Call them what you wish, turtles, tortoises, or terrapins, these fascinating reptiles all belong to the taxonomic order Chelonia, which includes about 250 species. In Australia, most people refer to all Chelonians as tortoises. Britons use “turtle” to refer to saltwater species, and “terrapin” for freshwater Chelonians. Most commonly in America, “turtle” describes aquatic or semi-aquatic Chelonians, and “tortoise” is used for land-dwellers. Turtles tend to have webbed feet and a streamline body shape, perfect for swimming. Tortoises, because of their terrestrial nature, do not have webbed feet and, in fact, their feet are round and stumpy for walking on land. Also, their shells are more mound-shaped since they do not need to be streamline for ease of swimming. So, where does “terrapin” fit in all of this? Terrapin, which is derived from an Indian word meaning “little turtle,” generally refers to Chelonians that spend time both on land and in water. Generally, terrapins are found in brackish, swampy regions, and never stray far from bodies of water. Also, “terrapin” is often used for Chelonians that are harvested for meat.
Range: Southeastern, Midwest, South USA
Habitat: Wooded areas, swamps, grasslands
Conservation Status: Their future is uncertain, mainly due to loss of habitat and fragmentation from crossing busy roads or other man-made structures to find food and mates
Scientific Name: Terrapene carolina
The box turtle is just over an inch long when born. After hatching, the babies go into hiding to avoid predators. They can reach eight inches long as adults and in the wild, they will eat almost anything. This includes worms, insects, a variety of vegetable matter and even carrion. They can eat mushrooms, including those that are toxic to humans. Box turtles have a domed shell which is hinged at the bottom, allowing the animal to retract its head and legs and close its shell tightly to protect itself from predators. Box turtles are native to North America. The widest distributed species is the common box turtle which is found in the United States and Mexico. The Scovill Zoo box turtles are part of the ambassador animal collection.
Range: Galapagos Island
Habitat: Woods and grassland
Conservation Status: Vulnerable
Scientific Name: Geochelone nigra
The Galapagos Tortoise is the largest living tortoise. It has massive limbs and a long neck. They spend most of their time in small herds and basking in pools or mud wallows. During the breeding season, males become territorial and start looking for mates. The females create nest chambers in the ground to lay eggs. However, the greatest threats to these tortoises come from the introduction of nonnative species, such as rats, cats, goats and cattle, which eat both tortoise eggs and young tortoises. If a tortoise survives past this threat into adulthood, they can live beyond 100 years.
Our tortoises, Sam (b. March 15, 1972) and Ella (b. March 15, 1969), are getting older, but for Galapagos Tortoises they are still fairly young. Galapagos Tortoises can live up to two hundred years old. Sam and Ella are both pretty laid back and easy to work with. I guess if you are going to live nearly 200 years, you better be laid back.
Range: Widely distributed in southeast Africa.
Conservation Status: Vulnerable
Scientific Name: Geochelone pardalis
Leopard tortoises are named for the speckled pattern on their carapace. The carapace is domed and not hinged, with scutes (dermal plate of scale) only faintly raised. The nuchal (nape of the neck) is absent. The beak is sometimes hooked, is unicuspid and often serrated. These reptiles have been known to undertake extensive migrations in search of food. During hot, dry seasons they dig a hole in the ground and take refuge in it as a way to avoid dehydration and the extreme heat. They remain in this dormant state until the weather improves and the rains return. They can live up to 100 years. They eat grasses, annuals, thistles, and plant matter. The also may gnaw bones and hyena feces. They can be up to 21 inches long (females are much larger than males) and weigh up to 80 lbs.
Leopard tortoises are sexually mature at 6 to 10 years. The female lays 8 to 15 eggs. The incubation is 73-400+ days. The eggs have a tough shell, resistant to damage and rapid dehydration. The hole, in which she lays her eggs, is refilled and the female may tamp down the soil by lifting and dropping her shell regularly on the spot. Hatchlings weigh 23 – 50 grams and measure 40 – 50 mm.
The shell consists of interconnected bony plates that include the expanded and fused ribs, with the backbone fixed permanently in place. Both the carapace and plastron are covered on the outside with a layer of large horny plates or scutes. The suture lines between the scutes do not align with those of the bony plates, adding to the strength of the shell.
There are more than 40 different species of tortoise in the world; almost all are actually threatened with destruction of their natural habitat.
Red-eared slider (turtle)
Range: South Central USA
Habitat: Marshes, Waterways
Conservation Status: Lower Risk
Scientific Name: Trachemys scripta elegans
Identified by a prominent red stripe behind its eyes, this freshwater turtle lives in lakes, rivers, and creeks in North America. It is fond of basking in the sunshine, sometimes forming stacks when basking sites are in short supply. The turtles will dive quickly into the water when threatened or disturbed. Young eat tadpoles and other invertebrates. Adults eat mostly plant food. Our Red-eared Sliders are in the Herpaquarium.
Range: North to Central South America
Conservation Status: Locally Common
Scientific Name: Geochelone carbonaria
The Red-footed Tortoise is so named because of the reddish and yellowish-orange dots on its front legs. The shell will have reddish or yellow blotches on its back. It lives mostly on plant food, such as leaves and fallen fruit, but it will also scavenge animal remains. Males compete for breeding access to females, and fights sometimes result in one male pushing another over on to his back. The Red-footed tortoise frequently reaches ages of 50 years or more.
Range: Found throughout eastern U.S., except Florida and southeastern coast. In the northern states, the range extends westward to the Pacific.
Habitat: Prefers mud-bottomed habitats with abundant vegetation, including ponds, marshes, edges of lakes and the backwaters of streams.
Conservation Status: Locally Common
Scientific Name: Chrysemys picta
In 2004, with 16,742 votes, the Painted Turtle was voted the official Illinois Reptile. The opposing reptilian candidates were the Eastern Box Turtle and the Common Garter Snake. Among the world’s most colorful aquatic turtles, painted turtles are named for their bright red markings along the edge of the shell, or carapace. The painted turtle is a familiar sight in lakes and ponds across Illinois. These turtles are often seen basking on logs and aquatic plants, frequently in large congregations. By basking, these cold-blooded reptiles warm their bodies. The sunlight and resulting drying may also prevent the growth of algae and fungi that sometimes grow on the turtle’s skin and shell.
The shell length averages 4-7 inches; adult females are larger than males. The young are mostly carnivorous, eating snails, crayfish, earthworms, minnows, insects, and carrion. Adults are omnivorous, feeding on aquatic vegetation as well as animal matter. We feed them trout chow, earthworms, minnows, crickets dusted with vitamin and mineral supplements.
During courtship, the male swims face-to-face or above the female. He stretches his forelegs in front of him, nearly touching the sides of the female’s head and neck. He then vibrates his long nails very rapidly. The sex of an adult can be determined easily by looking at the nails on the front feet. A male has long nails; a female has shorter nails.
The female uses her back legs to build a nest on a sandy beach or in moist soil. She then lays two to twenty eggs, larger females laying more than smaller ones. She may lay more than one clutch a year. The young turtles hatch in two to three months. The shell, less than one inch long, is keeled lengthwise along the center.
Painted turtles are named for the bright red markings along the edge of the shell. There are 4 subspecies, which vary in markings, coloration and geographic distribution. Typical of aquatic turtles, the shell is low, making the turtle more streamlined in the water than if it had a high, domed shell. The large, webbed back feet are used for swimming. The head and feet can be pulled into the shell, but the shell cannot be closed.
In the wintertime, painted turtles dig into the mud at the bottom of their aquatic habitat. During several months of hibernation, they breathe by flushing water into and out of the cloaca, the chamber into which the digestive,, urinary and reproductive tracts converge just inside the body. Dissolved oxygen is absorbed directly through the cloaca’s thin walls that are richly supplied with blood vessels. Respiration in this way is adequate in the winter because the turtle’s metabolism is slowed down by the cold temperatures. The heart beats very slowly, and other body processes are equally slow. The slow metabolism means oxygen requirements are very low.
Baby painted turtles and small turtles of closely related species were once sold by the millions as pets. Healthy turtles, like many other animals, can carry Salmonella bacteria. If a person practices poor hygiene when handling turtles, he may infect himself with Salmonella, which can cause gastrointestinal illness. Many cases of salmonellosis in children were traced back to pet turtles. The children infected themselves by handling the turtles and then putting their fingers in their mouths or eating without first washing their hands. Other infected animals, such as rodents or birds, might not pose much risk because their droppings are not as likely to be contacted. But infected turtles, forced to defecate in their small bowl and then swim in the polluted water, are likely to have the bacteria all over their bodies.
Because of the risk of salmonellosis to children, turtles with shell lengths of less than four inches can no longer be legally sold as pets. Larger turtles are just as likely to carry the bacteria, but they are not as likely to be kept as pets by small children. Turtles, whether infected with Salmonella or not, are safe to handle. Just be certain that you wash your hands thoroughly before you eat, smoke, rub you eyes or put your hands in your mouth . Because children often forget to take these precautions, the zoo does not permit school children and visitors to touch the zoo’s turtles. You can find our painted turtles in the Herpaquarium.
Range: Restricted to southern Madagascar
Habitat: Dry thorn forests and tropical woodland
Conservation Status: Critically Endangered
Scientific Name: Astrochelys radiate
Radiated tortoises can get up to 35 pounds in weight and eat a mixture of grass, leaves, fruit, and cacti. The carapace of the radiated tortoise is brilliantly marked with yellow lines radiating from the center of each dark plate of the shell, hence its name. Juvenile radiated tortoises lack the striking yellow patterns of adults. They are born white/off-white and darken quickly. As they age the dark patterns will gradually lighten.
Radiated tortoises are critically endangered due to habitat destruction and poaching. They were once abundant in southern Madagascar but are now rapidly nearing extinction with less than 200,000 individuals remaining. They are part of a Species Survival Plan (SSP) in North American Zoos. Captive breeding has shown great promise.
Range: Restricted to the Aldabra Atoll (a group of islands northeast of Madagascar)
Habitat: Scrub, mangrove swamp, coastal dune, and grassland
Conservation Status: Vulnerable
Scientific Name: Aldabrachelys gigantean
The Aldabra Tortoise is one of the largest tortoises in the world. An Aldabra tortoise weighing 672 pounds is the world’s largest free-roaming tortoise ever recorded. The carapace is a brown or tan color with a high, domed shape. It has stocky, heavily scaled legs to support its heavy body. They have long necks, which helps with food gathering. Primarily herbivores, Aldabra giant tortoises eat grasses, leaves, and woody plant stems. These tortoises like to rest during the hottest part of the day in the shade, inside burrows in the ground, or in shallow pools of water.

