The Irish Refugee Council continues to promote best practices for the protection of the rights of children and young people, including separated children, at all stages of the asylum process. Through research and our advocacy and policy, we work to address the specific challenges facing children living in Direct Provision (and emergency) accomodation, close the protection gaps for separated children under the ‘Aging Out’ policy and present durable solutions for children separated at both the national and regional level.
With the length of time in the asylum process in Ireland ranging from less than a year to more than seven years, children spend a significant proportion of their childhood in Direct Provision accommodation. Children living in these centres are not necessarily applying for asylum themselves, but are the children of people seeking asylum and may have been born and lived their whole lives in Ireland. Regardless of their or their families’ status, these children did not choose to come to Ireland and they have no control over their circumstances.
All children need to be raised in an atmosphere where care providers offer emotional protection and support. In addition to a loving family life, children need stimulation, encouragement, instruction, rules and limitations. Moreover, care providers must be able to lead by example through their behaviour, exhibition of values and religious and cultural practices. Direct Provision is an unnatural family environment that is not conducive to positive development in children. Parents in Direct Provision are unable to care for or govern the rules and customs of their family and the upbringing of their children due to the restrictions of living in centres.
As of August 2019, there were 1,647 children in the Direct Provision system.
Read our report on 'State Sanctioned Child Poverty and Exclusion, The case of children in state accomodation for asylum seekers'
Separated children are defined as children under 18 years of age who are outside their country of origin and separated from both parents, or their previous legal/customary primary caregiver. The Irish Refugee Council acts as the Irish national focal point for the Separated Children in Europe (SCEP) Network. We also work towards closing a protection gap outlining core standards for guardians of separated children in Europe.
For a separated child, aging out of care, or reaching the age of 18 years, is a frightening time. Separated children arrive in Ireland between the ages of 0 and 17.5 years, although the majority arrive between the ages of 16-17 years. During the time that they spend as a minor, they are in the care of the Health Service Executive (HSE). They have a social worker, a care plan and the beginnings of an aftercare plan. They are often in foster placements or residential homes with 24 hour care staff support.
As they reach the age of 18, separated children begin the transition to Direct Provision accommodation. They are often dispersed to a new County losing contact with their families, social workers, aftercare workers, schools, support networks and their friends. They are often forced to leave school early or change schools as well as GPs and counsellors. These young people find themselves in shared accommodation with no support services living on very little. These young people are at particular risk of being re-traumatised, exploited or even trafficked.
Through our advocacy and policy work, the Irish Refugee Council is working towards changing the 'Aging Out' policy seeking an alternative solution that protects and upholds the safety, dignity and well-being of all young people seeking international protection in Ireland.
Core Standards for guardians of separated children in Europe
A child-friendly guide
A guide to the Committee on the Rights of the Child's General Comment Number 6 on the treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin
The case of children in State accommodation for asylum seekers
Paper on incorporating the best interests of the child into the Immigration, Residence and Protection Bill 2010

Tá an Chomhairle um Thearmann Éireann ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag cur na gcleachtas is fearr chun cearta leanaí agus daoine óga a chosaint, lena n-áirítear leanaí a scartha óna chéile, ag gach céim den phróiseas tearmainn. Trí thaighde agus ár n-aird agus polasaí, oibrímid chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na dúshláin shonracha atá ag cloinn atá ina gcónaí i gconclúid Soláthair Díreach (agus éigeandála), na bearnaí cosanta do leanaí a scartha faoi bheartas "Aging Out" a dhúnadh agus réitigh bhuana a chur i láthair do leanaí a scartha ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus réigiúnach araon.
De réir mar a bhíonn an tréimhse ama sa phróiseas tearmainn in Éirinn idir níos lú ná bliain agus níos mó ná seacht mbliana, caitheann leanaí cuid shuntasach dá d'óige i gconarthaí Soláthair Díreach. Ní gá go bhfuil leanaí a chónaíonn sna hionaid seo ag cur iarratas ar thearmann leo féin, ach is iad leanaí daoine atá ag lorg tearmann agus b'fhéidir gur rugadh iad agus gur chaith siad a saol ar fad in Éirinn. Is beag a bhfuil stádas na leanaí nó stádas a dteaghlaigh, ní raibh na páistí seo ag iarraidh teacht go hÉirinn agus níl aon smacht acu ar a gcúinsí.
Ní mór do gach leanbh a bheith á thógáil i dtimpeallacht ina gcuireann soláthraithe cúraim cosaint agus tacaíocht mhothúchánach ar fáil. Chomh maith le saol teaghlaigh grámhar, teastaíonn spreagadh, spreagadh, teagasc, rialacha agus teorainneacha ó leanaí. Ina theannta sin, ní mór do sholáthraithe cúraim a bheith in ann a bheith ina gceannairí trí shampla a thabhairt trína n-iompar, trí luachanna a thaispeáint agus trí chleachtais reiligiúnacha agus cultúrtha. Is éard atá i soláthar díreach ná timpeallacht teaghlaigh neamhnádúrtha nach bhfuil chun leasa forbartha dearfach leanaí. Ní féidir le tuismitheoirí atá i soláthar díreach aire a thabhairt do rialacha agus do ghnáthanna a dteaghlaigh agus d'a leanaí a chothú nó iad a rialú mar gheall ar na srianta a bhaineann le maireachtáil ionaid.
I mí Lúnasa 2019, bhí 1,647 leanbh sa chóras Soláthair Díreach.
Léigh ár dtuarascáil ar 'Béim agus Eisiamh Leanaí a Cheadaítear ag an Stát, Cás na bpáistí i gcosanta stáit d'iarrthóirí tearmainn'
Sainmhínítear leanaí scartha mar leanaí faoi 18 mbliana d'aois atá lasmuigh dá dtír thionscnaimh agus scartha ó thuismitheoirí araon, nó óna príomhoibritheoir dlíthiúil/oiriúnach roimhe seo. Feidhmíonn Comhairle Theas na hÉireann do Thearmannta mar phointe fócasach náisiúnta na hÉireann do Líonra na mBliana Aosmálta san Eoraip (SCEP). Tá muid ag obair freisin chun bearna cosanta a dhúnadh trí bhunchaighdeáin a leagan amach do chaomhnóirí leanaí a scartha san Eoraip.
Maidir le leanbh a scartha óna chéile, is tréimhse scanrúil é dul in aois gan cúram, nó aois 18 a bhaint amach. Tagann leanaí a scartha óna chéile go hÉirinn idir 0 agus 17.5 bliana d'aois, cé go dtagann an chuid is mó idir 16-17 bliana d'aois. Le linn an ama a chaitheann siad mar mhionlaigh, tá siad faoi chúram an Rialtais na Seirbhíse Sláinte (HSE). Tá oibrí sóisialta acu, plean cúraim agus tús phlean cúraim iar-chúrsa. Is minic a bhíonn siad i gcúram nó i dtithe cónaithe le tacaíocht foirne cúraim 24 uair an chloig.
Nuair a shroicheann leanaí a scartha óna chéile 18 mbliana d'aois, tosaíonn siad ag aistriú chuig cóiríocht Soláthair Díreach. Is minic a scaiptear iad go dtí Contae nua agus cailltear teagmháil leo lena dteaghlaigh, lena n-oibrithe sóisialta, lena n-oibrithe cúraim iarchoimeádta, lena scoileanna, lena líonraí tacaíochta agus lena gcairde. Is minic a bhíonn siad iallach orthu an scoil a fhágáil go luath nó scoileanna a athrú chomh maith le dochtúirí ginearálta agus comhairleoirí. Tá na daoine óga seo i gcómhthuireacha comhroinnte gan aon seirbhísí tacaíochta agus gan mórán airgid acu. Tá na daoine óga seo i mbaol go háirithe a bheith ath-traumaithe, a shaothrú nó fiú a thrádáil.
Tá an Chomhairle um Thearmann Éireann ag obair chun an beartas 'Aging Out' a athrú trína obair abhcóideachta agus beartais, agus réiteach eile á lorg lena gcosaítear agus lena n-áiritheofar sábháilteacht, dínit agus folláine gach duine óg atá ag lorg cosaint idirnáisiúnta in Éirinn.
Bunchaighdeáin do chaomhnóirí leanaí a scartha san Eoraip
Treoir atá oiriúnach do leanaí
Treoir do Choiste um Chearta an Linbh Tuairim Ghinearálta Uimhir 6 maidir le cóireáil leanaí gan chabhair agus leanaí a scartha óna chéile lasmuigh dá dtír thionscnaimh
Cás na leanaí i gcriosanna Stáit d'iarrthóirí tearmainn
Páipéar maidir le leas is fearr an linbh a ionchorprú sa Bhille um Inimirce, Cónaithe agus Cosanta 2010


The purpose of A Look at Learning is to maximize English learners' achievement by
- Enabling teachers, coaches, and administrators to understand key features of English Language Development (ELD) and Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE) settings.
- Providing a system to promote teachers' implementation of research-based practices.
- Promoting teacher efficacy through self-reflection.
Research Basis and Core Components
A.L.L. is a comprehensive system comprised of 17 core components that are based on current research on instruction for English learners and in the field of Implementation Science. A central feature of A.L.L. is the research-based Guide to Observation of ELD and SDAIE Settings.

Is é cuspóir A Look at Learning ná cur le hacmhainní foghlaimeoirí Béarla trí
- Múinteoirí, cóitseálaithe agus riarthóirí a chumasú chun príomhghnéithe Fhorbairt Béarla na teanga (ELD) agus Instruchtúr Acadúil Speisialta a Dheartha sa Bhéarla (SDAIE) a thuiscint.
- Córas a chur ar fáil chun cur i bhfeidhm cleachtais bunaithe ar thaighde a chur chun cinn ag múinteoirí.
- Feidhmíocht mhúinteora a chur chun cinn trí fhéin-imní.
Bunús Taighde agus Príomh-Comhpháirteanna
A.L.L. Is córas cuimsitheach é atá comhdhéanta de 17 phríomhchomhpháirt atá bunaithe ar thaighde reatha ar theagasc do fhoghlaimeoirí Béarla agus i réimse na Eolaíochta Feidhmithe. Gné lárnach de A.L.L. Is é an Treoir um Breathnú ar Shuíomhanna ELD agus SDAIE atá bunaithe ar thaighde.


