Dermatologist: The Most Qualified Physician for Skin Problems.
The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body. It reflects the health of the body and acts as a barrier against injury and bacteria. Sadly, at one time or another, nearly everyone has some type of skin disease that only a skin doctor can absolutely give the scientific explanation for those skin problems. Dermatologist is a medical doctor specializing on the study of the skin, diseases of the skin and the relationship of cutaneous lesions to systemic disease. Dermatologist is a medical doctor trained to usually combine several activities like seeing patients in public hospitals and/or in private practices, acting as consultants to other specialists, teaching and delving into clinical or basic research.
The dermatologist must have expertise in basic sciences including pathology, biochemistry, physics, physiology, microbiology and endocrinology. Because skin diseases are often associated with internal conditions, dermatologist must also be familiar with all the other medical specialties because of their consultant work. Dermatologist likewise perform skin surgery in several situations like preventing or providing early control of disease such as skin cancer; improve skin's appearance by removing growths, discolorations or damage caused by ageing; and to establish a definite diagnosis.
There are several responsibilities that dermatologist has including examining patients, performing biopsies and other diagnostic techniques of dermatology, interpreting test results and evaluating examination findings before prescribing treatments, including x-ray therapy, physical therapy and medication. Dermatological services are as well managed by dermatologist like formulating plans and procedures for dermatological services, scheduling operation of diagnostic and treatment facilities, and assigning nurses, physical therapists, x-ray therapists and other medical technicians. The dermatologist advises on the types and quantity of dermatological supplies and equipment, coordinate dermatological services with other medical activities.
There are however several types of health care providers who can take care of your skin conditions aside from dermatologist. The first thing that you need to know about picking a skin specialist is the probability that you are really badly in need to see a specialist as sometimes your condition may not need the specialist. Therefore, it is important that you know when you really need to see a dermatologist. Some conditions are exclusively treated by a dermatologist especially with severe forms of common diseases such as acne, rosacea and atopic dermatitis. Most skin cancers are treated by dermatologist, sometimes in conjunction with a surgeon. There is also the dermatologist who utilizes various specialized laboratory procedures to diagnose disorders characterized by defective responses of the body's immune system.
Getting a referral from your physician is a great help and of high importance in finding the right dermatologist who will be working with you. It is important that you are assured that the dermatologist has the right credentials for the medical procedure(s) that your skin demands. You may have to do some preliminary check that will enable you to be prepared and educated prior to your consultation. Such steps are critical as it will help you achieve a successful outcome. You have to have a give-and-take dialogue assuring that you and your dermatologist have the same vision of what you want the end result to be as well as your expectations are realistic. The communication between you and the skin doctor is of most importance as you are considering things about your skin or associated problems.
Are You Sure Your Diet Doesnt Affect Your Acne?
For those of you who have met me, you know I am often mistaken for being an 18 year old when in actuality I am 27. I am currently teaching after-school cooking classes in Brooklyn to middle school kids and I was mistaken for one of the students by an employee. I almost got in trouble for being in the hallway!
Acne -- Prevention And Treatment
Acne is the most common skin related ailment in the United States, and although it is non-lethal it can have very detrimental psychological effects due to its highly visible nature and the scarring it can cause on the skin. Acne can effect all age groups but it is most prominent in the 12-24 age group.
Stop, That Little White Bump May Not Be A Zit After All
White bumps bugging you? Just because you have little white bumps on your face does not necessarily mean that you have acne. Milia, are little balls of protein beneath the skin that do not have a pore, or hole in the skin through which to escape.
Why You Will Never Achieve Long-Lasting Acne Free Skin With The ?External? Acne Treatments Today
Most of the acne treatments out there just do not have what it takes to get rid of acne.
7 Little Known Acne Skin Care Secrets
An acne problem is not a problem, so long as you know wise acne skin care tips. One does need much money to get that healthy glowing skin, with the natural acne skin care methods, acne should not be treated like monsters under your bed. Here are some acne skin care methods we can practice.
Acne ? A Clean Face ? First Step In A 12 Step Program
For those that need more than a special cream like Scotty's Face Cream, then you need to work harder to get rid of acne. Since acne is a condition that occurs from within your body and exhibits on the outside of your body, you need to,
The Best Acne Treatments
The best acne treatments may be the ones that help you avoid the acne in the first place. The best acne treatments can be prescribed by your doctor. You will have to decide the best acne treatments for you.
Here?s The One Thing You Can Start Doing Today That Can Help Prevent Acne
You probably do not know this yet but product wastes and toxic build up in your system is one of the main reasons why you have acne or why your skin breaks out.
Remedying the Silly Ways Women Get Acne When Applying Makeup and Moisturizers
Women spend thousands of dollars to create a flawless face. Yet faulty or uninformed uses of moisturizers and makeup can lead to inexplicable breakouts for women.
Acne is an inflammation of the skin that affects people from every country and every culture around the world. In the US, acne is predominantly thought of as a teenage dilemma, as more than eighty percent of teens and preteens will develop some form of acne. However, the condition certainly affects a large number of adults and even infants. The scientific name for the condition is acne vulgaris because acne usually strikes in plainly visible locations such as the face, neck, chest and back. There are various types of acne that range in annoyance, severity, and healing time. The most severe type of acne may even lead to scars that if not treated properly, may be visible for a lifetime. If you or a loved one is troubled by severe acne, here is what you need to know about acne scars and what you need to do to avoid and care for them.
Herbal Therapy for Acne Treatment
Because prevention is the best way to protect your skin from the scarring associated with severe acne, many dermatologists recommend that controlling problematic acne through diet, regular cleansing procedures, and herbal remedies, is the most effective way to combat the tendencies of skin that is prone to acne and acne-related scarring.
Natural Acne Treatments ? Helpful Remedies in Your Kitchen
These days we are exposed to so many harsh chemicals, and many people are beginning to wonder if the products that contain these substances are in fact as good for us as the advertising claims. Various skin conditions, such as acne, are increasingly recognized as symptoms of an imbalance in the way we live, leading many people to begin their search for a natural acne treatment that includes healthy eating and regular exercise. But for those of us whose skin requires a little further help ? are there any natural acne treatments available that can help us improve our skin?
Performing Microdermabrasion at Home
Microdermabrasion kits have been designed for medical professionals, estheticians, and, now, home microdermabrasion kits are available for anyone who pampers their skin. Quality and price vary widely. Most home microdermabrasion kits provide the aluminum oxide, micro-crystal creams, rejuvenating lotions, a delicate exfoliating hand-piece or wand, and foam applicators. Other home kits may only provide micro-crystal creams, an exfoliating cloth, and repairing lotions. The treatments can be done over a "lunch break" with no recovery time needed.
8 Simple Steps for Treating Adult Acne
The number people over 30 needing acne treatments has climbed to the extent that a report published in Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology recommends raising the age for insurance coverage of the acne drug tretinoin to at least 40. The authors of the report, Drs. Steven Feldman and Alan Fleischer, dermatologists at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, add that many insurance companies refuse to pay for tretinoin prescriptions for patients older than 25.
Acne Program ? Step 11 Herbal Mixtures To Drink
Herbal combinations are a powerful way to reduce or eliminate acne symptoms. But, using herbal mixtures can sometimes increase acne activity or breakout temporarily. Do not panic, since herbs are a powerful way to cleanse the blood and start the acne healing process.
Distressing Acne and Its Probable Causes
If you are on your teenage years, pretty good chances that you have some acne. About 8 to 10 preteens and teens have acne along with many adults. It is but a common skin problem that is considered to be a normal part of puberty. Apparently, it does make teen or any individual uncomfortable and it does not make it easier when you look in the mirror and see the big pimple on your face or chin. However, there is good news such as simple steps that will help you feel better about your face.
Micro Dermabrasion ? Hurting Skin to Heal it?
Acne is an upsetting condition that can be sometimes very difficult to clear, its treatment usually involving the application to the skin of a multitude of cleansers and other potions in a long process of trial and error that can be extremely frustrating for the patient. Clear skin, when it is finally achieved, is thus a thing to be cherished by most former sufferers, and most certainly not something to be taken lightly. So while there is little doubt that recovered acne patients will view their often scarred skin with disappointment, many are unwilling to risk its hard won clarity by trying scar reducing techniques, such as micro dermabrasion, chemical peels or laser treatment. And while medical advances are improving these techniques all the time ? micro dermabrasion, for example, was developed as a gentler form of more traditional dermabrasion ? those with delicate skin would be wise to carefully weigh up the possible advantages of receiving treatment with the possible risks.
How to Brush Your Skin to Relieve Acne
Brushing your skin with a brush or cloth is an excellent way to improve the appearance of your skin. If you have acne, this brushing will help to eliminate toxins through the skin and reduce the toxins that accumulate in your acne.
Acne is bad enough when it strikes with puberty. But when it continues or strikes again in adulthood, it can be a real nuisance. Acne is a skin condition that usually begins around the time of puberty. More than eighty percent of teenagers and preteens will develop acne to some extent. But it can affect people of every age, gender, and race. It affects both males and females, but boys are more likely to have severe acne and to have acne that continues into adult acne.
All Natural Acne Treatments
At some point in your life you will probably suffer from acne. Almost everyone does. There has been a great deal of news about acne treatments recently with many claiming a combination of an acne prevention diet and some of the all natural acne treatments to be the answer. So you might want to try that route.
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Deirmeolaí: An dochtúir is cáilithe le haghaidh fadhbanna craicinn.
Is é an craiceann an t-orgán is mó agus is infheicthe sa chorp. Léiríonn sé sláinte an chomhlachta agus oibríonn sé mar bhac i gcoinne díobhála agus baictéir. Ar an drochuair, ag am éigin nó eile, tá cineál éigin galar craicinn ag beagnach gach duine nach féidir ach le dochtúir craicinn an míniú eolaíoch a thabhairt go hiomlán ar na fadhbanna craicinn sin. Is dochtúir míochaine é dermatologist a dhéanann staidéar ar an gcraiceann, ar ghalair an chraiceann agus ar an gcaidreamh idir léasaí craiceann agus galar córais. Is dochtúir leighis é dermatologist a bhfuil oiliúint aige chun roinnt gníomhaíochtaí a chomhcheangal de ghnáth mar othair a fheiceáil in ospidéil phoiblí agus / nó i gcleachtais phríobháideacha, ag gníomhú mar chomhairleoirí do speisialtóirí eile, ag múineadh agus ag dul i mbun taighde cliniciúil nó bunúsach.
Ní mór saineolas a bheith ag an dermatologist i bhfianaise eolaíochtaí bunúsacha lena n-áirítear paiteolaíocht, bithcheimic, fisiceolaíocht, fisiceolaíocht, micreabhiolaíocht agus endocrinology. Toisc go mbíonn galair chraiceann bainteach go minic le riochtaí inmheánacha, ní mór do dhochtúir na craicinn a bheith eolach ar na speisialtóireachtaí leighis eile go léir mar gheall ar a gcuid oibre comhairleoireachta. Déantar máinliacht chraiceann ag dermatologist freisin i roinnt cásanna mar chosc nó rialú luath ar ghalair mar ailse craicinn; cuma an chraiceann a fheabhsú trí fhásanna, athchraobhálacha nó damáiste a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar aosú a bhaint; agus diagnóis chinnte a bhunú.
Tá roinnt freagrachtaí ag dermatologist lena n-áirítear othair a scrúdú, biopsies a dhéanamh agus teicnící diagnóiseacha eile dermatology, torthaí tástála a léiriú agus torthaí scrúdaithe a mheas sula ndéantar cóireálacha a fhorordú, lena n-áirítear teiripe raidió-x, teiripe fisiceach agus cógais. Tá seirbhísí déirmeolaíocha á mbainistiú ag dermatologist chomh maith le pleananna agus nósanna imeachta a fhoirmiú do sheirbhísí déirmeolaíocha, oibriú á sceidealadh d'áiseanna diagnóise agus cóireála, agus altraí, teiripeoirí fisiceacha, teiripeoirí r-ghathanna agus teicneoirí leighis eile a shannadh. Tugann an dermatologist comhairle maidir le cineálacha agus cainníocht soláthairtí agus trealaimh dermatological, comhordaíonn sé seirbhísí dermatological le gníomhaíochtaí leighis eile.
Tá roinnt cineálacha soláthraithe cúraim sláinte ann, áfach, ar féidir leo cúram a thabhairt do do choinníollacha craiceann seachas do dhochtúir na craicinn. Is é an chéad rud a chaithfidh a bheith ar eolas agat maidir le speisialtóir craiceann a roghnú ná an dóchúlacht go bhfuil gá mór agat le speisialtóir a fheiceáil mar uaireanta ní fhéadfaidh do riocht an speisialtóir a bheith ag teastáil. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios agat cathain is gá duit dul chuig dermatologist. Déileálann dermatologist le roinnt coinníollacha go heisiach go háirithe le foirmeacha tromchúiseacha de ghalair choitianta mar acne, rosacea agus dermatitis atopic. Déileálann dermatologist leis an gcuid is mó de na hailse craicinn, uaireanta i gcomhar le máinliacht. Tá an dermatologist ann freisin a úsáideann nósanna imeachta saotharlainne speisialaithe éagsúla chun neamhoird a dhiagnóisiú a bhfuil saintréith acu ar fhreagraí lochtanacha an choirp a bheith ciontach.
