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Mill Vs Locke Essay, Research Paper
Dred Scott was the name of an African-American slave. He was taken by his master, an
officer in the U.S. Army, from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and
then to the free territory of Wisconsin. He lived on free soil for a long period of time.
When the Army ordered his master to go back to Missouri, he took Scott with him back to
that slave state, where soon after his master died. In 1846, Scott was helped by
Abolitionist(anti-slavery) lawyers to sue for his freedom in court, claiming he should be
free since he had lived on free soil for a long time. The case went all the way to the
United States Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger B. Taney,
was a former slave owner from Maryland. In March of 1857, Scott lost the decision as
seven out of nine Justices on the Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave
could be a U.S. citizen, or even had been a U.S. citizen. As a non-citizen, the court stated,
Scott had no rights and could not sue in a Federal Court and must remain a slave.
At that time there were nearly 4 million slaves in America. The courts ruling
affected the status of every enslaved and free African-American in the United States. The
ruling served to turn back the clock concerning the rights of African-Americans, ignoring
the fact that black men in five of the original States had been full voting citizens dating
back to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Supreme Court also ruled that
Congress could not stop slavery in the newly emerging territories. The Court also declared
that it violated the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution which prohibits Congress from
depriving persons of their property without due process of law. Anti-slavery leaders in the
North cited the controversial Supreme Court Decision as evidence that Southerners wanted
to extend slavery throughout the nation and ultimately rule the nation itself. Southerners
approved the Dred Scott decision believing Congress had no right to prohibit slavery in the
territories. The subject of this paper is to take a United States law, policy, or court ruling
and analyze it from the perspective of both John Stuart Mill and John Locke.
John Stuart Mill was a famous utilitarian philosopher, who had a Deontological
world view. What that means is you should do things because they are right, and not
worry about the consequences. If Mill were to look at the Dred Scott decision, he would
deem it unjust because the Supreme Court did not do the right thing they were more
concerned with the consequences of limiting the Southerners rights to have slaves.
According to Mill you are not free to lose your freedom. ? He is no longer free; but is
thenceforth in a position which has no longer the presumption in its favour, that would be
afforded by his voluntarily remaining in it. The principle of freedom cannot require that he
should be free not to be free. It is not freedom to be allowed to alienate his freedom.?(
Mill pg 536) That is informally known as Mill?s Anti-Slavery principle. Mill would also
argue that the Supreme Court took part in what he dubs ? the tyranny of the majority? in
deciding the Dred Scott case. ? The Tyranny of the majority? is when you do something
solely based on public opinion. ?the tyranny of the majority? is now generally included
among the evils against which society requires to be on its guard. Like other tyrannies, the
tyranny of the majority was at first, and is still vulgarly held in dread, chiefly as operating
through the acts of the public authorities.But reflecting persons perceived that when
society is itself the tyrant-society collectively over the separate individuals who compose
it-its means of tyrannising are not restricted to the acts which it may do by the hands of its
political functionaries.?( Mill pg 517) Mill would argue that the Supreme Court made its
ruling solely based on public opinion rather than a true moral decision. The information
that I have provided thus far, would implicate, in Mill?s eyes that Dred Scott should be a
free man and he was wronged and stripped of his inalienable right to be free by the
Supreme Court of the United States.
On further analysis of Mill?s arguments he provides a disillusioned counterexample
to the information thus shown. Mill believes that the only reason why your liberty may be
limited by the state is to insure that you do not harm someone else.
? The object of this essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern
absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and
control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties or the
moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind
are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of
their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully
exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm
to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot
rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because
it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise or
even right. These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, to
persuading him, or entreating him, but not for compelling him or visiting him with any evil
in case he do otherwise. To justify that, the conduct from which it is desired to deter him
must be calculated to produce evil to someone else. The only part of the conduct of
anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part
which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over
his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.?(Mill pgs 517-18)
Does Mill?s General Harm Principle apply to all people? No it does not apply to all
people. It excludes children, and those that are not white. To Mill they are considered to
be needy of the white man. ?…we may leave out of consideration those backward states of
society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage.?(Mill pg 518) Mill?s
general harm principle does not apply to the Dred Scott case either because indeed he is a
person of color. If indeed Dred Scott was a white man, Mill?s general harm principle
would apply to him. Mill goes on to say that if we make engagements with another
person, no matter what the case, that they must be kept.
?Not only persons are not held to engagements which violate the rights of third parties, but
it is sometimes considered a sufficient reason for releasing them from an engagement, that
it is injurious to themselves. In this and most other civilized countries, for example, an
engagement by which a person should sell himself, or allow himself to be sold,as a slave,
would be null and void; neither enforced by law nor by opinion. The ground for thus
limiting his power of voluntarily disposing of his own lot in life, is apparent, and is very
clearly seen in this extreme case. The reason for not interfering unless for the sake of
others, with a person?s voluntary acts, is consideration for his liberty. His voluntary choice
is evidence that what he so chooses is desirable, or at least endurable, to him, and his
good is on the whole best provided for by allowing him to take his own means of pursuing
it. But by selling himself for a slave, he abdicates his liberty; he foregoes any future use of
it beyond that single act.?(Mill pg536)
Mill?s counterexample can be disproved by simple analysis of this quotation. He states ?by
an engagement which a person should sell himself, or allow himself to be sold?; in Dred
Scott?s case he did not have a say in the matter whether he wanted to be sold into slavery
or not. He was simply taken against his will, and forced to give up his inalienable right of
freedom by the United States. I say ?against his will? because honestly who would want to
be sold into slavery? The mentioning of the United States forcing Dred Scott to give up his
inalienable right is true because they(U.S. government) permitted slavery in their country.
By enslaving someone you force them to give up there rights.
Now we will look at John Locke?s perspective on the Dred Scott ruling. John
Locke is often referred to as ?the philosopher of the revolution.? This is so because most
of his writings were written during that time frame. If Locke were to analyze the Dred
Scott case and would primarily argue that the natural right of man is to be free from any
power other than the law of Nature. ? The natural liberty of man is to be free from any
superior power on Earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to
have only the law of Nature for his rule.?( Locke pg 359 verse 22) Locke implies in the
same verse that every man should be commonly treated in a society. ?…freedom of men
under government, is, to have a standing rule to live by, common to everyone of that
society…?(Locke pg 359 verse 22) According to Locke a man cannot part with his
freedom, in doing so he parts with his life as well. Freedom and the ability to rule ones life
are interdependent systems.
?For a man, not having the power of his own life, cannot, by compact, or his own consent,
enslave himself to anyone, nor put himself under the absolute, arbitrary power of another,
to take away his life, when he pleases. Nobody can give more power than he has himself;
and he that cannot take his own life, cannot give another power over it. Indeed having, by
his fault, forfeited his own life, by some act that deserves death; he to whom he has
forfeited it, may(when he has him in his power) delay to take it, and make use of him to
his own service, and he does him no injury by it. For, whenever he finds the hardship of
his slavery out weigh the value of his life, it is in his power, by resisting the will of his
master,. to draw on himself the death he desires.?(Locke pg 359 verse 23)
Locke would view Scott?s case as an unjust one because a man?s liberty(freedom) was
taken from him, without his consent. Dred Scott like everyone else is a man, in Locke?s
eyes men are to be treated as common in society. So why should this man(Dred Scott) be
denied his freedom? Is it because he is a man of color and he is not white? The answer to
that question in Locke?s eyes is that he is a man no matter what, you can not change that
attribute. Regardless of color he is still a man in Locke?s eyes and should be granted his
natural right to freedom and his life.
Now we will look at Locke?s counterexample for this argument.
?Master and servant are names as old as history,but given to those of far different
condition; for a freeman makes himself a servant to another, by selling him for a certain
time, the service he undertakes to do, in exchange for wages he is to receive: and though
this commonly puts him into the family of his master, and under the ordinary discipline
thereof; yet it gives the master but a temporary power over him, and no greater, than what
is contained in the contract between them. But there is another sort of servants, which by a
peculiar name we call slaves, who being captives taken in a just war, are by the right of
nature subjected to the absolute dominion and arbitrary power of their masters. These men
having, as I say, forfeited their lives, and with it their liberties, and lost their estates; and
being in the state of slavery, not capable of any property, cannot in that state be considered
as any part of civil society; the chief end whereof is the preservation of property.?
(Locke pg 372 verse 85)
What Locke is saying here is false because Dred Scott did not ?Forfeit? his freedom,
rather it was taken from him. He is contradicting himself in saying that they(slaves) should
not be considered a part of civil society. Before he was saying that all men should be
treated commonly in a society, but now he is changing his tune and saying that they should
not be a part of society. ?Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect
freedom, and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all rights and privileges of law of Nature,
equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, has by nature a power, not
only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and
attempts of other men;…?(Locke pgs 372-373 verse 87) Locke proves himself wrong with
this quotation because he does not distinguish between men and slaves as he did before.
Furthermore a man can not be deemed another man?s property unless they commit to a
contract with that individual. In Dred Scott?s case he did not commit to any sort of
contract, he was taken against his will and purchased by a United States Army Officer.
Thus Scott is entitled to his freedom according to Locke?s quotation above, eventhough
Locke believes that slaves ?forfeit? there freedom. Scott is entitled to his freedom because
he is a man who is a rational being.
In evaluating both Mill?s and Locke?s perspectives upon the Supreme Court?s
ruling for the Dred Scott case, a few things can be concluded from both sides. From Mill?s
point of view it is your inalienable right to have freedom. In his counter example though he
states that you lose your freedom when you sell yourself into slavery. That argument does
not apply however to Dred Scott?s case, because he was forced into slavery, and his
inalienable rights were stripped from him. From Locke?s point of view man was born free
from any superior power on earth, he(man) was only to have the law of Nature as his
ruler. Locke also believed that all men should be treated commonly in a society. In his
counterexample he states that slaves ?forfeit? there right to freedom and control of there
lives. Actually this is wrong if you look at the Dred Scott case once again you see that he
did not ?forfeit? his freedom rather it was stripped away from him. In doing so he lost the
power to govern his own life, which Locke deems a necessity in order to live. By
analyzing passages from both of the respective philosopher?s they make a case that Dred
Scott was deprived of his inalienable right to freedom and to govern his own life. They
also provide contradictory statements that say that he ?forfeited? his right to freedom, and
also that some things do not apply to him because he was a man of color. There statements
are self-contradictory because he is indeed a man regardless of his color, and they both
state that a man should not be deprived of his right to freedom. Although both philosophers
have self-contradictory statements about this topic of slavery and freedom, the Supreme
Court made there decision based on there own perspectives.
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Mill Vs Locke Essay, Páipéar Taighde
Dred Scott bhí an t-ainm ar sclábhaí Afracach-Mheiriceánach. Ghlac a mháistir, an
oifigeach in Arm na Stát Aontaithe, ó stáit sclábhaithe Missouri go stáit saor in aisce Illinois agus
ansin go dtí an chríoch saor Wisconsin. Bhí sé ina chónaí ar ithir saor ar feadh tréimhse fada ama.
