Trained Labrador Can Sniff Out Colon Cancer, Researchers
MONDAY, Jan. 31 (HealthDay News) -- With powers of smell far
superior to those of humans, dogs can sniff out buried earthquake
victims. They can unearth hidden bombs or drugs. They can also
apparently detect colorectal cancer, Japanese researchers
Researchers from Kyushu University and colleagues report that a
specially trained 8-year-old female Labrador retriever named Marine
is able to detect colorectal cancer among patients with up to 98
A graduate of the St. Sugar Cancer-Sniffing Dog Training Center
in Chiba, Japan, the dog was initially trained for water rescue and
could already detect 12 types of cancer in patients' breath samples
before she joined the colorectal cancer study, the researchers
The goal of the study was to find out whether odor can become an
effective tool in colorectal cancer screening, according to lead
researcher Dr. Hideto Sonoda, from the department of surgery at the
Postgraduate School of Medicine at Kyushu University in
The report is published in the Jan. 31 online edition of the
For the study, Sonoda's group collected samples of stool and
exhaled breath from 40 patients with colorectal cancer and also
from 320 healthy people. "The tests were conducted from November to
June, because the dog's concentration tends to decrease during the
hot summer season," Sonoda noted.
The dog was able to distinguish cancerous samples from
noncancerous samples in 33 of 36 breath tests and in 37 of 38 stool
tests, the researchers found. "Moreover, canine scent judgment even
appeared to be highly accurate for early-stage colorectal cancer,"
In contrast, fecal occult blood screening -- a simple,
non-invasive test for colon cancer -- picks up early-stage disease
in only one out of 10 cases, the study noted.
Based on their findings, the researchers say the canine's
evaluation of breath samples was accurate 95 percent of the time
and her stool sample evaluation was accurate 98 percent of the
time, compared with colonoscopy, which is the "gold standard" for
identifying colon cancer.
In fact, the dog was able to identify cancers even when smokers
and people with other stomach problems were included in the test,
the researchers noted.
The tests were repeated three times, Sonoda said. "The results
of all tests were correct, thereby suggesting that a specific
cancer scent indeed exists," he said.
The researchers also took breath and stool samples from patients
with breast, stomach and prostate cancer. "Canine scent judgment
yielded correct answers for these cancers as well, suggesting that
common scents may exist among various cancer types," Sonoda
While dogs seem to be able to pick-up the "smell" of cancer,
using dogs as a screening tool is not the ultimate goal, he
Scent ability and concentration vary between different dogs and
also with the same dog on different days, Sonoda pointed out.
"Moreover, each dog can only conduct tests for a maximum of 10
years. So it is difficult to introduce canine scent judgment into
clinical practice," he said.
For these reasons, it is necessary to identify the
cancer-specific organic compounds detected by dogs and to develop
an early cancer detection sensor that can be substituted for a
dog's judgment, Sonoda said.
"We hope that the results of the present study will provide encouragement for the development of cancer detection and solving the biological character of cancer using odor material," he said.
Commenting on the study, Dr. Ted Gansler, director of medical
content at the American Cancer Society, said that "this study adds
to a small number of other published articles showing similar
results regarding bladder, lung and breast cancers," and to a
recent conference presentation regarding prostate cancer.
"In addition to these studies, there have been several anecdotal reports of patients whose pet dogs seemed attracted to or upset by skin cancers," he added.
Although the idea of dogs recognizing cancer might initially
seem difficult for some people to believe, it also seems
biologically plausible, Gansler said.
"We know that trained dogs can distinguish the scent of one person from another person. Dogs can also be trained to recognize very low concentrations of explosives or illegal drugs in the air. Scientists have already identified some of the chemical differences between normal and malignant tissues, so it is not surprising that some dogs can also recognize these differences," he said.
Some might wonder whether it is time to use dogs in the clinic
for cancer screening, Gansler said. "However, much more research
will be needed before we can seriously think about dogs assuming
roles in cancer screening similar to their current ones in law
enforcement," he said.
One limitation is that the dog in this study did not reliably
recognize any abnormal scent from precancerous polyps, although it
was not specifically trained to do so, Gansler said. "In contrast,
some colon cancer tests such as colonoscopy can accurately
recognize these polyps so they can be removed by the doctor in
order to prevent colon cancer before it is fully developed."
The next step is to discover the specific chemicals associated
with colon cancer, or with other types of cancers, Gansler said.
"Once that is done, scientists will try to develop laboratory tests
that detect these chemicals as potential methods for cancer
Another expert, Dr. Floriano Marchetti, an assistant professor
of clinical surgery and director of the Colon and Rectal Surgery
Residency Program at the University of Miami Miller School of
Medicine, said that "the direction should be to stimulate research
in finding the organic compound that the dog reacts to."
If one could develop a simple screening test, it could be useful
in getting more people screened for colon cancer, he said. "In this
country, any type of screening for colorectal cancer is in the
order of 40 to 45 percent. Something like this, if it were simple,
would be beneficial."
For more information on colon/rectal cancer, visit the
American Cancer Society.
Copyright © 2011
. All rights reserved.
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Labrador Oiliúna Is Féidir Sniff Out Cancer Colon, taighdeoirí
LONDAIN, 31 Eanáir (HealthDay News) -- Le cumhachtaí boladh fada
níos fearr ná iad siúd de dhaoine, is féidir le madraí a sniff amach crith talún curtha
íospartaigh. Is féidir leo buamaí nó drugaí i bhfolach a aimsiú. Is féidir leo freisin
go bhfuil sé cosúil go ndéanann taighdeoirí Seapánacha ailse colorectal a bhrath
Tá taighdeoirí ó Ollscoil Kyushu agus a gcomhghleacaithe ag tuairisciú go bhfuil
Labrador retriever 8 mbliana d'aois a bhfuil oiliúint speisialta déanta air, a dtugtar Marine air
Is féidir le haireagán a dhéanamh ar ailse colorectal i measc othair a bhfuil suas le 98
Céimithe de Lárionad Oiliúna Madra Scannála Ailse Naomh Siúcra
i Chiba, an tSeapáin, bhí an madra oiliúna ar dtús le haghaidh tarrthála uisce agus
d'fhéadfadh sé 12 chineál ailse a bhrath cheana féin i samplaí anailís othair
sular chuaigh sí leis an staidéar ar ailse colorectal, na taighdeoirí
Ba é aidhm an staidéir a fháil amach an féidir le boladh a bheith ina
uirlis éifeachtach i scagadh ailse colorectal, de réir luaidhe
an taighdeoir Dr. Hideto Sonoda, ó roinn na máinliachta ag an
Scoil Leighis Iarchéime in Ollscoil Kyushu i
Foilsíodh an tuarascáil in eagrán ar líne an 31 Eanáir den
Chun an staidéar a dhéanamh, bhailíonn grúpa Sonoda samplaí de stoil agus
anáil a bhí ag 40 othar le hailse colorectal agus
ó 320 duine sláintiúil. "Rinneadh na tástálacha ó mhí na Samhna go dtí
I mí an Mheithimh, toisc go mbíonn claonadh ag tiúchan an choinín laghdú le linn na
"Tá sé ag teacht ar an mbliain is fearr le linn an tsamhraidh", a dúirt Sonoda.
Bhí an madra in ann samplaí ailseacha a idirdhealú ó
samplaí neamh-ailseacha i 33 as 36 tástáil astuithe agus i 37 as 38 stool
Tá an t-athrú seo ag teacht ó thástálacha, a fuair na taighdeoirí. "A thuilleadh air sin, breithiúnas boladh canine fiú
"Is cosúil go bhfuil an-chruinneas ag baint leis an gcancer colorectal i gcéim luath",
I gcodarsnacht leis sin, scagadh fola occult fecal - simplí,
tástáil neamh-inbhéasach le haghaidh ailse colún -- piccann sé galar i gcéim luath
Ní raibh aon duine acu i dteagmháil leis an ngnáth-fhear, ach amháin duine amháin as gach deichniúr.
Bunaithe ar a gcuid torthaí, deir na taighdeoirí go bhfuil an canine
Bhí meastóireacht ar shamplaí an anailís cruinn 95 faoin gcéad den am
agus bhí a meastóireacht sampla stool cruinn 98 faoin gcéad den
Tá an t-am a chaitear le haghaidh colonoscopy, i gcomparáid le colonoscopy, is é sin an " caighdeán óir " le haghaidh
ailse colún a aithint.
Go deimhin, bhí an madra in ann ailse a aithint fiú nuair a bhí tobac ag tobacóirí
agus daoine a raibh fadhbanna eile stamag acu á gclúdach san tástáil,
a thug na taighdeoirí faoi deara.
Athghníomhaíodh na tástálacha trí huaire, a dúirt Sonoda. "Na torthaí
Bhí na tástálacha go léir ceart, rud a léiríonn go raibh
"Tá sé fíor go bhfuil boladh ailse ann", a dúirt sé.
Ghlac na taighdeoirí samplaí anailís agus stoca ó othair
le ailse chíche, boilg agus próstatach. "Díriú canine scent
d'fhág freagraí cearta do na hailse seo freisin, rud a thugann le tuiscint go
"Is féidir go bhfuil boladh coitianta i measc cineálacha éagsúla ailse", a dúirt Sonoda
Cé go bhfuil an chuma ar an gcineál madraí a bheith in ann a phiocadh suas an "smell" de ailse,
Ní hé an sprioc deiridh iad a úsáid mar uirlis scagála, a
Tá cumas agus tiúchan boladh éagsúil idir madraí agus madraí eile.
chomh maith leis an madra céanna ar laethanta éagsúla, Sonóda léirigh.
"Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní féidir le gach madra tástálacha a dhéanamh ach ar a mhéad 10
blianta. Mar sin tá sé deacair a thabhairt isteach breithiúnas boladh canine i
"Tá an t-eagrán seo á chur i bhfeidhm go hiomlán ar an gcóras cliniciúil", a dúirt sé.
Ar na cúiseanna sin, is gá na
comhdhúile orgánacha a bhraitheann madraí agus a fhorbairt
braiteoir chun ailse a bhrath go luath ar féidir é a chur in ionad
breithiúnas madra, a dúirt Sonoda.
"Tá súil againn go gcuirfidh torthaí an staidéir seo spreagadh ar fáil chun ailse a bhrath agus chun carachtar bitheolaíoch ailse a réiteach trí úsáid a bhaint as ábhar boladh", a dúirt sé.
Ag trácht ar an staidéar, dúirt an Dr. Ted Gansler, stiúrthóir na
ábhar ag an American Cancer Society, dúirt go "tá an staidéar seo ag cur
go dtí líon beag d'ailt foilsithe eile a léiríonn
Tá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil i bhfianaise na n-athruithe ar an gcineál
cur i láthair ag comhdháil le déanaí maidir le hailse próstatach.
"Ar an gcúis seo, tá roinnt tuairiscí anecdotal ann de othair a raibh an chuma orthu go raibh madraí peataí tarraingthe nó buartha ag ailse craiceann", a dúirt sé.
Cé go bhféadfadh an smaoineamh ar madraí a aithint ailse a aithint ar dtús
is cosúil go bhfuil sé deacair do roinnt daoine a chreidiúint, is cosúil freisin
go bhfuil sé inchreidte go bitheolaíoch, a dúirt Gansler.
"Tá a fhios againn gur féidir le madraí a bhfuil oiliúint orthu boladh duine amháin a idirdhealú ó dhuine eile. Is féidir madraí a oiliúint freisin chun tiúchan an-íseal spréach nó drugaí mídhleathacha a aithint san aer. Tá roinnt de na difríochtaí ceimiceacha idir fíocháin gnáth agus olc aithnithe ag eolaithe cheana féin, agus mar sin ní haon ionadh gur féidir le roinnt madraí na difríochtaí seo a aithint freisin", a dúirt sé.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh a fhios ag cuid acu an bhfuil sé in am madraí a úsáid sa chlinic
le haghaidh scagadh ailse, a dúirt Gansler. "Ach, go leor taighde níos mó
Beidh gá sula féidir linn smaoineamh go dáiríre faoi madraí a glacadh
rólanna i scagadh ailse cosúil lena gcuid reatha i ndlí
"Tá sé ag iarraidh go mbeadh an tAontas Eorpach ag obair go dian.
Is é an teorainn amháin ná nach raibh an t-éan sa staidéar seo ag
Is féidir le dochtúirí a aithint aon boladh neamhghnácha ó phoilipí réamh- ailseacha, cé go bhféadfadh sé
Ní raibh oiliúint speisialta aige chun é sin a dhéanamh, a dúirt Gansler. "Ar a mhalairt,
Is féidir le roinnt tástálacha ailse colún mar colonoscopy
na póilíní seo a aithint ionas gur féidir leis an dochtúir iad a bhaint i
chun ailse an choilíneachta a chosc sula mbeidh sé forbartha go hiomlán".
Is é an chéad chéim eile ná na ceimiceáin shonracha a bhaineann
le ailse colún, nó le cineálacha eile ailse, a dúirt Gansler.
"Nuair a bheidh sé sin déanta, beidh eolaithe iarracht a fhorbairt tástálacha saotharlainne
go bhfiosann siad na ceimiceáin seo mar mhodhanna féideartha le haghaidh ailse
Saineolaí eile, an Dr. Floriano Marchetti, ollamh cúnta
Cúrsa Cliniciúil agus Stiúrthóir na Colon agus Rectal Surgery
Clár Cónaitheachta in Ollscoil Miami Miller School of
An tAire, a dúirt go "ba cheart an treo a bheith ag spreagadh taighde
"ag lorg an comhdhéanta orgánach go n-imoibríonn an madra".
Dá bhféadfaí tástáil scagála simplí a fhorbairt, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith úsáideach
i níos mó daoine a scagadh le haghaidh ailse colún, a dúirt sé. "Sa
Tá sé de phribhléid ag an gCoimisiún, i gcás ina bhfuil aon chineál scagála ar ailse colorectal sa tír,
ordú 40 go 45 faoin gcéad. Rud éigin mar seo, dá mbeadh sé simplí,
bheadh tairbheach. "
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar ailse an choilíneachta/ an chréatáin, tabhair cuairt ar an
Cumann Ailse Mheiriceá.
Cóipcheart © 2011
. . go deo . Coimeádtar na cearta go léir.
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"Is é an chéad chéim riachtanach chun litríocht ábhartha a aithint ná na heochairfhocail a aithnítear i staidéar taighde. Mura ndéantar é seo ar bhealach cúramach, loighciúil, is dócha go gcaillfidh tú roinnt de na príomh-réimsí litríochta a aithint"
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As London’s new Ultra Low Emissions Zones (ULEZ) came into effect this month, a new animation highlights the effects that air pollution has on the public’s respiratory health
Latest figures show that there are currently 40,000 pollution-related deaths a year in the UK.
While this problem causes concerns for all, it can be even more problematic for the 12 million Brits affected by lung conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and young children – 86% of which across the UK are growing up breathing hazardous levels of toxic air.
In fact, children living in higher areas of pollution have been found to have approx. 5% reduced lung capacity over a 5 year period.
ULEZ hailed as a massive step forward in tackling the toxic problems across the capital, will replace the current ‘T-Charge’. Charges will run from midnight to midnight seven days a week and will operate within the same areas as the current Congestion Charging Zone (CCZ).
It will cost £12.50 for most vehicle types, including cars, motorcycles and vans (up to and including 3.5 tonnes). Heavier vehicles, such as lorries (over 3.5 tonnes) and buses/coaches (over 5 tonnes) will incur a charge of £100.
The average person breathes in 25,000 times a day and this animation, created by GSK, shows the journey of the harmful pollutants into our lungs. Pollutants that we breathe in, such as nitrogen dioxide, particles and carbon monoxide, can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and restrict the uptake of oxygen into the blood.
In the UK, car exhaust fumes are one of the biggest causes of air pollution alongside burning fuels, industrial processes and household cleaning products.
The ULEZ will help reduce harmful exhaust gases that contribute to illegal levels of nitrogen dioxide across London boroughs. It is expected to expand to the inner London area within the North and South Circular roads from 25th October 2021.
ULEZ TfL information – https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/ultra-low-emission-zone
Editor's Recommended Articles
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De réir mar a tháinig Ceantair Easaontais Ultra Íseal (ULEZ) nua Londain i bhfeidhm an mhí seo, tugann beochan nua béim ar na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag truailliú aeir ar shláinte an phobail
Léiríonn na figiúirí is déanaí go bhfuil 40,000 bás a bhaineann le truailliú sa Ríocht Aontaithe faoi láthair.
Cé go bhfuil imní ar gach duine faoin bhfadhb seo, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos deacra fós do na 12 mhilliún Breataine a bhfuil galair scamhóige orthu mar asthma, neamhoird chronic cosanta scamhóige (COPD) agus leanaí óga - 86% díobh ar fud na RA atá ag fás suas ag anailís ar leibhéil contúirteacha d'aer tocsaineach.
Go deimhin, fuarthas amach go bhfuil thart ar 100 duine i measc na leanaí a chónaíonn i gceantair a bhfuil truailliú níos airde acu. 5% de chumas scamhóg laghdaithe thar thréimhse 5 bliana.
ULEZ moladh mar chéim ollmhór chun cinn i ngleic leis na fadhbanna tocsaineacha ar fud an chaipitil, beidh an ionad reatha  T-Charge . Beidh na táillí ag rith ó lár na hoíche go lár na hoíche seacht lá sa tseachtain agus oibreoidh siad laistigh de na limistéir chéanna leis an gCrios Táille Congestion (CCZ) reatha.
Cosnóidh sé £12.50 don chuid is mó de na cineálacha feithiclí, lena n-áirítear gluaisteáin, gluaisrothair agus feithiclí feithicle (suas le 3.5 tonna agus lena n-áirítear iad). Beidh muirear £100 ar fheithiclí níos truime, amhail trucailí (os cionn 3.5 tonna) agus busanna/coistí (os cionn 5 tonna).
An duine ar an meán breathnaíonn sé isteach 25,000 uair sa lá agus léiríonn an t-aistriú seo, a chruthaigh GSK, an turas a dhéanann na truailleáin díobhálacha isteach inár scamhóga. Is féidir le truailleoirí a aimsímid, mar shampla dé-ocsaíd nítrigine, coirpíní agus aon-ocsaíd charbóin, a bheith i mbun go domhain sna scamhóga áit ar féidir leo athlasadh a chur ar bun agus srianta a chur ar an ocsiméan a iompú isteach sa fhuil.
Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, is é gáis dhosmálta na gcarranna ceann de na cúiseanna is mó le truailliú aeir in éineacht le breoslaí a dhó, próisis thionsclaíocha agus táirgí glantacháin tí.
Cabhróidh an ULEZ le gáis easpórtála díobhálacha a laghdú a chuireann le leibhéil neamhdhleathacha dé-ocsaíde nítrigine ar fud bhróg Londain. Táthar ag súil go leathnóidh sé go limistéar lárnach Londain laistigh de bhóithre ciorclacha Thuaidh agus Theas ón 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2021.
Tá an t-eolas seo ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin www.ulez.co.uk/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/
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CINCINNATI—Removal of the protein S6K1 slows the formation of new adipocytes (fat cells). Researchers say the finding suggests that S6K1 could be directly targeted for treating or preventing obesity.
The results of this study, led University of Cincinnati (UC) cancer and cell biologist and associate professor Sara Kozma, PhD, are published in the May 18, 2010, edition of Developmental Cell.
In the study, Kozma and her team compared the effects of normal diets versus high-fat diets in mice with and without S6K1. Mice with S6K1 who ate a high-fat diet developed four times more fat cells than mice without S6K1 that were fed the same diet.
Using mouse embryonic stem cells, Kozma and her team were able to demonstrate that the effect of loosing S6K1 was exerted during the first step of fat cell development—termed the "commitment stage”—and that reintroducing S6K1 into these cells rescued fat cell development. Thus, lack of S6K1 slows fat cell production/renewal.
"We already know that S6K1 plays an important role in longevity, potentially through inhibition of adipose accumulation that has recently been associated with lifespan shortening in humans. These results support such a concept and we are now studying how S6K1 can be targeted to fight obesity,” says Kozma. "We need to know more about the timing and means for targeting S6K1, to determine whether it could be an effective treatment.”
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 60 percent of adults over age 20 are either overweight or obese. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of greater than 30.
Study co-authors include Larissa Carnevalli, Kouhei Masuda, Francesca Frigerio, Olivier Le Bacquer, Sung Hee Um, Valentina Gandin, Ivan Topisirovic, Nahum Sonenberg and George Thomas.
The research was funded by a fellowship from Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
UC’s Metabolic Diseases Institute, named in 2009, is located on UC’s Reading Campus, formerly the Genome Research Institute, and is home to a team of researchers who focus on the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of metabolic disorders, cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Kozma is a member of the Cincinnati Cancer Consortium, a joint cancer program involving the UC College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and UC Health University Hospital. The collaborative initiative brings together interdisciplinary research teams of caring scientists and health professionals to research and develop new cures, while providing a continuum of care for children, adults and families with cancer.

