WHY An ‘Overseas’ Business Function?
Suppose you are asked: What is the primary purpose of any business?
What answer will you give?
The primary purpose of any business is:
- To design products or services that offer some ‘value’
- To convert more ‘leads’ into customers
- To build relationships with stakeholders
- To serve its community
While none of these responses is incorrect per se, they miss a larger point.
According to Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman, the main purpose of a business is to maximise profits for its owners. Friedman was one of the foremost proponents of free-market capitalism in the free world, so he knew a thing or two about business and commerce.
It doesn’t matter who the business owners are – a family, a group of business partners, a charitable trust or even the public. The raison d’être of every business remains the same – to make money. Reaching all the other goals is a worthless endeavour if the business cannot make enough money to sustain itself in the short term and to grow in the long term.
Thus, a firm’s decision to move a business function overseas is primarily driven by the health of its bottom line. With such a decision, a firm can take advantage of cost arbitrage, weaker currencies and cheaper labour in overseas markets, which can all help to save money. That said, overseas business functions also incur a cost for the company and need to be controlled.
This article will explain the types of overseas business functions and propose some ideas on how firms can reduce their cost impact.
WHAT Is An Overseas Business Function?
Many businesses choose to move some of their functions overseas. Although cost-cutting at the firm (micro) level is the primary trigger for such a strategy, a number of macro factors make such internationalisation of business possible:
- Globalisation: the growing economic interdependence between countries, markets and firms
- Economic liberalisation, the rise of capitalism and free trade
- Expansion of communication systems
- Globalisation of labour and lowered barriers to immigration
- Greater technology and knowledge-sharing between countries, firms and people
The business functions of most organisations can be classified into two types:
- Core, i.e. primary and/or secondary business functions
- Support, i.e. ancillary (or value-add) business functions
Depending on a number of factors, including organisation type, size, industry and operational geography, one or more of these functions can be carried out in an overseas location. In the context of sourcing to an external provider in an overseas location, this model is referred to as offshore outsourcing (not the same as offshoring which involves completely moving one or more processes/services overseas but within the same company).
It is more common for firms to outsource or offshore their support functions, rather than core functions. However, there are some exceptions to this thumb rule. In the past, official reports from the EU have stated that some member countries do outsource their core functions, thanks to the “growth of digitalisation and codification of services”. This outsourcing model applies even if these core functions are service-oriented.
The business functions that are commonly moved overseas through outsourcing or offshoring are:–
- Manufacturing (in-house or ‘contract’)
- Information & Communication Technology (ICT) services
- Software development and maintenance
- Digital communication: websites, newsletters, apps
- Customer service: Email, telephone
- Remote support
- Travel arrangements
- Document management: proofreading, data entry, filing
- Research, data collection and organisation
- Calendar management
- Shift, attendance and holiday rosters
- Human resource management
- Compliance and risk management
- Finance and Accounting
- Payroll management
Functions that are sometimes moved overseas through outsourcing or offshoring are:-
- Legal and Compliance
- Sales & Marketing
- Lead generation/business development
What Kinds Of Firms Have Overseas Functions?
Any business that has any or all of the above functions can outsource or offshore them to save money.
- Manufacturers: e.g. Apple’s iPhone/iPad products are designed in the company’s home country (USA) but their components are manufactured and assembled in different overseas locations.
- Software/IT products/services provider: e.g. Dell outsources many of its non-critical functions to Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) firms in India.
- Legal services firms: Law firms outsource some functions to Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO) firms.
- Educational institutions: Many international universities have sales/marketing departments in overseas locations.
- Retail firms: Many multinational retail firms outsource or offshore their admin/online marketing/IT functions overseas.
- eCommerce firms: Firms like Amazon have their web development, marketing and customer support functions in overseas locations.
How Firms Can Reduce Their Overseas Business Costs: 5 Useful Strategies
Although cost-cutting is usually the primary trigger for firms to move some business functions overseas, the move cannot be completely cost-free. A cost comparison between the home location and the overseas location will generally yield a positive result, but firms can cut their overseas costs even further by trying some of these approaches:
1. Make Cost-Reduction Strategic & Purposeful
In the world of business, the only constant is change, and one of the most common knee-jerk reactions to change is cost-cutting.
However, instead of cutting costs across the board because it seems more straightforward and/or fair, firms with overseas functions are better off considering their long-term strategic needs first. Strategic cost reduction starts by identifying good costs and differentiating them from bad costs. Good costs are capabilities that drive profits and growth for the firm, while bad costs are non-essential spending areas. For example, a low-traffic, brick-and-mortar flagship store is a bad cost because it involves rent/salaries/overheads for little or no return. On the other hand, an upfront investment to set up an online eCommerce store is a good cost because digitalisation enables your business to develop a new value proposition for customers.
The next step is to utilise as many resources as possible to make all strategically-critical good costs more effectively, and simultaneously devise methods to eliminate bad costs. The bottom line is that businesses need to think carefully before deciding which costs can be eliminated, reduced or even increased – a one-size-fits-all cost-cutting strategy can be counterproductive.
2. Identify & Eliminate Duplication, Consider Local Outsourcing
Investigate if any activities are being duplicated across multiple departments or verticals.
Are two or more departments performing functions that only one of them can do for both? Or can a separate support department perform this function for both departments? Are the activities driving value for the firm overseas or can they be outsourced to a local firm? Find answers to these questions and consider restructuring your overseas business to cut costs.
3. Technology Is Powerful – Use It
Research technological tools and figure out if you can use them to improve efficiencies and cut costs in your overseas functions. Don’t restrict yourself to tools used only in your industry – in the course of your research, you might discover a tool used in another industry that can help you in yours! Some examples of tools and technologies that you might consider in your cost-cutting endeavour are machine learning, robotics, artificial intelligence, predictive modelling, Blockchain and cognitive computing.
4. Explore Non-Traditional Working Methods
Even in cheaper overseas locations, the costs of office space (rent, overheads) and human resources (salaries, insurance, conveyance) can spiral out of control. In such cases, you might consider instituting a hub-and-spokes office arrangement, with the skeletally-staffed hub or main office in one overseas location (e.g. Mumbai) and the spokes in lower-cost locations (e.g. Hyderabad). Another cost-cutting measure you might implement is telecommuting/work from home. Virtual and collaborative working technologies can enable people to access work resources from any location and save the firm costs associated with physical space.
5. Manage Payroll Costs Through Money Transfer Services
For firms paying salaries to overseas staff, especially across different countries, managing payroll disbursements can be complex, arduous and expensive. Other concerns around cross-border payments include lack of reliability, the risk of currency fluctuations, compliance issues and difficulties around cost consolidation.
InstaReM’s low-cost online remittance service eliminates all of these issues in a click! With its broad network of over 8000 banks, InstaReM can help you manage money transfers to your overseas staff, freelancers and suppliers in 55+ countries across Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. When you pay your employees in their local currency using InstaReM, you can avoid high conversion costs and gain improved exchange rates, thus avoiding losses due to market and currency volatility.
When you sign up with InstaReM as a corporate user, you are assured of secure online data access and versatile reporting options. Click here for more information on how InstaReM can help your firm reduce its overseas payment costs.
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CÉ DÁ MÓR a bheith ina Ghnó Oibríocht  thar lear?
Má iarrtar ort: Cad é príomhchuspóir aon ghnó?
Cad é an freagra a thugann tú?
Is é príomhchuspóir aon ghnó:
- Táirgí nó seirbhísí a dhearadh a thairgeann roinnt luach
- Chun níos mó "líonta" a thiontú ina gcustaiméirí
- Caidreamh a thógáil le páirtithe leasmhara
- Chun freastal ar a phobal
Cé nach bhfuil aon cheann de na freagraí seo mícheart i ndáiríre, cailltear pointe níos mó iontu.
De réir an eacnamaí Milton Friedman a bhuaigh Duais Nobel, is é príomhchuspóir gnó ná brabús a uasmhéadú dá úinéirí. Bhí Friedman ar cheann de na tacadóirí is mó de chaipitilíocht an mhargaidh saor in aisce sa domhan saor in aisce, mar sin bhí a fhios aige rud nó dhó faoi ghnó agus tráchtáil.
