Science of Masks - Q & A
Do masks REALLY help spread COVID-19? What if my child has asthma, can she wear a mask safely? We know you have questions and want to help you get the facts you need to make good decisions to keep you, your family and our community safe.
News9’s Amanda Taylor moderated a virtual Q&A with doctors to get the answers to the questions you have. Below you can sort by doctor or by the category of questions.
General Mask Questions
Phil Maytubby is the current Director of Public Health Protection for Oklahoma City County Health Department. A 1986 graduate of the University of Central Oklahoma with a Bachelor of Science in Biology, Phil has worked in Public Health for 27 years. His preparedness and response experience dates back to the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing. Phil has been an Incident Commander for public health for numerous events in the Oklahoma City area including tornado strikes, Ice storms, 2008 Hurricane Evacuation shelters, 2009 H1N1 Pandemic, 2012 West Nile Virus Outbreak, 2014 Ebola outbreak and Ricin Cleanup and the 2015/2106 Zika Virus Outbreak.
Phil presents frequently on preparedness and response issues and is an advocate for Public Health policy and funding at the national, state and local levels. He is a member of many boards and organizations, including the NACCHO Preparedness Policy Advisory Group, NACCHO Big Cities Work Group, Harvard Chan Local Multi Agency Stakeholders Preparedness Committee, Oklahoma Senior Advisory Committee on Preparedness and Response, the Central Oklahoma Resiliency Project and Medical Reserve Corps for Oklahoma County.
Isn’t it true that Surgeon General Jerome Adams said that masks can’t prevent the spread of COVID and can actually INCREASE the virus risk?
What makes a good mask?
If I wear a mask do I still need to social distance? Why?
What if the virus gets on my face covering? Isn't that more dangerous?
Masks & Respiratory Issues
Dr. Laura Chong has been a member of the Oklahoma Allergy & Asthma Clinic staff since 2012. She is also a clinical associate professor of medicine with the Department of Medicine at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine in Oklahoma City.
She received her medical degree from the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine. She completed her internal medicine residency at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics in Madison, Wisconsin. She subsequently served as the Primary Care Chief Resident in the Department of Internal Medicine. Dr. Chong went on to complete her fellowship training in Allergy & Immunology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. She is board certified in Internal Medicine and Allergy & Immunology and a Fellow of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.
Which masks are best for breathing since I have a respiratory problem?
Is it safe for me to wear a mask if I have asthma?
I struggle to breathe because of seasonal allergies, which in Oklahoma seems to be all the time! And I can't imagine wearing a mask too. Help!
Masks & sensory sensitivity
Dr. Beth DeGrace is an Associate Professor in the Department of Rehabilitation Science at the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center in Oklahoma City. She has worked as an occupational therapist, specializing in pediatrics, for 27 years. Beth earned her bachelor of science in occupational therapy from Elizabethtown College; master of science degree in occupational therapy from State University of New York at Buffalo and PhD in occupational therapy from Nova Southeastern University in Ft. Lauderdale.
Beth has worked as a consultant to SoonerStart, Oklahoma’s early intervention program, served on the state wide autism task force, held an appointed position on the ICC Low Incidence Disability Subcommittee which examined early intervention practices in Oklahoma and currently provides services at the Stephenson Cancer Center. Beth’s teaching responsibilities include entry level and post professional OT and PT education in the areas of neurological rehabilitation, autism, culture of disability, community participation and family. She has presented nationally and internationally on family life and autism. Beth currently serves as Chairman of the Board for Autism Oklahoma.
My child will likely return to in person school this fall, how can I help them make the adjustment to wearing a mask?
What tips or recommendations do you have for introducing masks to kids with sensory issues?
My child has special needs, is a mask safe?
I’m claustrophobic and suffer from anxiety I can’t wear a mask. What can I do?
My mother has dementia and refuses to wear a mask. She has to go to doctor's appointments where a mask is required. Any suggestions?
Dr. Monique Naifeh is a pediatric hospital medicine specialist and associate residency program director at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Dr. Naifeh earned her Bachelor’s Degree in English Literature and Language from Northwestern University; her Master’s in Public Health from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and her medical degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine.
She is also a mother of three, so essentially spends her whole life taking care of children and loves every minute of it. She has served on the board of Science Museum Oklahoma for the past 4 years and has treasured her involvement with the museum. Dr. Naifeh has loved science for as long as she can remember and is excited to talk to you about the science of mask wearing.
Are masks dangerous for kids?
My children are involved in sports and marching band. They are being told to wear a mask during practice and have been told that there may be mask wearing during games. I’m having a hard time with allowing my child to wear one while exerting energy, sweat and already in the heat. I have a hard time breathing while wearing a mask just to grocery shop, so Is this safe?
Do my kids need to have a new/different mask for each day of the week?
If I wear a mask and my grandchildren wear a mask, can we hug?
My kids won’t wear masks. Does it really matter? They’re just kids!
In addition to his role as Chief COVID Officer, Dr. Dale Bratzler is a professor and chair of the Department of Health Administration and Policy in the Hudson College of Public Health at OU. He has devoted nearly 25 years toward researching infection prevention and treatment, in addition to advising health care leaders on public health topics. Dr. Bratzler also is a faculty member in the Department of Internal Medicine in the OU College of Medicine and serves as enterprise chief quality officer for the three-hospital health system and faculty practice at OU Medicine.
He has served two terms as president of the American Health Quality Association and is a past member of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Advisory Council and the CDC Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. He has given more than 600 lectures nationally on health care quality topics. Dr. Bratzler earned his medical degree from the Kansas City University College of Medicine and Biosciences and his Master’s degree in Public Health from the University of Oklahoma. Board certified in internal medicine, he is a Master Fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Internists, and a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Do mask keep the bacteria in and can it make you sick?
How long can I wear a mask at a time? Can wearing a mask cause long term medical problems?
Do the disposable non-surgical masks offer me any protection?
How often do I really need to wash my mask? If it’s airing out in between wears, wouldn’t the virus die on it?
You know her as one of the most trusted faces in journalism. Amanda Taylor can be seen weekdays co-anchoring the 5pm, 6pm, and 10pm newscasts and reporting on issues important to Oklahomans.She's anchored news coverage from the devastation in Moore after the 2013 tornado, brought us live coverage from Cushingafter the 2016 earthquake, and traveled across state lines to get the whole story.Asa consumer reporter, Amanda's gone to bat for Oklahomans who were wronged and even helped send a con man away to prison thanks to her investigative report.Since joining the News 9 team, Amanda's been recognized with multiple awards for her work. These include 5 Emmys, an Edward R. Murrow Award, Oklahoma Association of Broadcasters awards, Associated Press honors, and Societyof Professional Journalist awards.
Amanda graduated from the University of Florida but grew up a "Hoosier" in Bloomington, Indiana. She joined the News 9 team in 2006 after leaving KENS in San Antonio, Texas. Prior to her work in San Antonio, Amanda reported and anchored for KAUZ in Wichita Falls, Texas and WUFT in Gainesville, Florida.