CINCINNATI  Cuireann deireadh leis an bpróitéin S6K1 go mallú ar fhoirmiú adipocytes nua (cealla saille). Deir taighdeoirí go léiríonn an toradh go bhféadfadh S6K1 a bheith dírithe go díreach ar chóireáil nó cosc a chur ar murtall.
Foilsíodh torthaí an staidéir seo, faoi stiúir na hOllscoile Cincinnati (UC) a bhí ina bhileogóir ailse agus cille agus ina ollamh comhlánaithe Sara Kozma, PhD, in eagrán Déantúsaíochta Cealla an 18 Bealtaine, 2010.
Sa staidéar, rinne Kozma agus a fhoireann comparáid idir éifeachtaí gnáth-aistí bia i gcomparáid le gnáth-aistí bia ard-saill i lucha le S6K1 agus gan S6K1. D'fhorbair na lucha le S6K1 a d'ith aiste bia ard-saill ceithre huaire níos mó cealla saille ná lucha gan S6K1 a ndearnadh an aiste bia céanna a ithe.
Ag baint úsáide as cealla bunchill embryonacha luch, bhí Kozma agus a foireann in ann a thaispeáint go raibh éifeacht S6K1 a chailleadh i bhfeidhm le linn an chéad chéim de fhorbairt cealla saille - ar a dtugtar "chéim tiomantais" - agus gur shábháil ath-thosgladh S6K1 isteach sna cealla seo forbairt cealla saille. Dá bhrí sin, cuireann easpa S6K1 táirgeadh / athnuachan cealla saille siar.
"Tá a fhios againn cheana féin go bhfuil ról tábhachtach ag S6K1 i fad saoil, b'fhéidir trí chosc a chur ar chruinniú saille a bhí bainteach le gearrú saoil i ndaoine le déanaí. Tacaíonn na torthaí seo le coincheap den sórt sin agus táimid ag déanamh staidéir anois ar an gcaoi ar féidir S6K1 a dhíriú chun an t-othar a chomhrac, a deir Kozma. "Caithfimid níos mó a fháil amach faoi na huaireanta agus na modhanna chun S6K1 a dhíriú, chun a chinneadh an bhféadfadh sé a bheith ina chóireáil éifeachtach.
Measann na Lárionaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) go bhfuil 60 faoin gcéad d'aosaigh os cionn 20 bliain d'aois róthrom nó murtall. Sainmhínítear murtall mar a bhfuil innéacs mais coirp níos mó ná 30.
I measc na gcomh-údair staidéir tá Larissa Carnevalli, Kouhei Masuda, Francesca Frigerio, Olivier Le Bacquer, Sung Hee Um, Valentina Gandin, Ivan Topisirovic, Nahum Sonenberg agus George Thomas.
Maoiníodh an taighde le comhaltacht ó Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals agus deontais ó na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte agus ó na hInstitiúidí Ceannais um Thaighde Sláinte.
Tá Institiúid Ghalair Meitibileach UC, a ainmníodh in 2009, suite ar Champas Léitheoireachta UC, a bhí ina Institiúid Taighde Ghinóim roimhe seo, agus is baile é do fhoireann taighdeoirí a dhíríonn ar mheicníochtaí géiniteacha, móilíneacha agus cheallacha neamhoird meitibileacha, ailse agus galar cardashoithíoch.
Tá Kozma ina bhall de Chonsórtúim Ailse Cincinnati, clár comhpháirteach ailse a chuimsíonn Coláiste Leighis UC, Ionad Leighis Ospidéal Leanaí Cincinnati agus Ospidéal Ollscoil Sláinte UC. Tugann an tionscnamh comhoibritheach foirne taighde idirdhisciplíneacha de eolaithe agus gairmithe sláinte cúraim le chéile chun cóireálacha nua a thaighde agus a fhorbairt, agus cúram leanúnach a sholáthar do leanaí, do dhaoine fásta agus do theaghlaigh a bhfuil ailse orthu.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting around 500 million people worldwide, or around 7% of the global population. In the United States, over 32 million have OA.
The above statistics come from a report by
This article discusses the prevalence of OA in the U.S. and worldwide, which groups OA affects most, and the causes. It also explores the effects of OA and ways to help prevent the condition.
A note about sex and gender
Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
For females, the condition often develops after menopause, suggesting that physiological changes in females account for some of the elevated risk. However, it is also possible that social factors, such as gender roles or disparities in healthcare, may also play a role.
Individuals with obesity are also more likely to develop OA. This is partly due to the extra stress on weight-bearing joints such as the hips and knees. Obesity can also cause people to be more likely to experience metabolic changes that can
People in certain occupations may also be more likely to develop OA due to wear and tear. A 2020 review lists agricultural work, cleaning, construction, and carpentry as some of the specific occupations that may contribute to OA.
OA develops when the cartilage covering the end of the bones in a joint begins to wear away. This means that the bones in the joint start rubbing against a rough surface instead of smooth cartilage.
This often happens due to the repeated use of a joint and changes in the tissues in the joint that occur over time. This is why OA is more common in older adults.
Other factors that can contribute to this include:
- family history of OA
- certain joint irregularities
OA is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. This affects both the individual and their surrounding community, influencing relationships, finances, productivity, the economy, and quality of life on a national scale.
The total amount of work earnings lost due to OA in the U.S. was $71.3 billion per year, and the medical costs for individuals in the U.S. living with OA from 2008–2014 were $65.5 billion.
OA also significantly affects other aspects of health, compounding its effect on well-being. It can contribute to mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression, and make it more challenging to maintain a moderate weight. This, in turn, increases the risk of other health conditions, increasing the need for healthcare.
Individuals, healthcare professionals, and public health organizations can use several strategies to reduce the prevalence of OA, such as:
It is not always possible to prevent joint injuries, but there are precautions people can take to reduce the risks as much as possible, such as:
- using protective equipment when playing sports
- following safety procedures at work
- doing strength and balance training, particularly in later life,
to prevent falls
Protecting joints from overuse
High impact sports, such as running, put more pressure on joints than low impact sports. This may increase the risk of OA if a person engages in this type of activity frequently.
It may help to mix high and low intensity exercise or to modify sports so that they have less impact on joints. For example, people can avoid running on hard surfaces such as concrete.
Similarly, people in physically demanding jobs may be able to use equipment or workplace modifications to reduce the strain of repetitive movements.
There is currently no research that proves that reducing obesity will reduce rates of OA. However, as it is an important risk factor, it follows that maintaining a moderate weight may reduce a person’s risk of developing the condition.
People can maintain a moderate weight by:
The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is 7% worldwide. The condition affects over 500 million people globally and is one of the leading causes of disability.
Public health organizations such as the CDC are keen to prevent OA due to its significant effects on well-being and the economy.
Current strategies focus on addressing the risk factors for the disease that are within a person’s control, such as helping to prevent injuries, promoting weight management, and reducing joint overuse.