Tá sé an-chabhrach agus an-tábhachtach dul chuig do dhochtúir chun an dermatologist ceart a fháil a bheidh ag obair leat. Tá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil tú cinnte go bhfuil na teastais cheart ag an dermatologist don nós imeachta leighis a éilíonn do chraiceann. B'fhéidir go mbeidh ort roinnt réamh-mheas a dhéanamh a chuirfidh ar do chumas tú a bheith ullamh agus oideachasúil sula ndéanfaidh tú do chomhairliúchán. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfá na céimeanna sin mar go gcabhróidh sé leat toradh rathúil a bhaint amach. Ní mór duit a bheith ag comhrá a dhéanamh lena chinntiú go bhfuil an fhís chéanna agat féin agus le do dhochtúir craicinn maidir leis an toradh deiridh is mian leat a bheith agus go bhfuil do chuid ionchais réalaíoch. Tá an cumarsáid idir tú féin agus an dochtúir craiceann an-tábhachtach agus tú ag smaoineamh ar rudaí a bhaineann le do chraiceann nó fadhbanna gaolmhara.
An bhfuil tú cinnte nach ndéanann do aiste bia difear do do acne?
I gcás na ndaoine a bhuail liom, tá a fhios agat go bhfuil mé go minic mícheart le bheith 18 bliain d'aois nuair i ndáiríre tá mé 27. Táim ag múineadh ranganna cócaireachta i ndiaidh na scoile faoi láthair i Brooklyn do pháistí meánscoile agus rinne fostaí mícheart orm mar cheann de na mic léinn. Bhí mé beagnach i dtrioblóid as a bheith sa halla!
Acne - Cosc agus Cóireáil
Is é acne an tinneas craiceann is coitianta sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus cé nach bhfuil sé marfach, is féidir go mbeadh éifeachtaí síceolaíocha an-díobhálacha aige mar gheall ar a nádúr an-inbhreathnaithe agus ar an scarring is féidir leis a chur ar an gcraiceann. Is féidir le acne difear a dhéanamh do gach grúpa aoise ach tá sé is suntasaí sa ghrúpa aoise 12-24.
Stop, go Bump beag bán B'fhéidir nach bhfuil a Zit tar éis an tsaoil
An bhfuil cnámha bána ag cur isteach ort? Ní gá go gciallóidh sé go bhfuil acne agat toisc go bhfuil cnapáin bheaga bána ar do aghaidh. Is liathróidí beaga próitéine iad Milia faoi chraiceann nach bhfuil por, nó poll sa chraiceann acu chun éalú tríd.
Cén fáth nach bhfaighidh tú craiceann saor ó acne le fada an lá le "Eachtrann? Cóireálacha Acne sa Lá atá inniu ann
Níl an chuid is mó de na cóireálacha acne amuigh ansin díreach an méid a thógann sé chun fáil réidh le acne.
7 Rudaí Cúram Craiceann Aicín nach bhfuil mórán eolais orthu
Ní fadhb é fadhb acne, chomh fada agus a bhfuil a fhios agat leideanna cliste cúram craiceann acne. Ní gá go leor airgid a fháil chun an craiceann sláintiúil seo a fháil, leis na modhanna cúraim craiceann acne nádúrtha, níor cheart acne a chóireáil mar mhionstraí faoi do leaba. Seo roinnt modhanna cúraim craiceann acne is féidir linn a chleachtadh.
Acne ? Ag Dul i gCeart ? An Chéad Céim i gClár 12 Céim
I gcás na ndaoine sin a bhfuil níos mó ná uachtar speisialta de dhíth orthu cosúil le Scotty's Face Cream, ansin ní mór duit oibriú níos deacra chun fáil réidh le acne. Ós rud é go bhfuil acne ina riocht a tharlaíonn ó taobh istigh de do chorp agus taispeántais ar an taobh amuigh de do chorp, ní mór duit,
Na Cóireálacha Acne is Fearr
B'fhéidir gurb iad na cóireálacha acne is fearr iad siúd a chabhraíonn leat an acne a sheachaint ar an gcéad dul síos. Is féidir le do dhochtúir na cóireálacha is fearr le haghaidh acne a fhorordú. Beidh ort cinneadh a dhéanamh ar na cóireálacha acne is fearr duitse.
Seo an rud amháin is féidir leat tosú ag déanamh inniu a chabhróidh le acne a chosc
Is dócha nach bhfuil a fhios agat é seo go fóill ach is é dramhaíola táirgí agus tócsaine a thiomáint i do chóras ceann de na príomhchúiseanna a bhfuil acne agat nó cén fáth a bhris do chraiceann amach.
Ag cur na Bealaí amaideach a Fhágann Mná Acne a Fháil nuair a bhíonn Gruaim agus Uisceacháin á gcur i bhfeidhm
Caitheann mná na mílte dollar chun aghaidh foirfe a chruthú. Ach d'fhéadfadh úsáid lochtghlacadóirí agus makeup a bheith mícheart nó gan eolas a bheith mar thoradh ar bhrúigh nach féidir a mhíniú do mhná.
Is tinneas athlastaithe craiceann é acne a théann i bhfeidhm ar dhaoine ó gach tír agus ó gach cultúr ar fud an domhain. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, meastar go príomha gur dúshlán déagóirí é acne, mar go bhforbróidh níos mó ná ochtó faoin gcéad de dhéagóirí agus réamh-éagóirí cineál acne. Mar sin féin, is cinnte go mbíonn tionchar ag an riocht ar líon mór daoine fásta agus fiú leanaí. Is é an t-ainm eolaíoch ar an riocht ná acne vulgaris toisc go mbíonn acne de ghnáth ag bualadh i suíomhanna atá le feiceáil go soiléir mar an duine, an muineál, an chistin agus an cúl. Tá cineálacha éagsúla acne ann a théann ó thaobh annoyance, déine, agus ama leigheas. D'fhéadfadh an cineál is déine acne fiú scars a bheith ann nach bhfeictear ar feadh an tsaoil mura ndéantar cóireáil chuí orthu. Má tá tú féin nó duine a bhfuil grá agat ag fulaingt ó acne tromchúiseach, seo a bhfuil ar eolas agat faoi scars acne agus cad is gá duit a dhéanamh chun iad a sheachaint agus cúram a thabhairt dóibh.
Teiripe luibhe le haghaidh cóireáil acne
Toisc gurb é an cosc an bealach is fearr chun do chraiceann a chosaint ar an scarring a bhaineann le acne tromchúiseach, molann go leor dermatologists go bhfuil rialú acne fadhbanna trí aiste bia, nósanna imeachta glantacháin rialta, agus leigheasanna luibhe, an bealach is éifeachtaí chun dul i ngleic le claonadh craiceann atá buailteach le acne agus scarring a bhaineann le acne.
Cóireálacha Acne Nádúrtha ? Leigheasanna Cabhrach i Do Chistin
Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an oiread sin ceimiceáin chrua againn, agus tá go leor daoine ag tosú ag fiafraí an bhfuil na táirgí a bhfuil na substaintí seo iontu chomh maith dúinn i ndáiríre agus a deir na fógraíochtaí. Tá galair éagsúla craicinn, mar shampla acne, á aithint go méadaitheach mar shinicíocht ar mhíchothromú sa tslí ina bhfuilimid ag maireachtáil, rud a fhágann go bhfuil go leor daoine ag tosú ar chóireáil nádúrtha acne a chuimsíonn ithe sláintiúil agus aclaíocht rialta. Ach dóibh siúd againn a bhfuil gá le beagán cabhrach breise ag a gcraiceann ? an bhfuil aon chóireálacha nádúrtha acne ar fáil a chabhróidh linn ár gcraiceann a fheabhsú?
Microdermabrasion a dhéanamh sa bhaile
Tá trealamh micreodhermabrasion deartha do ghairmithe leighis, do na heisteoirí, agus anois, tá trealamh micreodhermabrasion baile ar fáil do dhuine ar bith a dhéanann an craiceann a mhúscailt. Tá éagsúlacht mhór ann maidir le cáilíocht agus praghas. Soláthraíonn an chuid is mó de na trealamh micredhermabrasion tí ocsaíd alúmanaim, uachtar micreacristal, lotions athnuachana, píosa láimhe nó baillín íogair exfoliating, agus iarratasóirí scamhó. Ní fhéadfaidh trealamh baile eile ach uachtar micreacriostail, éadach exfoliating, agus lotions a athshlánú. Is féidir na cóireálacha a dhéanamh le linn "sceacht lóin" gan aon am a theastaíonn chun é a ghnóthú.
8 Céimeanna simplí chun acne a chóireáil i measc daoine fásta
Tá líon na ndaoine os cionn 30 bliain d'aois a bhfuil cóireálacha acne de dhíth orthu tar éis dul suas go dtí an méid sin go moltar i dtuarascáil a foilsíodh i Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology an aois a ardú chun an clúdach árachais a fháil ar an druga acne tretinoin go 40 bliain ar a laghad. Tá an tuarascáil seo á chur i láthair ag na húdair, an Dr. Cuireann Steven Feldman agus Alan Fleischer, dermatologists ag Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, leis go bhfuil go leor cuideachtaí árachais ag diúltú íoc as oideas tretinoin do othair atá os cionn 25 bliain d'aois.
Clár Acne ? Céim 11 Meascáin luibheanna le hól
Is bealach cumhachtach é meascáin luibheanna chun comharthaí acne a laghdú nó a dhíchur. Ach, is féidir le meascáin luibheanna a úsáid uaireanta gníomhaíocht acne nó briseadh amach a mhéadú go sealadach. Ná bíodh imní ort, ós rud é go bhfuil luibheanna ina bhealach cumhachtach chun an fhuil a ghlanadh agus tús a chur leis an bpróiseas leigheas acne.
Acne Truachtála agus a Cúiseanna B'fhéidir
Má tá tú ar do blianta déagóireachta, tá seans maith go bhfuil roinnt acne agat. Tá acne ag thart ar 8 go 10 duine fásta agus déagóirí chomh maith le go leor daoine fásta. Ní hé ach fadhb chraiceann coitianta a mheastar a bheith ina chuid gnáth den fhéilire. Is cosúil go ndéanann sé tinneas an tí nó aon duine míchompordach agus ní chuireann sé níos éasca nuair a fhéachann tú sa scáthán agus a fheiceann tú an pimple mór ar do aghaidh nó ar do chin. Mar sin féin, tá dea-scéal ann, mar shampla céimeanna simplí a chabhróidh leat mothú níos fearr a bheith agat faoi do chraiceann.
Micreodrámaibreasíon ? An Gortú Craiceann chun é a Fhoghlaim?
Is staid chasta é acne a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-deacair a scriosadh uaireanta, agus is gnách go mbíonn baint ag a chóireáil le húsáid iliomad glantacháin agus deochanna eile ar an gcraiceann i bpróiseas fada triail agus earráide a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-frustrach don othar. Dá bhrí sin, nuair a bhíonn craiceann glan, nuair a dhéantar é a bhaint amach sa deireadh, is rud é a bhfuil an chuid is mó de na daoine a bhí ag fulaingt ann roimhe seo a bheith ag cur luach air, agus is cinnte nach rud é a ghlacadh go héasca. Mar sin cé nach bhfuil mórán amhras ann go bhfeicfidh othair acne a shroich a gcraiceann a bhíonn scarráilte go minic le díomá, níl go leor acu toilteanach a shoiléireacht a fuarthas go crua a chur i mbaol trí theicnící a laghdú scarr, mar shampla micro-dermabrasion, peeling ceimiceach nó cóireáil léasair. Agus cé go bhfuil dul chun cinn leighis ag feabhsú na teicnící seo an t-am ar fad ? Bhí an micro dermabrasion, mar shampla, a fhorbairt mar fhoirm níos socair de níos traidisiúnta dermabrasion ? Ba cheart do dhaoine a bhfuil craiceann íogair acu na buntáistí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann a fháil ó chóireáil a mheas go cúramach leis na rioscaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann.
Conas do Chraiceann a Brú le Caitheamh le Acne
Is bealach iontach é do chraiceann a ghlanadh le scuab nó le clúdach. Má tá acne agat, cabhróidh an scuabadh seo le tocsainí a dhíchur tríd an gcraiceann agus na tocsainí a thiománaíonn i do acne a laghdú.
Tá acne dona go leor nuair a bhuaileann sé le puberty. Ach nuair a leanann sé nó a thosaíonn sé arís san aois fásta, is féidir go mbeadh sé ina fhadhb fíor. Is galar craicinn é acne a thosaíonn de ghnáth timpeall an fhéidearthachta. Beidh níos mó ná ochtó faoin gcéad de dhéagóirí agus de na daoine atá roimh an aois sin ag forbairt acne go pointe éigin. Ach is féidir le daoine de gach aois, inscne, agus ciníoch a bheith i gceist leis. Bíonn tionchar aige ar fhir agus ar mhná araon, ach is dóichí go mbeidh acne tromchúiseach ag buachaillí agus go mbeidh acne acu a leanann ar aghaidh go dtí acne fásta.
Gach Cóireáil Náisiúnta ar Acne
Ag pointe éigin i do shaol is dócha go mbeidh tú ag fulaingt ó acne. Is cosúil go bhfuil beagnach gach duine. Tá go leor nuachta ann faoi chóireálacha acne le déanaí agus éilíonn go leor acu gur meascán de aiste bia cosc acne agus cuid de na cóireálacha acne uile-nádúrtha a bheith mar fhreagra. Mar sin b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat iarracht a dhéanamh ar an mbealach sin.
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This video will look at how to create some of the more common DNS records on Windows Server using Remote Administration Tools for Windows 8.
The Windows 8 computer has Remote Server Administration Tools installed which means it can be used to administer Microsoft DNS Server running on another computer.
1) To open DNS Manager, open charms by moving the mouse pointer to the top right of the screen and then selecting the icon Administrative Tools. Inside Administrative tools is the shortcut DNS to run DNS manager.
2) When you first run DNS manager it will ask which computer you want to perform administration on. You should enter in the name of the server that you are running Microsoft DNS server on.
3) In DNS Manager, DNS records are organized into containers. Most of the general DNS records that you will create are located under Forward Lookup Zones.
4) Under Forward Look Up zones is a container for each Forward Lookup Zone. In this container are the DNS records that have been created for that forward lookup zone, however some of the DNS records do not appear in the container. If you right click the zone file and select properties and then select the Start of Authority tab, this shows all the data that is contained in the SOA record. Every zone has an SOA record. Since there is only one SOA record, and there has to be one, Microsoft decided to make it so the SOA record could only be modified by changing the properties of the zone.
Start of Authority (SOA)
Primary server: Is a server that holds the primary zone for that zone. The primary zone is a server that contains a writable copy of the DNS data.
Responsible Person: This is the e-mail address of a person who is responsible for looking after that zone. The value is only valid if the @ sign is changed to a period.
Name Server (NS)
This data is accessed via the properties of the zone and selecting the tab Name Servers. Servers that appear in the name servers tab are considered to be DNS servers that hold the best source of information for that zone. They do not have to have a writeable copy of the zone file, it is just that they need DNS servers that contain an up-to-date copy of the DNS server and answers given by that server for that DNS server are considered to have authority or are correct.
Creating new records
To create a new DNS record, right click the zone and select new, followed by the type of DNS record that you want to create.
A Record or AAAA
This record type creates a mapping from a name to an IP Address. An A record is used for IPv4 and AAAA or Quad A is used for IPV6.
When you create an A or AAAA record, you have a tickbox, create associated pointer (PTR) record tickbox. When this tick box is ticked, a reverse lookup record will be created for the A record if a reverse lookup zone exists. A reverse look up zone allows a client to determine the host name given the IP Address.
A CNAME record allows the administrator to create a DNS record that effectively redirects the request to a different record. For example, if you had a CNAME record called ftp, you could configure the CName record to point to any other host record on the network. The advantage of this is it can change the CName at any time to point to a different server. The only down side of this approach is that if the client has the old record in their cache, the client will keep using this DNS record until its cache expires.
To create a new CName, right click on the zone and select the option, New Alias (CName). In the alias name enter in the name that you want to use. For the fully qualified domain name you can enter in the name or the IP Address. If you enter in the name, that name used does not need to be in the same namespace as the zone that it is created in.
New Mail Exchanger (MX)
When an external e-mail server has e-mail for a particular domain name, the external e-mail server will contact a DNS server and ask for the MX record. The MX record will contain the name of a server that can receive e-mail for that zone.
Each MX record has a value of Mail server priority. When multiple MX records exist, the MX record with the lowest priority will be used. If two or more MX records exist and they both have the same priority value, e-mail will be randomly sent to each of the mail servers listed in all the MX records with the same lowest priority value. To create an MX Record, right click the zone and select the option New Mail Exchanger (MX). Next, press browse to browse to the DNS record that you want to use for this mail exchanger record or enter in the IP Address. On this screen also enter in the mail server priority value. Since this record will be created so that a user will be able to access a mail server, it is a good idea to make sure the tick box “Delete this record when it becomes stale” is not ticked. If this tickbox is ticked, potentially the DNS server can remove this DNS record later on.
Other New Records
If the DNS record that you want to create is not listed when you right click the zone, select the option “Other New Records”. This will show DNS records that are not common DNS records.
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“DNS best practices” http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc778439(v=ws.10).aspx