Glaoigh orthu mar is mian leat, turtar, turtar, nó terrapins, is iad na creimirí suimiúla seo go léir a bhaineann leis an ord tacsainómach Chelonia, a chuimsíonn thart ar 250 speiceas. San Astráil, tagraíonn an chuid is mó daoine do na Chelonians go léir mar chréatúir. Úsáideann na Breataine turtle chun tagairt a dhéanamh do speicis uisce salainn, agus terrapin do Chelonians uisce milis. Is minic a úsáidtear i Meiriceá, turtle chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar Chelonians uisceacha nó leath-uisceacha, agus úsáidtear tortoise le haghaidh áitritheoirí talún. Is gnách go mbíonn cosa plátaithe ag cnámha agus cruth sruthléite comhlacht acu, foirfe chun snámh. Mar gheall ar a nádúr talún, níl cosanna plátaithe ag cnámha agus, i ndáiríre, tá a cosa cruinn agus stumpy le haghaidh siúl ar thalamh. Chomh maith leis sin, tá a gcuid craiceann i bhfoirm móide níos mó ós rud é nach gá dóibh a bheith sruthlíneach chun snámh a dhéanamh níos éasca. Mar sin, cá háit a bhfuil "terrapin" i ngach ceann de seo? Baineann Terrapin, a dhíorthaítear ó fhocal Indiach a chiallaíonn  turtar beag,  go ginearálta le Chelonians a chaitheann am ar thalamh agus in uisce araon. Go ginearálta, is i réigiúin salacha, swampy a fhaightear terrapins, agus ní théann siad i bhfad ó shéasúir uisce. Chomh maith leis sin, is minic a úsáidtear terrapin do Chelonians a bhaintear as feoil.
Raon: Oirdheisceart, Meán-Iarthar, Theas na SA
Áiteanna cónaithe: Limistéir choillte, marshes, féaraí
Stádas Caomhnaithe: Tá a todhchaí éiginnte, go príomha mar gheall ar chailliúint gnáthóg agus ar chraobhchláraithe ó thrasnú bóithre gnóthacha nó struchtúir eile de dhéantús an duine chun bia agus páirteanna a aimsiú
Ainm Eolaíoch: Terrapene carolina
Tá an turtar bosca díreach os cionn orlach ar fhad nuair a rugadh é. Tar éis dóibh a bheith imithe as an gcraiceann, téann na páistí isteach i bhfolach chun creachadóirí a sheachaint. Is féidir leo a bhaint amach ocht n-orlach ar fhad mar dhaoine fásta agus sa fhiáin, beidh siad ag ithe beagnach rud ar bith. Áirítear leis seo feithidí, feithidí, ábhar glasraí éagsúla agus fiú carcáin. Is féidir leo feithidí a ithe, lena n-áirítear iad siúd atá tocsaineach do dhaoine. Tá craiceann domed ag turtar bosca atá ar an mbonn, rud a ligeann don ainmhí a cheann agus a chosa a tharraingt siar agus a chraiceann a dhúnadh go daingean chun é féin a chosaint ar ghalar. Tá turtar bosca dúchasach i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Is é an speiceas is forleithne an turtar bocsa coitianta a fhaightear sna Stáit Aontaithe agus sa Mheicsiceo. Tá na turtaigh bhosca Scovill Zoo mar chuid de bhailiúchán ainmhithe an ambasadóra.
Réimse: Oileán Galapagos
Gnáthóg: Coillte agus féar
Stádas Caomhnaithe: Éagothroime
Ainm Eolaíoch: Geochelone nigra
Is é an Tortoise Galapagos an tortoise is mó atá beo. Tá a lámha ollmhór agus a muineál fada. Caitheann siad an chuid is mó dá gcuid ama i dtríúduithe beaga agus ag cócaireacht i dtuiscí nó i mbóithre muiceola. Le linn séasúr na gclárú, bíonn na fir áitiúla agus tosaíonn siad ag lorg páirteanna. Cruthaíonn na mná seomraí neada sa talamh chun uibheacha a leagan. Is iad na speicis neamh-thúchasacha, mar shampla lucha, cait, gabhar agus eallach, a itheann uibheacha agus tortaí óga araon, an bagairt is mó atá ar na tortaí seo. Má mhaireann clóch tar éis an bhagairt seo go dtí an folláine, is féidir leo maireachtáil thar 100 bliain.
Ár dtorthaí, Sam (b. 15 Márta, 1972) agus Ella (b. Tá na seacláidí (Márta 15, 1969), ag dul in aois, ach do Thorthaí Galapagos tá siad fós go leor óg. Is féidir le Tortoises Galapagos maireachtáil suas le dhá chéad bliain d'aois. Sam agus Ella tá an dá go leor laid back agus éasca a bheith ag obair le. I mo thuairimse, má tá tú ag dul a bheith ina gcónaí beagnach 200 bliain, is fearr a bheith ina luí ar ais.
Réimse: Tá sé scaipthe go forleathan in oirdheisceart na hAfraice.
Stádas Caomhnaithe: Éagothroime
Ainm Eolaíoch: Geochelone pardalis
Tugtar an t-ainm seo ar na cilleach leopard as an patrún speckled ar a gcorp. Tá an carapace domed agus gan hinge, le scutes (pláta scála dermal) a ardú ach beagán. Níl an nuchal (nape an mhuineál) ann. Tá an beac ag crochadh uaireanta, tá sé unicuspid agus is minic a bhíonn sé greamaithe. Tá a fhios go ndéanann na greamaigh seo imirce fairsing chun bia a lorg. Le linn séasúir te, tirim, déanann siad poll sa talamh agus cuireann siad tearmann ann mar bhealach chun díhiodráitiú agus an teas iomarcach a sheachaint. Fanann siad sa staid codlata seo go dtí go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar an aimsir agus go dtiocfaidh na báistí ar ais. Is féidir leo maireachtáil suas le 100 bliain. Bíonn siad ag ithe féar, plandaí bliantúla, thistles, agus plandaí. Is féidir leis na coimhdeacha agus feces hyena a cheilt freisin. Is féidir leo a bheith suas le 21 orlach ar fhad (tá mná i bhfad níos mó ná fir) agus meáchan suas le 80 lbs.
Tá tortaí léopard aibí gnéasach ag 6 go 10 mbliana. Cuireann an baineann 8 go 15 ubh. Tá an t-aimsir 73-400+ lá. Tá craiceann láidir ag na huibheacha, atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne damáiste agus díhiodráitiú tapa. Tá an poll, ina gcuireann sí a uibheacha, á líonadh arís agus d'fhéadfadh an baineann an talamh a chur síos trína chraiceann a ardú agus a thit go rialta ar an láthair. Meáchan na n-uachlaí 23  50 gram agus tomhas 40  50 mm.
Tá an craiceann comhdhéanta de phlátaí cnámh idirnasctha lena n-áirítear na ribí leathnaithe agus leáite, agus an cnámh cnámh arda socraithe go buan ina áit. Tá an carapace agus an plastron araon clúdaithe ar an taobh amuigh le sraith de phlátaí horny móra nó scutes. Ní bhíonn na línte seolta idir na scutes ag teacht le línte na bplataí cnámh, rud a chuireann le neart an chraiceann.
Tá níos mó ná 40 speiceas éagsúla cilleacha sa domhan; tá beagnach gach ceann acu i mbaol a gnáthchónaí nádúrtha a scriosadh.
Cláirín (Cláirín)
Réimse: Meán-Theas na SA
Gnáthóg: Maracha, Uiscebhealaí
Stádas Caomhnaithe: Riosca Níos ísle
Ainm Eolaíoch: Trachemys scripta elegans
Aithnítear é trí shraith dearg suntasach taobh thiar dá shúile, tá an turtar uisce milis seo ina chónaí i lochanna, i n-aibhneacha agus i gcarraigí i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Is maith leis a bheith ag cócaireacht sa ghrian, ag cruthú stailc uaireanta nuair a bhíonn easpa áiteanna cócaireachta. Déanfaidh na turtar tumadh go tapa isteach san uisce nuair a bhíonn bagairt orthu nó nuair a bhíonn imní orthu. Bíonn na daoine óga ag ithe tadpoles agus neamhthriomacháin eile. Bíonn na daoine fásta ag ithe bia plandaí den chuid is mó. Tá ár Sliders Red-eared sa Herpaquarium.
Réimse: Meiriceá Theas ó Thuaidh go Meán
Stádas Caomhnaithe: Coitianta go háitiúil
Ainm Eolaíoch: Geochelone carbonaria
Tugtar an t-ainm sin ar an Tortaise Red-footed mar gheall ar na poncanna dearg agus buí-oráiste ar a chosa tosaigh. Beidh spléinsí dearg nó buí ar a chúl ag an gcoróin. Tá sé ina chónaí den chuid is mó ar bhia plandaí, mar shampla duilleoga agus torthaí titim, ach beidh sé scavenge fós ainmhithe freisin. Tá na fir san iomaíocht le rochtain ar mhná a chur ar fáil, agus bíonn troideanna mar thoradh air uaireanta go mbrúíonn fear amháin fear eile ar a chúl. Is minic a shroicheann an t-eitleán Red-footed aois 50 bliain nó níos mó.
Raon: Fuarthas iad ar fud oirthear na Stát Aontaithe, seachas Florida agus cósta an oirdheiscirt. Sna stáit thuaidh, síneann an raon siar go dtí an Aigéan Ciúin.
Áit chónaithe: Is fearr leis na háit chónaithe le bun muilte le plandaíocht throm, lena n-áirítear locha, marshes, imeall lochanna agus taiscéalaí sruthanna.
Stádas Caomhnaithe: Coitianta go háitiúil
Ainm Eolaíoch: Chrysemys picta
Sa bhliain 2004, le 16,742 vóta, vótáladh an Turtle Painted mar Reptile oifigiúil Illinois. Ba iad na hiarrthóirí reptilian opponents an Turtle Ciste an Oirthir agus an Snake Garter Coitianta. I measc na gcorcaí uisceacha is dathúla ar domhan, tugtar na ccorcaí péinteáilte a n-ainm as a gcuid marcanna dearga geal ar imeall an charbóin, nó an carapace. Tá an turtar péinteáilte ina radharc coitianta i lochanna agus i dtógaí ar fud Illinois. Is minic a fheictear na turtar seo ag cócaireacht ar bhlocanna agus ar phlandaí uisceacha, go minic i gcoistí móra. Trí bheith ag cócaireacht, téann na creimirí fuara-fhuara seo a gcorp. D'fhéadfadh solas na gréine agus an triomú a thagann as sin cosc a chur ar fhás algaí agus fungais a fhásann uaireanta ar chraiceann agus ar chraiceann an turtar.
Tá an scáileog 4-7 orlach ar fhad; tá mná fásta níos mó ná fir. Tá na páistí carnaitheach den chuid is mó, ag ithe snails, cráibí, féaráin talún, minnows, insteachtaí, agus carcáin. Tá na daoine fásta uilebhíoracha, ag ithe plandaí uisceacha chomh maith le hábhair ainmhithe. Táimid a itheann iad chow trout, earthworms, minnows, crickets dusted le vitimíní agus forlíontaí mianraí.
Le linn an chúrsa, snámhann an fear aghaidh ar aghaidh nó os cionn na mban. Scaoil sé a chuid cosa tosaigh os a chomhair, ag teagmháil beagnach le taobhanna ceann agus muineál na mbanna. Ansin, cuireann sé a chuid ingne fada go han-tapa. Is féidir gnéas duine fásta a chinneadh go héasca trí breathnú ar na ingne ar na cosa tosaigh. Tá naíonáin fada ag an bhfear; tá naíonáin níos giorra ag an mbean.
Baineann an baineann úsáid as a cosa chúl chun nead a thógáil ar thrá gaineamh nó i dtalamh taise. Ansin cuireann sí dhá uibheacha go fiche, agus cuireann mná níos mó uibheacha níos mó ná mná níos lú. D'fhéadfadh sí níos mó ná clutch amháin a chur in aghaidh na bliana. Tá an t-eitleán óg ag teacht amach i gceann dhá nó trí mhí. Tá an craiceann, atá níos lú ná 1 orlach ar fhad, ar thréimhse ar feadh an lár.
Tugtar an t-ainm sin ar na cnámha dearga geal ar imeall an chraiceann. Tá 4 fho-chineál ann, a athraíonn i marcálacha, i gcló agus i dtrácht geografach. Is gnáth-chruthán uisceach é, tá an craiceann íseal, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an craiceann níos sruthlíneacha san uisce ná dá mbeadh craiceann ard, domed aige. Úsáidtear na cosa ar chúl móra, plátaithe chun snámh. Is féidir an ceann agus na cosa a tharraingt isteach sa chraiceann, ach ní féidir an chraiceann a dhúnadh.
Sa gheimhreadh, scaipíonn na clóisín péinteáilte isteach sa mud ag bun a gnátháitreabh uisceach. Le linn roinnt míonna de hibernation, a n-éalaíonn siad ag flushing uisce isteach agus amach as an cloaca, an seomra ina bhfuil an díleá, urinary agus atáirgthe tracts converge díreach taobh istigh den chorp. Déantar ocsaigin tuaslagtha a ionsú go díreach trí bhallaí tanaí an cloaca atá soláthraithe go saibhir le soithí fola. Tá an spíonáil ar an mbealach seo leordhóthanach sa gheimhreadh toisc go bhfuil meitibileacht na turtar ag moilliú leis na teochtaí fuar. Tá an croí ag bualadh go mall, agus tá próisis eile sa chorp chomh mall céanna. Ciallaíonn an meitibileacht mall go bhfuil riachtanais ocsaigine an-íseal.
Bhí na turtarí péinteáilte agus na turtarí beaga de speicis dlúthbhaintear á ndíol ag na milliúin uair amháin mar pheataí. Is féidir le turtar sláintiúla, cosúil le go leor ainmhithe eile, baictéir Salmonella a iompar. Má bhíonn drochghlanú ag duine nuair a bhíonn sé ag déileáil le cnámha, d'fhéadfadh sé féin a ionfhabhtuithe le Salmonella, rud a d'fhéadfadh galair gastrointestinal a chur faoi deara. Bhí go leor cásanna de salmonellosis i leanaí a rianú ar ais go turtar peataí. Bhí na páistí ionfhabhtaithe trí na turtar a láimhseáil agus ansin a n-uacha a chur ina mbéal nó ag ithe gan a lámha a ní ar dtús. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ainmhithe eile atá ionfhabhtaithe, amhail creimirí nó éan, nach bhfuil i bhfad níos mó riosca mar nach bhfuil an oiread sin seans ann go mbeidh teagmháil déanta lena gcuid feola. Ach is dócha go mbeidh na baictéir ar fud a gcorp ag turtar ionfhabhtaithe, a éilítear orthu a gcuid éileamh a dhéanamh ina n-amhrán beag agus ansin snámh sa uisce truaillithe.
Mar gheall ar an mbaol salmonellosis do leanaí, ní féidir turtar le fad craiceann níos lú ná ceithre orlach a dhíol go dlíthiúil mar pheataí. Tá an baictéir ag na cnámha móra chomh seans maith céanna, ach ní bhíonn an seans céanna ann go mbeidh leanaí beaga ag caitheamh iad mar pheataí. Tá sé sábháilte gabháil le cnámha, cibé acu atá siad ionfhabhtaithe le Salmonella nó nach bhfuil. Bí cinnte go n-éireoidh leat do lámha a ní go maith sula n-itheann tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú. Toisc go ndéanann leanaí dearmad go minic na réamhchúraimí seo a dhéanamh, ní cheadaíonn an tsó do leanaí scoile agus do chuairteoirí teagmháil a dhéanamh le turtar na tsó. Is féidir leat ár dtorthaí péinteáilte a fháil sa Herpaquarium.
Réimse: I ndeisceart na Madagáisc
Áit chónaithe: Foraoisí cranntibh tirim agus coillte trópaiceacha
Stádas Caomhnaithe: I mbaol go mór
Ainm Eolaíoch: Astrochelys radiate
Is féidir le tortaigh radaigh suas le 35 punt a mheá agus ithe meascán de féar, duilleoga, torthaí, agus cacti. Tá línte buí ag an gcárpás an tortaigh radaighithe go geal ag gabháil ó lár gach pláta dorcha den chraiceann, dá bhrí sin a ainm. Níl na patrúin buí suntasacha atá ag daoine fásta ag tortaigh radaigh óige. Rugtar iad bán/fhuada-bhán agus bíonn siad dorcha go tapa. De réir mar a théann siad in aois, beidh na patrúin dorcha ag éirí níos soiléire de réir a chéile.
Tá na cilleacha radaigh i mbaol go mór mar gheall ar scrios maireachtála agus ar cheilt. Bhí go leor acu uair amháin i ndeisceart na Madagáise ach tá siad anois ag druidim go tapa le díothú le níos lú ná 200,000 duine fágtha. Tá siad mar chuid de Phlean Maireachtála Speiceas (SSP) i Zúanna Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Tá breeding gabháil léirithe gealltanas mór.
Raon: Iarrtar ar an Atoll Aldabra (grúpa oileáin ó thuaidh de Mhádagascar) é
Áit chónaithe: Scrub, mangrove swamp, dún cósta, agus féar
Stádas Caomhnaithe: Éagothroime
Ainm Eolaíoch: Aldabrachelys gigantean
Tá an Tortoise Aldabra ar cheann de na tortoises is mó ar domhan. Tá cille Aldabra ag meáchan 672 punt an cille is mó ar domhan a thaifeadadh riamh. Tá an carapace dath donn nó donn le cruth ard, domed. Tá cosa stocúil, scálaithe go trom aige chun a chorp trom a thacú. Tá muineál fada acu, rud a chabhraíonn leo bia a bhailiú. Is é an chuid is mó de na crann-itheoirí, na clóis ollmhóra Aldabra a itheann féar, duilleoga, agus stiallacha plandaí fiodhúil. Is maith leis na cnámha seo scíth a ligean le linn an chuid is te den lá san scáth, taobh istigh de bholl sa talamh, nó i lúibí uisce clutha.