Nuair a d'ordaigh an t-arm a mháistir chun dul ar ais go Missouri, thóg sé Scott leis ar ais go
go stát sclábhaí, áit a fuair sé go luath tar éis a thiarna bás. Sa bhliain 1846, bhí Scott ag cuidiú le
D'iarr dlíodóirí a bhí ag iarraidh an sclábhaíocht a dhíothú ar an gcúirt a shaoradh, ag rá gur chóir é a bheith ina
saor in aisce ós rud é go raibh cónaí air ar ithir saor in aisce ar feadh i bhfad. Chuaigh an cás ar an mbealach go léir go dtí an
Cúirt Uachtarach na Stát Aontaithe. An Príomh-Bhreitheamh na Cúirte Uachtaraí, Roger B. Taney,
Bhí iar-úinéir sclábhaithe ó Maryland. I mí an Mhárta de 1857, Scott chaill an cinneadh mar
seacht as na naoi Breitheamh ar an gCúirt Uachtarach a dhearbhaigh aon sclábhaí nó sliocht de sclábhaí
d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina shaoránach SAM, nó fiú a bhí ina shaoránach SAM. Mar neamh-shaoránach, dúirt an chúirt,
Ní raibh aon chearta ag Scott agus ní fhéadfadh sé a ghearradh i gCúirt Chónaidhme agus ní mór dó fanacht ina sclábhaí.
Ag an am sin bhí beagnach 4 mhilliún sclábhaí i Meiriceá. An breithiúnas cúirte
Bhí tionchar ag an stádas gach sclábhaithe agus saor Afracach-Mheiriceánach sna Stáit Aontaithe. An
D'fhóin an rialú chun an clog a chur ar ais maidir le cearta na Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, ag neamhaird
an bhfíric go raibh fir dubh i cúig de na Stáit bunaidh saoránaigh vótaíochta iomlán ag dul
ar ais go dtí an Dearbhú na Saoirse i 1776. Bhreith an Chúirt Uachtarach freisin go
Ní raibh an Comhdháil in ann stop a chur le sclábhaíocht sna críocha nua atá ag teacht chun cinn. D'fhógair an Chúirt freisin
go bhfuil sé ag sárú an Cúigiú Leasú an Bhunreacht a thoirmeasc ar an gComhdháil ó
daoine a bheith díbhreathnaithe óna maoin gan nós imeachta cuí dlí. Is iad na ceannairí frith-sclábhaíochta sa
D'iarr an Tuaisceart ar an gCinneadh conspóideach ón gCúirt Uachtarach mar fhianaise go raibh na hIodrálaigh ag iarraidh
chun sclábhaíocht a leathnú ar fud na náisiúin agus sa deireadh a rialú an náisiún féin. Daoine ó dheas
d'fhormheas an cinneadh Dred Scott creidiúint nach raibh an Comhdháil aon cheart chun cosc a chur ar sclábhaíocht sa
críoch. Is é ábhar an pháipéir seo dlí, beartas nó breithiúnas cúirte na Stát Aontaithe a ghlacadh
agus a anailísiú ó thaobh an dá John Stuart Mill agus John Locke.
Bhí John Stuart Mill fealsamh utilitarian cáiliúil, a bhí Deontological
dearcadh ar an domhan. Cad a chiallaíonn sé sin ba chóir duit rudaí a dhéanamh toisc go bhfuil siad ceart, agus ní
a bheith buartha faoi na hiarmhairtí. Má bhí Mill a sheiceáil ar an cinneadh Dred Scott, bheadh sé
mheas sé neamhcheart toisc nach raibh an Chúirt Uachtarach a dhéanamh ar an rud ceart a bhí siad níos mó
Bhí imní orthu faoi na hiarmhairtí a bheadh ann má theorannófaí cearta na nDeisceart a bheith acu ar sclábhaithe.
De réir Mill nach bhfuil tú saor chun a chailleadh do shaoirse. An bhfuil tú? Níl sé saor in aisce a thuilleadh; ach tá
dá bhrí sin i gcás nach bhfuil an féidearthacht ina bhfabhar a thuilleadh, is é sin
a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag fanacht go deonach ann. Ní féidir leis an bprionsabal saoirse a cheangal go
Ba chóir a bheith saor in aisce a bheith saor in aisce. Ní hé saoirse a bheith ceadaithe chun a shaoirse a dhíbirt.? (
Mill pg 536) Is é sin a dtugtar go neamhfhoirmiúil mar phrionsabal Frith-Sclafaíocht Mill. Mill a bheadh chomh maith
argóint go raibh an Chúirt Uachtarach páirt i cad dubann sé ? an tíreann a bhaineann leis an tromlach? i
ag cinneadh ar an gcás Dred Scott. An bhfuil tú? An Tyranny an chuid is mó? Is é nuair a dhéanann tú rud éigin
bunaithe ar thuairim an phobail amháin. ? an tyranny an chuid is mó? tá sé á chuimsiú go ginearálta anois
i measc na olc a bhfuil an tsochaí ag teastáil chun a bheith ar a garda. Cosúil le tirannis eile,
Bhí an-easnamh ar an tromlach ar dtús, agus tá eagla air go fóill, go príomha mar oibríocht
Ach d'aithin daoine a léiríonn go raibh an t-ádh orthu nuair a bhí an t-ádh orthu go raibh an t-ádh orthu.
Is é an tsochaí féin an tiran-sochaí go comhchoiteann thar na daoine aonair ar leithligh a chomhdhéanann
ní-a n-mhodhanna tyrannising atá teoranta do na gníomhartha a d'fhéadfadh sé a dhéanamh ag lámha a
feidhmeannaigh pholaitiúla.? (Mill pg 517) D'áitigh Mill gur rinne an Chúirt Uachtarach a
ag rialú bunaithe ar thuairim phoiblí amháin seachas ar chinneadh morálta fíor. An fhaisnéis
go bhfuil mé a sholáthar go dtí seo, a bheadh a léiriú, i súile Mill go Dred Scott ba chóir a bheith ina
fear saor agus bhí sé mícheart agus dícheallach a cheart neamh-in-athsholáthraithe a bheith saor ag an
Cúirt Uachtarach na Stát Aontaithe.
Ar anailís bhreise ar argóintí Mill, tugann sé sampla frith-fhadhb
an fhaisnéis a thaispeántar sa tslí sin. Creideann Mill go bhfuil an t-aon chúis go bhféadfadh do shaoirse a bheith
Tá an teorainn a chur leis an stát a chinntiú nach ndéanann tú dochar do dhuine eile.
An bhfuil tú? Is é cuspóir an aiste seo a éileamh prionsabal an-simplí, mar atá i dteideal a rialú
go hiomlán na déileálacha na sochaí leis an duine aonair ar bhealach de éigeandáil agus
an modh a úsáidtear, bíodh sé ina fhoráil fhisiciúil i bhfoirm pionóis dhlíthiúla nó i bhfoirm
cosc morálta ar an tuairim phoiblí. Is é an prionsabal sin, go bhfuil an deireadh amháin a bhfuil an chine daonna
go bhfuil údar leis, go hidirpháirteach nó go comhchoiteann, cur isteach ar shaoirse gníomhaíochta aon cheann de na
Is é a n-uimhir féin-chosaint. Go bhfuil an t-aon chuspóir a bhfuil cumhacht is féidir a bheith go dleathach
exercised thar aon bhall de phobal sibhialta, i gcoinne a thoil, is chun dochar a chosc
do dhaoine eile. Ní hionann a leas féin, bíodh sé fisiciúil nó mhorálta, agus údar leordhóthanach. Ní féidir leis
go bhfuil sé de cheart é a chur iallach air nó uirthi gan é a dhéanamh toisc go mbeidh sé níos fearr dó é sin a dhéanamh, toisc
beidh sé níos sona, toisc, i dtuairimí daoine eile, a dhéanamh amhlaidh a bheadh ciallmhar nó
fiú ceart. Is cúiseanna maithe iad seo chun a bheith ag argóint leis, nó ag réasúnú leis,
ag persuading dó, nó ag impí air, ach ní le forcing dó nó ag tabhairt cuairte air le olc ar bith
i gcás go ndéanann sé a mhalairt. Chun é sin a fhíréantacht, an iompar ó a bhfuil sé ag teastáil a chosc dó
Ní mór a ríomh chun olc a tháirgeadh le duine éigin eile. An chuid amháin de na iompar
duine ar bith, a bhfuil sé ina luí ar an tsochaí, is é sin a bhaineann le daoine eile. Sa chuid
a bhaineann leis féin amháin, tá a neamhspleáchas, de cheart, iomlán. Thar dó féin, thar
a chorp féin agus a intinn féin, tá an duine aonair uachtaránachta.? (Mill pgs 517-18)
An bhfuil feidhm ag prionsabal ginearálta na gcionta Mill do gach duine? Níl ní bhaineann sé le gach
daoine. Tá leanaí agus daoine nach bán iad san áireamh. Chun Mill meastar go bhfuil siad
bheith ag teastáil ón fear bán. ? ... is féidir linn a fhágáil amach as an gcúram na stáit ar ais de
sochaí ina dtarlaíonn an cine féin a mheas mar a neamh-aois? (Mill pg 518) Mills
Ní bhaineann prionsabal na damáiste ginearálta le cás Dred Scott freisin toisc go bhfuil sé ina
duine dath. Má bhí i ndáiríre Dred Scott fear bán, prionsabal díobhála ginearálta Mill
ba cheart a chur i bhfeidhm air. Mill ag dul ar aghaidh ag rá go má dhéanann muid rannpháirtíochtaí le eile
duine, is cuma cén cás, go gcaithfear iad a choinneáil.
"Ní amháin nach bhfuil daoine faoi cheangal ar thráchtanna a sháraíonn cearta tríú páirtithe, ach
is cúis leordhóthanach é uaireanta iad a scaoileadh ó thrácht, go
tá sé díobhálach dóibh féin. Sa tír seo agus i bhformhór na dtíortha sibhialta eile, mar shampla, tá
caidreamh trína gcaithfeadh duine é féin a dhíol, nó ligean dó féin a dhíol, mar sclábhaí,
a bheith neamhní agus neamhbhailí; ní dhéanfaí é a fhorfheidhmiú le dlí ná le tuairim. An talamh do mar sin
tá sé soiléir go bhfuil teorainn le cumhacht an duine a bheith ag fáil réidh go deonach lena chuid féin den saol, agus tá sé an-
le feiceáil go soiléir sa chás mhór seo. An chúis nach bhfuil idirghabháil ach amháin ar mhaithe le
eile, le gníomhartha deonacha duine, is é a chur san áireamh ar a shaoirse. A rogha deonach
Is fianaise go bhfuil an méid a roghnaíonn sé mar sin is inmhianaithe, nó ar a laghad inbhuanaithe, dó, agus a
go maith ar an iomlán is fearr a sholáthraítear trí ligean dó a chuid féin a bhaint as a modhanna chun leanúint
sé. Ach trí dhíol sé é féin mar sclábhaí, tá sé ag abdicate a shaoirse; tá sé ag foráil aon úsáid amach anseo de
sé thar an gníomh amháin.? (Mill pg536)
Is féidir le frithshampla Mill a dhiúltú trí anailís shimplí a dhéanamh ar an luachan seo. An bhfuil sé ag rá?
an gealltanas a ba chóir do dhuine a dhíol féin, nó ligean dó féin a dhíol? ; i Dred
Scott's cás ní raibh sé a rá sa cheist cibé an raibh sé ag iarraidh a dhíol i sclábhaíocht
nó nach bhfuil. Bhí sé ach a thógtar i gcoinne a thoil, agus é a chur iallach a thabhairt suas a cheart dochloíte de
saoirse ag na Stáit Aontaithe. Deirim "ag i gcoinne a thoil"? mar go hionraic a bheadh ag iarraidh a
a dhíol i sclábhaíocht? An t-ainm a tugadh ar na Stáit Aontaithe ag éigean ar Dred Scott a
ceart dochloíte fíor toisc go raibh siad (Rialtas na Stát Aontaithe) cead sclábhaíocht ina dtír.