Beidh an físeán seo ag breathnú ar conas a chruthú ar roinnt de na taifid DNS níos coitianta ar Windows Server ag baint úsáide as Uirlisí Riaracháin Ar Imeall do Windows 8.
Tá Uirlisí Riaracháin Freastalaí Ar Imeall suiteáilte ar ríomhaire Windows 8 rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir é a úsáid chun Freastalaí DNS Microsoft a reáchtáil ar ríomhaire eile a riaradh.
1) Chun Bainisteoir DNS a oscailt, oscail charms trí phointeoir an luch a bhogadh go barr ar dheis an scáileáin agus ansin an íocán Uirlisí Riaracháin a roghnú. Taobh istigh uirlisí Riaracháin tá an DNS gearrthreorach chun bainisteoir DNS a reáchtáil.
2) Nuair a rithfidh tú bainisteoir DNS den chéad uair, iarrfaidh sé ar an ríomhaire ar mian leat riarachán a dhéanamh air. Ba chóir duit a chur isteach i ainm an freastalaí go bhfuil tú ag rith freastalaí Microsoft DNS ar.
3) I Bainisteoir DNS, eagraítear taifid DNS i gcoimeádáin. Tá an chuid is mó de na taifid DNS ginearálta a chruthaíonn tú suite faoi Réimsí Cuardaigh ar Chúl.
4) Faoi réimsí Forward Lookup tá coimeádán do gach Réimsí Forward Lookup. Sa choimeádán seo tá na taifid DNS a cruthaíodh don chrios cuardaigh sin ar aghaidh, ach ní thaispeántar cuid de na taifid DNS sa choimeádán. Má chliceálann tú ar dheis ar an gcomhad crios agus roghnaíonn tú airíonna agus ansin roghnaíonn tú an cluaisín Tús Údarás, taispeánann sé seo na sonraí go léir atá sa taifead SOA. Tá taifead SOA ag gach crios. Ós rud é nach bhfuil ach SOA taifead amháin, agus ní mór go mbeadh ceann amháin, Microsoft chinn chun é a dhéanamh ionas nach féidir an SOA taifead a mhodhnú ach amháin trí athrú ar na hairíonna an chrios.
Tús an Údaráis (SOA)
Freastalaí bunscoile: Freastalaí a shealbhaíonn an phríomhchrios don chrios sin. Is é an príomhchrios freastalaí ina bhfuil cóip scríofa de na sonraí DNS.
Duine freagrach: Seo seoladh ríomhphoist an duine atá freagrach as an gcrios sin a chothabháil. Ní bheidh an luach bailí ach amháin má athraítear an comhartha @ go pointe.
Freastalaí Ainm (NS)
Rinneadh rochtain ar na sonraí seo trí shaincheisteanna an chrios agus trí roghnú an chlár Seirbhísigh Ainm. Meastar gur freastalaithe DNS iad na freastalaithe a thaispeántar sa chlár freastalaithe ainm a shealbhaíonn an fhoinse faisnéise is fearr don chrios sin. Ní gá go mbeadh cóip scríofa den chomhad crios acu, ach is gá dóibh freastalaithe DNS a bhfuil cóip cothrom le dáta den fhreastalaí DNS ann agus meastar go bhfuil údarás nó go bhfuil na freagraí a thugann an freastalaí sin don fhreastalaí DNS sin ceart.
Taifid nua a chruthú
Chun taifead DNS nua a chruthú, cliceáil ar dheis ar an gcrios agus roghnaigh nua, agus ansin an cineál taifead DNS is mian leat a chruthú.
Taifead nó AAAA
Cruthaíonn an cineál taifead seo maipáil ó ainm go Seoladh IP. Úsáidtear taifead A le haghaidh IPv4 agus AAAA nó Quad A le haghaidh IPV6.
Nuair a chruthaíonn tú taifead A nó AAAA, tá bosca tick agat, bosca tick a chruthú taifead pointeoir gaolmhar (PTR). Nuair a bheidh an bosca seo tickáilte, cruthaítear taifead cuardaigh aistrithe don taifead A má tá limistéar cuardaigh aistrithe ann. Ligeann crios cuardaigh aistrithe do chliaint an t-ainm óstach a chinneadh ar a dtugtar an Seoladh IP.
Ceadaíonn taifead CNAME don riarthóir taifead DNS a chruthú a atreoraíonn an t-iarratas go héifeachtach go taifead difriúil. Mar shampla, má bhí taifead CNAME agat ar a dtugtar ftp, d'fhéadfá an taifead CName a chumrú chun pointe a dhéanamh ar aon taifead óstach eile ar an líonra. Is é an buntáiste atá leis seo gur féidir leis an CName a athrú ag am ar bith chun pointe a dhéanamh ar fhreastalaí difriúil. Is é an t-aon taobh síos den chur chuige seo ná má tá an sean-taifead ag an gcliant ina gcáche, leanfaidh an cliant ag úsáid an taifead DNS seo go dtí go rachaidh a chách.
Chun CName nua a chruthú, cliceáil ar dheis ar an gcrios agus roghnaigh an rogha, New Alias (CName). Sa ainm bréagach cuir isteach an t-ainm is mian leat a úsáid. Maidir leis an ainm fearainn láncháilithe is féidir leat an t-ainm nó an Seoladh IP a iontráil. Má chuireann tú isteach sa ainm, ní gá go mbeadh an t-ainm sin sa spás ainmneacha céanna leis an gcrios ina gcruthaítear é.
Malartóir nua ríomhphoist (MX)
Nuair a bhíonn ríomhphost ag freastalaí ríomhphoist seachtrach le haghaidh ainm fearainn ar leith, cuirfidh an freastalaí ríomhphoist seachtrach i dteagmháil le freastalaí DNS agus iarrfaidh sé an taifead MX. Beidh ainm freastalaí ar féidir le ríomhphost a fháil don chrios sin sa taifead MX.
Tá luach tosaíochta freastalaí Post ag gach taifead MX. Nuair a bhíonn taifid MX iolracha ann, úsáidfear an taifead MX a bhfuil an tosaíocht is ísle aige. Má tá dhá thaifead MX nó níos mó ann agus má tá an luach tosaíochta céanna ag an dá cheann acu, seolfar ríomhphost go randamach chuig gach ceann de na freastalaithe poist atá liostaithe sna taifid MX go léir leis an luach tosaíochta is ísle céanna. Chun Taifead MX a chruthú, cliceáil ar dheis ar an gcrios agus roghnaigh an rogha Malartóir Post Nua (MX). Ansin, brúigh ar bhrabhsáil chun an taifead DNS a theastaíonn uait a úsáid don taifead malartaithe ríomhphoist seo a bhrabhsáil nó an Seoladh IP a iontráil. Ar an scáileán seo cuir isteach freisin i luach tosaíochta an fhreastalaí ríomhphoist. Ós rud é go gcruthófar an taifead seo ionas go mbeidh úsáideoir in ann rochtain a fháil ar fhreastalaí ríomhphoist, is smaoineamh maith é a chinntiú nach bhfuil an bosca tick  Scrios an taifead seo nuair a thiocfaidh sé chun bheith stale tickáilte. Má tá an bosca seo ticked, is féidir leis an bhfreastalaí DNS an taifead DNS seo a bhaint níos déanaí.
Taifid Nua Eile
Má tá an taifead DNS gur mian leat a chruthú nach bhfuil liostaithe nuair a chliceáil ceart ar an gcrios, roghnaigh an rogha Tuairiscí Nua Eile. Taispeánfaidh sé seo taifid DNS nach taifid DNS coiteann iad.
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DNS dea-chleachtais http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc778439(v=ws.10).aspx


