of Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar laid for 2nd time.
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia laid the foundation stone of Sri Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar, for the second time.
In 1755, Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India for the fourth time. After looting Mathura, Bindraban, Agra, and Delhi, he brought back jewelry, gold and thousands of young Hindu men and women. In order to liberate the enslaved hindus, Baba Deep Singh and his associates attacked Durani near Peepli and Markanda (now in Haryana). The infuriated Abdali, made his son, Tamur Shah, as the subaedar of Punjab and Jahan Khan as his General. He ordered them to kill all Sikhs and demolish Darbar Sahib, Amritsar. Following orders, Jahan Khan went to Amritsar with heavy artillery. Baba Gurbaksh Singh along with 30 other Sikhs fought back, but unfortunately, Jahan Khan demolished Darbar Sahib, its surrounding buildings and filled the sarovar with garbage.
When Baba Deep Singh got hold of this disheartening news, he challenged the whole Sikh community to get revenge. Sikhs from all over started gathering at Damdama Sahib. Baba ji drew a line with his Khanda (double edged sword) and wanted only those, who were willing to sacrifice their lives, to cross the line and join him. About 500 Sikhs crossed the line and Baba Deep Singh lead them towards Amritsar. On the way many more Sikhs joined in making about 5000 Sikhs near Tarntaran. When Jahan Khan heard this, he reached Amritsar with an army of 20,000. The both sides clashed, 5 miles outside Amritsar. Sikhs were fighting with great enthusiasm. Dayal Singh killed Jahan Khan and Sikhs started moving towards Amritsar. In the mean time, another Mughal general, Atai Khan, reached with more force. There was yet another clash. A mughal commander attacked Baba ji with full force. Baba Deep Singh killed him immediately, but got badly injured in the process. His severed head came off to one side. A Sikh challenged Baba Deep Singh, "Baba ji, you promised to die at Harmindar Sahib." Baba Deep Singh with remaining energy held his head with one hand and started used Khanda with other hand. Finally, he reached Darbar Sahib, Amritsar and fulfilled his promise at the bank of Sarovar. Sikhs under the leadership of Baba Deep Singh took the revenge and liberated Harmindar Sahib. Subsequently, Darbar Sahib was reconstructed in a few years, through the diligent efforts of DeesRaj. The foundation stone of the re-constructed structure was laid by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
==> SRI DARBAR SAHIB also known as Harminder Sahib and Golden Temple was constructed by Guru Arjun in the middle of an sacred water tank (sarowar).
In sunmat 1621, with Guru Amar Das's permission, Guru Ram Das started the digging of a tank (Taal) near villages Tugh, Gumtala, and Sultanwind. This digging was completed by Guru Arjun Dev in sunmat 1645 and named "Santoksar".
Simultaneously, with Guru Amar Das's permission, a village was established nearby and named "Guru Ka Chaak". Guru Sahib's residence in this village were popularly known as "Guru Kae Mahal". To the west of these residences, next to the tree known as "DukhBhanjani Baeri", the digging of a tank was started in 1634. However, this digging remained incomplete and was eventually completed by Guru Arjun Dev after he ascended to the Gur Gadhi. Guru Arjun Dev vigorously pushed all of the projects initiated by Guru Ram Das. He invited business people, scholars, and skilled people from all over, to come and settle around this area and establish new markets. As a result this area came to known as "Ramdas Pur". Bhai Sallo is especially noted for his hard work in establishing and populating this area. His contributions are extremely noteworthy.
In sunmat 1643, the construction of permanent sarowar began and its name changed to "Amritsar". As a result the surrounding city also adopted the "Amritsar" name. On magh 1, sunmat 1645, Guru Arjun Dev Patshah asked Sain Mian Meer to lay the foundation stone of Harminder Sahib. The foundation stone was laid right in the middle of the sarowar and upon completion of its construction, Sri Guru Granth Sahib's prakash was established in sunmat 1661.
Harminder Sahib is the most prominent among all Sikh Gurudwaras, where Akhand Kirtan is performed for most of the day. The Vaisakhi Maela celebrations in Harminder Sahib were established by Guru Arjun Dev, while the Diwali Maela celebrations were instituted by Baba Budha Ji, immediately upon the release and safe return of Guru Hargobind from the Gawalior fort.
In Sunmat 1818, Ahmad Shah Abdali blew up the Harminder Sahib with explosives and leveled the sarowar. However, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia once again laid the foundation stone on 11 Vaishakh, sunmat 1821. And through Dees Raj's diligent efforts Harminder Sahib was reconstructed in a few years. Abdali, on three occasions, 1757, 1761, and 1762 pulled down Harimandir Sahib and defiled the sacred tank by caracases of cows. The Sikhs for the first time in 1757 defeated Afghan forces at the battle of Amritsar. The following year, they captured retreating Afghan forces and made them clean Harimandir and the sacred tank.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh took control of Amritsar in sunmat 1859 and decorated Harminder sahib with white marble and gold. Additionally during 1805-9, "Ram Bagh" was developed in remembrance of Guru Ram Das and "GobindGadh Fort" was established in remembrance of Guru Gobind Singh. Khalsa College was established by the Panth in 1892.
-Ref. Mahan Kosh (pp. 267)
For further details
on Harminder Sahib, interested readers are referred to the following:
==> Sardar JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA was born in 1718. He was son of Ahluwalia resident Bader Singh. His close association with Nawab Kapur Singh influenced him in service of GurPanth. Raja Amir Singh of Patiala was introduced to amrit by him. He was a great General of the Khalsa forces during the 18th century and was called "Sultan-ul-Quom", king of the nation, his heroic deeds and qualities of leadership. He killed Hakim Salabat Khan of Amritsar, in 1748, and captured the surrounding region. In 1789, he helped Diwan KodhaMal in removing Shahan Wadh from Multan. In 1753, he defeated Hakim Adinabaegh and conquered Fataibad. He won the successful release of enslaved Hindu men and women from Ahmad Shah Durani. As a result he came to be popularly known as "BandiShoadh" (liberator). He bravely fought in Wada Ghulughara" (the big holocaust). Even after receiving 22 grave bounds, he kept fighting. He was head as well as the life of the Ahluwalia Misl. In 1774, he captured Kapurthala state, established his capital there, and issues coins under our Gurus name. He was extremely popular among our Panth. He dies in 1783 in Amritsar. A monument in his memory was erected near Baba Atal, in Amritsar.
-Ref. Mahan Kosh
|1923||First attempt is made by the Babbars to murder Lambardars and Chaukidars of Pindori Nijjaran.|
|1944||Harbans Singh babbar of Sirhala was sent to the scaffold.|
|1947||Patel announced the formation of Sikhstan after independence.|
|1984||Sikhs attacked during Harbans Lal Khan's funeral procession. Central Reserve Police of India killed 8 Sikhs.|

Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar a leagadh don dara huair.
Chuir Jassa Singh Ahluwalia cloch bhunús Sri Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar, don dara huair.
Sa bhliain 1755, thug Ahmad Shah Abdali ionsaí ar an India den cheathrú huair. Tar éis dó Mathura, Bindraban, Agra, agus Delhi a phléasc, thug sé seodra, ór agus na mílte fear agus bean óg Hindú ar ais. D'fhonn na hindeas a bhí faoi sclábhaíocht a shaoradh, rinne Baba Deep Singh agus a chomhghleacaithe ionsaí ar Durani in aice le Peepli agus Markanda (i Haryana anois). Rinne an Abdali infuriated, a mhac, Tamur Shah, mar subaedar na Punjab agus Jahan Khan mar a Ghinearál. D'ordaigh sé dóibh gach Sikh a mharú agus Darbar Sahib, Amritsar a scriosadh. Ag leanúint orduithe, chuaigh Jahan Khan go Amritsar le artilléar trom. Throid Baba Gurbaksh Singh chomh maith le 30 Sikh eile, ach ar an drochuair, scrios Jahan Khan Darbar Sahib, a foirgnimh timpeall agus líonadh an sarovar le dramhaíl.
Nuair a fuair Baba Deep Singh an nuacht díomá seo, chuir sé dúshlán ar phobal Sikh ar fad chun díoltas a fháil. Thosaigh Sikhs ó gach cearn den domhan ag bailiú ag Damdama Sahib. Bhain Baba ji líne leis a Khanda (saoradh dhá thaobh) agus theastaigh uaidh ach iad siúd, a bhí sásta a saol a íobairt, an líne a thrasnú agus a bheith páirteach leis. Chuaigh thart ar 500 Sikh trasna na líne agus thug Baba Deep Singh iad i dtreo Amritsar. Ar an mbealach chuaigh go leor Sikhs eile isteach chun thart ar 5000 Sikh a dhéanamh in aice le Tarntaran. Nuair a chuala Jahan Khan é seo, shroich sé Amritsar le hearmáid de 20,000. Chuaigh an dá thaobh i ngleic, 5 míle lasmuigh de Amritsar. Bhí Sikhs ag troid le díograis mhór. D'imir Dayal Singh Jahan Khan agus thosaigh na Siúcra ag bogadh i dtreo Amritsar. Idir an dá linn, tháinig ginearál Mughal eile, Atai Khan, le níos mó fórsa. Bhí clash eile. Thug ceannasaí Mughal ionsaí ar Baba ji le neart iomlán. Bhásaigh Baba Deep Singh é láithreach, ach gortaíodh go dona é sa phróiseas. Tháinig a cheann scoite amach ar thaobh amháin. D'fhéach Sikh ar Baba Deep Singh, "Baba ji, gheall tú go bhfaighidh tú bás ag Harmindar Sahib". Bhain Baba Deep Singh le fuinneamh atá fágtha a cheann le lámh amháin agus thosaigh sé ag úsáid Khanda leis an lámh eile. Faoi dheireadh, shroich sé Darbar Sahib, Amritsar agus chomhlíon sé a ghealladh ag cósta Sarovar. Ghlac Sikhs faoi cheannaireacht Baba Deep Singh an díoltas agus scaoileadh Harmindar Sahib. Ina dhiaidh sin, atógadh Darbar Sahib i gceann cúpla bliain, trí iarrachtaí díograiseacha DeesRaj. Chuir Jassa Singh Ahluwalia cloch bhunúsach an struchtúir athchóirithe.
==> SRI DARBAR SAHIB ar a dtugtar Harminder Sahib agus Golden Temple a thóg Guru Arjun i lár tanca uisce naofa (sarowar).
I sunmat 1621, le cead Guru Amar Das, thosaigh Guru Ram Das ag tochailt tanc (Taal) in aice le sráidbhailte Tugh, Gumtala, agus Sultanwind. Chuir Guru Arjun Dev an tochailt seo i gcrích i sunmat 1645 agus ainmníodh é "Santoksar".
Ag an am céanna, le cead Guru Amar Das, bunaíodh sráidbhaile in aice láimhe agus ainmníodh é "Guru Ka Chaak". Bhí cónaí ar Guru Sahib sa sráidbhaile seo ar a dtugtar "Guru Kae Mahal". I ndeisceart na gcónaithe seo, in aice leis an gcrann ar a dtugtar "DukhBhanjani Baeri", thosaigh an tobac a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear. Mar sin féin, d'fhan an tochailt seo neamhiomlán agus chríochnaigh Guru Arjun Dev é sa deireadh tar éis dó dul suas go Gur Gadhi. Chuir Guru Arjun Dev go láidir na tionscadail go léir a chuir Guru Ram Das i mbun. Thug sé cuireadh do lucht gnó, do scoláirí, agus do dhaoine sgileacha ó gach cearn den domhan teacht agus socrú timpeall na háite seo agus margaí nua a bhunú. Mar thoradh air sin tháinig an limistéar seo ar a dtugtar "Ramdas Pur". Tá Bhai Sallo ar eolas go háirithe as a chuid oibre crua chun an limistéar seo a bhunú agus a phobalú. Tá a chuid ranníocaíochtaí thar a bheith suntasach.
Sa bhliain 1643, thosaigh tógáil sarowar buan agus d'athraigh a ainm go "Amritsar". Mar thoradh air sin ghlac an chathair timpeall air an t-ainm "Amritsar" freisin. Ar magh 1, sunmat 1645, d'iarr Guru Arjun Dev Patshah ar Sain Mian Meer cloch bhunúsach Harminder Sahib a leagan. Cuireadh an cloch bhunaidh i lár an sarowar agus ar chríochnú a thógála, bunaíodh prakash Sri Guru Granth Sahib i sunmat 1661.
Is é Harminder Sahib an ceann is suntasaí i measc na Sikh gurudwaras go léir, áit a ndéantar Akhand Kirtan don chuid is mó den lá. Bunaíodh ceiliúradh Vaisakhi Maela i Harminder Sahib ag Guru Arjun Dev, agus bunaíodh ceiliúradh Diwali Maela ag Baba Budha Ji, díreach tar éis scaoileadh agus filleadh slán Guru Hargobind ó fhort Gawalior.
I Sunmat 1818, chuir Ahmad Shah Abdali an Harminder Sahib le pléascóirí agus rinne sé an sarowar a phlé. Mar sin féin, leag Jassa Singh Ahluwalia an cloch bhunaidh arís ar 11 Vaishakh, sunmat 1821. Agus trí iarrachtaí díograiseacha Dees Raj, atógadh Harminder Sahib i gceann cúpla bliain. Tharraing Abdali, trí huaire, 1757, 1761 agus 1762, Harimandir Sahib agus chuir sé carcases na n-aimhreacha ar an tanc naofa. An Sikhs don chéad uair i 1757 defeated Afganach fórsaí ag an cath de Amritsar. An bhliain dar gcionn, ghlac siad fórsaí Afganastanach a bhí ag éirí as agus chuir siad ar an Harimandir agus an tanc naofa a ghlanadh.
Ghlac Maharaja Ranjit Singh smacht ar Amritsar i sunmat 1859 agus rinne sé Harminder sahib a mhaisiú le marmair bán agus ór. Ina theannta sin, le linn 1805-9, forbraíodh "Ram Bagh" i gcuimhne ar Guru Ram Das agus bunaíodh "GobindGadh Fort" i gcuimhne ar Guru Gobind Singh. Bunaíodh Coláiste Khalsa ag an Panth i 1892.
-Ref. Mahan Kosh (pp. 267)
Le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí
ar Harminder Sahib, tugtar an méid seo a leanas chuig léitheoirí leasmhara:
==> Rugadh Sardar JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA i 1718. Bhí sé ina mhac ar Bader Singh, cónaitheoir Ahluwalia. Bhí tionchar ag a dlúthchaidreamh le Nawab Kapur Singh air i seirbhís GurPanth. Thug sé aithne ar Amrit do Raja Amir Singh de Patiala. Bhí sé ina Ghinearál mór de na fórsaí Khalsa le linn an 18ú haois agus ar a dtugtar "Sultan-ul-Quom", rí na náisiúin, a chuid gníomhartha laochra agus cáilíochtaí ceannaireachta. D'imir sé Hakim Salabat Khan d'Amritsar, i 1748, agus ghlac sé an réigiún timpeall air. Sa bhliain 1789, chabhraigh sé le Diwan KodhaMal Shahan Wadh a bhaint as Multan. Sa bhliain 1753, bhuail sé Hakim Adinabaegh agus bhuaigh sé Fataibad. Bhuaigh sé scaoileadh rathúil fir agus mná Hindu sclábhaithe ó Ahmad Shah Durani. Mar thoradh air sin, tháinig sé ar a dtugtar go coitianta mar "BandiShoadh" (saoróir). Throid sé go cróga i Wada Ghulughara" (an holocaust mór). Fiú tar éis dó 22 teorainn uafásach a fháil, lean sé ag troid. Bhí sé ina cheann chomh maith le saol an Ahluwalia Misl. Sa bhliain 1774, ghlac sé stát Kapurthala, bhunaigh sé a phríomhchathair ann, agus eisíonn sé monaí faoin ainm ar ár Gúrú. Bhí sé an-tóir i measc ár Panth. Fuair sé bás i 1783 in Amritsar. Tógadh sé séadchomhartha ina chuimhne in aice le Baba Atal, in Amritsar.
-Ref. Mahan Kosh
♬1923 ♬ chéad iarracht a dhéanamh ag an Babbars a mharú Lambardars agus Chaukidars de Pindori Nijjaran. ♬
♬1944 Saidhbhín Harbans Singh babbar de Sirhala a sheoladh chuig an scaffold.
1947
♬1984ShaidlesSikhs ionsaí le linn Harbans Lal Khan's procession sochraide. D'éirigh le póilíní Cúlchiste Lárnach na hIndia 8 Sikhs a mharú.


