deimhin, ní cheadaítear an maoiniú a chaitheamh ar aon ghníomhaíochtaí taighde nó oideachais a bhaineann le eitilt idirréalta, ach ina ionad sin ní féidir é a úsáid ach chun an eagraíocht sin a shainiú. Cé gur maith liom an t-ainm 'Starship 100 bliain,' ba cheart an staidéar seo a ghlaoch 'stúideo eagraíochta 100 bliain.'"
Chuir Millis in iúl gurb é sprioc foriomlán na heagraíochta taighde a chothú a thiocfaidh le cruthú spásárthach i thart ar 100 bliain, agus mic léinn a spreagadh ar an mbealach. Trí iarraidh "cad chuige-cad-cé mar", bhí súil ann go mbeadh sé de bhunadh chun an eagraíocht sin a shainiú, a dúirt sé.
D'fhulaing sé dúshlán idir réalta
"Féachann mé go bhfuil an tionscnamh nua seo níos mó de earmark féin-chabhrach ag baint úsáide as líonraíocht sean-bhuachaill maith", a dúirt Millis le SPACE.com faoin staidéar.
Dúirt sé gur gá do cheannairí an staidéir nua smaoineamh ar dtús ar na heagraíochtaí eile a rinne siad san am atá caite agus atá á gcur i gcrích anois, mar an Tau Zero Foundation, an British Interplanetary Society agus The Planetary Society.
Dúirt Millis, mar cheann de Bhunachar Tau Zero, gur roghnaigh sé an téama eitilte idirthréadaigh "chun dul chun cinn a athrú an chluiche a lorg thar a bhfuil daoine eile ag smaoineamh air agus chun oibriú thar na gaoithe de na hiomaíochtaí agus na srianta oidhreachta de ghníomhaíochtaí spáis níos gaire don Domhan. Agus anois tá na trapings ag cur isteach ar an dul chun cinn atá á dhéanamh ar eitilt idirréalta. "
"Tá dúshlán agam ar DARPA/Ames chun comórtas cothrom agus oscailte a dhéanamh", a dúirt Millis. "Má thugtar an méid céanna maoinithe, saothair, agus ama, lig dúinn a fheiceáil cé is féidir a dhéanamh níos mó dul chun cinn i dtreo na dúshláin fíor na eitilt idirréalta!" [Vótáil: Na Nuálaithe Spáis is Mó den 21ú haois]
Bhí Harry Kloor, údar, eolaí agus comhairleoir teicneolaíochta eolaíochta a scríobh do "Star Trek: Voyager" ina rannpháirtí eile san ollscoil. Dúirt Kloor nár cheart go mbeadh aon luas ar an tionscadal, ach gur cheart go mbeadh a sprioc fíor.
"Tá go leor céimeanna idir anois agus ansin", a dúirt Kloor le SPACE.com. "Níor tháinig aon duine amach leis an smaoineamh nach mbeidh muid ag iarraidh teacht ar na réaltaí. Mura ndéanann tú aidhm air, conas a bhuailfidh tú an sprioc riamh?"
Cloíonn bolg criostail Kloor le breacadh gan choinne ... bíodh siad i leigheas, cumarsáid, síneadh saoil, maireachtáil radaíochta, iompar sonraí, fiú giniúint fuinnimh.
"Agus, tá mé ag brath go mbeidh, laistigh de chúig bliana, 10 bliain ar a mhéad, go bhfaighidh muid, a rá laistigh de 20 bliain solais, pláinéad cosúil leis an Domhan".
Ag féachaint do fhionnachtanas osclaithe súl den sórt sin, dúirt Kloor go n-athróidh an comhfhios poiblí. Trí domhan ináitithe chomh in aice láimhe sin a aimsiú, d'fhéadfadh an chine daonna tús a chur leis an indéantacht a bhaineann le turas réalta.
"Beidh sé mar an gcéanna le nuair a bhí daoine ag samhlú cad atá ar an taobh eile dár saol", a dúirt Kloor.
Measann Kloor go bhfuil gá le taisteal spáis idir réalta.
"Mura scaipeann muid amach sa deireadh - nílim ag rá amárach nó fiú 100 bliain - ach mura dtéann muid as an bpláinéad is é is féidir a sheachaint go dtiocfaimid chun bheith díothaithe, díreach cosúil leis na dineasáir", a dúirt Kloor. "Beidh aon eachtra nádúrtha nó neamh-nádúrtha a tharlaíonn a scriosfaidh muid".
Maidir leis an seimineár pleanála straitéiseach staidéar 100 Bliain Starship le déanaí, chonaic Kloor an cruinniú mar na síolta d'iarrachtaí sa todhchaí a d'fhéadfadh rud éigin a bheith mar thoradh orthu.
"Ba é cuspóir an cheardlann", a dúirt Kloor, "an comhrá a chur chun cinn".
Tá Leonard David ag tuairisciú ar thionscal na spás ar feadh níos mó ná cúig scór bliain. Is eagarthóir príomh-eagarthóir é roimhe seo ar irisí Ad Astra agus Space World an Chomhlachta Spáis Náisiúnta agus tá sé ag scríobh do SPACE.com ó 1999.


Fungal Disease that Threatens Snakes is Widespread in Eastern U.S.
A fungal disease that is killing snakes in parts of the United States is present in more states than previously documented, according to a U.S. Geological Survey report published today.
USGS scientists and partners detected Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, the fungus that causes snake fungal disease (SFD), in at least 20 states in the eastern U.S., and in numerous snake species not formerly known to harbor the fungus. These findings increase the total number of confirmed susceptible snake species to 30. Snakes affected by SFD include the threatened eastern massasauga rattlesnake.
The report also shows that SFD infections are often mild, but there are unknown factors that cause outbreaks of severe skin disease and death.
“Some snake populations in the eastern and midwestern U.S. could eventually face extinction as a result of SFD,” said Jeff Lorch, a USGS scientist and the lead author of the report. “Our new findings increase our understanding of the geographic extent, species susceptibility and manner of development of this disease. These results will offer important clues regarding how to manage SFD.”
Snakes are valuable because they prey upon pests that damage agricultural crops and rodents that can carry disease, and they serve as food for many other animals. SFD, which first gained attention in the U.S. in 2006, produces thickened skin, ulcers, blisters and emaciation in infected snakes.
From 2009-2015, the scientists examined samples from 82 wild snakes submitted to the USGS National Wildlife Health Center from partners in the eastern U.S. Of the snakes that had skin abnormalities, 76 percent were positive for O. ophiodiicola. These findings suggest that O. ophiodiicola is the predominant fungus associated with skin infections in wild snakes.