Ní chuireann sé ábhar ar bith cé hiad úinéirí na ngnólachtaí - teaghlach, grúpa comhpháirtithe gnó, iontaobhas carthanúil nó fiú an pobal. Tá an réasún d'éire ag gach gnó mar an gcéanna - airgead a dhéanamh. Is iarracht gan luach é na spriocanna eile a bhaint amach mura féidir leis an ngnó go leor airgid a dhéanamh chun é féin a chothú san fhadtéarma agus chun fás a dhéanamh san fhadtéarma.
Dá bhrí sin, is é sláinte a líne bhunúsach an príomhchúis a spreagann cinneadh cuideachta chun feidhme gnó a aistriú thar lear. Le cinneadh den sórt sin, is féidir le gnólacht leas a bhaint as arbirtíocht chostais, airgeadraí níos laige agus saothair níos saoire i margaí thar lear, rud a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le airgead a shábháil. Tá sé sin ráite, bíonn costas ag feidhmeanna gnó thar lear don chuideachta freisin agus caithfear iad a rialú.
Sa t-alt seo, mínítear na cineálacha feidhmeanna gnó thar lear agus moltar roinnt smaointe maidir le conas is féidir le gnólachtaí a n-éifeacht ar chostas a laghdú.
CÉ AON FUNCTION A Gnó thar lear?
Roghnaíonn go leor gnólachtaí cuid dá bhfeidhmeanna a aistriú thar lear. Cé gur é an laghdú ar chostais ar an leibhéal gnó (micro) an príomh-tharraing don straitéis sin, déanann roinnt fachtóirí macró a dhéanamh ar an idirnáisiúnú sin gnó indéanta:
- Domhandú: an t-idirspleáchas eacnamaíoch atá ag fás idir tíortha, margaí agus gnólachtaí
- Saoirse eacnamaíoch, ardú caipitil agus saorghluaiseacht
- Forbairt na gcóras cumarsáide
- Domhandú na saothair agus bacainní ar inimirce a ísliú
- Teicneolaíocht agus eolas a roinnt níos mó idir tíortha, gnólachtaí agus daoine
Is féidir feidhmeanna gnó an chuid is mó d'eagraíochtaí a aicmiú i dhá chineál:
- Core, i.e. feidhmeanna gnó príomhúla agus/nó haighneachta
- Tacaíocht, i.e. feidhmeanna gnó coimhdeacha (nó a chuireann luach le chéile)
I gcomhréir le roinnt fachtóirí, lena n-áirítear cineál eagraíochta, méid, tionscal agus tíreolaíocht oibríochtúil, is féidir ceann amháin nó níos mó de na feidhmeanna seo a dhéanamh in áit thar lear. I gcomhthéacs soláthair chuig soláthraí seachtrach i suíomh thar lear, tugtar an tsamhail seo mar shíntiús lasmuigh (ní hionann é agus aistrithe amach ón gcósta a chuimsíonn próiseas/seirbhís amháin nó níos mó a aistriú go hiomlán thar lear ach laistigh den chuideachta chéanna).
Tá sé níos coitianta do ghnólachtaí a gcuid feidhmeanna tacaíochta a lasmuigh den chuideachta nó a chur ar iasacht, seachas a gcúraimí lárnacha. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt eisceachtaí ar an riail seo. San am atá caite, luaigh tuarascálacha oifigiúla ón AE go ndéanann roinnt ballstáit a gcuid príomhfheidhmeanna a lasmuigh den Aontas, a bhuíochas leis an "fhás digitiú agus códú seirbhísí". Tá feidhm ag an tsamhail sin aschur fiú má tá na príomhfheidhmeanna seo dírithe ar sheirbhísí.
Is iad na feidhmeanna gnó a aistrítear thar lear go coitianta trí shaorshóiriú nó trí shaorshóiriú ná:
- Déantúsaíocht (ag obair sa bhaile nó ar conradh)
- Seirbhísí Teicneolaíochta Faisnéise agus Cumarsáide (FHTI)
- Forbairt agus cothabháil bogearraí
- Cumarsáid dhigiteach: láithreáin ghréasáin, nuachtlitir, aipeanna
- Seirbhís do Chustaiméirí: ríomhphost, teileafón
- Tacaíocht iargúlta
- Socrúcháin taistil
- Bainistíocht doiciméid: léitheoireacht, iontráil sonraí, comhdhlúthú
- Taighde, bailiú sonraí agus eagraíocht
- Bainistíocht Chláir
- Rollaí ama, láithreacht agus laethanta saoire
- Bainistíocht acmhainní daonna
- Comhlíonadh agus bainistíocht riosca
- Airgeadas agus Cuntasaíocht
- Bainistíocht pá
Is iad na feidhmeanna a aistrítear thar lear uaireanta trí shaorshoradh nó dílseacht ná:
- Dlí agus Comhlíontacht
- Díolacháin agus Margaíocht
- Gníomhaíocht chun ceannairí a ghiniúint/fhorbairt gnó
Cén Cineál Fiontair a bhfuil Feidhmeanna thar lear acu?
Is féidir le haon ghnó a bhfuil aon cheann nó gach ceann de na feidhmeanna thuasluaite a chur ar iasacht nó a chur ar cíos chun airgead a shábháil.
- Déantúsóirí: e.g. Tá na táirgí iPhone/iPad de chuid Apple deartha i dtír dhúchais na cuideachta (SAM) ach déantar a gcuid comhpháirteanna a mhonarú agus a shuiteáil in áiteanna éagsúla thar lear.
- Soláthraí bogearraí/táirgí/seirbhísí TF: e.g. Cuireann Dell a lán dá fheidhmeanna neamh-chríthábhachtacha ar fáil do ghnólachtaí a bhaineann le próiseas gnó a chur ar fáil (BPO) san India.
- Fiontair seirbhísí dlí: Cuireann gnólachtaí dlí roinnt feidhmeanna ar iasacht do ghnólachtaí a dhéanann soláthar amach do phróisis dhlíthiúla (LPO).
- Institiúidí oideachais: Tá ranna díolacháin/margaíochta ag go leor ollscoileanna idirnáisiúnta in áiteanna thar lear.
- Fiontair mhiondíola: Molann go leor fiontair mhiondíola ilnáisiúnta a gcuid feidhmeanna riaracháin/margaíochta ar líne/TI a lasmuigh den tír nó a chur ar iasacht.
- gnólachtaí ríomhthráchtála: Tá a gcuid feidhmeanna forbartha gréasáin, margaíochta agus tacaíochta do chustaiméirí ag gnólachtaí mar Amazon in áiteanna thar lear.
Conas is Féidir le Fiontair a Chostas Gnó thar lear a Laghdú: 5 Straitéis Chabhracha
Cé gur gnách go mbíonn an príomh-trigger do ghnólachtaí roinnt feidhmeanna gnó a aistriú thar lear ná costais a laghdú, ní féidir an t-aistriú a bheith saor ó chostas go hiomlán. Is gnách go dtabharfar toradh dearfach as comparáid chostais idir an suíomh baile agus an suíomh thar lear, ach is féidir le gnólachtaí a gcostais thar lear a laghdú níos mó fós trí roinnt de na cur chuige seo a thriail:
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan an Laghdú Costas Straitéiseach agus Céimúil
Sa saol gnó, is é an t-aon rud buan ná athrú, agus is é an laghdú costais ceann de na freagartha is coitianta ar athruithe.