The new database, a joint venture with the Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society, takes that endeavor into the 21st century, with multispectral and high-definition images and an internet search engine.
Source: NY Times
Israel's National Library launched an online database on Wednesday aggregating tens of thousands of digitized Jewish manuscripts belonging to collections from across the globe. Scholars and laypersons can access almost half of the known handwritten Jewish texts from Spain to Afghanistan, which have been digitized and catalogued online. In some cases, parts of a manuscript that have been long divided between collections will be reunited __ digitally __ for the first time in centuries. The archive contains nearly 4.5 million images from 45,000 manuscripts — slightly more than half of all known volumes. They include prayer books, biblical texts and commentary, philosophy, literature and scientific writings, in Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic and more.
The database, called Ktiv, Hebrew for "written word," is the culmination of a project conceived by Israel's founding prime minister David Ben Gurion. In 1950, Ben Gurion launched the initiative of ingathering Jewish texts scattered in libraries and collections around the world and bringing them to the fledgling state in the form of microfilms.
The National Library partnered with some of the world's largest collections of Jewish manuscripts, including the British Library, Parma's Palatina Library and the Vatican Library, in an effort to bring all the known texts under one digital roof.
The library is also working to make the texts within the manuscripts searchable to users online.

Tógann an bunachar sonraí nua, comhfhiontar le Cumann Fhorlíonta Giúdach Friedberg, an iarracht sin isteach sa 21ú haois, le híomhánna il-spéictrála agus ard-mhínithe agus inneall cuardaigh idirlín.
Foinse: NY Times
Seoladh bunachar sonraí ar líne ag Leabharlann Náisiúnta Iosrael Dé Céadaoin ag comhtháthú na mílte lámhscríbhinn Giúdach digiteach a bhaineann le bailiúcháin ó gach cearn den domhan. Is féidir le scoláirí agus le daoine neamhspleácha rochtain a fháil ar beagnach leath de na téacsanna Giúdacha lámhscríofa a bhfuil aithne orthu ó Spáinn go hAfganastáin, a dhigitíodh agus a chatalóigíodh ar líne. I gcásanna áirithe, cuirfear páirteanna de lámhscríbhinn a bhí roinnte idir bailiúcháin le fada le chéile arís __ go digiteach __ den chéad uair le céadta bliain. Tá beagnach 4.5 milliún íomhá ó 45,000 lámhscríbhinn sa chartlann - beagán níos mó ná leath de na méideanna uile atá ar eolas. I measc na n-eolais seo tá leabhair urnaí, téacsanna agus míniúcháin bíobla, fealsúnacht, litríocht agus scríbhinní eolaíocha, i nGaeilge, i nGaeilge, i nGaeilge Laidin, i nGaeilge Giúdaigh-Arabach agus níos mó.
Is é an bunachar sonraí, ar a dtugtar Ktiv, Hebraice le haghaidh "fhocal scríofa", an t-ardú ar thionscadal a cheap príomh-aire bunaitheoir Iosrael David Ben Gurion. I 1950, sheol Ben Gurion an tionscnamh téacsanna Giúdach a bhailiú a scaiptear i leabharlanna agus bailiúcháin ar fud an domhain agus iad a thabhairt chuig an stát nua i bhfoirm micreafilm.
D'oibrigh an Leabharlann Náisiúnta i gcomhpháirtíocht le cuid de na bailiúcháin is mó ar domhan de lámhscríbhinní Giúdach, lena n-áirítear Leabharlann na Breataine, Leabharlann Palatina Parma agus Leabharlann na Vataine, i iarracht na téacsanna ar fad a aithnítear a thabhairt faoi dhíon digiteach amháin.
Tá an leabharlann ag obair freisin chun na téacsanna laistigh de na lámhscríbhinní a chur ar fáil d'úsáideoirí ar líne.