The USGS scientists, in collaboration with the Wisconsin and Minnesota Departments of Natural Resources, also captured 206 snakes from Minnesota and Wisconsin during late April to late May in 2013-2015, after the snakes emerged from hibernation. Forty-one percent of the captured snakes had skin lesions similar to those associated with SFD, and almost all of the lesions were relatively mild. Over half of the samples tested from these snakes were positive for the O. ophiodiicola fungus.
“Our findings suggest that O. ophiodiicola most often causes mild, non-lethal skin lesions in snakes, which gives us hope that snakes may be able to clear some infections,” Lorch said. “However, we still need to determine why these mild infections are becoming more severe and fatal in certain areas.”
O. ophiodiicola is not known to affect humans or other animals.
The study is published in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.
For more information about USGS wildlife disease research, please visit the USGS National Wildlife Health Center website. More information about SFD is also available on the USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center website.

Tá Galar Fungais a chuireann Snáithíní i mbaol go forleathan in Oirthear na Stát Aontaithe
Tá galar fungach atá ag maraíocht na n-éan i gcodanna de na Stáit Aontaithe i láthair i níos mó stáit ná mar a bhí i gcuntas roimhe seo, de réir tuarascála ó Chrannscrúdú Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe a foilsíodh inniu.
Fuair eolaithe USGS agus comhpháirtithe Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, an fungas a chuireann galar fungach na n-éan (SFD) i 20 stát ar a laghad in oirthear na Stát Aontaithe, agus i go leor speiceas snag nach raibh ar eolas roimhe seo go raibh an fungas i gcúlra. Mar thoradh ar na torthaí seo, tá 30 speiceas de na nathracha atá inbhuanaithe deimhnithe. I measc na n-iníon a bhfuil SFD orthu tá an rattlesnake eastánach massasauga atá faoi bhagairt.
Léiríonn an tuarascáil freisin go mbíonn ionfhabhtuithe SFD éadrom go minic, ach tá tosca anaithnid ann a chuireann ráigí galar tromchúiseach craicinn agus bás chun cinn.
"D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sléibhte áirithe san oirthear agus sa lárthuaisceart na Stát Aontaithe i mbaol a bheith imithe as an saol mar thoradh ar SFD", a dúirt Jeff Lorch, eolaí USGS agus príomh-údar an tuarascála. Leasaíonn ár bhfillteanais nua ár dtuiscint ar leathnú geografach, ar ionfhabhtacht speiceas agus ar an mbealach a bhforbróidh an galar seo. Beidh na torthaí seo ina leideanna tábhachtacha maidir le conas SFD a bhainistiú.
Tá na nathracha luachmhar toisc go n-éileann siad ar lotnaidí a dhéanann damáiste do thorthaí talmhaíochta agus ar ghruaigeoirí a d'fhéadfadh galar a iompar, agus is bia iad do go leor ainmhithe eile. Tá SFD, a fuair aird ar dtús sna Stáit Aontaithe i 2006, ina chúis le craiceann thiús, ulcers, blisters agus emaciation i nathracha ionfhabhtaithe.
Ó 2009-2015, scrúdaigh na heolaithe samplaí ó 82 nathrach fiáine a cuireadh chuig Ionad Sláinte Fiadhúlra Náisiúnta USGS ó chomhpháirtithe in oirthear na SA. As na nathracha a raibh neamhghnácha craiceann acu, bhí 76 faoin gcéad dearfach do O. ophiodiicola. Tugann na torthaí seo le fios gur O. ophiodiicola an fungais is mó a bhaineann le haignéis chraiceann i nathracha fiáine.
Ghlac eolaithe USGS, i gcomhar le Ranna Acmhainní Nádúrtha Wisconsin agus Minnesota, 206 nathar ó Minnesota agus Wisconsin le linn deireadh mhí Aibreáin go deireadh mhí na Bealtaine i 2013-2015, tar éis na nathracha teacht amach as hibernation. Bhí léachtaí craiceann cosúil leis na cinn a bhaineann le SFD ag 41 faoin gcéad de na nathracha a gabhadh, agus bhí beagnach gach ceann de na léachtaí réasúnta éadrom. Bhí níos mó ná leath na samplaí a rinneadh tástáil orthu ó na nathracha seo dearfach don fheonghas O. ophiodiicola.
'Léiríonn ár bhfillteán go mbíonn O. ophiodiicola ina chúis le léachtaí craiceann éadrom, neamh-mharacha i n-easnamh, rud a thugann dóchas dúinn go bhféadfadh easnaimh a bheith in ann roinnt ionfhabhtuithe a ghlanadh,' a dúirt Lorch. Ar an gcaoi sin féin, ní mór dúinn a chinneadh fós cén fáth go bhfuil na hionfhabhtuithe éadrom seo ag éirí níos déine agus níos marbhtach i gceantair áirithe.
Níl a fhios go ndéanann O. ophiodiicola difear do dhaoine nó do ainmhithe eile.
Foilsíodh an staidéar sa iris Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.
Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi thaighde ar ghalair fiadhúlra USGS, tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh Gréasáin Ionad Sláinte Fiadhúlra Náisiúnta USGS. Tá tuilleadh faisnéise faoi SFD ar fáil freisin ar shuíomh Gréasáin Ionad Taighde Wetland agus Uisce USGS.


Most HTML authors will use one of a fairly small number of Document Type Definitions (DTDs), published by the relevant de jure and de facto standards bodies. These have been designed to reflect current recommended practice and browser support, at the time of publication.
As regular users of HTML and developers of HTML tools, we believe we have identified some minor shortcomings in the main published DTDs. We are pleased to offer an alternative DTD, based on the current W3C recommendation but enhanced for improved accessibility as described below.
In the context of the WWW, a Document Type Definition (DTD) is an SGML document that defines a formal, machine-readable standard for HTML. It determines exactly what is or isn't allowed in HTML, and tells SGML-aware software, such as validators and the more advanced browsers and authoring tools, how to parse an HTML document.
Standard DTDs for HTML and XHTML are published by the IETF, the W3C, and the ISO/IEC. The main HTML specs include:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
The first widely-used public DTD describing HTML as an SGML application.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN//">
HTML 3.0 introduced Tables, figures and mathematical markup, Clientside event handling, and stylesheet support. Note that much of HTML 3.0 has not been preserved in later DTDs. With a supporting browser such as Arena, HTML 3.0 is good for presenting mathematical and scientific documents.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
HTML 3.2 represents HTML as supported by popular browsers in 1996. It introduces a range of presentational elements introduced by Netscape and copied by most other browsers.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN">
HTML 4.0 and 4.01 (which is a bug-fix update on 4.0) has three separate DTDs:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:2000//DTD HTML//EN">
The most recent HTML DTD and formal standard is somewhat similar to W3C's HTML 4 Strict but is significantly stricter in structural enforcement.
It is of course possible for anyone to create a custom DTD. This would typically use a SYSTEM identifier of the form <!DOCTYPE HTML SYSTEM "url.of.DTD">. For more information on creating a custom DTD, please see the WDG's Custom DTD Page.