Mar sin féin, seachas costais a ghearradh ar fud an bhfreastalaí toisc go bhfuil sé níos simplí agus/nó níos cóir, is fearr do ghnólachtaí a bhfuil feidhmeanna thar lear a gcuid riachtanas straitéiseacha fadtéarmacha a mheas ar dtús. Tosaíonn laghdú costas straitéiseach trí chostais maithe a shainaithint agus iad a idirdhealú ó chostais dhroch. Is cumais iad costais maithe a spreagann brabúis agus fás don ghnólachta, agus is réimsí caiteachais neamh-riachtanacha iad costais dhroch. Mar shampla, tá costas dona ag siopa mór-mhara de bhriogán agus mhortair a bhfuil trácht íseal air toisc go bhfuil sé ina luí / tuarastal / costais forleithne le beagán nó gan aon aisíocaíocht. Ar an láimh eile, is costas maith é infheistíocht tosaigh chun siopa ríomhthráchtála ar líne a chur ar bun toisc go gcuireann digitiú ar do ghnó tairiscint luach nua a fhorbairt do chustaiméirí.
Is é an chéad chéim eile ná an oiread acmhainní agus is féidir a úsáid chun na costais maithe go léir atá ríthábhachtach go straitéiseach a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí, agus modhanna a cheapadh ag an am céanna chun drochchostais a dhíchur. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go gcaithfidh gnólachtaí smaoineamh go cúramach sula gcinnfidh siad cé na costais is féidir a dhíchur, a laghdú nó a mhéadú fiú  d'fhéadfadh straitéis laghdaithe costais aon-mhéid-a-oireann-duine a bheith friththábhachtach.
2. Seachadadh. Aithint agus deireadh a chur le dúblaíocht, smaoineamh ar fhoinsí amach ón láthair
Déan imscrúdú ar aon ghníomhaíochtaí atá á n-iompú ar fud roinnt ranna nó vertical.
An bhfuil dhá roinn nó níos mó ag feidhmiú feidhmeanna nach féidir ach le ceann amháin díobh a dhéanamh dóibh araon? Nó an féidir le roinn tacaíochta ar leithligh an fheidhm seo a chomhlíonadh do na dá roinn? An bhfuil na gníomhaíochtaí ag cur luach ar an ngnóthas thar lear nó an féidir iad a chur ar iasacht chuig gnólacht áitiúil? Faigh freagraí ar na ceisteanna seo agus smaoinigh ar athstruchtúrú do ghnó thar lear chun costais a laghdú.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá Cumhacht ag Teicneolaíocht  Bain úsáid as
Déan taighde ar uirlisí teicneolaíochta agus faigh amach an féidir leat iad a úsáid chun feabhas a chur ar éifeachtúlacht agus costais a laghdú i do chuid feidhmeanna thar lear.  Ná teorantaigh tú féin le huirlisí a úsáidtear i do thionscal amháin  i rith do thaighde, d'fhéadfadh tú uirlis a úsáidtear i dtionscal eile a fháil amach a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leat i do thionscal! Tá roinnt samplaí de uirlisí agus teicneolaíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh tú a mheas i do chuid iarrachtaí chun costais a laghdú ar fhoghlaim meaisín, róbataic, intleacht shaorga, samhlaíocht réamhaisnéisí, Blockchain agus ríomhaireacht chognaíoch.
4. Tá an t-am Modhanna Oibre Neamhthraidisiúnta a Fheistiú
Fiú amháin i suíomhanna thar lear níos saoire, d'fhéadfadh costais spás oifige (díol, costais ginearálta) agus acmhainní daonna (salacha, árachas, iompar) dul amach as smacht. I gcásanna den sórt sin, d'fhéadfá a mheas go gcuirfí ar bun socrú oifige lárnach-agus-spokes, leis an mbonn nó an príomh-oifig a bhfuil foirne foirne aige i gceann amháin de na háiteanna thar lear (m.sh. Tá an t-airgead seo á úsáid ag an gcustaiméir i bhFrainc (Mumbai) agus ag na speiceas i suíomhanna ar chostas níos ísle (m.sh. Hyderabad). Beart eile chun costais a laghdú a d'fhéadfadh tú a chur i bhfeidhm ná teilifís-obair/obair ón mbaile. Is féidir le teicneolaíochtaí oibre fíorúla agus comhoibritheacha a chur ar chumas daoine rochtain a fháil ar acmhainní oibre ó áit ar bith agus na costais ghnólachta a bhaineann leis an spás fisiciúil a shábháil.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Costas Pá a bhainistiú trí Sheirbhísí Aistrithe Airgid
Maidir le gnólachtaí a íocann tuarastal do fhoireann thar lear, go háirithe thar tíortha éagsúla, is féidir go mbeadh sé casta, deacair agus costasach íocaíochtaí pá a bhainistiú. I measc na bhfadhbanna eile a bhaineann le híocaíochtaí trasteorann tá easpa iontaofachta, an baol a bhaineann le luaineachtaí airgeadra, saincheisteanna comhlíontachta agus deacrachtaí maidir le comhdhlúthú costais.
Cuireann seirbhís iompair airgid ar líne ar chostas íseal InstaReM deireadh leis na saincheisteanna seo go léir le cliceáil! Le líonra leathan os cionn 8000 banc, is féidir le InstaReM cabhrú leat aistrithe airgid a bhainistiú chuig do fhoireann thar lear, saor-shaothair agus soláthraithe i 55+ tír ar fud na hÁise, na hEorpa, Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus Aigéin. Nuair a íocann tú do chuid fostaithe ina n-airgeadra áitiúil ag baint úsáide as InstaReM, is féidir leat costais ard tiontaithe a sheachaint agus rátaí malairte níos fearr a fháil, agus mar sin caillteanais mar gheall ar luaineacht an mhargaidh agus an airgeadra a sheachaint.
Nuair a chláraíonn tú le InstaReM mar úsáideoir corparáideach, tá rochtain shláintiúil ar shonraí ar líne agus roghanna tuairiscithe ilchineálacha deimhnithe agat. Cliceáil anseo le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise ar conas is féidir le InstaReM cabhrú le do ghnólacht a chostais íocaíochta thar lear a laghdú.
Cliceáil anseo chun clárú gan bhrú ar bith!


What does preanesthetic bloodwork assess?
While the exact biochemical parameters measured in preanesthetic bloodwork vary, depending on the particular bloodwork panel your veterinarian recommends, preanesthetic bloodwork typically involves two primary components. These components are the CBC (Complete Blood Count) and a serum biochemistry. These tests provide valuable information about your pet’s internal health status.
CBC (Complete Blood Count):
A complete blood count assesses the cells that are present in your pet’s blood. Abnormalities in your pet’s cell counts may indicate an underlying disease and affect your pet’s surgical/anesthetic risks and recovery.
A complete blood count specifically looks at three types of cells that are found in the blood:
- Red blood cells: these cells carry oxygen through the blood to your pet’s tissues. A CBC assesses the quantity, shape and hemoglobin content of your pet’s red blood cells. These tests detect a number of diseases, including anemia (low red blood cells) and polycythemia (elevated red blood cells).
- White blood cells: these cells typically respond to inflammation and infection. A CBC not only measures your pet’s overall white blood cell count, but also provides separate counts for each unique type of white blood cell. Elevated white blood cells counts often indicate infection or inflammation; the specific white blood cell type that is abnormally elevated can often provide additional information about a possible diagnosis. Abnormally low white blood cells counts may indicate a more serious infection or possible immunodeficiency. Less commonly, dramatic white blood cell count abnormalities may indicate cancer.
- Platelets: platelets are responsible for blood clotting. A low platelet count suggests that your pet may be at greater risk of excessive blood loss during surgery.
The serum biochemistry examines levels of a number of chemicals in the blood associated with organ function. The exact parameters that are checked in a blood panel will vary depending on the particular panel your veterinarian recommends; young, healthy pets may receive a smaller biochemistry panel than seniors. In general, a serum biochemistry will include values that assess your pet’s liver, kidneys, blood glucose, serum proteins and possibly other parameters.
- Liver function: is assessed through a number of values on the serum biochemistry. These values include alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transferase (ALT) and can include others (ie. AST, GGT, total bilirubin). Elevations in these values may suggest an increased risk of liver disease in your pet.
- Kidney function: is assessed by measuring the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Both of these substances are normally cleared by the kidney. Increased levels of BUN and creatinine suggest that they are not being effectively cleared by the kidney, due to dehydration or kidney disease.