Eolaíocht na Maisc - Ceisteanna & Freagraí
An gcuireann mascanna le scaipeadh COVID-19 i ndáiríre? Cad a tharlaíonn má tá asthma ag mo pháiste, an féidir léi masc a chaitheamh go sábháilte? Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil ceisteanna agat agus ba mhaith linn cabhrú leat na fíricí a fháil a theastaíonn uait chun cinntí maithe a dhéanamh chun tú féin, do theaghlach agus ár bpobal a choinneáil sábháilte.
Bhí Amanda Taylor de News9 ag cur i láthair ag ceacht fíorúil Ceisteanna agus Freagraí le dochtúirí chun freagraí a fháil ar na ceisteanna atá agat. Anseo thíos is féidir leat a ordú de réir dochtúir nó de réir catagóire na gceisteanna.
Ceisteanna Ginearálta faoi Mhasc
Is é Phil Maytubby an Stiúrthóir reatha um Chosaint Sláinte Poiblí do Roinn Sláinte Chontae Oklahoma City. Ollscoil Oklahoma Lárnach a bhain céim amach i 1986 le Baitsiléir Eolaíochta i Bithíocht, d'oibrigh Phil i Sláinte Poiblí ar feadh 27 bliana. Téann a thaithí ullmhaithe agus freagairt siar go dtí Bombáil Oklahoma City 1995. Bhí Phil ina Cheannasaí Ionsaithe ar shláinte phoiblí le haghaidh imeachtaí iomadúla i gceantar Oklahoma City lena n-áirítear stailceanna tornáide, stoirmeacha oighir, tearmann dí-athchóirithe Hurricane 2008, 2009 H1N1 Pandemic, 2012 West Nile Virus Outbreak, 2014 Ebola outbreak agus Ricin Cleanup agus 2015/2106 Zika Virus Outbreak.
Cuireann Phil i láthair go minic ar shaincheisteanna ullmhachta agus freagartha agus is abhcóide é do bheartas Sláinte Poiblí agus maoiniú ar an leibhéal náisiúnta, stáit agus áitiúil. Tá sé ina bhall de go leor boird agus eagraíochtaí, lena n-áirítear an Grúpa Comhairleach Polasaí Ullmhaitheachta NACCHO, Grúpa Oibre Cathracha Móra NACCHO, Coiste Ullmhaitheachta Stáicphoirt Áitiúla il-Gníomhaireachta Harvard Chan, Coiste Ullmhaitheachta agus Freagra Seanair Oklahoma, an Tionscadal Athshlánaitheachta Oklahoma Lárnach agus Corps Cúlchiste Leighis do Chontae Oklahoma.
An bhfuil sé fíor gur dúirt an tArd-Oibrithe Jerome Adams nach féidir le masc scaipeadh COVID a chosc agus gur féidir leis an riosca víris a mhéadú i ndáiríre?
Cad a dhéanann masc maith?
Má tá masc orm, an gá dom fad sóisialta a choinneáil? Cén fáth?
Cad a tharlaíonn má fhaigheann an víreas ar mo chlúdach aghaidh? Nach bhfuil sé sin níos contúirteacha?
Másc & Fadhbanna Aisghabhála
Tá an Dr. Laura Chong ina ball de fhoireann Chlinic Ailléirge agus Asthma Oklahoma ó 2012. Tá sí ina ollamh cónaidhme cliniciúil i gcógas freisin leis an Roinn Leighis in Ollscoil Oklahoma Coláiste Leighis i gCathair Oklahoma.
Fuair sí a céim leighis ó Ollscoil Illinois i gColáiste Leighis Chicago. Chríochnaigh sí a cónaitheacht i gcógas inmheánach in Ospidéal agus Clinicí Ollscoil Wisconsin i Madison, Wisconsin. Ina dhiaidh sin d'fhóin sí mar Príomh-Chinnsitheoir Cúraim Príomhúil i Roinn na Leighis Inmheánach. Chuaigh an Dr. Chong ar aghaidh chun a oiliúint comhaltachta a chríochnú in Ailléirge & Imdhíonlathas in Ollscoil Johns Hopkins i Baltimore, Maryland. Tá sí deimhnithe ag an mbord i Leigheas Inmheánach agus Ailléirge & Imdhíonlathas agus Comhalta den Acadamh Meiriceánach Ailléirge agus Imdhíonlathas agus de Choláiste Meiriceánach Ailléirge, Asthma, agus Imdhíonlathas.
Cé na maisc is fearr le haghaidh anailís ós rud é go bhfuil fadhb anailís agam?
An bhfuil sé sábháilte dom masc a chaitheamh má tá asthma agam?
Táim ag streachailt le haeráil mar gheall ar ailléirgí séasúracha, rud a bhfuil i Oklahoma cosúil go bhfuil sé i gcónaí! Agus ní féidir liom a shamhlú ag caitheamh masc freisin. Cabhair!
Másc & íogaireacht shimplí
Is Ollamh Comhlánaithe é an Dr. Beth DeGrace i Roinn Eolaíochta Athshlánúcháin i Lárionad Eolaíochta Sláinte Ollscoil Oklahoma i gCathair Oklahoma. Tá sí ag obair mar theiripeoir saothair, ag speisialtóireacht i bpeidiatraíocht, ar feadh 27 bliain. Bhuaigh Beth a baitsiléir eolaíochta i teiripe oibre ó Choláiste Elizabethtown; máistreacht eolaíochta i teiripe oibre ó Ollscoil Stáit Nua Eabhrac ag Buffalo agus PhD i teiripe oibre ó Ollscoil Nova Southeastern i Ft. Lauderdale.
D'oibrigh Beth mar chomhairleoir do SoonerStart, clár idirghabhála luath Oklahoma, sheirbheáil sí ar an ngrúpa tasc uathaithe stát-leathan, bhí post ceaptha aici ar an ICC Low Incidence Disability Subcommittee a rinne scrúdú ar chleachtais idirghabhála luath in Oklahoma agus a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí faoi láthair ag an Ionad Ailse Stephenson. I measc fhreagrachtaí teagaisc Beth tá oideachas OT agus PT gairmiúil tosaigh agus iar-aiste i réimsí athshlánú néareolaíoch, uathachas, cultúr na míchumais, rannpháirtíocht pobail agus an teaghlaigh. Thug sí léargas go náisiúnta agus go hidirnáisiúnta ar shaol an teaghlaigh agus ar uathachas. Tá Beth ina Chathaoirleach ar Bhord Autism Oklahoma faoi láthair.
Is dócha go dtiocfaidh mo pháiste ar ais go dtí an scoil go pearsanta an titim seo, conas is féidir liom cabhrú leo an t-oiriúnú a dhéanamh chun masc a chaitheamh?
Cad iad na leideanna nó na moltaí atá agat maidir le masc a thabhairt isteach do pháistí a bhfuil fadhbanna ciallmhar acu?
Tá riachtanais speisialta ag mo pháiste, an bhfuil masc sábháilte?
Tá claustrofóbach agus tá imní orm nach féidir liom masc a chaitheamh. Cad is féidir liom a dhéanamh?
Tá dementia ag mo mháthair agus diúltaíonn sí masc a chaitheamh. Caithfidh sí dul chuig ceapacháin le dochtúir ina gceanglaítear masc. Aon mholtaí?
Is speisialtóir cógais ospidéil páistí é an Dr. Monique Naifeh agus stiúrthóir clár cónaitheachta comhlánaithe in Ionad Eolaíochtaí Sláinte Ollscoil Oklahoma. Fuair an Dr. Naifeh a Céim Baitsiléir i Litríocht Béarla agus i dTeanga ó Ollscoil Northwestern; a Máistreacht i Sláinte Poiblí ó Lárionad Eolaíochtaí Sláinte Ollscoil Oklahoma agus a céim leighis ó Choláiste Leighis Ollscoil Oklahoma.
Tá sí ina máthair ar thrí, mar sin go bunúsach caitheann sí a saol ar fad ag tabhairt aire do leanaí agus is breá léi gach nóiméad de. Tá sí ag freastal ar bhord Músaem Eolaíochta Oklahoma le 4 bliana anuas agus tá sí ag cur luach ar a rannpháirtíocht leis an músaem. Tá grá ag an Dr. Naifeh don eolaíocht chomh fada agus is féidir léi cuimhneamh agus tá sí ar bís labhairt leat faoi eolaíocht na masc a chaitheamh.
An bhfuil maisc contúirteach do leanaí?
Tá mo pháistí páirteach i spóirt agus i bhanna máirseála. Tá siad á rá le masc a chaitheamh le linn na cleachtais agus dúradh leo go bhféadfadh masc a chaitheamh le linn cluichí. Tá sé deacair orm ligean do mo pháiste ceann a chaitheamh agus é ag cur fuinnimh, ag fiach agus sa teas cheana féin. Tá sé deacair orm a bheith ag anailís agus masc á chaitheamh agam ach amháin chun dul chuig an siopa grósaera, mar sin an bhfuil sé seo sábháilte?
An gá masc nua/difriúil a bheith ag mo pháistí do gach lá den tseachtain?
Má tá masc orm agus má tá masc ar mo chlann-nínn, an féidir linn grámhar a dhéanamh?
Ní bheidh mo pháistí ag caitheamh maisc. An bhfuil sé tábhachtach i ndáiríre? Níl siad ach páistí!
Chomh maith lena ról mar Phríomh-Oifigeach COVID, is ollamh agus cathaoirleach ar an Roinn Riaracháin agus Beartais Sláinte i gColáiste Sláinte Poiblí Hudson ag OU é an Dr. Dale Bratzler. Tá beagnach 25 bliain caite aige ag déanamh taighde ar chosc agus ar chóireáil ionfhabhtuithe, chomh maith le comhairle a thabhairt do cheannairí cúram sláinte ar ábhair sláinte poiblí. Tá an Dr Bratzler ina chomhalta dáimhe freisin i Roinn na Leigheas Inmheánach i gColáiste Leighis OU agus feidhmíonn sé mar phríomh-oifigeach cáilíochta fiontair don chóras sláinte trí ospidéal agus do chleachtas dáimhe ag OU Medicine.
D'fhóin sé dhá théarma mar uachtarán ar Chumann Cáilíochta Sláinte Mheiriceá agus is comhalta roimhe seo é den Chomhairle Comhairleach Náisiúnta na Gníomhaireachta um Thaighde agus Cáilíocht Sláinte agus den Choiste Comhairleach um Cleachtais um Rialú Inbhéimí CDC. Thug sé níos mó ná 600 léacht go náisiúnta ar ábhair cháilíochta cúram sláinte. Fuair an Dr. Bratzler a chéim leighis ó Choláiste Leighis agus Bith eolaíochtaí Ollscoil Kansas City agus a chéim Máistreachta i Sláinte Poiblí ó Ollscoil Oklahoma. Tá sé deimhnithe ag an mbord i leigheas inmheánach, is Comhalta Máistir é de Choláiste Mheiriceá na nIontrálaithe Osteopathic, agus Comhalta de Chumann na gCearbhálacha Mheiriceá.
An gcoinníonn masc na baictéir istigh agus an féidir leis an bpacáiste a dhéanamh tinn?
Cé chomh fada is féidir liom masc a chaitheamh ag an am? An féidir le masc a chaitheamh fadhbanna sláinte fadtéarmacha a chur ar bun?
An dtugann na mascanna neamh-mhionscartha inúsáidte aon chosaint dom?
Cé chomh minic is gá dom mo masc a ní i ndáiríre? Má tá sé ag aerú amach idir caitheamh, nach mbeadh an víreas bás air?
Tá a fhios agat í mar cheann de na faces is iontaofa i iriseoireacht. Is féidir Amanda Taylor a fheiceáil i rith na seachtaine ag comh-ancraíocht na nuachtlitreacha 5pm, 6pm, agus 10pm agus ag tuairisciú ar shaincheisteanna atá tábhachtach do Oklahomaans. Tá clúdach nuachta ann ó na scriosadh i Moore tar éis an tornado 2013, thug sí clúdach beo dúinn ó Cushing tar éis na crith talún 2016, agus thaistil sí trasna línte stáit chun an scéal iomlán a fháil. Mar iriseoir tomhaltóirí, chuaigh Amanda chun bata a dhéanamh do Oklahomaans a ndearnadh míchompord orthu agus d'fhág sí fiú fear con a sheoladh ar shiúl go príosún a bhuíochas dá tuarascáil imscrúdaithe. Ó chuaigh sí leis an bhfoireann News 9, aithníodh Amanda le bronntanas iol a cuid oibre. I measc na n-uaireanta sin tá 5 Emmys, Gradam Edward R. Murrow, Gradaim Chumann Craolaithe Oklahoma, onóir Associated Press, agus Gradaim Shochaí na nImeartóir Gairmiúil.
Chríochnaigh Amanda ó Ollscoil Florida ach d'fhás sí suas mar "Hoosier" i Bloomington, Indiana. Chuaigh sí isteach i bhfoireann News 9 i 2006 tar éis di KENS a fhágáil i San Antonio, Texas. Roimh a cuid oibre i San Antonio, rinne Amanda tuairisciú agus anchored do KAUZ i Wichita Falls, Texas agus WUFT i Gainesville, Florida.


Five Places Where Malware Hides
Malware has to live somewhere. And while some Web filtering solutions can detect known malware hosts, most malware hides in sites that are otherwise benign.
New research from Symantec has unveiled another piece of the puzzle relating to the elusive and troublesome Stuxnet malware. It's already known that the malware targets systems that control the PLC, or Programmable Logic Controller, which is a programmable microprocessor-based device typically used to control production machinery on an assembly line.
While researchers have ascertained that Stuxnet comes with a payload that will quietly modify selective bits of PLC code sent out from a controlling workstation, the very specialized nature of the changes has kept them from determining its exact purpose.
The Stuxnet Conspiracy
A Wired article puts it this way:
It [Stuxnet] inventories a plant's network and only springs to life if the plant has at least 33 frequency converter drives made by Fararo Paya in Teheran, Iran, or by the Finland-based Vacon ... Stuxnet targets only frequency drives from these two companies that are running at high speeds-between 807 Hz and 1210 Hz. Such high speeds are used only for select applications.
While Symantec was careful not to claim that Stuxnet was designed to target a nuclear facility, the security company did note in the same blog that
... efficient low-harmonic frequency converter drives that output over 600Hz are regulated for export in the United States by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as they can be used for uranium enrichment.
That's not all. The modification of the output frequency is only changed for short periods of time, effectively sabotaging whatever automation is in place and making detection even more difficult. To be clear: The fact that Stuxnet intercepts the commands between workstation and PLC without corrupting or replacing other software makes it extremely difficult to detect in the first place.
The Chilling Possibilities
Whether it's government-level action or industrial espionage, the entire incident highlights highly uncomfortable facts on the computer security front. For one, it's proven that the advanced state of IT integration today means that remote cyber attacks can result in "real world" damage. Rather than the unrealistic portrayal of hacking as seen in some movies of yesteryear, the sombre details involving Stuxnet show that such attacks can be pulled off with just a smattering of zero-day exploits and mundane ways of delivering them. My point? It is entirely possible to target an entity or corporation in a cyber attack and cause damage.
So what does this have to do with the small and mid-sized business? SMBs need to know that security lapses are no longer limited to mid- and long-term problems that are often the case from simple data leakages. Today, it is altogether possible for bank accounts to be emptied or "live" production systems to be sabotaged. While I've often belabored that security is for all, including SMBs, it is a topic I cannot emphasize enough. And yes, hackers are already increasingly targeting mid-sized organizations, too.