The aim of the WDG DTD is to promote maximum accessibility and
browser compatibility, without breaking existing technologies.
Our first (and currently only) DTD is
which is designed for maximum back-compatibility, and offers full
support for complementary WWW technologies such as CSS
Stylesheets for presentation and
wdg-compat.dtd is based on the W3C's HTML 4.01 Strict,
with a number of changes:
TBODYelement) has been changed from optional to required. This avoids the risk of triggering stylesheet bugs in a number of browsers. In addition, it improves Netscape 4.x support immensely by avoiding problems with its table support. You can use Code Valet to add all necessary closures in your documents.
BLOCKQUOTE, and the
To use a WDG DTD in your HTML document, you should properly use a SYSTEM identifier, although you can also use our unofficial PUBLIC identifier (as used in this document). The overall structure of your document will be:
<!DOCTYPE HTML SYSTEM "http://www.htmlhelp.org/design/dtd/wdg-compat.dtd"> <html> <head> .... </head> <body> .... </body> </html>
For a Frameset document, you would use:
<!DOCTYPE HTML SYSTEM "http://www.htmlhelp.org/design/dtd/wdg-compat.dtd"> <html> <head> .... </head> <frameset ...> <frame ...>(one or more)
<noframes> <body> .... </body> </noframes> </frameset> </html>
This page is itself a simple example using

Bainfidh an chuid is mó d'údar HTML úsáid as ceann de líon beag sainmhínithe cineálacha doiciméad (DTDanna), a d'fhoilsigh na comhlachtaí caighdeánacha ábhartha de jure agus de facto. Tá na rialacha seo deartha chun an cleachtas molta agus tacaíocht brabhsálaí reatha a léiriú, tráth a foilsithe.
Mar rialta úsáideoirí HTML agus forbróirí uirlisí HTML, creidimid go bhfuil muid a shainaithint roinnt easnaimh bheaga i príomh DTDs foilsithe. Tá áthas orainn DTD eile a thairiscint, bunaithe ar mholadh reatha W3C ach feabhsaithe le haghaidh inrochtaineachta níos fearr mar a thuairiscítear thíos.
I gcomhthéacs an WWW, is éard atá i dTeagmhír Cineál Doiciméad (DTD) ná doiciméad SGML a shainmhíníonn caighdeán foirmiúil, inléite ag meaisín do HTML. Cinntíonn sé go díreach cad atá ceadaithe nó nach bhfuil ceadaithe i HTML, agus insíonn sé do bhogearraí SGML-fhiosach, mar shampla bailíochtaitheoirí agus na brabhsálaithe agus na huirlisí údarúcháin níos airde, conas doiciméad HTML a pharsáil.
Foilsíonn an IETF, an W3C, agus an ISO/IEC DTDanna caighdeánacha do HTML agus XHTML. Áirítear ar na príomh-specificí HTML:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
An chéad DTD poiblí a úsáidtear go forleathan a thuairiscíonn HTML mar fheidhmchlár SGML.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN//">
Tugadh isteach i HTML 3.0 Táblaí, figiúirí agus marcáil mhatamaitice, láimhseáil imeachtaí Cliant, agus tacaíocht do bhille stíleanna. Tabhair faoi deara nach bhfuil cuid mhór de HTML 3.0 caomhnaithe i DTDanna níos déanaí. Le brabhsálaí tacaíochta mar Arena, tá HTML 3.0 go maith le doiciméid matamaiticiúla agus eolaíocha a chur i láthair.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
Léiríonn HTML 3.2 HTML mar a thacaíonn brabhsálaithe tóir i 1996. Cuirtear réimse eilimintí cur i láthair isteach leis a tugadh isteach ag Netscape agus a chóipeáil an chuid is mó de na brabhsálaithe eile.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Idirthréimhseach//EN">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN">
Tá trí DTD ar leithligh ag HTML 4.0 agus 4.01 (ar nuashonrú bug-fix é ar 4.0):
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:2000//DTD HTML//EN">
Tá an DTD HTML is déanaí agus an caighdeán foirmiúil cosúil le HTML 4 Strict W3C ach tá sé i bhfad níos déine i bhforfheidhmiú struchtúrach.
Is féidir le duine ar bith DTD saincheaptha a chruthú, ar ndóigh. Ba cheart go n-úsáidfeadh sé seo aitheantóir SÍSTÉIM den fhoirm <!DOCTYPE HTML SYSTEM "url.of.DTD"> de ghnáth. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise maidir le DTD saincheaptha a chruthú, féach leathanach DTD saincheaptha an WDG.
Is é is aidhm do WDG DTD ná rochtain uasta agus
comhoiriúnacht brabhsálaí, gan teicneolaíochtaí atá ann cheana a bhriseadh.
Is é ár gcéad (agus an t-aon) DTD
atá deartha chun an comhoiriúnacht ar ais is mó a bhaint amach, agus a thairgeann
tacaíocht do theicneolaíochtaí comhlántacha WWW amhail CSS
Leathanaigh Styles le haghaidh cur i láthair agus
Tá wdg-compat.dtd bunaithe ar HTML 4.01 an W3C Strict,
le roinnt athruithe:
Tá an t-ábhar TBODY (a bhfuil an t-ábhar TBODY) athraithe ó rogha go riachtanas. Seachainíonn sé seo an baol go dtarlódh bugs le bileoga stíleanna i roinnt brabhsálaithe. Ina theannta sin, feabhsaíonn sé tacaíocht Netscape 4.x go mór trí fhadhbanna a sheachaint lena thacaíocht tábla. Is féidir leat an Cód Valet a úsáid chun na dúnadh riachtanach go léir a chur le do dhoiciméid.
BLOCKQUOTE, agus an
Chun WDG DTD a úsáid i do dhoiciméad HTML, ba cheart duit aitheantóir SÍSTÉIM a úsáid i gceart, cé gur féidir leat ár aitheantóir PUBLIC neamhoifigiúil a úsáid freisin (mar a úsáidtear sa doiciméad seo). Is é an struchtúr foriomlán atá i do dhoiciméad ná:
<!DOCTYPE HTML SYSTEM "http://www.htmlhelp.org/design/dtd/wdg-compat.dtd"> <html> <head> .... </head> <body> .... </body> </html>
Le haghaidh doiciméad Frameset, ba mhaith leat a úsáid:
<!DOCTYPE HTML SYSTEM "http://www.htmlhelp.org/design/dtd/wdg-compat.dtd"> <html> <head> .... </head> <frameset ...> <frame ...> ((aon cheann nó níos mó)
<noframes> <body> .... </body> </noframes> </frameset> </html>
Is sampla simplí é an leathanach seo féin ag baint úsáide as


Pretty much every Intel processor in existence today comes with a serious vulnerability which, if exploited, could allow hackers access to sensitive information.