LONDON — The River Thames has burst its banks after reaching its highest level in years, flooding towns upstream of London.
Residents and British troops piled sandbags to protect properties from the latest bout of flooding, but the river overwhelmed their defenses in several places Monday, leaving the center of the village of Datchet and other areas under water.
The Environment Agency has issued 14 severe flood warnings — an advisory meaning there is a danger to life — along the Thames east of Windsor, about 20 miles from London.
Its chief executive, Paul Leinster, said ‘‘extreme weather will continue to threaten communities this week’’ with more flooding expected Tuesday.
There were no flood alerts for the part of the river that flows through London. That stretch is protected by the Thames Barrier, a series of giant metal gates downstream of central London that can be closed against tidal surges.
By holding back the tide, the barrier also creates more space in the river for excess water from upstream to flow down to the sea.
England has had its wettest January since 1766. Its southwest coast has been battered by storms and a large area of the low-lying Somerset Levels in the southwest has been under water for more than a month.
The disaster has sparked a political storm, with the Prime Minister David Cameron’s Conservative-led government facing criticism from many residents for allegedly failing to dredge rivers and take other flood-prevention measures.
Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg visited flood-hit areas Monday as the government struggled to take charge of the flooding crisis.
Cameron denied the government had been slow to respond. ‘‘We have been dealing with it from the very moment it started,’’ he said.