- Glucose: is a measure of the sugar in the blood. Dramatically elevated blood glucose levels may indicate diabetes.
- Serum proteins: include albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) and total protein (TP). Low protein levels are associated with a number of medical conditions. Pets with low protein levels may experience delayed post-surgical healing. Elevated serum protein levels may indicate dehydration.
- Electrolytes: such as potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) may be tested and may become increased or decreased with various disease states that may affect surgical healing or suitability for anesthesia.
Why is Preanesthetic Bloodwork Recommended?
Preanesthetic bloodwork is typically recommended for most animals that are undergoing anesthesia. This allows your veterinarian to assess your pet’s overall health, ensuring that your pet is a good candidate for anesthesia. If preanesthetic bloodwork shows any abnormalities, these can be addressed by making any necessary adjustments to your pet’s treatment plan.
For geriatric or ill pets, additional blood tests, electrocardiograms, or x-rays may be recommended before surgery as well. If serious problems are detected, surgery can be postponed until the problem is corrected.
Along with the bloodwork we perform a thorough physical exam on your pet before administering anesthetics, this is to ensure that a fever or other illness won’t be a problem. We also adjust the amount and type of anesthetic used depending on the age and health of your pet. We have advanced anesthesia monitoring equipment and will make surgery as safe and efficient as possible.
How might the test results affect my pet’s treatment?
If your veterinarian finds abnormalities in your pet’s preanesthetic bloodwork, there are several potential outcomes.
Some abnormalities are mild and unlikely to be clinically relevant. For example, a white blood cell count that is just marginally above the normal range, in the absence of clinical signs, may be an indication of stress and not of any underlying disease.
A marginally elevated blood glucose without other abnormalities may also be seen with stress. If your pet has a very mild elevation, your veterinarian may proceed with anesthesia without any further testing or interventions. In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend rechecking the value in the future, to ensure that more significant abnormalities do not develop, even if the elevation does not appear to be significant at the time of testing.
In some cases, preanesthetic bloodwork detects abnormalities that can be corrected prior to anesthesia. For example, if your pet’s preanesthetic bloodwork indicates mild dehydration, your veterinarian may administer intravenous fluids prior to anesthesia. This allows your pet to be as medically stable as possible prior to undergoing anesthesia.
In other cases, however, more significant abnormalities might be detected on preanesthetic bloodwork. In these cases, your veterinarian may recommend postponing surgery until additional testing or treatment can be performed. Examples of situations where this may occur include anemia, elevated liver or kidney values, or diabetes. In the case of significant bloodwork abnormalities, postponing surgery until the pet’s condition can be thoroughly diagnosed and addressed helps maximize the chances of a safe anesthetic procedure and smooth recovery.

Cad a mheasann tástáil fola réamh-anesthetic?
Cé go bhfuil na paraiméadair bithcheimiceacha beacht a thomhas i dtástáil fola réamh-anesthetic éagsúil, ag brath ar an bpainéal tástála fola ar leith a mholann do vet, de ghnáth bíonn dhá phríomhchomhpháirteanna i gceist le tástáil fola réamh-anesthetic. Is iad na comhpháirteanna seo an CBC (Complete Blood Count) agus bithcheimic serum. Soláthraíonn na tástálacha seo faisnéis luachmhar faoi stádas sláinte inmheánach do pheataí.
CBC (Comh- Léitheoireacht Fuil):
Measann líon iomlán fola na cealla atá i láthair i fhuil do pheataí. D'fhéadfadh neamhghnácha i líon cealla do pheataí a léiriú go bhfuil galar bunúsach ann agus go mbeadh tionchar acu ar rioscaí máinliachta/ anaistéise do pheataí agus ar a shlánú.
Breathnaíonn líon iomlán fola go sonrach ar thrí chineál cealla a fhaightear sa fhuil:
- Cealla fola dearga: iompraíonn na cealla seo ocsaigin tríd an fhuil go dtí fíocháin do pheata. Déanann CBC measúnú ar chainníocht, ar fhoirm agus ar ábhar hemiglóibín na gcealla dearga fola do do pheata. Léiríonn na tástálacha seo roinnt galair, lena n-áirítear anaimic (leibhéal íseal cealla dearga fola) agus poilicítéim (leibhéal ard cealla dearga fola).
- Céilí bána fola: is gnách go bhfreagraíonn na cealla seo ar athlasadh agus ar ionfhabhtú. Ní hamháin go ndéanann CBC líon iomlán na gcealla fola bána do pheataí a thomhas, ach soláthraíonn sé comhaireamh ar leithligh do gach cineál cealla fola bána uathúil. Is minic a léiríonn líon ard cealla bána fola ionfhabhtú nó athlasadh; is minic gur féidir leis an gcineál áirithe cealla bána fola atá ard go neamhghnácha faisnéis bhreise a sholáthar maidir le diagnóis a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. D'fhéadfadh líon neamhghnácha glúine bána a bheith níos measa ná sin a léiriú ar ionfhabhtú níos tromchúisí nó ar imdhíolú inmheánach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Ní minic a tharlaíonn sé go dtarlaíonn neamhghnáchas suntasach i líon na gcealla fola bána, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina tháscaire ar ailse.
- Plaitéil: tá plaitéil freagrach as coaglú fola. Tugann líon íseal plaitéil le fios go bhféadfadh do pheata a bheith i mbaol níos mó caillteanas fola iomarcach le linn an máinliachta.
Déanann an t-athrú bithcheimiceach sream-chomhfhiosrúchán ar leibhéil roinnt ceimiceán sa fhuil a bhaineann le feidhm orgánach. Beidh na paraiméadair beacht a dhéantar a sheiceáil i bpainéal fola ag athrú ag brath ar an bpainéal ar leith a mholann do vet; d'fhéadfadh peataí óga sláintiúla painéal bithcheimiceolaíochta níos lú a fháil ná daoine scothaosta. Go ginearálta, beidh luachanna a mheasann do pheataí ae, duáin, glúcóis fola, próitéiní serum agus b'fhéidir paraiméadair eile san áireamh i mbiacheimic serum.
- Feidhm an ae: measfar é trí roinnt luachanna ar bithcheimic an serum. Áirítear leis na luachanna seo fosfatase alcaileach (ALP), aláinín aistrithe (ALT) agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith san áireamh i luachanna eile (ie. AST, GGT, bilirubín iomlán). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh méadú ar na luachanna seo ina léiriú ar riosca méadaithe galar ae i do pheata.
- Feidhm na duáin: measfar é trí na hníotáine úireacha fola (BUN) agus creatinine a thomhas. Déantar an dá shubstaint seo a ghlanadh go gnáth ag an duáin. Léiríonn leibhéil mhéadaithe BUN agus creatinine nach bhfuil siad á n-aistriú go héifeachtach ag an duáin, mar gheall ar díhiodráitiú nó ar ghalar duáin.
- Glúcóis: is tomhas é ar an siúcra san fhuil. D'fhéadfadh leibhéil glúcóis fola ard go suntasach a bheith ina léargas ar diaibéiteas.
- Próitéiní séaracha: áirítear albúimín (ALB), glóbalín (GLOB) agus próitéin iomlán (TP). Tá leibhéil íseal próitéine bainteach le roinnt riochtaí leighis. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh moill ar leigheas iar-mhianscéalaithe ag peataí a bhfuil leibhéil íseal próitéine acu. D'fhéadfadh leibhéil ard próitéine serum a léiriú go bhfuil an t-uisce caillte.
- Is féidir le leictreolaithe: mar shampla potaisiam (K), sóidiam (Na) agus clóiríd (Cl) a thástáil agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith méadaithe nó laghdaithe le staidí galar éagsúla a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar leigheas máinliachta nó oiriúnacht le haghaidh anesthesia.
Cén fáth a mholtar an t-athbhreithniú fola roimh an anaesthesia?