Cybersecurity researchers BitDefender say that the flaw itself is similar to what we've seen with Spectre and Meltdown. It's a silicon-level threat which abuses Intel's desire to make the chips as fast as possible. Any chip that supports the SWAPGS system call (allowing the processor to swap between the kernel mode and user mode memory rings) is vulnerable. That includes pretty much anything Intel has built since 2012.
In a statement, Gavin Hill, Vice President, Datacenter and Network Security Products at Bitdefender said: “Criminals with knowledge of these attacks would have the power to uncover the most vital, best-protected information of both companies and private individuals around the world, and the corresponding power to steal, blackmail, sabotage and spy.”
So, what is at stake here? BitDefender claims that hackers could obtain sensitive data like passwords, tokens and private conversations. Those that use a shared computing platform are most at risk. Through a cloud computing provider, for example, hackers could exploit the vulnerability to access credentials and information.
The good news is that there is a fix. The two companies have been developing it for the past year, together with Microsoft and the Linux Foundation, and it's now live. Intel advises users to install the latest security patches from their operating system manufacturer as soon as possible.

Tá an-bhuille le gach próiseálaí Intel atá ann inniu le leochaileacht thromchúiseach a d'fhéadfadh, má dhéantar leas a bhaint as, rochtain a thabhairt do hackers ar fhaisnéis íogair.
Deir taighdeoirí cibearshlándála BitDefender go bhfuil an locht féin cosúil leis an méid a chonaic muid le Spectre agus Meltdown. Is bagairt leibhéal silicon é a dhéanann mí-úsáid ar mhianta Intel na sliseanna a dhéanamh chomh tapa agus is féidir. Tá aon sliseanna a thacaíonn leis an glao córas SWAPGS (a ligeann don phróiseálaí malairt a dhéanamh idir fáinní cuimhne an mhódaí agus an mhódaí úsáideora) leochaileach. Áirítear leis sin rud ar bith a rinne Intel ó 2012 i leith.
I ráiteas, dúirt Gavin Hill, Leas-Uachtarán, Datacenter agus táirgí Slándála Líonra ag Bitdefender: "D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an chumhacht ag coiriúla a bhfuil eolas acu ar na hionsaithe seo faisnéis is ríthábhachtach, is fearr a chosaint a nochtadh de chomhlachtaí agus daoine aonair ar fud an domhain, agus an chumhacht comhfhreagrach chun goid, chantail, sabóideacht agus spy. "
Mar sin, cad atá i gceist anseo? Deir BitDefender go bhféadfadh hackers sonraí íogaire a fháil mar phasfhocail, tocáin agus comhráite príobháideacha. Is iad iad siúd a úsáideann ardán ríomhaireachta roinnte an riosca is mó. Trí sholáthraí ríomhaireachta scamall, mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh hackers an leochaileacht a shaothrú chun creidiúnais agus faisnéis a rochtain.
Is é an dea-scéal go bhfuil réiteach ann. Tá an dá chuideachta ag forbairt é le bliain anuas, in éineacht le Microsoft agus leis an Linux Foundation, agus tá sé beo anois. Molann Intel d'úsáideoirí na pacáistí slándála is déanaí a shuiteáil ó mhonaróir a gcóras oibriúcháin a luaithe is féidir.


Announcer: Vietnam was unknown to most Americans only a few years ago. In 1966, Vietnam was the year’s biggest story. There where other news were the places and events, civil rights, Congress, business and labor, but Vietnam, a war, young men dyeing and questioning world opinion dominated the news.
As the year began, the United States was in the midst of pause in its bombing on North Vietnam. Hoping to perceive some sign from the communists that they wish to deescalate or even end the war. But the Secretary of State Dean Rusk said...
Dean Rusk: "I found no one who had any indication or belief that the authority then only have decided to give up their aggressive ambitions or to come to a conference table to bring about a peaceful settlement. It seems to me therefore that our present course is clear. To support our own men in uniform and their allies and to proceed as rapidly as possible with a political, economic and social measures in Vietnam which are required even in the midst of war."
Duff Thomas: And America’s course was clear. As the air war over the North intensified, American pilots ran into increasing trouble. More planes were down by anti-aircraft fire and ground-to-air missiles. On the ground, marines and air cavalrymen pushed through thick jungles and wet rice paddies and deep rivers to keep the communists off guard and on the defensive. An expected full scale offensive by the communists was stopped.
Correspondent Bill Rowley with a patrol gave a vivid account of the GI’s life in Vietnam.
Bill Rowley: "GIs holding the rifles above their heads, under rolling above this -- one just fell."
Duff Thomas: American troops strengthened in Vietnam advanced to over 360,000 men with more promised in 1967. More than 5500 Americans were killed. President Johnson went to the scene of battle and on the sands of Cam Ranh Bay, he told the GIs --
Lyndon B. Johnson: "Make no mistake about it, the American people that you represent are proud of you."
Duff Thomas: Not everyone supported US presence in Vietnam. Congress had its objectors and they tightened when the President asked for more money to pursue the war. Arkansas Democrat J. William Fulbright coined the phrase "Credibility Gap" saying he couldn't get a straight answer from the administration about the war, republicans picked it up. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford restated congressional disapproval.
Gerald Ford: "There are those in this administration who appear to believe that half a truth is better than none, we disagree. Where the American people at home are concerned we must have the whole truth."
Duff Thomas: But the money came, there seemed a little else to do. Others did not like the United States in Vietnam. Some citizens of South Vietnam, Buddhists primarily went for the throat of Nguyen Cao Ky’s government and hindered South Vietnamese efforts on the battlefield.
Unknown Speaker: "We don’t like the war in Vietnam. Now I will ask the American, go home and bring the -- come back to the America."
Duff Thomas: Pre-elections were promised and held despite the worst Viet Cong terrorist could hand out. A constitute assembly was chosen to pave the way for further pre-elections with 70% of the South Vietnamese population voting. Government officials called it a sharp defeat for the communists who tried to upset the elections.
As the sounds of war continued with outlet up to the top was about peace. Everyone said they wanted it including the communists. Every side had terms, none of them agreeable and the war went on.
When the year began, the United States was in the midst of a 37 day pause in its bombing of North Vietnam. Diplomats throughout the world told US officials that the pause might lead to peace talks. US Ambassadors Herman & Goldberg carried the quest for peace all over the world. President Johnson was forced to call off the pause because --
Lyndon B. Johnson: "Throughout these 37 days even at moments of truth there has been continued violence against the people of South Vietnam, against their government, against their soldiers and against our own American forces."
Duff Thomas: Pope Paul VI, Britain’s Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Canada’s Prime Minister Lester Pearson, all tried for peace in 1966. UN Secretary General U Thant announced that he would not take a new five-year term when his personal peace offensives ran into opposition in the Security Council.