These eight lesson plans weave stories of immigration and collective action together with traditional Jewish texts to create a rich investigation of Jewish involvement in the American Labor Movement. Identify the connections between human needs, work, and community, examine real-life examples of how to create social change, and look closely at contemporary labor issues through a Jewish lens.
How to cite this page
Jewish Women's Archive. "Living the Legacy Labor Lessons." (Viewed on December 8, 2023) <https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/labor/lessons>.

Tá na hocht phlean ceachta seo ag tógáil scéalta maidir le hinimirce agus gníomh comhchoiteann le téacsanna traidisiúnta Giúdach chun fiosrúchán saibhir a dhéanamh ar rannpháirtíocht Giúdach i Ghluaiseacht Oibre Mheiriceá. Aithníonn sé naisc idir riachtanais an duine, obair agus pobal, scrúdaíonn sé samplaí fíor-saoil ar conas athrú sóisialta a chruthú, agus féachann sé go dlúth ar shaincheisteanna saothair comhaimseartha trí lionsa Giúdach.
Conas an leathanach seo a lua
Achsaíocht na mBan Giúdach. "An Léachtaí Oidhreachta Oibre a Chothú". (Chonacthas ar 8 Nollaig 2023) <https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/labor/lessons>.


Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent virus with an affinity for the nervous system. Reactivation of the virus within the brain parenchyma either directly or through retrograde spread along the cranial nerves (especially trigeminal and olfactory) can result in a severe encephalitis that is universally fatal without early treatment. In fact, HSV is the most common cause of fatal encephalitis worldwide and in the US and is associated with significant morbidity even with appropriate treatment.
Diagnosis: Herpes Encephalitis
Figure 1: Increased (a,red arrow) FLAIR signal abnormality preferential for the left mesial temporal lobe is T1 hypointense (b, blue arrow ). It does not demonstrate restricted diffusion (c, green arrow) or enhance (not shown).
Clinical symptoms include a rapid onset of fever, headache,neck stiffness, photophobia, altered mental status seizures, focal neurologic signs, and impaired consciousness. Lumbar puncture classically demonstrates increased opening pressure, normal glucose, elevated protein and mild pleocytosis.
Understanding the imaging features of HSV encephalitis is important, since empiric antiviral therapy should be initiated if there is any suspicion for the condition. MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality. Imaging findings include T2/FLAIR signal abnormality involving the cortical and subcortical regions within the limbic system, especially the mesial temporal lobe. The findings are possibly bilateral but commonly asymmetric. There may be associated restricted diffusion on DWI and hemorrhage suggested by foci of decreased signal intensity on GRE sequences. Patchy or gyriform enhancement may be seen in these regions after contrast administration, or there may be no enhancement at all. The differential diagnosis also includes infarct and astrocytoma. A signal abnormality that lacks territorial restricted diffusion or that crosses vascular territories in a patient with sudden onset of symptoms and a suggestive LP help to differentiate HSV from infarct and tumor.

Is víreas forleathan é víreas Herpes simplex cineál 1 (HSV-1) a bhfuil gaol aige leis an gcóras néarógach. Is féidir le athghníomhachtú an víris laistigh den pharancím inchinn go díreach nó trí scaipeadh aisghabhálach ar feadh na néaróg cranial (go háirithe trigeminal agus olfactory) a bheith mar thoradh ar encefalitis throm atá marfach go forleathan gan cóireáil luath. Go deimhin, is é HSV an chúis is coitianta d'eencephalitis marfach ar fud an domhain agus sna Stáit Aontaithe agus tá baint aige le morbidity suntasach fiú le cóireáil chuí.
Diagnóis: Herpes Encephalitis
Figiúr 1: Tá T1 hypointense (b, saighead gorm) mar an rogha is fearr le haghaidh an loib timpálach mesialach chlé. Ní léiríonn sé scaipeadh srianta (c, saighead glas) ná feabhas (ní léirítear).
I measc na hairíonna cliniciúla tá teas tapa, tinneas cinn, stiffness muineál, photophobia, seizures staid mheabhrach athraithe, comharthaí néarlógacha fócais, agus lagú ar an gcomhfhios. Léiríonn puncture lumbar brú oscailte méadaithe, glúcóis gnáth, próitéin ard agus pleocytosis éadrom.
Tá sé tábhachtach go dtuigfí gnéithe íomháíochta na heincéfailíte HSV, ós rud é gur chóir cóireáil an-bhíorasach a thosú má tá aon amhras ann go bhfuil an riocht ann. Is é MRI an modh íomháithe is íogaire. I measc na dtorthaí íomháithe tá neamhghnáchas comhartha T2 / FLAIR a bhaineann leis na réigiúin cortical agus subcortical laistigh den chóras limbic, go háirithe an lob temporal mesial. Is féidir go bhfuil na torthaí déthaobhacha ach go coitianta neamhréireach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh scaipeadh srianta i gceist le DWI agus le hemorrhage a mholtar le fócais de dhísheas comhartha laghdaithe ar shreath GRE. D'fhéadfadh feabhsú neamhfhillte nó gyriform a bheith le feiceáil sna réigiúin seo tar éis an contrast a riaradh, nó d'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh feabhsú ar chor ar bith ann. Áirítear ar an diagnóis dhifreálach infarct agus astrocytoma freisin. Cabhraíonn neamhghnáchas comhartha nach bhfuil leathadh teoranta críochach ann nó a thrasnaíonn ceantair bhaiscúil i dtríotóir a bhfuil comharthaí tobann ann agus LP a thugann le fios a bheith ag idirdhealú HSV ó infarct agus tumor.


To bend plywood, attach a crosscut blade to a table saw, set the fence an inch from the blade, cut kerf lines into the wood, and then bend the wood. Practice cutting kerf lines into a separate piece of plywood to determine the appropriate depth and spacing of the lines.Continue Reading
Remove the normal blade from your table saw, and attach the crosscut blade. Set the blade height to half an inch.
Position the fence so the saw cuts 1 inch from the edge of the board.
Arrange the plywood with the finish side facing up, and position one edge of the wood against the fence. Make kerf cuts parallel to the grain of the finish. Turn on the saw. Carefully slide 6 inches of the plywood through the saw.
Slide the fence half an inch from the blade, and make a second line across the wood. Continue the process until you cover the plywood in parallel grooves.
Attach the scored plywood to the frame, and bend the wood into the desired shape. If the wood cracks or bends too much, cut a replacement by lowering the blade 1/6 inch. If the wood does not bend enough, double the number of lines.

Chun plátaí a chlúdach, cuir sciath tras-ghearradh le píosa tábla, cuir an fál inch ón sciath, gearr línte kerf isteach sa adhmad, agus ansin an adhmad a chlúdach. Déan cleachtadh ar na línte a ghearradh i bpíosa píopaí ar leithligh chun doimhneacht agus spásáil na línte a chinneadh.Continue Reading
Tóg an sciath gnáth ó do chliabhán agus cuir an sciath tras-ghearradh leis. Cuir an airde an scáth go leath orlach.
Cuir an fál ionas go ndéanann an scór gearradh 1 orlach ó imeall an bhoird.
Cuir an phláinéid ar bun agus an taobh deiridh os a chionn, agus cuir imeall amháin den adhmad in aghaidh an fhál. Déan gearradh ar an gcroí atá cothrom le grán an chríochnaithe. Tiontaigh ar an scór. Slis go cúramach 6 orlach den phláinéid tríd an scór.
Slide an fál leath orlach ón sciath, agus a dhéanamh ar an dara líne ar fud an adhmaid. Lean ar aghaidh leis an bpróiseas go dtí go gcumhdaíonn tú an phláinéid i sliocht chomhthreomhar.
Ceangail an phláinéid scóráilte leis an mbraighdean, agus bog an adhmad isteach sa chruth atá ag teastáil. Má bhíonn an adhmad ag creathadh nó ag bogadh ró-mhór, gearr ionad trí an liath a ísliú 1/6 orlach. Mura bhfuil an adhmad bog go leor, déanaigí dúbailt ar líon na línte.