The basic objective behind a project management is to achieve the defined set of objectives and goals for a project in a definite time frame within the allocated budget. A project manager deploys different strategies to get the best results out of a project. For this different project management methodologies have been designed keeping in mind the requirements and need of the project.
Different types of projects require different project management methodologies for implementation that helps the project managers at every stage of the project starting from its initiation till its completion. Some of the most commonly used project management methodologies in project management are:
Adaptive Project Framework:
In an Adaptive Project Framework, the scope of the project is variable. However, the time frame and budget of the project is fixed. In this method, the execution of the project scope is adjusted as per the time and budget keeping in mind to get the best value as the project outcome.
Agile Software Development:
Agile software development methodology is basically employs in such kinds of projects that have highly active requirements. The requirements may include is for a projects that needs extreme agility in requirements. The key features of agile are its short-termed delivery cycles (sprints), agile requirements, dynamic team culture, less restrictive project control, and emphasis on real-time communication.
In a crystal method the major importance is paid to team communication, team member skills, people, and interaction instead of giving priority to the project processes. Crystal methods can be considered under the agile category.
Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM):
This is an advance form of Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology and can also be considered under the agile software development methodology in which training, documentation and active user involvement during the project life cycle is given utmost importance.
Extreme Programming (XP):
Extreme Programming (XP) is a software development methodology ahead of various agile software development methodologies and is quite different from the traditional methodologies. Extreme Programming (XP) is indented enhance software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirement in the entire project cycle providing high degree of adaptability. Extreme Programming (XP) is one of the best methodologies that can be used to meet the changing requirement of customers in dynamic projects at any point of the project life cycle.
Feature Driven Development (FDD):
Feature Driven Development (FDD) as a project management methodology is based on simple and well-defined processes that understand the need of the project with short iterative and feature driven delivery cycles. FDD is mostly used in software development projects that recognises the role of every individual in a project and specifies what role should be given to whom.
Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL):
The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), is a set of best practices for IT service management (ITSM) focusing on the need of the business and is one of the best project management methodologies in use at present. ITIL is known to cover the broader aspect of project management including procedures, tasks and checklists for the implementation of project plant efficiently.
Joint Application Development (JAD):
Joint Application Development (JAD) is a process that stimulates the design of information technology solutions using customer involvement and group dynamics in order to understand the actual need of the business for the project to develop an effective solution for the same. JAD involves interviewing stakeholders individually rather than group consensus in order to fine a proper solution to the problem.
Lean Development (LD):
Lean Development (LD) is basically a set of used to reduce the waste in a project in order to provide the client with the best return on investment. This involves identifying the problems that can be solved individually and once the individual waste has been identified, it becomes quite easy to run the project efficiently with least amount of waste. Thus lean development helps in proper planning and execution of project with highest degree of value.
Rapid Application Development (RAD):
Rapid Application Development (RAD) lays emphasis on development of products of high quality at a faster rate. Rapid application development (RAD) ensures much faster development and higher-quality results than traditional methods, which requires minimum planning using component based construction approach. The lack of extensive research and pre-planning allows the software to be written very fast and make it easier to change the requirements if needed.
Rational Unified Process (RUP):
The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative software development process that is used in the software development projects methodologies known for its adaptable nature. This method allows the users or project team to select the elements based on their need. Thus, RUP covers all the modern and useful aspect of software development methodologies and brings them into one package.
Scrum is an agile methodology that is particularly aimed to enhance the productivity of the project team dramatically by reducing all possible burden on the team. Scrum project methodologies are especially managed by a Scrum master.
Spiral methodology is an extended version of waterfall model with prototyping that is used in place of using waterfall techniques in large projects.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the most commonly used as software project management methodologies in which two or more different more project management methodologies to get the best result for the project. SDLC lays emphasis on more documentation and follows strict guidelines.
Waterfall Approach (Traditional):
The waterfall model is a popular and traditional form of project management methodologies widely used in software development projects and considered to be the classic approach to SDLC. Waterfall approach follows different goals and objective for each phase of the process. Once one phase is completed the development moves to the next phase automatically.

Is é an cuspóir bunúsach atá taobh thiar de bhainistíocht tionscadail ná an tacar sainithe cuspóirí agus spriocanna a bhaint amach do thionscadal i gcreat ama sainithe laistigh den bhuiséad leithdháilte. Déanann bainisteoir tionscadail straitéisí éagsúla a úsáid chun na torthaí is fearr a fháil as tionscadal. Chun na críche sin, dearadh modheolaíochtaí éagsúla bainistíochta tionscadail agus riachtanais agus riachtanais an tionscadail á gcur san áireamh.
Tá gá le modheolaíochtaí éagsúla bainistíochta tionscadail chun tionscadail a chur i bhfeidhm a chabhraíonn le bainisteoirí tionscadail i ngach céim den tionscadal óna thionscnamh go dtí a chríochnú. Is iad seo a leanas cuid de na modheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail is coitianta a úsáidtear i mbainistíocht tionscadail:
Creat tionscadail oiriúnaithe:
I gCreat Tionscadail Incháilithe, tá raon feidhme an tionscadail éagsúil. Tá creat ama agus buiséad an tionscadail socraithe, áfach. Sa mhodh seo, déantar cur chun feidhme raon feidhme an tionscadail a choigeartú de réir an ama agus an bhuiséid agus an luach is fearr á fháil mar thoradh ar an tionscadal.
Forbairt Bogearraí Ghluaiste:
Baineann modh-uirlis forbartha bogearraí cliste le foirmeacha den sórt sin de thionscadail a bhfuil riachtanais an-ghníomhacha acu. Is féidir leis na ceanglais a bheith i gceist le haghaidh tionscadal a bhfuil gá le solúbthacht mhór i riachtanais. Is iad na príomhghnéithe atá ag an agile ná a timthriallta seachadta gearrthéarmach (sprintí), riachtanais agile, cultúr foirne dinimiciúil, rialú tionscadail níos lú srianta, agus béim ar chumarsáid fíor-ama.
I modh criostail tugtar an tábhacht is mó do chumarsáid foirne, scileanna comhalta foirne, daoine, agus idirghníomhú in ionad tosaíocht a thabhairt do phróisis an tionscadail. Is féidir modhanna criostail a mheas faoin gcatagóir cliste.
Modal Forbartha Córais Dinimiciúla (DSDM):
Is foirm chun cinn é seo de mhodheolaíocht Forbartha Gasta Iarratas (RAD) agus is féidir é a mheas freisin faoin mhodheolaíocht forbartha bogearraí solúbtha ina dtugtar an-tábhacht ar oiliúint, ar dhoiciméadú agus ar rannpháirtíocht ghníomhach úsáideoirí le linn timthriall saoil an tionscadail.
Clárú Tréimhsí (XP):
Is modh-uirlis forbartha bogearraí é Extreme Programming (XP) os comhair modheolaíochtaí éagsúla forbartha bogearraí cliste agus tá sé an-difriúil ó na modheolaíochtaí traidisiúnta. Tá sé beartaithe ag Clárú Extreme (XP) cáilíocht bogearraí a fheabhsú agus freagairt do riachtanais athraitheacha an chustaiméara i dtimthriall iomlán an tionscadail a sholáthraíonn ardleibhéal oiriúnaitheachta. Tá Clárú Extreme (XP) ar cheann de na modheolaíochtaí is fearr is féidir a úsáid chun freastal ar riachtanais athraitheacha na gcustaiméirí i dtionscadail dinimiciúla ag aon phointe de shaolré an tionscadail.
Forbairt faoi Thiomáint Feature (FDD):
Tá Forbairt Tharraingthe ar Fheidhmeanna (FDD) mar mhodheolaíocht bainistíochta tionscadail bunaithe ar phróisis shimplí agus dea-shainithe a thuigeann riachtanas an tionscadail le timthriallta seachadta gearr athfhillteach agus tharraingthe ar fheidhm. Úsáidtear FDD den chuid is mó i dtionscadail forbartha bogearraí a aithníonn ról gach duine aonair i dtionscadal agus a shonraíonn cén ról ba cheart a thabhairt do cé.
Leabharlann Infreastruchtúr Teicneolaíochta Faisnéise (ITIL):
Is éard atá i leabharlann bonneagair teicneolaíochta faisnéise (ITIL) sraith dea-chleachtais le haghaidh bainistíochta seirbhísí TF (ITSM) a dhíríonn ar riachtanais an ghnó agus tá sé ar cheann de na modheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail is fearr atá in úsáid faoi láthair. Tá a fhios go gcumhdaíonn ITIL an ghné níos leithne de bhainistíocht tionscadail lena n-áirítear nósanna imeachta, tascanna agus seiceálacha chun tionscadal a chur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach.
Forbairt Comhpháirteach Iarratas (JAD):
Is próiseas é Forbairt Comhpháirteach Iarratas (JAD) a spreagann dearadh réitigh teicneolaíochta faisnéise trí rannpháirtíocht chustaiméirí agus dinimic ghrúpa a úsáid d'fhonn tuiscint a fháil ar an bhfíor-riachtanas atá ag an ngnó don tionscadal chun réiteach éifeachtach a fhorbairt don rud céanna. Baineann JAD le cainteanna a dhéanamh le páirtithe leasmhara go aonair seachas comhthoil ghrúpa chun réiteach cuí ar an bhfadhb a fháil.
Forbairt Lean (LD):
Is éard atá i bhforbairt lean (LD) go bunúsach sraith de mhodhanna a úsáidtear chun an dramhaíl a laghdú i dtionscadal d'fhonn an toradh is fearr ar infheistíocht a sholáthar don chliaint. Baineann sé seo le sainmhíniú na gcúiseanna a fhéadfar a réiteach go aonair agus nuair a bheidh an dramhaíl aonair sainaitheanta, bíonn sé go leor éasca an tionscadal a reáchtáil go héifeachtach le méid is lú dramhaíola. Mar sin, cabhraíonn forbairt lean le pleanáil agus le cur i gcrích ceart tionscadail leis an leibhéal is airde luach.
Forbairt Gasta Iarratas (RAD):
Le forbairt tapa iarratais (RAD), cuirtear béim ar tháirgí ardchaighdeáin a fhorbairt ar ráta níos tapúla. Cinntíonn forbairt tapa feidhmchláir (RAD) forbairt i bhfad níos tapúla agus torthaí ar chaighdeán níos airde ná modhanna traidisiúnta, a éilíonn pleanáil íosta ag baint úsáide as cur chuige tógála bunaithe ar chomhpháirteanna. De bharr nach bhfuil taighde agus réamhphleanáil fairsing déanta, is féidir an bogearraí a scríobh go tapa agus is féidir na riachtanais a athrú níos éasca más gá.
Próiseas Aonair Réasúnach (RUP):
Is próiseas forbartha bogearraí athfhillteach é an Próiseas Aonair Réasúnach (RUP) a úsáidtear i modheolaíochtaí tionscadal forbartha bogearraí ar a dtugtar a nádúr oiriúnaithe. Ligeann an modh seo d'úsáideoirí nó d'fhoireann an tionscadail na heilimintí a roghnú bunaithe ar a riachtanas. Dá bhrí sin, cuimsíonn RUP gach gné nua-aimseartha agus úsáideach de mhodheolaíochtaí forbartha bogearraí agus tugann sé iad le chéile i bpacáiste amháin.
Is modh-oideachas cliste é Scrum a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige go háirithe táirgiúlacht fhoireann an tionscadail a fheabhsú go suntasach trí gach ualach féideartha ar an bhfoireann a laghdú. Baineann Scrum-mháistir le modheolaíochtaí tionscadail Scrum go háirithe.
Is leagan leathnaithe den mhodhchlár waterfall le prototaipíocht é an mhodheolaíocht spíreála a úsáidtear in ionad teicnící waterfall a úsáid i dtionscadail mhóra.
Ciorcal Saoil Forbartha Córais (SDLC):
Is é an timthriall saoil forbartha córais (SDLC) an ceann is coitianta a úsáidtear mar mhodheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail bogearraí ina bhfuil dhá mhodheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail éagsúla nó níos mó chun an toradh is fearr a fháil don tionscadal. Cuireann SDLC béim ar níos mó doiciméid agus leanann sé treoirlínte dian.
Bealach na dTreochta (Traidisiúnta):
Is cineál coitianta agus traidisiúnta modhanna bainistíochta tionscadail é an tsamhail uiscebheatha a úsáidtear go forleathan i dtionscadail forbartha bogearraí agus a mheastar gurb é an cur chuige clasaiceach do SDLC é. Tá spriocanna agus cuspóirí éagsúla ag cur chuige an charraig le haghaidh gach céim den phróiseas. Nuair a bheidh céim amháin críochnaithe, bogann an fhorbairt go huathoibríoch chuig an gcéad chéim eile.