Cúig Áit A Dhéanann Malware A Iompar
Ní mór do malware cónaí áit éigin. Agus cé gur féidir le roinnt réitigh scagála gréasáin hosts malware a aithint, bíonn an chuid is mó malware i bhfolach i suíomhanna nach bhfuil neamhdhíobhálach ar shlí eile.
Tá taighde nua ó Symantec tar éis píosa eile den pháisle a bhaineann leis an malware Stuxnet atá mí-áisiúil agus trioblóideach a nochtadh. Tá sé ar eolas cheana féin go bhfuil an malware dírithe ar chórais a rialaíonn an PLC, nó Rialtóir Loighic Inchláraithe, a bhfuil feiste microprocessor-bhunaithe inchláraithe a úsáidtear de ghnáth chun rialú a dhéanamh ar mheaisín táirgeachta ar líne tionóil.
Cé gur chinn taighdeoirí go dtagann Stuxnet le hualach úsáideach a mhodhnóidh go ciúin píosaí roghnacha cód PLC a seoladh amach ó stáisiún oibre rialaithe, chuir nádúr an-speisialaithe na n-athruithe cosc orthu a chuspóir cruinn a chinneadh.
An Chuimilt Stuxnet
Cuireann alt Wired é ar an mbealach seo:
[Stuxnet] Inventories líonra gléasra agus amháin springs chun beatha má tá an gléasra ar a laghad 33 tiománaí tiontaire minicíochta déanta ag Fararo Paya i Teheran, an Iaráin, nó ag an Vacon bunaithe sa Fhionlainn ... Stuxnet spriocanna ach tiománaí minicíochta ó na dhá chuideachta atá ag rith ag luas ard-idir 807 Hz agus 1210 Hz. Ní úsáidtear luasanna ard den sórt sin ach le haghaidh iarratais roghnaithe.
Cé go raibh Symantec cúramach gan a éileamh go raibh Stuxnet deartha chun díriú ar áis núicléach, thug an chuideachta slándála faoi deara sa bhlag céanna go
... tiománaí comhshó minicíochta íseal-harmónach éifeachtach a bhfuil aschur os cionn 600Hz rialaithe le haghaidh onnmhairithe sna Stáit Aontaithe ag an gCoimisiún Rialála Núicléach mar is féidir iad a úsáid chun úráiniam a shaibhriú.
Ní hé sin go léir. Ní athraítear modhnú na minicíochta aschuir ach ar feadh tréimhsí gearr ama, ag sabóideáil go héifeachtach cibé uathoibriú atá i bhfeidhm agus ag déanamh braite níos deacra. Chun a bheith soiléir: An bhfíric go Stuxnet intercepts na orduithe idir stáisiún oibre agus PLC gan truailliú nó a chur in ionad bogearraí eile a dhéanann sé thar a bheith deacair a bhrath sa chéad áit.
Na Féidearthachtaí Scáileáin
Cibé an gníomh é ar leibhéal an rialtais nó spionáil tionsclaíoch, léiríonn an eachtra iomlán fíricí an-neamhchompordach ar thaobh na slándála ríomhaireachta. Ar dtús, tá sé cruthaithe go bhfuil an staid chun cinn de chomhtháthú TF inniu a chiallaíonn go bhféadfadh cibear-ionsaithe iargúlta damáiste "sa saol fíor" a chur ina dhiaidh sin. Seachas an léiriú neamhréalaíoch ar hacking a fheictear i roinnt scannáin ó shin, léiríonn na sonraí dorcha a bhaineann le Stuxnet gur féidir ionsaithe den sórt sin a tharraingt amach le díreach cúpla fealltóireacht lá-allamh agus bealaí trédhearcacha chun iad a sheachadadh. Mo phointe? Tá sé indéanta go hiomlán ionsaí cibear a dhéanamh ar eintiteas nó ar chorparáid agus damáiste a dhéanamh dóibh.
Mar sin, cad a dhéanann sé seo a dhéanamh leis an gnó beag agus meánmhéide? Ní mór do FBManna a bheith ar an eolas nach bhfuil na haill slándála teoranta a thuilleadh do fhadhbanna meántéarmacha agus fadtéarmacha a bhíonn i gceist go minic de bharr sceitheadh sonraí simplí. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is féidir go hiomlán cuntais bhainc a ghlanadh nó córais táirgthe "bheo" a sabóideáil. Cé go bhfuil mé ag rá go minic go bhfuil slándáil do gach duine, lena n-áirítear FBManna, is ábhar é nach féidir liom a chur i bhfios go leor. Agus tá, tá hackers ag díriú níos mó ar eagraíochtaí meánmhéide freisin.


Tuberculosis (TB), often thought of as a disease of the past, continues to plague the world’s most vulnerable populations. The Stop TB Partnership estimates there are around 8.8 million new cases of TB globally each year and about 1.4 million deaths.
In some areas of the world, one in four people with TB has a drug-resistant form of the disease. In sheer numbers, Asia bears the brunt of the epidemic. Almost 50% of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases worldwide are estimated to occur in India and China. In Africa, estimates show 69,000 cases emerged in 2008, the vast majority of which went undiagnosed.
These dire statistics are even more dismal considering that TB and MDR-TB are treatable and curable. The real problem lies in the fact that TB – in all its forms – is a complex disease, one which is not only a medical problem; it is also a social and economic problem.
Recognizing that MDR-TB cannot be halted by medicine alone, in 2003, Eli Lilly and Company officially created The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership. This public-private initiative now mobilizes over 25 partners on five continents to tackle the scourge of TB and MDR-TB head on. Lilly contributed US$ 120 million in cash, medicines, advocacy tools and technology to focus global resources on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of patients with MDR-TB; and an additional US$ 15 million to the Lilly TB Drug Discovery Initiative to accelerate the discovery of new drugs to treat TB. The company made this investment to ensure that thousands of MDR-TB patients receive the care and medication they need to combat this disease.
The Eli Lilly and Company Foundation will support the Partnership and commit US$30 million for five years (2012-2016) to organizations in the Partnership. The third stage of The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership will be topically focused on:
Lilly and the Lilly Foundation will work with partners at the global and local level, with a specific focus on partners in the four countries carrying the highest burden of MDR-TB: China, India, Russia and South Africa.
The devastation of TB is a stark and inescapable reality for many individuals, families and communities around the globe. Lilly and its Partners work together closely, sharing knowledge, expertise and research in the quest to contain and conquer MDR-TB, a disease that disproportionately affects impoverished populations. The initiatives of The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership all have one thing in common: improved care for some of the world’s most vulnerable people, delivered in a manner that is sustainable and builds capacity within the communities where it is needed most.

Tá an tsleamhnán (TB), a mheastar go minic mar ghalair a bhí ann roimhe seo, fós ag cur báis ar na daonra is leochailí ar domhan. Measann an Comhpháirtíocht Stop TB go bhfuil thart ar 8.8 milliún cás nua TB ar fud an domhain gach bliain agus thart ar 1.4 milliún bás.
I roinnt áiteanna ar domhan, tá foirm an ghalair atá frithsheasmhach i gceann amháin as gach ceathrar duine le TB. I líon mór, tá an t-eipidéim ag bualadh go mór ar an Áise. Meastar go dtarlaíonn beagnach 50% de chásanna TB atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne go leor drugaí (MDR-TB) ar fud an domhain san India agus sa tSín. I san Afraic, léiríonn meastacháin go ndearnadh 69,000 cás a nochtadh in 2008, agus níor aithníodh an chuid is mó díobh.
Tá na staitisticí uafásacha seo níos lúcháire fós má mheasann tú go bhfuil cóireáil agus leigheas ar TB agus MDR-TB. Is é an fhadhb bhfíor ná go bhfuil TB - ina fhoirmeacha go léir - ina ghalair chasta, ní fhadhb leighis amháin í; is fadhb shóisialta agus eacnamaíoch í freisin.
Ag aithint nach féidir MDR-TB a stopadh le leigheas amháin, i 2003, chruthaigh Eli Lilly and Company The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership go hoifigiúil. Tá an tionscnamh poiblí-priobháideach seo ag cur níos mó ná 25 chomhpháirtí ar chúig mhór-roinn i mbun oibre anois chun dul i ngleic go ceannródaíoch le plá TB agus MDR-TB. Chuir Lilly US $ 120 milliún i airgead tirim, cógais, uirlisí abhcóideachta agus teicneolaíocht chun acmhainní domhanda a dhíriú ar chosc, diagnóis agus cóireáil othair le MDR-TB; agus US $ 15 milliún breise chuig Tionscnamh Taiscéalaithe Drugaí TB Lilly chun teacht ar dhrugaí nua chun cóireáil TB a luathachadh. Rinne an chuideachta an infheistíocht seo chun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann na mílte othar MDR-TB an cúram agus an cógais a theastaíonn uathu chun an galar seo a chomhrac.
Tacóidh Eli Lilly and Company Foundation leis an gComhpháirtíocht agus tiomnóidh sé US $ 30 milliún ar feadh cúig bliana (2012-2016) d'eagraíochtaí sa Chomhpháirtíocht. Beidh an tríú céim de Chomhpháirtíocht Lilly MDR-TB dírithe go háitiúil ar:
Oibreoidh Lilly agus an Lilly Foundation le comhpháirtithe ar an leibhéal domhanda agus áitiúil, agus fócas sonrach ar chomhpháirtithe sna ceithre thír a bhfuil an t-ualach is airde MDR-TB orthu: an tSín, an India, an Rúis agus an Afraic Theas.
Is fíor-realtacht é an scrios a dhéanann TB do go leor daoine aonair, teaghlaigh agus pobail ar fud an domhain. Oibríonn Lilly agus a chomhpháirtithe le chéile go dlúth, ag roinnt eolais, saineolas agus taighde sa iarracht MDR-TB a chuimsiú agus a shárú, galar a théann i bhfeidhm go neamhchomhréireach ar phobail bhochta. Tá rud amháin i gcoitinne ag tionscnaimh The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership: cúram feabhsaithe do chuid de na daoine is leochailí ar domhan, a sheachadtar ar bhealach atá inbhuanaithe agus a thógann cumas laistigh de na pobail áit is mó a bhfuil gá leis.


Tuesday says the House of Representatives on the Energy Agreement. That agreement are principles support that does not seem tenable scientifically. This is evident from the vision document ‘Biofuel and wood as energy sources’ that the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) has published today.
The vision document can be read as a summary of the findings of the most renowned independent experts at home and abroad. The document some questionable assumptions that underlie the policies of both the Dutch government and the European Commission, has been revisited. Thus, it is doubtful whether the climate benefits from biofuels or co-firing of wood coal plants. That doubt proposes subsidizing these supposed alternatives to fossil fuels in a different light. The Academy concludes that biomass – which includes cooking oil and agricultural waste are included – should not be considered as a fuel but as a feedstock.
The conclusion: the burning of wood in power stations and bio-ethanol and biodiesel in cars seems hardly contribute to saving CO2 emissions. They are therefore not suitable as a means for the transition to a sustainable energy supply.
Hugo van Bergen (email link)
Tel.: 020 551 0769
Would you like us to organize a debate on biofuel? Please send your wish then to: email@example.com

Dé Máirt a deir an Teach Ionadaithe ar an gComhaontú Fuinnimh. Is é sin a aontaíonn siad prionsabail tacaíochta nach bhfuil cosúil le bheith inbhuanaithe go heolaíoch. Is léir é seo ón doiciméad fís Biofuel and wood as energy sources a d'fhoilsigh Acadamh Ríoga na hEolaíochtaí na hÍsiltíre (KNAW) inniu.
Is féidir an doiciméad fís a léamh mar achoimre ar thorthaí na saineolaithe neamhspleácha is cáiliúla sa bhaile agus thar lear. Tá roinnt tuairimí amhrasacha a bhí mar bhunús le beartais Rialtas na hÍsiltíre agus an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh, le feiceáil sa doiciméad. Dá bhrí sin, tá amhras ann an bhfuil an aeráid ag baint tairbhe as bithbhreoslaí nó as comh-threáchtáil gléasraí guail adhmaid. Tugann an amhras sin le fios go bhfuil sé beartaithe go fóirdheonófaí na roghanna eile seo do bhreoslaí iontaise i solas difriúil. Tugann an t-Ollscoil le fios nach mór bithmhais  lena n-áirítear ola cócaireachta agus dramhaíl talmhaíochta  a mheas mar bhreosla ach mar amhábhar.
An chonclúid: is cosúil nach gcuireann dóiteadh adhmaid i gcathaoirleacha cumhachta agus bith-etanól agus bithdísil i gcarranna go mór le astaíochtaí CO2 a shábháil. Dá bhrí sin, ní hionann iad agus modhanna chun aistriú go soláthar fuinnimh inbhuanaithe.
Hugo van Bergen (nasc ríomhphoist)
Tel. : 020 551 0769
Ar mhaith leat díospóireacht a eagrú ar bithbhreosla? Seol do mhiann ansin chuig: email@example.com