Trí dhuine a sclábhaíocht, cuireann tú iallach orthu a gcearta a thabhairt suas.
Anois, féachfaimid ar an dearcadh atá ag John Locke ar an mbreithiúnas Dred Scott. Eoin
Is minic a thugtar 'fhilseafóir na réabhlóide' ar Locke. Tá sé seo amhlaidh toisc go bhfuil an chuid is mó
de a chuid scríbhinní a scríobh le linn an tréimhse ama. Má bhí Locke a anailísiú an Dred
Scott cás agus go príomha a argóint go bhfuil an ceart nádúrtha an duine a bheith saor ó aon
cumhacht seachas an dlí an Dúlra. An bhfuil tú? Is é saoirse nádúrtha an duine a bheith saor ó aon
chumhacht níos airde ar an Domhan, agus ní a bheith faoi thoil nó údarás reachtach an duine, ach a
Ní bheidh ach an dlí an Dúlra a rialú.? (Locke pg 359 vers 22) Locke a thugann le tuiscint sa
An véarsa céanna gur chóir gach fear a bheith i gcoitinne i sochaí. ? ...saoirse na bhfear
faoi rialtas, is é, a bheith ar riail seasmhach chun cónaí faoi, coitianta do gach duine de sin
an tsochaí...? (Locke pg 359 vers 22) De réir Locke ní féidir le fear a chuid
saoirse, agus é ag déanamh amhlaidh, tá sé ag roinnt lena shaol freisin. Saoirse agus an cumas chun rialú a dhéanamh ar shaol an duine
tá córais idirspleách.
?For fear, nach bhfuil an chumhacht a shaol féin, ní féidir, ag comhthaobhacht, nó a toiliú féin,
féin a sclábhaíocht do dhuine ar bith, ná a chur féin faoi an iomlán, cumhachta uathúil eile,
chun a shaol a chur as, nuair is mian leis. Ní féidir le duine ar bith níos mó cumhachta a thabhairt ná mar a bhfuil sé féin;
agus an té nach féidir a chur ar a shaol féin, ní féidir a thabhairt duine eile cumhacht thar sé. Go deimhin, ag
a locht, chaill a shaol féin, le gníomh éigin is fiú bás; an té a bhfuil sé
forfeited sé, d'fhéadfadh ((nuair a bhfuil sé air ina chumhacht) moill a ghlacadh é, agus é a úsáid chun
a sheirbhís féin, agus ní dhéanann sé dó aon dochar leis. Chun, nuair a fhaigheann sé an trioblóid de
a sclábhaíocht amach meáchain luach a shaol, tá sé ina chumhacht, trí sheasamh a thoil a
a mháistir,. chun an bás a theastaíonn uaidh a tharraingt air féin.? (Locke pg 359 vers 23)
Locke a fheiceáil Scott 's cás mar unjust ceann toisc go raibh saoirse fear' s
tógadh uaidh, gan a thoiliú. Dred Scott cosúil le gach duine eile is fear, i Locke?
Tá na súile fir a bheith i gcaitheamh mar ghnáth i sochaí. Mar sin, cén fáth go mbeadh an fear seo (Dred Scott)
a cheadaíodh a shaoirse? An é sin toisc go bhfuil sé ina fhear d'ainneoin a dath agus nach bhfuil sé bán? An freagra ar
go bhfuil an cheist i súile Locke go bhfuil sé ina fear is cuma cad, ní féidir leat a athrú go
tréith. Is cuma cén dath atá air, tá sé fós ina fhear i súile Locke agus ba cheart a thabhairt dó
ceart nádúrtha chun saoirse agus a shaol.
Anois beidh muid ag breathnú ar Locke's counterexample le haghaidh an argóint.
'Master agus seirbhíseach ainmneacha chomh sean le stair, ach a thugtar dóibh siúd a bhfuil i bhfad difriúil
riocht; do saor-fhear a dhéanann sé féin ina sheirbhíseach a eile, ag díol dó ar feadh áirithe
am, an tseirbhís a dhéanann sé, i malartú le pá a bheidh le fáil aige: agus cé go bhfuil
go coitianta a chuireann sé seo isteach sa teaghlach a mháistir, agus faoi an smacht gnáth
de; ach tugann sé an máistir ach cumhachta sealadach air, agus ní níos mó ná, cad
tá sé i gconradh idir iad. Ach tá cineál eile seirbhísigh, a ag
ainm peculiar glaoimid sclábhaithe, a bheith gabhaithe a glacadh i gcogadh díreach, ag an gceart
an nádúr faoi réir an uachtar iomlán agus an chumhacht uathúil a máistrí. Na fir seo
tar éis, mar a deirim, a n-a saol a chailleadh, agus leis a saoirsí, agus a chailleadh a gcuid eastáit; agus
ní féidir a mheas go bhfuil an duine i stát na sclábhaíochta, gan aon mhaoin a bheith aige, sa stát sin
mar aon chuid den tsochaí shibhialta; is é an príomhchríoch a bhfuil an chaomhnú maoine. An bhfuil tú?
(Locke pg 372 vers 85)
Cad Locke ag rá anseo is bréagach toisc nach raibh Dred Scott ? a shaoirse,
ach baineadh é uaidh. Tá sé ag cur in aghaidh é féin ag rá gur chóir dóibh (slaves)
ní mheasfar go bhfuil sí mar chuid den tsochaí shibhialta. Sula raibh sé ag rá go bhfuil gach fear ba chóir a bheith
déileáil go coitianta i sochaí, ach anois tá sé ag athrú a tune agus ag rá go bhfuil siad
ní bheith mar chuid den tsochaí. "Tá an fear a rugadh, mar a bhí cruthaithe, le teideal a chur i gcrích
saoirse, agus taitneamh neamhrialta de gach ceart agus pribhléidí dlí an Dúlra,
go cothrom le haon duine eile, nó líon na bhfear ar fud an domhain, tá ag nádúr cumhacht, ní
ach a mhaoin a chaomhnú, is é sin, a shaol, saoirse agus eastát, i gcoinne na damáistí agus
iarracht a dhéanamh ar dhaoine eile;...? (Locke leathanaigh 372-373 vers 87) Locke a chruthú féin mícheart le
an luachan seo toisc nach bhfuil sé idirdhealú idir fir agus sclábhaithe mar a rinne sé roimhe.
Ina theannta sin ní féidir le fear a mheas go bhfuil fear eile ' s maoin ach amháin má dhéanann siad a
conradh leis an duine sin. I gcás Dred Scott ní raibh sé tiomanta do aon chineál
conradh, bhí sé a thógtar in aghaidh a thoil agus a cheannach ag Oifigeach Arm na Stát Aontaithe.
Dá bhrí sin, tá Scott i dteideal a shaoirse de réir Locke's luaite thuas, cé go
Creideann Locke go bhfuil sclábhaithe "forfeit"? Saoirse ann. Tá sé de cheart ag Scott a shaoirse toisc
Is fear é atá ina bheith réasúnach.
I meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar an dá Mill agus dearcadh Locke ar an gCúirt Uachtarach
ag rialú do chás Dred Scott, is féidir cúpla rud a thabhairt i gcrích ó gach taobh. Ó Mills
Is é an pointe is mó de mo thuairim ná go bhfuil sé de cheart gan chealú agat a bheith saor. Ina chomhfhreagra sampla cé go bhfuil sé
Deir sé go gcaillfidh tú do shaoirse nuair a dhíolann tú féin i sclábhaíocht. Tá an argóint sin
ní bhaineann sé sin le cás Dred Scott, áfach, toisc gur cuireadh é i sclábhaíocht, agus a
dílseachtú cearta dochloíte. Ó thaobh Locke de rugadh an fear saor
ó aon chumhacht níos airde ar domhan, bhí sé (daoine) ach amháin a bheith ar an dlí an Dúlra mar a
riail. Chreid Locke freisin gur chóir cóireáil choiteann a dhéanamh ar gach fear i sochaí. I a
counterexample deir sé go bhfuil sclábhaithe "forfeit"? Tá an ceart chun saoirse agus rialú de
saol. Go deimhin tá sé seo mícheart má fhéachann tú ar an gcás Dred Scott arís feiceann tú go bhfuil sé
Ní raibh tú a thabhairt suas? a shaoirse seachas a bhí sé stripped as dó. Agus é sin á dhéanamh aige chaill sé an
cumhacht a rialú a shaol féin, a mheasann Locke riachtanas d'fhonn a bheith beo. Trí
anailísiú pasáistí ó an dá na fealsúnaí faoi seach? a dhéanann siad cás go Dred
Bhí Scott díghrádaithe dá cheart neamh-in-athshlánú chun saoirse agus chun a shaol féin a rialú. Tá siad
a chur ar fáil freisin ráitis contrártha a deir go bhfuil sé "a chailleadh"? a cheart chun saoirse, agus
chomh maith leis sin nach bhfuil roinnt rudaí a chur i bhfeidhm air toisc go raibh sé ina fear de dhath. Tá ráitis
Tá féin-contrártha toisc go bhfuil sé i ndáiríre fear beag beann ar a dath, agus tá siad araon
a rá nach féidir duine a bheith díbirt as a cheart chun saoirse. Cé go bhfuil an dá fealsúnaí
Tá ráitis féin-contrárthacha faoi an ábhar seo de sclábhaíocht agus saoirse, an tArd-
Rinne an Chúirt a chinneadh bunaithe ar a réamhthionscanta féin.
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- Saoirse Cainte Aisdéar, Páipéar Taighde Saoirse Cainte Meredith Kerr Charles W. Locke U.S. History 121 ... ar. Ba mhaith leo cinsireacht a dhéanamh ar an bpost freisin chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil aon abhlóideoir ... míbhunreachtúil. I Texas vs. Johnson, d'ól Gregory Lee Johnson ...
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cancer needs new name, doctors say
Low-risk growths in the breast, prostate and elsewhere should no longer be named cancer and screening efforts to spot them should be cut back, a panel convened by the U.S. National Cancer Institute said.
A three-decadelong emphasis on the early identification of tumors was based on the idea that cancerous cells always spread and eventually kill, the researchers wrote in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The approach has led to the detection and toxic treatment of millions of people who may never have had any symptoms from indolent lesions. “By recognizing that cancer is not one disease, but a number of different diseases, we can individualize our treatment,” said Laura Esserman, director of breast care at the University of California, San Francisco’s cancer center.
Lung cancer is a disease that merits screening for high-risk patients, a separate panel of doctors said. Smokers 55 and older should get imaging scans each year to detect lung cancer when it is small and can be treated, the new recommendations said.
Here’s the poop on facial beauty
Bird poop for beauty?That’s what goes into facials at a luxury spa where the traditional Japanese treatment using imported Asian nightingale excrement mixed with rice bran goes for $180 a pop.
About 100 women and men go into the Shizuka New York skin care salon each month to get the treatment, which is promoted as a way to keep the face soft and smooth using an enzyme in the poop to exfoliate the skin.
Spa owner Shizuka Bernstein, a Tokyo native, has been offering what she calls the Geisha Facial for about five years. The treatment, while relatively rare in the United States, is no secret in Japan, where it was first used in the 1600s by actors and geishas. Dr. Michele Green, a dermatologist, said, “I don’t think it’s any different than, say, an apricot scrub or a mask.”