Standing on the bank of a salt marsh on Georgia’s Sapelo Island, wearing shin-high rubber boots, Mary Ann Moran encouraged a group of high school students to join her.
“Just go ahead and get muddy,” said Moran, a UGA professor of marine sciences. “It’s fun.”
The goal was to collect brackish water for the students to analyze later, using state-of-the-art DNA techniques. Marine bacteria are still so poorly understood that there’s a good chance that many of the students would identify new species.
“About half will find bacteria that have never been found before,” Moran said.
For the past decade, Moran’s research has focused on a particular group of marine bacteria known as roseobacters for the pink color of some of the cells. Moran’s work, recently awarded a $2.6 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, is illuminating how these marine bacteria move sulfur from the oceans to the atmosphere, where it plays a role in seeding clouds and regulating the Earth’s climate.
Moran has been working on Sapelo Island, home to UGA’s Marine Institute, for 20 years. Her trip to Sapelo earlier this year with 20 Cedar Shoals High School students helped show them a field that Moran said is important but often overlooked. Even those who go on to become chemists, musicians, accountants or doctors will have a sense of the vital role bacteria play in the health of the planet.
On Sapelo, the students collected water samples from the marsh and got to go out on the research boat Spartina. Then they headed home, taking with them samples that contained the bacteria. The high-school students would later analyze the bacteria using the same DNA techniques that Moran uses in her lab.
After giving the bacteria a few weeks to grow on petri dishes, Moran visited the students in their classroom at Cedar Shoals to teach them how to isolate the bacteria. A few weeks later, the students visited her lab to amplify-or copy many times-one gene in the bacterial DNA that serves as a “fingerprint” to help them discover its identity. Later, they obtained the exact order, or sequence, of the base pairs that make up this gene.
Moran’s work with young scientists, from high school students to post- graduate students, assures that future generations will keep asking important questions about the ocean’s unseen yet vital bacteria.

Ag seasamh ar bhruach marsh salann ar Oileán Sapelo Georgia, ag caitheamh buataisí rubair ard-shin, spreag Mary Ann Moran grúpa mac léinn ardscoile a bheith páirteach léi.
"Just go ahead and get muddy", a dúirt Moran, ollamh eolaíochtaí muirí UGA. Is spraoi é.
Ba é an aidhm ná uisce brackish a bhailiú le haghaidh anailíse na mac léinn ina dhiaidh sin, ag baint úsáide as teicnící DNA is déanaí. Tá an-bheagán eolais fós ar bhaictéir mhuirí agus tá seans maith ann go bhfanfaidh go leor de na mic léinn ag aithint speicis nua.
"Féadfaidh thart ar leath baictéir a fháil nár aimsíodh riamh roimhe seo", a dúirt Moran.
Le deich mbliana anuas, d'airdigh taighde Moran ar ghrúpa áirithe baictéir mhuirí ar a dtugtar roseobacteris mar gheall ar dath bándearg cuid de na cealla. Tá obair Moran, a bronnadh deontas $ 2.6 milliún air le déanaí ó Bhunachar Gordon agus Betty Moore, ag soláthar solais ar an gcaoi a n-aistrigh na baictéir mara seo sulfair ó na farraigí go dtí an atmaisféar, áit a bhfuil ról aige i scoth na n-uisce agus i rialú aeráide na Talún.
Tá Moran ag obair ar Oileán Sapelo, baile Institiúid Mhuirí UGA, le 20 bliain. Chabhraigh a turas go Sapelo níos luaithe i mbliana le 20 mac léinn Ard-Scoile Cedar Shoals le réimse a thaispeáint dóibh a dúirt Moran go bhfuil sé tábhachtach ach go minic a dhéantar dearmad air. Fiú amháin iad siúd a théann ar aghaidh chun bheith ina ceimic, ceoltóirí, cuntasóirí nó dochtúirí beidh tuiscint acu ar an ról ríthábhachtach a imríonn baictéir i sláinte an phláinéid.
Ar Sapelo, bhail na mic léinn samplaí uisce ón marsh agus fuair siad dul amach ar an bhád taighde Spartina. Ansin chuaigh siad abhaile, ag glacadh samplaí a raibh na baictéir iontu leo. D'anailís na mic léinn ardscoile na baictéir níos déanaí ag baint úsáide as na teicnící DNA céanna a úsáideann Moran ina saotharlann.
Tar éis dó na baictéir a thabhairt ar feadh cúpla seachtain chun fás ar mhiasanna petri, thug Moran cuairt ar na mic léinn ina seomra ranga ag Cedar Shoals chun a mhúineadh dóibh conas na baictéir a leithdháileadh. Cúpla seachtain ina dhiaidh sin, thug na mic léinn cuairt ar a saotharlann chun géin a mhéadú - nó a chóipeáil go leor uaireanta - i DNA baictéarach a fheidhmíonn mar 'fingerprint' chun cabhrú leo a shainaithint a fháil amach. Níos déanaí, fuair siad ord, nó seicheamh, na bpáirtí bonn a dhéanann an géin seo.
Cuireann obair Moran le heolaithe óga, ó mhic léinn ardscoile go mic léinn iarchéime, in iúl go leanfaidh glúnta amach anseo ag cur ceisteanna tábhachtacha faoi bhaictéir neamhfhaisithe ach ríthábhachtach na farraige.


Wahga, named Wahga in Pakistan, is a village near which the accepted Radcliffe Line. The boundary demarcation line dividing India and Pakistan upon the Partition of India, was drawn. The village lies 600 meters west of the Border line. At the time of independence in 1947, the migrants from the Indian parts of the subcontinent entered the present day Pakistan through this border crossing. The Wahga Border railway station lies 400 meters to the south and only 100 meters from the Border line itself. In Pakistan, the Border crossing is known as Wahga Border whereas in India it is called Atari Border crossing, named after the Indian village Atari, which lies 500 meters east of the Border line within Indian territory.
Wahga border ceremony
It is particularly known for the elaborate Wahga border ceremony that happens at the border gate, two hours before sunset each day. The flag ceremony is conducted by Indian Border Security Force (BSF) and Pakistan Rangers. There is entry time for visit Wahga border and ceremony everyday evening around 3:30 pm. Please contact for further details of your tour plan we are for you 24/7 a week 365 days a year. Call Us: +92-312-4343400 or Email Us: email@example.com

Is sráidbhaile é Wahga, ar a dtugtar Wahga sa Phacastáin, in aice leis an Líne Radcliffe a ghlacann. Tarraingíodh an líne deighilte teorann a roinnteann an India agus an Phacastáin ar an Roinn na hIndia. Tá an sráidbhaile suite 600 méadar siar ón líne teorann. Ag an am a fuair an tír neamhspleáchas i 1947, tháinig na himirceoirí ó na codanna Indiacha den fho-chríoch isteach sa Phacastáin atá ann faoi láthair tríd an gcrosnú teorann seo. Tá stáisiún iarnróid Teorainneacha Wahga 400 méadar ó dheas agus níl ach 100 méadar ó líne na Teorainneacha féin. Sa Phacastáin, tugtar Wahga Border ar an trasnú teorann agus san India tugtar Atari Border crossing air, ainmnithe i ndiaidh sráidbhaile Indiach Atari, atá suite 500 méadar soir den líne teorann laistigh de chríoch Indiach.
Searmanas teorann Wahga
Tá sé ar eolas go háirithe as an searmanas teorann Wahga forleathan a tharlaíonn ag an geata teorann, dhá uair an chloig roimh an grian a bheith thart gach lá. Is é an tAire Stáit a chuir an t-ordú ar an gcruinniú. Tá am iontrála ann chun cuairt a thabhairt ar theorainn Wahga agus searmanas gach tráthnóna timpeall 3:30 pm. Cuir teagmháil le do thoil le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí ar do phlean turais táimid ar do shon 24/7 sa tseachtain 365 lá sa bhliain. Glaoigh orainn: +92-312-4343400 nó Cuir ríomhphost chugainn: email@example.com


Visiting the Origin of Life AgainOne of the greatest challenges to science over the past hundred years at least, has been the question of how life came into existence on the earth. Skeptics of the existence of God have attempted to find ways of explaining the origin of life by chance processes, thinking that this would eliminate any argument for the existence of God. In reality, discussions of the origin of life begin by assuming that certain materials have already been created, and simply tries to explain how these created materials could have become living. In the last year or so a number of discoveries and understandings have come out of research which makes it useful to discuss this subject, even though we have discussed it previously in this journal.
The history of mechanical explanations of the origin of life began with Charles Darwin who proposed in 1871 that life may have emerged from "some warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat, electricity, etc. present" (Francis Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, New York, D. Appleton, 1887, page 202). In 1924, Alexander Oparin proposed that complex molecules had formed from simple ones by a series of chemical processes. In 1928, J.B.S. Haldane suggested that ultraviolet radiation caused sugars and amino acids to concentrate in oceans in the ancient earth. In the early 1950s, Harold Urey proposed that the earth's ancient atmosphere made life happen, and he directed his student Stanley Miller to do an experiment using gases that Urey thought might work--ammonia, methane, and hydrogen. Miller did the experiment using electrical discharge as the catalyst and was able to detect amino acids in a trap connected to the apparatus. Amino acids are the building blocks of life, so the media picked up on this and headlines like "Scientist Creates Life" appeared around the world. Miller was hailed as having made a great breakthrough, and certainly the fact that simple materials could be used to produce more complex molecules was proven. Transferring this to the ancient earth was difficult, because the apparatus destroyed amino acids 10,000 times faster than it produced them, and thinking of how something on the earth could serve as the trap that Miller used in his apparatus to protect the amino acids from the electrical discharge was very hard to do.
Since 1956 when Miller did all this, research has continued and Miller's experiment has been shown to be almost totally irrelevant to the origin of life. The big problem is that Urey chose the gases that would be used, and assumed that these gases were present in the atmosphere of the newly created earth. The gases that he chose were very active. We heat our homes and cook our food with methane, and hydrogen is an explosive gas--a point made loud and clear when the Hindenburg exploded. Hydrogen is also so light weight, that the earth's gravity cannot hold it, so hydrogen gas in our atmosphere escapes into outer space and could never have been a factor in the make up of the early earth. Ammonia is also a very active material chemically. Just placing ammonia into water causes rapid dissolving and the production of ammonium hydroxide, and ammonia reacts vigorously with any anion. By choosing gases that were very active chemically, Urey stacked the deck for something to happen when the gases were placed together and a catalyst was applied.
As research has continued and more and more materials from the early earth have been examined, it has become obvious that Urey's choices may have been wise chemically, but they are clearly not what the ancient earth was like. Carbon dioxide seems to have been the primary material in the atmosphere of the ancient earth, with nitrogen and water being the other major components. Recent experiments have shown that very little oxygen was present. The point is that the chemicals that were present in the ancient earth's atmosphere are virtually inert chemically. Our atmosphere today is 78% nitrogen, and getting that nitrogen to react chemically is a challenge for agriculture. Nitrogen fixation (in which nitrogen is turned into compounds that plants can use) is accomplished by lightning bolts and certain bacteria in nature. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water is what we drink in soda pop, and it is exhaled by each of us as we breathe. If you were to put these gases in the Miller apparatus, they would never produce an amino acid.
Another problem with questions related to the origin of life is that much more information is available now on how cells are constructed than was available early in the twentieth century. Many of the assumptions made by those theorizing about how life got started on the earth have turned out to be impossible. There are 80 different possible amino acids, but only a fourth of these are actually found in living cells. Fifty percent of amino acids produced in the laboratory have a left-handed orientation and 50% have a right-handed orientation, but only left-handed amino acids are seen in living cells. Amino acids have to be linked together in very specific sequences to produce protein molecules, but other molecules react with amino acids more readily than amino acids react with each other. We have also learned that peptide bonds have to occur in very specific places in order for the proteins produced to be able to fold up three dimensionally.
To make a protein that is functional in living things, 100 amino acids have to be arranged in the right sequence. We do need to point out that proteins are not living, they are simply the next step in building life. The sequencing of amino acids is critical. Imagine having 100 letters and wanting to write a sentence. You could not just randomly pull the letters one at a time and put them in a row and expect to have a sentence. There has to be a special order of letters for the sequence to make any sense. This is equally true of amino acids.
In a living cell the guidance to do this comes from the DNA which works as a microprocessor working with RNA for sequencing. The synthesis of DNA and RNA by a process like the Miller-Urey experiment has never been attempted and is viewed by most biologists as being beyond the reach of modern science. The point is that when one talks about the origin of life, there is no DNA or RNA to do the sequencing. This is a major complication in any attempt to explain the origin of life. People doing the research recognize this. There have been a number of theories proposed over the past 20 years to find a way around these problems. The discovery of sea vents and a biosphere based on sulfur was thought to be a possibility, but the vents have no way to recycle the biological systems to increase their sequencing complexity. In addition to that, the vents are destructive to the chemicals used in the biological systems, so the range of life forms is very limited. Crick and Orgel's proposal that life was seeded on earth by aliens--a proposal that just pushes the questions to another solar system--is too tabloidish to be considered by most scientists.
The origin of life on earth did not happen by chance. There is simply too much evidence of design and purpose in everything we have learned about life to believe that chance is a viable mechanism for life. Francis Crick said, "The origin of life appears to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have to be satisfied to get it going (Lee Strobel, The Case for Faith, Grand Rapids, MI, Zondervan, 2000, page 100) He also said, "Every time I write a paper on the origin of life, I swear I will never write another one, because there is too much speculation running after too few facts" (Strobel, page107).
The SETI program (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) has stated that if they could pick up any radio signal from space with an ordered sequence, they would consider it to have come from an intelligent source. In Contact (the sci-fi book and movie based on Carl Sagan's writing), intelligent life being the source of the signal was identified by a series of prime numbers (numbers divisible only by themselves and one). Every cell in your body contains more information in its DNA than is in an Encyclopaedia Britannica. Attempts by skeptics to explain the origin of life on a chance basis have no support from the evidence, and as new discoveries continue to be made the role of intelligence becomes clearer and clearer. God created life by a plan, and that design radiates from every living thing to verify that fact.
--John N. Clayton
Back to Contents Does God Exist?, NovDec03.