By Ariella Cohen, The Lens staff writer |
The accidents unfold with eerie similarity: an unexpected explosion, a stubborn blaze, workers coughing and rubbing damaged eyes, a thick, ash-colored cloud of toxins racing away from the burning refinery.
On July 19, 2009, when a refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas, lit up, a worker was critically hurt and the fire burned for two days. On Nov. 24, 1987, an explosion at an ExxonMobil refinery in Torrance, Calif., shot a fireball 1,500 feet into the air, blasted the windows out of nearby houses and generated allegations of broken eardrums, back pain and lung damage.
The common denominator in both explosions was a toxic chemical many Louisiana residents have never heard of, though more than 3.7 million people across the state are at risk if a similar explosion happens here, according to company filings submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Hydrofluoric acid is a chemical catalyst known for its power to etch glass, as well as its extreme toxicity. Equally distinctive: its ability to move across long distances in a potent chemical cloud. While historically used in many industrial processes, the acid’s highest-volume consumers today in the United States are oil refineries that use it to make high-octane gasoline.
Exposure to hydrofluoric acid fumes causes lung congestion and severe burns of the eyes, skin and digestive tract. It corrodes bones. Extreme exposure has caused fatal lung failures. Experiments in 1986 showed that the acid compound, commonly known as HF, can be lethal almost 2 miles from the point of release, and cause sickness almost 5 miles away.
Despite this capacity for harm – and despite the availability of a safer alternative that is used in half of the nation’s refineries that do such work – 50 of the nation’s 148 oil producing facilities continue to rely on the lethal compound, five of them in Louisiana, and three of those in the New Orleans area.
The Louisiana refineries are:
- Chalmette Refining in Chalmette
- ConocoPhillips Alliance in Belle Chasse
- Marathon Petroleum in Garyville
- Murphy Oil in Meraux
- Placid Refinery in Port Allen
Only Texas, with 10 refineries that use hydrofluoric acid, has more of the toxin within its state borders. Elsewhere, refineries and other industries that could use hydrofluoric acid have turned to alternatives, chiefly sulfuric acid, which is used by more than half of them, and a modified HF that was developed by ExxonMobil in the 1990s, in response to safety concerns. Modified HF is now used in 10 refineries across the country, none of them in Louisiana. These alternative catalysts don’t race across the landscape in ways comparable to HF when used in the concentrations required by the oil industry. And because these chemicals aren’t as easily spread, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security doesn’t consider them to be as high a security risk as unmodified HF, a federal registry of chemical threats show.
New facilities can also rely on solid acid catalysts, a material that does not create a toxic cloud if released, though no companies have made the switch to the newly developed technology, said Paul Orum, a chemical safety consultant who works with public-interest groups.
“They are invested in the technology they have, and it would cost money to convert,” he said.
Industry lobbyists have said a switch would be too expensive. They estimate the cost of switching from HF to one of the alternatives to be somewhere between $50 million and $150 million per refinery. For comparison’s sake, ExxonMobil alone reported profits of $9 billion in the fourth-quarter of 2010.
A recent spate of refinery equipment breakdowns, fires and safety violations has heightened concern nationwide. Over the past five years, authorities have cited 30 of the 50 refineries using HF for willful, serious or repeat violations of federal rules designed to prevent fires, explosions and chemical releases, according to data from the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The data was analyzed in a joint investigation by The Lens, the Center for Public Integrity, a non-profit investigative newsroom based in Washington, D.C., and ABC News.
Among the violators, ExxonMobil’s St. Bernard Parish refinery, Chalmette Refining stands out for its long list of safety violations. Since May of 2009, the facility on West St. Bernard Highway has racked up 16 serious violations totaling $27,750 in penalties, OSHA records show. Several of the violations specify safety hazards in the unit of the refinery where the company stores the 620,000 pounds of hydrofluoric acid.
Twice in the past five years, the toxic chemical has escaped from the refinery in accidents, Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality records compiled by the Louisiana Bucket Brigade show. In both instances, the releases were contained and no serious damages were reported, despite the sizeable release of 3,357 pounds. If the releases had been larger, up to a million people could have been injured, according to the worst-case scenario documents that the company is required to submit to the federal Environmental Protection Agency.
“The community has been fortunate,” the Bucket Brigade’s founding director Anne Rolfes said. “But it’s very much like the BP oil spill: You can be relaxed about a threat until something terrible happens.”
The industry minimizes the risks of HF, saying it has adequate safeguards in place and that the chances of a catastrophic accident at any one refinery are slim. All five Louisiana refineries declined to comment for this story, referring all questions to the National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, in Washington, DC. The lobbying group declined to speak to The Lens, but in an interview with the Center for Public Integrity and ABC News, the association’s president, Charles Drevna, said that the industry has never released HF in a way that “impacted” communities. “We’ve controlled [releases],” he said.
ExxonMobil owns Chalmette Refining as well as a larger refinery in Baton Rouge, and the Torrance Refinery in California where HF escaped in the 1987 blaze. Of the three, Chalmette is the only one where hydrofluoric acid is still used. When asked why the multinational giant has not switched to a safer alternative in Chalmette, company spokesman Kevin Allexon declined to comment. “These are industry issues and not ExxonMobil-specific issues,” he said. On the website of the Torrance Refinery, the company touts its introduction of modified HF as a change to make facility operations “safer for workers and the community.”
Chronic disregard for safety
On Sept. 6, 2010, thousands of people from Chalmette Vista to New Orleans’ Lower 9th Ward woke up to find their world coated in a mysterious white dust. The fine powder covered lawns and trees, houses and cars, giving the odd appearance that snowfall had interrupted the balmy Louisiana autumn.
Many in St. Bernard assumed that the chemical dusting, like the sulfurous odors that occasionally wash over the parish, came from the refineries. Beyond that, no one knew exactly what the dust was, or what it would do to their lungs.
“I was concerned and I think everyone was,” St. Bernard Parish Council Member-at-large Wayne Landry recently recalled. “When you don’t know what’s going on, you don’t know what’s in the air you are breathing in, you are concerned.”
Within hours of the accidental release, Chalmette Refining issued a statement telling the public that the powder was a material called spent catalyst that had been released during a power outage at the refinery. It was not hazardous and could be safely washed off, state officials and ExxonMobil spokesman Will Hinson assured worried residents. Yet when people asked for a list of chemicals in the material that had blanketed their communities, Hinson said he did not know. The company initially reported that one ton of the catalyst, which the Environmental Protection Agency classifies as a hazardous waste but not an extremely hazardous substance, had been released. Later, ExxonMobil reported that the actual release totaled 19 tons. In the months since, civilians have filed lawsuits against the company, alleging the dust harmed them and their children.
Meanwhile, a Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality investigation has not yet determined whether the company will be penalized for the accident, though the agency’s preliminary findings report that it released two chemicals classified by the federal government as “extremely hazardous,” along with the less toxic spent catalyst. Any penalties levied would be subject to challenges from the company before any final settlement is reached, agency spokeswoman Jean Kelly said. Parish officials say there is nothing more to be done now that the dust is gone.
A look at Chalmette Refining’s violation history reveals patterns of disregarded safety precautions and lax enforcement. In the past two years, OSHA downgraded all 17 penalties against the refinery, informally settling with ExxonMobil and collecting fewer dollars in fines with each downgrade.
Alarmingly, the bulk of the violations were recorded in areas of the refinery reserved for the processing of hydrofluoric acid and other toxins deemed dangerous enough by both the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the EPA to require risk-management plans.
In September of 2009, for instance, OSHA imposed a $2,000 penalty for the refinery’s failure to provide “safe access” to the emergency fire-water pump in the alkylation unit, where hydrofluoric acid is used as a catalyst. The fire-water pump is the first defense available to refinery workers in the case of a spill or explosion. The refinery settled the issue with OSHA in January 2010, paying a $1,500 penalty. Another violation pointed to hazardous conditions on work platforms adjacent to the HF alkylation unit. Still another penalized the company for failing to provide safety equipment next to the HF unit.
“Where employees were exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body were not provided within the work area for immediate emergency use,” an OSHA inspector wrote.
OSHA inspectors also found in 2009 that the refinery was not adequately maintaining and inspecting its equipment.
“The frequency of inspections and tests of process equipment to maintain its mechanical integrity, was not consistent with applicable manufacturers’ recommendations and good engineering practices,” an inspector wrote. In this case too, the refinery ended up negotiating a reduction in the penalty, from an initial fine of $7,000 to a $5,250 settlement.
Around the same time, OSHA cited the refinery for a long-term failure to correct serious safety violations in its hydrocracker unit, where workers handle hydrogen and other extremely volatile chemicals. The hazards were first observed in 2003 and then in 2009.
“This exposed employees to fire, explosion, and respiratory hazards,” an OSHA inspector wrote in November 2009. The inspector also noted the “possibility of losing containment” of hydrogen “a very explosive and flammable gas,” and hydrogen sulfide, “an extremely toxic gas.”
The warning was prescient. Less than a year later, a contract worker at the refinery, Gregory Starkey, 33, died while repairing a pipe leaking hydrogen sulfide gas. The pipe had been broken for two weeks before Starkey’s death, company reports show.
In January 2010, the violation was settled with the refinery paying $5,250, a downgrade from the initial $7,000 penalty.
Residents say the record of lax enforcement illustrates the challenge they face in pushing area refineries to be more accountable to the community members and to make changes, such as switching to modified HF.
“Often times when a resident approaches a local official about a routine code compliance issue involving the refineries, they will just say, ‘Oh, but that is a refinery,’ like we should just expect codes to be violated. It is a non-response,” Chalmette resident Suzanne Kneale said, adding that she recalls instances in which homeowners succeeded in filing insurance claims against a refinery for damaging a house with machine vibration before the local government even acknowledged the refinery was in violation of the zoning code.
Recently, some of Kneale’s neighbors, members of a St. Bernard group called Concerned Citizens Around Murphy, won a victory against Murphy Oil USA in federal court, successfully charging that the company had released more chemicals than allowed from its Meraux plant. In penance for its violations of the federal Clean Air Act, U.S. District Judge Sarah Vance signed off on a consent decree earlier this month ordering the refinery to pay $1.25 million in civil penalties, invest more than $142 million in new equipment to reduce future pollution and spend at least $1.5 million on environmental projects statewide. Yet even with that legal victory behind them, Kneale doesn’t think residents have much leverage when it comes to getting refineries to switch to modified HF.
“If there was an alternative these refineries could use, we would prefer they use it,” she said. “But how can you sue for an alternative when HF is allowed under the current regulations?”
Before Hurricane Katrina, Chalmette Refining stood within three miles of twenty schools, two hospitals, and six retirement communities. The steep population loss since the storm means not all those facilities are back in operation, but a number have reopened, including two public schools within a two-mile radius of the refinery.
“We are not asking them to shut down the industry,” she said. “We just want them to make the industry comply with regulations that provide for health and safety.”
In the case of HF, federal agencies and the state Department of Environmental Quality regulate its use with permits and safety requirements. With more than 10,000 sites under its watch, the agency typically inspect sites just once a year, though inspectors will return if incidents occur or inspectors observe a need, said Chris Piehler, administrator of the inspection division. He said that while the agency would prefer that industry use the least noxious chemicals possible, it is not within DEQ’s mandate to force companies to use safer materials, as long as all materials being used are legal.
“We reduce or minimize the release of any pollutant whether it is HF or some safer ingredient,” Piehler said.
Like Drevna from the National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, he pointed out there had yet to be a major release of HF in Louisiana.
St. Bernard Parish officials have a similar view of the limits of their power.
“These refineries are basically big time bombs that could explode if you are not careful,” Councilman Landry said. “If there are alternative materials to use that are safer, I would obviously be in support of that, but ultimately, I don’t know what say the council has. As long as they are within EPA limits, government can’t tell business which chemicals to use. Those are business decisions they have to make on their own.” If government and the industry viewed serious accidents as more likely, it would take dangerous materials more seriously, said Orum, the chemical safety consultant who works with public-interest groups.
“These are low-probability, high-consequence events, which is why any individual company is not, by itself, motivated to make potentially expensive changes to a safer technology,” Orum said. He too likens the HF risk to the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe: “The BP oil spill [in the Gulf of Mexico] showed us that worst-case releases actually do happen.” In Torrance, ExxonMobil stopped using HF only after a series of chemical explosions in the late 1980s, including a 17-hour fire in the alkylation unit that killed one worker, injured 12 other people and caused $17 million in damages. While the acid itself was not a direct cause of any of the casualties, the collateral damage inspired local government officials to give refinery operations a closer look.
In 1989, the city of Torrance sued ExxonMobil, then known simply as Mobil, asking the courts to declare the refinery a public nuisance and let the city regulate it. Before the case went to trial, Torrance stopped its suit in exchange for Mobil’s agreement to a consent decree that required the company to modify or phase out hydrofluoric acid and pay for the appointment of a safety adviser to monitor compliance. Torrance area activists say other communities shouldn’t wait to lose lives before demanding companies operate more safely.
“It’s night and day after something happens,” said Yuki Kidokoro, southern California program director of Communities for a Better Environment. “It shouldn’t have to be that way.”
After 50 years living seven miles from both Chalmette Refining and Murphy Oil, Joy Lewis gave no more thought to smokestacks exhaling thick puffs of white-gray smoke than to leaves blowing in the wind. Then her daughter died of bone cancer at age 41. She and her husband, John Lewis, grocers by trade, began to pay attention to stack smoke and the sulfurous odors that wafted from the refineries. They spoke to their neighbors and realized their daughter was not the only victim of bone and blood cancers, types of malignancy often linked to air pollution. The couple, who had never before been environmental activists, started to get involved with the Bucket Brigade, testing the air around their home and eventually participating in a lawsuit that forced Chalmette Refining to pay state penalties for air pollution.
Lewis and her husband say they wish the refineries would take more responsibility for the risks borne by the community.
“It’s not that we want to close the refineries,” she said. “There’s no way little people like us could do it, but they make enough money that they could change things, make it a little safer for the community.”
An easy first step would be replacing dangerous HF with the modified version used in Torrance, they say.
“I just don’t trust their ability to be safe,” John Lewis said. “They used to have a system set up where you could call in to check safety conditions at the refinery. They had a big fire there a few years back, so while the refinery was in flames … I called in and ask what’s going on and the recorder says, ‘everything’s fine, operations normal.’ ”
The Center for Public Integrity and ABC News contributed to this report.
Correction 02/28/2011: A map originally published with this article showed ConocoPhillips Alliance refinery erroneously . The map has been updated.