A common misconception is that any old bird poop is used. Bernstein said only droppings from birds of the nightingale species are used because they live on seeds, producing the natural enzyme that is the active ingredient. “We don’t do Central Park facials,” she said, “because those birds eat garbage.”

Ní mór d'ailse ainm nua, a deir na dochtúirí
Níor cheart go n-ainmníodh fásanna ísealriosca sa chíche, sa próstatach agus in áiteanna eile mar ailse a thuilleadh agus ba cheart iarrachtaí scagthástála chun iad a aimsiú a laghdú, a dúirt painéal a choinnigh Institiúid Náisiúnta Ailse na Stát Aontaithe.
Bhí an béim a bhí ar aithint luath na n-imdhíonachta ar feadh trí scór bliain bunaithe ar an smaoineamh go scaiptear cealla ailseacha i gcónaí agus go mbraitheann siad bás sa deireadh, a scríobh na taighdeoirí in Journal of the American Medical Association. Mar thoradh ar an gcur chuige seo, tá na milliúin duine a d'fhéadfadh nach raibh aon chomharthaí de bharr léiseanna indolent acu riamh, tar éis a bheith le fáil agus le cóireáil tocsaineach. 'De réir a aithnítear nach galar amháin é ailse, ach roinnt galair éagsúla, is féidir linn ár gcóireáil a phearsantachtú,' a dúirt Laura Esserman, stiúrthóir cúraim chíche in ionad ailse Ollscoil California, San Francisco.
Is galar é ailse scamhóg a bhfuil gá le scagadh do othair atá i mbaol ard, a dúirt painéal eile dochtúirí. Ba cheart do dhaoine a chaitheann tobac 55 bliain d'aois nó níos sine scanadh íomhá a dhéanamh gach bliain chun ailse scamhóg a bhrath nuair a bhíonn sé beag agus is féidir é a chóireáil, a dúirt na moltaí nua.
Heres an poop ar áilleacht aghaidh
Is é sin a théann isteach i gcúrsaí facial i spa só áit a bhfuil an chóireáil thraidisiúnta Seapánach ag baint úsáide as excrement nightingale Éireannach allmhairithe measctha le bran rís ag dul ar $ 180 an pop.
Téann thart ar 100 bean agus fear isteach sa salon cúraim chraiceann Shizuka Nua Eabhrac gach mí chun an chóireáil a fháil, a chur chun cinn mar bhealach chun an aghaidh a choinneáil bog agus réidh ag baint úsáide as einsím sa poop chun an craiceann a exfoliate.
Tá úinéir an Spa Shizuka Bernstein, ó Tóiceo, ag tairiscint an rud a thugann sí ar aghaidh Geisha ar feadh thart ar chúig bliana. Cé go bhfuil an chóireáil seo sách annamh sna Stáit Aontaithe, níl sé ina rún sa tSeapáin, áit a ndearna aisteoirí agus geishas é a úsáid den chéad uair sna 1600idí. Dúirt an Dr. Michele Green, dermatologist, "Ní dóigh liom go bhfuil aon difríocht idir é agus, a rá, scrub abricot nó masc".
Is é an míthuiscint coitianta go n-úsáidtear aon sean-chruth éan. Dúirt Bernstein go n-úsáidtear ach feces ó éin den speiceas nightingale toisc go maireann siad ar shíolta, ag táirgeadh an einsím nádúrtha is é an comhábhar gníomhach. "Ní dhéanaimid facials i bPáirc na hIarbh, "a dúirt sí, "mar itheann na héin sin dramhaíl".


Gastritis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining. Irritation of or damage to the stomach lining, infection, injury or erosion all promote inflammation and can lead to the onset of gastritis. Symptoms may be present or not, mild or severe, and their severity may not testify to how advanced the condition is. There are two types of gastritis: acute gastritis and chronic gastritis.
In its acute form, the condition has a sudden onset, but symptoms usually subside quickly once adequate treatment is received. Chronic gastritis has much deeper implications, with symptoms manifesting gradually and extending over long periods of time ranging from months to years. Gastritis is more common with age due to the normal aging process which affects the stomach lining as well. However, stress or poor dietary choices make it common in young adults as well.
Gastritis shares similar symptoms with several other gastrointestinal disorders and conditions, so it might be easy to mistake it for acid reflux disease or symptoms of heartburn. Making an appointment to see your doctor is the best and easiest solution in view of obtaining a correct diagnosis and choosing the right treatment for you.
This being said, here are the most common signs and symptoms of gastritis:
1) Pain in the upper part of the abdomen, usually the middle. It can be dull or sharp.
2) Gnawing sensation in the stomach, often between meals, at night or when hungry.
3) Burning sensation at the level of the stomach.
4) Bloating and gas.
5) Belching. Expelling the air usually does not soothe the pain.
8) Upset stomach.
9) Frequent indigestion.
11) Feeling full early in a meal.
12) Appetite loss.
The following symptoms may indicate an advanced, possibly chronic form of gastritis and include: vomiting blood or black material or black, tarry stools. However, it is important to keep in mind that both symptoms indicate bleeding somewhere along the gastrointestinal tract (the black color of stools is indicative of digested blood) and require immediate medical attention.
What causes gastritis? As mentioned above, gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining so anything that can engender inflammation at the level of the stomach can lead to gastritis. Generally, the most common causes of gastritis are:
1) Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori is believed to be a bacterium that colonized the stomach naturally and its numbers are thought to be kept under control by stomach acids. However, according to researchers, Helicobacter pylori infection is also one of the leading causes of lesions such as gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers, gastritis and stomach cancer.
2) Bacterial infection. Bacterial infections can cause damage to the stomach and contribute to the onset of gastritis. Viral infections are another possible cause. However, both are less common causes of the condition.
3) Anti-inflammatory and pain relieving medication. Anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen, aspirin, salicylic acid, naproxen, tolmentin, diclofenac etc. taken for long periods of time can erode the stomach lining and encourage the development of gastritis. However, some people may experience gastrointestinal disturbances even when taking analgesics for short periods of time such as one week.
4) Antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked with higher risks of developing gastritis. As a person who almost never has to take antibiotics, even a week long prescription can give me acid reflux, stomach acidity and gastritis symptoms.
5) Existing gastrointestinal conditions. Chron’s disease, pernicious anemia, bile reflux, stomach acidity are only a few of the conditions that can lead to gastritis. Chron’s disease, for example, is characterized by more or less severe, but somewhat constant inflammation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, hence the higher risk of gastritis for sufferers. Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune condition that causes vitamin B12 deficiency and involves the immune system attacking the stomach lining. It also increases the risk for stomach cancer.
5) Alcohol and cigarette smoking. Regular consumption of alcohol irritates the stomach lining, leading to inflammation and increasing the risk for gastritis. Alcohol consumption is also responsible for acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Smoking can also trigger or worsen gastritis.
6) Stress. As a result of its physiological effects and its lifestyle implications, stress is one of the leading causes of gastritis. In addition to disrupting our normal secretion of certain hormones that regulate the normal functioning of our body, stress also forces us to adopt unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits that do not benefit gastrointestinal health.
7) Problematic foods and beverages. We are all different and respond differently to various foods. For some of us with a more sensitive stomach, certain foods can prove extremely problematic and upset our stomach greatly. The more we continue to eat them, the more severe our symptoms may become and disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, heartburn or gastritis may develop.
The types of foods I find are best to avoid are spicy foods and spices such as hot pepper powder, pepper or wasabi, coffee, carbonated beverages, deep fried foods or extremely oily foods, dairy products (whole milk especially) as well as certain fruit juices and citrus fruit, vinegar and acidic foods. At times, eating cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts or other cabbage family vegetables can upset my stomach as well. For some people, all dairy products may prove problematic, while other may find they have to give up all foods containing gluten.
How do you know you have gastritis? An accurate diagnosis can only come from a medical professional, so if you experience any of the above mentioned signs and symptoms, it is best you address your doctor. You doctor will ask you about your symptoms and might further recommend the following tests:
1) Stomach or abdominal ultrasound.
2) Endoscopy. It involves inserting a tiny tube with a camera on top through the mouth in order to examine the stomach.
3) Blood tests, blood cell count and Helicobacter pylori.
4) Stool sample, to look for blood or certain bacteria.
Treating gastritis. Treatment options may vary from person to person, depending on how advanced and bothersome the condition is and whether or not there are complications. Aside from the traditional treatment options your doctor may prescribe you, learning what foods to eat and what foods to avoid can prove wonderfully helpful. It might help to read the recommendations for acid reflux disease that may also apply to gastritis. Your doctor might prescribe you the following:
1) Antacid medication to soothe mild symptoms.
2) Proton-pump inhibitors for a more potent effect, reducing the production of stomach acid.
They include: omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole etc. and provide stomach protection.
3) H2 blockers (block histamine production and reduce stomach acid).
4) A combination of antibiotics for treating Helicobacter pylori infection.
5) Dietary changes that involve eliminating all foods that may irritate you, but also coffee, alcohol and smoking.
Conclusion. Gastritis in itself is fairly easy to treat and symptoms subside in a matter of days or, worst, a couple of weeks. Even if your symptoms are not that bothersome and you feel you can live with them, reset that thought and go to your doctor for adequate treatment because once the damage is done, it cannot be undone easily. Or at all. Gastritis is a dangerous condition because of its long-term complications, notably a higher risk for stomach cancer, not to mention low quality of life. As a person who has had gastritis and went through its glorious symptoms in all of their might, all I can say is I am truly happy I went to the doctor.

Gastritis: Cúiseanna, Síomptóim agus Cóireáil. Is é gastritis riocht leighis a bhfuil sé mar thréimhse é a bhfuil athlasadh nó irritation ar an gclóisigh stamag. Cuireann irritation nó damáiste do chlóis an bholg, ionfhabhtú, díobháil nó creimeadh go léir athlasadh chun cinn agus is féidir go dtiocfadh gastritis. D'fhéadfadh na hairíonna a bheith i láthair nó gan a bheith i láthair, éadrom nó tromchúiseach, agus b'fhéidir nach léiríonn a dtromchúis cé chomh forleathan is atá an riocht. Tá dhá chineál gastritis ann: gastritis géarmhíochaine agus gastritis ainsealach.
I bhfoirm géarmhíochaine, tosaíonn an galar go tobann, ach is gnách go dtéann na hairíonna ar shiúl go tapa nuair a fhaightear cóireáil leordhóthanach. Tá impleachtaí i bhfad níos doimhne ag gastritis ainsealach, agus léiríonn na hairíonna go mall agus go leathnaíonn siad thar thréimhsí fada ó mhí go blianta. Tá gastrit níos coitianta le aois mar gheall ar an bpróiseas gnáth ag dul in aois a théann i bhfeidhm ar an stamag chomh maith. Mar sin féin, déanann strus nó droch-roghanna aiste bia é a bheith coitianta i measc daoine fásta óga freisin.
Tá comharthaí den chineál céanna ag gastrit le roinnt neamhord agus riochtaí gastrointestinal eile, mar sin d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith éasca é a mheabhrú le galar reflux aigéad nó le comharthaí heartburn. Is é an réiteach is fearr agus is éasca ná coinneáil ama le do dhochtúir chun diagnóis cheart a fháil agus an chóireáil cheart a roghnú duit.