Is é osteoarthritis (OA) an cineál is coitianta d'artríteas, a théann i bhfeidhm ar thart ar 500 milliún duine ar fud an domhain, nó thart ar 7% den daonra domhanda. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá os cionn 32 milliún duine a bhfuil OA acu.
Tagann na staitisticí thuas ó thuarascáil ó
Déantar plé san alt seo ar an ardleithead atá ag OA sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ar fud an domhain, ar na grúpaí is mó a mbíonn tionchar ag OA orthu, agus ar na cúiseanna. Scrúdaíonn sé freisin éifeachtaí OA agus bealaí chun cabhrú leis an riocht a chosc.
Nóta faoi ghnéas agus inscne
Tá gnéas agus inscne ar speictrim. Úsáidfear na téarmaí  fireann,  baineann,  nó an dá cheann san alt seo chun tagairt a dhéanamh don ghnéas a ceapadh ag an mbreith. Cliceáil anseo chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim.
De réir na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC),
I gcás na mban, is minic a fhorbraíonn an riocht tar éis na menopause, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil athruithe fiseolaíocha i measc na mban mar chúis le cuid den riosca ard. Tá sé indéanta freisin go bhfuil tionchar ag tosca sóisialta, amhail róil inscne nó neamhionannais i gcúram sláinte.
Tá daoine atá saill ghorm níos dóchúla freisin OA a fhorbairt. Tá sé seo de bharr an strus breise ar chomhpháirteanna a bhfuil meáchan orthu, amhail na cnámha agus na glúine. Is féidir le murtall daoine a chur i mbaol go mbeidh athruithe meitibileach níos mó ann a d'fhéadfadh
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine i ngnólachtaí áirithe níos mó seans ann go bhforbrófaí OA mar gheall ar chaitheamh agus scoilt. Liostaíonn athbhreithniú 2020 obair talmhaíochta, glanadh, tógáil, agus croiteoireacht mar chuid de na gairmeacha sonracha a d'fhéadfadh cur le OA.
Forbraíonn OA nuair a thosaíonn an cartilage a chlúdaíonn deireadh na gcnámha i gcomhpháirt ag caitheamh. Ciallaíonn sé seo go dtosaíonn cnámha an chomhpháirte ag frith le dromchla garbh in ionad cartilage réidh.
Is minic a tharlaíonn sé seo mar gheall ar úsáid athfhillteach a bhaint as comhpháirte agus athruithe ar na fíocháin sa chomhpháirte a tharlaíonn le himeacht ama. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil OA níos coitianta i measc daoine fásta níos sine.
I measc na ngnéithe eile a d'fhéadfadh cur leis seo tá:
- stair teaghlaigh de OA
- neamhrialtachtaí comhpháirteacha áirithe
Tá OA ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna míchumas ar fud an domhain. Bíonn tionchar aige seo ar an duine aonair agus ar a phobal timpeall air, ag tionchar ar chaidrimh, ar mhaoin, ar tháirgiúlacht, ar an ngeilleagar, agus ar cháilíocht na beatha ar scála náisiúnta.
Ba é méid iomlán na n-ioncam oibre a cailleadh mar gheall ar OA sna Stáit Aontaithe $ 71.3 billiún in aghaidh na bliana, agus ba iad na costais leighis do dhaoine aonair sna Stáit Aontaithe a bhí ina gcónaí le OA ó 2008  2014 $ 65.5 billiún.
Bíonn tionchar suntasach ag OA ar ghnéithe eile den tsláinte freisin, ag cur leis an éifeacht atá aige ar fholláine. Is féidir leis cur le riochtaí sláinte meabhrach, mar shampla imní agus dúlagar, agus é a dhéanamh níos dúshlánach meáchan measartha a choinneáil. Mar sin féin, méadaíonn sé seo an baol go dtarlóidh galair sláinte eile, rud a mhéadaíonn an gá le cúram sláinte.
Is féidir le daoine aonair, gairmithe cúraim sláinte, agus eagraíochtaí sláinte poiblí roinnt straitéisí a úsáid chun forleithleacht OA a laghdú, mar shampla:
Ní féidir go léir díobhálacha comhpháirteacha a chosc, ach tá réamhchúraimí ann is féidir le daoine a dhéanamh chun na rioscaí a laghdú chomh mór agus is féidir, mar shampla:
- trealamh cosanta a úsáid agus iad ag imirt spóirt
- nósanna imeachta sábháilteachta ag an obair a leanúint
- oiliúint neart agus cothromaíochta a dhéanamh, go háirithe níos déanaí sa saol,
chun titim a chosc
Cosc ar na comhpháirteanna ó ró-úsáid
Cuireann spóirt a bhfuil tionchar mór acu, mar shampla rith, níos mó brú ar na hailt ná spóirt a bhfuil tionchar íseal acu. D'fhéadfadh sé seo an baol a mhéadú go mbeidh OA ag duine má bhíonn sé ag baint úsáide as an gcineál gníomhaíochta seo go minic.
D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach cleachtadh ard-ghéarchéime agus íseal-ghéarchéime a mheascadh nó spóirt a mhodhnú ionas nach mbeidh tionchar níos lú acu ar na hailt. Mar shampla, is féidir le daoine rith ar dhromchlaí crua amhail concrait a sheachaint.
Ar an gcaoi chéanna, d'fhéadfadh daoine a bhfuil postanna a éilíonn go fisiciúil orthu a bheith in ann trealamh nó modhnú ar an láthair oibre a úsáid chun an strus a bhaineann le gluaiseachtaí athdhéanta a laghdú.
Níl aon taighde ann faoi láthair a chruthaíonn go laghdóidh laghdú ar murtall go leor rátaí OA. Mar sin féin, toisc gur fachtóir riosca tábhachtach é, leanann sé go bhféadfadh meáchan measartha a choinneáil riosca duine a laghdú chun an riocht a fhorbairt.
Is féidir le daoine meáchan meánach a choinneáil trí:
Is é 7% de leithead osteoarthritis (OA) ar fud an domhain. Bíonn tionchar ag an riocht ar níos mó ná 500 milliún duine ar fud an domhain agus tá sé ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna míchumais.
Tá eagraíochtaí sláinte poiblí cosúil leis an CDC ag iarraidh OA a chosc mar gheall ar a héifeachtaí suntasacha ar fholláine agus ar an ngeilleagar.
Tá straitéisí reatha dírithe ar aghaidh a thabhairt ar na fachtóirí riosca don ghalair atá faoi smacht an duine, amhail cabhrú le gortuithe a chosc, bainistiú meáchain a chur chun cinn, agus ró-úsáid na gcomhpháirteanna a laghdú.