Practice Safety and Survival Around Vehicles
Hunters use a variety of vehicles for hunting. Boats, bicycles, off-road vehicles, pick-up trucks, campers, and recreational vehicles are often found in or around hunting camps. Unfortunately, some hunters forget the special safety precautions that apply to these vehicles.
Rough weather or a snag in a river can quickly capsize a boat. Everybody in a boat should wear a personal flotation device (PFD) as long as they remain on the water. You may be a great swimmer, but a dunk in frigid water will leave you numb in moments. Wearing a PFD could mean the difference between life and death.
Mountain bikes and three- and four-wheeled vehicles are now commonly found in the woods. All riders should wear a helmet to protect themselves in the event of a fall. Never carry a loaded firearm while riding!
Many hunters use pick-up trucks, campers, or recreational vehicles as part of their base camp. Sometimes hunters use their vehicles to fight off the fall chill, but they forget that a faulty exhaust or heating system can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning … and death. Make sure that your hunting vehicle is in good repair and that you always have proper ventilation when using heating systems.

Déan an tsábháilteacht agus an maireachtáil a chleachtadh timpeall feithiclí
Úsáideann sealgairí feithiclí éagsúla chun sealg a dhéanamh. Is minic a fhaightear báid, rothair, feithiclí neamhbhóthar, trucailí pickup, campálaithe, agus feithiclí siamsaíochta i gcampaí fiach nó timpeall orthu. Ar an drochuair, déanann roinnt sealgairí dearmad ar na réamhchúraimí sábháilteachta speisialta a bhaineann leis na feithiclí seo.
D'fhéadfadh aimsir dhroch-aimsire nó buaicphointe in abhainn long a chur ar ais go tapa. Ba cheart go mbeadh gléas snámha pearsanta (PFD) ag gach duine ar long fad is a fhanann siad ar an uisce. B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ina shnáitheoir iontach, ach má bhíonn tú ag dul i dtubaiste i uisce fuar, beidh tú ag dul i ngleic le do chuid mothúchán i gceann tamaill. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh difríocht idir beatha agus bás ag caitheamh PFD.
Tá rothair bheo agus feithiclí trí- agus ceithre rothair le fáil go coitianta sa choille anois. Ba cheart do gach marcach casc a chaitheamh chun iad féin a chosaint i gcás titim. Ná bain arm tine luchtaithe riamh agus tú ag marcaíocht!
Baineann go leor sealgairí úsáid as trucailí pickup, campálaithe, nó feithiclí siamsaíochta mar chuid dá mbonn campa. Uaireanta úsáideann sealgairí a bhfeithiclí chun troid ar an fuar titim, ach déanann siad dearmad go bhféadfadh meáchan monócsaíd charbóin a bheith mar thoradh ar chóras easpórtála nó teasa easpórtáilte ... agus bás. Déan cinnte go bhfuil do charr seilge i riocht maith agus go bhfuil aeráil cheart agat i gcónaí nuair a bhíonn córais téimh á n-úsáid agat.


From magnetic resonance imaging to MBST magnetic resonance therapy
MBST therapy is a therapeutic development based on magnetic spin technology. Magnetic spin technology is used worldwide for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnostic purposes.
Images that go deep under the skin
MRI is one of the imaging diagnostic procedures and, to put it very simply, is a very large digital camera that takes pictures of the inside of the body. To generate these images, strong magnetic fields and high-frequency pulses are used to stimulate the hydrogen protons contained in organic tissue. The impulses transfer energy to the hydrogen protons, altering their physical state.
The procedure for an MRI scan in simple terms
The patient is positioned. The magnetic field in the magnetic resonance tomograph is switched on. This causes the hydrogen protons in the tissue, which were previously arranged completely randomly, to align along the magnetic field lines. Now the impulse is triggered and energy is transferred to the hydrogen protons. They are practically pushed and change their alignment. When the impulse is switched off, the hydrogen protons return to their original state as determined by the magnetic field. In the process, they release a portion of the energy they previously absorbed. These changes are measured outside the body and from this data the computer generates an image in different scales of grey with the help of special mathematical procedures .
Relaxation times – measurable molecular biological stimulation
The energy released and the time required for the hydrogen protons to return to their original state can be measured. These times are called relaxation times. The different parameters (proton density, magnetic resonance relaxation times) of the tissue types (e.g. fat, cartilage, bone, fluids) provide the most important data for the contrasting image. The images taken in this way show the different structures in the body in such detail that experts can see whether there is an inflammation in a "photographed" area, for example, or whether the tissue is healthy or ill.
The goal of MRI – an image with high contrasts
MRI uses the different tissue parameters to obtain highly contrasting images for diagnostic purposes.
The principle of MBST magnetic resonance therapy explained in simple terms
The MBST therapy system does not use magnetic spin technology to generate images, but rather to stimulate different processes in organic tissue at the molecular level.
Years of interdisciplinary research and development work were necessary to be able to use magnetic spin technology therapeutically. Proton densities and relaxation times were determined for different tissues by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In cooperation with the Institute of Nuclear Physics at the University of Giessen tissue-specific relaxation times were measured. Together with the Laboratory for Medical and Molecular Biology of the FH Aachen, tissue-specific cell parameters were determined.
Based on these results, the MedTec research department developed indication-specific magnetic resonance therapy sequences, which are loaded onto MBST therapy cards and used in MBST magnetic resonance therapy systems. At the start of treatment, the magnetic spin applicators shall create resonance conditions with the tissue to be treated and thereby may stimulate different processes by transferring energy into specific cell groups.
Scientific data indicate various effects of MBST therapy. You can get more information about the options of an MBST therapy for your disease or complaints in a non-binding consultation in one of the certified MBST treatment centres.

Ó léargas maighnéadach resonansa go teiripe maighnéadach resonansa MBST
Is forbairt teiripeach é teiripe MBST atá bunaithe ar theicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach. Úsáidtear teicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach ar fud an domhain le haghaidh íomháithe maighnéadaigh resonansa (MRI) chun críocha diagnóiseacha.
Íomhánna a théann go domhain faoin gcraiceann
Is MRI ceann de na nósanna imeachta diagnóiseacha íomháithe agus, a chur go simplí, tá ceamara digiteach an-mhór a thógann grianghraif de taobh istigh an chomhlachta. Chun na híomhánna seo a ghiniúint, úsáidtear páirceanna maighnéadacha láidre agus púllaí ard-itriall chun na prótóin hidrigine atá i bhfíochán orgánach a spreagadh. Cuireann na hionsaithe fuinneamh ar na próitíne hidrigine, ag athrú a staid fhisiceach.
An nós imeachta le haghaidh scanadh MRI i dtéarmaí simplí
Tá an t-othar suite. Tá an réimse maighnéadach sa tomagraf maighnéadach réitigh ar siúl. Mar thoradh air seo, déantar na prótóin hidrigine sa fíochán, a bhí socraithe go hiomlán go randamach roimhe seo, a ailíniú ar feadh na línte réimse maighnéadach. Anois tá an impulse triggered agus aistrítear fuinneamh go dtí na próitíne hidrigine. Tá siad i ndáiríre brúite agus a n-ailíneáil a athrú. Nuair a dhúntar an t-impuls, téann na prótóin hidrigine ar ais chuig a staid bunaidh mar a chinntíonn an réimse maighnéadach. Agus iad ag déanamh sin, scaoileann siad cuid den fhuinneamh a ghlac siad suas roimhe sin. Déantar na hathruithe seo a thomhas lasmuigh den chorp agus as na sonraí seo déanann an ríomhaire íomhá a ghiniúint i scálaí éagsúla liath le cabhair ó nósanna imeachta speisialta matamaitice .
Amanna scíth  spreagadh bitheolaíoch mhóilíneach in-mheasta
Is féidir an fuinneamh a scaoiltear agus an t-am a theastaíonn chun na próitíne hidrigine a thabhairt ar ais go dtí a staid bhunaidh a thomhas. Tugtar amanna scíth a ligean ar na hamanna seo. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus a scriosadh ar an mbonn. Tá an t-ábhar (mar shampla saill, cartilage, cnámh, leachta) mar chuid den fhaisnéis is tábhachtaí don íomhá thras-mhéadúcháin. Taispeánann na pictiúir a tógadh ar an mbealach seo na struchtúir éagsúla sa chorp go mion ionas gur féidir le saineolaithe a fheiceáil an bhfuil athlasadh i limistéar "tógtha ar ghrianghraf", mar shampla, nó an bhfuil an fíochán sláintiúil nó tinn.
Is é aidhm MRI íomhá a bhfuil contras ard
Baineann MRI úsáid as na paraiméadair éagsúla fíocháin chun íomhánna ard-choimeádacha a fháil chun críocha diagnóiseacha.
Mínítear prionsabal na teiripe leighis mhágnéadach MBST i dtéarmaí simplí
Ní úsáideann an córas teiripe MBST teicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach chun íomhánna a ghiniúint, ach chun próisis éagsúla i bhfíochán orgánach a spreagadh ar an leibhéal móilíneach.
Bhí blianta de thaighde agus forbartha idirdhisciplíneach riachtanach chun a bheith in ann teicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach a úsáid go teiripeach. Rinneadh dlús prótóin agus am scíth a fháil a chinneadh do fhíocháin éagsúla trí speictroscóp maighnéadach resonance. I gcomhar leis an Institiúid um Fisice Núicléach in Ollscoil Giessen, rinneadh amanna scíth a ligean atá sonrach do fhéithidí a thomhas. Le chéile leis an Saotharlann um Bithíocht Leighis agus Mholaíoch de chuid FH Aachen, socraíodh paraiméadair cealla atá sonrach do fhíocháin.
Bunaithe ar na torthaí seo, d'fhorbair roinn taighde MedTec seicheamh teiripe maighnéadach resonance sonrach a bhfuil táscairí sonracha ann, a luchtaítear ar chártaí teiripe MBST agus a úsáidtear i gcórais teiripe maighnéadach resonance MBST. Ag tús an chóireála, cruthaíonn na hiarrthóirí spín maighnéadach coinníollacha réasúnaíochta leis an bhfíochán atá le cóireáil agus dá bhrí sin d'fhéadfadh siad próisis éagsúla a spreagadh trí fhuinneamh a aistriú chuig grúpaí cille sonracha.
Léiríonn sonraí eolaíochta éifeachtaí éagsúla teiripe MBST. Is féidir leat tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi na roghanna le haghaidh cóireála MBST do do ghalar nó do ghearán i gcomhairle neamhcheangailteach i gceann de na hionaid cóireála MBST deimhnithe.