When managing stormwater the main objective is to reduce runoff and increase infiltration. There are a variety of ways this can be accomplished in residential areas. Below is a list of helpful techniques that can be implemented.
1. Direct downspouts to previous areas. A significant amount of water is collected on roofs. By way of gutters and downspouts, this water can be directed to pervious areas, such as lawns or gardens, where it can infiltrate into the ground instead of running off over impervious areas.
2. Minimize impervious areas. This can be done by reducing the size of paved areas, patios, walkways, and parking areas. If a paved area needs to be repaired, consider using permeable pavers, or gravel instead of concrete or asphalt.
3. Use a broom instead of a hose. When cleaning your driveway or other paved areas, consider using a broom and collecting the debris instead of washing the area with a hose. When driveways are washed with a hose, all the debris and pollutants get washed directly into the stormwater system, which deposits the pollutant filled water into the river.
4. Take your car to the car wash or wash it over a grassy area. Detergents used for car washing can be very harmful to river ecosystems. Car wash facilities have the proper infrastructure to handle contaminated water. The water is treated before it is released back into the ecosystem. Taking your car to a car wash is the best option, but if you do wash your car at home, wash it over a grassy area and not in the driveway or over pavement. By washing your car on the grass it keeps detergents out of the stormwater system. Soapy water is allowed to infiltrate into the grass. This is a much better option than depositing the water into the river. It is also helpful to reduce the amount of soap you use and wash with mild detergents that are labeled as “biodegradable” or “phosphate free.”
5. Keep your vehicle well maintained. Any leaks or debris that comes from your car will get washed by the next rainstorm down to the river. By keeping a well maintained car, you can help keep these pollutants out of the water.
6. Clean up after your pet. If pet waste is improperly disposed of it can be picked up by stormwater and carried to a storm drain and nearby water body. Feces carry bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are unhealthy both for wildlife and humans. Feces that are carried to the river can make recreational users of the river very sick. Always properly dispose of pet waste in your own yard as well as throughout town. The city of Aspen has pet waste stations that provide bags and waste receptacles, making it easy to clean up after your pet.

Agus uisce báistí á bhainistiú, is é an príomhchuspóir ná sreabhadh a laghdú agus infiltration a mhéadú. Tá bealaí éagsúla ann chun é seo a chur i gcrích i gceantair chónaithe. Seo thíos liosta de theicnící cabhrach is féidir a chur i bhfeidhm.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tarraingí síos go dtí réimsí roimhe seo. Bailítear méid suntasach uisce ar díonta. Trí ghreannáin agus downspouts, is féidir an t-uisce seo a dhíriú chuig limistéir shláintiúla, mar shampla gairdíní nó gairdíní, áit ar féidir leis dul isteach sa talamh in ionad a bheith ag rith thar limistéir neamhshláintiúla.
2. Seachadadh. Déan na háiteanna neamh-inbhuanaithe a íoslaghdú. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh trí mhéid na limistéar paite, patios, cosáin, agus áiteanna páirceála a laghdú. Má tá gá le limistéar plátaithe a dheisiú, smaoinigh ar plátaí inscne a úsáid, nó greabhlín in ionad concrait nó asfalt.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Bain úsáid as scuab in ionad snáthaid. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag glanadh do chosán nó áiteanna eile a bhfuil an píopaí déanta orthu, smaoinigh ar scuab a úsáid agus na scraobhanna a bhailiú seachas an limistéar a ní le snáthaid. Nuair a bhíonn na bealaí tiomána á n-éag le snáthaid, cuirtear na miotail agus na truailleoirí go léir isteach go díreach sa chóras uisce báistí, a chuireann an t-uisce truaillithe isteach sa abhainn.
4. Tá an t-am Tóg do charr chuig an níochán gluaisteán nó níochán é thar limistéar féir. Is féidir le mionsúirí a úsáidtear chun gluaisteáin a ní a bheith an-díobhálach do éiceachórais abhainn. Tá bonneagar cuí ag áiseanna níocháin gluaisteán chun uisce truaillithe a láimhseáil. Déantar an t-uisce a chóireáil sula scaoiltear ar ais é isteach sa éiceachóras. Is é an rogha is fearr ná do charr a thabhairt chuig gluaiseacht gluaisteán, ach má ghlanann tú do charr sa bhaile, bain úsáid as é i limistéar féar agus ní sa chosán nó ar an gcosán. Trí do charr a ní ar an ngrás coinníonn sé glantacháin amach as an gcóras uisce báistí. Ceadaítear uisce seapánach a shroich isteach sa ghruaig. Is rogha i bhfad níos fearr é seo ná an t-uisce a thaisceadh isteach sa abhainn. Tá sé cabhrach freisin méid an tsápa a úsáideann tú a laghdú agus ní mór duit é a ní le glantacháin éadrom a bhfuil lipéad "bhíodheagróideach" nó "gan fhosfáit" orthu.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Coinnigh do charr i riocht maith. Aon sceitheadh nó scraobtha a thagann ó do charr a fháil a nigh ag an chéad stoirm eile síos go dtí an abhainn. Trí charr a choinneáil go maith, is féidir leat cabhrú leis na truailleoirí seo a choinneáil amach as an uisce.
6. Ceacht. Glan suas tar éis do pheata. Má dhéantar dramhaíl peataí a dhiúscairt go míchuí, is féidir le huisce na stoirme é a phiocadh suas agus a thabhairt chuig drenach stoirme agus comhlacht uisce in aice láimhe. Tá baictéir, víris agus paraisítí sa feces atá míshláintiúil don fhiadhúlra agus do dhaoine araon. Is féidir le feces a iompraítear chuig an abhainn úsáideoirí áineasa na habhann a dhéanamh an-breoite. Déan dramhaíl peataí a dhiúscairt i gcónaí i do ghairdín féin chomh maith le linn na cathrach. Tá stáisiúin dramhaíola peataí i gcathair Aspen a sholáthraíonn málaí agus coimeádáin dramhaíola, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé éasca glanadh suas tar éis do pheata.


In How The City Moved To Mr Sun (2012) Michiel Hulshof and Daan Roggeveen give a fascinating account of the emergence of China’s super cities. Over the past ten years the share of city dwellers in China rose from 39 to 53% of the population. That is, 180 million Chinese abandoned the countryside to start a new life in the city. By 2035 almost 70% of China’s population will be urbanized, according to the United Nations, the largest migration in human history. Investors have not waited for the arrival of the masses, but have started building cities in advance. As a result, the world’s most populated nation is home to quite a few ghost towns: endless rows of vacant buildings in anticipation of new residents.
China’s export- and investment-based growth model has met a lot of criticism, and even outright derision, in the West. The comparison with India, a country with almost as many inhabitants, raises the question whether the criticism is justified. India has done exactly what western economists believe is needed for sustained economic growth, that is make an early transition from exports and investment to domestic consumption. But while growth in China over the past five years fell by a third (from 12 to 8%), growth in India was cut by half (from 10 to 5%). India’s economic slowdown is all the more remarkable as India’s per capita GDP, calculated on a purchasing power basis, is still 60% lower than China’s, and so are labor costs.
As Nobel laureate Paul Krugman’s new trade theory shows, international trade does not only arise because of comparative advantages but also because of economies of scale. Not all goods are like wheat or bananas, which mainly depend on climate conditions, but there are goods like cars and computers as well. For those goods labor costs matter, but economies of scale are important too. This explains why particular industries concentrate in certain locations, as they thus benefit from a deep labor market for specialized skills and an expansive market for suppliers of specialized inputs.
According to Mr Krugman, it is often merely an accident where an industry locates. Silicon Valley owes its existence in large part to two young men named Hewlett and Packard, who started a company out of their garage. New York is New York because of a river, which mainly serves tourist boats these days. But even though it is mostly chance that determines where a particular industry locates, it doesn’t mean that you can’t lend chance a helping hand. And that is exactly what the Chinese government is doing with its large-scale investments in infrastructure, and to a somewhat lesser extent with its investment in housing.
Yunnan, one of the poorest provinces of China that is mostly known for its cuisine, saw international trade explode in the first quarter of 2013, rising by almost 50% compared to the previous year, while exports throughout China rose by a modest 13%. The most significant gains in Yunnan's trade came in the mechanical and electronic sectors, neatly fitting the new trade theory. It is hard to imagine that mountainous Yunnan, which is not located on the Chinese coastline but is bordering Tibet, Laos and Vietnam instead, would have experienced the same growth without the central governments’ years of investing in Yunnan’s infrastructure.
That is not to say that China’s growth model has no drawbacks. It obviously has. The smog in China’s metropolis is smothering large swaths of the population, even though the air pollution in Delhi is often worse. Food scandals are undermining consumer confidence. Environmentalists are raising alarm bells about the central government’s plan to build a series of hydropower dams in the Nu, China’s last free flowing river. The project may force tens of thousands of ethnic minorities in Yunnan to relocate. These are serious issues that the Chinese leadership needs to address.
That being said, within the framework of the new trade theory, China’s investment-led growth model makes more sense than western economists give it credit for.

I How The City Moved To Mr Sun (2012) tugann Michiel Hulshof agus Daan Roggeveen cuntas suimiúil ar éirí amach na mborpús móra sa tSín. Le deich mbliana anuas, tháinig méadú ar an sciar de mhuintir na cathrach sa tSín ó 39 go 53% den daonra. Is é sin, d'fhág 180 milliún Síneach an tuaithe chun saol nua a thosú sa chathair. Faoi 2035 beidh beagnach 70% de dhaonra na Síne i mbailte, de réir na Náisiún Aontaithe, an imirce is mó i stair an duine. Níor fhan infheisteoirí ag fanacht le teacht na mórshluagh, ach thosaigh siad ag tógáil cathracha roimh ré. Mar thoradh air sin, tá an tír is mó daonra ar domhan ina bhaile do go leor cathracha taibhse: sreangacha gan deireadh d'fhoirgnimh folamh ag súil le cónaitheoirí nua.
Tá an tsamhail fáis atá bunaithe ar onnmhairiú agus infheistíocht ag an tSín tar éis a lán cáineadh a fháil, agus fiú gáire iomlán, san Iarthar. Tá an comparáid leis an India, tír le beagnach an oiread sin daoine ina gcónaí, ag cur an cheist an bhfuil an cáineadh réasúnta. Tá an India tar éis a dhéanamh go díreach cad a chreideann eacnamaithe an Iarthair is gá le haghaidh fás eacnamaíoch inbhuanaithe, is é sin a dhéanamh ar aistriú go luath ó onnmhairí agus infheistíocht a thomhaltas intíre. Ach cé gur thit fás na Síne le trian (ó 12 go 8%) le cúig bliana anuas, laghdaíodh fás na hIndia go leath (ó 10 go 5%). Tá moill eacnamaíoch na hIndia níos suntasaí go léir mar go bhfuil OTI na hIndia in aghaidh an duine, arna ríomh ar bhonn cumhacht ceannaigh, fós 60% níos ísle ná an tSín, agus is amhlaidh atá costais saothair.
Mar a léiríonn teoiric nua trádála an duais Nobel Paul Krugman, ní amháin go dtagann trádáil idirnáisiúnta chun cinn mar gheall ar bhuntáistí comparáideacha ach freisin mar gheall ar gheilleagar scála. Ní gach earraí cosúil le cruithneacht nó banana, a bhfuil ag brath go príomha ar na coinníollacha aeráide, ach tá earraí cosúil le gluaisteáin agus ríomhairí chomh maith. Maidir leis na hearraí sin, tá costas saothair tábhachtach, ach tá eacnamaíochtaí scála tábhachtach freisin. Míníonn sé seo cén fáth go ndéanann tionscail ar leith tiúchan i gceantair áirithe, mar go bhfaigheann siad tairbhe dá bhrí sin as margadh saothair domhain le haghaidh scileanna speisialaithe agus as margadh leathnaithe le haghaidh soláthraithe ionchur speisialaithe.
De réir an Uasail Krugman, is minic nach bhfuil ann ach timpiste nuair a bhíonn tionscal suite. Tá Silicon Valley i mbun a bheith ann go mór do dhá fhear óg darb ainm Hewlett agus Packard, a thosaigh cuideachta as a ngárach. Tá Nua-Eabhrac mar Nua-Eabhrac mar gheall ar abhainn, a fhreastalaíonn go príomha ar bhád turasóireachta na laethanta seo. Ach cé gur seans go príomha a chinneann áit a bhfuil tionscal áirithe, ní chiallaíonn sé sin nach féidir leat lámh cabhrach a thabhairt don seans. Agus is é sin go díreach a dhéanann rialtas na Síne lena infheistíochtaí ar scála mór i mbonneagar, agus go pointe éigin níos lú lena infheistíocht i dtithíocht.
D'fhás trádáil idirnáisiúnta i Yunnan, ceann de na cúigeanna is boichte sa tSín a bhfuil a chuid is mó ar eolas mar gheall ar a chistin, sa chéad ráithe de 2013, ag ardú beagnach 50% i gcomparáid leis an mbliain roimhe sin, agus méadaigh onnmhairí ar fud na Síne 13%. Tháinig na gnóthachain is suntasaí i trádáil Yunnan sna hearnálacha meicniúla agus leictreonacha, ag oiriúnú go hálainn don teoiric nua trádála. Tá sé deacair a shamhlú go mbeadh an fás céanna tagtha ar Yunnan beanntannach, nach bhfuil suite ar chósta na Síne ach a bhfuil teorainn aige le Tíobóid, Laos agus Vítneam ina ionad sin, gan na rialtas lárnach a bhí ag infheistiú i mbonneagar Yunnan ar feadh blianta.
Ní chiallaíonn sé sin nach bhfuil aon lochtanna ag samhail fáis na Síne. Is léir go bhfuil sé. Tá an smog i mhitropolis na Síne ag cur go leor de na daonra, cé go bhfuil truailliú aeir i Delhi níos measa go minic. Tá scandálacha bia ag cur báis ar muinín tomhaltóirí. Tá comhshaoil ag ardú cloganna alarma faoi phlean an rialtais lárnach sraith damha cumhachta uisce a thógáil i Nu, abhainn saor-shruthach deireanach na Síne. D'fhéadfadh an tionscadal na mílte mionlach eitneach a chur iallach ar Yunnan athlonnú. Is saincheisteanna tromchúiseacha iad seo a chaithfidh ceannaireacht na Síne aghaidh a thabhairt orthu.
É sin ráite, laistigh de chreat na teoiric nua trádála, tá samhail fáis infheistíochta faoi stiúir na Síne níos ciallmhara ná mar a thugann eacnamaithe san Iarthar creidiúint dó.