Imagine all our preschoolers spending hours each week in a parent’s lap, reading their favorite storybooks together. Then envision these same children arriving at kindergarten, already in love with the printed pages of a book. The Raising a Reader Program is a wonderful early literacy experience for the children of Alleghany County. It is funded by Smart Start and ran through Alleghany Partnership for Children.
- Since 1999, Raising A Reader has helped over a million families develop, practice, and maintain home-based literacy routines that have been linked to academic and life success.
- THE RESEARCH IS CLEAR – WHEN FAMILIES ARE INVOLVED, CHILDREN’S ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IMPROVES
- Raising a Reader focuses on strengthening family literacy routines and community literacy connections – a method that’s proven to work.
- The Raising a Reader program is evidence-based, with more than 32 independent evaluations showing that Raising a Reader significantly improves language and literacy skills, cognitive development, communication and comprehension skills, school readiness and social competence. The program is implemented through a network of community partners that comprise more than 2,700 locations across the country including public school systems, libraries, afterschool programs, community agencies and other organizations both public and private.
For more information about getting involved with the Raising A Reader Program, please contact the Alleghany Partnership for Children at (336) 372-2846.

Samhlaigh go gcaitheann ár gcuid leanaí réamhscoile uaireanta gach seachtain i mbéal tuismitheoirí, ag léamh a gcuid leabhar scéalta is fearr leo le chéile. Ansin samhlaigh na páistí céanna sin ag teacht go dtí an kindergarten, agus iad ag grá le leathanaigh chliste leabhar cheana féin. Is eispéireas iontach óige litearthachta é an Clár um Léitheoir a Chur suas do pháistí Chontae Alleghany. Tá sé maoinithe ag Smart Start agus reáchtáil sé trí Chomhpháirtíocht Alleghany do Leanaí.
- Ó 1999, tá Raising A Reader tar éis cabhrú le breis agus milliún teaghlach gnáthamh litearthachta baile a fhorbairt, a chleachtadh agus a chothabháil a bhí nasctha le rath acadúil agus saoil.
- Tá an taighde soiléir  Nuair a bhíonn teaghlaigh rannpháirteach, feabhsaíonn toradh acadúil na leanaí
- Tá 'Raising a Reader' dírithe ar ghnáthamh litearthachta teaghlaigh agus ar naisc litearthachta pobail a neartú - modh a bhfuil a fheidhmithe cruthaithe aige.
- Tá an clár 'Raising a Reader' bunaithe ar fhianaise, agus léiríonn breis agus 32 meastóireacht neamhspleách go bhfeabhsaíonn 'Raising a Reader' scileanna teanga agus litearthachta, forbairt chognaíoch, scileanna cumarsáide agus tuiscint, ullmhacht scoile agus inniúlacht shóisialta go suntasach. Cuirtear an clár i bhfeidhm trí líonra comhpháirtithe pobail a chuimsíonn níos mó ná 2,700 suíomh ar fud na tíre lena n-áirítear córais scoile poiblí, leabharlanna, cláir iar-scoile, gníomhaireachtaí pobail agus eagraíochtaí eile poiblí agus príobháideacha araon.
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi bheith páirteach sa Chlár A Leagann Léitheoir, déan teagmháil le Comhpháirtíocht Alleghany do Leanaí ag (336) 372-2846.


Carbon Black has been produced by Orion's predecessors since 1862. It plays a crucial role in the rubber industry. When used in tires Carbon Black ensures a high resistance to abrasion, good road handling and ageing resistance. Carbon Black is also an important ingredient in the production of a multitude of other rubber goods like profiles, hoses and anti-vibration systems.
Carbon Black is nearly pure carbon. Today the most common method for producing Carbon Black is the Furnace Black Process. A liquid hydrocarbon feedstock is injected into a flame, which is generated by the combustion of a gaseous or liquid fuel in combination with preheated air. Under these conditions the feedstock decomposes and Carbon Black particles are formed. After separation of the process gas/Carbon Black mixture in filter systems, the Carbon Black powder is pelletized in order to improve handling properties. Alternative production processes working according to the same physico-chemical principle are the Lamp Black Process and the Degussa Gas Black Process, which provide Carbon Blacks with a unique combination of properties.
Carbon Blacks can be divided into:
- Hard Blacks (synonyms: tread grades, reinforcing Carbon Black): a type of furnace Carbon Black having an average nitrogen surface area of 70 mn or greater.
- Soft Blacks (synonyms: carcass grades, semi-reinforcing Carbon Black): a type of furnace Carbon Black having a nitrogen surface area in the range of 21 to 69 mn.
- Thermal Blacks: produced under controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.
- Gas Blacks: Degussa process, high reinforcing capability, imparts scorch safety to compounds.
Nitrogen surface area (m2/g)
121 - 150
100 - 120
70 - 99
40 - 49
33 - 39
21 - 32
Most Rubber Carbon Blacks are manufactured to ASTM specifications in a variety of reinforcing and semi-reinforcing grades. They are available in average particle sizes from 20nm (N110) to 280nm (N990) to meet formulation and performance requirements. Under the trademark CORAX® Orion produces a comprehensive range of standard grades of Furnace Blacks in accordance with the requirements of ASTM D 1765.
In addition to ASTM Carbon Blacks, considerable emphasis is placed on the development of new products, also manufactured with the Furnace Black Process. With these products Orion Engineered Carbons responds to the fast growing demand for specialties for high- and ultra-high performance car tires and fuel-efficient truck tires. The ECORAX® grades used in tire treads and bodies provide a significant reduction in rolling resistance and consequently in fuel consumption. CORAX® HP Blacks are Specialty Carbon Blacks designed for excellent dry grip as required in high performance, ultra high performance, racing and motorcycle tires.
For special applications Corax® N 990 is used. This grade's low degree of reinforcement allows particularly high loadings and has excellent processing properties.
The clean PUREX® and SABLE grades are of particular value in the manufacturing of mechanical rubber goods like extruded profiles and seals. These grades show a good processability and contribute to a smooth surface of the final product.
DUREX® 0 is a special type of Carbon Black produced by the Lamp Black Process. It is used in the production of mechanical rubber goods, where it guarantees excellent extrusion properties in terms of dimensional stability, very smooth surface finish and some unique in-rubber properties.
CK 3 is a Gas Black which imparts considerable scorch safety to rubber compounds by delaying the onset of cure. It provides uncured compounds with high green strength and vulcanizates with excellent tensile strength, elongation at break and cut growth resistance during flexing. Application fields are seals, rubber-to-metal bonding compounds, molded goods, unvulcanized sheets and adhesives.
Special conductive Carbon Blacks are offered under the PRINTEX® brand.

Tá Carbon Black á tháirgeadh ag réamhtheachtaí Orion ó 1862. Tá ról ríthábhachtach aige i dtionscal an rubair. Nuair a úsáidtear é i mbataí, cuireann Carbon Black cosc ard ar chorradh, láimhseáil mhaith bóthair agus friotaíocht ag dul in aois. Tá an Charbóin Dubh ina chomhábhar tábhachtach freisin i dtáirgeadh go leor earraí rubair eile amhail próifílí, snáthaigh agus córais frith-thiomáint.
Is carbóin í an Charbóin Dubh beagnach íon. Sa lá atá inniu ann is é an modh is coitianta chun Carbon Black a tháirgeadh an Próiseas Dubh Foirne. Tá an t-ábhar hidreacarbóin leachtach insteallta i lasair, a ghintear trí dhóiteán breosla gásach nó leachtach i dteannta le haer réamhdhéite. Faoin dálaí seo, déantar an t-ábhar amh a dhíscaoileadh agus cruthaítear cáithníní Carbóin Dubh. Tar éis an meascán gáis phróisis/Carbon Black a scaradh i gcórais scagaire, déantar an púdar Carbon Black a phéileáil chun feidhmiúlachtaí láimhseála a fheabhsú. Is iad na próisis táirgeachta malartacha a oibríonn de réir an phrionsabail fhisiceach-cheimiceach céanna próiseas dubh lampa agus próiseas dubh gáis Degussa, a thugann teaglaim uathúil airíonna do na carbóin dubh.
Is féidir na Dubhcharbóin a roinnt ina:
- Hard Blacks (sinéadamacha: gráid tread, neartú Carbon Black): cineál tobar Carbon Black a bhfuil meán-chríoch dromchla nítrigine de 70 mn nó níos mó.
- Soft Blacks (sinéadamacha: grád carcas, carbon black leath-neartaithe): cineál carbon black toirte le dromchla nítrigine idir 21 agus 69 mn.
- Dubh Teirmeach: a tháirgtear faoi choinníollacha rialaithe trí dhoilliú teirmeach hidreacarbóin in éagmais aeir nó lasca.
- Gás Dubh: próiseas Degussa, cumas ard-neartaithe, a thugann sábháilteacht scorch do chomhdhúile.
Limistéar dromchla nítrigine (m2/g)
121 - 150
100 - 120
70 - 99
40 - 49
33 - 39
21 - 32
Déantar an chuid is mó de na Rubber Carbon Blacks a mhonarú de réir sonraíochtaí ASTM i ngnéithe éagsúla athneartaithe agus leath-athneartaithe. Tá siad ar fáil i meánmhéideanna cáithníní ó 20nm (N110) go 280nm (N990) chun riachtanais fhoirmlithe agus feidhmíochta a chomhlíonadh. Faoin trádmharc CORAX® déanann Orion raon cuimsitheach de ghrádanna caighdeánacha de Fhorn Blacks a tháirgeadh i gcomhréir le ceanglais ASTM D 1765.
Chomh maith le Carbon Blacks ASTM, cuirtear béim mhór ar fhorbairt táirgí nua, a mhonaraítear leis an bPróiseas Dubh Foirne freisin. Leis na táirgí seo, freagraíonn Orion Engineered Carbons ar an éileamh atá ag fás go tapa ar shaincheisteanna do threacaí gluaisteán ard- agus ultra-ardfheidhmíochta agus do threacaí trucail atá éifeachtach ó thaobh breosla. Cuireann grádanna ECORAX® a úsáidtear i mbóithre agus i gcorpáin na mbóithre laghdú suntasach ar an friotaíocht rollaithe agus dá bhrí sin ar an tomhaltas breosla. Is iad CORAX® HP Blacks Carbon Blacks Speisialta a ceapadh le haghaidh greim tirim den scoth mar a cheanglaítear i mbreiseán ardfheidhmíochta, ultra-ardfheidhmíochta, rásaíocht agus gluaisrothar.
Le haghaidh iarratais speisialta, úsáidtear Corax® N 990. Is féidir le leibhéal íseal neartúcháin an ghrád seo ualachanna an-ard a cheadú agus tá airíonna próiseála den scoth aige.
Tá luach ar leith ag na gráidí glan PUREX® agus SABLE i ndéantúsaíocht earraí meicniúla ó rubair amhail próifílí agus séalacha extruded. Léiríonn na gráid seo go bhfuil siad inrochtana go maith agus go gcuireann siad le dromchla réidh an táirge deiridh.
Is cineál speisialta de Charbóin Dubh é DUREX® 0 a tháirgtear trí phróiseas Dubh an Lampa. Úsáidtear é i dtáirgeadh earraí meicniúla rubair, áit a ráthaíonn sé airíonna eis-chuardaithe den scoth i dtéarmaí cobhsaíochta tomhais, críochnú dromchla an-leathan agus roinnt airíonna uathúla rubair.
Is Gás Dubh é CK 3 a thugann sábháilteacht suntasach ó dhó do chomhdhúile rubair trí tharchur a dhéanamh ar thús na cothaithe. Soláthraíonn sé comhdhúile neamhchúrdaithe le neart glas ard agus vulcanizates le neart teannas den scoth, fadú ag briseadh agus friotaíocht fáis gearradh le linn fleachta. Is iad réimsí iarratais na séalacha, na comhdhúile greamaithe rubair-le-mhiotal, earraí múnlaithe, bileoga neamh-vulcanaithe agus greamaitheacha.
Cuirtear Carbon Blacks seoltacha speisialta ar fáil faoin mbranda PRINTEX®.