If soybeans turn yellow during an early growth stage, you may have a case of soybean iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). The distinctive yellow symptoms of soybean IDC often appear as soybean enters the first- to third-trifoliate leaf stage. Soybean IDC is characterized by distinct interveinal chlorosis (yellow leaf with green leaf veins) in the newest leaves and may result in substantial yield loss. Soybean IDC is not caused by low soil iron but instead caused by soil conditions that decrease iron uptake by soybean roots.
Soybean IDC risk and severity are primarily related to soil carbonate content (calcium carbonate equivalent, CCE) and exacerbated by soluble salts (electrical conductivity, EC). Soybean IDC can be common in soybean-growing regions of the Upper Midwest, Northern Plains, and Canadian Prairies, where soils frequently have high carbonates and/or soluble salts. Within a field, chlorosis symptoms are usually confined to soybean IDC hotspots with high carbonates and soluble salts; however, symptoms may appear across a field if high carbonates and salts are present throughout a field. Soybean IDC severity is made worse in cool, wet soils and soils with high residual nitrate. Soil pH is not a good indicator of soybean IDC risk because some high pH soils lack high carbonates and soluble salts, which are the two principal factors.
Unlike a nitrogen or sulfur deficiency, soybean IDC is not correctable with an in-season fertilizer application. Foliar application of iron fertilizers, including FeEDDHA products, may have short-term cosmetic effects, but foliar Fe applications have not consistently increased yield of soybeans affected by IDC. Chlorosis symptoms may naturally alleviate as environmental conditions improve (e.g., drier, warmer weather). North Dakota State University research has shown that chlorosis persisting into the fifth- and sixth-trifoliate leaf stage will reduce yield. For fields with soybean IDC now, you should take preventative action for following years: (1) evaluate which soybean varieties are most tolerant or susceptible to IDC and (2) identify soybean IDC hotspots on field maps.
Guidelines for managing soybean IDC:
- Plant soybeans in fields with low carbonates and soluble salts (principal soybean IDC risk factors). This may require soil sampling prior to soybeans (possibly outside of your usual soil sampling rotation) or consulting previous soil sampling records.
- Choose an IDC tolerant soybean variety. This is your most practical option to reduce soybean IDC risk in previously problematic fields or fields with moderate to high carbonates and soluble salts. Consult seed dealers, university soybean IDC ratings, and neighbor experiences when searching for IDC tolerant soybean varieties.
- Plant soybeans in wider rows. Soybean IDC tends to be less severe in wide-row spacings (plants are closer together) than narrow-row spacings or solid-seeded spacings.
- Apply chelated iron fertilizer (e.g., high quality FeEDDHA) in-furrow at planting. In-furrow FeEDDHA application may not be enough to help an IDC susceptible variety in high IDC risk soils (see points #1 and #2).
Please call AGVISE Laboratories in Northwood, ND (701-587-6010) or Benson, MN (320-843-4109) with questions. AGVISE offers routine soil testing for carbonates and soluble salts.

Má thagann buíon sóise buí le linn chéim luath fáis, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cás de chlóróis easnamh iarann sóise (IDC) agat. Is minic a bhíonn na comharthaí giollacha sainiúla de IDC soighe le feiceáil nuair a théann soighe isteach sa chéad chéim go dtí an tríú céim duille trifolate. Tá IDC soibhiúil tréitheithe ag clóiróis idir-bhreathnach ar leith (blath buí le veins blath glas) sna duilleoga is nua agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh caillteanas suntasach ar thorthaí ann. Ní í íoc íoc íocrachta an tsóibín a tharlaíonn de bharr íocrachta talún ach de bharr coinníollacha talún a laghdaíonn iontógáil iarann ag fréamhacha an tsóibín.
Tá riosca agus déine IDC soighe bainteach go príomha le cion caibináit ithreach (coibhéis caibináit chailciam, CCE) agus déantar é a mhéadaigh le salainn intuaslagtha (seoltacht leictreach, EC). Is féidir go mbeadh IDC soighe coitianta i réigiúin fhás soighe an tUas-Meán-iarthair, na Pleananna Thuaisceart, agus Prairies Cheanada, áit a bhfuil carbonáití agus / nó salainn intuaslagtha ard i dtalamh go minic. Laistigh de réimse, is gnách go mbíonn comharthaí clóiróis teoranta do phointí te IDC na soighe le carbónáit ard agus salainn intuaslagtha; áfach, d'fhéadfadh comharthaí a bheith le feiceáil ar fud réimse má tá carbónáit agus salainn ard i láthair ar fud réimse. Tá an déine IDC soighe níos measa i ithir fhuar, fliuch agus i ithir le n-itríd iarmhar ard. Ní táscaire maith é pH an ithreach ar riosca IDC soighe toisc nach bhfuil carbaionáit ard agus salainn intuaslagtha ard i roinnt ithreach le pH ard, is iad sin an dá phríomhfhachtóir.
I gcomparáid le easpa nítrigine nó sulfair, ní féidir IDC soighe a cheartú le feithidí a chur i bhfeidhm i rith an tséasúir. D'fhéadfadh éifeachtaí cosmaideacha gearrthéarmach a bheith ag feithidí iarann a chuirtear ar fhéithidí, lena n-áirítear táirgí FeEDDHA, ach ní raibh méadú leanúnach ar thorthaí na mbonn sóia a raibh tionchar ag IDC orthu mar gheall ar fheithidí Fe ar fhéithidí. D'fhéadfadh comharthaí clóiróis a mhaolú go nádúrtha de réir mar a fheabhsaíonn coinníollacha comhshaoil (e. g. aimsir níos tirim, níos te). Léirigh taighde Ollscoil Stáit Dakota Thuaidh go laghdóidh clúirseas a leanann ar aghaidh go dtí an cúigiú céim agus an séú céim trifolate duilleach toradh. I gcás feirmeacha a bhfuil IDC soighe orthu anois, ba cheart duit gníomh coisctheach a dhéanamh le haghaidh na mblianta seo a leanas: (1) measúnú a dhéanamh ar na cineálacha soighe is mó a bhfuil toilteanas nó íogaireacht ag baint leo le IDC agus (2) hotspots IDC soighe a shainaithint ar léarscáileanna feirme.
Treoirlínte maidir le bainistiú IDC soighe:
- Soibhianna a phlandaí i réimsí a bhfuil carbónáití agus salainn intuaslagtha íseal iontu (príomhfhachtóirí riosca IDC soibhianna). Féadfaidh sé seo a bheith riachtanach chun samplaí ithreach a thógáil roimh na pónairí sóise (is féidir go bhfuil siad lasmuigh de do rothlú gnátham samplaíochta ithreach) nó chun dul i gcomhairle le taifid samplála ithreach roimhe seo.
- Roghnaigh cineálacha soighe a bhfuil dlúthdhiosca acu le IDC. Is é seo an rogha is praiticiúla atá agat chun riosca IDC soighe a laghdú i réimsí a raibh fadhbanna acu roimhe seo nó i réimsí a bhfuil carbaiúnaigh agus salainn intuaslagtha meánach go ard iontu. Déan dul i gcomhairle le díolaithe síolta, rátálacha IDC na mbonn soibe ollscoile, agus le taithí na gcomharsana nuair a bhíonn cineálacha soibe a bhfuil dlúthfhios acu ar IDC á lorg agat.
- Soya bean plandaí i sraitheanna níos leithne. Is gnách go mbíonn IDC soighe níos lú tromchúiseacha i spásanna leathan-líne (tá plandaí níos dlúithe le chéile) ná spásanna caol-chrom nó spásanna soladach-síos.
- Tá sé tábhachtach go gcuirfí leasachán iarann chelated (e.g., FeEDDHA ardchaighdeáin) i mbarr an fhórsa ag síolú. Ní féidir le feistí a bhfuil an t-ábhar iontu a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bhfuil an t-ábhar iontu a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí.
Cuir glaoch ar na Saotharlanna AGVISE i Northwood, ND (701-587-6010) nó Benson, MN (320-843-4109) le ceisteanna. Cuireann AGVISE tástáil ghnáth-thír ar fáil le haghaidh caarbónáit agus salainn intuaslagtha.