Ag tabhairt cuairt ar Thús na Beo ArísAr cheann de na dúshláin is mó a bhí ag an eolaíocht le céad bliain anuas ar a laghad, ba é an cheist conas a tháinig an saol ar an talamh. Tá daoine amhrasach faoi Dhia ag iarraidh bealaí a fháil chun bunús na beatha a mhíniú trí phróisis ócáideacha, ag smaoineamh go gcuirfeadh sé seo deireadh le haon argóint ar bith maidir le Dia a bheith ann. I ndáiríre, tosaíonn plé ar bhunús na beatha ag glacadh leis go bhfuil ábhair áirithe cruthaithe cheana féin, agus déanann sé iarracht ach a mhíniú conas a d'fhéadfadh na hábhair chruthaithe seo a bheith ina gcónaí. Le bliain anuas nó mar sin, tá roinnt fionnachtana agus tuiscintí tagtha as taighde a fhágann go bhfuil sé úsáideach an t-ábhar seo a phlé, cé go ndearna muid plé air roimhe seo sa iris seo.
Thosaigh stair na míniúchán meicniúil ar bhunús na beatha le Charles Darwin a mhol i 1871 go bhféadfadh an saol a bheith tagtha chun cinn ó "chomhchloch beag te, le gach cineál salainn amóinia agus fosfar, solas, teas, leictreachas, srl. (Francis Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, New York, D. Appleton, 1887, leathanach 202). I 1924, mhol Alexander Oparin go raibh móilíní casta déanta as móilíní simplí trí shraith próisis cheimiceacha. I 1928, rinne J.B.S. Mhol Haldane go raibh an radaíocht ultraivialait mar thoradh ar siúcraí agus aimínaigéid a thiomáint in aigéin ar an talamh ársa. Go luath sna 1950idí, mhol Harold Urey gur chuir atmaisféar ársa na talún saol i bhfeidhm, agus d'ordaigh sé dá mhac léinn Stanley Miller turgnamh a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as gáis a cheap Urey go bhféadfadh siad a bheith ag obair - amóinia, meitéin, agus hidrigin. Rinne Miller an turgnamh ag baint úsáide as scaoileadh leictreach mar an catalaí agus bhí sé in ann aimínaigéid a bhrath i dtrap atá ceangailte leis an gclár. Is iad aimínaigéid na bloic thógála na beatha, mar sin ghlac na meáin leis seo agus tháinig ceannlínte cosúil le "Scientist Creates Life" ar fud an domhain. D'fhógair Miller go raibh rath mór déanta aige, agus is cinnte gur cruthaíodh go bhféadfaí ábhair shimplí a úsáid chun móilíní níos casta a tháirgeadh. Bhí sé deacair é seo a aistriú chuig an talamh ársa, toisc go ndearna an t-eagrán aimínaigéid a scriosadh 10,000 uair níos tapúla ná mar a chruthaigh sé iad, agus ag smaoineamh ar conas a d'fhéadfadh rud éigin ar an talamh a bheith mar an gaile a d'úsáid Miller ina fheiste chun na aimínaigéid a chosaint ón scaoileadh leictreach bhí sé an-deacair a dhéanamh.
Ó 1956 nuair a rinne Miller seo go léir, lean taighde ar aghaidh agus léiríodh go raibh turgnamh Miller beagnach neamhábhartha go hiomlán do thionscnamh na beatha. Is é an fhadhb mhór go Urey roghnaigh na gáis a bheadh a úsáid, agus glacadh leis go raibh na gáis i láthair i atmaisféar an domhain nua-chruthaithe. Bhí na gáis a roghnaigh sé an-ghníomhach. Táimid te ár dtithe agus cócaireacht ár n-aiste le meitéin, agus hidrigine is gáis bhuartha - pointe a rinneadh ard agus soiléir nuair a thit an Hindenburg. Tá hidrigine chomh soléite freisin, nach féidir le gravity na talún é a choinneáil, mar sin éalaíonn gáis hidrigine inár n-atmaisféar isteach sa spás agus ní fhéadfaí a bheith ina fhachtóir i gcruthú na talún luath. Tá amóinia ina ábhar an-ghníomhach go ceimiceach freisin. Ní gá ach amóinia a chur isteach in uisce chun go mbeidh sé leá go tapa agus go dtarlóidh amóiniamhiodróicsíde, agus déanann amóinia imoibriú go láidir le haon anion. Trí gháis a roghnú a bhí an-ghníomhach go ceimiceach, chuir Urey an deic ar bun le haghaidh rud éigin a tharlódh nuair a chuirtear na gáis le chéile agus a chuirtear catalaí a chur i bhfeidhm.
De réir mar a lean taighde agus a ndearnadh scrúdú ar níos mó agus níos mó ábhair ón talamh luath, tá sé soiléir go bhféadfadh roghanna Urey a bheith ciallmhar go ceimiceach, ach is léir nach bhfuil siad mar a bhí an talamh ársa. Is cosúil gurbh é dé-ocsaíd charbóin an príomh-ábhar i dtimpeallacht na talún ársa, agus is iad nítrigin agus uisce na príomhchomhpháirteanna eile. Léirigh turgnaimh le déanaí go raibh an-bheagán ocsaigine i láthair. Is é an pointe ná go bhfuil na ceimiceáin a bhí i láthair i dtimpeallacht na talún ársa beagnach inert go ceimiceach. Is é 78% de nítrigin atá inár n-atmaisféar inniu, agus is dúshlán don talmhaíocht an nítrigin sin a chur i ngníomh go ceimiceach. Déantar socrú nítrigine (ar a ndéantar nítrigine a thiontú i gcomhdhúile is féidir le plandaí a úsáid) trí boltaí léim agus baictéir áirithe san nádúr. Is é an dé-ocsaíd charbóin atá tuaslagtha san uisce an rud a ólaimid i soda pop, agus é a chur amach ag gach duine againn agus muid ag anailís. Má bhí tú a chur na gáis i gléas Miller, ní bheadh siad a tháirgeadh aimínaigéad.
Is é fadhb eile le ceisteanna a bhaineann le bunús na beatha ná go bhfuil i bhfad níos mó eolais ar fáil anois maidir le conas a dhéantar cealla a thógáil ná mar a bhí ar fáil go luath sa fiche céad. Tá a lán de na tuairimí a rinne na daoine a bhí ag déanamh teoiricí faoi conas a thosaigh an saol ar an talamh tar éis a bheith dodhéanta. Tá 80 aimínaigéad éagsúla féideartha ann, ach níl ach ceathrú cuid díobh seo le fáil i gcealla beo. Tá 50% de aimínaigéid a tháirgtear sa saotharlann dírithe ar an taobh clé agus 50% dírithe ar an taobh dheis, ach ní fheictear ach aimínaigéid dheis i gcealla beo. Caithfear aimínaigéid a nascadh le chéile i dtruaimhsí an-sonracha chun móilíní próitéine a tháirgeadh, ach déanann móilíní eile imoibriú le aimínaigéid níos éasca ná mar a dhéanann aimínaigéid imoibriú lena chéile. D'fhoghlaim muid freisin go gcaithfidh bannaí peiptíde a bheith i láthair i gcásanna an-sonracha ionas go mbeidh na próitéiní a tháirgtear in ann dul suas trí thrí-dimensionally.
Chun próitéin a dhéanamh atá feidhmiúil i n-earraí beo, ní mór 100 aimínaigéad a chur in ord ceart. Ní mór dúinn a chur in iúl nach bhfuil próitéiní beo, níl iontu ach an chéad chéim eile i bhfoirmiú na beatha. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfar seicheamh ar aimínaigéid. Samhlaigh go bhfuil 100 litir agat agus go dteastaíonn uait abairt a scríobh. Ní fhéadfá na litreacha a tharraingt go randamach, ceann ar cheann, agus iad a chur i sraith agus súil a bheith agat go mbeidh abairt agat. Ní mór ord speisialta a bheith ag na litreacha chun go mbeadh ciall ag an ordú. Tá sé seo fíor go cothrom maidir le aimínaigéid.
I gcealla beo tagann an treoir chun é seo a dhéanamh ón DNA a oibríonn mar mhicriproiseálaí ag obair le RNA chun seicheamh a dhéanamh. Níor ndearnadh iarracht riamh sintéis DNA agus RNA a dhéanamh trí phróiseas cosúil le turgnamh Miller-Urey agus meastar go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na bitheolaithe thar a bheith inrochtana ag an eolaíocht nua-aimseartha. Is é an pointe go bhfuil nuair a labhraíonn duine faoi bhunús na beatha, níl aon DNA nó RNA a dhéanamh ar an ordú. Is é seo an deacracht is mó i ngach iarracht chun bunús na beatha a mhíniú. Aithníonn daoine a dhéanann an taighde é seo. Tá roinnt teoiricí curtha i láthair le 20 bliain anuas chun bealach a fháil chun na fadhbanna seo a sheachaint. Measadh go raibh an deis ann folúntais mhuirí agus bithsféar bunaithe ar sulfair a fháil amach, ach níl aon bhealach ag na folúntais na córais bitheolaíocha a athchúrsáil chun a gcastacht seicheamh a mhéadú. Ina theannta sin, tá na haontais ag scriosadh na ceimiceáin a úsáidtear sna córais bitheolaíocha, mar sin tá raon na bhfoirmeacha saoil an-teoranta. Crick agus Orgel 's togra go raibh saol seeded ar an talamh ag eachtrannaigh - togra a shroicheann ach an ceisteanna a chur le córas gréine eile - tá ró-tablaidís a mheas ag an chuid is mó eolaithe.
Ní tharla an bunús a bhí ag an saol ar an talamh de dheasca teagmhais. Tá an iomarca fianaise ar dhearadh agus ar chuspóir i ngach rud a d'fhoghlaim muid faoin saol chun a chreidiúint go bhfuil an t-ádh ar mheaisín inmharthana chun an saol a chruthú. Dúirt Francis Crick, "Is cosúil go bhfuil bunús na beatha beagnach ina miracle, mar sin tá go leor coinníollacha a bheadh le sásamh chun é a chur ar siúl (Lee Strobel, An Cás le haghaidh Creideamh, Grand Rapids, MI, Zondervan, 2000, leathanach 100) Dúirt sé freisin, "I ngach uair a scríobhann mé páipéar ar bhunús na beatha, geallaim nach scríobfaidh mé ceann eile riamh, toisc go bhfuil ró-mheasamh ag rith i ndiaidh fíricí ró-bheag" (Strobel, leathanach 107).
Dúirt clár SETI (Cuardach ar Intleacht Eile-Tír) dá bhféadfaidís aon chomhartha raidió a phiocadh ón spás le seicheamh ordúil, go measfaidís gur tháinig sé ó fhoinse intleachtúil. I Contact (an leabhar sci-fi agus an scannán bunaithe ar scríbhneoireacht Carl Sagan), aithníodh saol cliste a bhí mar fhoinse an chomhartha trí shraith uimhreacha príomh (uimhreacha nach féidir a roinnt ach leo féin agus amháin). Tá níos mó faisnéise i ngach cealla i do chorp ina DNA ná mar atá i nGaeilgeach. Ní thacaíonn fianaise le hiarrachtaí na sceitic chun bunús na beatha a mhíniú ar bhonn teagmhála, agus de réir mar a leanann fionnachtana nua de bheith á ndéanamh, bíonn ról na faisnéise níos soiléire agus níos soiléire. Chruthaigh Dia an saol de réir plean, agus go bhfuil an dearadh radiates ó gach rud beo a fhíorú go fíric.
--John N. Clayton
Ar ais go hIontráil An bhfuil Dia ann?, NovDec03.