Agricultural cooperatives are key to reducing hunger and poverty
Cooperatives offer opportunities that smallholders could not achieve individually
31 October 2011, Rome - Smallholder farmers gain big benefits from agricultural cooperatives including bargaining power and resource sharing that lead to food security and poverty reduction for millions, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the World Food Programme (WFP) stressed today on the occasion of the launch of the International Year of Cooperatives 2012 (IYC) in New York.
The importance of agricultural cooperatives in improving the lives of millions of smallholder farmers and their families cannot be overstated, the three Rome-based United Nations (UN) agencies said. Empowered by being a part of a larger group, smallholder farmers can negotiate better terms in contract farming and lower prices for agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizer and equipment. In addition, cooperatives offer prospects that smallholder farmers would not be able to achieve individually such as helping them to secure land rights and better market opportunities.
Ranging from small-scale to multi-million dollar businesses across the globe, cooperatives operate in all sectors of the economy, count over 800 million members and provide 100 million jobs worldwide -- 20 per cent more than multinational enterprises. In 2008, the largest 300 cooperatives in the world had an aggregate turnover of US$1.1 trillion, comparable to the gross domestic product (GDP) of many large countries.
Cooperatives: a pillar of agricultural development and food security
Agriculture, including farming, forestry, fisheries and livestock, is the main source of employment and income in rural areas, where the majority of the world's poor and hungry people live. Agricultural cooperatives play an important role in supporting men and women small agricultural producers and marginalized groups by creating sustainable rural employment.
Producer cooperatives offer men and women smallholders market opportunities, and provide them with services such as better training in natural resource management, and better access to information, technologies, innovations and extension services. In several countries, FAO provides quality seeds and fertilizers to farmers and agricultural cooperatives and works with them in applying more suitable and productive farming practices.
IFAD works with local agricultural cooperatives in Nepal on goat resource centres that help farmers develop markets for a sustainable supply of high-quality breeding goats. Under the Purchase for Progress (P4P) pilot initiative, WFP and partners are working with smallholder farmers' organisations in 21 countries to help them produce surpluses, gain access to markets and increase their incomes.
Through support such as this, smallholders can achieve sustainable livelihoods, improve food security in their communities and play a greater role in meeting the growing demand for food on local, national and international markets.
In Brazil, cooperatives were responsible for 37.2 percent of agricultural GDP and 5.4 percent of overall GDP in 2009, and earned about US$3.6 billion from exports. In Mauritius, cooperatives account for more than 60 percent of national production in the food crop sector and in Kenya the savings and credit cooperatives have assets worth US$2.7 billion, which account for 31 percent of gross national savings.
Supporting agricultural cooperatives: The IYC and beyond
The Rome-based UN agencies will promote the growth of agricultural cooperatives by:
• Carrying out initiatives to better understand cooperatives and assess their socio-economic development impact, and to raise awareness of their role and impact on the lives of men and women smallholder farmers -- such as FAO's database of good practices in institutional innovations;
• Supporting cooperatives to form networks through which smallholder producers can pool their assets and competencies to overcome market barriers and other constraints such as a lack of access to natural resources;
• Assisting policy-makers in the design and implementation of policies, laws, regulations and projects that take into consideration the needs and concerns of both men and women smallholder farmers and create enabling environment for agricultural cooperatives to thrive; and
• Strengthening the dialogue and cooperation between governments, agricultural cooperatives, the international research community and civil society representatives on analyzing the best conditions for cooperatives worldwide to develop.
During the year ahead and beyond, the Rome-based UN agencies will remain committed to supporting agricultural cooperatives, which provide members with economic advantages and offer them a wide range of services that build up their skills and improve their livelihoods. Cooperatives offer a sound and viable business model suited to the needs of rural communities in developing countries.

Tá comharchumainn talmhaíochta ríthábhachtach chun ocras agus bochtaineacht a laghdú
Tugann comharchumainn deiseanna nach bhféadfaí a bhaint amach ag feirmeoirí beaga ar bhonn aonair
31 Deireadh Fómhair 2011, an Róimh - Faigheann feirmeoirí beaga tairbhe mór ó chomhlachtaí talmhaíochta lena n-áirítear cumhacht bargaining agus roinnt acmhainní a fhágann go bhfuil slándáil bia agus laghdú bochtaineachta ag na milliúin, a dúirt Eagraíocht na Náisiún Aontaithe um bhia agus talmhaíocht (FAO), an Ciste Idirnáisiúnta um Fhorbairt Talmhaíochta (IFAD) agus an Clár Bia Domhanda (WFP) inniu ar ócáid seoladh Bliain Idirnáisiúnta na gComhpháirtíochta 2012 (IYC) i Nua Eabhrac.
Ní féidir an tábhacht a bhaineann le comharpháirtíochtaí talmhaíochta chun saol na milliúin feirmeoirí beaga agus a dteaghlaigh a fheabhsú a rá go leor, a dúirt na trí ghníomhaireacht de chuid na Náisiún Aontaithe (NA) atá lonnaithe i Róimh. De bharr a bheith ina gcuid de ghrúpa níos mó, is féidir le feirmeoirí beaga téarmaí níos fearr a chaibidlíocht i bhfeirmeoireacht chonartha agus praghsanna níos ísle le haghaidh ionchur talmhaíochta mar shíolta, leasacháin agus trealamh. Ina theannta sin, cuireann comharchumainn ionchais ar fáil nach mbeadh feirmeoirí beaga in ann a bhaint amach ar bhonn aonair, amhail cabhrú leo cearta talún a fháil agus deiseanna margaíochta níos fearr a fháil.
Ag dul ó ghnólachtaí ar scála beag go dtí gnóthas il-milliúnta dollar ar fud an domhain, oibríonn comharchumainn i ngach earnáil den gheilleagar, tá os cionn 800 milliún ball acu agus soláthraíonn siad 100 milliún post ar fud an domhain - 20% níos mó ná fiontair ilnáisiúnta. I 2008, bhí láimhdeachas comhiomlánach de US $ 1.1 trilliún ag na 300 comharpháirtíocht is mó ar domhan, atá inchomparáide le olltáirgeacht intíre (OTI) go leor tíortha móra.
Comhlachais: colún d'fhorbairt talmhaíochta agus slándála bia
Is é an talmhaíocht, lena n-áirítear feirmeoireacht, foraoiseacht, iascaireacht agus beostoc, an príomhfhoinse fostaíochta agus ioncaim i gceantair thuaithe, áit a bhfuil tromlach na ndaoine bochta agus ocrais ar domhan ina gcónaí. Tá ról tábhachtach ag comharchumainn talmhaíochta i dtacaíocht a thabhairt do fhir agus do mhná atá ina dtáirgeoirí talmhaíochta beaga agus do ghrúpaí imeallta trí fhostaíocht inbhuanaithe tuaithe a chruthú.
Cuireann comharchumainn táirgeoirí deiseanna margaidh ar fáil d'fheirmeoirí beaga fir agus mná, agus soláthraíonn siad seirbhísí dóibh amhail oiliúint níos fearr i mbainistiú acmhainní nádúrtha, agus rochtain níos fearr ar fhaisnéis, ar theicneolaíochtaí, ar nuálaíochtaí agus ar sheirbhísí cur chun cinn. I roinnt tíortha, soláthraíonn an FAO síolta agus leasacháin ardchaighdeáin d'fheirmeoirí agus d'chomhlachtaí talmhaíochta agus oibríonn sé leo chun cleachtais feirmeoireachta níos oiriúnaí agus níos táirgiúla a chur i bhfeidhm.
Tá IFAD ag obair le comharsanachtaí talmhaíochta áitiúla sa Neapál ar ionaid acmhainní cabra a chabhraíonn le feirmeoirí margaí a fhorbairt le haghaidh soláthar inbhuanaithe cabra pórúcháin ardchaighdeáin. Faoi thionscnamh píolótach Ceannach chun Forbartha (P4P), tá WFP agus comhpháirtithe ag obair le heagraíochtaí feirmeoirí beaga i 21 tír chun cabhrú leo forlíonta a tháirgeadh, rochtain a fháil ar mhargaí agus a n-ioncam a mhéadú.
Trí thacaíocht den sórt sin, is féidir le feirmeoirí beaga slí bheatha inbhuanaithe a bhaint amach, slándáil bhia a fheabhsú ina bpobail agus ról níos mó a imirt i gcúram an éilimh atá ag fás ar bhia ar mhargaí áitiúla, náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta.
Sa Bhrasaíl, bhí comharchumainn freagrach as 37.2 faoin gcéad de OTI talmhaíochta agus 5.4 faoin gcéad de OTI foriomlán i 2009, agus thuill siad thart ar US $ 3.6 billiún ó onnmhairí. I Maoiríse, tá níos mó ná 60 faoin gcéad den táirgeadh náisiúnta i dtríúchán bia ag comhaltaí na gcomhaltaí comhaltacha agus i gCeinía tá sócmhainní ag na comhaltaí coigilteas agus creidmheasa ar fiú US $ 2.7 billiún, a dhéanann cuntas ar 31 faoin gcéad den choigiltis náisiúnta iomlán.
Comharsanachtaí talmhaíochta a thacú: An CIM agus níos faide ná sin
Cuirfidh gníomhaireachtaí na Náisiún Aontaithe atá lonnaithe i Róimh fás na gcomhlachais talmhaíochta chun cinn trí:
• tionscnaimh a chur i gcrích chun feasacht níos fearr a fháil ar chomhlachtaí comharbaíochta agus chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar an tionchar a bhíonn acu ar fhorbairt shóisia-eacnamaíoch, agus chun feasacht a ardú maidir lena ról agus a dtionchar ar shaol feirmeoirí beaga fir agus mná - mar shampla bunachar sonraí dea-chleachtais FAO i nuálaíochtaí institiúideacha;
• Tacaíocht a thabhairt do chomhlachtaí cóipeála chun líonraí a chruthú trína bhféadfaidh táirgeoirí beaga a gcuid sócmhainní agus inniúlachtaí a chomhthiomsú chun bacainní margaidh agus srianta eile, amhail easpa rochtana ar acmhainní nádúrtha, a shárú;
• Cuidiú le lucht déanta beartais beartais, dlíthe, rialacháin agus tionscadail a dhearadh agus a chur i bhfeidhm a thugann aird ar riachtanais agus ar imní feirmeoirí beaga fir agus mná araon agus a chruthaíonn timpeallacht a chuireann ar chumas comhoibritheas talmhaíochta rath a bheith acu; agus
• Idirphlé agus comhar a neartú idir rialtais, comharsanachtaí talmhaíochta, an pobal taighde idirnáisiúnta agus ionadaithe na sochaí sibhialta maidir le anailís a dhéanamh ar na coinníollacha is fearr a d'fhéadfadh comharsanachtaí ar fud an domhain a fhorbairt.
Le linn na bliana atá romhainn agus ina dhiaidh sin, leanfaidh gníomhaireachtaí na Náisiún Aontaithe atá lonnaithe i Róimh de bheith tiomanta do thacú le comharpháirtíochtaí talmhaíochta, a sholáthraíonn buntáistí eacnamaíocha do bhaill agus a thairgeann réimse leathan seirbhísí dóibh a chuireann a gcuid scileanna ar bun agus a gcuid maireachtála a fheabhsú. Cuireann comharchumainn samhail ghnó fónta agus inmharthana ar fáil atá oiriúnach do riachtanais phobail tuaithe i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha.