Mar sin féin, seo thíos na comharthaí agus na hairíonna is coitianta a bhaineann le gastrit:
1) Páirc sa chuid uachtarach den bholg, go ginearálta sa lár. Is féidir é a bheith dorcha nó géar.
2) Aithne gnawing sa bholg, go minic idir béilí, san oíche nó nuair a bhíonn ocras ort.
3) Briseadh ar an gcroí ag leibhéal an bholg.
4) Bloating agus gáis.
5) Ról. De ghnáth ní mhaireann an t-aer a chur amach an pian.
8) Stomach upset.
9) Trom-bhreithe go minic.
11) A bheith lán go luath i rith béile.
12) Caillteanas ocrais.
D'fhéadfadh na hairíonna seo a leanas a bheith ina léargas ar chineál gastritis atá ag dul chun cinn, go seasta b'fhéidir agus is iad seo a leanas iad: fuil a bhéimint nó ábhar dubh nó feces dubh, tarry. Tá sé tábhachtach, áfach, a choinneáil i gcuimhne go léiríonn an dá chomhartha go bhfuil fuil á fháil áit éigin ar feadh an chonair gastrointestinal (tá dath dubh na stocaire ina tháscaire ar fhuil díleáite) agus go dteastaíonn cúram leighis láithreach uaidh.
Cad a dhéanann gastritis? Mar a luadh thuas, is é gastritis athlasadh an chlóis bholg mar sin is féidir le haon rud a d'fhéadfadh athlasadh a chruthú ar leibhéal an bholg gastritis a bheith aige. Go ginearálta, is iad na cúiseanna is coitianta le gastritis ná:
1) Infection Helicobacter pylori. Creidtear go bhfuil Helicobacter pylori ina bhaictéar a choilníonn an boilg go nádúrtha agus meastar go gcoinníonn aigéid boilg a líon faoi smacht. Mar sin féin, de réir taighdeoirí, is ionfhabhtú Helicobacter pylori ceann de na príomhchúiseanna le leoin amhail ulcers gastrach agus ulcers duodenal, gastritis agus ailse boilg.
2) Infectious bacteria. Is féidir le haignéis bhaictéaracha damáiste a dhéanamh don bholg agus cur le gastritis a thosaíonn. Is cúis féideartha eile iad ionfhabhtuithe víreasacha. Mar sin féin, is cúiseanna níos coitianta iad an dá chás.
3) Leigheas frith-athlasta agus pian-shábháil. Cógais frith-athlastacha mar ibuprofen, aspirin, aigéad sailíceach, naproxen, tolmentin, diclofenac etc. d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh sé seo isteach ar chlóis an bholg agus go spreagfadh sé gastritis. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh suaitheadh gastrointestinal ag daoine áirithe fiú nuair a bhíonn siad ag glacadh analgesics ar feadh tréimhsí gearr ama mar sheachtain amháin.
4) Frithbhiaicí. Tá baint ag ró-úsáid antaibheathaigh le rioscaí níos airde gastritis a fhorbairt. Mar dhuine nach gá go leor antaibheathaigh a ghlacadh, is féidir le oideas seachtain fada fiú reflux aigéad, aigéad boilg agus comharthaí gastritis a thabhairt dom.
5) Rioscaí gastrointestinal atá ann cheana féin. Ní féidir le galar Chrons, anemia pernicious, reflux bile, aigéad boilg ach cúpla ceann de na coinníollacha a d'fhéadfadh gastritis a bheith mar thoradh orthu. Tá galar Chrons, mar shampla, tréitheithe ag athlasadh níos déine nó níos lú, ach beagán buan in áit ar bith ar feadh an chonair gastrointestinal, dá bhrí sin an riosca níos airde gastritis do dhaoine atá ag fulaingt. Is galar autoimmune é an anaemia pernicious a chuireann easnamh vitimín B12 ar fáil agus a chuireann an córas imdhíonachta i gcion ar shléibheanna an bholg. Méadaíonn sé an baol freisin go dtarlódh ailse boilg.
5) Alcóil agus tobac a chaitheamh. Déantar an craiceann a ghortú le deochanna alcóil a ithe go rialta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil athlasadh ann agus go bhfuil an baol go dtarlóidh gastritis níos mó ann. Tá tomhaltas alcóil freagrach freisin as reflux aigéad agus galar reflux gastroesophageal. Is féidir le caitheamh tobac gastritis a spreagadh nó a dhéanamh níos measa.
6) Sceanglas. Mar thoradh ar a éifeachtaí fiseolaíocha agus a impleachtaí ar stíl mhaireachtála, tá strus ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna le gastritis. Chomh maith le cur isteach ar ár gnáth-scréachtadh hormóin áirithe a rialaíonn gnáthfheidhmiú ár gcorp, cuireann strus orainn cleachtais neamhshláintiúla a ghlacadh maidir le haiste bia agus stíl mhaireachtála nach bhfuil tairbheach do shláinte gastrointestinal.
7) Bia agus deochanna atá ina gcúis le fadhbanna. Tá gach duine difriúil agus freagraíonn muid go difriúil ar bhianna éagsúla. I gcás cuid againn a bhfuil a stamag níos íogaire, is féidir le bianna áirithe a bheith thar a bheith fadhbanna agus a bheith ina gcúis le hathrú mór ar ár stamag. An níos mó a leanann muid ag ithe iad, is féidir go mbeidh na hairíonna níos déine agus go bhféadfadh neamhoird mar ghalar reflux gastroesophageal, heartburn nó gastritis a fhorbairt.
Is iad na cineálacha bia a bhím ag lorg is fearr a sheachaint ná bianna spicy agus spíosraí mar púdar piobar te, piobar nó wasabi, caife, deochanna gásóideacha, bianna friochta domhain nó bianna an-olacha, táirgí déiríochta (bainne iomlán go háirithe) chomh maith le sú torthaí áirithe agus torthaí citris, fíonchaora agus bianna aigéadacha. Uaireanta, is féidir le cabáiste, caol-fhlór, spleáchas na Brasaíle nó glasraí eile den teaghlach cabáiste a ithe a chur ar mo bholg freisin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhbanna ag daoine áirithe le táirgí déiríochta go léir, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ar dhaoine eile gach bia ina bhfuil glútan a thréigean.
Conas a fhios agat go bhfuil gastritis agat? Ní féidir diagnóis chruinn a fháil ach ó ghairmí leighis, mar sin má bhíonn aon cheann de na comharthaí agus na hairíonna thuasluaite agat, is fearr dul i dteagmháil le do dhochtúir. Iarrfaidh do dhochtúir ort faoi do chuid comharthaí agus b'fhéidir go mholfaidh sé na tástálacha seo a leanas:
1) Ultrasáunáil a dhéantar ar an bholg nó ar an mbolg.
2) Endoscopy. Baineann sé le feadán beag le ceamara ar a bharr a chur isteach tríd an mbéal chun scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an mbolg.
3) Tástálacha fola, líon na gcealla fola agus Helicobacter pylori.
4) Tá samplaí de stoc, chun baictéir áirithe nó fola a lorg.
Gastritis a chóireáil. D'fhéadfadh roghanna cóireála a bheith éagsúil ó dhuine go duine, ag brath ar cé chomh forleathan agus chomh bothersome is atá an riocht agus cibé acu tá deacrachtaí ann nó nach bhfuil. Seachas na roghanna cóireála traidisiúnta a d'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir a fhorordú duit, is féidir go mbeadh sé thar a bheith cabhrach a bheith ag foghlaim cad iad na bianna a itheann tú agus cad iad na bianna a sheachnaíonn tú. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach na moltaí maidir le galar reflux aigéadach a léamh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith infheidhme freisin maidir le gastritis. D'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir an méid seo a leanas a fhorordú duit:
1) Leigheas antacid chun comharthaí éadrom a mhaolú.
2) Coscairí caidéil prótain le haghaidh éifeacht níos láidre, ag laghdú táirgeadh aigéad boilg.
Áirítear orthu: omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole etc. agus cosaint a chur ar an bholg.
3) blocóirí H2 (cathraíonn siad táirgeadh histamine agus laghdaíonn siad aigéad an bholg).
4) Comhcheangal antaibheathach chun ionfhabhtú Helicobacter pylori a chóireáil.
5) Athruithe ar an aiste bia lena gcuirtear deireadh leis na bianna go léir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cur isteach ort, ach freisin caife, alcól agus caitheamh tobac.
Conclúid. Tá gastritis go leor éasca a chóireáil agus téann na hairíonna as a chéile i gceann cúpla lá nó, sa chás is measa, cúpla seachtain. Fiú mura bhfuil do chuid comharthaí chomh mór sin agus má bhraitheann tú gur féidir leat maireachtáil leo, cuir an smaoineamh sin ar ais agus téigh chuig do dhochtúir le haghaidh cóireála leordhóthanach toisc nach féidir an damáiste a dhéanamh go héasca nuair a bhíonn sé déanta. Nó ar chor ar bith. Is staid contúirteach é gastritis mar gheall ar a choimhlintí fadtéarmacha, go háirithe riosca níos airde le haghaidh ailse boilg, gan trácht ar cháilíocht íseal na beatha. Mar dhuine a bhí gastritis agus chuaigh trí a chuid comharthaí glórmhar i ngach a n-chumhacht, is féidir liom a rá go bhfuil mé fíor sásta chuaigh mé chuig an dochtúir.


Ruben from the tornadotwins talking about writing for games as well as a first-ever released preview of articy-draft writing software website in video is wr. Story writing game for kids this great story writing game for kids will help teach children how to create the right atmosphere when planning stories based around a chosen topic. Writing games for esl kids back to games menu category writing game divide the classroom into two or three groups each group chooses their captain each student takes a turn writing. At over 4 billion episodes viewed across 73,000 stories, episode has the largest selection of stories on mobile from romance to comedy to suspense to mystery, episode has something for. Sometimes the hardest part of writing is figuring out what to do with that blank page coming up with a new short story idea doesn't have to be painful, however these exercises are designed. How to write a great video game script you are creating a world not just a story.
This activity is simple i have provided the beginning to a number of stories your children finish them for more advanced writers: have them complete the stories with the requested number. A wonderful way to boost your child’s creativity and imagination is to have him write a story of his own here are some printable story writing activities to get your child started. Online supplement to the textbook creative writing and storyboarding for games. Use this lesson to assign a short story writing activity as well as to illustrate the critical steps of short story composition, including plot elements, brainstorming, and more. Printable resources and ideas to support your children when writing fiction download them for free join our email newsletter to receive free updates search for ideas and resources home. Students write stories to go along with these fun cartoon pictures free, printable worksheets include a picture page and lined paper for writing.
Writing activities to help encourage child to write at school and write at home includes writing prompts, story writing ideas and more you can find more ideas on our website at. Free writing activities include printable thank you notes, poetry worksheets, vacation journal, quotation worksheets, and more great activities for preschool - sixth grade. Fourth grade writing activities as students get older, they need to continue to work at developing their writing skills collaborative story writing, collaborative story, writing.
Storytelling is essential for game development stories give context and are the basis for any game here are the 7 steps to writing a good game story. Tips: writing and implementing a game plot by: lunarea sitting down and coming up with a really great story sounds simple in theory after all, it really j.
This guided writing lesson on esl story writing is intended to help bridge the gap from simply writing sentences to developing a larger structure hobbies & activities tv & film. Get the students to write the stories up on a computer and then ask them to add more description and detail to the stories nik peachey, teacher, trainer, materials writer, british. How to become a video game script writer have you ever had a great idea for a game along with a killer story to back it up do you enjoy writing and using your imagination.