U Thant: "I think I should decide one way or the other, perhaps before June so that the Security Council will be in a position to nominate someone to succeed me if I decide not to offer myself for the second term to recommend to the General Assembly. Of course, if the Security Council were in a position to find someone to be recommended to the General Assembly to succeed me, in the course of the next few months, I believe it will facilitate by decision."
Duff Thomas: He was prevailed upon to stay however and he announced he would continue his efforts to achieve peace in Vietnam. However, all efforts produced the same negative response from Hanoi and Peking. Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen best expressed everyone’s feelings when he sounded a note of disappointment.
Everett Dirksen: "This country with all its resource and management, with its way out and its man power has been able to bring this to an honorable conclusion more quickly than they have."
Duff Thomas: In this country, many expressed their dislike for war, the most aggressive with the students who picketed, burned draft cards and adopted many of the tactics and sloganizing ways of another American revolt Civil Rights.
New York Senator Robert Kennedy with whom young Americans increasingly identified expressed his concern.
Robert Kennedy: "I might disagree with some of the demonstrations that are taking place and in fact I do. I think that the fact that so many young people, so many of the rest of our folks have taken such an active interest in this matter, I think it’s healthy for the country."
Duff Thomas: Most of the men fighting in Vietnam didn’t request it and a rumble of roles over the draft system. Students opposed schools providing class rankings to draft boards as a method of handing out deferments. Civil Rights leaders turned their attention to this problem as well as the new lowered induction standards. Harlem Congressman Adam Clayton Powell expressed his objection.
Adam Clayton Powell: "Seems to me America should be confident in the knowledge that a higher percentage of black students is already dying and what is ingloriously being referred to in black community that the white man’s rule against brown people."
Duff Thomas: Some already in uniform objected to the war, several refused to go to Vietnam. The most outspoken critic of the war was again Senator Wayne Morse. The Oregon democrat’s raspy voice echoed through the empty senate chamber.
Wayne Morse: "I love my President, but I love my country more. And I want to say that if we follow the President’s war making course of action, the American people will end up involved in a massive war against both China and Russia and out of that will come no victors."

Bhí Vítneam anaithnid do chuid is mó de na Meiriceánaigh ach cúpla bliain ó shin. Sa bhliain 1966, ba é Vítneam an scéal is mó den bhliain. Bhí na háiteanna agus na himeachtaí, cearta sibhialta, an Chomhdháil, gnó agus saothair, ach Vítneam, cogadh, fear óg a dhíníonn agus a cheistiú tuairim an domhain i gceannas ar na nuacht.
De réir mar a thosaigh an bhliain, bhí na Stáit Aontaithe i lár sos a chur ar a bhuamáil ar an Vítneam Thuaidh. Ag súil le comhartha éigin a fháil ó na cumannaithe gur mian leo an cogadh a laghdú nó a chríochnú fiú. Ach dúirt an Rúnaí Stáit Dean Rusk...
Dean Rusk: "Ní fhaca mé aon duine a raibh aon léiriú nó creideamh go bhfuil an t-údarás ansin ach cinneadh a thabhairt suas a n-uaillmhianta ionsaitheach nó a thagann chuig an tábla comhdhála chun teacht ar réiteach síochánta. Is cosúil liomsa, dá bhrí sin, go bhfuil ár gcúrsa reatha soiléir. Chun tacú lenár bhfear féin i uimhreacha agus a gcomhghuaillithe agus chun dul ar aghaidh chomh tapa agus is féidir le bearta polaitiúla, eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta sa Vítneam a bhfuil gá leo fiú i lár na cogaidh. "
Duff Thomas: Agus bhí cúrsa Mheiriceá soiléir. De réir mar a bhí an cogadh aeir thar an Tuaisceart ag méadú, bhí trioblóid mhéadaithe ag píolótaí Mheiriceá. Bhí níos mó eitleáin síos ag tine frith-aerárthach agus mionscail talún-ar-aer. Ar an talamh, marines agus cavalryman aeir bhrú trí jungles tiubh agus paddies rís fliuch agus aibhneacha domhain a choinneáil ar na cumannaithe gan faire agus ar an cosaint. Cuireadh stop le hoifig iomlán na gcoimisiúnaithe a bhí ag súil leis.
Thug an t-eolaí Bill Rowley le patróil tuairisc bheo ar shaol na GI i Vítneam.
Bill Rowley: "GIs ag coinneáil na rifles os cionn a gcinn, faoi rolling os cionn seo - thit ceann amháin díreach".
Duff Thomas: Tháinig trúpaí Mheiriceá a neartú i Vítneam chun cinn go dtí os cionn 360,000 fear le níos mó a gealladh i 1967. Maraíodh níos mó ná 5500 Meiriceánach. Chuaigh an tUachtarán Johnson go dtí an t-amharc cath agus ar na gaineamh de Cam Ranh Bay, dúirt sé leis na GIanna -
Lyndon B. Johnson: "Ná déan meabhla faoi, tá na daoine Meiriceánach a dhéanann tú ionadaíocht orthu bródúil as tú".
Duff Thomas: Ní thacaigh gach duine le láithreacht na Stát Aontaithe i Vítneam. Bhí a agóidí ag an gComhdháil agus rinne siad níos déine nuair a d'iarr an tUachtarán níos mó airgid chun an cogadh a shaothrú. Chinn an Daonlathach Arkansas J. William Fulbright an abairt "Glaosc Creidiúnachta" ag rá nach bhféadfadh sé freagra díreach a fháil ón rialtas faoin gcogadh, thóg Poblachtánaigh é. D'athdhearbhaigh ceannaire mionlaigh an Tí Gerald Ford mí-aontú na Comhdhála.
Gerald Ford: "Tá daoine sa rialtas seo a chreideann go bhfuil leathfhírinne níos fearr ná aon fhírinne, ní aontaímid. I gcás go bhfuil daoine Mheiriceá sa bhaile i gceist ní mór dúinn a bheith ar an fhírinne iomlán. "
Duff Thomas: Ach tháinig an t-airgead, is cosúil go raibh rud beag eile le déanamh. Ní raibh daoine eile cosúil leis na Stáit Aontaithe i Vítneam. Chuaigh roinnt saoránach de Vítneam Theas, Búdaigh go príomha chun corragan rialtais Nguyen Cao Ky a chur ar aghaidh agus chuir siad bac ar iarrachtaí Vítneam Theas ar an bpáirc cath.
Neamhfhocal: "Ní maith linn an cogadh sa Vítneam. Anois iarrfaidh mé ar an Meiriceánach, dul abhaile agus a thabhairt ar ais go dtí an - teacht ar ais go dtí an Mheiriceá. "
Gealladh réamh-toiriscintí agus reáchtáladh iad in ainneoin an sceimhlitheoir is measa a d'fhéadfadh Viet Cong a thabhairt. Roghnaíodh tionól bunreachtúil chun an bealach a oscailt le haghaidh réamh-toiriscintí eile le 70% de dhaonra Vítneam Theas ag vótáil. D'iarr oifigigh rialtais gur bua mór é do na cumannaithe a rinne iarracht na toghcháin a chur ar ceal.