The Zulu are a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in South Africa, with an estimated 10–12 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique. The Zulu were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. 1709 by Zulu kaMalandela. In the Nguni languages, iZulu means heaven, or weather.. according to At that time, the area was occupied by many large Nguni communities and clans (also called isizwe=nation, people or isibongo=clan or family name). Nguni communities had migrated down Africa’s east coast over centuries, as part of the Bantu migrations probably arriving in what is now South Africa in about the 9th century. According to Wikipedia (read more here)
Now the Perrys are about to release these african warriors in 28mm and in plastic! They will be released on the 22nd/23rd of January to coincide with the 139th anniversary of the battles of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift.
Here are pictures of the sprues:
And some examples of finished figures:
And the usual Perry discount during first release:
For more info visit the Perry page here

Is grúpa eitneach Bantu iad na Zúluigh i dTuaisceart na hAfraice agus is iad na daoine is mó sa Gharda Shasana, agus meastar go bhfuil 10-12 milliún duine ina gcónaí go príomha i gCúige KwaZulu-Natal. Tá líon beag acu ina gcónaí sa tSimbaibé, sa tSamba, sa tSeanmóin agus sa Mhoimsaimbíc. Bhí na Zulus ar dtús ina gclann mór sa KwaZulu-Natal Thuaidh inniu, a bunaíodh ca. 1709 ag Zulu kaMalandela. I dteangacha Nguni, ciallaíonn iZulu neamh, nó aimsir .. de réir Ag an am sin, bhí go leor pobail agus clann Nguni mór san limistéar (ar a dtugtar isizwe = náisiún, daoine nó isibongo = clan nó ainm teaghlaigh). Bhí pobail Nguni tar éis imirce síos cósta thoir na hAfraice thar na céadta bliain, mar chuid de na himirceanna Bantu a tháinig go dócha san Afraic Theas anois thart ar an 9ú haois. De réir Wikipedia (léigh níos mó anseo)
Anois tá na Perrys ar tí na seandálaithe Afracacha seo a scaoileadh i 28mm agus i bplaisteach! Beidh siad ar fáil ar an 22-23ú Eanáir chun teacht le comóradh 139ú na cathanna Isandlwana agus Rorke's Drift.
Seo pictiúir de na sprú:
Agus roinnt samplaí de na figiúirí críochnaithe:
Agus an lascaine Perry is gnách le linn an chéad scaoileadh:
Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, tabhair cuairt ar leathanach Perry anseo


The International Criminal Court (ICC), governed by the Rome Statute, is the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.
The ICC is an independent international organisation, and is not part of the United Nations system. Its seat is at The Hague in the Netherlands. Although the Court’s expenses are funded primarily by States Parties, it also receives voluntary contributions from governments, international organisations, individuals, corporations and other entities.
The international community has long aspired to the creation of a permanent international court, and, in the 20th century, it reached consensus on definitions of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials addressed war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War.
In the 1990s after the end of the Cold War, tribunals like the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda were the result of consensus that impunity is unacceptable. However, because they were established to try crimes committed only within a specific time-frame and during a specific conflict, there was general agreement that an independent, permanent criminal court was needed.
On 17 July 1998, the international community reached an historic milestone when 120 States adopted the Rome Statute, the legal basis for establishing the permanent International Criminal Court.
The Rome Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002 after ratification by 60 countries.

Is é an Chúirt Choiriúil Idirnáisiúnta (CCI), a rialaítear le Reacht na Róimhe, an chéad chúirt choiriúil idirnáisiúnta buan, bunaithe ar chonradh, a bunaíodh chun cuidiú le deireadh a chur le neamhphóinteacht d'oibreoirí na gcoireanna is tromchúisí a bhfuil imní ag an bpobal idirnáisiúnta fúthu.
Is eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta neamhspleách é an CPI, agus níl sí mar chuid de chóras na Náisiún Aontaithe. Tá a suíomh sa Hague san Ísiltír. Cé go maoiníonn na Stáit is Páirtithe caiteachas na Cúirte go príomha, faigheann sí ranníocaíochtaí deonacha ó rialtais, ó eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta, ó dhaoine aonair, ó chorparáidí agus ó eintitis eile.
Tá an pobal idirnáisiúnta ag iarraidh go mór cúirt idirnáisiúnta buan a chruthú, agus, sa 20ú haois, tháinig sé ar chomhthoil maidir le sainmhínithe ar ghineolaí, coireanna i gcoinne an chine dhaonna agus coireanna cogaidh. Bhí na triail Nuremberg agus Tóiceo dírithe ar choireanna cogaidh, coireanna i gcoinne na síochána, agus coireanna i gcoinne an chine daonna a rinneadh le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda.
Sna 1990idí tar éis dheireadh an Chogaidh Fuar, bhí triúbhlachtaí cosúil leis an gCúirt Choiriúil Idirnáisiúnta don iar-Iúgslaiv agus don Ruanda mar thoradh ar chomhthoil go bhfuil éagmais iníoctha. Mar sin féin, toisc go ndearnadh iad a bhunú chun coireanna a rinneadh laistigh de chreat ama ar leith agus le linn coimhlint ar leith a thriail, bhí comhaontú ginearálta ann go raibh gá le cúirt phearsanta neamhspleách buan.
Ar an 17 Iúil 1998, tháinig an pobal idirnáisiúnta ar chéim theoranta nuair a ghlac 120 Stát Reacht na Róimhe, an bonn dlíthiúil chun an Chúirt Choiriúil Idirnáisiúnta buan a bhunú.
Tháinig Reacht na Róimhe i bhfeidhm an 1 Iúil 2002 tar éis dó a bheith daingnithe ag 60 tír.


If one striking feature of the December 2001 Parliament attack case were to be highlighted, most would agree that it was the speed with which four people were arrested, investigated and taken before the court. By December 2002, Afzal Guru and two more accused had been sentenced to death by a special court. By Indian standards, this was very fast on the part of the justice system. As the appeals followed through the Delhi High Court to the Supreme Court, from 2003 to 2005, Afzal Guruís conviction was repeatedly upheld while one of the accused was acquitted and the otherís sentence was commuted to 10 years. But the pace had already slowed. And then, with a mercy petition filed with the president of India in 2006, everything stalled. As a man, sentenced to death in 2002, waited and the Supreme Court and the government dismissed the mercy petition, the years began to roll by. Indiaís slow justice system felt the need to earn its reputation.
This case, because of its nature and its target, illustrates especially clearly how a slow justice system can be damaging on multiple levels. Whatever the debate over capital punishment, even proponents of it would agree that no one has the right to give a person on death row false hope. It is impossible that the delay would not have made the convict and his family hopeful. Delay also raises questions about the lawís certitude, reopens controversies regarding evidence and fairness, and makes tardiness look like hesitation. In short, people begin to suspect whether justice has been served at all. Such delay is divisive and harmful. But it is not just the effects of delay that are laid bare. The process of justice around Afzal Guru, from 2001 to 2013, also exposes some of the reasons that slow it down. The chief among these ó or one of the main reasons ó is the political tussle that takes place, often obliquely, behind the scenes around every high-profile case, perhaps more so in cases of terrorism. The anxiety to throw the ball into a rivalís court and then to browbeat the rival morally and politically into picking it up is a syndrome that affects every political party. This, however illegitimately, affects the justice system, slowing it down as careful moves are made ó or not made ó so that action can only be taken after judiciously measuring the outcome of either action or further delay. Maybe the justice system can work much faster without such complications.

Má bhí gné shuntasach amháin de chás ionsaí ar Pharlaimint na hEorpa i mí na Nollag 2001 le cur i bhfios, aontaíonn an chuid is mó gurbh é an luas a gabhadh ceithre dhuine, a ndearnadh imscrúdú orthu agus a tugadh os comhair na cúirte. Faoi mhí na Nollag 2002, bhí cúirt speisialta tar éis Afzal Guru agus beirt chosantóirí eile a phionósú chun báis. De réir caighdeáin Indiach, bhí sé seo an-tapa ar thaobh an chórais cheartais. De réir mar a lean na hachomhairleoirí trí Ard-Chúirt Dhílli go dtí an Chúirt Uachtarach, ó 2003 go 2005, d'fhan ciontú Afzal Guru arís agus arís eile agus éagófar duine de na cosantóirí agus commuted pianbhreith an duine eile go 10 bliana. Ach bhí an luas a luathaithe cheana féin. Agus ansin, le hachainí trócaire a chuirtear isteach le hUachtarán na hIndia i 2006, thit gach rud ar stailc. Mar fear, a bhí ciontach i mbás i 2002, ag fanacht agus an Chúirt Uachtarach agus an rialtas a dhiúltú an t-iarratas trócaire, thosaigh na blianta ag rolladh. Bhraith córas lagcheartais na hIndia go raibh gá leis a cháil a thuilleamh.
Léiríonn an cás seo, mar gheall ar a nádúr agus a sprioc, go soiléir go háirithe conas is féidir le córas ceartais mall a bheith díobhálach ar leibhéil iolracha. Cibé an díospóireacht a bhaineann le pionós an bháis, aontaíonn fiú lucht tacaíochta leis nach bhfuil aon cheart ag aon duine dóchas bréagach a thabhairt do dhuine atá ar an mbóthar báis. Ní féidir go mbeadh an mhoill gan dóchas a chur ar an gcoinniún agus ar a theaghlach. Cuireann moill ceisteanna ar an cinnteacht a bhaineann leis an dlí, athoscaíonn sé díospóireachtaí maidir le fianaise agus cothroime, agus déanann sé moill a bheith cosúil le hesitation. Go hachomair, tosaíonn daoine ag amhras an bhfuil an ceartas curtha i bhfeidhm ar chor ar bith. Tá an mhaolú sin ina chuidí agus ina díobháil. Ach ní hamháin go bhfuil na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le moill ar fáil. Léiríonn próiseas an cheartais timpeall Afzal Guru, ó 2001 go 2013, cuid de na cúiseanna a chuireann moill air freisin. Is é an ceann is mó i measc na gcúiseanna seo - nó ceann de na príomhchúiseanna - an t-iomaíocht pholaitiúil a tharlaíonn, go minic go neamhrialta, taobh thiar de na radhairc timpeall gach cás ardphróifíle, b'fhéidir níos mó i gcásanna sceimhlitheoireachta. Is siondróm é an imní a bhaineann le liathróid a chaitheamh i gcúirt na hiomaitheoirí agus ansin an iomaitheoir a chur i gcroílár go morálta agus go polaitiúil chun é a phiocadh suas. Bíonn tionchar neamhdhleathach ag an méid sin ar an gcóras ceartais, ag moill air de réir mar a dhéantar gluaiseachtaí cúramach ó nó nach ndéantar iad ó ionas nach féidir gníomh a dhéanamh ach amháin tar éis dó toradh an ghníomhaíochta nó moille breise a thomhas go ciallmhar. B'fhéidir go bhféadfadh an córas ceartais oibriú i bhfad níos tapúla gan na deacrachtaí sin.