WHEN the Center for Investigative Reporting recently visited the Santa Cruz County Juvenile Hall — widely considered one of the best juvenile detention centers in the country — they found remarkably prison-like conditions, ranging from the bare, concrete walls to the use of solitary confinement as a method of disciplining youth. There are currently no federal or state laws that regulate the use of solitary confinement for juvenile offenders, despite overwhelming evidence of its harmful effects. But the abuses don’t stop there. A 2012 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a division of the Department of Justice, determined that youth held in adult prison facilities suffered less instances of sexual violence than their peers in juvenile facilities. And in some facilities, the rate of juvenile recidivism is over 80 percent, meaning that the bulk of these young people will eventually add to the burgeoning prison population.
There seems to be a consensus that the prison system as a whole isn’t working, and this is particularly true when it comes to juvenile detention. The United States incarcerates more young people under the age of 18 than any other industrialized country in the world. (By comparison, South Africa, our closest competitor, incarcerates its youth at one-fifth the rate of the United States.) Most juveniles who are sent to these facilities are from racial minorities. Many of them suffer abuses in prison that are heinous for adults and potentially ruinous for youth — solitary confinement, rape, repeated physical abuse, deprivation of sunlight, insufficient food and affection. Perhaps worst of all, children leave these facilities with additional traumas under their belts and no promise that their outside lives will improve.
And yet, despite protestations from all political parties that our society values children, despite the proliferation of New York Times bestsellers on how to raise children, despite growing scientific evidence that the confinement of adolescents may profoundly stunt their brain development, despite the fact that juvenile crime is steadily declining, change has not followed. Why?
In her new book, Burning Down the House: The End of Juvenile Prison, Nell Bernstein, a journalist whose previous book addresses the problems of children of the incarcerated, attempts to explore this elusive question using a mix of reporting, research, and anecdotal history. Bernstein’s basic premise, which I agree with, is that it’s mostly a matter of culture, an elusive but necessary concept. She argues that young adults and children require positive relationships with adults in order to rehabilitate, but prison, which isolates and punishes violators for transgressions, is based on just the opposite assumption. Prisons assume that those who commit crimes must be isolated from the community, both to force them to think about their immoral acts and to protect the rest of the law-abiding community. This is the direct opposite of what we should be doing for children in prison: educating them, providing them life skills and positive role models, and supporting their mental and physical development in a positive way. We have a culture of punishment, and culture is difficult to change.
The juvenile prison has a mixed history. The first juvenile detention centers were built with the premise that out-of-control kids were better off removed from their families and placed in the care of the state. Most of the children were those of immigrants and the poor, and expectations were low. As Bernstein writes, wards of the state have always been “other people’s children,” of whom little is expected. Despite various reforms throughout the years, there has always been a tension between the idea of state control of unruly children and the more humane notion of rehabilitation.
Hence, we reach the essential conundrum of juvenile incarceration. Juvenile prison was never really intended to be a prison, and even today it serves as a sort of catchall for children who come from families with histories of abuse and neglect. Even though adolescents aren’t treated like adults under the law, juvenile prisons have come to look like their adult counterparts, with all of the same dangers. And, like adult prisons, they continue to become more crowded and violent.
Legally, children don’t have the same rights as adults do. They can’t drink or smoke, and they can’t skip school — all crimes for which youth can be arrested. Originally, children’s law was based on an English common law notion of parens patriae, or “the state as parent.” Under parens patriae, judges had broad discretion to determine what was in the best interests of the child, and it remains the basis of today’s laws regarding juveniles. For example, unlike adults, juveniles can be removed from their homes and relegated to a facility without their permission and against the wishes of their parents, if a court so orders. And some constitutional protections in criminal prosecutions, like trial by jury, are not guaranteed for juveniles. In the last 50 years, the Supreme Court has clarified and extended the protections accorded to youth. In re Gault, for example, ensured that juvenile defendants have the right to counsel, and in Kent v. United States, the court ruled that, while juvenile courts have wide latitude, they must accord youth defendants certain procedural protections.
There’s some reason to think that this trend of protecting juvenile offenders will continue. As scientists are better able to measure brain activity and structure, they are discovering increasingly persuasive evidence that children do not make decisions the same way adults do, and that the brain continues to develop throughout the teenage years. Much of this data is trickling down to the judicial level. In 2005, swayed by scientific evidence that the adolescent brain is different from the adult brain, the Supreme Court held that juveniles were not eligible for the death penalty (Roper v. Simmons). Using similar logic, the court held in the 2012 case Miller v. Alabama that juveniles could not receive life sentences even for violent crimes. (The court had already ruled previously that juveniles could not be sentenced to life for nonviolent crimes.)
While the law has always acknowledged that children are different from adults, this may not always be to children’s benefit. For example, in New York and other jurisdictions, parents can consign their children to state care by filing a PINS (“person in need of supervision”) petition. Basically, the parents are acknowledging that their child is so out of control that they need the state to intervene. In many cases, PINS petitions are filed when there are cases of extreme truancy or curfew violations. Parents are legally liable for sending their kids to school, so some parents may file a PINS petition to absolve themselves of this responsibility. In my experience, while those youth are certainly experiencing turmoil from multiple sources, they are deeply, emotionally affected when they realize that the end result of a successful PINS petition means that they will wait in a room for a bus to take them away from their home to live with strangers. No matter how much they protest otherwise, youth — teenagers, especially — need the security that a family provides.
Any discussion of juvenile detention, including Bernstein’s, leads back to the decisive factor of race. Most teens commit illegal acts at one time or another. But most teens don’t go to prison. Most don’t even get arrested. And the ones who do are predominantly black or Latino. (They are also mostly male, although Bernstein does a fair job of including the experiences of female adolescents.) Black adolescents are sent to juvenile detention at five times the rate of white youth. In many urban areas, juvenile detention is a rite of passage. Bernstein urges her readers to view youthful rule-breaking as an expected part of development, and one for which many adolescents cannot be blamed.
Truth be told, some of Bernstein’s book is familiar territory, although it’s still an excellent piece of advocacy. Many of the statistics and troubling stories from juvenile prisons won’t surprise anyone familiar with the field. For example, the common occurrence of rape and violence in juvenile prisons has been well covered for a few years now. A federal report a few years ago found that one in 10 juvenile offenders had been sexually assaulted by a staff member. A 2010 study found that as many as 30 percent of youth in juvenile facilities had been sexually abused.
While Bernstein inserts stories of youths she interviews, some of her anecdotal evidence is less compelling than, for example, the stories told in Cris Beam’s To the End of June, which gives a more comprehensive analysis of the entire foster care/juvenile detention cycle. Many of Bernstein’s interviews are from her time working at a youth newspaper, and the stories have that sense — people drift in and out of the reader’s periphery without the attention needed to do justice to the full power of their stories. The true problem of juvenile incarceration has roots in the legal system, the foster care system, the welfare system, homelessness, poverty, racial inequality, and inadequate health care — it is necessary to give a more complete view of the problem than Bernstein manages. At the end, she asks one of her interview subjects what would have made a difference in his life. He answers, “My parents staying together. They could have fucking raised me.” This quote strikes to the core of Bernstein’s main point: families should be given access to counseling and education, rather than having their children removed from their care by a government authority. But, even so, a more careful examination of the circumstances and the parents is required, and a fuller picture of the complexity of providing services to these families. Should an adolescent’s wish always be honored? This is a more complex question than Bernstein’s quick anecdotes can answer.
As Bernstein points out, some states have made progress by enacting sweeping reforms and closing abusive facilities — namely California, Texas, and New York. But despite reforms, juvenile detention remains relatively the same throughout the country, and isolation and corrective punishment remain common. The Missouri Model is widely acknowledged as the best youth rehabilitation program in the country. Under the Missouri Model, juveniles work with invested staff and participate in programs focused on treatment. They are housed in less “prison-like” quarters. And the Missouri Model produces measurably better outcomes — just a quarter of youth housed under the Missouri Model recidivate, an impressive feat.
Despite this promising approach, Bernstein isn’t quite satisfied. Even under the Missouri Model isolation is used as a tool, and youth are still separated from their families. Ultimately, she argues juvenile prison should not exist. Most juvenile inmates enter the system for nonviolent crimes and are statistically more likely to leave juvenile detention worse off. While she is willing to admit that particularly violent youth do need some sort of rehabilitative setting, she strongly believes that the current system — the reams of barbed wire, the locked cells, the punitive attitude of the workers — only exacerbates any preexisting problems. Plus, how can youth learn to trust any system that permits so much abuse and rule-breaking?
Whether states can manage to coordinate widespread use of the Missouri Model along with a different approach to youth and families — a change in culture, in other words — remains to be seen. But, given the entrenchment of prison culture in America, this seems unlikely to happen quickly enough to prevent substantial harm to thousands of adolescents. And there’s the further problem of what those youth face when they return to society. As one of the teens in Santa Cruz County Juvenile Hall says, “I kind of feel safe here” — the isolation and violence on the inside may be preferable to what’s outside.