Ideas for classroom learning
Visiting the Gallery is a special learning opportunity for students. There is nothing quite like being able to see a work of art in person, or as we say in the arts; 'in the round'.
Teachers and educators know that incorporating related learning activities both before and after their visit to the Gallery will help students retain what they have learned. So we have put together a list of ideas for classroom activities, based off the Key Ideas in the Australian Curriculum: Arts (Visual Arts). These ideas can be easily adapted to suit students of all ages, and can be used as a jumping-off point to start conversations, extend learning and explore issues and themes you might discuss when you come to visit us (or for that matter, any Gallery).
Before your visit
- Explore what your students already know about materials and techniques, art movements or styles, or even the arts industry and professional roles within it. Start a discussion so that you can establish an idea of what they already know about the art world and how it operates.
- Get your students to visit the Newcastle Art Gallery website and familiarise themselves with the current exhibition pages relevant for the exhibitions they will come to see. Ask them to prepare a report of interesting facts or information they find on our website.
- What do the terms ‘contemporary’ and ‘art’ mean? As a class, brainstorm definitions for each word individually. Next, develop a possible definition for ‘contemporary art’ as a phrase, and then confirm your definition with a dictionary. As a group, discuss what makes contemporary art different to art from the past.
- Contemporary art can sometimes be challenging and difficult. Discuss this idea with your class and chat about what they will experience, appreciate, and learn as a result of their visit to the Gallery.
- You could ask younger students to describe why rules in an Art Gallery are important or different, or get older students to further explore ideas about copyright or artwork conservation with further study.
- Works of art are fragile, and one of the Gallery's roles is to protect and conserve them. Ask your students to create a work of art that is intentionally temporary - a temporary installation or a work of art made from materials that cannot be conserved, such as chalk, ice or even food. Ask older students to consider what are some of the limitations are that collecting institutions such as art galleries face, and how they might find solutions.
After your visit
- Encourage your students to think about the works of art that they liked, and think about why. How did they feel when viewing the works? Was there a particular idea or a particular medium they preferred? Did they find the works of art beautiful? Discuss with your class the statement ‘I like art that…’
- Visit an artist's website or YouTube channel to find out more about a particular artist's experience, style or favourite subjects . You could continue this idea in a practical way and make works of art inspired by their techniques or ideas.
- Set your students a task to select a work of art during their visit that they must then use as inspiration for a performance, song, poem or prose of their own design.
- Were any of the works of art that you saw at the Gallery sculptural? (Don't forget to explore our permanent outdoor sculpture display during your visit). Design your own sculpture suitable for display outside of the classroom, or even host an outdoor sculpture exhibition in the school grounds.
- Ask your students to develop their own collections, or perhaps they have some of their own at home they can bring in to share. Ask older students to consider how they 'curate' the things they display in their bedroom or the music they listen to.

Smaointe le haghaidh foghlama sa seomra ranga
Is deis speisialta foghlama do mhic léinn é cuairt a thabhairt ar an nGalairín. Níl aon rud cosúil le bheith in ann saothar ealaíne a fheiceáil go pearsanta, nó mar a deirimid sna healaíona; 'sa bhabhta'.
Tá a fhios ag múinteoirí agus oideachasóirí go gcabhróidh gníomhaíochtaí foghlama gaolmhara a ionchorprú roimh agus tar éis a gcuairte ar an nGalaiste le mic léinn a choinneáil ar an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad. Mar sin, tá liosta smaointe le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí sa seomra ranga curtha le chéile againn, bunaithe ar na Príomh-Ideas i gCuraclam na hAstráile: Ealaíon (Ealaíon Amhairc). Is féidir na smaointe seo a oiriúnú go héasca do dhaltaí de gach aois, agus is féidir iad a úsáid mar phointe léim chun comhrá a thosú, foghlaim a leathnú agus ceisteanna agus téamaí a iniúchadh a d'fhéadfadh tú a phlé nuair a thiocfaidh tú chun cuairt a thabhairt orainn (nó, ar an ábhar sin, aon Ghléasra).
Roimh do chuairte
- Faigh amach cad atá ar eolas ag do mhic léinn cheana féin faoi ábhair agus teicnící, gluaiseachtaí nó stíleanna ealaíne, nó fiú an tionscal ealaíne agus róil ghairmiúla laistigh de. Tosaigh ar phlé ionas gur féidir leat smaoineamh a bhunú ar an méid atá ar eolas acu cheana féin faoin saol ealaíne agus ar an gcaoi a oibríonn sé.
- Cuir do mhic léinn ar cuairt ar shuíomh gréasáin Gailearaí Ealaíne Newcastle agus déanfar iad féin a chur ar an eolas faoi na leathanaigh taispeántais reatha a bhaineann leis na taispeántais a bheidh siad ag teacht chun féachaint orthu. Iarr orthu tuairisciú a dhéanamh ar fhíricí nó ar fhaisnéis spéisiúla a fhaigheann siad ar ár suíomh Gréasáin.
- Cad a chiallaíonn na téarmaí "contemporary" agus "art"? Mar chlas, brainstorm sainmhínithe do gach focal ar leithligh. Ansin, déan sainmhíniú féideartha ar "ealaín comhaimseartha" mar abairt, agus ansin deimhníonn tú do shainmhíniú le foclóir. I bhfoireann, pléigh cad a dhéanann ealaín comhaimseartha difriúil ó ealaín ón am atá caite.
- Is féidir le healaín comhaimseartha a bheith dúshlánach agus deacair uaireanta. Déan plé leis an rang ar an smaoineamh seo agus bíodh comhrá agat faoi na rudaí a thabharfaidh cuairt ar an nGalaiste taithí, meas agus foghlaim dóibh.
- D'fhéadfá a iarraidh ar mhic léinn níos óige cur síos a dhéanamh ar cén fáth go bhfuil rialacha i nGalaiste Ealaíne tábhachtach nó difriúil, nó a fháil ar mhic léinn níos sine chun tuilleadh smaointe a iniúchadh faoi chóipcheart nó saothar ealaíne caomhnú le staidéar breise.
- Tá saothar ealaíne frásaí, agus tá ceann de na róil an Ghalairín chun iad a chosaint agus a chaomhnú. Iarr ar do mhic léinn saothar ealaíne a chruthú atá sealadach go ciallmhar - suiteáil sealadach nó saothar ealaíne a dhéantar as ábhair nach féidir a chaomhnú, mar shampla criosta, oighear nó bia fiú. Iarr ar mhic léinn níos sine smaoineamh ar na teorainneacha a bhíonn ag institiúidí bailiúcháin amhail gailearaí ealaíne, agus ar na réitigh a d'fhéadfadh siad a fháil.
Tar éis do chuairte
- Spreag do mhic léinn smaoineamh ar na saothair ealaíne a thaitin leo, agus smaoineamh ar an gcúis. Conas a mhothaigh siad nuair a chonaic siad na hoibreacha? An raibh smaoineamh ar leith nó meáin ar leith is fearr leo? An bhfuair siad na saothair ealaíne álainn? Pléigh leis an rang an ráiteas "Is maith liom ealaín a...
- Tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh gréasáin ealaíontóra nó ar chainéal YouTube chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi thaithí, stíl nó ábhair is fearr le healaíontóir áirithe. D'fhéadfá an smaoineamh seo a leanúint ar bhealach praiticiúil agus saothair ealaíne a dhéanamh a spreagadh ag a dteicneolaíochtaí nó a gcuid smaointe.
- Tabhair tasc do do mhic léinn saothar ealaíne a roghnú le linn a gcuairte a chaithfidh siad a úsáid ina dhiaidh sin mar inspioráid do fheidhmíocht, amhrán, dán nó próis a dhearadh iad féin.
- An raibh aon cheann de na saothar ealaíne a chonaic tú sa Ghalairín scultúrtha? (Ná déan dearmad ár taispeántas scultúr buan lasmuigh a iniúchadh le linn do chuairte). Dearadh do scultúr féin atá oiriúnach le taispeáint lasmuigh den seomra ranga, nó fiú taispeántas scultúir lasmuigh a óstáil i gcúlra na scoile.
- Iarr ar do mhic léinn a mbailiúcháin féin a fhorbairt, nó b'fhéidir go bhfuil cuid acu féin sa bhaile is féidir leo a thabhairt isteach chun a roinnt. Iarr ar mhic léinn níos sine smaoineamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanann siad 'cúrsaíocht' ar na rudaí a léiríonn siad ina seomra leapa nó ar an gceol a éisteann siad.