Under crescent and cross: the Jews in the Middle Ages
Did Muslims and Jews in the Middle Ages cohabit in a peaceful "interfaith utopia"? Or were Jews under Muslim rule persecuted, much as they were in Christian lands? Rejecting both polemically charged ideas as myths, Mark Cohen offers a systematic comparison of Jewish life in medieval Islam and Christendom--and the first in-depth explanation of why medieval Islamic-Jewish relations, though not utopic, were less confrontational and violent than those between Christians and Jews in the West.Under Crescent and Cross has been translated into Turkish, Hebrew, German, Arabic, French, and Spanish, and its historic message continues to be relevant across continents and time. This updated edition, which contains an important new introduction and afterword by the author, serves as a great companion to the original.
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UNDER CRESCENT AND CROSS: The Jews in the Middle AgesUser Review - Kirkus
A thorough comparative study of the conditions of medieval Jewish life in Christian and Muslim lands. Cohen (Near Eastern Studies/Princeton) explores and explodes the recently resurrected myth of ... Read full review
Under crescent and cross: the Jews in the Middle AgesUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict
Did medieval Jews enjoy peace and security while living in an interfaith utopia under the crescent of Islam but experience hostility and persecution under the cross of Christianity? In this important ... Read full review

Faoi croise agus croise: na Giúdaigh san Oíche Mheán
An raibh Moslamaigh agus Giúdaigh san Oíche Mheán ag maireachtáil le chéile i "útóip idirchreidmheach" síochánta? Nó an raibh géarleanúint ar na Giúdaigh faoi rialú Moslamach, an oiread agus a bhí siad i dtíortha Críostaí? Ag diúltú do na smaointe araon a bhfuil muirear polaimic orthu mar mhiotais, cuireann Mark Cohen comparáid chórasach ar shaol na nGiúdach san Ioslam agus sa Chríostaíocht lár-aos - agus an chéad mhíniú domhain ar an gcúis go raibh caidreamh Ioslamach-Giúdach lár-aos, cé nach utopic, níos lú comhraic agus foréigneach ná iad siúd idir Críostaithe agus Giúdaigh san Iarthar. Tá Under Crescent and Cross aistrithe go Tuirc, Eabhrais, Gearmáinis, Araibis, Fraincis, agus Spáinnis, agus leanann a theachtaireacht stairiúil a bheith ábhartha ar fud mór-roinn agus am. Tá an t-eagrán nuashonraithe seo, ina bhfuil réamhrá nua tábhachtach agus iarfhocal ón údar, ina chomhpháirtí iontach don fhoirmle bunaidh.
Cad atá á rá ag daoine - Scríobh athbhreithniú
Faoi Chrois agus Crois: Na Giúdaigh san Oíche MheánUser Review - Kirkus
Staidéar comparáideach críochnúil ar choinníollacha saoil na nGiúdach san aois mheán i dtíortha Críostaí agus Moslamacha. Léiríonn Cohen (Stéideanna an Oirthir Chugainn/Princeton) an miotas a tháinig chun cinn le déanaí de ... Léigh athbhreithniú iomlán
Faoi croise agus croise: na Giúdaigh san Oíche Mheán
An raibh síocháin agus slándáil ag Giúdaigh na meánaoise agus iad ag maireachtáil i utopia idirchreidmheach faoi chrios na hIoslamach ach ag fulaingt naimhde agus na géarleanúna faoi chros na Críostaíochta? Sa chuid thábhachtach seo ... Léigh athbhreithniú iomlán


inscribed by Lindbergh to his business manager
LINDBERGH, CHARLES. “We.” The Famous Flier’s Own Story of His Life and his Transatlantic Flight
New York: Putnam’s, 1927
318 pp. Original cloth and dust jacket. Very good.
FIRST EDITION. An important presentation copy inscribed and signed by Lindbergh on the portrait frontispiece to Donald E. Keyhoe. On May 20, 1927, Lindbergh left Roosevelt Field, New York in The Spirit of St. Louis. 33 ½ hours later he landed in Paris to a hero’s welcome, completing the first solo flight across the Atlantic. This is Lindbergh’s book on his great achievement. “We” in the title refers to Lindbergh and his plane.
The naval aviator Donald Keyhoe, recipient of this presentation copy, managed Lindbergh’s triumphant 48-state tour after the Atlantic crossing. Keyhoe had been a Navy pilot of both balloons and airplanes and in later years was a successful author and test pilot, as well as a leading early authority on UFOs. Keyhoe has signed and inscribed this book.
Although signed copies of this book are not uncommon, presentation copies of this quality and interest are rare.

inscribed by Lindbergh to his business manager (Inscribed ag Lindbergh chuig a bhainisteoir gnó)
LINDBERGH, CHARLES. Tá sé ar an mbóthar. Nós. An Fheisteoir cáiliúil Scéal féin dá shaol agus a eitilt trasatlantánach
Nua Eabhrac: Putnams, 1927
318 pp. Céad-dhuine agus seaicéad póca bunaidh. An-mhaith.
PRÍOMHÉIR. Cóip thábhachtach cur i láthair inscríofa agus sínithe ag Lindbergh ar an frontispiece portréite do Donald E. Keyhoe. Ar 20 Bealtaine, 1927, d'fhág Lindbergh Roosevelt Field, Nua-Eabhrac i The Spirit of St. Louis. 33 1⁄2 uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin tháinig sé i dtír i bPáras chun fáilte a chur roimh na laochra, ag críochnú an chéad eitilt aonair thar an Atlantaigh. Is é seo leabhar Lindbergh ar a chuid éachtaí mór. Tagraíonn 'We' sa teideal do Lindbergh agus a eitleán.
Ba é an t-eitleach mara Donald Keyhoe, a fuair an cóip cur i láthair seo, a bhainistiú turas buachaill Lindbergh ar 48 stát tar éis an trasnú Atlantach. Bhí Keyhoe ina phíolóta Cabhlaigh ar balún agus ar eitleáin araon agus sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin bhí sé ina údar rathúil agus ina phíolóta tástála, chomh maith le príomh-údarás luath ar UFOs. Keyhoe tá síniú agus inscribed an leabhar seo.
Cé nach bhfuil cóipeanna sínithe den leabhar seo neamhchoitianta, is annamh a bhíonn cóipeanna cur i láthair den chaighdeán agus den spéis seo.


PhD Student & Outreach Officer
Cassie is investigating if clownfish themselves can become toxic through their symbiotic relationship with anemones! Bright colours and stripes are well known warning signals for species who have a chemical defence such as toxins. Incorporating anemone toxins into the clownfish's mucus layer could contribute to their long lifespan (up to 30 years) and the lack of parasites found on individuals in the wild.
You can follow Cassie's work through her webpage, or
Hoepner, C.M.; Abbott, C.A.; Burke da Silva, K. The Ecological Importance of Toxicity: Sea Anemones Maintain Toxic Defence When Bleached. Toxins 2019, 11, 266.

Mac léinn PhD & Oifigeach Teanga
Tá Cassie ag imscrúdú an féidir le clownfish féin a bheith tocsaineach trína gcaidreamh siombéiseach le anemone! Is comharthaí rabhaidh maith iad dathanna geal agus stiallacha do speicis a bhfuil cosaint cheimiceach acu, amhail tocsainí. D'fhéadfadh tocsainí anemone a chur isteach i sraith mucus an t-iasc clown a bheith ina rannchuid dá saolré fada (suas go 30 bliain) agus gan paraisítí a fhaightear ar dhaoine sa fhiáin.
Is féidir leat obair Cassie a leanúint trína leathanach gréasáin, nó
Hoepner, C.M. ; Abbott, C.A. ; Burke da Silva, K. The Ecological Importance of Toxicity: Sea Anemones Maintain Toxic Defence When Bleached. Tocsaíneacha 2019, 11, 266.