NÁ MÍRA an Lárionad um Thuarascáil Imscrúdaitheach ar an Halla um Cheartais do Leanaí Contae Santa Cruz le déanaí - a mheastar go forleathan mar cheann de na hionaid choimeádta do dhaoine óga is fearr sa tír - fuair siad dálaí cosúil le príosún go suntasach, ó na ballaí ciorclach, cóncréite, go dtí an úsáid a bhaint as aonlaithín mar mhodh chun smacht a chur ar dhaoine óga. Faoi láthair níl aon dhlí cónaidhme nó stáit ann a rialaíonn úsáid an phríosúin aonaranach do chiontóirí óige, in ainneoin fianaise mhór a bhaineann lena éifeachtaí díobhálacha. Ach ní stopann na mí-úsáidí ansin. De réir tuarascála 2012 ón Oifig Staidrimh Dlí agus Cirt, rannán den Roinn Dlí agus Cirt, fuair daoine óga a bhí i bpríosúin do dhaoine fásta níos lú cásanna foréigneacha gnéis ná a gcairde i bpríosúin óige. Agus i roinnt áiseanna, tá ráta athchóirithe óige os cionn 80 faoin gcéad, rud a chiallaíonn go gcuirfidh an chuid is mó de na daoine óga seo leis an daonra príosúnachta atá ag fás.
Is cosúil go bhfuil comhaontú ann nach bhfuil an córas príosúin ina iomláine ag obair, agus tá sé seo fíor go háirithe maidir le coinneáil óige. Cuireann na Stáit Aontaithe níos mó daoine óga faoi 18 mbliana d'aois i bpríosún ná aon tír thionsclaíoch eile ar domhan. (Mar chur i gcomparáid, tá an Afraic Theas, ár n-iomaitheoir is gaire, ag cur a óige i bpríosún ag ráta a bhfuil cúigiú cuid de na Stáit Aontaithe ann.) Is ó mhionlaigh rásúla a bhíonn an chuid is mó de na daoine óga a seoltar chuig na saoráidí seo. Tá mí-úsáidí ag baint le go leor acu sa phríosún atá uafásach d'aosaigh agus d'fhéadfadh a bheith tubaisteach do dhaoine óga  coinneáil aonarach, éigniú, mí-úsáid fhisiciúil athfhillte, díghlasadh na gréine, bia agus cairdeas neamhleor. B'fhéidir gurb é an rud is measa ná go bhfágann leanaí na hionaid seo le traumas breise faoi a mbreiseáin agus gan aon ghealladh go bhfeabhsófar a saol lasmuigh.
Agus fós, in ainneoin agóidí ó gach páirtí polaitiúil go bhfuil luach ag ár sochaí ar leanaí, in ainneoin an iomadaithe ar na New York Times bestsellers ar conas a ardú leanaí, in ainneoin fianaise eolaíoch ag fás go bhféadfadh an t-ainneoin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cur isteach ar fhorbairt inchinn na n-óige go mór, in ainneoin go bhfuil an coireacht óige ag titim go seasta, ní leanann athrú. Cén fáth?
Ina leabhar nua, Burning Down the House: The End of Juvenile Prison, déanann Nell Bernstein, iriseoir a bhfuil a leabhar roimhe seo ag tabhairt aghaidh ar fhadhbanna leanaí na n-iarsúnaithe, iarracht an cheist éagórach seo a iniúchadh ag baint úsáide as meascán tuairisceáin, taighde, agus staire anicdotúil. Is é bun-chomhcheangal Bernstein, a aontaím leis, go bhfuil sé ina ábhar cultúrtha den chuid is mó, coincheap éagórach ach riachtanach. Éilíonn sí go dteastaíonn caidrimh dhearfacha ó dhaoine fásta óga agus ó leanaí le daoine fásta chun athshlánú a dhéanamh, ach tá an phríosún, a dhéanann ionsaí agus pionóis a dhéanamh ar thras-scríbhneoirí, bunaithe ar an mothúchán os coinne. Glacann príosúin leis go gcaithfear iad siúd a dhéanann coireanna a scaradh ón bpobal, araon chun iad a chur iallach a dhéanamh smaoineamh ar a ngníomhartha neamhmhorálta agus chun an chuid eile den phobal a chomhlíonann an dlí a chosaint. Is é seo an t-idirmhéid díreach de na rudaí ba cheart dúinn a dhéanamh do leanaí i bpríosún: iad a oideachasú, scileanna saoil a chur ar fáil dóibh agus samhlacha ról dearfacha, agus tacú lena bhforbairt mheabhrach agus fisiceach ar bhealach dearfach. Tá cultúr pionóis againn, agus tá sé deacair cultúr a athrú.
Tá stair mheasctha ag an bpríosún do dhaoine óga. Tógadh na chéad ionaid choimeádta óige leis an bharúil go raibh leanaí neamhrialta níos fearr a bhaint as a dteaghlaigh agus a chur faoi chúram an stáit. Ba iad leanaí inimircigh agus na ndaoine bochta a bhí i bhformhór na leanaí, agus ní raibh ionchais mhór acu. Mar a scríobhann Bernstein, is iad páistí an stáit i gcónaí "le daoine eile", nach bhfuil mórán ag súil leo. In ainneoin athchóirithe éagsúla le blianta fada anuas, bhí teannas ann i gcónaí idir an smaoineamh ar rialú stáit ar leanaí neamhrialta agus an coincheap níos daonnachtacha maidir le haisiúint.
Dá bhrí sin, tagann muid go dtí an conundrum bunúsach ar phríosúnú óige. Ní raibh sé i gceist riamh go mbeadh príosún i bpríosún i ndáiríre, agus fiú inniu is cineál cathaoir é do leanaí a thagann ó theaghlaigh a bhfuil stair mí-úsáid agus faillí acu. Cé nach gcaitear le déagóirí mar dhaoine fásta faoin dlí, tá príosúin do dhaoine óga tar éis breathnú cosúil lena gcomhghleacaithe fásta, leis na contúirtí céanna go léir. Agus, cosúil le príosúin do dhaoine fásta, leanann siad ag éirí níos plódaithe agus níos foréigneacha.
Go dlíthiúil, ní bhíonn na cearta céanna ag leanaí agus ag daoine fásta. Ní féidir leo ól ná caitheamh tobac, agus ní féidir leo an scoil a sheachaint - gach coir a bhféadfar óige a ghabháil. Ar dtús, bhí dlí na leanaí bunaithe ar choincheap dlí na Breataine de parens patriae, nó an stát mar thuismitheoir. Faoi parens patriae, bhí rogha leathan ag breithiúna chun a chinneadh cad a bhí ar mhaithe le leas is fearr an linbh, agus tá sé fós mar bhunús le dlíthe an lae inniu maidir le daoine óga. Mar shampla, murab ionann agus daoine fásta, is féidir le daoine óga a thógáil óna dtithe agus iad a chur i saoráid gan a gcead agus i gcoinne mhianta a dtuismitheoirí, má ordóidh cúirt amhlaidh. Agus ní ráthaítear roinnt cosaintí bunreachtúla i ndíospóireachtaí coiriúla, cosúil le triail ag giúiré, do dhaoine óga. Le 50 bliain anuas, tá an Chúirt Uachtarach tar éis na cosaintí a thugtar do dhaoine óga a shoiléiriú agus a leathnú. I gcás Re Gault, mar shampla, chinntíodh go bhfuil an ceart ag ionchúisitheoirí óige chun comhairleoir, agus i Kent v. na Stáit Aontaithe, chinn an chúirt, cé go bhfuil raon leathan de shaothar ag cúirteanna óige, go gcaithfidh siad cosaintí nós imeachta áirithe a thabhairt d'ionchúisitheoirí óige.
Tá cúis ann a cheapadh go leanfaidh an treocht seo maidir le ciontóirí óige a chosaint. De réir mar a bhíonn eolaithe in ann gníomhaíocht agus struchtúr na hinchinne a thomhas níos fearr, tá fianaise níos mó agus níos mó a fháil amach nach ndéanann leanaí cinntí ar an mbealach céanna a dhéanann daoine fásta, agus go leanann an inchinn ag forbairt i rith na mblianta déagóireachta. Tá cuid mhór den fhaisnéis seo ag dul síos go dtí an leibhéal breithiúnach. Sa bhliain 2005, ag brath ar fhianaise eolaíoch go bhfuil an inchinn óige difriúil ón inchinn fásta, chinn an Chúirt Uachtarach nach raibh daoine óga incháilithe le haghaidh pionós an bháis (Roper v. Simmons). Ag baint úsáide as loighic den chineál céanna, chinn an chúirt i gcás 2012 Miller v. Alabama nach bhféadfaí pionóis saoil a fháil ar dhaoine óga fiú le haghaidh coireanna foréigneacha. (Bhí an chúirt tar éis a chinneadh cheana féin nach bhféadfaí do dhaoine óga a phionósú go saolré as coireanna neamhfhoréigneacha.)
Cé gur aithníodh sa dlí i gcónaí go bhfuil leanaí difriúil ó dhaoine fásta, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil sé seo i gcónaí chun tairbhe leanaí. Mar shampla, i Nua-Eabhrac agus i ndlínsí eile, is féidir le tuismitheoirí a gcuid leanaí a chur faoi chúram an stáit trí ghearán PINS (duine a bhfuil maoirseacht de dhíth air) a chomhdú. Go bunúsach, tá na tuismitheoirí ag admháil go bhfuil a leanbh chomh neamhrialta sin go dteastaíonn uathu go ndéanfadh an stát idirghabháil. I go leor cásanna, déantar achainí PINS a chomhdú nuair a bhíonn cásanna de dhíscaoileadh go hiontach nó sárúí coire. Tá tuismitheoirí faoi dhliteanas dlíthiúil a gcuid páistí a chur ar scoil, mar sin d'fhéadfadh roinnt tuismitheoirí achainí PINS a chomhdú chun iad féin a dhíolmhú ón bhfreagracht seo. De réir mo thaithí, cé go bhfuil na daoine óga sin ag fulaingt ó fhoinsí éagsúla, bíonn tionchar mór orthu go mothúchánach nuair a thuigeann siad go gciallaíonn toradh deiridh achainí PINS rathúil go mbeidh siad ag fanacht i seomra ar bhus chun iad a thógáil amach as a dteach chun cónaí le strainséirí. Is cuma cé chomh mór is a mhaíonn siad a mhalairt, tá an tslándáil a sholáthraíonn teaghlach ag teastáil ó dhaoine óga  déagóirí, go háirithe.
Aon phlé ar choimeád óige, lena n-áirítear Bernstein, tugann sé ar ais go dtí an fachtóir cinntitheach de chine. Déanann formhór na n-óige gníomhartha mídhleathacha tráth éigin. Ach ní théann an chuid is mó de na déagóirí go príosún. Ní bhaintear an chuid is mó acu fiú. Agus is iad na daoine a dhéanann go príomha dubh nó Laidineach. (Tá siad i bhformhór na ndaoine fireann freisin, cé go ndéanann Bernstein post cothrom ag cur taithí na n-óigeacha baineann san áireamh.) Seoltar déagóirí dubh chuig príosún óige ag ráta cúig huaire an ráta óige bán. I go leor ceantair uirbeacha, tá coinneáil óige ina rite pasáiste. Iarrann Bernstein ar a léitheoirí go mbreathnóidh siad ar bhris rialacha óige mar chuid ionchasach den fhorbairt, agus ní féidir an milleán a chur ar go leor déagóirí as sin.
Go deimhin, tá cuid de leabhar Bernstein ar chríoch eolach, cé go bhfuil sé fós ina phíosa díograise iontach. Ní chuirfidh go leor de na staitisticí agus de na scéalta imní ó phríosúin óige iontas ar dhuine ar bith atá eolach ar an réimse. Mar shampla, tá an forluí agus an foréigean a tharlaíonn go coitianta i bpríosúin óige clúdaithe go maith le cúpla bliain anois. Fuair tuarascáil chónaidhme cúpla bliain ó shin go raibh duine as gach 10 gcionch óige ionsaí gnéis ag ball foirne. Fuair staidéar 2010 go raibh ionsaí gnéis déanta ar chomh mór le 30 faoin gcéad de na daoine óga i n-ionad óige.
Cé go gcuireann Bernstein scéalta ó dhaoine óga a dhéanann sí agallamh leo, tá cuid dá fianaise anicdotúil níos lú tarraingteach ná, mar shampla, na scéalta a dúradh i Cris Beams To the End of June, a thugann anailís níos cuimsithí ar an timthriall iomlán cúram aireachais / coinneála óige. Tá go leor de na hidirbheartaíochtaí Bernstein óna tréimhse ag obair ag nuachtán óige, agus tá an tuiscint sin sna scéalta - téann daoine isteach agus amach as imeall an léitheora gan an aird a theastaíonn chun ceartas a dhéanamh le cumhacht iomlán a gcuid scéalta. Tá fréamhacha ag fíorfhadhb an phríosúnaithe óige sa chóras dlíthiúil, sa chóras cúraim aire, sa chóras leasa, gan dídean, bochtaineacht, éagothroime ciníoch, agus cúram sláinte neamhleor  tá sé riachtanach léargas níos iomláine a thabhairt ar an bhfadhb ná mar a bhainisteann Bernstein. Ag deireadh, iarrann sí ar dhuine de na daoine a bhfuil agallamh aici cad a d'fhéadfadh athrú a dhéanamh ina shaol. Freagraíonn sé, 'Mo thuismitheoirí ag fanacht le chéile. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith fucking chothaigh mé.  An luachan bualadh go dtí croílár Bernstein's pointí is mó: ba chóir teaghlaigh a thabhairt rochtain ar chomhairle agus oideachas, seachas a bheith a gcuid leanaí a thógáil as a gcúram ag údarás rialtais. Ach, fiú mar sin, tá gá le scrúdú níos cúramaí ar na himthosca agus na tuismitheoirí, agus le pictiúr níos iomláine den chastacht atá ann seirbhísí a chur ar fáil do na teaghlaigh seo. An chóir go n-onóraítear mian an óige i gcónaí? Is ceist níos casta é seo ná mar is féidir le Bernstein a fhreagairt.
Mar a thugann Bernstein le fios, tá dul chun cinn déanta ag roinnt stáit trí athchóirithe ollmhóra a dhéanamh agus saoráidí mí-úsáidte a dhúnadh - is é sin California, Texas, agus Nua-Eabhrac. Ach in ainneoin athchóirithe, tá an phríosún óige fós an-chosúil ar fud na tíre, agus tá an t-aonar agus an pionós ceartaitheach fós coitianta. Aithnítear go forleathan gur é an Múnla Missouri an clár athshlánúcháin óige is fearr sa tír. Faoin Múnla Missouri, oibríonn daoine óga le foireann infheistithe agus bíonn siad rannpháirteach i gclár atá dírithe ar chóireáil. Tá siad á hoibriú i gceantair nach bhfuil chomh "príosún-chosúil" leo. Agus tá torthaí measartha níos fearr ag an tsamhail Missouri  níl ach ceathrú cuid de na daoine óga a bhfuil cónaí orthu faoi Múnla Missouri ag teacht ar ais, feat suntasach.
In ainneoin an chur chuige geallta seo, níl Bernstein sásta go hiomlán. Fiú amháin faoi Mhúnla Missouri úsáidtear aonrú mar uirlis, agus tá daoine óga fós ar leithligh óna dteaghlaigh. Sa deireadh, déanann sí a argóint nár cheart go mbeadh príosún óige ann. Téann an chuid is mó de phríosúnaigh óige isteach sa chóras le haghaidh coireanna neamhfhoréigneacha agus tá seans níos mó go staidrimh go bhfágfaidh siad an choimeád óige níos measa. Cé go bhfuil sí sásta a admháil go bhfuil gá le timpeallacht athshlánúcháin ag daoine óga atá thar a bheith foréigneach, creideann sí go láidir nach ndéanann an córas reatha - na reams sreang barbed, na cillíní dúnta, dearcadh pionóiseach na n-oibrithe - ach aon fhadhbanna a bhí ann cheana a mhéadú. Ina theannta sin, conas is féidir le daoine óga a fhoghlaim muinín a bheith acu in aon chóras a cheadaíonn an oiread sin mí-úsáid agus briseadh rialacha?
An féidir le stáit úsáid forleathan Múnla Missouri a chomhordú le cur chuige difriúil i leith óige agus teaghlaigh - athrú ar chultúr, i bhfocail eile - tá sé le feiceáil. Ach, ag féachaint ar chultúr príosúin atá craiceáilte i Meiriceá, is cosúil nach dtarlóidh sé seo go tapa go leor chun dochar suntasach a sheachaint do na mílte déagóirí. Agus tá fadhb eile ann maidir leis an méid a bhíonn os comhair na n-óige sin nuair a fhilleann siad ar ais sa tsochaí. Mar a deir ceann de na déagóirí i Santa Cruz County Juvenile Hall, "Is dóigh liom go bhfuil mé sábháilte anseo"  b'fhéidir go bhfuil an t-aonar agus an foréigean taobh istigh níos fearr ná an rud atá lasmuigh.