Is gnách go moltar tástáil fola réamh-anesthetic don chuid is mó d'ainmhithe atá faoi anesthesia. Ligeann sé seo do dochtúir tréidliachta measúnú a dhéanamh ar shláinte ghinearálta do pheataí, ag cinntiú go bhfuil do pheataí ina iarrthóir maith ar anaesthesia. Má léiríonn tástáil fola roimh an anesthetic aon neamhghnácha, is féidir iad seo a chur i ngleic trí aon choigeartuithe is gá a dhéanamh ar phlean cóireála do pheata.
I gcás peataí seanlaethúla nó tinn, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith molta tástálacha fola breise, leictreacardiograms, nó x-ghaoth a dhéanamh sula ndéantar an máinliacht freisin. Má aimsítear fadhbanna tromchúiseacha, is féidir an máinliacht a chur siar go dtí go ndéantar an fhadhb a cheartú.
Chomh maith leis an obair fola déanaimid scrúdú fisiceach cuimsitheach ar do pheata sula ndéanaimid anaesthetics a riar, is é seo chun a chinntiú nach mbeidh teas nó tinneas eile ina fhadhb. Déanaimid an méid agus an cineál anaistéise a úsáidtear a choigeartú freisin ag brath ar aois agus ar shláinte do pheata. Tá trealamh faireacháin anesthesia chun cinn againn agus déanfaidh muid an máinliacht chomh sábháilte agus chomh héifeachtach agus is féidir.
Conas a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith ag torthaí na tástála ar chóireáil mo pheataí?
Má fhaigheann do dhealtóir tréidliachta i gcuid fola do pheata roimh an anesthesia, tá roinnt torthaí féideartha ann.
Tá roinnt neamhghnáchtaí éadrom agus is dócha nach bhfuil siad ábhartha go cliniciúil. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh líon na gcealla bána fola atá díreach beagán os cionn an gnáthmheán, gan comharthaí cliniciúla, ina léiriú ar strus agus ní ar aon ghalar bunúsach.
Is féidir ardú beag glúcóis fola gan neamhghnácha eile a fheiceáil le strus freisin. Má tá ardú an- éadrom ag do pheata, féadfaidh do dhealtóir tréidliachta dul ar aghaidh le haisteas gan aon tástáil nó idirghabháil bhreise. I gcásanna áirithe, féadfaidh do dhealtóir tréidliachta a mholadh go ndéanfar an luach a athsheiceáil sa todhchaí, chun a chinntiú nach bhforbróidh neamhghnáchtaí níos suntasaí, fiú mura bhfuil an t- ardú le feiceáil go suntasach tráth an tástála.
I gcásanna áirithe, léiríonn tástáil fola roimh an anesthesia neamhghnácha a d'fhéadfaí a cheartú roimh an anesthesia. Mar shampla, má léiríonn tástáil fola do pheata roimh an anesthesia díhiodráitiú éadrom, féadfaidh do dhealtóir fialáin leachta intravenous a riar roimh an anesthesia. Ligeann sé seo do pheata a bheith chomh cobhsaí go míochaine agus is féidir sula ndéantar anesthesia air.
I gcásanna eile, áfach, d'fhéadfadh neamhghnáchtaí níos suntasaí a bheith le feiceáil ar thástáil fola roimh an anesthetic. I gcásanna den sórt sin, féadfaidh do dhochtúir tréidliachta a mholadh go gcuirfear an máinliacht siar go dtí go bhféadfar tástáil nó cóireáil bhreise a dhéanamh. I measc na gcásanna ina dtarlóidh sé seo tá anemia, luachanna ardaithe ae nó duáin, nó diaibéiteas. I gcás neamhghnáchtaí suntasacha sa phróiseas fola, cuireann a chur siar ar an bpíosaireacht go dtí go bhféadfar staid an pheata a dhiagnóisiú go críochnúil agus aghaidh a thabhairt air chun an seans a uasmhéadú go mbeidh nós imeachta sábháilte anaesthetic agus téarnamh réidh.


Fort St James National Historic Site is a restored Hudson’s Bay Company post on the southern shores of Stuart Lake in the interior of British Columbia. It is commemorated as a centre of trade and commerce in the 19th century fur trade. Originally established by Simon Fraser for the North West Company in 1806, this place displays the largest group of original wooden buildings representing the fur trade in Canada. The story revolves around the relationships and interactions between the fur traders and Native Peoples of the region, namely the Carrier First Nations.
Today, site visitors have the same spectacular view of Stuart Lake that the Carrier and the fur traders knew so well. Not that they all saw this view the same way: while this was “home” to the Carrier people, to the fur traders it was “wilderness” Assignment to one of the cluster of posts in the northern fur district known as New Caledonia was a dreaded posting. Company officers and labourers alike lamented their “exile” to this “Siberia of the fur trade.” Their methods and strategies – first for survival, then for Company profits — were hard learned and depended upon the relationship they could negotiate with their Carrier neighbours.
Hardships, adventures, challenges and changes are all part of the story of this place. In 1805 and 1806, the North West Company constructed the first two permanent fur trade posts west of the Rocky Mountains. The second, Fort St. James, became the centre of the northern fur trade district, known as New Caledonia. Although today it is restored to a single year in time, 1896, the story you will hear spans about one hundred and forty six years, starting with the arrival of the fur traders and ending in 1952, when the Hudson’s Bay Company closed shop on the original site.
The years of early contacts and the decades of trade between Carrier and the Euro-Canadian newcomers were an era of important changes and adjustments. As you wander among the historic buildings, you will meet and talk to site interpretative staff in period costume. You will discover that Fort St James is a place of many stories, and that the array of events and experiences have had different meanings and implications for different people.
Enjoy your virtual tour of Fort St James, and we hope you can come see us in person soon!
General Warehouse and Fur Storage (1888-89)
The general warehouse holds the highest designation Parks Canada can bestow on heritage resources. It is perhaps the finest example of Red River framing (or “piece-on-piece construction”) in North America. This style of construction was perfectly suited to accommodate the changing needs of the fur trade. Because of “bottom log rot,” a post’s buildings had to be renewed about every twenty-five years. Today’s warehouse is from the fourth rebuilding of Fort St James. The walls of this unique type of building are comprised of sections or “bays.” When the fur traders wanted to rebuild, they could easily change the size and shape of the new buildings by reconfiguring and reusing bays from previous structures.
The warehouse is piled high with furs, reproductions of trade goods, and original artifacts to give visitors a sense of the role that Fort St. James played as the distribution and administrative centre of New Caledonia.
Men’s House (1884)
In February of 1884 two men from Fort St James, Long Joe and Vital le Fort, were sent across the frozen Stuart Lake to commence squaring timber for a house, 32 feet by 22 feet. The building served first as a clerk’s house, then as a men’s house, and later as a guest house, a school, and finally, in the mid-1900s, as a private residence.
As the men’s house the building provided accommodation for temporary and permanent fort employees, as well as occasional visitors. The pack train hands, who transported goods between posts, used it as their bunk house between trips or while they were waiting for the arrival of the schooner. The “expressmen,” who carried the mail to Fort St. James, also rested in the men’s house before making their return journeys.
The workforce living and working at Fort St James changed dramatically over the years. While during most of the first century of its operation the post was run by men from the British Isles and from Eastern Canada, by the early 20th century many of the people who stayed in the men’s house were local Carrier people working for the Hudson’s Bay Company. This represented a clear change in the roles taken on by the Carrier — from providing mostly goods (salmon and furs) to providing services, such as day labour at the post, or expertise in boat building and transportation of goods.
Wharf and Tramway (1894-1914)
The tramway is the culmination of many years spent refining trade and transportation routes on the Pacific slope. It recalls the relatively short period of time when schooners and steamers plied the waters of Stuart and Babine Lakes and the mighty Skeena, Fraser, and Nechako Rivers. By then pack trains of horses and mules, and teamsters with draft horses, oxen and wagons had replaced the dog teams, canoes and boats of earlier days. All would eventually fade in 1914, when the railroad, and then cars and highways, forever changed the way goods move and men and women work in the northern interior of British Columbia.