LONDÁIN  Tá an abhainn Thames tar éis a chuid bainc a bhriseadh tar éis dó a leibhéal is airde a bhaint amach le blianta, ag tuilte a shruthú suas ó Londain.
Chuir cónaitheoirí agus trúpaí na Breataine málaí gaineamh i gcodladh chun maoin a chosaint ón bplódú is déanaí, ach sháraigh an abhainn a gcuid cosanta i roinnt áiteanna Dé Luain, ag fágáil lár sráidbhaile Datchet agus ceantair eile faoi uisce.
Tá an Ghníomhaireacht Comhshaoil a eisíodh 14 rabhadh tuile tromchúiseach  comhairleach ciallaíonn go bhfuil contúirtí ar shaol  ar feadh an Thames soir Windsor, thart ar 20 míle ó Londain.
Dúirt a phríomhfheidhmeannach, Paul Leinster, go leanfaidh "téarmaí iomarcacha ag bagairt ar phobail an tseachtain seo" agus go bhfuil súil le níos mó tuilte Dé Máirt.
Ní raibh aon rabhaidh tuile ann don chuid den abhainn a shreabhann trí Londain. Tá an t-eastát sin cosanta ag an gCarraig Thames, sraith geataí miotail ollmhór síos an sruth ó lár Londain a d'fhéadfadh a bheith dúnta i gcoinne na mbrú.
Trí an t-airgead a choinneáil siar, cruthaíonn an bacainn níos mó spáis sa abhainn le haghaidh uisce iomarcach ó shrutha suas chun sreabhadh síos go dtí an fharraige.
Tá an Eanáir is báistí i Sasana ó 1766. Tá an chósta ó dheas-thuaisceart ag bualadh le stoirmeacha agus tá limistéar mór de na Leibhéil Somerset íseal-leitheoireachta sa dheas-thuaisceart faoi uisce le breis agus mí.
Tá stoirm pholaitiúil tagtha ar an tubaiste, agus tá cáineadh ag an Rialtas Coimeádach atá faoi stiúir an Phríomh-Aire David Cameron ó go leor cónaitheoirí as a bheith ag teastáil ó na haibhneacha a dhragáil agus bearta eile cosc-tuilte a ghlacadh.
Thug Cameron agus Leas-Phríomh-Aire Nick Clegg cuairt ar cheantair a bhuail tuile Dé Luain agus an rialtas ag streachailt chun an ghéarchéim tuile a ghlacadh.
Shéan Cameron go raibh an rialtas mall le freagairt. "Táimid ag déileáil leis ón nóiméad a thosaigh sé", a dúirt sé.


From Babies to Robots
A comprehensive overview of an interdisciplinary approach to robotics that takes direct inspiration from the developmental and learning phenomena observed in children's cognitive development.
Developmental robotics is a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach to robotics that is directly inspired by the developmental principles and mechanisms observed in children's cognitive development. It builds on the idea that the robot, using a set of intrinsic developmental principles regulating the real-time interaction of its body, brain, and environment, can autonomously acquire an increasingly complex set of sensorimotor and mental capabilities. This volume, drawing on insights from psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and robotics, offers the first comprehensive overview of a rapidly growing field.
After providing some essential background information on robotics and developmental psychology, the book looks in detail at how developmental robotics models and experiments have attempted to realize a range of behavioral and cognitive capabilities. The examples in these chapters were chosen because of their direct correspondence with specific issues in child psychology research; each chapter begins with a concise and accessible overview of relevant empirical and theoretical findings in developmental psychology. The chapters cover intrinsic motivation and curiosity; motor development, examining both manipulation and locomotion; perceptual development, including face recognition and perception of space; social learning, emphasizing such phenomena as joint attention and cooperation; language, from phonetic babbling to syntactic processing; and abstract knowledge, including models of number learning and reasoning strategies. Boxed text offers technical and methodological details for both psychology and robotics experiments.
Hardcover$67.00 S | £52.00 ISBN: 9780262028011 432 pp. | 7 in x 9 in 99 b&w illus.
... with their combined background in psychology, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence, Cangelosi and Schlesinger are well equipped to illustrate the full-breadth of this dynamic field. Developmental robotics primarily draws people from psychology and artificial intelligence. However it goes far beyond that with connections to linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and more. The book provides an extensive set of references (50 pages long) highlighting the true interdisciplinary nature of the field. (...) Cangelosi and Schlesinger's book provides a clear and accessible introduction to developmental robotics, demonstrating the exciting kinds of research that result from interdisciplinary collaborations.
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Angelo Cangelosi and Matthew Schlesinger present a fascinating review of ongoing scientific and technological research on human intelligence by exploring the parallel between robotics research and the study of child development. By highlighting the role of robotic engineering as a tool to investigate the principles giving rise to human intelligence, the book presents a very timely and convincing message in support of interdisciplinary research.
Director, Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Professor of Bioengineering, University of Genova
If you build it, they will come...and we have! This volume distills the principles of the exciting new field of developmental robotics. Although researchers will undoubtedly find places to argue with the authors, that's really the point—the volume states these principles in an accessible way that will promote progress. Developmental robotics has finally stood up and taken a big step forward.
John P. Spencer
Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa; coeditor of Toward a Unified Theory of Development: Connectionism and Dynamic Systems Theory Re-Considered
With Developmental Robotics Angelo Cangelosi and Matthew Schlesinger provide a much-needed overview and cartography of a research area that has only emerged in the last two decades, combining their considerable interdisciplinary expertise and sharing their vast knowledge not only with students but also with researchers from related fields. Indeed, this book is a very dense source of inspiration and insight for researchers from all robotic fields.
Professor of Applied Informatics, Center of Excellence on Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University
Cangelosi and Schlesinger provide a thorough and thoughtful overview of the emerging field of developmental robotics. Integrating insights from the full range of historical traditions on development, and bringing them together with the power of modern computational methods, they show us how the effort to understand development will depend both on classical analytic approaches and on synthetic experiments with robots that develop their mental abilities through experience. Anyone wishing to know where we are and where we are going in the effort to understand how mind and purposive behavior arise from biology and experience will want to own a copy of this book.
Director, Center for Mind, Brain, and Computation, Stanford University