Mar a lean na fuaimeanna na cogaidh le asraon suas go dtí an barr bhí faoi síocháin. Dúirt gach duine gur theastaigh uaidh é lena n-áirítear na cumannaithe. Bhí téarmaí ag gach taobh, ní raibh aon cheann acu inghlactha agus lean an cogadh ar aghaidh.
Nuair a thosaigh an bhliain, bhí na Stáit Aontaithe i lár 37 lá sos a chur ar a bhuamáil ar an Vítneam Thuaidh. Dúirt taidhleoirí ar fud an domhain le hoifigigh Mheiriceá go bhféadfadh an sos a bheith ina chúis le cainteanna síochána. Thug Ambasadóirí na SA Herman & Goldberg an cuardach ar son na síochána ar fud an domhain. Bhí an tUachtarán Johnson a chur ar ais ar an sos toisc go --
Lyndon B. Johnson: "Le linn na 37 lá seo fiú ag amanna fírinne tá foréigean leanúnach ann i gcoinne mhuintir Vítneam Theas, i gcoinne a rialtas, i gcoinne a gcuid saighdiúirí agus i gcoinne ár gcuid fórsaí Mheiriceá féin".
Duff Thomas: Rinne an Pápa Paul VI, Príomh-Aire na Breataine Harold Wilson agus Príomh-Aire Cheanada Lester Pearson, iarracht ar son na síochána i 1966. D'fhógair Ard-Rúnaí na Náisiún Aontaithe U Thant nach nglacfadh sé téarma cúig bliana nua nuair a tháinig a chuid ionsaithe síochána pearsanta i gcoinne na Comhairle Slándála.
U Thant: "Sílim gur cheart dom cinneadh a dhéanamh ar bhealach amháin nó ar bhealach eile, b'fhéidir roimh mhí an Mheithimh ionas go mbeidh an Chomhairle Slándála in ann duine a ainmniú chun é a leanúint dom má chinneann mé gan mé féin a thairiscint don dara téarma chun a mholadh don Tionól Ginearálta. Ar ndóigh, dá mbeadh an Chomhairle Slándála in ann duine a aimsiú a mholfar don Tionól Ginearálta chun é a fháil ina dhiaidh, i rith na míonna beaga amach romhainn, creidim go gcuirfidh sé ar chumas trí chinneadh. "
Duff Thomas: Bhí sé i réim ar fanacht áfach agus d'fhógair sé go leanfadh sé lena chuid iarrachtaí chun síocháin a bhaint amach sa Vítneam. Mar sin féin, d'eascair an freagra diúltach céanna ó Hanoi agus Peigín as na hiarrachtaí go léir. Léirigh ceannaire mionlaigh an tSeanaid Everett Dirksen mothúcháin gach duine is fearr nuair a d'fhógair sé nóta díomá.
Everett Dirksen: "Tá an tír seo lena acmhainní agus a bhainistiú go léir, lena bhealach amach agus lena chumhacht daonna in ann é seo a thabhairt chun críche onóracha níos tapúla ná mar a rinne siad".
Duff Thomas: Sa tír seo, léirigh go leor a n-athchas don chogadh, an ceann is ionsaithí leis na mic léinn a rinne picéad, a dó cártaí dréachta agus a ghlac go leor de na bealaí tactics agus sloganizing de éirí amach Meiriceánach eile Cearta Sibhialta.
Chuir Seanadóir Nua-Eabhrac Robert Kennedy, a raibh Meiriceánaigh óga ag aithint go méadaithe leis, a chuid imní in iúl.
Robert Kennedy: "D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mé míchompord le cuid de na taispeántais atá ag tarlú agus i ndáiríre tá mé. Sílim go bhfuil an fhíric go bhfuil an oiread sin daoine óga, an oiread sin de chuid an chlé againn tar éis leas chomh gníomhach a ghlacadh sa cheist seo, sílim go bhfuil sé sláintiúil don tír".
Duff Thomas: Ní raibh an chuid is mó de na fir a bhí ag troid i Vítneam ag iarraidh é agus an t-imní a bhí ag na róil thar an gcóras dréachta. Bhí na mic léinn i gcoinne scoileanna a sholáthraíonn rangú ranga do bhord dréacht mar mhodh chun deifirms a eisiúint. D'fhéach ceannairí Cearta Sibhialta a dtuairim ar an bhfadhb seo chomh maith leis na caighdeáin ionchuir nua ísle. Chuir Seanadóir Harlem Adam Clayton Powell a agóid in iúl.
Adam Clayton Powell: "Is cosúil liom gur chóir go mbeadh muinín ag Meiriceá sa eolas go bhfuil céatadán níos airde de mhic léinn dubh ag fáil bháis cheana féin agus an rud a bhfuil tagairt neamhshláintiúil á dhéanamh dó i bpobal dubh go bhfuil riail an duine bán i gcoinne daoine donn".
Duff Thomas: Bhí agóidí ag cuid acu a bhí in uimhreacha cheana féin i gcoinne an chogaidh, dhiúltaigh roinnt acu dul go Vítneam. Ba é an t-aicmeoir is dílis ar an gcogadh arís an Seanadóir Wayne Morse. Bhí guth garbh an daonlathach Oregon ag teacht tríd an seomra Seanaid folamh.
Wayne Morse: "Is breá liom mo Uachtarán, ach is breá liom mo thír níos mó. Agus ba mhaith liom a rá go má leanann muid an tUachtarán a dhéanamh cogadh cúrsa gníomhaíochta, beidh na daoine Meiriceánach deireadh a bheith páirteach i cogadh ollmhór i gcoinne an tSín agus an Rúis agus as nach mbeidh teacht aon buaiteoirí. "


Mercury-containing oxides offer new perspective on mechanism of superconductivityApril 15th, 2011 in Physics / Superconductivity
Figure 1: The crystal structure of HgxReO3. The mercury (Hg) atoms are shown in blue, oxygen (O) in red and rhenium (Re) in brown. Credit: 2011 The American Physical Society
(PhysOrg.com) -- To diversify the applications of superconductors that currently operate at chilly temperatures below 135 kelvin (K), scientists are searching for new classes of superconducting materials that will show this property at warmer temperatures. Now, a research team in Japan has synthesized a promising new class of superconductors1, made of Hg0.44ReO3, where an unusual motion of the mercury (Hg) atoms enhances superconducting properties at temperatures up to 7.7 K.
The Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity one hundred years ago, when he noticed that the electrical resistance of mercury dropped to zero suddenly at 4.2 K. Superconducting materials are now used routinely in magnetic resonance imaging scanners.