In the 1890s, the tramway was the fur traders’ connection to the rest of Canada and the world. Places such as Fort Langley, Rocky Mountain House, Lower Fort Gary, Fort Walsh, Fort Battleford and the Chilkoot Trail were common points on the travel maps of the day. Today the tramway is a visual link that continues to connect us to these and more places that are now part of the family of Canada’s National Historic Sites. Our vast country and those who built it are commemorated in these special places throughout the land. Collectively they are woven into the tapestry of Canada’s story and are a part of the Canadian spirit.
Fish Cache (1889)
By the 1890s Fort St. James reflected a combination of Carrier and European influences. Architecturally, no other building illustrates this better than the fish cache. The Carrier used raised buildings for their caches, often including living trees for the upright posts. The Europeans copied the Carrier idea of a fish cache in their own “piece-on-piece,” or Red River Frame, style: a post and beam construction incorporating hewn “filler” logs. Today the hewn logs in the fish cache bear marks of a long and varied past, having spent many years as parts of other buildings in previous constructions of the post, before finally being incorporated into the fish cache you see today.
In the early 1800s when Simon Fraser founded Fort St. James, buffalo was the main staple in the diet of many people living on the west side of the Rocky Mountains. Salmon were the “buffalo” east of the Rockies. In 1815 John Stuart, officer in charge of Fort St James, wrote, “We have no buffalo or deer, except the reindeer and not many even of those; so that, properly speaking, we may say that water alone supplies the people of New Caledonia with food.”
For decades after their arrival, the fur traders found themselves without the technology or know-how to stay alive in this new land. The traders had to rely on the Carrier who had the tools and skills to trap salmon in weirs, then process and sell the dried fish. Buying local salmon cut deeply into the profits of the fur trade. For decades the traders did not achieve their goal of self-sufficiency, until they finally succeeded in establishing reliable trails, waterway routes and a transportation labour system to bring flour, meat and other provisions to the region.
Trade Store and Office (1884)
The trade store is a reconstructed building, as the original burnt down in 1919. The trade store was rebuilt because it is such an important part of Fort St James, being in fact, the heart of the fur trade operation.
In the early years things did not always work out the way the fur traders intended. The Carrier people quickly discovered they could get most of the things they wanted from the trade store without ever bringing in furs. This was because the traders were in such desperate need of salmon and traded them from the Carrier in huge quantities. To encourage the trapping and trading of furs, the Company eventually adopted a policy to accept only furs in trade for the most valued store items, such as blankets or metal pots.
The relationship between the Carrier trappers and the fur traders was often a difficult one. The basic concepts Europeans had about trade were fundamentally different from those of the Carrier. This led to many misunderstandings, especially around debt and gift-giving. While the trade account books record the recurring frustration of the traders, it is likely that the fur trappers were often equally frustrated and disagreed about ‘who’ owed ‘what’ to ‘whom.’ Probably the root of the misunderstandings was that, while the Carrier saw trade as primarily a social act, the fur trade companies saw it, first and foremost, as a business transaction.
Gardens, Fields and Fences
As early as May 22, 1811, fur trader Daniel Harmon reported, “We have planted our potatoes, and sowed barley, turnips, & which are the first that we ever sowed, on this west side of the mountain.” A few years later the Daniel again described the state of agricultural operations at the post:
A few days since, we cut down and threshed our barley. The five quarts, which I sowed on the first of May, have yielded as many bushels. One acre of ground, producing in the same proportion that this has done, would yield eighty four bushels. This is sufficient proof that the soil, in many places in this quarter, is favourable to agriculture. It will probably be long, however, before it will exhibit the fruits of cultivation.
He was correct, and it was indeed many years of frustration, experimentation and determination before the Fort garden may have resembled its present appearance.
The present appearance of the fort itself is largely to the credit of one person — Roderick MacFarlane. Charging bull-like into the district in 1888, he set about the much-needed construction of a “new post” during a time of economic restraint, and without approval from his superiors. With A.C. Murray as his foreman, MacFarlane started on the fish cache, fur warehouse and interpreter’s house only months after his arrival. This involved dismantling and reusing much of the building materials from the previous post. We have MacFarlane’s determination and outright disobedience to thank for Fort St James continued existence, its present layout, its buildings and boardwalks, as well as its approximate mile long of fencing, made up of six types, each suited for its particular purpose.
Visitor Reception Centre
Open the doors to the visitor centre and your adventure in the fur trade begins with a warm welcome from staff. Here you will find washrooms, exhibits and presentations in the theatre. Your experience in the visitor centre will prepare you for your walk out to the historic grounds by providing an understanding of the site’s “national messages”. They are:
1. The strategic importance of Fort St. James and former posts on Stuart Lake (1806-1952) in the fur trade of the Pacific slope and by extension its importance in the history of Canada;
2. The significant role of Fort St. James a centre of trade and commerce with the First Nations of the Pacific slope;
3. The strategic importance of Fort St. James as an administrative centre of New Caledonia (1826-1868);
4. The important role Fort St. James played as a transportation and communications link in north-central British Columbia.
The Officers House (1884)
In Fort St. James’ early decades, the officers and men of the fur traders saw themselves in an isolated and hostile land. Daniel Harmon, in charge of Fort St. James in 1811-13, wrote in his journal about life at the post and revealed his attitudes towards his surroundings:
No other people, perhaps, who pursue business to obtain a livelihood, have so much leisure, as we do. Few of us are employed more, and many of us much less, than one fifth of our time, in transacting the business of the Company. The remaining four fifths are at our own disposal. If we do not, with such an opportunity, improve our understandings, the fault must be our own; for there are few posts, which are not tolerably well supplied with books. These books are not, indeed, all of the best kind; but among them are many which are valuable. If I were deprived of these silent companions, many a gloomy hour would pass over me. Even with them, my spirit at times sinks, when I reflect on the great length of time which has elapsed, since I left the land of my nativity, and my relatives and friends, to dwell in this savage country.
Some ninety years later, one indicator of the many changes in the post society is that A.C. Murray, the officer then in charge of Fort St. James, elected to retire in Fort St. James rather than to leave the district. Ultimately, his ties to the local community were stronger than his ties to his place of origin. Unlike earlier gentlemen like Harmon, he regarded Fort St. James as his home.
The Carrier are members of the Athapaskan language group and live in the north central interior of British Columbia on lake and river tributaries of the Upper Skeena and Fraser rivers. Carrier people call themselves “Dakelh-ne” or “Yinka Dene,” or they identify themselves by the community from which they come with the addition of the suffix “t’en” or “whut’en” (people of). There are three dialects of Carrier: “central” spoken by the Carrier around Stuart and Trembleur Lakes; “Babine” spoken by those Carrier around the Bulkley River and Babine Lake; and “southern” spoken by the Carrier groups around Quesnel and in the Anaheim Lake areas.
Many of the Carrier families became trade partners with the newcomers who set up posts in their region in the early 1800s. Some of the more prominent Carrier traders of the 19th and early 20th century fur trade were Qua, Simeon Le Prince, Gross Tete, Tayah, and Joseph Prince. The alliances between Carrier and fur trader were forged through trade ceremonies, gift giving and sometimes marriages between Native women and the fur traders. While the Carrier expectations of this relationship leaned toward mutual loyalty and reciprocal obligation, the fur traders hoped the connections would ultimately translate into smoothly-operating system of profits for the Company’s business.
However, the traditional economy of the Carrier was based on fishing, rather than on fur trapping. And so it was with much frustration — and limited success — that the fur trade companies encouraged the Carrier to adopt the necessary changes in their seasonal round, tools, and activities to get a sometimes-profitable trade in furs established. One obstacle was that, like the salmon fisheries, access to beaver and the beaver lands was proprietary and based on a ceremonial network of potlatching, clans, and inherited titles. The fur traders likely found this social reality both annoying and incomprehensible, and they spent considerable effort to overcome these “obstacles” to rallying a “useful” fur trapping workforce.