Ó na Babies go dtí na Róbaistí
Léargas cuimsitheach ar chur chuige idirdhisciplíneach i leith róbataic a ghlacann inspioráid dhíreach ó fheiniméin forbartha agus foghlama a breathnaítear i bhforbairt chognaíoch leanaí.
Is cur chuige comhoibritheach agus idirdhisciplíneach é róbataic forbartha a spreagtar go díreach ag na prionsabail agus na meicníochtaí forbartha a breathnaítear i bhforbairt chognaíoch leanaí. Tógann sé ar an smaoineamh gur féidir leis an róbat, ag baint úsáide as sraith prionsabail intreach forbartha a rialaíonn idirghníomhú fíor-ama a chorp, a inchinn agus a chomhshaoil, sraith níos casta de chumas sensomotor agus mheabhrach a fháil go neamhspleách. Tugann an t-imleabhar seo, ag tarraingt ar léargas ó shíceolaíocht, eolaíocht ríomhaireachta, teangachas, néareolaíocht, agus róbataic, an chéad léargas cuimsitheach ar réimse atá ag fás go tapa.
Tar éis roinnt faisnéise cúlra riachtanacha a sholáthar maidir le róbataic agus síceolaíocht forbartha, déanann an leabhar breathnú go mion ar an gcaoi a ndearna samhlacha agus turgnaimh róbataic forbartha iarracht raon de chumas iompair agus cognaíocha a bhaint amach. Roghnaíodh na samplaí sna caibidil seo mar gheall ar a gcomhlíontacht dhíreach le saincheisteanna sonracha i dtaighde síceolaíochta leanaí; tosaíonn gach caibidil le forbhreathnú concise agus inrochtana ar thorthaí empiriciúla agus teoiriciúla ábhartha i síceolaíocht forbartha. Clúdaíonn na caibidil spreagadh inmheánach agus fiosracht; forbairt mótar, ag scrúdú an dá mhaisiú agus an ghluaiseacht; forbairt perceptiúil, lena n-áirítear aitheantas aghaidh agus tuiscint ar spás; foghlaim sóisialta, ag cur béime ar fheiniméin mar aird chomhpháirteach agus comhar; teanga, ó bhlablaíocht fhóntach go próiseáil sintéiseach; agus eolas abstrách, lena n-áirítear samhlacha foghlama uimhreacha agus straitéisí réasúnaithe. Tugann téacs bocsa sonraí teicniúla agus modheolaíocha d'eispéiris síceolaíochta agus róbataice araon.
Hardcover $67.00 S  £52.00 ISBN: 9780262028011 432 pp.  7 in x 9 in 99 b&w illú.
... lena gcúlra comhcheangailte i síceolaíocht, eolaíocht chognaíoch, agus intleacht shaorga, tá Cangelosi agus Schlesinger go maith feistithe chun léargas a thabhairt ar an réimse dinimiciúil seo. Tarraingíonn róbataic forbartha daoine go príomha ó shíceolaíocht agus intleacht shaorga. Ach tá sé i bhfad níos faide ná sin le naisc le teangachas, néareolaíocht, fealsúnacht na meabhair, agus níos mó. Soláthraíonn an leabhar sraith leathan tagairtí (50 leathanach ar fhad) a thugann béim ar fhíor-nádúr idirdhisciplíneach an réimse. (...) Soláthraíonn leabhar Cangelosi agus Schlesinger réamhrá soiléir agus inrochtana ar róbataic forbartha, ag léiriú na cineálacha taighde spreagúla a thagann as comhoibriú idirdhisciplíneach.
Clárú Gineiteach agus Inneall Inathraithe
Cuireann Angelo Cangelosi agus Matthew Schlesinger athbhreithniú suimiúil ar thaighde eolaíoch agus teicneolaíoch leanúnach ar intleacht an duine trí thús a chur leis an gcomhthreomhar idir taighde róbataic agus staidéar ar fhorbairt na leanaí. Trí ról na hinnealtóireachta róbaite a chur i bhfios mar uirlis chun na prionsabail a dhéanann faisnéis dhaonna a fhiosrú, cuireann an leabhar teachtaireacht an-aimsire agus cinnte i dtaca le taighde idirdhisciplíneach.
Stiúrthóir, Roinn na Róbaiteolaíochta, na hEanlainne agus na hEolaíochtaí Cognitive, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Ollamh i mbia-eignignignigníocht, Ollscoil Genova
Má thógann tú é, beidh siad teacht...agus tá againn! Déantar an t-imleabhar seo a chur i láthair ar phrionsabail na ré nua spreagúil seo de róbataic forbartha. Cé go bhfaighidh taighdeoirí áiteanna gan amhras chun argóint a dhéanamh leis na húdair, sin an pointe i ndáiríre - déanann an t-iomlán na prionsabail seo a leagan amach ar bhealach inrochtana a chuirfidh chun cinn. Tá an róbataic forbartha tar éis seasamh suas agus céim mhór chun cinn a dhéanamh.
John P. Spencer
Ollamh Eolaíochta Síceolaíoch agus Céir, Ollscoil Iowa; comh-eagarthóir Toward a Unified Theory of Development: Connectionism and Dynamic Systems Theory Re-Considered
Le Robotics Forbartha, soláthraíonn Angelo Cangelosi agus Matthew Schlesinger forbhreathnú agus cartamharc an-riachtanach ar réimse taighde nach ndeachaigh chun cinn ach le dhá scór bliain anuas, ag comhcheangal a saineolas idirdhisciplíneach suntasach agus ag roinnt a gcuid eolais ollmhór ní amháin le mic léinn ach freisin le taighdeoirí ó réimsí gaolmhara. Go deimhin, is foinse an-dlúth inspioráide agus léargas é an leabhar seo d'fhor-rannscaitheoirí ó gach réimse róbataíochta.
Ollamh um Fhorbairt Teicneolaíochta, Ionad Feabhais ar Theicneolaíocht Idirghníomhaíochta Cognitive, Ollscoil Bielefeld
Soláthraíonn Cangelosi agus Schlesinger forbhreathnú críochnúil agus smaointeoireachta ar réimse nua-aimseartha na róbataice forbartha. Ag comhtháthú léargas ó raon iomlán na dtrádála stairiúla ar fhorbairt, agus iad a thabhairt le chéile le cumhacht modhanna ríomhaireachta nua-aimseartha, léiríonn siad dúinn conas a bheidh an iarracht chun forbairt a thuiscint ag brath ar chur chuige anailíseach clasaiceach agus ar turgnaimh shintéiseacha le robots a fhorbraíonn a gcumas meabhrach trí thaithí. Ar aon duine ar mian leis a fhios a bheith aige cá bhfuil muid agus cá bhfuil muid ag dul i ngleic leis an iarracht a dhéanamh tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a n-eascraíonn intinn agus iompar cuspóirí ón bitheolaíocht agus ón taithí, beidh sé ag iarraidh cóip den leabhar seo a bheith aige.
Stiúrthóir, Ionad na Meabhrach, na Mhinne agus na Ríomhaireachta, Ollscoil Stanford


When an individual's eyesight can not be
corrected to better than 20/200 with lenses, then he/she is
diagnosed as having low vision. Macular degeneration, diabetic
retinopathy and genetic diseases are just some of the causes of
this diminished vision.
Unfortunately many people are told that
nothing can be done. While there may not be a cure, we can design and prescribe low vision systems for
many of these individuals. Bioptic telescopes and microscopes
are mounted in a pair of glasses to allow many of them to resume
reading, cooking, hobbies, playing cards and in some cases
driving – greatly improving their lifestyles.

Nuair nach féidir le radharc duine aonair a bheith
má tá an t-athrú ceart go 20/200 le lionsaí, ansin tá sé/sí
a diagnóisíodh mar a bhfuil dearcadh íseal. Díghrádú macúla, diaibéiteas
Tá retinopathy agus galair ghéiniteacha ach cuid de na cúiseanna a
an fís laghdaithe seo.
Ar an drochuair, deirtear go leor daoine go bhfuil
ní féidir aon rud a dhéanamh. Cé nach féidir leigheas a fháil, is féidir linn córais ísealfhaicinn a dhearadh agus a fhorordú do
go leor de na daoine aonair. Teilioscóp agus micreascóip bith-optach
Tá siad suite i péire gloine chun ligean go leor acu a leanúint ar aghaidh
léitheoireacht, cócaireacht, hobbies, cártaí a imirt agus i gcásanna áirithe
 feabhas mór a chur ar a gcuid stíl mhaireachtála.


WELLNESS & CONNECTION TO MIND & BODY
Emotional stress can create havoc in our lives while creating a shift in our physiology to that of a “fight-or-flight” mentality. This shift releases adrenaline and cortisol, increasing heart rate and respiration. While this increased alertness might be short lived, for those who perceive their life events as a constant negative stressor, remaining in this "stress" can actually cause harm and illness over time.
Emotional stress sometimes causes lapses in memory, ongoing anxiety, and fatigue. It may also cause a person to avoid everyday activities that he or she previously enjoyed, such as socializing with family members and friends and being productive at work. Emotional stress may even cause mood swings, as well as various long-term health problems.
Obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure, insomnia, mental disorders and addictive behaviors are just a few things that occur as the result of long-term stress. However, it is important to remember that not every individual has the same definition of "stress" so the triggers may not be easily recognized.
Stress management strategies often help people cope with emotional stress, and these strategies include:
Maintaining a Healthy Diet: Sugary snacks, dairy products and other foods and beverages sometimes provide an emotional boost, but this boost is only temporary. Instead, eat foods loaded with protein, vitamins and fiber, as these foods have been shown to help people stay happy and healthy. You should also eat regular meals and snacks throughout the day to maintain a continuous fuel source to stabilize your mood.
Get Lots of Sleep: The National Sleep Foundation recommends adults between the ages of 26 to 74 get at last 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night. It is also important to sleep in an environment that is free of distraction and particularly electronics such as cell phone, laptop computer, or even the TV.
Take a Break from Your Routine: If you begin to experience signs of emotional stress; take a walk, meditate, exercise, or just engage in something that will allow you to concentrate on other things. This allows you to experience a break from your emotional stress and then return to normal routines feeling a little bit more relaxed and invigorated.
Lastly, it is also crucial to be prepared for events that may be unforeseen including medical emergencies. This preparedness and increased knowledge will give you or that family member that boost of confidence that they know what to do in that specific situation. Whether it be experiencing a BLS Provider Class, the Wilderness First Aid Course, or the Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Class, these courses can help prepare the student both personally and professionally for the inevitable stressful event of life while allowing you to reduce the effects of long-term stress.
Dr. Tracy A. Jones is an American Heart Association, ASHI, and American Red Cross Master Program Trainer, Instructor, & AHA Faculty Member located in San Antonio, Texas.