A beefed-up sounding rocket-turned-orbital-launch-vehicle zoomed into the skies over Japan’s Kyushu Island on Saturday in a bid to become the smallest launch vehicle to successfully achieve orbit one year after its inaugural test flight crashed into the Pacific Ocean.
The SS-520-5 vehicle shot up from its rail launcher at 5:03 UTC and JAXA confirmed the rocket successfully achieved orbit less than four and a half minutes after liftoff – one of the fastest space shots ever carried out.
Saturday’s launch placed a tiny, three-Kilogram satellite into orbit and demonstrated the feasibility of launching CubeSats one at a time using a dedicated Nano Satellite Launch Vehicle – an as of yet largely unexplored area of the market.
Confirmation that SS-520-5 successfully reached orbit was provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency three hours after the day’s liftoff when the satellite had been received by ground stations, indicating it was in good health after its swift climb into orbit atop the solid-fueled rocket. Orbital tracking by the U.S. Joint Space Operations Center showed SS-520-5 exceeded expectations, injecting the TRICOM-1R satellite into a slightly higher orbit than planned.
The advances made in technology over the last decade permitted formerly-large spaceborne sensors to be packaged into a minimal volume, allowing small satellites to carry out operational missions in Earth-imaging & other remote sensing, meteorology, maritime & aeronautical tracking and communications.
CubeSats – originally developed for educational missions at the turn of the century – have now turned into potential revenue generators on the commercial market for satellite imagery and tracking services. Their role in scientific missions has also grown, in part due to their low development cost, the possibility of using standardized platforms for many missions and moderate launch prices for CubeSats of up to 6U in size.
Deploying large constellations of CubeSats can provide high revisit times when collecting Earth observation imagery, global weather data through atmospheric sensing or a worldwide, 24/7 ship/aircraft tracking capability. Naturally, large constellations will require a steady replacement of satellites as old ones retire – creating an opportunity for small satellite launch providers.
Last month’s successful ‘Still Testing’ mission of Rocket Lab’s Electron was the first wave in a flood within the small satellite launch market as several more rockets are expected to make their debut flights this year including VirginOrbit’s LauncherOne. Even though these vehicles have been optimized as a launch solution for the small satellite market, they are still not ideal for single CubeSat missions that still would have to accept the schedule and orbit constraints of ride share flights.
A vehicle capable of placing a single CubeSat weighing up to five Kilograms into orbit may have a market if a launch price of $500,000 or less can be realized. Although this is around double the current asking price for the launch of a 3U CubeSat, the additional benefits for operators to set their own schedule and define their optimized target orbit may outweigh the cost.
When dealing with shared rides, delays are a common occurrence which can be problematic for operators since they need their satellites in orbit to generate revenue, adding another factor in opting for a dedicated launch rather than a possibly cheaper, but more uncertain secondary payload slot.
The “Orbital SS-520” project was initiated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency with the major goal of gathering practical data that could benefit the development of a commercial Nano Satellite Launch Vehicle which a number of companies had expressed interest in.
The SS-520-4 mission reached the launch pad in early 2017 through $3.5 million in funding provided by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, covering the procurement of the SS-520 two-stage sounding rocket and the development of modifications needed to allow it to lift a satellite into orbit, primarily the development of a third stage that would be tasked with the orbit injection maneuver.
The SS-520-4 rocket, topped by the TRICOM-1 CubeSat, raced into the morning skies over the Uchinoura Space Center on January 15, 2017 but was unable to reach orbit after a short circuit knocked out the rocket’s entire electrical system only 20.4 seconds into the 31.7-second first stage burn, causing all telemetry to be lost on the ground. A built-in safety checkpoint prior to ignition of the second stage could therefore not be passed and the rocket fell into the Pacific Ocean just downrange from the launch site.
Within a month of the mishap, engineering teams discovered SS-520-4 was brought down by a fairly basic design flaw that caused insulation of a wire bundle being abraded in the extreme vibration of launch, resulting in an electrical line coming into contact with the grounded launch vehicle structure. The identified fix was straightforward and convinced JAXA to give the project another chance with the goal of getting the Orbital SS-520 back into a launch posture within one year of its first flight.
The Orbital SS-520 is a three-stage, all-solid-fueled launch vehicle standing 9.54 meters tall and 52 centimeters in diameter, weighing in at only 2,600 Kilograms – smaller and lighter than any previous ground-based orbital launch vehicle.
Saturday’s successful orbital delivery of TRICOM-1R cemented the vehicle’s place in space history as the smallest orbital LV to successfully fly, a record previously held for 48 years by Japan’s Lambda-4S that stood 16.5 meters tall and weighed 9.4 metric tons, achieving Japan’s first successful orbital launch in 1970. The only orbital LV smaller than SS-520 was the U.S. Navy’s air-launched Pilot vehicle that made six attempts at reaching orbit in the early days of space flight, but never achieved success.
As a souped-up Sounding Rocket, SS-520-5 was looking at a rapid launch sequence, planning to reach orbit in under four and a half minutes with only 82 seconds of actual powered flight – creating one of the fastest orbital space launches ever attempted.
Firing up its first stage, SS-520-5 shot up from its launch rail at 2:03:00 p.m. local time on Saturday with its aft fins sending the climbing rocket into a spin to provide stabilization as it climbed with a thrust outweighing the vehicle’s mass by a factor of seven. The first stage, standing 6.1 meters tall and holding 1,587 Kilograms of propellant, pushed the vehicle skyward with a peak thrust of 185 Kilonewtons (18,900 Kilogram-force), averaging at 143kN (14,600kgf) over the course of a 31.7-second burn.
— ネコビデオ ビジュアル ソリューションズ (@nvslive) February 3, 2018
Reaching a top speed of 2.0 Kilometers per second at first stage burnout, SS-520-5 entered a lengthy coast phase to continue climbing toward an apogee near 190 Kilometers. One minute and seven seconds after launch, the vehicle had passed 80 Kilometers in altitude and separated the protective nose cone to reveal the small CubeSat payload and shed no-longer needed weight. The first stage dropped away one second later, falling into the waters of the Pacific not far from the launch site given the rocket’s very steep launch profile.
After the first stage departed the vehicle, Stage 2 entered a critical re-orientation maneuver to pitch down so that its and the third stage’s burn could focus on building speed. The 29-second re-orientation maneuver employed four pulsed thrusters fed from a 5.7-liter, 230-bar Nitrogen pressure tank and forced the SS-520-5 into a precession around its spin axis to accomplish the pitch-down so that thrust from the upper stage would be directed nearly horizontally.
Stage 2 jettisoned the interstage compartment with the ram line control thrusters to rid itself of additional mass before pushing on toward orbit. Two minutes and 37 seconds into the flight, the second stage was to verify its spin rate, position and velocity to calculate the optimized ignition time of its solid motor to give the vehicle the best chance at reaching orbit. This was followed seven seconds later by the permission signal for Stage 2 ignition being issued from the ground after engineers verified reaching orbit was possible based on the performance observed so far.
Successful ignition of the second stage was confirmed through real time telemetry, surpassing the point of failure on the previous SS-520 orbital launch attempt. Standing 1.7 meters tall & packed with 325 Kilograms of propellant, the second stage fired for 24.4 seconds to accelerate the rocket to a speed of 3.6 Kilometers per second, having plateaued out at nearly 190 Kilometers in altitude.
A brief coast phase of 30.5 seconds followed after burnout of the second stage to allow thrust to safely tail off before the spent stage was separated to clear the way for Stage 3 ignition three seconds later.
The purpose-built third stage is 0.8 meters long and holds 78 Kilograms of propellant using a composite case with the spacecraft adapter sitting atop. Its task, over the course of a burn of 25.6 seconds, was to boost the vehicle’s speed by another 4.5km/s to an injection velocity of 8.1 Kilometers per second.
Due to the mass restrictions for the ultra-small launcher, Stage 3 could not be equipped with a telemetry system and was expected to only send GPS data via an Iridium satellite terminal as the only insight into how it was performing.
Orbital Insertion occurred around four and a half minutes after launch, aiming for an orbit of 180 by 1,500 Kilometers at an inclination of 31 degrees – though accuracy was not the prime concern for this proof-of-concept mission. Data from the Joint Space Operations Center showed two objects in orbits of 187 x 2,012 and 189 x 2,003 Kilometers, inclined 30.90° – indicating a slightly higher-than-predicted performance by the launcher.
A three minute coast phase was planned after the propulsive phase of the mission to ensure residual thrust on the third stage tailed off safely before releasing the TRICOM-1R satellite at an altitude of over 200 Kilometers, some 1,750 Kilometers downrange from the Uchinoura Space Center.
The TRICOM-1R CubeSat – a re-build of the satellite lost on SS-520-4 – complies with the 3U form factor, but unlike the vast majority of CubeSats, was not designed to be ejected from a deployment tube and instead features a base-mounted separation system interfacing with the upper stage of the launch vehicle via a central separation bolt.
TRICOM-1R was developed by the University of Tokyo and measures 11.6 by 11.6 by 34.6 centimeters in size with a mass of 3 Kilograms. The satellite uses body-mounted solar cells for power generation and operates in spin-stabilized mode. Five Earth-imaging cameras are installed on the CubeSat and a Store and Forward communications terminal will pick up data packets from a ground station and downlink them upon command from another ground station on a different part of the planet.
TRICOM-1 is expected to be operational for one to three months before succumbing to orbital drag and re-enter the atmosphere.