Le Ariella Cohen, scríbhneoir foirne The Lens.
Tá na timpistí ag teacht chun cinn le cosúlacht uafásach: pléascadh gan choinne, lasadh stuama, oibrithe ag coughing agus ag scuabadh súile damáiste, scamall tiubh, dath luaine de thocsainí ag rith amach ón mhonarcha ag lasadh.
Ar an 19 Iúil, 2009, nuair a bhí an t-eagrán i Corpus Christi, Texas, ag lasadh, bhí fear oibre go dona gortaithe agus d'ól an tine ar feadh dhá lá. Ar 24 Samhain, 1987, d'éirigh le pléascadh i mhonarcha ExxonMobil i Torrance, California, liathróid tine a lámhach 1,500 troigh san aer, ag scriosadh na fuinneoga as tithe in aice láimhe agus ag cur líomhaintí faoi chluasanna briste, pian cúl agus damáiste scamhóg.
Ba é an t-ainmníocht choiteann sa dá bhlasadh ceimiceán tocsaineach nach ndearna go leor cónaitheoirí Louisiana riamh éisteacht leis, cé go bhfuil níos mó ná 3.7 milliún duine ar fud an stáit i mbaol má tharlaíonn pléascadh den chineál céanna anseo, de réir comhaid cuideachta a cuireadh faoi bhráid Gníomhaireacht Chosaint Comhshaoil na Stát Aontaithe.
Is catalaí ceimiceach é aigéad hidreafluarach a bhfuil aithne air mar gheall ar a chumhacht gloine a eitilt, chomh maith lena tocsaineacht mhór. Chomh sainiúil: a chumas bogadh ar fud fad i ngrian ceimiceach cumhachtach. Cé go n-úsáidtear go stairiúil é i go leor próisis tionsclaíocha, is iad na tomhaltóirí is mó ar an aigéad inniu sna Stáit Aontaithe ná scagthíolacháin ola a úsáideann é chun gásailín ard-octaine a dhéanamh.
Déantar é a chur i láthair do dhúsacháin aigéad hidreafluarach a fhágann go mbíonn cosc ar na scamhóga agus go mbíonn dóthain tromchúiseacha ar na súile, ar an gcraiceann agus ar an gconair díleá. Tá sé ag creimeadh cnámha. Tá easnamh iomarcach tar éis faill phearsanta scamhóg a chur ar dhaoine. Léirigh turgnaimh i 1986 gur féidir leis an gcomhdhúil aigéadach, ar a dtugtar HF go coitianta, a bheith marfach beagnach 2 mhíle ón bpointe scaoilte, agus tinneas a chur ar fáil beagnach 5 mhíle ar shiúl.
In ainneoin an cumas seo do dochar  agus in ainneoin an infhaighteacht de rogha níos sábháilte a úsáidtear i leath de na náisiúin's raffineries a dhéanann obair den sórt sin  50 de na náisiúin's 148 saoráidí táirgeachta ola leanann ag brath ar an comhdhúil marfach, cúig acu i Louisiana, agus trí cinn de na cinn i limistéar New Orleans.
Is iad na scagthíoltóirí i Louisiana:
- Athsholáthair Chalmette i Chalmette
- Comhlachas ConocoPhillips i Belle Chasse
- Maraithon Peitriliam i Garyville
- Murphy Oil i Meraux
- Rafadóireacht Placid i bPort Allen
Níl ach Texas, le 10 scagthíolachán a úsáideann aigéad hidreafluarach, níos mó den tocsain laistigh dá theorainneacha stáit. I gcásanna eile, tá cúlchistí agus tionscail eile a d'fhéadfadh aigéad hidreafluarach a úsáid tar éis dul i ngleic le roghanna eile, aigéad sulfarach go príomha, a úsáideann níos mó ná leath díobh, agus HF modhnaithe a d'fhorbair ExxonMobil sna 1990idí, mar fhreagra ar imní sábháilteachta. Úsáidtear HF modhnaithe anois i 10 scagthíolachán ar fud na tíre, gan aon cheann acu i Louisiana. Ní bhíonn na catalóirí malartacha seo ag rás ar fud na tírdhreach ar bhealaí atá inchomparáide le HF nuair a úsáidtear iad sna tiúchan a éilíonn tionscal na ola. Agus toisc nach scaiptear na ceimiceáin seo chomh héasca, ní mheasann Roinn Slándála Baile na Stát Aontaithe go bhfuil siad chomh ard ina riosca slándála mar a léiríonn HF neamhmhodhnaithe, clár cónaidhme bagairtí ceimiceacha.
Is féidir le saoráidí nua brath freisin ar chatalailithe aigéad soladach, ábhar nach gcruthaíonn scamall tocsaineach má scaoiltear é, cé nach bhfuil aon chuideachta tar éis an t-athrú a dhéanamh ar an teicneolaíocht nua-fhorbartha, a dúirt Paul Orum, comhairleoir sábháilteachta ceimiceach a oibríonn le grúpaí leasa poiblí.
Tá siad infheistiú sa teicneolaíocht atá acu, agus bheadh costas airgid ann chun é a thiontú, a dúirt sé.
Dúirt lucht brústocaireachta an tionscail go mbeadh athrú ró-chostasach. Measann siad go bhfuil an costas a bhaineann le haistriú ó HF go ceann de na roghanna eile idir $ 50 milliún agus $ 150 milliún in aghaidh an tsoláthair. Chun comparáid a dhéanamh, d'fhógair ExxonMobil amháin brabús de $ 9 billiún sa cheathrú ráithe de 2010.
Tá an tsraith de mhilleadh trealaimh athsholáthair, dóiteáin agus sáruithe sábháilteachta le déanaí tar éis imní a mhéadú ar fud na tíre. Le cúig bliana anuas, tá údaráis tar éis 30 de na 50 scagthíoltóir a úsáideann HF a lua le haghaidh sáruithe intinne, tromchúiseacha nó athfhillte ar rialacha cónaidhme atá deartha chun dóiteáin, pléascadh agus scaoileadh ceimiceach a chosc, de réir sonraí ón Riarachán um Shábháilteacht agus Shláinte Oibre cónaidhme. Rinneadh anailís ar na sonraí i gcomhfhiosrúchán ag The Lens, an Ionad um Chothroime Poiblí, seomra nuachta imscrúdaitheach neamhbhrabúis atá lonnaithe i Washington, D.C., agus ABC News.
I measc na sáruithe, tá scagthíoltóir Paróiste Naomh Bernard ExxonMobil, Chalmette Refining ar a liosta fada sáruithe sábháilteachta. Ó mhí na Bealtaine 2009, tá an saoráid ar West St. Bernard Highway racked suas 16 sárú tromchúiseach ar fiú $ 27,750 i pionóis, OSHA taifid a thaispeáint. Leagtar amach i roinnt de na sárúithe rioscaí sábháilteachta in aonad na mhianóireachta áit a stórálann an chuideachta an 620,000 punt d'aigéad hidrifluarach.
Dhá uair le cúig bliana anuas, tá an ceimiceán tocsaineach imithe as an raifíneireacht i dtimpistí, léiríonn taifid Roinn Cháilíocht Chomhshaoil Louisiana a chuir Briogáid Bucket Louisiana le chéile. Sa dá chás, bhí na scaoilteacha faoi réir agus níor tuairiscíodh aon damáiste tromchúiseach, in ainneoin scaoileadh suntasach de 3,357 punt. Dá mbeadh na scaoileadh níos mó, d'fhéadfadh suas le milliún duine a bheith gortaithe, de réir na ndoiciméid is measa a cheanglaítear ar an gcuideachta a chur faoi bhráid na Gníomhaireachta um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil cónaidhme.
"Tá an pobal ádh", a dúirt Anne Rolfes, stiúrthóir bunaitheach an Bhriogáid Bucket. Ach tá sé an-chosúil le scaipeadh ola BP: Is féidir leat a bheith suaimhneach faoi bhagairt go dtí go dtarlóidh rud uafásach.
Déanann an tionscal na rioscaí a bhaineann le HF a íoslaghdú, ag rá go bhfuil cosaintí leordhóthanacha i bhfeidhm aige agus go bhfuil na seansanna go dtarlóidh timpiste tubaisteach ag aon chlóisín amháin beag. Dhiúltaigh na cúig mhonarcha Louisiana trácht a dhéanamh ar an scéal seo, ag tabhairt na ceisteanna go léir chuig an Cumann Náisiúnta Peitreochimic & Mhonaróirí, i Washington, DC. Dhiúltaigh an grúpa brústocaireachta labhairt leis an Lens, ach in agallamh leis an Ionad um Chothroime Poiblí agus ABC News, dúirt uachtarán an chomhlachais, Charles Drevna, nár scaoileadh an tionscal HF riamh ar bhealach a "mhéadaigh" pobail. "Tá [eisiúintí] á rialú againn", a dúirt sé.
Tá Chalmette Refining ag ExxonMobil chomh maith le scagthíoltóir níos mó i Baton Rouge, agus an Scagthíoltóir Torrance i California áit ar éalaigh HF i dtimpiste 1987. As na trí cinn, is é Chalmette an t-aon cheann amháin ina n-úsáidtear aigéad hidreafluarach fós. Nuair a fiafraíodh de cén fáth nach bhfuil an ollmhór ilnáisiúnta tar éis aistriú go malartach níos sábháilte i Chalmette, dhiúltaigh urlabhraí na cuideachta Kevin Allexon trácht a dhéanamh. "Is saincheisteanna tionsclaíocha iad seo agus ní saincheisteanna sonracha ExxonMobil iad", a dúirt sé. Ar shuíomh Gréasáin an tSoláthair Torrance, déanann an chuideachta a thabhairt isteach ar HF modhnaithe mar athrú chun oibríochtaí saoráide a dhéanamh  níos sábháilte do oibrithe agus don phobal.
Gan aird ar shábháilteacht go seasta
Ar 6 Meán Fómhair, 2010, d'éirigh na mílte duine ó Chalmette Vista go New Orleans Lower 9th Ward chun a saol a fháil clúdaithe i dtuiscí bán mistéireach. Bhí an púdar fíneáil clúdaithe le gairdíní agus crainn, tithe agus gluaisteáin, ag tabhairt an chuma aisteach go raibh sneachta ag cur isteach ar an earrach balmy Louisiana.
Go leor i Naomh Bernard glacadh leis go raibh an dusting ceimiceach, cosúil leis na boladh sulfurous a wash ocsaídiúil thar an paróiste, tháinig ó na raffineries. Seachas sin, ní raibh a fhios ag aon duine go díreach cad é an deannach, nó cad a dhéanfadh sé lena n-a scamhóga.
"Bhí imní orm agus sílim go raibh imní ar gach duine", a dúirt Wayne Landry, comhalta de Chomhairle Pháirce St. Bernard, le déanaí. Nuair nach bhfuil a fhios agat cad atá ag tarlú, nach bhfuil a fhios agat cad atá san aer atá tú ag anailís air, tá imní ort.
Laistigh de uaireanta an scaoileadh thorthaí, Chalmette Athsholáthair a eisíodh ráiteas ag insint don phobal go raibh an púdar ábhar ar a dtugtar catalaí caite a bhí scaoileadh le linn a bhí as cadhnraí sa cháilíocht. Ní raibh sé contúirteach agus d'fhéadfaí é a ní go sábháilte, a dhearbhaigh oifigigh stáit agus urlabhraí ExxonMobil Will Hinson do chónaitheoirí imní. Ach nuair a d'iarr daoine liosta de na ceimiceáin sa t-ábhar a bhí ina gcumhdaigh ar a bpobail, dúirt Hinson nach raibh a fhios aige. D'fhógair an chuideachta ar dtús go raibh tonna amháin den chatalailitheoir, a aicmíonn an Ghníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil mar dhramhaíl ghéar ach ní substaint an-ghéar, scaoilte. Níos déanaí, thuairiscigh ExxonMobil go raibh an scaoileadh iarbhír 19 tonna. Sna míonna ó shin, tá sibhialtaigh tar éis cásanna dlí a chomhdú i gcoinne na cuideachta, ag líomhnú gur chuir an deannach díobháil orthu féin agus dá gcuid leanaí.
Idir an dá linn, ní dhearna imscrúdú ón Roinn um Cháilíocht Comhshaoil i Louisiana cinneadh go fóill an ndéantar pionós a ghearradh ar an gcuideachta as an timpiste, cé go bhfuil tuarascáil réamh-aimsigh na gníomhaireachta go scaoileadh dhá cheimiceán a aicmitheann an rialtas cónaidhme mar "an-chontúirteach", in éineacht leis an gcatalailitheoir caite níos lú tocsaineach. D'fhéadfadh aon phionóis a ghearrfar a bheith faoi réir dúshláin ón gcuideachta sula sroicheann aon réiteach deiridh, a dúirt urlabhraí na gníomhaireachta Jean Kelly. Deir oifigigh na bparóiste nach bhfuil aon rud eile le déanamh anois go bhfuil an deannach imithe.
Léiríonn breathnú ar stair shárú Chalmette Refining patrún neamhaird a dhéanamh ar réamhchúraimí sábháilteachta agus forfheidhmiú lax. Le dhá bhliain anuas, laghdaigh OSHA na 17 phionós i gcoinne an cháilíochta, ag socrú go neamhfhoirmiúil le ExxonMobil agus ag bailiú níos lú dollar i bpíosaí le gach laghdú.
Go scanrúil, taifeadadh an chuid is mó de na sáruithe i gceantair an chlóis a bhí i gceist le haigéad hidreafluarach agus tocsainí eile a phróiseáil a mheasann Roinn Slándála Baile na Stát Aontaithe agus an EPA go leor contúirteach chun pleananna bainistíochta riosca a éileamh.
I mí Mheán Fómhair 2009, mar shampla, chuir OSHA pionós $ 2,000 ar fáil don cháilíocht as "rochtana sábháilte" a sholáthar don phump uisce dóiteáin éigeandála san aonad alcaileála, áit a n-úsáidtear aigéad hidreafluarach mar chatalaíste. Is é an caidéal uisce dóiteáin an chéad chosaint atá ar fáil d'oibrithe na hionstraime i gcás sceitheadh nó pléasc. D'éirigh leis an mhonarcha an cheist a shocrú le OSHA i mí Eanáir 2010, ag íoc pionós $ 1,500. Léiríodh sárú eile ar choinníollacha contúirteacha ar ardáin oibre in aice leis an aonad alcálaithe HF. Bhí pionós ag ceann eile ar an gcuideachta as a bheith ag teip ar threalamh sábháilteachta in aice leis an aonad HF.
Nuair a bhí fostaithe nochtaithe do ábhair chorrúcháin díobhálacha, ní raibh áiseanna oiriúnacha le haghaidh súgradh nó sruthlú tapa na súl agus an choirp ar fáil laistigh den limistéar oibre le húsáid láithreach éigeandála, scríobh iniúchóir OSHA.
Fuair cigirí OSHA i 2009 freisin nach raibh an scagthimpeallraíocht ag cothabháil agus ag iniúchadh a threalamh go leordhóthanach.
'Ní raibh minicíocht na n-iniúchtaí agus na dtástálacha ar threalamh próiseála chun a iomláine meicniúil a choinneáil ag teacht le moltaí infheidhme na monaróirí agus dea-chleachtais innealtóireachta,' a scríobh cigire. Sa chás seo freisin, tháinig an scagthimpeall ar an mhonarú laghdú ar an pionós, ó phionós tosaigh de $7,000 go socrú $5,250.
Timpeall an ama céanna, thug OSHA an t-aighlinne chun cúis le teip fadtéarmach a dhéanamh ar shárú tromchúiseach sábháilteachta ina haonaid hidreacraicéir, áit a ndéileálann oibrithe le hidrigin agus ceimiceáin an-éasca eile. Breathnaíodh ar na guaiseacha den chéad uair i 2003 agus ansin i 2009.
'Bhí sé seo ag nochtadh fostaithe do thine, do phléasc, agus do bhagairtí análaithe,' a scríobh iniúchóir OSHA i mí na Samhna 2009. Thug an t-imscrúdaitheoir faoi deara freisin an "féidearthacht go gcaillfí comhtháthú" hidrigine, gáis an-leadúil agus in-athlasta, agus sulfaid hidrigine, gáis an-tocsaineach.
Bhí an rabhadh foréigneach. Níos lú ná bliain ina dhiaidh sin, fuair oibrí ar conradh sa mhonarú, Gregory Starkey, 33, bás agus é ag deisiú píopa a raibh gáis sulfáit hidrigine ag sceitheadh. Bhí an píopa briste ar feadh dhá sheachtain roimh bhás Starkey, léiríonn tuarascálacha na cuideachta.
I mí Eanáir 2010, socraíodh an sárú leis an raffinery ag íoc $ 5,250, a íosghrádaithe ó na pionóis tosaigh $ 7,000.
Deir cónaitheoirí go léiríonn taifead na forfheidhmithe lax an dúshlán atá acu chun brú a chur ar shaotharlanna an cheantair a bheith níos cuntasaí do bhaill an phobail agus athruithe a dhéanamh, mar shampla aistriú go HF modhnaithe.
Go minic nuair a théann cónaitheoir i dteagmháil le hoifigeach áitiúil maidir le saincheist chomhlíonta cód gnáthamh a bhaineann leis na scagthíolacháin, ní bheidh siad ach a rá, Ó, ach is scagthíolachán é sin,  amhail is dá mba cheart dúinn a bheith ag súil go ndéanfar cóid a shárú. Is neamhfhreagra é, a dúirt Suzanne Kneale, cónaitheoir Chalmette, ag cur leis go gcuimhneoidh sí ar chásanna ina ndeachaigh úinéirí tí i mbun éilimh árachais a chomhdú i gcoinne raifíniúcháin as damáiste a dhéanamh do theach le cithim meaisín sular admhaigh an rialtas áitiúil fiú go raibh an raifíniúchán ag sárú an chód ceantair.
Le déanaí, bhuaigh cuid de chomharsana Kneale, baill de ghrúpa St. Bernard ar a dtugtar Concerned Citizens Around Murphy, bua i gcoinne Murphy Oil USA i gcúirt choiriúil, ag gearradh go rathúil go raibh an chuideachta scaoileadh níos mó ceimiceáin ná mar a cheadaítear ó a phlanda Meraux. Mar phósadh as a sárú ar an Acht um Aeir Glan cónaidhme, shínigh Breitheamh Ceantair na Stát Aontaithe Sarah Vance deic ar fhorordú toiliú níos luaithe an mhí seo ag ordú don cháilíocht $ 1.25 milliún a íoc i pionóis shibhialta, níos mó ná $ 142 milliún a infheistiú i dtrealamh nua chun truailliú sa todhchaí a laghdú agus $ 1.5 milliún ar a laghad a chaitheamh ar thionscadail chomhshaoil ar fud an stáit. Ach fiú leis an bua dlíthiúil sin taobh thiar dóibh, ní dóigh le Kneale go bhfuil mórán slite ag cónaitheoirí maidir le hiompar na scagthíolacháin a athrú go HF modhnaithe.
Má bhí rogha eile ann a d'fhéadfadh na scagthíolacháin seo a úsáid, b'fhearr linn é a úsáid,a dúirt sí. Ach conas is féidir leat achainí a dhéanamh ar mhaithe le rogha eile nuair a cheadaítear HF faoin rialachán reatha?
Roimh Hurricane Katrina, bhí Chalmette Refining laistigh de thrí mhíle de fiche scoil, dhá ospidéal, agus sé phobal scoir. Ciallaíonn an caillteanas daonra go mór ó tháinig an stoirm nach bhfuil na háiseanna sin go léir ar ais i ngníomh, ach d'oscail roinnt acu arís, lena n-áirítear dhá scoil phoiblí laistigh de raidió dhá mhíle ón mhianchóir.
"Níor iarrann muid orthu an tionscal a dhúnadh", a dúirt sí. Ba mhaith linn ach go gcuirfeadh siad an tionscal i gcomhréir le rialacháin a chuireann sláinte agus sábháilteacht ar fáil.
I gcás HF, rialaíonn gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme agus an Roinn um Cháilíocht Comhshaoil stáit a úsáid le ceadanna agus ceanglais sábháilteachta. Le níos mó ná 10,000 suíomh faoi a faire, de ghnáth déanann an ghníomhaireacht iniúchadh ar láithreáin uair amháin sa bhliain, cé go dtiocfaidh iniúchóirí ar ais má tharlaíonn teagmhas nó má thugann iniúchóirí faoi deara go bhfuil gá leis, a dúirt Chris Piehler, riarthóir an rannáin iniúchta. Dúirt sé cé gur fearr leis an ngníomhaireacht go n-úsáidfeadh an tionscal na ceimiceáin is lú díobhálacha is féidir, nach bhfuil sé laistigh de shainordú DEQ chun cuideachtaí a chur i bhfeidhm chun ábhair níos sábháilte a úsáid, chomh fada agus a bhíonn na hábhair go léir atá á n-úsáid dlíthiúil.
"Ligimid síos nó laghdaímid scaoileadh aon truailleoir cibé acu HF nó comhábhar níos sábháilte é", a dúirt Piehler.
Cosúil le Drevna ón National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, thug sé le fios nach raibh scaoileadh mór HF ann i Louisiana fós.
Tá dearcadh den chineál céanna ag oifigigh Pháirtí Naomh Bernard ar theorainneacha a gcumhacht.
"Is buamaí ama móra iad na scagthíolacháin seo a d'fhéadfadh pléasc má nach bhfuil tú cúramach", a dúirt an Chomhairleoir Landry. Má tá ábhair mhalartacha ann a úsáid a bhfuil níos sábháilte, is léir go mbeinn ag tacú leis sin, ach sa deireadh, níl a fhios agam cad a deir an Chomhairle. Chomh fada agus a bhíonn siad laistigh de theorainneacha EPA, ní féidir leis an rialtas a rá leis an ngnó cé na ceimiceáin a úsáid. Is cinntí gnó iad sin a chaithfidh siad a dhéanamh ar a gcuid féin. Dá mbeifeá ag féachaint ar thimpistí tromchúiseacha mar níos dóchúla, bheadh sé níos tromchúisí ag baint le hábhair contúirteacha, a dúirt Orum, an comhairleoir sábháilteachta ceimiceach a oibríonn le grúpaí leasa poiblí.
'Is imeachtaí íseal dóchúlachta iad seo, is é an fáth nach bhfuil aon chuideachta aonair, ina n-aonar, spreagtha chun athruithe costasacha a dhéanamh ar theicneolaíocht níos sábháilte,' a dúirt Orum. Tá sé chomh maith compares an HF riosca chun an Deepwater Horizon tubaiste: An BP ola a scaoileadh [i Murascaill Mheicsiceo] léirigh dúinn go bhfuil an cás is measa scaoileadh i ndáiríre a tharlaíonn. I Torrance, ExxonMobil stopadh ag baint úsáide as HF ach amháin tar éis sraith de explosions ceimiceacha i 1980s déanach, lena n-áirítear 17-uaire tine sa alkylation aonad a maraíodh oibrí amháin, gortaíodh 12 daoine eile agus a d'fhág $ 17 milliún i damáiste. Cé nach raibh an aigéad féin ina chúis dhíreach le haon cheann de na báis, spreag an damáiste coibhneasta oifigigh rialtais áitiúla chun breathnú níos dlúithe a thabhairt ar oibríochtaí na scagthíola.
I 1989, d'fhógair baile Torrance ExxonMobil, ar a dtugtar Mobil ansin, ag iarraidh ar na cúirteanna an scagadh a dhearbhú mar dhroch-chúrsaí poiblí agus lig don chathair é a rialáil. Sula ndeachaigh an cás chun trialach, chuir Torrance a cháis ar ceal mar mhalairt ar chomhaontú Mobil le deicr chomhaontaithe a cheanglaigh ar an gcuideachta aigéad hidreafluarach a mhodhnú nó a chur amach agus íoc as comhairleoir sábháilteachta a cheapadh chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar chomhlíonadh. Deir gníomhaithe i gceantar Torrance nár cheart do phobail eile fanacht le beatha a chailleadh sula n-éileamh siad ar chuideachtaí oibriú níos sábháilte.
"Is é an oíche agus an lá tar éis rud éigin a tharlaíonn", a dúirt Yuki Kidokoro, stiúrthóir clár na gComhphobal i ndeisceart California le haghaidh Comhshaol Níos Fearr. Níor cheart go mbeadh sé mar sin.
Tar éis 50 bliain a bheith ina cónaí seacht míle ó Chalmette Refining agus Murphy Oil araon, ní raibh Joy Lewis ag smaoineamh níos mó ar smiginn a bhí ag cur amach puffs tiubh de dhún bán-ghrá ná ar duilleoga a bhí ag an gaoth. Ansin fuair a hiníon bás de ghalar cnámh ag aois 41. Thosaigh sí féin agus a fear céile, John Lewis, a raibh grósaeraí mar shaothar acu, ag tabhairt aird ar an deatach agus ar na boladh sulfaróideach a bhí ag teacht ó na scagthréadaí. Labhair siad lena gcomharsana agus thuig siad nach raibh a n-iníon an t-aon íospartach de chearcáin chnámha agus fola, cineálacha ailse a bhaineann go minic le truailliú aeir. Thosaigh an lánúin, nach raibh gníomhaithe comhshaoil riamh roimhe seo, a bheith páirteach leis an mBriogáid Bucket, ag tástáil an aeir timpeall a dteach agus ag glacadh páirt sa chás dlí a chuir iallach ar Chalmette Refining pionóis stáit a íoc as truailliú aeir.
Deir Lewis agus a fear céile gur mhaith leo go nglacfadh na scagthíolacháin níos mó freagrachta as na rioscaí a bhíonn ag an bpobal.
"Ní hé go bhfuilimid ag iarraidh na raifíní a dhúnadh", a dúirt sí. Ní féidir le daoine beaga cosúil linn é a dhéanamh, ach tá go leor airgid déanta acu chun rudaí a athrú, chun é a dhéanamh beagán níos sábháilte don phobal.
Ba chóir go mbeadh an chéad chéim éasca a bheith ag malartú HF contúirteach leis an leagan modhnaithe a úsáidtear i Torrance, a deir siad.
"Nílim ag brath ar a gcumas a bheith sábháilte", a dúirt John Lewis. Ba ghnách go raibh córas acu inar féidir leat glaoch isteach chun coinníollacha sábháilteachta a sheiceáil ag an mhianlann. Bhí tine mór ann cúpla bliain ó shin, mar sin nuair a bhí an raffinery i ngéarlóidí ... ghlaoigh mé isteach agus d'iarr cad a bhí ag dul ar aghaidh agus an taifeadóir a deir, "Tá gach rud go maith, oibríochtaí gnáth".
Chuir an Ionad um Ionracas Poiblí agus ABC News leis an tuairisc seo.
Deisigh 02/28/2011: Léirigh léarscáil a foilsíodh ar dtús leis an alt seo líonra cóireála ConocoPhillips Alliance go mícheart. Tá an léarscáil nuashonraithe.