FÉINNÉA agus CONNECTION TO MIND & BODY
Is féidir le strus mothúchánach scrios a chruthú inár saol agus athrú a chruthú inár fisiceolaíocht go dtí meon "sabaid nó teipeadh". Sa t-athrú seo scaoiltear adrenaline agus cortisol, ag méadú ráta croí agus an anailís. Cé go bhféadfadh an t-aigneas méadaithe seo a bheith gearrthéarmach, dóibh siúd a mheasann go bhfuil na himeachtaí sa saol mar strus diúltach leanúnach, is féidir le fanacht sa "strus" seo dochar agus tinneas a chur ina n-aghaidh le himeacht ama.
Uaireanta bíonn strus mothúchánach mar thoradh ar easpa cuimhne, imní leanúnach, agus tuirse. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chúis freisin go ndéanfaidh duine gníomhaíochtaí laethúla a raibh sé nó sí ag baint taitneamh astu roimhe seo a sheachaint, amhail a bheith ag caitheamh aimsire le baill teaghlaigh agus le cairde agus a bheith táirgiúil ag an obair. D'fhéadfadh strus mothúchánach athrú mothúchánach a chur ar fáil, chomh maith le fadhbanna sláinte éagsúla fadtéarmacha.
Níl sa mhullach de na rudaí a tharlaíonn mar thoradh ar strus fadtéarmach ach murtall, galar croí, brú fola ard, insomnia, neamhoird mheabhrach agus iompar addictive. Mar sin féin, tá sé tábhachtach a mheabhrú nach bhfuil an sainmhíniú céanna ar "stress" ag gach duine, mar sin b'fhéidir nach dtuigfear na tosca go héasca.
Is minic a chabhraíonn straitéisí bainistíochta strus le daoine déileáil le strus mothúchánach, agus áirítear leis na straitéisí seo:
A Chothabháil aiste bia Sláintiúil: Snacks siúcra, táirgí déiríochta agus bianna agus deochanna eile a chur ar fáil uaireanta borradh mothúchánach, ach ní bhíonn an borradh seo ach sealadach. Ina áit sin, ithe bianna a bhfuil próitéin, vitimíní agus snáithín iontu, mar tá sé léirithe go gcuireann na bianna seo le daoine a bheith sásta agus sláintiúil. Ba chóir duit béilí agus greannáin rialta a ithe i rith an lae freisin chun foinse breosla leanúnach a choinneáil chun do mhodh a chobhsú.
Faigh Go Dhéanach Codladh: Molann an National Sleep Foundation do dhaoine fásta idir 26 agus 74 bliain d'aois 7 go 9 uair an chloig codlata ar a laghad a fháil in aghaidh na hoíche. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin codladh i dtimpeallacht nach bhfuil aon rud ag cur isteach air agus go háirithe leictreonaic mar fhón póca, ríomhaire glúine, nó fiú an teilifís.
Déan Briseadh Ó Do Rúthaíocht: Má thosaíonn tú ag mothú comharthaí de strus mothúchánach; téigh ar siúlóid, meditate, cleachtadh, nó díreach a bheith páirteach i rud éigin a ligfidh duit díriú ar rudaí eile. Ligeann sé seo duit sos a fháil ó do strus mothúchánach agus ansin filleadh ar ghnáth-nós a bheith beagán níos suaimhneach agus níos fuinniúla.
Ar deireadh, tá sé ríthábhachtach freisin a bheith ullamh do imeachtaí nach bhféadfaí a thuar lena n-áirítear éigeandálaí leighis. Tabharfaidh an ullmhúchán seo agus an t-eolas méadaithe sin dóchas duit féin nó don chomhalta teaghlaigh sin go bhfuil a fhios acu cad atá le déanamh sa chás ar leith sin. Cibé an bhfuil sé ag fulaingt ó Chlas Soláthraithe BLS, an Chúrsa Chéadchúnamh Fiáin, nó an Chlas Tacaíochta Beatha Cardiovascular (ACLS) Ardteicneolaíochta, is féidir leis na cúrsaí seo cabhrú leis an mac léinn a ullmhú go pearsanta agus go gairmiúil do na himeachtaí strusach dosheachanta sa saol agus ag ligean duit éifeachtaí strus fadtéarmach a laghdú.
Is Traenálaí, Teagascóir, agus Comhalta Oideachais AHA de Chumann Sláinte Chroí Mheiriceá, ASHI, agus de Chlár Máistreachta Chroí Dearg Mheiriceá é an Dr. Tracy A. Jones atá lonnaithe i San Antonio, Texas.


In this Article
How do you know if you have listeriosis?
There is no routine screening test for listeriosis during pregnancy, as there is for rubella and some other congenital infections. If you have symptoms such as fever or stiff neck, consult your doctor. A blood or spinal fluid test (to cultivate the bacteria) will show if you have listeriosis. During pregnancy, a blood test is the most reliable way to find out if your symptoms are due to listeriosis.
What should you do if you've eaten a food recalled because of Listeria contamination?
The risk of an individual person developing Listeria infection after consumption of a contaminated product is very small. If you have eaten a contaminated product and do not have any symptoms, we do not recommend that you have any tests or treatment, even if you are in a high-risk group. However, if you are in a high-risk group, have eaten the contaminated product, and within 2 months become ill with fever or signs of serious illness, you should contact your physician and inform him or her about this exposure.
Can listeriosis be treated?
When infection occurs during pregnancy, antibiotics given promptly to the pregnant woman can often prevent infection of the fetus or newborn.
Babies with listeriosis receive the same antibiotics as adults, although a combination of antibiotics is often used until physicians are certain of the diagnosis. Even with prompt treatment, some infections result in death. This is particularly likely in the elderly and in persons with other serious medical problems.
What is the government doing about listeriosis?
Government agencies and the food industry have taken steps to reduce contamination of food by the Listeria bacterium. The Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture monitor food regularly. When a processed food is found to be contaminated, food monitoring and plant inspection are intensified, and if necessary, the implicated food is recalled.
The Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID) is studying listeriosis in several states to help measure the impact of prevention activities and recognize trends in disease occurrence. CCID also assists local health departments in investigating outbreaks. Early detection and reporting of outbreaks of listeriosis to local and state health departments can help identify sources of infection and prevent more cases of the disease.
Last Editorial Review: 10/21/2010 8:25:44 PM

Sa Airteagal seo
Conas a fhios agat an bhfuil listeriosis agat?
Níl aon tástáil scagthástála rialta ann le haghaidh listeriosis le linn toirchis, mar atá le haghaidh rubella agus roinnt ionfhabhtuithe coignéadacha eile. Má tá comharthaí agat, mar shampla fiabhras nó cruas a bheith agat, téigh i gcomhairle le do dhochtúir. Léireoidh tástáil fola nó sreabhach spinal (chun na baictéir a chothú) má tá listeriosis agat. Le linn toirchis, is é tástáil fola an bealach is iontaofa chun a fháil amach an bhfuil do chuid comharthaí mar gheall ar listeriosis.
Cad ba cheart duit a dhéanamh má tá bia a itheadh agat a chuireadh ar ais mar gheall ar thruailliú Listeria?
Tá an baol go bhforbróidh duine aonair ionfhabhtú Listeria tar éis dó táirge truaillithe a ithe an-bheag. Má tá táirge truaillithe ithe agat agus mura bhfuil aon chomharthaí agat, ní mholfaimid duit aon tástálacha nó cóireáil a dhéanamh, fiú má tá tú i ngrúpa ardriosca. Mar sin féin, má tá tú i ngrúpa ardriosca, má d' itheann tú an táirge truaillithe, agus má thosaíonn tú ag fulaingt le fiabhras nó le comharthaí galar tromchúiseach laistigh de 2 mhí, ba cheart duit teagmháil a dhéanamh le do dhochtúir agus é a chur ar an eolas faoin nochtadh seo.
An féidir le listeriosis a chóireáil?
Nuair a tharlaíonn ionfhabhtú le linn toirchis, is minic gur féidir le antaibheathaigh a thugtar go pras don mháthair toirchis ionfhabhtú an fhéatas nó an nuabheirthe a chosc.
Faigheann leanaí le listeriosis na antaibheathaigh céanna le daoine fásta, cé go n-úsáidtear teaglaim antaibheathaigh go minic go dtí go mbeidh dochtúirí cinnte den diagnóis. Fiú má dhéantar cóireáil láithreach, bíonn bás mar thoradh ar roinnt ionfhabhtuithe. Tá an seans go mbeidh sé seo ag daoine scothaosta agus ag daoine a bhfuil fadhbanna tromchúiseacha sláinte eile acu.
Cad atá á dhéanamh ag an rialtas i dtaca le listeriosis?
Tá gníomhaireachtaí rialtais agus tionscal bia tar éis céimeanna a ghlacadh chun truailliú bia ag baictéir Listeria a laghdú. Déanann Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí agus Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe monatóireacht ar bhia go rialta. Nuair a fhaightear go bhfuil bia próiseáilte truaillithe, déantar monatóireacht ar bhia agus cigireacht ar phlandaí a neartú, agus más gá, cuirtear an bia a bhfuil baint aige leis ar ais.
Tá an Lárionad Comhordaithe do Ghalair Inbhéartacha (CCID) ag déanamh staidéir ar listeriosis i roinnt stáit chun cabhrú le tionchar gníomhaíochtaí cosc a thomhas agus treochtaí i dtarlódh galair a aithint. Cuidíonn an CCID freisin le ranna sláinte áitiúla chun ráigí a imscrúdú. Is féidir le braithrí an ionfhabhtaithe a aithint go luath agus ráitis a thabhairt faoi ráigí listeriosis do ranna sláinte áitiúla agus stáit chun cabhrú le foinsí ionfhabhtaithe a aithint agus cásanna níos mó den ghalar a chosc.
Athbhreithniú Deiridh Eagarthóireachta: 10/21/2010 8:25:44 PM