Today, while the cash economy is well rooted at Fort St James, it is significant that the ancient systems for the distribution of resources between Carrier families and clans continue to function. In fact, the degree of change over the past century and the persistence and resilience of the traditional Carrier culture at Fort St James are equally noteworthy.
Daily Flag Raising
Raising and lowering the red ensign of the Hudson’s Bay Company occurs daily at Fort St. James. Adopted around 1818 as a symbol of the Company, its forts, ships and personnel, the ensign is made up of the British Union Jack on a red field with the letters HBC, for Hudson’s Bay Company.
In 1670, when the Charter of the Hudson’s Bay Company was granted, the Company was allowed to fly the “King’s Jack,” or the combination of St. Andrews and St. Georges Crosses. Until this time, only the Royal Navy could fly the King’s own flag. But the charter granted the Company of Adventurers not only sole trading rights over the vast territory of Rupert’s Land, but also gave it the power of governance on the King’s behalf, and was authorized, “if Necessary to send either Shippes of War Men or Amunicion unto any theire Plantacions Fortes Factoryes or Places of Trade aforesaid for the security and defence of the same…or otherwise to continue or make peace or Warre…”.
In essence, the Hudson’s Bay Company was the King’s representative and army in Canada. From HBC ships the Union Flag was apparently transferred to the Company’s posts such as Fort St. James.
“A Letter Home” Introduction to Fort St. James
Getting There: The site is located 160 km north-west of Prince George, B.C., and can be reached by road, rail and air. Follow Highway 16 west from Prince George, then turn north onto Highway 27 just beyond Vanderhoof. Fort St. James is 45 minutes off Highway 16.
Making the Most of Your Visit: Allow two hours to explore the fort, and don’t forget your camera! Stop at the modern Visitor Reception Centre, watch a video and stroll through our interpretative displays. Rent our 45-minute audio tape tour and step back in time to the days of the fur trade. Meet costumed interpreters working in the buildings and garden. Watch Carrier people building canoes, tanning hides and preparing salmon for smoking and drying onsite. Visit our gift shop, and relax at the Old Fort Café for lunch with a lovely view of the lake. Enjoy fishing, swimming, hiking, canoeing and spectacular waterfront camping on nearby lakes and rivers. Join the ‘Ghost Walk‘, a special Parks Day event on the third Saturday in July.

Is é Fort St James National Historic Site post athchóirithe Hudson's Bay Company ar chóstaí theas Loch Stuart i ndeisceart Columbia na Breataine. Cuirtear i gcuimhne é mar lárionad trádála agus tráchtála sa trádáil féir sa 19ú haois. Bunaithe ar dtús ag Simon Fraser don Chuideachta Thuaidh Thiar i 1806, léiríonn an áit seo an grúpa is mó de fhoirgnimh adhmaid bhunaidh a léiríonn trádáil na féir i gCeanada. Téann an scéal timpeall ar na caidrimh agus na hidirghníomhaíochtaí idir na trádálaithe feirme agus Peoples Dúchasacha na réigiúin, eadhon na Príomh-Náisiún Carrier.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an radharc iontach céanna ar Loch Stuart ag cuairteoirí ar an suíomh a raibh an Carrier agus na trádálaithe fairsí chomh maith. Ní raibh an dearcadh céanna acu ar fad: cé gur "tí" é seo do mhuintir na Carrier, d'oibrithe an trádála feirme bhí sé ina "fholáthar" Bhí postáil uafásach ag ceann de na clústáin post i gcathair an fheirme thuaidh ar a dtugtar Nua-Caledóin. Bhí oifigeach agus oibrithe na Cuideachta araon ag caoineadh a n-easpórtáil chuig an Sibéir seo den thrádáil fheirme. Bhí a gcuid modhanna agus straitéisí - ar dtús chun maireachtáil, ansin do bhrabús na Cuideachta - deacair a fhoghlaim agus bhí siad ag brath ar an gcaidreamh a d'fhéadfadh siad a chaibidlíocht lena gcomharsana Carrier.
Tá deacrachtaí, eachtraí, dúshláin agus athruithe ar fad mar chuid de scéal an áit seo. I 1805 agus 1806, thóg Cuideachta an Iarthuaiscirt an chéad dá phost trádála feirme buan siar ó na Sléibhte Carraig. An dara ceann, Fort St. James, tháinig chun bheith ina lárionad ar cheantar trádála feirme thuaidh, ar a dtugtar Nua-Caledonia. Cé go bhfuil sé athchóirithe inniu go dtí bliain amháin i am, 1896, tá an scéal a chloiseann tú thart ar 146 bliain, ag tosú le teacht na trádálaithe feirme agus ag críochnú i 1952, nuair a dhún Cuideachta Bhaile Hudson siopa ar an suíomh bunaidh.
Bhí na blianta a raibh teagmhálacha luath agus na blianta déag de thrádáil idir Carrier agus na nua-theachtóirí Eorpacha-Cheanada ina ré athruithe agus coigeartuithe tábhachtacha. Agus tú ag siúl i measc na bhfoirgnimh stairiúla, buailfidh tú agus labhróidh tú le foireann léirithe an láithreáin i gúna tréimhse. Feicfidh tú go bhfuil Fort St James ina áit le go leor scéalta, agus go raibh brí agus impleachtaí éagsúla ag an raon imeachtaí agus eispéiris do dhaoine éagsúla.
Bíodh spraoi ag comhrá le daoine ó gach cearn den Oileán na Gaeilge.
Stóráil Ghinearálta agus Stóráil Foll (1888-89)
Tá an stóras ginearálta ar an ainmniúchán is airde is féidir le Páirceanna Ceanada a thabhairt ar acmhainní oidhreachta. B'fhéidir gurb é an sampla is fearr de chreatú Abhainn Dearg (nó  tógáil píosa ar píosa) i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Bhí an stíl tógála seo oiriúnach go foirfe chun freastal ar riachtanais athraitheacha na trádála feirme. Mar gheall ar "bottom log rot", bhí ar na foirgnimh a bhí ag an bpost a athnuachan thart ar gach cúig bliana is fiche. Tá stóras an lae inniu ó cheathrú atógáil Fort St James. Tá ballaí an chineáil uathúil seo de fhoirgneamh comhdhéanta de rannáin nó  baill. Nuair a bhí na trádálaithe feirme ag iarraidh athchruthú, d'fhéadfadh siad méid agus cruth na bhfoirgnimh nua a athrú go héasca trí bhaill a athchruthú agus a athúsáid ó struchtúir roimhe seo.
Tá an stóras piled ard le peirsí, athdhéanamh earraí trádála, agus earraí bunaidh chun tuiscint a thabhairt do chuairteoirí ar an ról a bhí ag Fort St. James mar ionad dáileacháin agus riaracháin na Caledonia Nua.
Teach na bhfear (1884)
I mí Feabhra 1884 cuireadh beirt fhear ó Fort St James, Long Joe agus Vital le Fort, trasna Loch Stuart reoite chun tús a chur le crainn a chearnadh le haghaidh tí, 32 troigh ag 22 troigh. D'fhóin an foirgneamh ar dtús mar theach clerk, ansin mar theach fir, agus ina dhiaidh sin mar theach cuairte, mar scoil, agus ar deireadh, i lár na 1900idí, mar chónaí príobháideach.
Mar theach na bhfear, bhí árasán sa fhoirgneamh do fhostaithe sealadacha agus buan, chomh maith le cuairteoirí ó am go ham. Baineann na hoibrithe traenach pacáiste, a d'iompaigh earraí idir postanna, úsáid as mar a teach bunk idir turais nó agus iad ag fanacht le teacht an sceanair. Bhí na "expressmen", a bhí ag iompar na poist go Fort St. James, ag scíth a ligean sa teach na bhfear freisin sula ndearna siad a gcuid turais ar ais.