This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
The study of ontogeny in the fossil record is complicated by two main factors: growth series are not available for many taxa, and correctly assigning juveniles and adults to the same taxon is often difficult, especially where several related taxa coexisted. Ontogenetic change can also be revealed in single individuals whose morphology records characters from multiple ontogenetic stages. A snail shell is an intuitive example: the shell grows by accretion at its margin, starting from the larval shell (protoconch), and moving outward. Larval shell shape varies predictably between planktotrophic and non-planktotrophic lineages; and since the protoconch is embedded in the adult shell, larval ecology can be inferred in adults from the size and morphology of the retained protoconch. In many extinct lagomorphs, the occlusal surface of the molars changed markedly over the lifespan of an individual, as features such as enamel ridges were revealed and then obliterated by wear. In this case, the complete ‘stack’ of potential occlusal morphologies was present in the adult tooth as soon as it was done mineralizing, and further change progressively erased the ontogenetically early character states. In sauropodomorph dinosaurs, morphological complexity of the vertebrae increases along the cervical series. The simple morphology of anterior cervicals reflects both earlier ontogenetic stages and more primitive character states. More posterior vertebrae reveal the sequential formation of complex structures. Individuals that record multiple ontogenetic stages can help solve palaeobiological problems, such as inferring life histories, assessing ranges of variation, and determining the origin of complex morphological characters.
This abstract is identical to the previous version. The only difference is that now the poster itself is attached as a supplementary file.
Growth series of one: case studies in time-transgressive morphology [POSTER]