The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are hosting a series of workshops looking at how real-world data can be converted to reliable real-world evidence to improve patient outcomes. Professor Sir Rory Collins spoke at the recent workshop and argued that rather than placing greater reliance on observational data, it would be much better to make it much easier to do randomised trials properly. You can watch the talk here.
He pointed out that the starting point is to be aware of the limitations of observational studies to identify the causal effects of treatments on health outcomes. The strengths of observational studies in terms of detecting causal associations are limited to large effects of treatments on health outcomes that would otherwise be rare. However, because observational studies are prone to various sources of confounding and bias they may yield associations of treatment with health outcomes that are precise (i.e. have small random errors due to a large sample size), but are not causal. For this reason, observational studies can’t be relied upon to demonstrate the true effects of treatments (e.g. they may well give results that are precise, in the statistical sense, but which are wrong). This has resulted in 2016 in the FDA issuing a warning about the risks of observational studies generating incorrect or unreliable conclusions.
Therefore, what is needed to realise the full potential of real-world evidence is to make it much easier to do randomised trials to detect plausible moderate beneficial or adverse effects of treatments on common health outcomes.
This need to make it much easier to do randomised trials is because in the last 20 years or so it has become much more difficult to do trials as a result of increased regulation and related bureaucracy. This has resulted in increased obstacles, delays and costs for trials, which has distorted the research agenda and reduced creative collaboration between industry and academia. This has resulted in industry developing fewer new treatments and fewer academic trials of existing therapies.
Collins then went on to propose that the key obstacle and cause of the problems is the International Council on Harmonisation (ICH). ICH’s lack of representativeness and transparency are covered here and a lack of evidence of their competence is shown by the proven failure of the ICH-GCP guideline and the contradictory text proposed in the amendment of last year. The key problems with the ICH-GCP guideline will be very familiar to readers of this website and include a failure to focus on the key scientific principles of randomised trials that are critical for the generation of reliable results. Further, ICH-GCP is not even working for the registration trials of new drugs that it was created to promote with such trials having unsustainable costs, wasteful practices and poor quality. These large increases in the cost of trials as a result of ICH-GCP have coincided with the exponential growth seen in the CRO market in recent decades.
However, the problems with ICH-GCP extend way beyond just registration trials due to it being applied much more widely than it was originally intended. Examples include the new European Union Clinical Trials Regulation (which is applicable to all trials of medicinal products conducted in Europe and expected to be implemented in 2019) and the Gates Foundation, which requires all grant holders doing clinical trials to comply with ICH-GCP (most of these trials are in resource poor low- and middle income countries). ICH is now undertaking a major revision to ICH-GCP (GCP Renovation which you read about here), but it is still not clear due to a continued lack of transparency how key stakeholders – such as academic trialists, non-industry funders, patients and the public – can be actively involved in this process.
These problems with ICH-GCP, other related trials regulations (and the frequent over-interpretation of these rules) mean that trials are much more complex and costly than they need to be. This unnecessary complexity and cost is the result of a number of areas required by regulations which have no sound evidence-base for their value. These include adverse event recording by sites, adverse event and serious adverse event reporting to regulatory authorities and other related safety monitoring. Such safety reporting might plausibly be able to detect large effects on rare outcomes, but as discussed above, to reliably detect moderate adverse effects on common outcomes a randomised comparison is required. The THRIVE trial, which you can read about here, is an example of a randomised comparison reliably demonstrating serious adverse effects of a commonly used drug (niacin), adverse effects which had not previously been shown from non-randomised analysis of adverse event/serious adverse event reporting in older trials and from routine pharmacovigilance.
Another area which ICH-GCP and related regulations promote without a sound evidence base is monitoring and data verification. This is caused by a fundamental misunderstanding which assumes that a reliable result from a randomised trial is dependent upon having high-quality data. It is not and is the same point made in Rob Califf’s talk at the same meeting that highlighted ICH-GCP’s mistaken focus on data precision is at the expense of reliability. An example showing the waste of resources for no material value of detailed data checking (outcome adjudication) is the Heart Protection Study which you can read about here. That said, some progress has been made in the area of monitoring through the work of CTTI and subsequent adoption by regulators, particularly the FDA (e.g. risk-based monitoring and the use of central statistical monitoring). More progress still needs to be made.
Collins closed his talk by highlighting the key strengths of randomised trials (particularly putting greater reliance on comparison with the randomly-allocated control group) and the need to develop new evidence-based guidance which is based upon these key principles to do a trial well rather than current guidelines, particularly ICH-GCP, which focuses on things that don’t largely matter (non-randomised individual reporting of adverse events, site monitoring etc.). These key strengths of randomised trials are not new having been described in previous publications. The goal of MoreTrials is to develop such guidance based upon these key principles of how to do a randomised trial well.

Tá Acadamh Náisiúnta na nEolaíochtaí, na hinnealtóireachta agus na Leigheas ag óstáil sraith ceardlanna ag féachaint ar conas is féidir sonraí fíor-domhan a thiontú go fianaise iontaofa fíor-domhan chun torthaí othair a fheabhsú. Labhair an tOllamh Sir Rory Collins ag an obair-lann le déanaí agus d'áitigh sé gurbh fhearr go mbeadh sé i bhfad níos éasca triail randamaithe a dhéanamh i gceart seachas brath níos mó ar shonraí breathnóireachta. Is féidir leat féachaint ar an gcaint anseo.
Thug sé le fios go bhfuil an pointe tosaigh ná a bheith ar an eolas faoi theorainneacha staidéir bhreathnaitheacha chun éifeachtaí cúiseacha cóireálacha ar thorthaí sláinte a aithint. Tá neart staidéir bhreathnaitheacha maidir le comhlachais cúis-chúis a bhrath teoranta d'éifeachtaí móra cóireála ar thorthaí sláinte a bheadh ann go neamhchoitianta. Is féidir le baill den fhoireann a bheith ag obair ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta, ach ní mór dóibh a bheith ag obair ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta. Tá na sonraí a chuirtear ar fáil i bpostanna áirithe (mar shampla, i gcásanna ina bhfuil earráidí beag randamacha mar gheall ar mhéid mór sampla), ach níl siad cúis. Is é an chúis seo nach féidir brath ar staidéir bhreathnaitheacha chun fíoréifeachtaí cóireálacha a thaispeáint (m.sh. Is féidir le torthaí a bheith cruinn, sa chiall staidrimh, ach a bheith mícheart. Mar thoradh air seo, d'eisigh an FDA rabhadh i 2016 faoi na rioscaí a bhaineann le staidéir bhreathnaitheacha a ghineann conclúidí mícheart nó neamh-iontaofa.
Is é an rud atá riachtanach, dá bhrí sin, chun an acmhainn iomlán atá ag fianaise an domhain fíor a bhaint amach ná go mbeidh sé i bhfad níos éasca triail randamaithe a dhéanamh chun éifeachtaí measartha tairbheacha nó díobhálacha inchreidte cóireálacha a bhrath ar thorthaí sláinte coiteann.
Tá an gá seo chun triail randamaithe a dhéanamh i bhfad níos éasca toisc go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos deacra triail a dhéanamh le 20 bliain anuas nó mar sin mar thoradh ar rialáil mhéadaithe agus an biorrathais a bhaineann leis. Tá sé seo mar thoradh ar bhacainní, moilleanna agus costais mhéadaithe i dtaca le trialacha, rud a chuir míbhuntáiste ar an gclár oibre taighde agus a laghdaigh comhoibriú cruthaitheach idir an tionscal agus an saol acadúil. Mar thoradh air sin, tá níos lú cóireálacha nua á bhforbairt ag an tionscal agus níos lú trialacha acadúla ar chóireálacha atá ann cheana.
Ansin, dúirt Collins gurb é an Chomhairle Idirnáisiúnta um Chomharchumadh (ICH) an príomh-chonstaic agus cúis na fadhbanna. Tá an easpa ionadaíochta agus trédhearcachta ICH á chlúdach anseo agus léirítear easpa fianaise ar a n-inniúlacht trí theip thorthaí an treoirlínte ICH-GCP agus an téacs contrártha a mholtar i leasú na bliana seo caite. Tá an-eolas ag léitheoirí an láithreáin ghréasáin seo ar na príomhfhadhbanna a bhaineann le treoirlínte ICH-GCP agus tá siad ina measc ná go bhfuil díriú ar phríomhphrionsabail eolaíocha na dtrialacha randamaithe atá ríthábhachtach chun torthaí iontaofa a ghiniúint. Ina theannta sin, ní bhíonn ICH-GCP ag obair fiú le haghaidh trialacha clárúcháin drugaí nua a cruthaíodh é chun a chur chun cinn le trialacha den sórt sin a bhfuil costais neamh-inbhuanaithe acu, cleachtais chaite agus drochchaighdeán. Tá na méaduithe móra sin ar chostas trialacha mar thoradh ar ICH-GCP tar éis teacht le fás esponenseach a fheictear sa mhargadh CRO le blianta beaga anuas.
Mar sin féin, tá fadhbanna ICH-GCP i bhfad níos faide ná tástálacha clárúcháin amháin mar gheall ar a bheith á gcur i bhfeidhm i bhfad níos leithne ná mar a bhí beartaithe ar dtús. I measc na n-eispéiris tá Rialachán nua um Thrialacha Cliniciúla an Aontais Eorpaigh (a bhfuil feidhm aige maidir le gach triail ar tháirgí cógais a dhéantar san Eoraip agus a bhfuiltear ag súil go gcuirfear i bhfeidhm é in 2019) agus Fondúireacht Gates, a éilíonn ar gach sealbhóir deontais a dhéanann trialacha cliniciúla cloí le ICH-GCP (tá an chuid is mó de na trialacha seo i dtíortha íseal- agus meán-ioncaim atá bochta ó thaobh acmhainní de). Tá ICH ag tabhairt faoi athbhreithniú mór ar ICH-GCP (Athchóiriú GCP a léann tú faoi anseo), ach níl sé soiléir fós mar gheall ar easpa trédhearcachta leanúnach conas is féidir le príomhpháirtithe leasmhara  mar thrialaithe acadúla, maoinithe neamh-ghinearálta, othair agus an pobal  a bheith rannpháirteach go gníomhach sa phróiseas seo.
Tá na fadhbanna seo le ICH-GCP, rialacháin eile maidir le trialacha gaolmhara (agus ró-léiriú go minic ar na rialacha seo) ag ciallaíonn go bhfuil trialacha i bhfad níos casta agus níos costasaí ná mar is gá dóibh a bheith. Tá an chastacht agus an chostas neamhriachtanach seo mar thoradh ar roinnt réimsí a éilítear le rialacháin nach bhfuil bonn fianaise láidir acu dá luach. Ba cheart an fhaisnéis a sholáthar do na húdaráis rialála agus do na húdaráis inniúla eile a bhfuil baint acu le gníomhaíochtaí um rialú sábháilteachta agus um rialú sábháilteachta. Ba cheart go mbeadh na torthaí a fhaightear ar an tástáil ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta a bheith chomh maith le torthaí a fhaightear ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta. Is sampla de chomparáid randamaithe é an triail THRIVE, ar féidir leat a léamh faoi anseo, a léiríonn go hiontaofa éifeachtaí díobhálacha tromchúiseacha druga a úsáidtear go coitianta (niacin), éifeachtaí díobhálacha nach raibh le feiceáil roimhe seo ó anailís neamh-randamaithe ar thuairisciú imeachtaí díobhálacha/imeachtaí díobhálacha tromchúiseacha i dtrialacha níos sine agus ó chógaisíocht rialta.
Is é réimse eile a chuireann ICH-GCP agus rialacháin gaolmhara chun cinn gan bonn fianaise láidir faireachán agus fíoruithe sonraí. Tá mí-thuiscint bhunúsach mar chúis leis seo, a ghlacann leis go bhfuil toradh iontaofa ó thriail randamaithe ag brath ar shonraí ardchaighdeáin a bheith ann. Ní hé agus is é an pointe céanna a rinneadh i Rob Califf's labhairt ag an gcruinniú céanna a leag béim ar fócas mícheart ICH-GCP ar chruinneas sonraí ar chostas iontaofacht. Is sampla de chailliúint acmhainní é an Staidéar um Chosaint an Chroí nach féidir leat a léamh anseo, agus nach bhfuil aon luach ábhartha ag seiceáil sonraí mionsonraithe (an cinneadh ar thorthaí). Tá an t-ábhar seo á chur ar fáil ag an gCoimisiún i mí Iúil agus i mí an Mheán Fómhair. Tá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an gCoimisiún i mí Iúil. Tá tuilleadh dul chun cinn le déanamh fós.
Chuir Collins deireadh lena chaint trí aird a tharraingt ar na láidreachtaí is tábhachtaí a bhaineann le trialacha randamaithe (go háirithe ag brath níos mó ar chomparáid leis an ngrúpa rialaithe a leithdháileadh go randamach) agus an gá atá le treoir nua a fhorbairt bunaithe ar fhianaise atá bunaithe ar na príomhphrionsabail seo chun triail a dhéanamh go maith seachas treoirlínte reatha, go háirithe ICH-GCP, a dhíríonn ar rudaí nach bhfuil tábhacht mhór leo (tuairisciú neamh-randamaithe aonair ar imeachtaí díobhálacha, monatóireacht ar shuíomh srl.). Ní nua iad na láidreachtaí seo de thrialacha randamaithe, agus tuairiscíodh iad i bhfoilseacháin roimhe seo. Is é sprioc MoreTrials treoir den sórt sin a fhorbairt bunaithe ar na príomhphrionsabail seo maidir le conas triail randamaithe a dhéanamh go maith.