Explore our story writing activities for children at ichild we have a wide range of free story writing templates and worksheets for kids. Game writing: narrative skills for videogames (charles river media game development) [chris bateman] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers as computer games become more and. Writing activities young learners building their literary skills will benefit from both group and individual writing activities collaborative writing activities like recipe and story. High quality printable writing practice worksheets for use in school or at home we hope you find them useful englishforeveryoneorg -- printable keeping historical records, and similar. Fun writing games for kids check out these fun writing games for kids enjoy a range of free activities, resources and practice exercises related to writing letters, stories, newspapers. How to write a short story for many writers, the short story is the perfect medium while writing a novel can be a herculean task, just about anybody can craft—and, most importantly.

Ruben ó na Tornadotwins ag caint faoi scríobh le haghaidh cluichí chomh maith le réamh-scéal a scaoileadh den chéad uair ar shuíomh Gréasáin bogearraí scríbhneoireachta articy-draft i bhfíseán is wr. Cluiche scríbhneoireachta scéalta do leanaí Cabhróidh an cluiche scríbhneoireachta scéalta iontach seo do leanaí le leanaí a mhúineadh conas an t-atmaisféar ceart a chruthú nuair a bhíonn scéalta á bpleanáil bunaithe ar ábhar roghnaithe. Cluichí scríbhneoireachta do leanaí ESL ar ais go dtí cluichí catagóir roghchlár Cluichí scríbhneoireachta roinn an seomra ranga i dhá nó trí ghrúpa gach grúpa roghnaíonn a caipitín gach dalta a ghlacadh ar láimh scríbhneoireacht. Le breis agus 4 billiún eipeasóid a breathnaíodh ar fud 73,000 scéal, tá an rogha is mó de scéalta ar fhón póca ag eipeasóid ó rómánsúil go grinn go fionnuar go rúndiamhair, tá rud éigin ag eipeasóid le haghaidh. Uaireanta is é an chuid is deacra de scríobh ná a fháil amach cad atá le déanamh leis an leathanach bán sin teacht suas le smaoineamh nua ar scéal gearr ní gá go mbeadh sé pianmhar, áfach tá na cleachtaí seo deartha. Conas a scríobh script cluiche físe iontach tá tú ag cruthú domhan ní amháin scéal.
Tá an ghníomhaíocht seo simplí soláthraigh mé tús le roinnt scéalta do leanaí críochnaigh iad do scríbhneoirí níos forbartha: lig dóibh na scéalta a chomhlánú leis an líon iarrta. Bealach iontach chun cruthaitheacht agus samhlaíocht do pháiste a threisiú ná go gcuirfidh sé scéal dá chuid féin ar a scríobh. Seo roinnt gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta scéalta inphriontáilte chun tús a chur le do pháiste. Forlíonadh ar líne don leabhar teagaisc scríbhneoireacht chruthaitheach agus scéalta a scríobh le haghaidh cluichí. Úsáid an ceacht seo chun gníomhaíocht scríbhneoireachta scéalta gearr a shannadh chomh maith le léargas a thabhairt ar na céimeanna criticiúla a bhaineann le comhdhéanamh scéalta gearr, lena n-áirítear eilimintí plota, brainstorming, agus go leor eile. Acmhainní in-phrint agus smaointe chun tacú le do pháistí agus iad ag scríobh ficsean íoslódáil saor in aisce a bheith ar ár nuachtlitir ríomhphoist chun nuashonruithe saor in aisce a fháil cuardach ar smaointe agus acmhainní sa bhaile. Scríobhann mic léinn scéalta chun dul in éineacht leis na pictiúir cartúin spraoi seo saor in aisce, tá leathanach pictiúr agus páipéar líneáilte le scríobh ar leathanaigh oibre inphriontáilte.
I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta chun cabhrú le leanbh a spreagadh chun scríobh ar scoil agus a scríobh sa bhaile tá iarratais scríbhneoireachta, smaointe scríbhneoireachta scéalta agus go leor eile is féidir leat tuilleadh smaointe a fháil ar ár suíomh Gréasáin ag. I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta saor in aisce tá nótaí buíochais inphriontáilte, bileoga oibre filíochta, leabhar laethanta saoire, bileoga oibre luaite, agus gníomhaíochtaí móra eile do réamhscoile - séú grád. Gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta ceathrú grád De réir mar a théann mic léinn in aois, ní mór dóibh leanúint ar aghaidh ag obair ar a gcuid scileanna scríbhneoireachta a fhorbairt scríbhneoireacht scéalta comhoibritheacha, scríbhneoireacht scéalta comhoibritheacha, scríbhneoireacht.
Tá scéalaíocht ríthábhachtach d'fhorbairt cluiche scéalta a thabhairt comhthéacs agus tá an bonn do aon chluiche anseo na 7 chéim a scríobh scéal cluiche maith. Leideanna: scríbhneoireacht agus cur i bhfeidhm a game plot ag: lunarea suí síos agus ag teacht suas le scéal i ndáiríre iontach fuaime simplí i teoiric tar éis an tsaoil, tá sé i ndáiríre j.
Tá sé mar aidhm ag an rang scríbhneoireachta treoraithe seo ar scríobh scéalta ESL cuidiú leis an bhfreagra a scríobh go simplí chun struchtúr níos mó a fhorbairt Hobbies & gníomhaíochtaí teilifíse & scannán. Cuir na mic léinn chun na scéalta a scríobh suas ar ríomhaire agus ansin iarr orthu cur tuilleadh cur síos agus mionsonraí leis na scéalta Nik Peachey, múinteoir, traenálaí, scríbhneoir ábhair, Breataine. Conas a bheith i do scríbhneoir script cluiche físeán An raibh smaoineamh iontach agat riamh le haghaidh cluiche chomh maith le scéal killer chun é a chúlchraoladh an dtaitníonn leat a scríobh agus do shamhlaíocht a úsáid?
Faigh amach faoi na gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta scéalta do leanaí ag ichild tá réimse leathan teimpléid scríbhneoireachta scéalta saor in aisce againn agus bileoga oibre do leanaí. Scríbhneoireacht cluiche: scileanna scéalacha do videogames (fhorbairt cluiche meán Charles River) [chris bateman] ar amazoncom loingseoireacht saor in aisce ar thairiscintí cáilitheacha de réir mar a bhíonn cluichí ríomhaireachta níos mó agus níos mó. Gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta Beidh leas ag foghlaimeoirí óga a bhfuil a gcuid scileanna liteartha á mbailiú acu ó ghníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta grúpa agus aonair, agus ó ghníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta comhoibritheacha amhail oidis agus scéal. Leabhair oibre praiticiúil scríbhneoireachta in-phrintáilte ar ardchaighdeán le húsáid sa scoil nó sa bhaile tá súil againn go bhfaighidh tú iad úsáideach englishforeveryoneg -- in-phrintáilte ag coinneáil taifid stairiúla, agus a leithéidí. Cluichí scríbhneoireachta spraíúla do leanaí seiceáil na cluichí scríbhneoireachta spraíúla seo do leanaí taitneamh a bhaint as raon gníomhaíochtaí saor in aisce, acmhainní agus cleachtaí cleachtais a bhaineann le litreacha, scéalta, nuachtáin a scríobh. Conas scéal gearr a scríobh do go leor scríbhneoirí, is é an scéal gearr an t-idirlíon foirfe agus is féidir le nobhail a scríobh a bheith ina tasc herculean, is féidir le beagnach duine ar bith craft agus, is tábhachtaí fós.


Hapf300D True Hepa Filter
Do Air Purifiers Really Work?
Specialists weighs in on whether purifiers can actually filter out germs, dust, smoke, mold, and more.
How do air purifiers work?
Air purifiers generally include a filter, or several filters, and a fan that sucks in and distributes air.
As air moves through the filter, toxins and particles are captured and the tidy air is pushed back out into the living space. Generally, filters are made of paper, fiber (frequently fiberglass), or mesh, and need regular replacement to preserve performance.
What are air purifiers expected to filter out and do they really do it?
The majority of filters on the marketplace are developed to record particles like dust and pollen, however don’t capture gases like VOCs (volatile organic compounds) or radon. That would need an adsorbent, like activated carbon. The Environmental Security Company (EPA) cautions that the performance of air cleansers is limited in terms of filtering out gases, and that you should often change filters for optimum performance, generally about every 3 or so months.
Lots of air cleansers are good at filtering pollutant particles out of the air (dust, smoke, pollen, etc.), however they are not always excellent at removing gaseous toxins like VOCs or radon from the air that might collect from adhesives, paints, or cleaning items. Irritants that are embedded into furniture or floor covering are likewise not caught by them.
Furthermore, the efficiency of air purifiers in real-world situations most likely will not imitate those of controlled conditions in a laboratory (what those “99% efficiency” claims are describing!). The area, setup, circulation rate, and the length of time it is operating for will all vary, as will the conditions in the area. In addition, there are other things taking place in your house that might effect the efficacy like ventilation (open or closed windows), and new particles are constantly emerging, so the air might not as filtered as the claims might have you believe.
If you are worried about mold, we ‘d recommend buying a dehumidifier or humidifier to help preserve the suitable moisture levels in your house and stave off mold growth concerns. Air cleansers do not avoid mold growth, so it is essential to get rid of the source of moisture that is allowing it to grow.
Can air cleansers filter the outside air that enters your house?
Sometimes, non-organic air toxins like the VOCs we pointed out formerly can stem from outside your house. “There are all sorts of scenarios in structure fires where big dosages of smoke inhalation may result in cyanide toxicity. But that would mainly need to be someone who was standing straight in or near the fire: Those individuals are given emergency rooms immediately,” Dr. Roten explains. “Usually, outside pollution or smoke or short-lived bad air isn’t a continuous concern for onlookers.” But the best sort of purifier can resolve any ecological air qualities in your locale. Using nearby wildfires as an example, Dr. Roten adds that a HEPA filter-equipped cleanser is your best choice: “Anything that has a real HEPA filter in it is probably adequate enough to filter out most all the large particles that would be worrying,” he says. “Most of the smoky odor will likewise be addressed too.”
What should I search for in an air purifier?
CADR (clean-air shipment rate) ranking. This measures the cleansing speed of the purifier for getting rid of smoke, dust, and and pollen. Search for a CADR of at least 300, above 350 is actually great.
For appropriate effectiveness, you need a model designed to operate in the room size. Select a model that is designed for an area larger than the one you are equipping it for if you wish to run it at a lower, quieter setting.
AHAM (Association of Home Home Appliance Manufacturers) Verified mark AHAM’s standards are design to guarantee the security, effectiveness and performance of lots of home care appliances, consisting of air cleansers. The requirements are created to offer a typical understanding in between manufacturers and customers to assist make the acquiring process simpler. While voluntary, a lot of reputable air cleansers have undergone this certification program, which typically provides a CADR ranking and size guidelines.
Real HEPA. True HEPA filters work at removing ultra fine particles (think: dust, dander, pollen, mold and other typical irritants in the house). The market standard for such is that the unit should be able to remove a minimum of 99.97% of particulates determining 0.3 micron diameter in a laboratory setting. Remember, it is essential to keep in mind that in real life settings, the actual efficacy of these devices would be far less as new pollutants are constantly emerging. Keep in mind that there is no industry requirement for the terms “HEPA-like” or “HEPA-type,” and are primarily used as marketing ploys to get consumers to purchase the product.