Is alt rochtana oscailte é seo a dháileadh faoi théarmaí an Cheadúnais Creatúnais Creative Commons, a cheadaíonn úsáid, dáileadh, atáirgeadh agus oiriúnú gan teorainn in aon mheán agus chun aon chuspóir ar choinníoll go bhfuil sé luaite go cuí. Chun a leithdháileadh, ní mór an t-údar bunaidh, an teideal, foinse foilseacháin (PeerJ Preprints) agus DOI nó URL an ailt a lua.
Tá dhá phríomhfhachtóir ag cur an staidéir ar ontogeny sa taifead iontaise i gcontúirt: níl sraitheanna fáis ar fáil do go leor tacsa, agus is minic a bhíonn sé deacair daoine óga agus daoine fásta a shannadh go ceart don tacsain chéanna, go háirithe nuair a bhí roinnt tacsainn gaolmhara ann. Is féidir athrú ontogenetic a nochtadh i ndaoine aonair a bhfuil a morphology taifid carachtair ó chéimeanna ontogenetic il. Is sampla intuitive é craiceann snail: fásann an craiceann trí chraobhú ag a imeall, ag tosú ón gcraiceann larbha (protoconch), agus ag bogadh amach. Athraíonn cruth craiceann na larbha go intuartha idir línte planctotrophic agus neamh-planctotrophic; agus ós rud é go bhfuil an protoconch leabaithe sa chraiceann fásta, is féidir éiceolaíocht na larbha a léiriú in fásta ó mhéid agus ó mhorphology an protoconch a choinnítear. I go leor lagomorphs atá imithe as an saol, d'athraigh dromchla occlusal na molars go suntasach thar shaolré an duine aonair, mar a nochtadh gnéithe mar chruachanna emal agus ansin scriosadh iad le caitheamh. Sa chás seo, bhí an "stac" iomlán de mhórfológaíochtaí oclusal féideartha i láthair sa fiaclóir fásta a luaithe a rinneadh mionailíocht air, agus scrios athrú breise na stáit carachtair ontogenetically luath go forleathan. I dtinosairí sauropodomorph, méadaíonn castacht mhorphological na vertebrae ar feadh na sraithe ceirvicale. Léiríonn morfolaíocht shimplí na cervicals tosaigh céimeanna ontogenetic níos luaithe agus stáit charachtair níos primitive. Léiríonn níos mó vertebrae cúlra an fhoirmiú seicheamhnach de struchtúir chasta. Is féidir le daoine aonair a thaifeadann céimeanna ontogenetic il cabhrú le fadhbanna palaeobiological a réiteach, mar shampla stair bheatha a inferring, raon éagsúlachta a mheas, agus bunús carachtair morphological casta a chinneadh.
Tá an achoimre seo comhionann leis an leagan roimhe seo. Is é an t-aon difríocht ná go bhfuil an póstaer féin ceangailte anois mar chomhad forlíontach.
Sraith fáis de cheann: cás-staidéir i mhorfolaíocht thar-thaoiseach ama [POSTER]


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About this product
- DescriptionThis is an inspiring and creative resource for developing empathy, understanding feelings and recognising emotions. Designed to stimulate animated discussion, these imaginative photocards provide an invative way of initiating conversation with individuals and groups. They are also useful for creative writing with all ages. The user imagines what the people are thinking and how they may feel in a similar situation, then fills in the speech bubble either verbally or in writing. This provides an opportunity to: focus on thinking; explore the relationship between thoughts and feelings; recognise that behaviour can affect others; and, look at the influences on thoughts and feelings, of factors such as surprise, stress, anger and excitement. It includes a CD-ROM with all the images to print out as individual worksheets. It is a valuable resource for SEAL.
- Author BiographyProduced by Speechmark, ColorCards(R) are a hugely adaptable teaching tool designed to help develop both language and social skills. Real objects, people, situations and activities are shown on the photographs to provide you with creative and highly visual resources.
- PublisherSpeechmark Publishing Ltd
- Date of Publication04/02/2009
- SubjectEducation & Teaching
- Series TitleColorCards
- Place of PublicationBicester, Oxon
- Country of PublicationUnited Kingdom
- ImprintSpeechmark Publishing Ltd
- Weight1050 g
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Gach liosta don táirge seo
Maidir leis an táirge seo
- Cur síosIs acmhainn spreagúil agus cruthaitheach é seo chun comhbhá a fhorbairt, mothúcháin a thuiscint agus mothúcháin a aithint. Deartha chun plé beoga a spreagadh, soláthraíonn na cártaí grianghraf samhlacha seo bealach cruthaitheach chun comhrá a thosú le daoine aonair agus le grúpaí. Tá siad úsáideach freisin le haghaidh scríbhneoireachta cruthaitheach le gach aois. Samhlaigh an t-úsáideoir cad atá á smaoineamh ag na daoine agus conas a d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith i gcás den chineál céanna, ansin líonadh isteach an bolg labhairt go béil nó i scríbhinn. Tugann sé seo deis: díriú ar smaointeoireacht; an gaol idir smaointe agus mothúcháin a iniúchadh; aithint gur féidir le hiompar tionchar a imirt ar dhaoine eile; agus, féachaint ar thionchar na ngnéithe ar smaointe agus mothúcháin, amhail iontas, strus, fearg agus spreagadh. Cuimsíonn sé CD-ROM leis na híomhánna go léir le priontáil mar leathanaigh oibre aonair. Is acmhainn luachmhar é do SEAL.
- Bitheolaíocht an ÚdairArna tháirgeadh ag Speechmark, is uirlis teagaisc an-athchuí atá deartha chun cabhrú le scileanna teanga agus sóisialta a fhorbairt. Taispeántar rudaí, daoine, cásanna agus gníomhaíochtaí fíor ar na grianghraif chun acmhainní cruthaitheacha agus ardfheicteacha a sholáthar duit.
- Foilsitheoir Speechmark Publishing Ltd
- Dáta Foilsithe 04/02/2009
- ÁbharOideachas & Múineadh
- Teideal SraithCártaí Dath
- Áit FoilseacháinBicester, Oxon
- tír foilsitheorais Ríocht Aontaithe
- ImprintSpeechmark Publishing Ltd
- Meáchan1050 g
An Leabhar is Fearr a Díol i Leabhair Neamh-Fictiúin
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Ní bhaineann an t-earra seo leis an leathanach seo.
Go raibh maith agat, beidh muid ag breathnú isteach seo.


"Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield;
Learn from the beasts the physic of the field;
The arts of building from the bee receive;
Learn of the mole to plow, the worm to weave."
Sustainability comes in many shapes and sizes, small things like turning your light off when you leave or large things like making sure the hazardous chemicals you used in chemistry were disposed of properly. As we've alluded to in previous LibGuides, leaders should not treat the world like a garbage bin, whether that means its people, its animals, its plants, or its atmosphere. Use your own position as a leader in society to be a catalyst in changing the world.
We are the ones in charge of the world, so don't dismiss the size your impact could be. Whether you lower your technology use, or make your community more efficient, or simply better the conditions around you, work towards a cleaner and more sustainable future.

"Féach ar na héin cad é an bia a thugann na thiúbhálacha;
Foghlaim ó na beasts an fisice an réimse;
Na healaíona na tógála ó na beacha a fháil;
Foghlaim an mol a plough, an worm a weave. "
Tagann inbhuanaitheacht i go leor cineálacha agus méideanna, rudaí beaga cosúil le do sholas a mhúchadh nuair a fhágann tú nó rudaí móra cosúil le cinntiú go ndéantar na ceimiceáin contúirteacha a úsáideann tú sa cheimic a dhiúscairt i gceart. Mar a luadh i LibGuides roimhe seo, níor cheart do cheannairí an domhan a chóireáil mar dhramhaíl, cibé acu a chiallaíonn sé sin a ndaoine, a ainmhithe, a phlandaí, nó a atmaisféar. Úsáid do shuíomh féin mar cheannaire sa tsochaí chun a bheith ina chatalailitheoir chun an domhan a athrú.
Is muidne atá i gceannas ar an domhan, mar sin ná déan dearmad ar mhéid an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat. Cibé an laghdaíonn tú d'úsáid teicneolaíochta, nó an ndéanann tú do phobal níos éifeachtúla, nó go simplí na coinníollacha timpeall ort a fheabhsú, oibrigh i dtreo todhchaí níos glaine agus níos inbhuanaithe.