In classical superconductors such as mercury, superconductivity arises through the combined vibrations of the atoms in the crystal. This makes the crystal structure a key factor for the superconducting properties of a material. In the case of HgxReO3, the atomic structure consists of rhenium (Re) and oxygen (O) building blocks. In the empty spaces between them, the mercury atoms arrange in chains (Fig. 1). However, some of the available places along these chains lack mercury atoms, and the teams work suggests that this leads to an arrangement of paired mercury atoms.
"These pairs move within the channel in an oscillatory motion known as rattling", explains team-member Ayako Yamamoto from the RIKEN Advanced Science Institute in Wako. The rattling vibrations provide a strong feedback for the electrons, and therefore reinforce superconductivity in the material. In comparison to a similar structure lacking mercury pairs, the superconducting temperature of Hg0.44ReO3 at 7.7 K is almost twice as high. "Despite remaining below the present record of 135 K for a superconductor, there is potential for improving operation temperatures", says Yamamoto. The application of pressure increases the superconducting temperature to 11.1 K, and this could mean that for the right crystal structure further enhancement is possible.
Yamamoto and her colleagues are now working to optimize the crystal structure furtherfor example, by replacing rhenium with other elements. A better understanding of the influence of the mercury atoms rattling motion may also provide better insight into the mechanism of superconductivity in such structures. Mercury seems to be a magic element in superconductivity, not only for its role in Kamerlingh Onnes discovery, but also for the fact that mercury is part of the material with the highest known superconducting temperature, HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox, Yamamoto explains. "Once more, mercury is playing a key role for new superconductors," she says.
More information: Ohgushi, K., et al. Superconducting phase at 7.7 K in the HgxReO3 compound with a hexagonal bronze structure. Physical Review Letters 106, 017001 (2011). Article
Provided by RIKEN
"Mercury-containing oxides offer new perspective on mechanism of superconductivity." April 15th, 2011. http://phys.org/news/2011-04-mercury-containing-oxides-perspective-mechanism-superconductivity.html

Tugann ocsaidí a bhfuil mearcair iontu dearcadh nua ar mheicníocht an superconductivityAibreán 15th, 2011 in Físeolaíocht / Superconductivity
Figiúr 1: Struchtúr criostail HgxReO3. Tá na h-aidéimí mearcair (Hg) le feiceáil i ndubh, ocsaigin (O) i dearg agus renium (Re) i bhraon. Creidmheas: 2011 Cumann Fisice Mheiriceá
(PhysOrg.com) -- Chun éagsúlacht a chur i bhfeidhm ar shuaitheadóirí a oibríonn faoi láthair ag teocht fuar faoi bhun 135 kelvin (K), tá eolaithe ag lorg aicme nua de ábhair shuaitheadóirí a thaispeánfaidh an t-earraí seo ag teocht níos teo. Anois, tá foireann taighde sa tSeapáin tar éis aicme nua gealltanach de shuaitheadóirí a shíntiúis1, déanta as Hg0.44ReO3, áit a gcuireann gluaiseacht neamhghnách na n-aothomh mearcair (Hg) feabhas ar airíonna shuaitheadúla ag teochtaí suas go 7.7 K.
Fuair an fisiceoir Ollainnis Heike Kamerlingh Onnes an superconductivity céad bliain ó shin, nuair a thug sé faoi deara go raibh friotaíocht leictreach an mhearcair ag titim go dtí nialas go tobann ag 4.2 K. Úsáidtear ábhair superconducting go rialta i scanners íomháithe resonance maighnéadach anois.
I supraconductairí clasaiceacha mar mhercúirí, tagann superconductivity trí thrioblóidí comhcheangailte na n-aotamaí sa chriostal. Déanann sé seo struchtúr criostail ina phríomhfhachtóir do airíonna superconducting ábhar. I gcás HgxReO3, tá an struchtúr adamhach comhdhéanta de bhlocanna tógála renium (Re) agus ocsaigine (O). Sa spás folamh idir iad, socraíonn na h-aitéimí mearcair i slabhraí (Fig. 1) a chur i bhfeidhm. Mar sin féin, níl atamaí mearcair in áiteanna áirithe ar fáil ar feadh na slabhraí seo, agus léiríonn obair na bhfoirne go dtagann sé seo ar shocrú atamaí mearcair péireáilte.
"Tá na páirteanna seo ag gluaiseacht laistigh den chainéal i mbeart oscillatory ar a dtugtar rattling", a mhíníonn ball den fhoireann Ayako Yamamoto ó Institiúid Eolaíochta Ard-Aoiseach RIKEN i Wako. Soláthraíonn na crathadh crathadh tuairisceán láidir do na leictreonaí, agus dá bhrí sin daingníonn siad superconductivity sa t-ábhar. I gcomparáid le struchtúr comhchosúil gan péirí mearcair, tá teocht an-sheoltóra Hg0.44ReO3 ag 7.7 K beagnach dhá oiread níos airde. "D'ainneoin go bhfuil sé faoi bhun an taifead reatha de 135 K do shuailéir, tá an fhéidearthacht ann teochtaí oibriúcháin a fheabhsú", a deir Yamamoto. Méadaíonn an brú a chuirtear ar an teocht superconducting go 11.1 K, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo a chiallaíonn go bhfuil tuilleadh feabhsaithe indéanta don struchtúr criostail cheart.
Tá Yamamoto agus a comhghleacaithe ag obair anois chun struchtúr criostail a uasmhéadú, mar shampla, trí renium a chur in ionad eilimintí eile. D'fhéadfadh tuiscint níos fearr ar thionchar na gluaiseachta rattling na n-adamaí mearcair léargas níos fearr a thabhairt freisin ar mheicníocht an superconductivity i struchtúir den sórt sin. Is cosúil go bhfuil mearcair ina eilimint draíochta i superconductivity, ní hamháin as a ról i bhfiosrúchán Kamerlingh Onnes, ach freisin as an bhfíric go bhfuil mearcair mar chuid den ábhar leis an teocht superconducting is airde ar a dtugtar, HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox, a mhíníonn Yamamoto. "Arís, tá ról lárnach ag meicreog i dtreoirleasaithe úra nua", a deir sí.
Tuilleadh eolais: Ohgushi, K., et al. Céim superconducting ag 7.7 K sa chomhdhúil HgxReO3 le struchtúr seiseargonnach bronsa. Cláir Athbhreithnithe Fisiceacha 106, 017001 (2011). Airteagal
Arna sholáthar ag RIKEN
"Tá ocsaidí a bhfuil mearcair iontu ina léargas nua ar mheicníocht an superconductivity". 15 Aibreán, 2011. http://phys.org/news/2011-04-mercury-containing-oxides-perspective-mechanism-superconductivity.html


Last Updated: 16 years The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks has published a new Athabascan dictionary.