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D'éirigh leis an fheithicil SS-520-5 a lámhach óna seolta roth ag 5:03 UTC agus dhearbhaigh JAXA go raibh an roicéad tar éis dul ar orbit níos lú ná ceithre nóiméad go leith tar éis éirí as - ceann de na lámhaigh spáis is gasta a rinneadh riamh.
Chuir seoladh Dé Sathairn satailíte beag, trí chileagram ar an orbit agus léirigh sé an indéantacht CubeSats a sheoladh ar cheann ag an am ag baint úsáide as Feithicil Seolta Nano Satellite tiomnaithe - limistéar nach ndearnadh iniúchadh air go mór fós den mhargadh.
Thug Gníomhaireacht Taighde Aerospáis na Seapáine deimhniú go raibh SS-520-5 tar éis dul ar orbit go rathúil trí uair an chloig tar éis an lae a bhí ar siúl nuair a fuair stáisiúin talún an satailíte, ag léiriú go raibh sé i riocht maith sláinte tar éis a chléim go tapa i orbit ar bharr an roicéad soladach. Léirigh rianú imtharraingthe ag Ionad Oibríochtaí Spáis Chomhpháirteach na Stát Aontaithe go raibh SS-520-5 níos mó ná na hionchais, ag instealladh satailíte TRICOM-1R isteach i bhfithis beagán níos airde ná mar a bhí beartaithe.
Le dul chun cinn a rinneadh sa teicneolaíocht le deich mbliana anuas, tá sé indéanta braiteoirí spáis a bhí ina mbarr a phacáil i méid íosta, rud a ligeann do satailítí beaga misin oibríochtúla a dhéanamh i dtimpeallacht talún agus i bhfianaise braiteála iargúlta eile, meitéareolaíochta, rianú agus cumarsáid mhuirí agus aerloingseoireachta.
CubeSats  a forbraíodh ar dtús le haghaidh misean oideachais ag tús na haoise  anois tar éis a bheith ina ghineadóirí ioncaim féideartha ar an margadh tráchtála le haghaidh íomhánna satailíte agus seirbhísí rianaithe. Tá a ról i misin eolaíochta tar éis fás freisin, go páirteach mar gheall ar a gcostas forbartha íseal, an fhéidearthacht ardáin chaighdeánaithe a úsáid le haghaidh go leor misean agus praghsanna seolta measartha do CubeSats de mhéid suas le 6U.
Is féidir le comhchruinnithe móra CubeSats a imscaradh amanna athfhéachta ard a sholáthar agus íomhánna breathnóireachta na Talún á mbailiú, sonraí aeráide domhanda trí bhrath atmaisféarach nó cumas rianú long / aerárthach ar fud an domhain, 24/7. Ar ndóigh, beidh gá le réaltaí móra satailítí a athsholáthar go seasta de réir mar a théann na sean-satailítí ar scor  ag cruthú deiseanna do sholáthraithe seolta satailíte beaga.
Ba é misean rathúil "Tástáil Fada" an mhí seo caite de chuid Rocket Lab's Electron an chéad tonn i dtuilte laistigh den mhargadh seolta satailíte beaga agus táthar ag súil go ndéanfaidh roinnt roicéad eile a gcuid eitiltí tosaigh i mbliana lena n-áirítear VirginOrbit's LauncherOne. Cé go bhfuil na feithiclí seo oiriúnaithe mar réiteach seolta don mhargadh satailíte beag, níl siad fós oiriúnach do mhisin CubeSat aonair a bheadh fós ag glacadh le srianta sceidealacha agus orbitais eitiltí roinnte turas.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh margadh ag feithicil atá in ann CubeSat amháin a mheá suas le cúig Chilogram a chur ar orbit má tá praghas seolta de $ 500,000 nó níos lú in ann a bhaint amach. Cé go bhfuil sé seo thart ar dhá oiread an phraghas iarrtais reatha le haghaidh seoladh CubeSat 3U, d'fhéadfadh na buntáistí breise d'oibreoirí a sceideal féin a shocrú agus a spriocchúrsa optamaithe a shainiú a bheith níos mó ná an costas.
Nuair a bhíonn sé i gceist le ritheann roinnte, is gnách go mbíonn moilleanna agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith fadhbanna do na hoibreoirí toisc go dteastaíonn a gcuid satailítí ar an orbit chun ioncam a ghiniúint, rud a chuireann fachtóir eile leis an rogha a dhéanamh ar seoladh tiomnaithe seachas sliotán luachaid luachaid is féidir a bheith níos saoire, ach níos éiginnte.
Thosaigh an tionscadal Orbital SS-520 ag Gníomhaireacht Taighde Aerospáis na Seapáine leis an gcuspóir is mó sonraí praiticiúla a bhailiú a d'fhéadfadh tairbhe a bhaint as forbairt Feithicil Seoltóra Nano Satellite tráchtála a léirigh roinnt cuideachtaí spéis iontu.
Shroich misean SS-520-4 an páirc seolta go luath in 2017 trí mhaoiniú $ 3.5 milliún a chuir an Aireacht Eacnamaíochta, Trádála agus Tionscail na Seapáine ar fáil, a chlúdaíonn soláthar an roicéad fuaime dhá chéim SS-520 agus forbairt na modhnúcháin a theastaíonn chun ligean dó satailíte a ardú isteach i bhfithis, go príomha forbairt an tríú céim a bheadh cúram air leis an bhfeachtas instealladh fithis.
Rith an roicéad SS-520-4, a bhí an TRICOM-1 CubeSat ar a cheann, isteach sa spéir maidin thar Ionad Spáis Uchinoura ar 15 Eanáir, 2017 ach níorbh fhéidir dó dul ar orbit tar éis do chiorcaid a chuir an córas leictreach iomlán an roicéad as ach 20.4 soicind isteach sa chéad chéim 31.7 soicind a dhó, rud a fhágann go ndearnadh an teimeatraíocht go léir a chailleadh ar an talamh. Ní raibh sé indéanta an t-iarratas sábháilteachta a bhí tógtha isteach roimh an dara céim a lasadh a thrasnú agus thit an roicéad isteach san Aigéan Ciúin díreach síos ón suíomh seolta.
Laistigh de mhí ón mí-ádh, fuair foirne innealtóireachta amach go raibh SS-520-4 curtha síos ag locht dearaidh réasúnta bunúsach a rinne insliú bundle sreinge a bheith abraded sa chathrú iomarcach ar seoladh, rud a fhágann go raibh líne leictreach i dteagmháil leis an struchtúr feithicle seolta talún. Bhí an réiteach a aithníodh díreach agus chuir sé JAXA i bhfírinne chun deis eile a thabhairt don tionscadal leis an gcuspóir an SS-520 Orbital a fháil ar ais i seasamh seolta laistigh de bhliain amháin dá chéad eitilt.
Is feithicil seolta trí chéim é an Orbital SS-520, feithicil seolta soladach go hiomlán atá 9.54 méadar ar airde agus 52 ceintiméadar ar trastomhas, ag meáchan ach 2,600 Ciilogram  níos lú agus níos éadroime ná aon fheithicil seolta orbitail bunaithe ar thalamh roimhe seo.
Chuir seachadadh rathúil orbital TRICOM-1R Dé Sathairn áit an fheithiclí i stair na spáis mar an LV orbital is lú chun eitilt a dhéanamh go rathúil, taifead a bhí ag Lambda-4S na Seapáine le 48 bliain a bhí 16.5 méadar ar airde agus a mheá 9.4 tonna méadrach, ag baint amach an chéad seoladh rathúil orbital na Seapáine i 1970. Ba é an t-aon LV orbital níos lú ná SS-520 feithicil Píolótach loingseoireachta na Seapánach Mheiriceá a rinne sé iarracht chun orbit a bhaint amach sna laethanta tosaigh ar eitilt spáis, ach níor éirigh leo riamh.
Mar Rocket Sounding souped-up, bhí SS-520-5 ag féachaint ar shraith seolta tapa, ag pleanáil dul ar orbit faoi cheithre nóiméad go leith le 82 soicind de eitilt chumhachtúil iarbhír  ag cruthú ceann de na seoltaí spáis orbital is tapúla a rinne iarracht riamh.
Ag lasadh suas a chéad chéim, shroich SS-520-5 as a rian seolta ag 2:03:00 tráthnóna ag am áitiúil Dé Sathairn lena sciatháin chúl ag seoladh an roicéad dreapadóireachta chun cobhsaíocht a sholáthar agus é ag dul suas le brú a bhí níos mó ná mais an fheithiclí faoi fhachtóir seacht. An chéad chéim, ag seasamh 6.1 méadar ar airde agus ag gabháil 1,587 Ciilogram de propellant, bhrúigh sé an fheithicil ar spéir le brú buaic 185 Kilonewtons (18,900 Ciilogram-force), ag meán ag 143kN (14,600kgf) le linn dó 31.7 soicind.
 ネコビデオ ビジュアル ソリューションズ (@nvslive) Feabhra 3, 2018
Ag teacht ar luas uasta de 2.0 Ciliméadar sa dara céim ag an gcéad chéim, chuaigh SS-520-5 isteach i gcéim fhada cósta chun leanúint ar aghaidh ag dreapadh i dtreo apogee gar do 190 Ciliméadar. A mbileog agus seacht soicind tar éis seoladh, bhí an fheithicil tar éis 80 ciliméadar a shárú agus an coinín srón cosanta a scaradh chun an t-ualach úsáideach beag CubeSat a nochtadh agus meáchan nach raibh ag teastáil a thuilleadh a chailleadh. Thit an chéad chéim amach an dara nóiméad ina dhiaidh sin, ag titim isteach in uiscí an Aigéin Chiúin nach raibh i bhfad ón suíomh seolta mar gheall ar phróifíl seolta an-te.
Tar éis don chéad chéim an fheithicil a fhágáil, chuaigh Céim 2 i ngníomh criticiúil ath-easnamh chun titim síos ionas gur féidir leis agus leis an tríú céim a dhó a dhíriú ar luas tógála. D'úsáid an 29 soicind a ath-uimhir maneuver ceithre thrusters pulsed a chothaíodh ó 5.7-lítear, 230-bar tanc brú nítrigine agus chuir sé iallach ar an SS-520-5 dul i mbun réamhghníomhaíochta timpeall a ais spinning chun an t-aistriú a chur i gcrích ionas go mbeadh brú ón gcéim uachtarach dírithe beagnach go cothrománach.
Chuir céim 2 an comparáid idirchéim le brúirí rialaithe líne ram chun í féin a ghlanadh as mais bhreise sula bhrúigh sí i dtreo orbit. Dhá nóiméad agus 37 soicind isteach sa eitilt, ba é an dara céim a ráta rothlú, a shuíomh agus a luas a fhíorú chun an t-am ionsaithe is fearr a ríomh dá mótar soladach chun an seans is fearr a thabhairt don fheithicil dul ar orbit. Lean sé seo seacht soicind ina dhiaidh sin ag an gcomhartha cead chun lasadh Céim 2 a eisiúint ón talamh tar éis d'innealtóirí a fhíorú go raibh sé indéanta dul i bhfithis bunaithe ar an fheidhmíocht a breathnaíodh go dtí seo.
Deimhníodh éirí as an dara céim trí theileiméadar fíor-ama, ag dul thar an bpointe faillí ar iarracht seolta sceideal roimhe seo SS-520. Ag seasamh 1.7 méadar ar airde & pacáilte le 325 Ciilogram de propellant, d'éirigh an dara céim ar feadh 24.4 soicind chun an roicéad a luathachadh go luas 3.6 Ciliméadar sa dara, tar éis dó pláta a chur amach ag beagnach 190 Ciliméadar ar airde.
Lean céim ghearr cósta 30.5 soicind tar éis dó an dara céim a dhó chun ligean don bhrú a bheith slán go sábháilte sula scoirfí an chéim caite chun an bealach a ghlanadh do dhócht Céim 3 trí soicind ina dhiaidh sin.
Tá an tríú céim a tógadh go sonrach 0.8 méadar ar fhad agus tá 78 Kg de thiomáint ag baint úsáide as cás comhdhéanta agus an t-aistritheoir spásárthach suite ar a bharr. Ba é a tasc, le linn dóiteán de 25.6 soicind, luas an fheithiclí a threisiú le 4.5km / s eile go luas insteallta 8.1 Ciliméadar sa dara.
Mar gheall ar na srianta mais don léasair uathmhéadrom, ní fhéadfaí córas teileiméireachta a chur ar Chéim 3 agus bhíthar ag súil nach dtabharfadh sé ach sonraí GPS trí chríochfort satailíte Iridium mar an t-aon léargas ar a fheidhmíocht.
Tharla Inmhealladh Orbital thart ar cheithre nóiméad go leith tar éis an seoladh, ag díriú ar orbit 180 ar 1,500 Ciliméadar ag claonadh de 31 céim  cé nach raibh cruinneas an phríomhchúis leis an misean dearfaithe coincheapa seo. Léirigh sonraí ón Ionad Comhlach Oibríochtaí Spáis dhá réad i bhfithis 187 x 2,012 agus 189 x 2,003 Ciliméadar, claonta 30.90 °  ag léiriú feidhmíocht beagán níos airde ná mar a bhí tuartha ag an seoltaí.
Bhí céim chósta trí nóiméad beartaithe tar éis chéim thiomáint an misean chun brú iarmhar a chinntiú ar an tríú céim a d'éirigh go sábháilte sula scaoileadh an satailíte TRICOM-1R ar airde os cionn 200 Ciliméadar, thart ar 1,750 Ciliméadar síos ó Ionad Spáis Uchinoura.
Tá an TRICOM-1R CubeSat - athchruthú an satailíte a cailleadh ar SS-520-4 - ag teacht leis an fhachtóir foirme 3U, ach murab ionann agus formhór mór na CubeSats, níor dearadh é le scaoileadh ó thábla imlonnaithe agus ina ionad sin tá córas scaradh bonn-mounted ag idirghabháil le céim uachtarach an fheithiclí seolta trí bolt scaradh lárnach.
Forbraíodh TRICOM-1R ag Ollscoil Tóiceo agus déanann sé 11.6 x 11.6 x 34.6 ceintiméadar de mhéid le mais 3 Chilogram. Úsáideann an satailíte cealla gréine atá suite ar a chorp chun cumhacht a ghiniúint agus oibríonn sé i mód spin-stabilized. Tá cúig cheamara íomháithe talún suite ar an CubeSat agus tógfaidh críochfort cumarsáide Store and Forward pacáistí sonraí ó stáisiún talún agus déanfaidh siad iad a dhúnadh ar ordú ó stáisiún talún eile i gcathair dhifriúil den phláinéid.
Táthar ag súil go mbeidh TRICOM-1 oibríochtúil ar feadh míosa go trí mhí sula dtiocfaidh sé faoi thriomú ó thréimhse na cruinne agus go dtiocfaidh sé ar ais isteach san atmaisféar.


Aigues-Mortes (French for "dead waters") is a city in the south of France. It is in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It was originally founded by the Romans in the year 102 BC. The first records mentioning it under its current name date from the 10th century. Louis IX of France rebuilt the port in the 13th century. It was the only French port of the Mediterranean at that time. The city is laid out as a bastide. It was the starting point for the Seventh Crusade (1248) and Eighth Crusade (1270). Due to changes of the coastline, the city is several miles from the sea. It is linked to the sea through a canal, nowadays. It has well-preserved city walls. In 1999, about 6.000 people lived there. Aigues-Mortes is about 35 km from Nîmes.

Is cathair í Aigues-Mortes (Fraincis le haghaidh "uiscí marbh") i ndeisceart na Fraince. Tá sé i réigiún Languedoc-Roussillon. Bunaigh na Rómhánaigh é ar dtús sa bhliain 102 RC. Tá na taifid tosaigh a luaigh sé faoin ainm reatha a bhí ann ó na 10ú haois. D'athchóiriú Louis IX na Fraince an calafort sa 13ú haois. Ba é an t-aon chalafort Fraincise sa Mheánmhuir é ag an am sin. Tá an chathair leagtha amach mar bastide. Ba é an pointe tosaigh don Seachtú Cruiséad (1248) agus don Ochtú Cruiséad (1270). Mar gheall ar athruithe ar an gcósta, tá an chathair roinnt míle ón bhfarraige. Tá sé nasctha leis an bhfarraige trí chainéal, sa lá atá inniu ann. Tá ballaí cathrach dea-choimeádta aici. I 1999, bhí thart ar 6.000 duine ina gcónaí ann. Tá Aigues-Mortes thart ar 35 km ó Nîmes.