Key elements of Montessori education that are shared with other educational methods
This article discusses research that has not directly evaluated the Montessori method, but has evaluated other educational methods and interventions that share elements of the Montessori method. These, together with our growing understanding of the science that underlies learning, can be added to the evidence base for Montessori education. Given the huge amount of research and the limited space in which to look, priority is given to systematic observations and meta-analyzes.
One of the best-studied learning techniques is to use phonetics to teach children to read. Phonetics is the explicit teaching of letter-sound correspondences that allow the child to understand the alphabetic code. Montessori’s first schools were in Italy, and Italian spelling had relatively transparent one-to-one comparisons between letters and sounds, making phonetics a logical choice of method for teaching children the mechanics of reading and spelling. However, English spelling is much less common: comparisons between letters and sounds are many to many, and for this reason the use of phonetics as a method of teaching is disputed for the English language. However, there is huge evidence of its effectiveness despite the irregularities of the English language. At the same time, great strides have been made in elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying early reading and reading skills disorders. They also show the importance of successfully reading the integration of audio and visual images.
As always in education, the truth is in the details. It is important that phonetic programs have the greatest impact on reading accuracy when they are systematic.
By “systematic” is meant that the connections between letters and sound are taught in an organized sequence, rather than being taught in fragments. However, within the systematic teaching of phonetics there are two very different approaches: synthetic phonetics and analytical phonetics. Synthetic phonetics starts from the parts and works to the whole: children learn the sounds that correspond to letters or groups of letters and use this knowledge to pronounce words from left to right. Analytical phonetics begins with the whole and extends to the parts: sound-letter connections are derived from sets of words that share letter and sound. Several control studies have compared synthetic and analytical sounds and how they affect children’s learning, but it is not clear which of the two approaches has an advantage.
The Montessori approach to teaching phonetics is certainly systematic. For example, many schools in the United Kingdom use word lists derived from Morris’s Phonics 44. In addition, Montessori’s approach to phonetics is synthetic rather than analytical: children learn the sound letter code before using it to encode words (when spelling) and decode them (when reading). One of the criticisms of synthetic phonetics is that it teaches letters and sounds taken out of their significant linguistic context in a way that analytical phonetics does not. It has long been recognized that the purpose of reading is understanding. Meaning reading requires both code-based skills and language skills such as vocabulary, morphology, syntax and intensive skills. These two skill sets are not strictly separated, but rather interact on multiple levels. Indeed, phonetics training works best where it is integrated with text-level reading instructions. The explicit teaching of phonetics in a rich linguistic context – both spoken and written – is essential to the Montessori curriculum. Assessments of the teaching of phonetics in the Montessori classroom have not yet been made in comparison with the teaching of sounds in the conventional classroom. It is therefore not known whether conventional training is more effective than Montessori.
Research on writing supports Montessori’s view that writing involves many component skills, including handwriting, spelling, vocabulary, and sentence construction.
Mastering these skills predicts the quality of children’s writing. In the Montessori classroom, these skills worked on their own before being combined, but they can continue to be practiced on their own. The growing number of studies from conventional and special classrooms demonstrates that the specific teaching of component writing skills improves the quality of children’s writing.
When it comes to teaching math to young children, there are many recommendations that Montessori teachers would recognize in their own classrooms. For example, teaching geometry, numbers, and operations using developmental progression and using progress monitoring to ensure that math learning builds on what every child knows. Some of the recommended activities, such as helping children recognize, name, and compare shapes, and then teach them to combine and divide shapes, are accurately applied to Montessori sensory materials, such as the geometric cabinet and structural triangles. Other activities, such as encouraging children to label objects using numbers and words, affected Montessori’s early mathematical material. Such as number sticks, spindle box, cards and abacus. The importance of conceptual knowledge as a basis for understanding children in general is emphasized. The circles of Montessori factions, which provide a sensory experience with fractions from one whole to ten tenths, provide just such a basis. Also, exercises for practical life, such as making snacks (how should a banana be cut so that it can be shared between three children?) And folding napkins.
Finally, in this article, it is worth returning to the prolonged retention of attention and self-regulation that are said to characterize children’s engagement with learning materials in the Montessori classroom.
These are important parts of the complex cognitive construction of self-control (EF), which also include inhibition, working memory, and planning. Simply put, EFs are a set of processes that allow us to control our thoughts and actions to participate in motivated, purposeful behavior. The fact that EFs are critical to academic success is supported by a wealth of scientific evidence. Given this key role, EFs have become a target for a number of individually administered interventions, full curricula and ancillary ones. Such curricula in the classroom are music, yoga and martial arts. Research shows that combining the Montessori method with normal classroom activities such as music and writing lessons give exceptional results on the development of EF skills in children.

Príomhghnéithe den oideachas Montessori a roinntear le modhanna oideachais eile
Déantar plé san alt seo ar thaighde nach ndearna measúnú go díreach ar mhodh Montessori, ach a rinne measúnú ar mhodhanna agus idirghabhálacha oideachais eile a roinneann eilimintí den mhodh Montessori. Is féidir iad seo, mar aon lenár dtuiscint atá ag fás ar an eolaíocht atá mar bhunús le foghlaim, a chur leis an mbonn fianaise do oideachas Montessori. I bhfianaise an méid ollmhór taighde agus an spás teoranta le breathnú ann, tugtar tosaíocht do bhreathnóireachtaí córeacha agus do mhéata-anailísí.
Ceann de na teicnící foghlama is fearr a ndearnadh staidéar orthu ná fónsaí a úsáid chun leanaí a mhúineadh a léamh. Is éard atá i fóinéitic ná comhfhreagras litreacha-fuaime a theagasc go soiléir a ligeann don leanbh an cód aibítre a thuiscint. Bhí na chéad scoileanna Montessori san Iodáil, agus bhí comparáidí réasúnta trédhearcacha idir litreacha agus fuaimeanna i litriú na hIodáile, rud a fhágann go raibh fónéitic mar rogha loighciúil modha chun meicnic an léitheoireachta agus an litriú a mhúineadh do leanaí. Mar sin féin, tá litriú na Béarla i bhfad níos lú coitianta: tá comparáidí idir litreacha agus fuaimeanna go leor le go leor, agus ar an gcúis seo tá díospóid ar úsáid fónéiteic mar mhodh teagaisc don teanga Béarla. Mar sin féin, tá fianaise ollmhór ann go bhfuil sé éifeachtach in ainneoin neamhrialtachtaí na teanga Béarla. Ag an am céanna, rinneadh dul chun cinn mór i míniú na meicníochtaí néarócha atá bunoscionn do dhroch-leabhair agus do dhroch-leabhair. Léiríonn siad chomh maith an tábhacht a bhaineann le hairíonna fuaime agus íomhánna amhairc a léamh go rathúil.
Mar is gnách i oideachas, tá an fhírinne sna mionsonraí. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeidh an tionchar is mó ag cláir fhóntacha ar chruinneas léitheoireachta nuair a bhíonn siad córais.
Ciallaíonn "siostamaíoch" go múintear naisc idir litreacha agus fuaimeanna i seicéad eagraithe, seachas a mhúineadh i gcodanna. Mar sin féin, laistigh de theagasc córeálach na fóinéide tá dhá chur chuige an-difriúla ann: fóinéide sintéiseach agus fóinéide anailíseacha. Tosaíonn fónitic shintéiseach ó na codanna agus oibríonn sé go dtí an iomlán: foghlaimíonn leanaí na fuaimeanna a fhreagraíonn do litreacha nó do ghrúpaí litreacha agus úsáideann siad an t-eolas seo chun focail a fhuaimniú ó chlé go ceart. Tosaíonn fónitic anailíseach leis an iomlán agus leathnaíonn sé go dtí na codanna: déantar naisc fuaime-litreacha a dhíorthaítear ó shraith focal a roinneann litir agus fuaim. Tá roinnt staidéir rialaithe i gcomparáid le fuaimeanna sintéiseacha agus anailíseacha agus an chaoi a ndéanann siad difear do fhoghlaim na bpáistí, ach níl sé soiléir cén ceann de na dhá chur chuige a bhfuil buntáiste aige.
Is cinnte go bhfuil cur chuige Montessori maidir le foinéis a mhúineadh córais. Mar shampla, úsáideann go leor scoileanna sa Ríocht Aontaithe liostaí focal a dhíorthaítear ó Fhonics 44 Morris. Ina theannta sin, tá cur chuige Montessori maidir le fóinéisí sintéiseach seachas anailíseach: foghlaimíonn leanaí an cód litreacha fuaime sula n-úsáidtear é chun focail a chódú (nuair a bhíonn litriú) agus iad a dhíchódú (nuair a bhíonn ag léamh). Ceann de na cáineadh a dhéantar ar fhóntaic shintéiseach ná go múineann sé litreacha agus fuaimeanna a tógadh as a gcomhthéacs teanga suntasach ar bhealach nach ndéanann fóntaic anailíseach. Tá sé aithníodh le fada go bhfuil an cuspóir a bhaineann le léamh ná tuiscint a fháil. Éilíonn léitheoireacht brí scileanna cód-bhunaithe agus scileanna teanga mar fhocail, morfology, sintéise agus scileanna dian. Ní dhéantar na dhá shraith scileanna seo a scaradh go docht, ach idirghníomhaíonn siad ar leibhéil éagsúla. Go deimhin, oibríonn oiliúint fóntaic is fearr nuair a bhíonn sé comhtháite le treoracha léitheoireachta ar leibhéal téacs. Tá teagasc follasach na fóinéite i gcomhthéacs saibhir teanga  labhartha agus scríofa  riachtanach do chúrsa teagaisc Montessori. Níor rinneadh measúnuithe ar theagasc na fóinéide sa seomra ranga Montessori i gcomparáid le teagasc na mbreataí sa seomra ranga traidisiúnta. Dá bhrí sin, níl a fhios an bhfuil oiliúint thraidisiúnta níos éifeachtaí ná Montessori.
Tacaíonn taighde ar scríbhneoireacht le dearcadh Montessori go bhfuil go leor scileanna comhpháirteacha i gceist le scríbhneoireacht, lena n-áirítear lámhscríobh, litriú, foclóir, agus tógáil abairt.
Tá na scileanna seo a bheith i gceannas orthu ag rá go bhfuil cáilíocht scríbhneoireachta na leanaí. Sa seomra ranga Montessori, d'oibrigh na scileanna seo ar a gcuid féin sula gcuirtear le chéile iad, ach is féidir leanúint ar aghaidh ag cleachtadh ar a gcuid féin. Léiríonn líon méadaitheach staidéir ó ranganna clasaiceacha traidisiúnta agus speisialta go bhfeabhsaíonn teagasc sonrach scileanna scríbhneoireachta comhpháirteacha cáilíocht scríbhneoireachta na leanaí.
Nuair a thagann sé chun matamaitice a mhúineadh do pháistí óga, tá go leor moltaí ann a d'aithneoidh múinteoirí Montessori ina seomraí ranga féin. Mar shampla, geimri, uimhreacha agus oibríochtaí a mhúineadh ag baint úsáide as dul chun cinn forbartha agus ag baint úsáide as faireachán dul chun cinn chun a chinntiú go mbunaíonn foghlaim matamaitice ar an méid a bhfuil a fhios ag gach leanbh. Tá cuid de na gníomhaíochtaí a mholtar, mar shampla cabhrú le páistí cruthanna a aithint, a ainmniú, agus a chur i gcomparáid, agus ansin iad a mhúineadh chun cruthanna a chur le chéile agus a roinnt, a chur i bhfeidhm go cruinn ar ábhair bhfianaise Montessori, mar shampla an caibinéid gheoiméadacha agus triantanna struchtúracha. Bhí tionchar ag gníomhaíochtaí eile, amhail leanaí a spreagadh chun rudaí a lipéadú ag baint úsáide as uimhreacha agus focail, ar ábhar matamaiticiúil luath Montessori. Cosúil le bataí uimhreacha, bosca spindle, cártaí agus abacus. Cuirtear béim ar thábhacht na faisnéise coincheapaí mar bhunús chun leanaí a thuiscint go ginearálta. Soláthraíonn ciorcail na ngrúpaí Montessori, a sholáthraíonn eispéireas ciallmhar le haicmí ó aon iomlán go deich n-deichú, bonn den sórt sin. Chomh maith leis sin, cleachtaí le haghaidh saol praiticiúil, mar shampla greimíní a dhéanamh (cad a dhéanfaí le bananaí a ghearradh ionas gur féidir le trí leanbh é a roinnt?) Agus napkins fillte.
Ar deireadh, sa t-alt seo, is fiú filleadh ar an gcothabháil fadtéarmach aird agus féinrialú a deirtear go bhfuil sé ina thréith ar rannpháirtíocht leanaí le hábhair foghlama sa seomra ranga Montessori.
Is cuid thábhachtach iad seo den tógáil choigníochta casta féin-rialú (EF), a chuimsíonn cosc, cuimhne oibre agus pleanáil freisin. Go simplí, is sraith próisis iad EFanna a ligeann dúinn ár smaointe agus ár ngníomhartha a rialú chun páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhartha spreagtha agus spriocdhírithe. Tá neart fianaise eolaíoch ag tacú leis an bhfíric go bhfuil EFanna ríthábhachtach don rath acadúil. Ós rud é go bhfuil ról lárnach ag EFanna, tá siad mar sprioc le haghaidh roinnt idirghabhálacha a riaradh go aonair, cláir oideachais iomlánacha agus curricula coimhdeacha. Is iad na cúrsaí sin sa seomra ranga ceol, yoga agus ealaíona comhraic. Léiríonn taighde go dtugann an modh Montessori a chomhcheangal le gnáthghníomhaíochtaí sa seomra ranga mar ceol agus ceachtanna scríbhneoireachta torthaí eisceachtúla maidir le forbairt scileanna EF i leanaí.