|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|
Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s. The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a specific genre of music was in 1988. Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built.
Stylistically, techno is generally repetitive instrumental music, oftentimes produced for use in a continuous DJ set. The central rhythmic component is most often in common time (4/4), where time is marked with a bass drum on each quarter note pulse, a backbeat played by snare or clap on the second and fourth pulses of the bar, and an open hi-hat sounding every second eighth note. The tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 to 150 beats per minute (bpm), depending on the style of techno. The creative use of music production technology, such as drum machines, synthesizers, and digital audio workstations, is viewed as an important aspect of the music's aesthetic. Many producers use retro electronic musical devices to create what they consider to be an authentic techno sound. Drum machines from the 1980s such as Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro technology are popular among techno producers.
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Is cineál ceoil damhsa leictreonach é Techno a tháinig chun cinn i Detroit, Michigan, sna Stáit Aontaithe i rith lár na 1980idí. Ba é an chéad úsáid taifeadta den fhocal techno i ndáil le seánra áirithe ceoil i 1988. Tá go leor stíleanna techno ann anois, ach feictear techno Detroit mar an bunús ar a bhfuil roinnt fo-ghineálacha tógtha.
Go stílisticiúil, is ceol ionstraimí athdhéanta é techno go ginearálta, a tháirgtear go minic le húsáid i seata DJ leanúnach. Is minic a bhíonn an comhpháirt rithimiciúil lárnach i gnátham (4/4), áit a bhfuil am marcáilte le tromlach bass ar gach phulsa ceathrú nóta, backbeat a imrítear le snare nó clap ar an dara agus an ceathrú phulsa den bhart, agus hi-hat oscailte ag fuaime gach dara nóta ochtú. Is gnách go n-athraíonn an t-athrú idir thart ar 120 go 150 buille in aghaidh na nóiméid (bpm), ag brath ar stíl an techno. Meastar go bhfuil gné thábhachtach de áilleacht an cheoil ag baint úsáide cruthaitheach as teicneolaíocht táirgeachta ceoil, mar shampla meaisíní druma, sintéiseoirí, agus stáisiúin oibre fuaime digiteacha. Baineann go leor táirgeoirí úsáid as feistí ceoil leictreonacha retro chun an rud a mheasann siad a bheith ina fhuaim techno barántúil a chruthú. Tá ardluach ar mheaisíní drumaí ó na 1980idí mar TR-808 agus TR-909 Roland, agus tá tóir ar éimealaithe bogearraí den teicneolaíocht retro den sórt sin i measc táirgeoirí techno.
Taighdeach (Tionsclaíoch) Daonlathach (Folc) Hip Hop (Hip Hop) Jazz (Jazz) Pop (Éasca ag éisteacht, Electropop, J-Pop, Pop Rock)
R&B (Funk)  Rock (Rock Malartach, Death Metal, Hard Rock, Metal, Metalcore, Metal Iomaíoch, Rock Iomaíoch, Punk Rock)
Ceol Réigiúnach (Country, Reggae)  Descriptor (Non-Genres, Uncategorized)
Gach mír (345)


Transient sediment storage and mixing of deposits of various ages during transport across alluvial piedmonts alter the clastic sedimentary record. We quantify buffering and mixing during cycles of aggradation–incision in the north piedmont of the Eastern Tian Shan. We complement existing chronologic data with 20 new luminescence ages and one cosmogenic radionuclide age of terrace abandonment and alluvial aggradation. Over the last 0.5 Myr, the piedmont deeply incised and aggraded many times per 100 kyr. Aggradation is driven by an increased flux of glacial sediment accumulated in the high range and flushed onto the piedmont by greater water discharge at stadial–interstadial transitions. After this sediment is evacuated from the high range, the reduced input sediment flux results in fluvial incision of the piedmont as fast as 9 cm year−1 and to depths up to 330 m. The timing of incision onset is different in each river and does not directly reflect climate forcing but the necessary time for the evacuation of glacial sediment from the high range. A significant fraction of sediments evacuated from the high range is temporarily stored on the piedmont before a later incision phase delivers it to the basin. Coarse sediments arrive in the basin with a lag of at least 7–14 kyrs between the first evacuation from the mountain and later basinward transport. The modern output flux of coarse sediments from the piedmont contains a significant amount of recycled material that was deposited on the piedmont as early as the Middle Pleistocene. Variations in temperature and moisture delivered by the Westerlies are the likely cause of repeated aggradation–incision cycles in the north piedmont instead of monsoonal precipitation. The arrival of the gravel front into the proximal basin is delayed relative to the fine-grained load and both are separated by a hiatus. This work shows, based on field observations and data, how sedimentary systems respond to climatic perturbations, and how sediment recycling and mixing can ensue.

Athraíonn stóráil taiscéalaithe trédhearcach agus meascán taiscí d'aoisí éagsúla le linn iompair thar piedmonts alluvial an taifead taiscéalaithe clastic. Déanaimid buffering agus meascán a chainníochtú le linn timthriallta aggradation  incision i bpiomúnt thuaidh an Tianshan Thoir. Comhlánaímid sonraí cróineolaíocha atá ann cheana féin le 20 aois nua luminescence agus aois amháin radionuclide cosmogenic de thrascadh terrace agus aggradation alluvial. Le linn na 0.5 Myr deireanach, rinne an piedmont incised agus aggraded go domhain go leor uaireanta in aghaidh 100 kyr. Tá an t-aigréadadh á thiomáint ag sreabhadh méadaithe de shéide glasaíochta a bhailítear sa raon ard agus a scriosadh ar an piedmont trí shárú uisce níos mó ag aistriúcháin stádais  idirstádais. Tar éis an sediment seo a eisiúint ón ard-réim, bíonn an sreabhadh sediment ionchuir laghdaithe mar thoradh ar shliú fluvial an piedmont chomh tapa le 9 cm bliain -1 agus go doimhneacht suas le 330 m. Tá am tosaigh an shliú difriúil i ngach abhainn agus ní léiríonn sé go díreach forfheidhmiú aeráide ach an t-am riachtanach chun sediment glasaíochta a eisiúint ón ard-réim. Tá cuid shuntasach de na síodaí a eisiatar ón ard-raon stóráilte go sealadach ar an piedmont sula gcuirtear an chéim incise níos déanaí isteach sa lomchla. Tagann sedimintí garbh isteach sa bhéascán le moill de 714 kyr ar a laghad idir an chéad eisiúint ón sliabh agus an iompar níos déanaí go dtí an bhéascán. Tá méid suntasach ábhar athchúrsáilte sa sreabhadh aschuir nua-aimseartha de shéadaimh garbh ón piedmont a cuireadh ar an piedmont chomh luath leis an Pleistocene Mheán. Is é an difríocht i teocht agus taise a sholáthraíonn na Westerlies an chúis is dócha le timthriallta athfhillteach aggradationincision sa Piedmont thuaidh in ionad precipitation monsoonal. Tá moill ar theacht an tosaigh greabha isteach sa bhéasc proximach i gcomparáid leis an ualach grinn-bheag agus tá an dá cheann ar leithligh ag hiatus. Taispeánann an obair seo, bunaithe ar bhreathnuithe agus sonraí allamuigh, conas a fhreagraíonn córais sedimentary ar athruithe aeráide, agus conas is féidir athchúrsáil agus meascán sediment a dhéanamh.