by artists as a tool to
represent thoughts ideas, and reflect different views according to each era. And to study the
development of the use of photography in the visual arts as well as the perception of
aesthetics in contemporary photography.
This boundary of change in the way we look at beauty is known as the ” turning point of
aesthetics”. Artist Ana Mendieta created the series “Untitled” in 1972. The work’s appearance
showed the artist’s image where the face was pressed against the plane of the mirror in
different perspectives to arouse and reflect the suffering of the body as a female status.
Mendieta’s face is distorted in varied images, just like expressing thoughts through physical
photography that oppose and deny others who gaze and judge themselves.
Conceptual Photography was defined after the 1960s from the formation of a group of artists to create artworks that emphasized and stimulated the thoughts of the audience. There
was a movement of artists who created artworks called post-modern art. The artist creates
thought-provoking art through events, live performances, media art, sculpture, painting, and
photography as the medium by which artists express themselves. In a research study in the
research project entitled “Conceptual art creation process through photography media” , the
study of photography in the context of the visual arts medium was used
The process of
expressing thoughts by using the plane of the mirror and the effect that showed the distortion
of the face was born from the concept of a modular identity, in terms of race, gender, and
age. It is an interesting form of expression for communicating and explaining the unique
symbolic connotation of artist Ana Mendieta (Moma, 2021). In addition to the study of the
works of the artist. The process of research also studies the history of moving photography
between 1886 to the present. Using the body as a symbolic representation of the meaning.Searching for an understanding of symbols in the history of contemporary art. The information that the researcher has studied and researched opens up new possibilities for creating
conceptual photography. Demonstrates the process of creation of works, the development of
ideas, the form of photography, and the aesthetics that arise from the creation of thoughtful photography.
Finally, the photography is taken during the creative process of the research project. It is considered a model in the creation of conceptual photography. The process of creating
photography works can take place in a variety of ways. The researchers hope that the
research studies that lead to this art will benefit those interested in the visual arts and art
students. And hope the art series “Slumber” will create unique styles and aesthetics in different cultural contexts and open up new opportunities in art as contemporary art.
The research project entitled “The process of creating conceptual art through the
photography.” had been studied and ascertained by the researcher from sorts of information to
analyze and find ways to create photography and including creating new forms from the scope
of content and social issues that have arisen from the past to the present. This visualization process has invited new interpretations of the concept of photography to be a communication tool that expresses thoughts upon problems occurring in society through language and theartistic symbols hidden in photography. The artistic tactics in this work have encouraged viewers to watch, question, and find out the meaning in their perspectives.
Objectives Aims or Purposes
To research and develop the process of conceptual photography.
To apply the knowledge gained from research to develop concepts to convey the meaning of photography as contemporary art.
To study the interpretation process of conceptual photography as a visual language that stimulates the perception of the audience
Process or Methods
Study the history of photography and the development of photography Photography History – Pictorialism Photography – Modern Photography – Post-modern Photography – After Post-modern Photography
Study from thought-provoking artists who create works through photography. Contemporary Artist & photographer – Andreas Gursky – Nobuyoshi Araki – Nancy Goldin – Wolfgang Tillman Conceptual Photography – Jeffrey Wall – Ana Mendieta
Study the principles of Value of visual art. – Aesthetic Value – Content Value
Identify content issues in “The body in contemporary art” by Sally O’Reilly – Representation and Presence – The Body in Time and Space – Difference and Solidarity – Nature, Myth, and Technology – Monstrous Bodies – Over to You
Analyze the theoretical data from the components of the creation as follows: 22.214.171.124 Analysis of conceptual photography. 126.96.36.199 Analysis of thought processes in Visual Art. 188.8.131.52 Analyze content issues.
Synthesize data to design processes for creation and drafting.
Develop an idea from a draft and set the sample group according to the concept of creativity (Vanz Boy and Skoy Girl, 9-12 persons)
Summary of information for production preparation
Prepare equipment and structure for photo shooting.
Survey the area before photo shooting.
2.2 Assemble the structure of the set for filming and test the strength of the structure before shooting.
Guidelines for photo shooting per specified sample group.
Photoshoot according to the plan.
Retouch the images and color correct to suit the printing process.
Test print before printing all works.
Install the photos in the lightbox.
Installation design for exhibition.
Make a questionnaire for the audience who viewed the artwork.
Analyze the results according to the stated objectives. Bring the evaluation results from peer review and the audience to analyze the photography in the research project.

ag ealaíontóirí mar uirlis chun
léiríonn smaointe smaointe, agus léiríonn tuairimí éagsúla de réir gach ré. Agus chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar an
forbairt úsáid an ghrianghrafadóireachta sna healaíona amhairc chomh maith le tuiscint na
aisteictic sa ghrianghrafadóireacht choimeádach.
Tá an teorainn seo athraithe sa tslí a bhímid ag féachaint ar áilleacht ar a dtugtar pointe casadh  na
aesthetics. Chruthaigh an t-ealaíontóir Ana Mendieta an tsraith Untitled i 1972. An chuma ar an saothar
léirigh an t-ealaíontóir 's íomhá áit a raibh an aghaidh brúite i gcoinne an eitleán an scáthán i
Tá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an mBord, agus tá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an mBord, agus tá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an mBord.
Mendieta aghaidh tá distorted i íomhánna éagsúla, díreach cosúil le smaointe a chur in iúl trí fhisiceach
grianghrafadóireacht a dhiúltú agus a dhiúltú daoine eile a gazed agus breithiúnas iad féin.
Sainmhíníodh Grianghrafadóireacht Choincheapaigh tar éis na 1960idí ó fhoirmiú grúpa ealaíontóirí chun saothair ealaíne a chruthú a chuir béim ar smaointe an lucht féachana agus a spreag iad. Anseo
Bhí gluaiseacht ealaíontóirí a chruthaigh saothair ealaíne ar a dtugtar ealaín iar-nua-aimseartha. Cruthaíonn an t-ealaíontóir
ealaín a spreagann smaointe trí imeachtaí, léirithe beo, ealaín meán, dealbh, péintíocht, agus
grianghrafadóireacht mar an meán trína léiríonn ealaíontóirí iad féin. I staidéar taighde sa
tionscadal taighde dar teideal Próiseas cruthaitheacht ealaíne coincheapaigh trí mheán grianghrafadóireachta ,
Baineadh úsáid as staidéar ar phictiúr i gcomhthéacs na meán ealaíon amhairc
An próiseas
ag cur smaointe in iúl trí eitleán an scátháin a úsáid agus an éifeacht a thaispeáin an claonadh
Bhí an t-eagrán seo ar fáil i ngach áit, agus bhí an t-eagrán seo ar fáil i ngach áit.
aois. Is foirm léiriú suimiúil í chun an t-aon-
comharthaíocht shiombalach an ealaíontóra Ana Mendieta (Moma, 2021). Chomh maith leis an staidéar ar an
saothair an ealaíontóra. Déantar staidéar ar stair na grianghrafadóireachta gluaiseachta freisin
idir 1886 agus an lá atá inniu ann. An corp a úsáid mar léiriú siombalach ar an bhrí.Forgáil ar thuiscint ar shiombailí i stair na healaíne comhaimseartha. Tá an fhaisnéis a rinne an taighdeoir staidéar uirthi agus a rinne taighde uirthi ag oscailt féidearthachtaí nua chun
grianghrafadóireacht choincheapúil. Léiríonn sé an próiseas chun saothair a chruthú, forbairt
smaointe, an fhoirm grianghrafadóireachta, agus an aisteic a thagann as an cruthaitheacht grianghrafadóireacht smaointeach.
Ar deireadh, tógann an grianghrafadóir an próiseas cruthaitheach a bhaineann leis an tionscadal taighde. Meastar gur samhail é i gcruthú grianghrafadóireachta coincheapa. An próiseas chun
Is féidir le saothair grianghrafadóireachta a bheith ar siúl ar bhealaí éagsúla. Tá súil ag na taighdeoirí go
Beidh staidéar taighde a thiocfaidh leis an ealaín seo ina bhfabhar dóibh siúd a bhfuil suim acu sna healaíona amhairc agus san ealaín
mic léinn. Agus tá súil againn go gcruthóidh an tsraith ealaíne Slumber stíleanna agus ealaíne uathúla i gcomhthéacsanna cultúrtha éagsúla agus go n-osclaíonn sé deiseanna nua san ealaín mar ealaín comhaimseartha.
An tionscadal taighde dar teideal An próiseas chun ealaín coincheapa a chruthú trí na
Bhí an t-eolaí ag déanamh staidéir ar an ngrianghrafadóireacht agus ag cinntiú go raibh an taighdeoir ag brath ar chineál faisnéise a bhí ag an taighdeoir.
anailís a dhéanamh ar dheasca agus bealaí a aimsiú chun grianghrafadóireacht a chruthú agus foirmeacha nua a chruthú ón raon feidhme san áireamh
Tá an t-ábhar agus na saincheisteanna sóisialta a tháinig chun cinn ón am atá caite go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. Tá an próiseas léargasú seo tar éis léirmhínithe nua a dhéanamh ar choincheap na grianghrafadóireachta mar uirlis cumarsáide a léiríonn smaointe ar fhadhbanna a tharlaíonn sa tsochaí trí theanga agus siombailí ealaíne atá i bhfolach sa ghrianghrafadóireacht. Chuir na beart ealaíne sa saothar seo spreagadh ar lucht féachana féachaint, ceist a chur orthu, agus an bhrí a fháil amach ina bpeirspictíochtaí féin.
Cinntí Céimeanna nó cuspóirí
An próiseas grianghrafadóireachta coincheapaigh a thaighde agus a fhorbairt.
Na heolaíochtaí a fuarthas as taighde a chur i bhfeidhm chun coincheapa a fhorbairt chun brí na grianghrafadóireachta mar ealaín comhaimseartha a chur in iúl.
An próiseas léirmhínithe a bhaineann le grianghrafadóireacht choincheapúil a staidéar mar theanga amhairc a spreagann tuiscint an lucht féachana
Próiseas nó Modhanna
Staidéar ar stair na grianghrafadóireachta agus forbairt na grianghrafadóireachta Stair na grianghrafadóireachta  Grianghrafadóireacht Pictorialism  Grianghrafadóireacht Nua-aimseartha  Grianghrafadóireacht Iar-Aimseartha  Grianghrafadóireacht Tar éis an Grianghrafadóireachta Iar-Aimseartha
Léigh ó ealaíontóirí smaointeoireachta a chruthaíonn saothair trí ghrianghrafadóireacht. Ealaíontóir agus grianghrafadóir comhaimseartha  Andreas Gursky  Nobuyoshi Araki  Nancy Goldin  Wolfgang Tillman Grianghrafadóireacht Choincheapúil  Jeffrey Wall  Ana Mendieta
Foghlaim prionsabail Luach na n-ealaíne amhairc.  Luach Eisteatúil  Luach Ábhar
Aithint ceisteanna ábhair i An comhlacht san ealaín comhaimseartha le Sally OReilly  Ionadaíocht agus Fáil  An comhlacht in Am agus Spás  Difríocht agus Dlúthpháirtíocht  Dúlra, Míth agus Teicneolaíocht  Corp Monstrach  Ar Do Chéile
Déantar anailís ar na sonraí teoiriciúla ó chomhpháirteanna an chruthaitheachta mar a leanas: 22.214.171.124 Anailís ar ghrianghrafadóireacht choincheapúil. 126.96.36.199 Anailís ar phróisis smaointeoireachta in Ealaín Amhairc. 188.8.131.52 Anailís a dhéanamh ar shaincheisteanna ábhar.
Sonraí a shintéisiú chun próisis a dhearadh le haghaidh cruthaithe agus dréachtú.
Smaointe a fhorbairt ó dhréacht agus an grúpa samplach a shocrú de réir coincheap na cruthaitheachta (Bhainín Vanz agus Beanán Skoy, 9-12 duine)
achoimre ar fhaisnéis chun ullmhú a dhéanamh don táirgeadh
Uirlisí agus struchtúr a ullmhú le haghaidh lámhach grianghraf.
Suirbhé an limistéar roimh lámhach grianghraf.
2.2 Struchtúr an tsraith a chur le chéile le haghaidh scannánú agus neart an struchtúir a thástáil sula ndéantar scannánú.
Treoirlínte maidir le grianghrafadóireacht i gcás grúpa samplach sonraithe.
Glacadh grianghraf de réir an phlean.
Déan na híomhánna a athshlánú agus déan iad a cheartú i gcló chun iad a oiriúnú don phróiseas priontála.
Cló tástála sula ndéantar na hoibreacha go léir a phriontáil.
Cuir na grianghraif sa bhosca solais.
Dearadh suiteála le haghaidh taispeántais.
Déan ceistneoir don lucht féachana a bhreathnaigh ar an saothar ealaíne.
Anailís a dhéanamh ar na torthaí de réir na gcuspóirí a luaitear. Tóg torthaí meastóireachta ó athbhreithniú piaraí agus an lucht féachana chun an grianghrafadóireacht a anailísiú sa tionscadal taighde.