William Tasker (1808-1852) was born in London, the eldest son of Charles Moulson Tasker a journeyman cabinet maker and Sarah his wife. His family were poor and his father had tramped from Chester to London to seek work. William was born (16th April 1808) in (or near) Golden Square in the Soho neighbourhood of the City of Westminster. The family moved back to Chester about 1818 and at the age of ten he attended the Bluecoat Charity School where he remained until 1822. He studied drawing under Robert Morris. On leaving school he worked for a painter and decorator and soon moved to Leeds to learn the trade of lithographer with the firm of Masser Bros. Due to ill health he was forced to return to Chester where he set himself up as an artist. While in Chester he was appointed art teacher to the children of Squire Richard Congreve of Burton Manor on the Wirral.
The Congreve family has been associated with Burton since the mid 1700 when they invested much time and money to ensure that Burton became a lucrative investment for the family. Richard Congreve was the founder and builder of Burton Hall who died aged 80 years in 1857. The hall stayed in the Congreve family until 1902 when Walter Norris Congreve sold Burton Hall to Henry Nevile Gladstone (the son of William Ewart Gladstone) for £80,000. The Gladstones played a huge role in the development of the Manor but at the time of purchase the family had already achieved notoriety through large amounts of property, lucrative overseas trading and (under Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet) slave trade in the Caribbean. The proof of this can still be seen in the coat of arms over the door of the Manor which clearly depicts the severed head of a black man in the herald. The extent of Sir John's ownership of slaves was such that after slavery was abolished in 1833, he received the largest of all compensation payments made by the Slave Compensation Commission (over £80 million in present money).
One of his first important patrons was Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster, for whom he painted a number of racehorses including Decoy in 1832 (exhibited at the old Liverpool Academy, then in Post Office Place off Church Street). Tasker succeeded a Mr. Edwards as art master at the Mechanic’s Institute, St. John Street, in 1842. In the annual report for the year 1842-3 his salary is stated to be £10 per annum. He was still officiating there in 1847. At this time he resided with his father in Queen Street. In around 1842 he was also appointed art teacher to the children of Squire Richard Congreve of Burton Manor on the Wirral. This probably accounts for the subject of his exhibit at the Liverpool Academy in 1845, entitled "Burton Marsh on the River Dee". It was here that Tasker met Miss Jones, of Northop, at that time governess to the Misses Congreve, whom he eventually married. From 1836 to 1846 he painted pictures of most of the old houses, and street scenes, in Chester and the surrounding districts. He continued to exhibit at Liverpool until 1851. He died at Chester, 1st September, 1852, in his 45th year, and was buried in the general cemetery.
The majority of Tasker's equestrian work was racehorse portraiture and racing scenes. Mitchell notes that the present work was one of his best examples,
- "Of his more successful works were Dey of Algiers, winning the Chester Cup in 1840 with Matt up...and The Finish of the Liverpool Cup 1839....His racing scenes abound with figures and the work and time he must have put into them would emphasise that he did not paint purely for money."
In 1850, a commentator Robert Colton wrote about Chester racecourse and the atmosphere of a race-meeting there:
- "The course is a vile libel upon the term hippodrome, being neither more nor less similar to running round a plate, so circumscribed is the ground, and dangerous to a large field. But for fun, frolic and jollification, I know no place like Chester" (R. Longrigg, The History of Horse Racing, 1972, p. 141).
A year prior to this "Puff", Francis Calcraft Turner had also depicted Cardinal Puff in a work that was commissioned by the 1st Marquess of Westminster to celebrate the victory of his horse "Cardinal Puff, with Sam Darling up", in a field of eighteen runners. The distance was twice round Chester's small oval course "starting at the Castle-pole and ending at the Coming in chair". Entitled "Cardinal Puff Winning the Tradesman's Plate at Chester Races, 1839", it was sold by the Executors of Anne, Duchess of Westminster at Christie's, Woburn Abbey, 21 September 2004, lot 1020. R.M. Bevan had used that image as the jacket cover for his book "The Roodee: 450 Years of Racing in Chester", published in 1989.
Sources & Links
- Chester Cup on Wikipedia;
- Simpson, F., (1928). A few Cheshire worthies. Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 28 (1). Vol 28(1), pp. 106-136.;
- [https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/4640/five-drawings-of-chester Five Drawings of Chester,

Rugadh William Tasker (1808-1852) i Londain, mac is sine do Charles Moulson Tasker, déantóir cabhisteoir agus Sarah a bhean chéile. Bhí a theaghlach bocht agus bhí a athair tramped ó Chester go Londain a lorg oibre. Rugadh William (16 Aibreán 1808) i (nó in aice le) Cearnóg Órga i gcomharsanacht Soho Chathair Westminster. D'aistrigh an teaghlach ar ais go Chester thart ar 1818 agus ag aois deich mbliana d'fhreastail sé ar Scoil Charity Bluecoat áit a d'fhan sé go dtí 1822. D'fhoghlaim sé líníocht faoi Robert Morris. Nuair a d'fhág sé an scoil d'oibrigh sé le péintéir agus le déiríochtóir agus bhog sé go luath go Leeds chun trádáil litografaí a fhoghlaim le gnólacht Masser Bros. Mar gheall ar shláinte tinn bhí sé iallach air filleadh ar Chester áit a bhunaigh sé é féin mar ealaíontóir. Cé go raibh sé i Chester ceapadh é mar mhúinteoir ealaíne do leanaí an Squire Richard Congreve de Burton Manor ar an Wirral.
Tá baint ag an teaghlach Congreve le Burton ó lár na 1700 nuair a d'infheistigh siad go leor ama agus airgid chun a chinntiú gur infheistíocht brabúsach a bhí i Burton don teaghlach. Ba é Richard Congreve bunaitheoir agus tógálaí Burton Hall a fuair bás ag 80 bliain d'aois i 1857. D'fhan an halla i dteaghlach Congreve go dtí 1902 nuair a dhíol Walter Norris Congreve Burton Hall do Henry Nevile Gladstone (mac William Ewart Gladstone) ar £80,000. Bhí ról mór ag na Gladstones i bhforbairt an Múnla ach ag an am a cheannaíodh an teaghlach bhí cáil bainte amach acu cheana féin trí mhéideanna móra maoine, trádáil thar lear brabúsach agus (faoi stiúir Sir John Gladstone, 1ú Baronett) trádáil sclábhaithe sa Mhuir Chairib. Is féidir fianaise air seo a fheiceáil fós sa chló arm os cionn doras an Manor a léiríonn go soiléir ceann gearradh d'fhear dubh sa herald. Bhí méid úinéireacht sclábhaithe Sir John den sórt sin go bhfuair sé an íocaíocht chúitimh is mó a rinne an Coimisiún Cúitimh Sclábhaí (os cionn £80 milliún i airgead reatha) tar éis an sclábhaíocht a dhíothú i 1833.
Ceann de na chéad patrún tábhachtacha a bhí aige ná Robert Grosvenor, 1ú Márcóir Westminster, a phéinteáil sé roinnt capall rás lena n-áirítear Decoy i 1832 (a thaispeántar ag sean-Acadéim Liverpool, ansin i Post Office Place amach ó Shráid na hEaglaise). D'éirigh le Tasker le Mr. Edwards mar mháistir ealaíne in Institiúid na Meicnic, Sráid Naomh Eoin, i 1842. Sa tuarascáil bhliantúil don bhliain 1842-3 luaitear go raibh a thuarastal £10 in aghaidh na bliana. Bhí sé fós officiating ann i 1847. Ag an am seo bhí cónaí air lena athair i Sráid na Banríona. Timpeall 1842 ceapadh é mar mhúinteoir ealaíne do leanaí an Squire Richard Congreve de Burton Manor ar an Wirral. Is dócha go raibh sé seo mar ábhar dá thaispeántas in Acadamh Liopól i 1845, dar teideal "Burton Marsh ar Abhainn Dee". Bhí sé anseo go raibh Tasker bhuail Miss Jones, de Northop, ag an am sin governess go dtí an Misses Congreve, a phós sé sa deireadh. Ó 1836 go 1846 phéinteáil sé pictiúir de chuid is mó de na sean-tithe, agus radharcanna sráide, i Chester agus sna ceantair máguaird. Lean sé ag taispeáint i Liverpool go dtí 1851. Fuair sé bás i Chester, an 1 Meán Fómhair, 1852, ina 45ú bliain, agus adhlacadh é sa chogairt ghinearálta.
Ba é formhór obair easpóireachta Tasker ná portráid rás-chapa agus radhairc rásaíochta. Tugann Mitchell faoi deara gur ceann de na samplaí is fearr a bhí aige ar an obair atá ann faoi láthair,
- "Ba iad Dey of Algiers, a bhuaigh Corn Chester i 1840 le Matt up...agus The Finish of the Liverpool Cup 1839 a chuid saothar níos rathúla....Tá a radharcanna rásaíochta lán le figiúirí agus an obair agus an t-am a chaith sé a chur iontu le cur i bhfios nach raibh sé ag péint go hiomlán le haghaidh airgid".
Sa bhliain 1850, scríobh an t-aistriúóir Robert Colton faoi chraobhchraobh Chester agus an t-atmaisféar a bhí ag cruinniú rása ann:
- "Tá an cúrsa libel vile ar an téarma hippodrome, a bheith ná níos mó ná níos lú cosúil le rith timpeall pláta, mar sin circumscribed tá an talamh, agus contúirteach le réimse mór. Ach le haghaidh spraoi, frolic agus jollification, níl aon áit ar bith agam cosúil le Chester " (R. Longrigg, The History of Horse Racing, 1972, p. 141).
Bliain roimh an "Puff" seo, léirigh Francis Calcraft Turner an Cairdínéal Puff freisin i saothar a choimisiúnaigh an 1ú Márcó de Westminster chun bua a chapaill "Cardínéal Puff, le Sam Darling suas", a cheiliúradh i réimse de ocht n-eachtrún imreoirí. Bhí an fad dhá uair timpeall chúrsa beag oval Chester "ag tosú ag an Pól Caisleán agus ag críochnú ag an gcathaoirleach ag teacht". Ainmníodh é "Cardinal Puff Winning the Tradesman's Plate at Chester Races, 1839", agus dhíol Executors of Anne, Duchess of Westminster é ag Christie's, Woburn Abbey, 21 Meán Fómhair 2004, lót 1020. R.M. Ba é an grianghraf sin a d'úsáid Bevan mar chlúdach seaicéad dá leabhar "The Roodee: 450 Years of Racing in Chester", a foilsíodh i 1989.
Foinsí & Nasc
- Chester Cup ar Wikipedia;
- Simpson, F., (1928). Cúpla Cheshire worthy. Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 28 (1). Tá an t-eagrán seo ar fáil i mBéarla. Vol 28 (I), pp. 106-136.;
- [https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/4640/five-drawings-of-chester Cúig Dealbhú de Chester,


Across the country, students and teachers are sharing stories, joining together and taking action to create safe schools, free from stereotypes, intolerance, and hate. They’re part of a movement called Not In Our School (NIOS). Learn how to start a NIOS campaign at your school with our free Not In Our School Quick Start Guide.
To turn on closed captioning, click the Subtitles/CC icon on the bottom right of the video player.
This video is part of the Not In Our School Video Action Kit, a comprehensive toolkit featuring films, lessons, and resources designed to motivate students to speak out against bullying, and create new ways to make their schools safe for everyone. Learn more about the Video Action Kit.