The “Dena’ina Topical Dictionary ” is an effort to document and preserve Alaska’s Native languages. The university said this is the most complete topical dictionary for any of the 20 Alaska Native languages.
Dena’ina is also known as Tanaina and is a language spoken by Alaska’s Athabascan Indians.
It was spoken by the original inhabitants of the Cook Inlet region in southcentral Alaska.
The university said that today about 75 of the 900 Dena’ina people in Alaska speak their Native language.
Dictionary editor Tom Alton said public awareness and interest in the Dena’ina people has recently increased throughout southcentral Alaska.
James Kari, professor emeritus of Athabascan languages, is the dictionary’s author.
The university said Kari has worked with over 100 Dena’ina speakers since 1972.

Tá foclóir Athabascan nua foilsithe ag Ionad Teanga Dúchasacha Alasca in Ollscoil Alasca Fairbanks.
Is iarracht é an Denaina Topical Dictionary  teangacha Dúchasacha Alasca a dhoiciméadú agus a chaomhnú. Dúirt an ollscoil gurb é seo an foclóir tópaíoch is iomláine do aon cheann de na 20 teanga Dúchasach Alasca.
Is teanga í Denaina, ar a dtugtar Tanaina freisin, a labhraíonn Indiaigh Athabascacha Alasca.
Labhair muintir bunaidh réigiún Cook Inlet i ndeisceart lár na hAlaska leis.
Dúirt an ollscoil go labhraíonn thart ar 75 den 900 duine Denaina in Alasca a dteanga Dúchasach.
Dúirt eagarthóir foclóir Tom Alton go bhfuil feasacht agus spéis an phobail i ndaoine Denaina tar éis méadú le déanaí ar fud Alasca thuaidh-lárnach.
Is é James Kari, ollamh emeritus teangacha Athabascan, údar an foclóra.
Dúirt an ollscoil gur oibrigh Kari le breis agus 100 cainteoir Denaina ó 1972.


September 5, 2017
The Beacon Society, a scion society of the Baker Street Irregulars, has proudly launched the Junior Sherlockian Society. The society invites children and youth to complete Junior Sherlockian Training- an in-depth study of Sherlock Holmes’s character traits, observational skills, capacity for critical thought, and inductive and deductive reasoning. During the online training, at JuniorSherlockian.com, Junior Sherlockians-in-Training complete the 2-2-1-b tasks to explore, experience, and extend their understanding and appreciation of the great detective.
The tasks include opportunities to
- Be introduced to Sherlock Holmes’s creator, “The Grand Game,” and Sherlockians by reading “The World of Sherlock Holmes” essay.
- Read the Baker Street Elementary comics. The comic strip chronicles Sherlock Holmes and John Watson’s adventures if they had attended the same grade school.
- Retell “The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle” using paper dolls to someone who has not had the opportunity to read about “the whimsical, little incident.”
- Perform the “The Red-Headed League” play, an adaptation of “the three pipe problem,” with friends and/or family members.
- Read “10 Rules for Writing a Sherlockian Pastiche,” and then write one of their own.
- Review Sherlock Holmes’s resume. If Sherlock Holmes had to apply for his position as a consulting detective, what background information, skills, and talents would his resume reveal?
- Explore the language, imagery, and structure of “221B,” by Vincent Starrett, and complete a word search of the most prominent words in the poem.
- Read issues of Baker Street Elementary’s “The Life and Times in Victorian London,” to learn more about 19th century England.
Upon completion of the tasks and submission of “training evidence,” a certificate of completion is granted.
Please share this announcement and encourage children and youth in your area to participate in the training. A promotional poster and bookmarks may be accessed at JuniorSherlockian.com/resources. Also, plan to join the Junior Sherlockian Society’s Facebook page at Facebook.com/JuniorSherlockian. The page was developed to connect and resource friends of the Junior Sherlockian Society.

5 Meán Fómhair, 2017
Tá an Beacon Society, sochaí scion de na Baker Street Irregulars, seoladh go bródúil an Junior Sherlockian Society. Iarrann an tsochaí ar leanaí agus ar dhaoine óga Oiliúint Sherlockian Óige a chomhlánú - staidéar domhain ar thréithe carachtar Sherlock Holmes, scileanna breathnóireachta, cumas smaointeoireachta criticiúil, agus réasúnaíocht inductive agus díorthach. Le linn na hoiliúna ar líne, ag JuniorSherlockian.com, déanann Junior Sherlockians-in-Training na tascanna 2-2-1-b a iniúchadh, taithí a fháil, agus a dtuiscint agus a meas ar an bhfianaise mór a leathnú.
Áirítear leis na cúraimí seo deiseanna chun
- Bíodh aithne agat ar chruthaitheoir Sherlock Holmes, The Grand Game, agus ar Sherlockians trí aiste The World of Sherlock Holmes a léamh.
- Léigh na grinnscéalta Baker Street Elementary. Déanann an striptéacs seó de na eachtraí a bhí ag Sherlock Holmes agus John Watson dá mbeadh siad ag freastal ar an scoil bhunúsach céanna.
- Déan "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle" a athsheinm ag baint úsáide as dollí páipéir le duine nach raibh an deis aige léamh faoi "an eachtra beag whimsical".
- An cluiche "The Red-Headed League" a dhéanamh, oiriúnú de "the three pipe problem", le cairde agus/nó le baill teaghlaigh.
- Léigh "10 Rialacha le haghaidh Scríbhneoireacht Sherlockian Pastiche", agus ansin scríobh ceann dá gcuid féin.
- Léigh CV Sherlock Holmes. Má bhí Sherlock Holmes a chur isteach ar a phost mar imreoir comhairleoireachta, cad cúlra faisnéise, scileanna, agus buanna a bheadh a CV nochtadh?
- Léigh teanga, íomhánna agus struchtúr 221B, le Vincent Starrett, agus déan cuardach focal ar na focail is suntasaí sa dán.
- Léigh eisiúintí de Baker Street Elementary's The Life and Times in Victorian London, chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi Shasana 19ú haois.
Nuair a bheidh na tascanna críochnaithe agus fhianaise oiliúna curtha isteach, deonaítear deimhniú críochnaithe.
Cuir an fógra seo in iúl do dhaoine eile agus spreag leanaí agus daoine óga i do cheantar chun páirt a ghlacadh sa oiliúint. Is féidir postóir agus leabharmharcanna cur chun cinn a rochtain ag JuniorSherlockian.com/resources. Chomh maith leis sin, tá sé beartaithe dul isteach i leathanach Facebook an Chomhlachta Sherlockian Óige ag Facebook.com/JuniorSherlockian. Forbraíodh an leathanach chun cairde de chuid an Chomhlachta Searlach Óige a nascadh agus acmhainní a sholáthar dóibh.