The discovery that the universe really did expand at many times the speed of light immediately after the Big Bang should bring physicists slightly closer to their ultimate goal — the long-sought "Theory of Everything."
On March 17, researchers announced that they had detected the signature of gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background, the ancient light that began pervading the universe 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
If it holds up, the landmark find confirms the theory of inflation, which posits that the cosmos exploded from mere quantum fluctuations into something of macroscopic size just a few tiny fractions of a second after its birth. [How Inflation Gave the Universe the Ultimate Kickstart (Infographic)]
The discovery also gives researchers a new window onto a realm of extreme physics, potentially aiding their daunting quest to devise a theoretical framework that can explain all aspects of the universe.
"This will give additional motivation, and also additional constraints, on models of inflation and, perhaps, a Theory of Everything," Harvard theorist Avi Loeb, who was not a member of the study team, told SPACE.com. "But, of course, it will take time."
Explaining the universe
Physicists rely on two different theories to explain the universe: Einstein's general relativity, which applies to the realm of large objects such as stars and galaxies, and quantum mechanics, which works well at the subatomic level.
Together, the two frameworks cover the four fundamental forces in the universe; general relativity deals with gravity, while quantum mechanics focuses on the weak force, the strong force and electromagnetism.
But the two theories are inherently incompatible, breaking down in extreme realms such as those found inside black holes or in the instants just after the Big Bang. So physicists long for a single framework that marries all four fundamental forces and works at all levels and in all situations.
One of the leading contenders for such a Theory of Everything is string theory, which holds that all of the fundamental particles in the universe are actually vibrating, one-dimensional objects. The new gravitational wave discovery should help refine that idea, Loeb said.
For example, many string theorists had predicted a "low-energy" version of inflation that did not result in the production of gravitational waves. [The Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 Easy Steps]
"Now these models are ruled out, and they [string theorists] have to go back to the drawing board and make new models that are compatible with the data," Loeb said.
High energy birth
The energy levels present during inflation were likely on the order of 10^16 billion electron volts, or roughly 1 trillion times greater than those achieved by Earth's most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider. At such energies, the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces probably all blended together, researchers say.
"This discovery probes new physics, and that's why it's of such fundamental importance, to physics as well as cosmology," Loeb said. "Since we can't really do the experiments in the laboratory, we better rely on the universe to give us some clues about what happens at these energy scales."
Primordial gravitational waves give scientists a way to peer further back in time than they ever have before — to around just a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang.
While the new discovery likely marks a watershed moment in our understanding of the universe, physicists working on a Theory of Everything would love to look back further still — to the earliest of all times, the "Planck epoch," in which all four fundamental forces are thought to have been unified.
The bottom part of this illustration shows the scale of the universe versus time. Specific events are shown such as the formation of neutral Hydrogen at 380 000 years after the big bang. Prior to this time, the constant interaction between matter (electrons) and light (photons) made the universe opaque. After this time, the photons we now call the CMB started streaming freely. (Image: BICEP2 Collaboration)
A long way to go
Scientists are piecing together an increasingly accurate picture of the universe and its history, but there is still much left to be learned.
For example, Loeb said, researchers have no idea what the substance that propelled inflation — known as the "inflaton" — actually is. They also lack basic information about mysterious dark matter and dark energy, which together make up 96 percent of the universe.
"It looks like we are at a relatively primitive early stage in cosmology, where we find the constituents that are necessary to explain the data that we have about the universe, but we don't really know what they are," Loeb said. "There are some islands of knowledge, but they are surrounded by an ocean of ignorance."
Still, he said, a Theory of Everything may eventually emerge — as long as scientists continue making landmark observations that can guide the theorists' thinking.
"I think it's possible, as long as we have experimental clues like this one, for example," Loeb said, referring to the detection of primordial gravitational waves.
"If we get enough constraints, then they can guide us in the right direction," he added. "But just thinking about it abstractly, like was done over the past few decades, just from pure thought — I think there are too many mathematical possibilities for us to figure out which one describes reality."
Related on SPACE.com and MNN:

Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh an fionnachtana go raibh an cruinne ag leathnú go leor uaireanta luas an tsolais díreach tar éis an Big Bang na fisiceoirí beagán níos gaire dá gcuspóir deiridh - an "Teoiric Gach Rud" a bhí á lorg le fada.
Ar an 17 Márta, d'fhógair taighdeoirí go raibh siad tar éis síntiús tonnta tríthiománacha a bhrath sa chúlra micreathonn cosmach, an solas ársa a thosaigh ag scaipeadh ar an chruinne 380,000 bliain tar éis an Big Bang.
Má choinníonn sé suas, dearbhaíonn an teacht mór-scéal teoiric an phléascála, a chuireann i láthair go d'fhéach an cosmos ó mhéideanna méadaithe ach amháin i rud éigin de mhéid macroscópach ach cúpla codanna beaga de soicind tar éis a bhreith. [Conas a Thug Inflation an Cruinne an Tosaíocht Deiridh (Infographic) ]
Tugann an fionnachtanas fuinneog nua do thaighdeoirí ar réimse na fisice mhór, rud a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú lena n-éileamh daunting chun creat teoiriciúil a cheapadh a d'fhéadfadh gach gné den chruinne a mhíniú.
"Tugfaidh sé seo spreagadh breise, agus srianta breise freisin, ar mhúnlaí boilscithe agus, b'fhéidir, ar Theoiric na hOibre", a dúirt an teoiricéir Harvard Avi Loeb, nach raibh ina bhall den fhoireann staidéir, le SPACE.com. "Ach, ar ndóigh, beidh sé am a ghlacadh".
An Cruinne a mhíniú
Tá an t-eolaíocht ag brath ar dhá teoiric éagsúla chun an domhan a mhíniú: teoiric ghinearálta Einstein, a bhaineann le réaltaí móra mar réaltaí agus réaltraí, agus meicnic chandamach, a oibríonn go maith ar an leibhéal subatóamach.
Le chéile, clúdaíonn an dá chreat na ceithre fhórsa bunúsacha sa chruinne; déileálann an réalaíocht ghinearálta le gravity, agus díreodh meicnic chandamach ar an gcumhacht lag, an chumhacht láidir agus leictreamaighnéadachas.
Ach tá an dá teoiric neamh-chomhoiriúnach ó thaobh a n-intinn de, ag titim síos i réimsí iomarcacha mar iad siúd a fhaightear taobh istigh de phoill dhubh nó sna huaireanta díreach tar éis an Big Bang. Mar sin, tá físitheoirí ag súil le creat amháin a phósann na ceithre fhórsa bunúsacha agus a oibríonn ar gach leibhéal agus i ngach cás.
Ceann de na príomh-iomaitheoirí ar an Teoiric seo de Gach rud is ea teoiric na sreang, a choinníonn go bhfuil na cáithníní bunúsacha go léir sa chruinne ag vibrate i ndáiríre, rudaí aon-dimleata. Ba cheart go gcabhródh an fionnachtana tonn grafaíochta nua leis an smaoineamh sin a shaothrú, a dúirt Loeb.
Mar shampla, bhí go leor teoiricí sreang ag tuar leagan "fhuinneamh íseal" de phléasadh nach raibh tonnta mearthanachta mar thoradh air. [An Cruinne: Big Bang go Anois i 10 Céim Éasca]
"Tá na samhlacha seo anois ar ceal, agus caithfidh siad [teoiricí sreang] dul ar ais go dtí an bord líníochta agus samhlacha nua a dhéanamh atá comhoiriúnach leis na sonraí", a dúirt Loeb.
Rugadh ardfhuinnimh
Is dócha go raibh na leibhéil fuinnimh a bhí i láthair le linn an phléasadh ar an ord 10 ^ 16 billiún voltais leictreon, nó thart ar 1 trilliún uair níos mó ná iad siúd a bhain luasghéarlóir cáithníní is cumhachtaí an Domhain, an Choláisteoir Mór Hadron amach. Ag fuinneamh den sórt sin, is dócha go raibh na fórsaí láidre, lag agus leictreamaighnéadacha go léir le chéile, a deir taighdeoirí.
"Tá an fionnachtanas seo ag déanamh suirbhé ar fhisice nua, agus sin an fáth go bhfuil sé chomh tábhachtach sin, don fhisice chomh maith leis an gcosmaolaíocht", a dúirt Loeb. "Ós rud é nach féidir linn na turgnaimh a dhéanamh i saotharlann, is fearr linn brath ar an bhféar chun roinnt leideanna a thabhairt dúinn faoi na rudaí a tharlaíonn ag na scálaí fuinnimh seo".
Tugann tonnta mearthanachta primordial bealach do eolaithe chun breathnú níos faide siar in am ná mar a bhí acu riamh roimhe seo - go dtí thart ar trilliún trilliún trilliún de thrian de thrian de soicind tar éis an Big Bang.
Cé gur dócha go bhfuil an fionnachtán nua ina lá breac-uisce inár dtuiscint ar an Cruinne, ba mhaith le fiosaí a oibríonn ar Theoiric na hOibre go mbeadh siad ag breathnú siar níos faide fós go dtí an t-am is luaithe de gach am, an "ré Planck", ina gceaptar go raibh na ceithre chumhacht bhunúsacha uile aontaithe.
Taispeánann an chuid íseal den léaráid seo scála na cruinne i gcoinne ama. Taispeántar imeachtaí sonracha mar fhoirmiú Hidrigine neodrach ag 380 000 bliain tar éis an Bhreab mór. Roimh an am seo, rinne an t-idirghníomhaíocht leanúnach idir ábhar (leictreoin) agus solas (photons) an cruinne opaque. Tar éis an ama seo, thosaigh na fótóin a ghlaoimid ar an CMB anois ag sruthú go saor. (Iontráil: Comhoibriú BICEP2)
Bealach fada le dul
Tá eolaithe ag cur pictiúr níos cruinne den chruinne agus dá stair le chéile, ach tá go leor fós le foghlaim.
Mar shampla, dúirt Loeb, níl aon smaoineamh ag taighdeoirí cad é an tsubstaint a thiomáin an boilsciú  ar a dtugtar an "inflaton"  i ndáiríre. Níl eolas bunúsach acu freisin faoi mhaire dorcha agus fuinneamh dorcha mistéireach, a chumann le chéile 96 faoin gcéad den chruinne.
"Is cosúil go bhfuilimid ag céim réamhtheoranta réamhtheoranta i gcosmaolaíocht, áit a bhfaighimid na comhpháirteanna atá riachtanach chun na sonraí atá againn faoin bhféar a mhíniú, ach ní fios dúinn i ndáiríre cad iad", a dúirt Loeb. "Tá roinnt oileáin eolais ann, ach tá farraige aineolais timpeall orthu".
Mar sin féin, a dúirt sé, d'fhéadfadh teoiric gach rud teacht chun cinn sa deireadh  fad is a leanann eolaithe ag déanamh breathnóireachtaí suntasacha ar féidir leo smaointeoireacht na teoiricí a threorú.
"Sílim go bhfuil sé indéanta, chomh fada agus a bhfuil leideanna turgnamhacha againn mar seo, mar shampla", a dúirt Loeb, ag tagairt do bhrath tonnta meartharraingthe.
"Má fhaighimid go leor srianta, ansin is féidir leo treoir a thabhairt dúinn sa treo ceart", a dúirt sé. "Ach ag smaoineamh air go hachomair, mar a rinneadh le cúpla bliain anuas, ach ó smaointeoireacht íon  Sílim go bhfuil ró-chuid féidearthachtaí matamaiticiúla ann dúinn chun a fháil amach cé acu a thuairiscíonn an réaltacht".
Ceangailte ar SPACE.com agus MNN:


Earth Day is celebrated each year on April 22nd. Events dedicated to supporting the environment are celebrated worldwide, and over 192 countries participate in the Earth Day Network. Celebrations range from simple tree plantings to large pro-environment rallies.
The first Earth Day was launched by Senator Gaylord Nelson after an oil spill in California. Nelson worked with Congressman Pete McCloskey to promote the event. Realizing the success of the anti-war movement on college campuses, they selected April 22nd as a date when many students would be on spring break and be able to participate without worrying about missing classes or exams.
April 22nd also happens to be the birthday of Soviet Union founder Vladimir Lenin. Despite popular rumors to the contrary, this was merely by coincidence. Despite this, many people still believed Earth Day had a communist connection and the FBI closely monitored its early events.
The idea of Earth Day quickly caught on, and in 1970, 20 million Americans participated in events across the nation. By 1990, the event had grown to an international level and over 200 million people in 141 countries participated. Today, nearly every country observes Earth Day in some way.
The goal of Earth Day is to raise awareness of Environmental issues. Many demonstrations are political in nature and have the goal of influencing national and international governing bodies to pass laws that protect the environment. In addition, the event seeks to raise awareness at the individual level about what steps people can take on their own to help the environment.
How to Observe
Earth Day rallies and demonstrations are held in most cities throughout the world. If you don’t have the time or desire to attend, many people also mark the day by planting trees or other plants. This small step can help encourage friends and neighbors to improve their own landscapes and think of other ways to make their neighborhood a better place.
Giving gifts of flowers or other plants is a good way to encourage friends and family to participate. Evergreens, perennials, and other long-lasting plants are most desirable because they can be a long-lasting piece in a garden and are more sustainable than constantly replanting.