Hapf300D Fíor-Sceideal Hepa
An Fhoireann Purifiers Ealaíne i ndáiríre?
Tá speisialtóirí ag smaoineamh ar an bhféadfaidh gluaiseachtaí glanadh go fírinneach gérimí, deannach, deatach, múnla, agus go leor eile a scagadh amach.
Conas a oibríonn íonadóirí aeir?
De ghnáth bíonn scagaire, nó roinnt scagaire, agus lucht leanúna ag teasú aer isteach agus ag dáileadh é.
De réir mar a théann aer tríd an scagaire, gabhaítear tocsainí agus cáithníní agus cuirtear an t-aer glan ar ais isteach sa spás maireachtála. De ghnáth, déantar scagairí as páipéar, snáithín (go minic snáithín gloine), nó líonra, agus caithfear iad a athsholáthar go rialta chun feidhmíocht a chaomhnú.
Cad a bhfuiltear ag súil go scagfaidh glanndairí aeir amach agus an ndéanann siad é i ndáiríre?
Tá formhór na scagairí ar an margadh forbartha chun cáithníní cosúil le deannach agus pollín a thaifeadadh, ach ní ghlacann siad gáis cosúil le VOCanna (comhlacht orgánach éadrom) nó radón. Ba mhaith leis sin a bheith ag teastáil adsorbent, cosúil le carbón gníomhaithe. Tugann an Cuideachta Slándála Comhshaoil (EPA) rabhadh go bhfuil feidhmíocht na n-athghlantóirí aeir teoranta maidir le gáis a scagadh amach, agus gur chóir duit scagairí a athrú go minic chun feidhmíocht is fearr a fháil, de ghnáth gach 3 mhí nó mar sin.
Tá go leor glantóirí aeir go maith ag scaipeadh cáithníní truailleáin as an aer (dust, smoke, pollen, etc.) ), ach ní bhíonn siad an-mhaith i gcónaí chun tocsainí gásacha cosúil le VOCanna nó radón a bhaint as an aer a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag bailiú ó ghreamáin, péinteanna nó earraí glantacháin. Ní ghlacann siad ionsaí aeracha atá suite i mbábla nó i gcodanna talún.
Ina theannta sin, is dócha nach ndéanfaidh éifeachtúlacht íonadóirí aeir i gcásanna fíor-domhanda na cinn a dhéantar i gcoinníollacha rialaithe i saotharlann a shamhlú (an méid a bhfuil na hairíonna "éifeachtúlacht 99%" ag cur síos air!). Beidh an limistéar, an leagan amach, an ráta scaipeadh, agus an fad ama a oibríonn sé ag athrú, mar a bheidh na dálaí sa cheantar. Ina theannta sin, tá rudaí eile ag tarlú i do theach a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt ar an éifeachtúlacht mar aeráil (uimhreacha oscailte nó dúnta), agus tá cáithníní nua ag teacht chun cinn i gcónaí, mar sin b'fhéidir nach bhfuil an t-aer scagtha mar a d'fhéadfadh na héilimh a chreidiúint.
Má tá imní ort faoi múnla, molaimid duit dehumidifier nó humidifier a cheannach chun cabhrú leis na leibhéil taise oiriúnacha a chaomhnú i do theach agus imní faoi fhás múnla a chosc. Ní chuireann glantóirí aeir cosc ar fhás múnla, mar sin tá sé riachtanach fáil réidh leis an bhfoinse taise atá ag ligean dó fás.
An féidir le glantóirí aeir an t-aer lasmuigh a scagadh a thagann isteach i do theach?
Uaireanta, is féidir le tocsainí aeir neamhorgánacha cosúil leis na VOCanna a thugamar faoi deara roimhe seo teacht ó lasmuigh de do theach. Tá gach cineál cásanna ann i dtógálacha struchtúr ina bhféadfadh dóthain mhóra de dhúiseáil deataigh a bheith ina gcúis le tocsaineacht cianíd. Ach ba cheart go mbeadh duine ag seasamh díreach i lár an tine nó in aice leis an tine i bpríomhchuid: Tugtar seomraí éigeandála do na daoine sin láithreach, a mhíníonn an Dr. Roten. De ghnáth, ní bhíonn truailliú lasmuigh nó deatach nó droch-aer gearrthéarmach ina ábhar imní leanúnach do lucht féachana.Ach is féidir leis an gcineál íonú is fearr aon cháilíochtaí aeir éiceolaíocha a réiteach i do cheantar. Ag baint úsáide as tineacha foraoise in aice láimhe mar shampla, cuireann an Dr. Roten leis gur glantachán HEPA atá feistithe le scagaire an rogha is fearr atá agat: "Is dócha go bhfuil aon rud a bhfuil scagaire fíor HEPA ann go leor chun beagnach na cáithníní móra go léir a bheadh buartha a scagadh amach, "a deir sé. Déileálfar leis an gcuid is mó den boladh tobac freisin.
Cad ba cheart dom a lorg i scagóir aeir?
Rangaíocht CADR (ráta loingseoireachta aer glan). Tomhaiseann sé seo luas glantacháin an íonóir chun fáil réidh le deatach, deannach agus pollín. Cuardach le haghaidh CADR ar a laghad 300, os cionn 350 is é i ndáiríre mór.
Chun éifeachtacht chuí a bhaint amach, ní mór duit samhail a dhearadh chun oibriú sa mhéid seomra. Roghnaigh samhail atá deartha le haghaidh limistéar níos mó ná an ceann a bhfuil tú ag trealamh dó dó más mian leat é a reáchtáil ag suíomh níos ísle, níos ciúine.
AHAM (Chomhlachas Déantúsóirí Fearais Baile) marc dearbhaithe Tá caighdeáin AHAM ceaptha chun sábháilteacht, éifeachtacht agus feidhmíocht a ráthú ar go leor fearais cúraim tí, lena n-áirítear glanadóirí aeir. Cruthaítear na ceanglais chun tuiscint choiteann a thairiscint idir monaróirí agus custaiméirí chun cuidiú leis an bpróiseas ceannaigh a dhéanamh níos simplí. Cé go bhfuil sé deonach, tá an clár deimhniúcháin seo curtha i bhfeidhm ag go leor glantóirí aeir measartha, a sholáthraíonn treoirlínte rangaithe agus méid CADR de ghnáth.
Fíor-HEPA. Oibríonn fíor-scagáin HEPA chun cáithníní ultrafhiúcha a bhaint (smaoinigh: deannach, dander, pollán, múnla agus irritants tipiciúla eile sa teach). Is é an caighdeán margaidh le haghaidh sin ná go gcaithfidh an t-aonad a bheith in ann 99.97% ar a laghad de pharaisíní a chinneadh a bhfuil trastomhas 0.3 micreon acu a bhaint i suíomh saotharlainne. Cuimhnigh, tá sé riachtanach a choinneáil i gcuimhne go mbeadh éifeachtúlacht iarbhír na bhfeistí seo i suíomhanna fíor-saoil i bhfad níos lú de réir mar a bhíonn truailleáin nua ag teacht chun cinn i gcónaí. Coinnigh i gcuimhne nach bhfuil aon riachtanas tionscail ann maidir leis na téarmaí "HEPA-chosúil" nó "cinn HEPA", agus úsáidtear iad go príomha mar shlí margaíochta chun tomhaltóirí a chur chun an táirge a cheannach.


ExploraGraph: A Flexible and Adaptive Interface to Support Distance Learning PROCEEDINGS
Aude Dufresne, University of Montreal, Canada ; Gilbert Paquette, LICEF Reasearch Center, Télé-université, Canada
World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, ISBN 978-1-880094-40-2 Publisher: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)
The ExploraGraph interface was designed to facilitate interaction in the context of distant learning. It was developed as an alternative to simple web interaction, in order to increase flexibility, visibility, and structure in the learning environment. It may be used as a front end to existing courses on the web. The ExploraGraph Navigator makes it possible to navigate through conceptual graphs with automatic arrangement of elements, zoom and "fish eye" effects. Each node of the graph may have a description attached to it and may give direct access to an application, a document or an Internet site. Graphic structures may thus be used to represent the organization of tools, activities, concepts or documents. The Navigator offers each user a tool to specify his goals and the system can support him, using multiple modalities: Hypertext, graphical cues (Lee & Lehman, 1993), Ms Agents avatars, voice, visual demonstrations and force feedback guiding.
Dufresne, A. & Paquette, G. (2000). ExploraGraph: A Flexible and Adaptive Interface to Support Distance Learning. In J. Bourdeau & R. Heller (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Media and Technology 2000 (pp. 304-309). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
© 2000 AACE

ExploraGraph: Idirlíon solúbtha agus oiriúnaithe chun tacú le PROCÉIDÍOL LEACHTAIR AR ARSÁIN
Aude Dufresne, Ollscoil Montreal, Ceanada; Gilbert Paquette, Ionad Taighde LICEF, Télé-université, Ceanada
Comhdháil Domhanda ar Mheán agus Teicneolaíocht Oideachais, ISBN 978-1-880094-40-2 Foilsitheoir: Cumann um Fheabhsú Ríomhaireachta san Oideachas (AACE)
Dearadh comhéadan ExploraGraph chun idirghníomhaíocht a éascú i gcomhthéacs na foghlama ar fad. Forbraíodh é mar rogha eile do idirghníomhaíocht simplí ar an ngréasán, d'fhonn solúbthacht, infheictheacht agus struchtúr a mhéadú san timpeallacht foghlama. Is féidir é a úsáid mar cheann tosaigh do chúrsaí atá ann cheana ar an ngréasán. Is féidir leis an ExploraGraph Navigator dul trí ghraf conceptúil le socrú uathoibríoch eilimintí, súim agus éifeachtaí "shúil éisc". Féadfaidh tuairisc a bheith ceangailte le gach nóid den ghraf agus féadfaidh sé rochtain dhíreach a thabhairt ar iarratas, ar dhoiciméad nó ar shuíomh Idirlín. Is féidir struchtúir ghrafacha a úsáid dá bhrí sin chun eagraíocht uirlisí, gníomhaíochtaí, coincheapa nó doiciméid a léiriú. Cuireann an Navigator uirlis ar fáil do gach úsáideoir chun a spriocanna a shonrú agus is féidir leis an gcóras tacú leis, ag baint úsáide as modhanna éagsúla: Hipirtéacs, leideanna grafacha (Lee & Lehman, 1993), avatars Ms Agents, guth, taispeántais amhairc agus treoir a thabhairt ar ais.
Dufresne, A. & Paquette, G. (2000). ExploraGraph: Idirlíon solúbtha agus oiriúnaithe chun tacú le foghlaim ar fad. I J. Bourdeau & R. Heller (Eds. ), Proceedings of the World Conference on Educational Media and Technology 2000 (pp. 304-309). Cumann chun Ríomh-Aoideachas a Chur chun Cinn san Oideachas (AACE).
© 2000 AACE


National Assessment Topic #2: Juggling
What is tested in Topic #2: Juggling
Juggling consists of 3 skill assessments, each 20 seconds in length. The first is Preferred Foot juggling: How many times in a row can you juggle, using only your preferred foot, in 20 seconds? Now try it with your Non-Preferred foot for the second juggling assessment. Last but not least, try it with your Head. No matter how good you are, it’s always a challenge to get just one more touch.
MLS Player Taylor Graham of the Seattle Sounders joins the National Standards Project!