Ar fud na tíre, tá mic léinn agus múinteoirí ag roinnt scéalta, ag teacht le chéile agus ag gníomhú chun scoileanna sábháilte a chruthú, saor ó stéaréitíopaí, ó neamhdhlúthanacht agus ó cháin. Tá siad mar chuid de ghluaiseacht ar a dtugtar Not In Our School (NIOS). Foghlaim conas feachtas NIOS a thosú i do scoil lenár dtreoir thús tapa Not In Our School saor in aisce.
Chun an teachtaireacht faoi fhocal a chur ar bun, cliceáil ar an íomhá Fhorléachtaí/CC ar dheis ar bhonn an chluiche físe.
Tá an físeán seo mar chuid den Chiste Gníomhaíochta Físeán Níl Inár Scoil, trealamh cuimsitheach le scannáin, ceachtanna agus acmhainní atá deartha chun mic léinn a spreagadh chun labhairt amach in aghaidh bullying, agus bealaí nua a chruthú chun a gcuid scoileanna a dhéanamh sábháilte do gach duine. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoin gCiste Gníomhaíochta Físeáin.


Scientists unravel mystery of universe's existence
A new study suggests a new theory behind the 'big bang' and existence of our universe 13.7 billion years ago.
Researchers from Three Perimeter Institute have a new idea, and have claimed that what is perceived as the big bang, could be the three-dimensional 'mirage' of a collapsing star in a universe profoundly different than our own.
According to the scientists, the problem is that the big bang hypothesis has our relatively comprehensible, uniform, and predictable universe arising from the physics-destroying insanity of a singularity, which seems unlikely.
They suggest that our universe could be the three-dimensional "wrapping" around a four-dimensional black hole's event horizon, according to which, the universe must have burst into being when a star in a four-dimensional universe collapsed into a black hole.
They claimed that our universe was never inside the singularity, and had rather came into being outside an event horizon, protected from the singularity.
The researchers emphasized that this idea, though may sound "absurd," was grounded firmly in the best modern mathematics describing space and time.
The research is published in Scientific American.
(Posted on 10-08-2014)
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Léiríonn eolaithe rúndiamhair an chruinne
Tugann staidéar nua le tuiscint go bhfuil teoiric nua taobh thiar den 'big bang' agus de bheith ann dár gcruinne 13.7 billiún bliain ó shin.
Tá smaoineamh nua ag taighdeoirí ó Institiúid Thrí Periméadar, agus tá sé ráite acu go bhféadfadh an rud a mheastar mar an bpléascadh mór, a bheith ina 'mirage' trí-thaobhach de réalta a thuit i gcuma atá go mór difriúil ónár gcuma féin.
De réir na n-eolaithe, is é an fhadhb go bhfuil an hipitéis big bang ár réalta réasúnta intuigthe, aonfhoirmeach, agus intuartha ag teacht ó an mheabhair-chomhartha a scriosann fisice de singilteacht, a bhfuil cosúil nach dócha.
Tugann siad le fios go bhféadfadh ár n-uilíochán a bheith ina "raipín" trí thomhaise timpeall ar threocht imeachtaí poll dubh ceithre thomhaise, de réir a bhfuil, caithfidh an domhan a bheith ag briseadh isteach nuair a thit réalta i réalta ceithre thomhaise isteach i poll dubh.
D'éiligh siad nach raibh ár n-allamh riamh taobh istigh den singilteacht, agus gur tháinig sé chun bheith taobh amuigh de thalamh imeachtaí, faoi chosaint ón singilteacht.
Chuir na taighdeoirí béim ar an smaoineamh seo, cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith "absolúbtha", go raibh sé bunaithe go daingean ar na matamaitic nua-aimseartha is fearr a thuairiscíonn spás agus am.
Foilsíodh an taighde i Scientific American.
(Arna phostáil ar 10-08-2014)
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Pulled muscle? Probability says... Probably not.
Did you really "pull a muscle" in your low back?
A pulled muscle is a common diagnosis we hear in the clinic as patients offer the diagnosis they've previously been given to account for their low back pain symptoms.
When we review the research literature regarding the primary spinal structures that most often cause low back pain, muscles actually rank quite low on the list. Think about it, muscles hurt when you move in directions that use those muscles. Anyone with a torn rotator cuff knows this as soon as they go to move their shoulder. How can it be then that patients often report their back pain is better when they walk? Walking is a complex movement that uses all the muscles of the back; if walking makes it better, it's pretty unlikely a muscle injury is at the root of their issue.
So what is most likely causing a patient's lower back pain? For patients under the age of 55, the most common source of lower back pain is lumbar discs. Lumbar discs when problematic are commonly referred to as "bulging discs." Lower back pain is attributable to lumbar disc pain in approximately 40% of lower back pain cases. The hallmark clinical features of a lumbar disc injury are somewhat different than other types of lower back pain, and so is how they should be treated.
If you have been told you "pulled a muscle" in your low back and experience improvement in your pain when you walk, it might be time for a second opinion, particularly if you aren't improving with the treatment you are receiving. A correct diagnosis always leads to the soundest treatment.
As chiropractors at the Radix Pain & Rehabilitation Centre, we pride ourselves on our spinal diagnostic skills. We are happy to review your lower back pain and help determine whether there's a little bit more than a pulled muscle going on!

Múscle tarraingthe? Deir dóchúlacht... Is dócha nach bhfuil.
An raibh tú i ndáiríre "tarraing muscle" i do chúl íseal?
Is diagnóis choitianta é muscle tarraingthe a chloiseann muid sa chlinic nuair a thugann othair an diagnóis a tugadh dóibh roimhe sin chun a gcuid comharthaí pian íseal cúl a chur san áireamh.
Nuair a dhéanaimid athbhreithniú ar an litríocht taighde maidir leis na príomh-struchtúir spinal a chuireann pian íseal cúl ar fáil go minic, tá na matáin ag rangú go leor ar an liosta. Smaoinigh air, bíonn pian ar na matáin nuair a ghluaiseann tú i dtreo a úsáideann na matáin sin. Tá a fhios ag aon duine a bhfuil cuisle rotator briste aige é seo a luaithe a théann siad chun a gualainn a bhogadh. Cén fáth, ansin, go mbíonn othair ag rá go mbíonn a gcuid pian cúl níos fearr nuair a shiúlann siad? Is gluaiseacht chasta é siúl a úsáideann na matáin ar fad sa chúl; má dhéanann siúl níos fearr é, is beag seans go bhfuil díobháil matáin ag bun a gcuid fadhbanna.
Mar sin, cad is dóichí a bhíonn ag cúis le pian íseal cúl an othair? I gcás othair faoi bhun 55 bliain d'aois, is iad na dioscaí lumbar an fhoinse is coitianta de pian íseal cúl. Déantar tagairt go coitianta do dioscaí lumbar nuair a bhíonn fadhbanna acu mar "dhioscaí bulging". Tá pian íseal cúl inchurtha le pian diosca lumbar i thart ar 40% de chásanna pian cúl íseal. Tá na gnéithe cliniciúla is mó a bhaineann le dochar do chistin lumbar beagán difriúil ná cineálacha eile pian íseal cúl, agus mar sin is é an chaoi a gcaithfear iad a chóireáil.
Má dúradh leat go bhfuil "múscle tarraingthe" agat i do chúl íseal agus má tá feabhas tagtha ar do pian nuair a théann tú, b'fhéidir go mbeadh sé in am don dara tuairim, go háirithe mura bhfuil feabhas ag teacht ort leis an gcóireáil atá á fháil agat. Mar thoradh ar dhiagnóis cheart, is é an cóireáil is fusa a gheobhaidh tú i gcónaí.
Mar chiropractors ag an Radix Pain & Ionad Athshlánúcháin, táimid bródúil as ár scileanna diagnóise spinal. Táimid sásta do chuid pian íseal cúl a athbhreithniú agus cabhrú a chinneadh má tá beagán níos mó ná muscle tarraingthe ag tarlú!


The Diploic Veins
The diploic veins or Venæ Diploicæ occupy channels in the diploë of the cranial bones. They are large and exhibit at irregular intervals pouch-like dilatations; their walls are thin, and formed of endothelium resting upon a layer of elastic tissue.
So long as the cranial bones are separable from one another, these veins are confined to the particular bones; but when the sutures are obliterated, they unite with each other, and increase in size. They communicate with the meningeal veins and the sinuses of the dura mater, and with the veins of the pericranium. They consist of :
(1) the frontal, which opens into the supraorbital vein and the superior sagittal sinus;
(2) the anterior temporal, which is confined chiefly to the frontal bone, and opens into the sphenoparietal sinus and into one of the deep temporal veins, through an aperture in the great wing of the sphenoid;
(3) the posterior temporal, which is situated in the parietal bone, and ends in the transverse sinus, through an aperture at the mastoid angle of the parietal bone or through the mastoid foramen;
(4) the occipital, the largest of the four, which is confined to the occipital bone, and opens either externally into the occipital vein, or internally into the transverse sinus or into the confluence of the sinuses (torcular Herophili).

Na Veins Diploic
Bíonn na veins diploic nó Venæ Diploicæ i gcainéil i diploë na gcnámha cráine. Tá siad mór agus taispeánann siad ag eatraimh neamhrialta leathadh cosúil le pouch; tá a mballaí tanaí, agus cruthaithe as endothelium ag brath ar shraith fíochán elastach.
Chomh fada agus is féidir na cnámha cranial a scaradh óna chéile, tá na veins seo teoranta do na cnámha ar leith; ach nuair a bhíonn na sutures obliterated, aontaíonn siad le chéile, agus méadú ar mhéid. Cumarsáideann siad le veins meningeal agus na sinuses den dura mater, agus le veins an pericranium. Is iad seo a leanas iad:
(1) an ceann tosaigh, a osclaíonn isteach sa vein supraorbital agus sa sinus sagittal uachtarach;
(2) an timpireach tosaigh, atá teoranta den chuid is mó don chnámh tosaigh, agus a osclaíonn isteach sa shínas sphenoparietal agus isteach i gceann de na feithidí timpireacha domhain, trí oscailt i mbéal mór an sphenoid;
(3) an timpireach chúl, atá suite sa chnámh parietal, agus a chríochnaíonn sa sinus tras tras trasnach, trí oscailt ag uillinn mastoid an chnámh parietal nó trí foramen mastoid;
(4) an occipital, an ceann is mó de na ceithre, atá teoranta don chnámh occipital, agus osclaíonn sé go seachtrach isteach sa vein occipital, nó go hinmheánach isteach sa sinus tras tras tras trasnach nó isteach i gcomhtháth na sinusanna (Herophili torcular).