Déantar Lá na Talún a cheiliúradh gach bliain ar an 22 Aibreán. Déantar imeachtaí a bhfuil dírithe orthu tacú leis an gcomhshaol a cheiliúradh ar fud an domhain, agus tá breis agus 192 tír rannpháirteach sa Líonra Lá na Talún. Tá ceiliúradh ann ó phlandaí crann simplí go rallyí móra pro-chomhshaoil.
Seanaire Gaylord Nelson a chuir an chéad Lá Domhanda ar bun tar éis sceitheadh ola i California. D'oibrigh Nelson leis an mBill Congresach Pete McCloskey chun an ócáid a chur chun cinn. Ag tabhairt faoi deara rath an ghluaiseachta frith-chogaidh ar champais choláiste, roghnaigh siad 22 Aibreán mar dháta nuair a bheadh go leor mac léinn ar saoire earraigh agus a bheith in ann páirt a ghlacadh gan a bheith buartha faoi ranganna nó scrúduithe a chailleadh.
Is é 22 Aibreán freisin lá breithe bunaitheoir an Aontais Shóivéadaigh Vladimir Lenin. In ainneoin ráflaí coitianta a mhalairt, bhí sé seo ach ag teagmhas. In ainneoin seo, chreid go leor daoine go raibh nasc cumannach ag Lá na Talún agus rinne an FBI monatóireacht dlúth ar a imeachtaí luatha.
Ghlac an smaoineamh ar Lá na Talún go tapa, agus i 1970, ghlac 20 milliún Meiriceánach páirt in imeachtaí ar fud na tíre. Faoi 1990, bhí an ócáid tar éis fás go leibhéal idirnáisiúnta agus ghlac níos mó ná 200 milliún duine i 141 tír páirt ann. Sa lá atá inniu ann, déantar Lá na Talún a cheiliúradh i mbeagnach gach tír ar bhealach éigin.
Is é aidhm Lá na Talún feasacht a ardú ar shaincheisteanna Comhshaoil. Tá go leor agóidí polaitiúla de chineál agus tá sé mar aidhm acu tionchar a imirt ar chomhlachtaí rialála náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta chun dlíthe a rith a chosnaíonn an timpeallacht. Ina theannta sin, tá sé mar aidhm ag an ócáid feasacht a ardú ar an leibhéal aonair faoi na céimeanna is féidir le daoine a dhéanamh ar a gcuid féin chun cabhrú leis an gcomhshaol.
Conas a Bheith ag Breathnú
Reáchtáiltear rallyí agus taispeántais Lá na Talún i bhformhór na gcathracha ar fud an domhain. Mura bhfuil an t-am nó an t-ádh agat freastal, déanann go leor daoine an lá a cheiliúradh trí chrainn nó plandaí eile a phlandaí. Is féidir leis an gcéim bheag seo cabhrú le cairde agus comharsana a spreagadh chun a gcuid tírdhreacha féin a fheabhsú agus chun modhanna eile a dhéanamh chun a gcomharsanacht a dhéanamh ina áit níos fearr.
Is bealach maith é bláthanna nó plandaí eile a thabhairt mar bhronntanas chun cairde agus teaghlach a spreagadh chun páirt a ghlacadh. Tá an-áisiúil le plandaí síoraí, plandaí ilbhliantúla, agus plandaí eile fadtéarmacha toisc gur féidir leo a bheith ina gcuid fada buan i gcur i gcur i gcur i gcur agus tá siad níos inbhuanaithe ná athfhásadh i gcónaí.


By Donna Duarte-Ladd
Whether you actively talk about racism in your home or realize that you have never really broached the subject, the United States, is frankly dealing with huge racial issues. Unfortunately, these injustices span multiple generations. With the recent death of George Floyd, the latest fatality in the many senseless deaths of black men and women from police brutality — our country has erupted in a fury. It was already a vulnerable time with living amid a pandemic, and now, a string of racial inequalities in just two weeks. We have seen (wrongfully) black people die or simply not be able to peacefully walk down the street.
As parents, for the sake of our children’s future, we must first look within ourselves for change. Moving judgment aside, we all have work to do, and if you wish to broaden your understanding of our black community, here are resources and tips that are a helpful starting point.
Where to Start
Kristy Leder of Education For Progress shares, “Begin by examining your own ideas and biases. We have ALL been raised in a system that has perpetuated systematic racism and oppression. We as parents and teachers have to begin to unpack that and undo that within ourselves before we can teach our children.”
Start sharing on your Facebook page and social media resources that you are utilizing or reading. If you have a large following in social media, share what you know to help benefit other parents. “It is important that we speak up against what is happening in our country and sharing anti-racism resources. It is important that we acknowledge their (black community) pain and not be silent,” says New York City mom Tricia Savino.
Read, Study, and Listen
“How to Be An Anti-Racist“-Iram X Kendi
“White Fragility“- Robin Di Angelo
“Pushout-The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools“- Monique Morris
“So You Want To Talk About Race“- Ijeoma Oluo
“Me and White Supremacy“- Layla Saad
“Between The World And Me“- Ta-Nehisi Coates
The Conscious Kid– Parenting and Education through a Critical Race Lens
Please feel free to email us at firstname.lastname@example.org with any book suggestions or webinar subjects on race that you’d like us to share with the New York Family Community. #blacklivesmatter
This story first appeared on NewYorkFamily.com

Le Donna Duarte-Ladd
Cibé an bhfuil tú ag caint go gníomhach faoi ghnéaschas i do theach nó go dtuigeann tú nach ndearna tú an t-ábhar a chur i láthair i ndáiríre, tá na Stáit Aontaithe ag déileáil go francach le saincheisteanna ciníocha ollmhóra. Ar an drochuair, tá na neamhréir seo ag dul thar na glúine. Le bás George Floyd le déanaí, an bás is déanaí i measc na mbásanna gan chiall a tharla do mhná agus d'fhir dubh ó bhrúiteacht póilíní  tá ár dtír ag teacht i ngrá. Bhí sé ina am leochaileach cheana féin le maireachtáil i measc paindéime, agus anois, sraith de neamhionannais ciníoch i gceann dhá sheachtain. Chonaic muid daoine dubh ag fáil bháis (ar mícheart) nó gan a bheith in ann siúl go síochánta síos an tsráid.
Mar thuismitheoirí, ar mhaithe le todhchaí ár bpáistí, ní mór dúinn breathnú isteach inár n-aonar ar dtús chun athrú a dhéanamh. Ag cur breithiúnas ar leataobh, tá obair le déanamh againn go léir, agus más mian leat do thuiscint ar ár bpobal dubh a leathnú, seo acmhainní agus leideanna a bhfuil mar phointe tosaigh cabhrach.
Cá háit a Thosaíonn tú
Tá Kristy Leder ó Oideachas le haghaidh Forbartha ag roinnt, Tosaigh ag scrúdú do chuid smaointe agus claonta féin. Tá muid go léir tar éis a bheith tógtha suas i gcóras a bhfuil perpetuated ciníochas agus brúchtaithe córais. Ní mór dúinn mar thuismitheoirí agus múinteoirí tús a chur leis sin a dhíbalú agus é a dhíbirt laistigh de dúinn féin sula bhféadfaimis ár gcuid páistí a theagasc.
Tosaigh ag roinnt ar do leathanach Facebook agus ar acmhainní meán sóisialta atá á n-úsáid agat nó á léamh agat. Má tá go leor daoine ag leanúint ort ar na meáin shóisialta, roinn an méid atá ar eolas agat chun cabhrú le tuismitheoirí eile a leas. Tá sé tábhachtach go labhraímid in aghaidh na rudaí atá ag tarlú inár dtír agus go roinnfimid acmhainní frith-ciníochas. Tá sé tábhachtach go nglacaimid lena bpian (an phobal dubh) agus nach mbeidh muid ag fanacht ciúin, "a deir máthair Nua-Eabhrac Tricia Savino.
Léigh, Foghlaim, agus Éist
Conas a bheith ina Frith-Racistach-Iram X Kendi
 Fragility Bán - Robin Di Angelo
Pushout-An Coiriúlacht a bhaineann le Cailíní Dubha sna Scoileanna- Monique Morris
 Mar sin Ba mhaith leat labhairt faoi rás - Ijeoma Oluo
Me and White Supremacy- Layla Saad
Between The World And Me- Ta-Nehisi Coates
An Páiste Fhiosach  A bheith i do Dhaoine Móra agus Oideachas trí Léinse Rása Críciúil
Bíodh spraoi agat ríomhphost a chur chugainn ag firstname.lastname@example.org le haon moltaí leabhair nó ábhair webinar ar chine a theastaíonn uait a roinnt le Comhphobal Teaghlaigh Nua Eabhrac. #blacklivesmatter
Tháinig an scéal seo ar dtús ar NewYorkFamily.com


Old Hickory was a disaster for slaves and Native Americans, but from the perspective of the early-nineteenth-century electorate his policies were better than most. He curbed the growth of government, increased competition in the financial sector, and, most importantly, made resources more available to citizens by helping to put fertile land into the hands of the voting public.
|Other Independent Review articles by Robert M. Whaples|
|Winter 2016||The Economic Future: An Introduction|
|Fall 2015||Hubris: Why Economists Failed to Predict the Crisis and How to Avoid the Next One|
|Spring 2015||Skeptical Thoughts on a Taxpayer-Funded Basic Income Guarantee|
|[View All (11)]|

Bhí Old Hickory ina thubaiste do sclábhaithe agus do Mheiriceánaigh Dúchasacha, ach ó thaobh toghthóirí an naoú haois déag a bhí níos fearr ná a chuid is mó. Chuir sé srian ar fhás an rialtais, méadaigh sé iomaíocht sa earnáil airgeadais, agus, is tábhachtaí fós, chuir sé acmhainní ar fáil do shaoránaigh trí chabhair a dhéanamh chun talamh torthúil a chur i lámha an phobail vótála.
Ar ailt eile ó athbhreithnithe neamhspleácha le Robert M. Whaples
 Winter 2016
 Fall 2015    Hubris: Cén fáth nach raibh na heacnamaithe in ann an géarchéim a thuar agus conas an chéad cheann eile a sheachaint
♬ Earrach 2015 ♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬Sceptical Thoughts on a Taxpayer-Funded Basic Income Guarantee ♬♬♬♬♬♬
[Féach ar gach (11) ]