Why do we test the Preferred and Non-Preferred foot separately?
When you’re juggling, every touch sets up the next. One bad touch makes the next one that much harder. Alternating feet or juggling with the thighs allows players to compensate for possible bad touches with good touches from their preferred foot. Isolating each foot
separately provides a more realistic assessment of their ability and encourages the player to focus on improving both of their feet.
Why do we limit the time for juggling?
Soccer is a game of doing simple things very quickly and accurately. Therefore, we wanted to create a test that challenged players to improve the speed and accuracy of their touches, not just the quantity. This forces players (like the boy in the video above) to have complete control over every touch, which is much more difficult than simply keeping the ball in the air for an hour.
Maintaining and improving a personal juggling record is definitely a great idea as well, however, juggling at pace, under pressure from time constraints, and isolating different surfaces, can really accelerate the rate of improvement for a young player.

Téama Measúnaithe Náisiúnta #2: Juggling
Cad a thástáiltear i dTeama #2: Juggling
Tá 3 mheasúnú scileanna ag an seangló, gach ceann 20 soicind ar fhad. An chéad cheann is ea an t-aistriú le do chosa is fearr: Cé mhéad uair as a chéile is féidir leat a aistriú, gan ach do chosa is fearr leat a úsáid, i 20 soicind? Anois déan iarracht é le do chos neamh-Is fearr le haghaidh an dara measúnú juggling. Deireanach ach ní ar a laghad, déan iarracht é le do cheann. Is cuma cé chomh maith is atá tú, is dúshlán i gcónaí é ach teagmháil amháin a fháil.
Tá an t-imreoir MLS Taylor Graham ó na Seattle Sounders ag dul isteach sa Tionscadal um Chaighdeáin Náisiúnta!
Cén fáth a ndéanaimid tástáil ar an gcosa is fearr agus neamh-is fearr ar leithligh?
Nuair a bhíonn tú ag juggling, gach teagmháil a shocraíonn an chéad cheann eile. Déanann an droch-ghlac amháin an ceann eile a dhéanamh i bhfad níos deacra. Ag malartú cosa nó ag juggling leis na sciatháin, tugtar deis do na himreoirí droch-ghlacadh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu a chúiteamh le maith-ghlacadh óna chosa is fearr leo. Gach cosa a leithligh
Tugann an t-amhrán seo measúnú níos réalaíocha ar a gcumas agus spreagann sé an t-imreoir díriú ar fheabhas a chur ar a dhá chos.
Cén fáth a bhfuil teorainn againn leis an am chun juggling?
Is cluiche é peile rudanna simplí a dhéanamh go han-tapa agus go cruinn. Dá bhrí sin, theastaigh uainn tástáil a chruthú a chuirfeadh dúshlán ar imreoirí luas agus cruinneas a dteagmháil a fheabhsú, ní hamháin an méid. Cuireann sé seo iallach ar imreoirí (cosúil leis an buachaill sa físeán thuas) rialú iomlán a bheith acu ar gach teagmháil, rud atá i bhfad níos deacra ná an liathróid a choinneáil san aer ar feadh uair an chloig.
Is smaoineamh iontach é taifead pearsanta juggling a chothabháil agus a fheabhsú freisin, áfach, is féidir le juggling ag luas, faoi bhrú ó shrianta ama, agus dromchlaí éagsúla a leithdháileadh, an ráta feabhsaithe a luathaithe i ndáiríre do imreoir óg.


The Short Signal Code, also known as the Short Signal Book (German: Kurzsignalbuch), was a short code system used by the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during World War II to minimize the transmission duration of messages.
The transmission of radio messages had the potential risks of revealing the submarine's presence and direction; if decoded the content was also revealed. Submarines need to provide information, mostly in standard form (position of convoy to attack and of submarine, weather information), to their bases. Initially Morse code transmissions could be used. To inhibit detection, the duration of messages needed to be minimised; for this, Kurzsignale short-coding was used. To prevent interception, messages needed to be encrypted by the Enigma machine. To shorten transmission even further, the message could be sent by a fast machine instead of a human radio operator. For example, the Kurier system – not implemented in time – decreased the time to send a Morse dot from around 50 milliseconds for a human to 1 millisecond.
The Kurzsignale code was intended to shorten transmission time to below the time required to get a directional fix. It was not primarily intended to hide signal contents; protection was intended to be achieved by encoding with the Enigma machine. A copy of the Kurzsignale code book was captured from German submarine U-110 on 9 May 1941. In August 1941, Dönitz began addressing U-boats by the names of their commanders, instead of boat numbers. The method of defining U-boat meeting points in the Short Signal Book was regarded as compromised, so a method was defined by B-Dienst cryptanalysts to disguise their positions on the Kriegsmarine German Naval Grid System (German:Gradnetzmeldeverfahren) was introduced and used until the end of the war
Aware of the danger presented by radio direction finding (RDF), the Kriegsmarine developed various systems to speed up broadcast. The Kurzsignale code system condensed messages into short codes consisting of short sequences for common terms such as "convoy location" so that additional descriptions would not be needed in the message. The resulting Kurzsignal was then encoded with the Enigma machine and subsequently transmitted as rapidly as possible, typically taking about 20 seconds. Typical length of an information or weather signal was about 25 characters.
Conventional RDF needed about a minute to fix the bearing of a radio signal, and the Kurzsignale protected against this. However, the huff-duff system which was in use by the Allies could cope with these short transmissions.
The fully automated burst transmission Kurier system, in testing from August 1944, could send a Kurzsignal in not more than 460 milliseconds; this was short enough to prevent location even by huff-duff and, if deployed, would have been a serious setback for Allied anti-submarine and code-breaking activities. By late 1944 the Kurier program was a top priority, but the war ended before the system was operational.
- Kahn, David (2012-01-01). Seizing the Enigma – The Race to Break the German U-Boat codes 1939–1943. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-59114-807-4.
- Rijmenants, Dirk. "Kurzsignale on German U-boats". Cipher Machines and Cryptology. Retrieved 2016-11-21 (The article gives full details and examples of Kurzsignale and Wetterkurzschlüssel encoding)
- Budiansky, Stephen (2000). Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York, NY: Free Press. pp. 341–343. ISBN 978-0-684-85932-3.
- Aircraft of World War II: thread August 19, 1942

Ba chód gearr comhartha é an Cód Comhartha Gearr, ar a dtugtar an Leabhar Comhartha Gearr (Gearmáinis), córas cód gearr a d'úsáid Kriegsmarine (Mharacht na Gearmáine) le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda chun fad tarchur teachtaireachtaí a íoslaghdú.
Bhí rioscaí féideartha ag tarchur teachtaireachtaí raidió a nochtadh láithreacht agus treo an fho-uisceinmne; má díchódódh an t-ábhar, nochtadh é freisin. Ní mór do bhroinn faoi uisce faisnéis a sholáthar, den chuid is mó i bhfoirm chaighdeánach (suíomh an chonair chun ionsaí a dhéanamh agus an bhroinn faoi uisce, faisnéis aimsire), dá mbunaíochtaí. Ar dtús d'fhéadfaí tarchur cód Morse a úsáid. Chun bac a chur ar bhrath, ba cheart fad na dteachtaireachtaí a íoslaghdú; chun seo, baineadh úsáid as códú gearr Kurzsignale. Chun cosc a chur ar interception, bhí gá le teachtaireachtaí a chriptiú ag an meaisín Enigma. Chun an tarchur a ghearrú níos mó, d'fhéadfadh meaisín tapa a bheith ag an teachtaireacht a sheoladh in ionad oibreoir raidió daonna. Mar shampla, laghdaigh an córas Kurier  nach gcuirtear i bhfeidhm in am  an t-am chun ponc Morse a sheoladh ó thart ar 50 milleaséacan do dhuine go dtí 1 milleaséacan.
Bhí sé i gceist leis an gcód Kurzsignale am aistrithe a ghearrú go dtí níos lú ná an t-am a theastódh chun socrú treo a fháil. Ní raibh sé i gceist go príomha ábhar comhartha a cheilt; bhí sé i gceist cosaint a bhaint amach trí chódú leis an meaisín Enigma. Glacadh cóip den leabhar cóid Kurzsignale as an mbád faoi uisce Gearmánach U-110 an 9 Bealtaine 1941. I mí Lúnasa 1941, thosaigh Dönitz ag tabhairt aghaidh ar U-bhotaí le hainmneacha a n-chumandóirí, in ionad uimhreacha báid. Meastar go raibh an modh chun pointí cruinniú U-bhota a shainiú sa Leabhar Comhartha Gearr comhréitithe, mar sin shainmhínigh criptanailísithe B-Dienst modh chun a gcuid seasamh a cheilt ar Chóras Grid Cabhlaigh na Gearmáine Kriegsmarine (German: Gradnetzmeldeverfahren) a tugadh isteach agus a úsáidtear go dtí deireadh an chogaidh
Ar an eolas faoin mbaol a bhí ag aimsiú treo raidió (RDF), d'fhorbair an Kriegsmarine córais éagsúla chun craoladh a luathachadh. D'aontaigh córas cód Kurzsignale teachtaireachtaí i gcódanna gearr ina raibh seicheamh gearr le haghaidh téarmaí coitianta mar "suíomh coimhthíocha" ionas nach mbeadh gá le tuairiscí breise sa teachtaireacht. An Kurzsignal a tháinig as a chéile a bhí ansin códaithe leis an meaisín Enigma agus ina dhiaidh sin a tharchur chomh tapa agus is féidir, ag glacadh de ghnáth thart ar 20 soicind. Ba é fad tipiciúil faisnéise nó comhartha aimsire thart ar 25 carachtar.
Bhí thart ar nóiméad ag teastáil ó RDF traidisiúnta chun luí comhartha raidió a shocrú, agus bhí an Kurzsignale cosanta ina choinne sin. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh an córas huff-duff a bhí á úsáid ag na Comhghuaillithe déileáil leis na tarchuranna gearr seo.
D'fhéadfadh an córas tarchuir chraobh go hiomlán uathoibrithe, i dtástáil ó Lúnasa 1944, Kurzsignal a sheoladh i níos mó ná 460 milleaséacan; bhí sé seo gearr go leor chun suíomh a chosc fiú le huff-duff agus, dá dtionsclófaí é, bheadh sé ina dhroch-bhualadh do ghníomhaíochtaí frith-submarine agus cód-briseadh na gComhghuaillithe. Faoi dheireadh 1944 bhí an clár Kurier mar phríomhthosaíocht, ach chríochnaigh an cogadh sula raibh an córas in úsáid.
- Kahn, David (2012-01-01). Ag glacadh leis an Enigma  An Rás chun na cóid U-Boat Gearmánach a bhriseadh 19391943. Annapolis: Foilseachán Institiúid Naval. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-59114-807-4.
- Riamháin, Dirk. "Kurzsignale ar U-bhotaí Gearmánach". Meaisíní Ciphire agus Criptolaíocht. Ar aisghabháil 2016-11-21 (Cuireann an t-alt sonraí iomlána agus samplaí de chódú Kurzsignale agus Wetterkurzschlüssel)
- Budiansky, Stephen (2000). Cath Wits: An Scéal Comhlán de Codebreaking sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Nua Eabhrac, NY: Saor in Aisce. pp. 341343. ISBN 978-0-684-85932-3.
- Aerárthaí den Dara Cogadh Domhanda: snámh 19 Lúnasa, 1942