Bible Story: David and Goliath | 1 Samuel 17:17-52
Main Point: I Am Able!
Memory Verse: “This is my command — be strong and courageous! Do not be afraid.” Joshua 1:9a
We joined our friends Sticks and Stones for another episode of “Calling Sticks and Stones.” See how your child discovered how to embrace God’s calling on their lives by using their special gifts, just like David!
Quest children learned “I Am Able!” from the Bible story about David defeating Goliath. Just like David was able to beat Goliath with his special gifts, children learned that God gives each of us special gifts, too, and we are able to do great things for God!
January Memory Verse
God commands us not to be afraid, but to to be strong and courageous because He has called us to do great things! Help your child learn our January memory verse by practicing at home, at the dinner table, or before bedtime.
“This is my command (hold hands out like a book)—
be strong (make muscles)
and courageous! (hands on hip like a superhero)
Do not (cross hands on top of each other)
be afraid. (cover eyes)”

Scéal Bíobla: David agus Goliath 1 Samuel 17:17-52
An Príomhphointe: Tá mé in ann!
Cuimhne Verse: Is é seo mo ordú  a bheith láidir agus misneach! Ná bíodh eagla ort. - Iósua 1:9a
Chuaigh muid le ár gcairde Sticks and Stones le haghaidh eipeasóid eile de Calling Sticks and Stones. Féach conas a fuair do leanbh amach conas glaoch Dé ar a saol a ghlacadh trína gcuid bronntanais speisialta a úsáid, díreach cosúil le David!
D'fhoghlaim leanaí Quest I Am Able! ón scéal sa Bhíobla faoi David ag bualadh le Goliath. Díreach mar a bhí ar chumas Daidí Goliath a bhuachan lena chuid deiseanna speisialta, d'fhoghlaim leanaí go dtugann Dia deiseanna speisialta do gach duine againn freisin, agus go bhfuil muid in ann rudaí móra a dhéanamh do Dhia!
An Bille Chuimhneacháin Eanáir
Ní chuireann Dia a n-ordú dúinn a bheith eagla, ach a bheith láidir agus misneach toisc go bhfuil sé glaodh orainn a dhéanamh rudaí móra! Cabhraigh le do leanbh an véarsa a chuimhneamh i mí Eanáir trí chleachtadh a dhéanamh sa bhaile, ag an mbord dinnéir, nó sula dtéann sé a chodladh.
Is é seo mo ordú (coinnigh do lámha amach mar leabhar)
bheith láidir (múscail a dhéanamh)
agus misneach! (Lámha ar hip cosúil le superhero)
Ná (cros na lámha ar bharr a chéile)
bheith eagla. (Clúdaigh súile)


Although distributions of bumble bees
in the United States have been defined broadly (Franklin, 1913; Mitchell, 1962), most range-wide treatments are dated and rarely contain geographically discrete records of occurrence.
Over the past few years, one bumble bee
in particular, the western bumble bee
, Bombus occidentalis, has caught his eye.
A FETED Welsh artist yesterday handed out free sketches to highlight the plight of the British bumble bee
At the same time, queen bumble bees
become very active.
So a detailed study into the lifecycle of the bumble bee
was commissioned as a starting point to solving the quandary.
In a bid to save the gravity defying insects, the trust has called on gardeners to help them find out how dependent bumble bees
are on garden flowers.
One of the most spectacular species is the red-tailed bumble bee
The image was of a big bumble bee
complete with its furry, fat middle and tiny, delicate wings - a welcome change from drawings of nuclear reactors and spaghetti-like circuit diagrams.
The Carder is pretty much brown all over, and the Red-Tailed bumble bee
is yellow and black with a red tailend.
Sue began by explaining the differences between honey bees, bumble bees
and wasps - discussing the important differences between their stings, swarms and nests.
Other types of bees, such as bumble bees
,are also suffering because of the loss of their nesting habitats and modern intensive agriculture.
The resulting colonies were exposed to parasites which commonly infest bumble bees

Cé go bhfuil dáileadh na mbéillí
Tá an t-easpa de thorthaí ar an gcóras cóireála ar fud na tíre ag an leibhéal is airde de thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí.
Le cúpla bliain anuas, amháin bumble bee
go háirithe, an bumble bee an iarthair
, Bombus occidentalis, a ghabháil a súl.
FETED An ealaíontóir na Breataine a bhronnadh scaipeanna saor in aisce a chur i bhfios an staid an bumble Beag Bhreatain
Ag an am céanna, baineann banríon
bheith an-ghníomhach.
Mar sin, staidéar mionsonraithe ar an timthriall saoil an bumble bee
cuireadh i gcrích mar phointe tosaigh chun an dilemma a réiteach.
I iarracht chun na h-ionsaithe a shábháil a mhaireann an tromchúis, d'iarr an muinín ar ghairdínéirí chun cabhrú leo a fháil amach conas a bhíonn na humble beacha ag brath
Tá ar bláthanna gairdín.
Ceann de na speicis is suntasaí ná an bumble beacha-dearg
Bhí an íomhá de bumble beacha mór
Tá sé ina chónaí i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban.
Tá an Carder go leor go leor donn ar fud, agus an Red-Tailed bumble bee
Tá sé buí agus dubh le tailend dearg.
Thosaigh Sue ag míniú na difríochtaí idir beacha milis, beacha bumble
agus wasps - ag plé na difríochtaí tábhachtacha idir a stings, swarms agus nead.
Cineálacha eile beacha, amhail beacha boinn
Tá an t-eagrán seo á chur i bhfeidhm ag an gCoimisiún i mí na Samhna.
Bhí na coilíneachtaí a tháinig as sin nochtaithe do pharaisítí a bhíonn ag cur báistí bumble go coitianta


The economic gap between the rich and the poor in most South American countries is larger than in most of the other continents.
Here are the five richest countries in South America as of 2015, ranked by GDP per capita:
Venezuelan economy is largely based on the petroleum and manufacturing sectors. More than 50 percent of the nation’s revenue comes from petroleum exports. It is one of the leading exporters of oil. More than 60 percent of Venezuela’s international reserves are in gold, around eight times more than the average for the region.

Tá an bhearna eacnamaíoch idir na saibhre agus na bochta i bhformhór na dtíortha Mheiriceá Theas níos mó ná i bhformhór na mór-roinn eile.
Seo iad na cúig thír is saibhre i Meiriceá Theas ó 2015, rangaithe de réir OTI in aghaidh an duine:
Tá geilleagar na Venuézueile bunaithe go mór ar na hearnálacha peitriliam agus déantúsaíochta. Tagann níos mó ná 50 faoin gcéad de ioncam na náisiúin ó onnmhairí peitriliam. Tá sé ar cheann de na príomh-onnmhaireoirí ola. Tá níos mó ná 60 faoin gcéad de chúlchistí idirnáisiúnta na Venuesúla in ór, thart ar ocht n-uaire níos mó ná an meán don réigiún.


Atom chips allow for a great variety of trapping geometries for atomic ensembles by means of magnetic, electric, optical, microwave and radio-frequency potentials. Our research aims at the creation of multiply connected topologies, like rings, tori, and cylinders. These traps are used to investigate the low temperature behaviour of ultracold quantum gases when the dimensionality of the trapping geometry changes. Of particular interest are studies of low dimensional systems (2D and 1D) with periodic boundary conditions.
Two-dimensional quantum gases do not show a true Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in homogenous systems, but rather a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) type transition. A BEC can still occur in harmonic traps though, hence providing a “mixture” of BEC and BKT physics. A quasi-homogenous geometry as provided by the torus trap will enable the study of pure BKT physics.
Our current atom chip generation will produce cylinder-symmetric traps by using a combination of dc and radio-frequency fields. Further to the investigation of low-dimensional systems the chip can be used to dynamically split an elongated cloud of ultracold atoms. This “unzipping” of the cloud is intended to be used as a quantum simulator for effects of the Fulling-Davies-Unruh type.
Quantum optics and light-matter interfaces
We investigate techniques to map the quantum states of light pulses into the spin degrees of freedom of atomic ensembles and vice versa. Using their long coherence times, the atoms serve as a quantum memory, enabling, e.g., long-distance quantum communication.
On the other hand, mapping quantum states of matter onto light makes them accessible to well established quantum optical techniques like photon counting and homodyne detection. These can then be used as analytical tools for a variety of strongly correlated many-body states. We plan to trap very elongated clouds of atoms inside the small hollow core of a photonic crystal fibre, which will lead to strong interactions with the light field even for gases containing only a few hundred atoms.
Toroidal and ring-shaped matterwaves
Another line of experiments will make use of atom chip based traps with non-trivial topologies. By confining an ultracold gas to the surface of a hollow torus, we want to realise a two-dimensional matter wave with periodic boundary conditions.
This will help overcoming certain restrictions to the validity of theoretical models, which are encountered when using harmonic trapping potentials. A major ingredient to our experiments are radio-frequency (rf) dressed potentials.
By exploiting the vector type coupling between atoms and rf-fields we gain control over atomic motion and will be
able to let atoms counterpropagate in two rings. Such a setup can be used as a matter wave Sagnac interferometer that is extremely sensitive to rotation.

Ligeann sliseanna adamh éagsúlacht mhór geoimeatraíochtaí gabháil d'eintinn adamh trí chumas maighnéadach, leictreacha, optúla, micreathonn agus raidió-mhinicíochta. Tá sé mar aidhm ag ár dtaighde topológaí atá nasctha go il, cosúil le fáinní, tori, agus sorcóir a chruthú. Úsáidtear na gaistí seo chun imscrúduithe a dhéanamh ar iompar teochta íseal gáis uachtaracha ultrachothaosta nuair a athraíonn gnéithe an gheoiméide gaistí. Tá spéis ar leith ag staidéir ar chórais íseal-mheánmhéide (2D agus 1D) le coinníollacha teorann tréimhsiúla.
Ní léiríonn gáis cheantúla dhá-thomhaise fíor-chomhdhéantacht Bose-Einstein (BEC) i gcórais chomhionanna, ach aistriú cineál Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT). Is féidir le BEC tarlú i bpáistí harmónacha, mar sin, ag soláthar 'meascán' de fhisice BEC agus BKT. Cuirfidh geoiméide chaoi-homogineach mar a sholáthraíonn an gaile torus ar chumas staidéar a dhéanamh ar fhisiceann íon BKT.
Tá sé beartaithe ag ár ngrúpa reatha de scipí adamha a chur ar fáil le gaistí siliméadacha-siliméadacha trí chomhcheangal de cheantair dc agus raidió-mhinicíochta a úsáid. Ina theannta sin ar an imscrúdú ar chórais íseal-dimheanacha is féidir an sliseanna a úsáid chun scáileán dinimiciúil de chnuasach elongated d'aotamaí ultra-fhuar a scoilt. Tá sé beartaithe an "unzipping" seo den scamall a úsáid mar insamhlóir cuanta le haghaidh éifeachtaí den chineál Fulling-Davies-Unruh.
Ópsaíocht chuantúil agus comhéadan léine-matter
Déanaimid imscrúdú ar theicnící chun staitisticí cuanmacha pholl solais a mhapeáil isteach i gcéimeanna saoirse spín ensembles adamhach agus a mhalairt. Ag baint úsáide as a gcuid amanna fada comhsheasmhachta, feidhmíonn na h-aatómaí mar chuimhne cuanta, ag cur ar chumas, mar shampla, cumarsáid cuanta fad-achair.
Ar an láimh eile, déanann mapsáil stáit chuanmacha ábhar ar an solas iad inrochtana do theicnící optúla chuanmacha dea-bhunaithe cosúil le cuntáil fótóin agus braite homodyne. Is féidir iad seo a úsáid mar uirlisí anailíseacha le haghaidh stáit éagsúla go láidir comhghaoltach go leor comhlachtaí. Tá sé beartaithe againn scamaill an-fhada d'atamaí a ghabháil taobh istigh den chroí beag lom de shnáithín criostail fótan, rud a thiocfaidh le hidirghníomhaíochtaí láidre leis an réimse solais fiú le haghaidh gáis nach bhfuil ach cúpla céad adamh iontu.
tonnta ábhar toroidal agus annálach
Úsáidfear le líne eile turgnaimh gaileacha bunaithe ar sliceáil adamhach le topológaí neamh-trivial. Trí ghás ultra-fhuar a shrianadh ar dhromchla torus, ba mhaith linn tonn ábhar dhá-thaobhach a bhaint amach le coinníollacha teorann tréimhsiúla.
Cabhróidh sé seo le srianta áirithe a shárú maidir le bailíocht na samhlacha teoiriciúla, a bhíonn ann nuair a úsáidtear féidearthachtaí gabháil harmónach. Is ionchasacha cóirithe raidió-mhinicíochta (rf) príomh-chomhábhar dár dturgnamh.
Trí úsáid a bhaint as an gcúpláil cineál veicteora idir adamh agus rf-chathair a fháil againn rialú ar ghluaiseacht adamhach agus beidh
in ann ligean adamh contra-fhorleathadh i dhá fáinne. Is féidir socrú den sórt sin a úsáid mar idirghabhálaí Sagnac tonn ábhar atá an-íogair do rothlú.