The Arad Fort is a 15th century fort in Arad, Bahrain. Since the 15th century, this fort has been extensively renovated and during the night time hours is highly illuminated and visible. When visitors cast their eyes on the fort at night, they are greeted with a beautiful scene. For a small fee, there is a tiny museum you can check out before further exploring the actual fort.
The Portuguese occupied this fort in the 1500’s and later on it was taken over by Arab control. Coral limestone and palm tree wood were used for the construction with nearby wells providing fresh water sources. This fort was originally built to control the water transportation surrounding the main Bahrain Island and a small island close by called Muharraq.
In the 1800’s, the Omanis briefly occupied this fort. But, all in all, there is not enough information surrounding the fort to do any justice to its history. If there was an incredible amount of history surrounding the fort, then it hasn’t been discovered yet. What we do know is that the waterway that allowed people access to Muharraq Island was controlled by the fort. Nobody gained access to the island without first clearing its passage with this 15th century military fort.
Arad fort bahrain timings:
Arad fort beach:
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Arad fort bahrain map:
And if visiting the Arad Fort isn’t enough, there is a second Bahrain place of interest you may find interesting. The Tree Of Life, a 200 year old mesquite tree all alone in the middle of the desert, has survived a long time as the only living tree for miles around. The water source of the tree is still a mystery to this day, and nobody knows how on earth it is still surviving. But it is. Green and lush as you can imagine, this gigantic tree stands as a testament to the amazing ability of foliage to survive some how, some way.
Maybe the Tree of Life has found an aqueduct underneath the desert sand. It’s a possibility, stranger things have happened. Whatever the case, the Tree of Life is green as can be, and it never ceases to amaze the people who see it. You could go see the tree of life as well, and be held just as captivated by its health and ability to sustain itself in a desert with no other green plant life for miles.
Located 1.2 miles from the Jebel Dukhan, the Tree of Life is visited by many tourists throughout the year. Visiting the tree won’t take more than a few hours, as it is just a tree after all, so plan your trips accordingly. It has become a piece of cultural history, with many people including it in their religions and beliefs about the origins of life itself. While these claims may or may not hold any water, the tree does. Somehow, through some miracle of modern evolution, this tree has survived. Come see the Tree of Life and bear witness to this incredible feat of survival. Check our some more Bahrain Tourist Attractions.
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Is forc sa 15ú haois é Fort Arad i Arad, Bahrain. Ón 15ú haois, tá an daingne seo athchóirithe go forleathan agus le linn na n-uaireanta oíche tá sé an-soiléir agus infheicthe. Nuair a thugann cuairteoirí a súile ar an gcinn oíche, tabharfar radharc álainn orthu. Ar táille beag, tá músaem beag is féidir leat seiceáil amach sula ndéanann tú tuilleadh iniúchta ar an daingne iarbhír.
D'fhás na Portaingéalaigh ar an gcladach seo sna 1500í agus ina dhiaidh sin ghlac rialú na nArabach é. Baineadh úsáid as carraig chlé coral agus as adhmad crainn pailme don tógáil agus foinsí uisce úr á soláthar ag tobar in aice láimhe. Tógadh an daingne seo ar dtús chun rialú a dhéanamh ar an iompar uisce a bhí timpeall ar phríomh-oileán Bahrain agus ar oileán beag in aice láimhe ar a dtugtar Muharraq.
Sa 1800í, d'fhás na Omanis go gairid ar an gcinn. Ach, go léir i ngach, níl go leor faisnéise timpeall an daingne a dhéanamh aon cheartas a dhéanamh ar a stair. Má bhí méid dochreidte stair timpeall an daingne, ansin ní bhfuarthas amach é go fóill. Cad a fhios againn go bhfuil an uiscebhealach a cheadaigh daoine rochtain ar Muharraq Oileán bhí rialaithe ag an daingne. Ní raibh aon duine in ann rochtain a fháil ar an oileán gan an bealach a ghlanadh leis an gcath míleata seo ón 15ú haois.
Amanna Arad Fort Bahrain:
Arad Fort Beach:
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Cartha Arad Fort Bahrain:
Agus mura leor cuairt a thabhairt ar Fhorta Arad, tá an dara áit spéise i mBarain a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suimiúil duitse. Tá an Crann na Beatha, 200 bliain d'aois crann mesquite go léir ina n-aonar i lár an fhásaigh, tar éis maireachtáil ar feadh i bhfad mar an t-aon chrann beo ar feadh míle timpeall. Tá foinse uisce an chrainn fós ina mistéar go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, agus níl a fhios ag aon duine conas ar domhan a bhfuil sé fós ag maireachtáil. Ach tá sé. Green agus lush mar is féidir leat a shamhlú, seasann an crann ollmhór mar fhianaise ar an cumas iontach de duilleoga chun maireachtáil ar bhealach éigin, ar bhealach éigin.
B'fhéidir go bhfuil an Crann na Beatha fuair aqueduct faoi na gaineamh Desert. Is féidir, tá rudaí níos aisteach tar éis tarlú. Cibé acu a bheidh an cás, tá Crann na Beo chomh glas agus is féidir, agus ní scoirfidh sé riamh ó bheith ag iontas ar na daoine a fheiceann é. D'fhéadfá dul chun crann na beatha a fheiceáil chomh maith, agus a bheith chomh gaoithe ag a shláinte agus a chumas chun é féin a chothabháil i bhfásach gan aon saol plandaí glas eile ar feadh míle.
Suite ar 1.2 míle ón Jebel Dukhan, tabhair cuairt ar Chrainn na Beatha ag go leor turasóirí i rith na bliana. Ní thógfaidh cuairt a thabhairt ar an gcrann níos mó ná cúpla uair an chloig, mar níl ann ach crann, mar sin pleanáil do thurais dá réir sin. Tá sé ina chuid de stair chultúrtha, agus tá go leor daoine ag cur isteach air ina reiligiúin agus ina gcreideamh maidir le bunús na beatha féin. Cé go bhféadfadh na hairíonna seo uisce a choinneáil nó nach bhféadfadh, tá an crann ann. Ar bhealach éigin, trí roinnt míorúilt de éabhlóid nua-aimseartha, tá an crann seo tar éis maireachtáil. Tar agus féach ar an Crann na Beatha agus a bheith ina fhinné ar an feat dochreidte na maireachtála. Seiceáil ár roinnt níos mó Bahrain Suímh Turasóireachta.
Leideanna: B'fhéidir go bhfuil teorainn agat le húsáid an idirlín. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi conas srianta idirlín a shárú agus suíomhanna gréasáin blocáilte a oscailt anseo


Should you do some toast, or make some toast? Often English native-speakers will use make and do interchangeably, it sounds natural and the meaning is clear. On other occasions one verb is more appropriate than the other.
Our English make and do video lesson online will take you through when to use each verb to help you improve your English skills.This video is just one of many pre-recorded lessons available to ESO subscribers. You can improve your listening, grammar and general English with the media package, which includes downloadable English audio lessons mp3 format, and MP4 video lessons.

Ar chóir duit roinnt toast a dhéanamh, nó roinnt toast a dhéanamh? Is minic a úsáideann cainteoirí dúchais Béarla a dhéanamh agus a dhéanamh go hidirmhalartaithe, fuaimeann sé nádúrtha agus tá an bhrí soiléir. I gcásanna eile is fearr briathar amháin a úsáid ná an briathar eile.
Beidh ár bhfíseán-oideas ar líne 'Déan agus Déan' i mBéarla ag tabhairt tú trína chéile nuair is féidir leat gach briathar a úsáid chun cabhrú leat do scileanna Béarla a fheabhsú. Is féidir leat do chuid éisteachta, gramadaí agus Béarla ginearálta a fheabhsú leis an bpacáiste meán, lena n-áirítear ceachtanna fuaime Béarla in mp3 a íoslódálfar, agus ceachtanna físe MP4.


adjetivo & adverbio
Along or connected with the coast: [as adjective]: a small coastwise steamer [as adverb]: the cargo was ferried coastwise
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- An attempt to engage in the coastwise trade came to an end with the confiscation of his boat by the Brazilian authorities on the score that his papers were not in order.
- The 1934 strike produced a single, coastwise agreement, in which dockworkers from San Diego to Seattle act as one.
- Its commerce, both overseas and coastwise, surpassed all other American ports.
Definición de coastwise en:
- el diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.

adjetivo & adverbio
Ar feadh nó i dteagmháil leis an gcósta: [mar aidiacht]: go raibh an t-earraí a bhí á n-iompar ar an gcósta
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Tháinig deireadh le iarracht dul i mbun trádála ar an gcósta le seilbh a bhád ag údaráis na Brasaíle ar an gcúis nach raibh a pháipéir in ord.
- An 1934 stailc a tháirgtear comhaontú amháin, coastwise, ina bhfuil dockworkers ó San Diego go Seattle gníomhú mar cheann amháin.
- A tráchtáil, araon thar lear agus coastwise, surpassed gach calafoirt Mheiriceá eile.
Definición de coastwise en:
- el diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.


ALBANY, N.Y. (NEWS10) — The Pound Ridge cosmetic dentistry has welcomed a new friend to its office. Robin the Robot was created by scientists, engineers and psychologists to support children undergoing medical treatments.
Pound Ridge cosmetic dentistry explains Robin the Robot is a social robot designed to utilize peer-to-peer interactions with children in order to create a meaningful connection. Robin distracts children with conversations, games and simple explanations of procedures to reduce anxiety in children. Robin also creates a fun environment, making kids feel comfortable while they wait for their procedures.
Read Full Article Here: https://www.news10.com/news/pound-ridge-dentistry-welcomes-supportive-ai-for-kids/

Tá fáilte roimh chara nua ag an gcosaintín cosmaideach Pound Ridge ina oifig. Chruthaigh eolaithe, innealtóirí agus síceolaithe Robin the Robot chun tacú le páistí a bhí ag fáil cóireála leighis.
Míníonn fiaclóireacht chuspóir Pound Ridge gurb é Robin an Róbat róbat sóisialta atá deartha chun idirghníomhaíochtaí peer-to-peer le leanaí a úsáid chun nasc bríomhar a chruthú. Déanann Robin díospóireacht ar leanaí le comhráite, cluichí agus míniú simplí ar nósanna imeachta chun imní a laghdú i leanaí. Cruthaíonn Robin timpeallacht spraíúil freisin, rud a fhágann go mbraitheann páistí compordach agus iad ag fanacht lena bpróiseas.
Léigh an t-alt iomlán anseo: https://www.news10.com/news/pound-ridge-dentistry-welcomes-supportive-ai-for-kids/


In modern times the break from the historic Christian substance came when the church began to interpret its faith through modern categories of thought. The shape, then, of dominant Protestant theology, both liberal and conservative as it developed through the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, was neither reformational nor historic, but modern. Consequently, the return to historic Christianity is also a return to reformational Christianity. Since it is in understanding the early church that evangelical Christians are most deficient, we will draw mainly from the early church fathers in this work.
– Robert E. Webber in Common Roots

Sa lá atá inniu ann tháinig an briseadh ón substaint chríostaí stairiúil nuair a thosaigh an séipéal ag léiriú a chreideamh trí chatagóirí smaointeoireachta nua-aimseartha. Ní raibh an cruth, ansin, ar an teolaíocht phríomhphróitéiseach, idir liobrálacha agus coimeádach mar a d'fhorbair sé tríd an ochtú haois déag, an naoiú haois déag, agus an fiche haois, ná athchóirithe ná stairiúil, ach nua-aimseartha. Dá bhrí sin, is é an filleadh ar an gCríostaíocht stairiúil freisin filleadh ar an gCríostaíocht athchóirithe. Ós rud é go bhfuil an chuid is mó de mhíbhuntáiste ag Críostaithe soiscéalacha i dtuiscint na heaglaise luath, bainfimid go príomha ó na tuismitheoirí luath-eaglaise san obair seo.
 Robert E. Webber in Common Roots