D'athraigh an lucht saothair a bhí ina gcónaí agus ag obair i Fort St James go suntasach thar na blianta. Cé gur bhain fir ó Oileáin na Breataine agus ó Oirthear Cheanada an post ar feadh an chuid is mó den chéad chéad chéad bliain dá oibriú, go luath sa 20ú haois bhí go leor de na daoine a d'fhan i dteach na bhfear ina ndaoine Carrier áitiúla a bhí ag obair do Chuideachta Bhaile Hudson. Léiríodh seo athrú soiléir ar na róil a ghlac an tIompróir  ó earraí (salmón agus feirmeacha) a sholáthar den chuid is mó go seirbhísí a sholáthar, amhail lá oibre ag an bpost, nó saineolas i mbonn long agus iompar earraí.
Wharf agus Tramway (1894-1914)
Is é an tramway an buaicphointe de na blianta fada a chaitear ag scagadh bealaí trádála agus iompair ar an gcladach an Aigéin Chiúin. Is cuimhníonn sé ar an tréimhse ama a bhí sách gearr nuair a bhí scúnna agus gailearaí ag dul ar na huiscí de Loch Stuart agus Loch Babine agus na hIuiscí cumhachtach Skeena, Fraser, agus Nechako. Ag an am sin bhí traenacha pacála capaill agus muileáin, agus carthóirí le capaill tarraingthe, eallach agus carranna tar éis na foirne coinín, canoes agus báid a bhí ann roimhe sin a chur in ionad. Bhí gach rud ag dul in éag sa deireadh i 1914, nuair a d'athraigh an iarnród, agus ansin gluaisteáin agus bóithre móra, an bealach a mbogann earraí agus a n-oibríonn fir agus mná i lár thuaidh Columbia na Breataine go deo.
Sna 1890idí, ba é an trambhealach nasc na trádálaithe feirme leis an gcuid eile de Cheanada agus an domhan. Bhí áiteanna mar Fort Langley, Rocky Mountain House, Lower Fort Gary, Fort Walsh, Fort Battleford agus Chilkoot Trail ina phointí coitianta ar léarscáileanna taistil an lae. Sa lá atá inniu ann is nasc amhairc é an trambhealach a leanann ag nascadh linn leis na háiteanna seo agus le háiteanna eile atá anois mar chuid de theaghlach Áiteanna Stairiúla Náisiúnta Cheanada. Cuirtear ár dtír mhór agus na daoine a thóg í i gcuimhne sna háiteanna speisialta seo ar fud na tíre. Tá siad ar fad ina n-a chéile i dtapeastair stair Cheanada agus is cuid de spiorad Cheanada iad.
Cache Iasc (1889)
Faoi na 1890idí léiríodh Fort St. James meascán d'infheidhmeanna Carrier agus Eorpacha. Go hailtireachta, níl aon fhoirgneamh eile a léiríonn seo níos fearr ná an cache iasc. Baineadh úsáid as na hOthar foirgnimh ardaithe dá gcúlchistí, go minic lena n-áirítear crainn bheo do na postanna seasamh suas. Rinne na hEorpaigh cóip den smaoineamh Carrier ar choimeádán iasc ina stíl féin "píosa ar píosa", nó "Framáiste Abhainn Dearg": tógáil post agus beam a chuimsíonn lógaí "líonta" gearradh. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá marcanna fada agus éagsúil ar na lógaí a bhí i gcúlra an iasc, tar éis dóibh blianta fada a chaitheamh mar chuid de thogaisc eile i dtógálacha roimhe seo den phoist, sula gcuirtear isteach iad sa gcúlra éisc a fheiceann tú inniu.
Go luath sna 1800idí nuair a bhunaigh Simon Fraser Fort St. James, ba é an buffalo an príomh-chomhábhar i réim bia go leor daoine a bhí ina gcónaí ar an taobh thiar de na Sléibhte Carraig. Bhí an salmón an "buffalo" ó thuaidh de na Rockies. Sa bhliain 1815, scríobh John Stuart, oifigeach atá i gceannas ar Fort St James, "Níl aon bhfíon nó searbh againn, ach amháin na reindeer agus ní go leor fiú iad sin; ionas go bhféadfaimis a rá go bhfuil uisce ina n-aonar ag soláthar bia do mhuintir Nua-Caledonia. "
Ar feadh na mblianta tar éis a n-airíocht, fuair na trádálaithe plúr iad féin gan an teicneolaíocht nó an t-eolas chun maireachtáil sa tír nua seo. Bhí ar na trádálaithe brath ar an iompróir a raibh na huirlisí agus na scileanna aige chun siocáin a ghabháil i ndíoláin, agus an t-iasc triomaithe a phróiseáil agus a dhíol ansin. Ag ceannach salmón áitiúil ghearradh go domhain isteach ar na brabúis na trádála feirme. Ar feadh na mblianta níor éirigh leis na trádálaithe a gcuspóir féin-dháileachta a bhaint amach, go dtí gur éirigh leo ar deireadh bealaí iontaofa, bealaí uiscebhealaí agus córas saothair iompair a bhunú chun plúr, feoil agus forálacha eile a thabhairt chuig an réigiún.
Stór Trádála agus Oifig (1884)
Is foirgneamh athchóirithe é an siopa trádála, mar a d'ól an bunaidh i 1919. Atógadh an siopa trádála toisc go bhfuil sé mar chuid chomh tábhachtach de Fort St James, agus i ndáiríre, croí na hoibríochta trádála feirme.
Sna blianta tosaigh, ní raibh rudaí ag obair i gcónaí ar an mbealach a bhí beartaithe ag na trádálaithe feirme. Fuair daoine Carrier amach go tapa go bhféadfadh siad an chuid is mó de na rudaí a theastaigh uathu a fháil ón siopa trádála gan a bheith ag tabhairt feirmeacha isteach riamh. Bhí sé seo toisc go raibh an-éileamh mór ar na trádálaithe ar shalmóin agus gur trádáil siad iad ón Carrier i gcainníochtaí ollmhóra. Chun gabháil agus trádáil na bpeanna a spreagadh, ghlac an Cuideachta beartas sa deireadh gan ach peanna a ghlacadh i trádáil le haghaidh na míreanna stórála is luachmhaire, mar chlúdach nó potaí miotail.
Bhí an caidreamh idir na trapálaithe Carrier agus na trádálaithe feirme go minic deacair. Bhí bunchoincheapa na hEorpaigh maidir le trádáil difriúil go bunúsach ó na Coimhlintithe. Mar thoradh air seo, bhí go leor mí-thuiscintí ann, go háirithe maidir le fiacha agus bronnadh bronntanais. Cé go bhfuil an frustrachas athfhillteach a bhí ag na trádálaithe taifeadta sna leabhair chuntas trádála, is dócha go raibh frustrachas comhionann ag na trapálaithe plúr agus go raibh siad míchruinn faoi "cé" a bhí "cad" dlite "cén duine". Is dócha gurb é bunús na mí-thuiscintí go raibh, cé go raibh an t-iompróir ag féachaint ar thrádáil mar ghníomh sóisialta go príomha, na cuideachtaí trádála plúr a chonaic é, ar dtús agus go príomha, mar idirbheart gnó.
Gairdíní, Cír agus Fál
Go luath ar 22 Bealtaine, 1811, thuairiscigh trádálaí feirme Daniel Harmon, "Tá ár mbratach curtha againn, agus tá ársa, turnaipí curtha againn, & is iad seo an chéad rud a chuir muid riamh, ar an taobh thiar seo den sliabh. " Cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin thuairiscigh an Daniel arís staid na n-oibríochtaí talmhaíochta ag an bpost:
Cúpla lá ó shin, ghearramar agus thripped ár barla. An cúig cairteal, a chuir mé ar an gcéad de Bealtaine, tá toradh mar go leor buiseal. Ceann acra talún, ag táirgeadh sa mhéid céanna go bhfuil sé seo déanta, a thabhairt ochtó agus ceithre buicéal. Is fianaise leordhóthanach é seo go bhfuil an ithir, in go leor áiteanna sa cheantar seo, fabhrach don talmhaíocht. Is dócha go dtógfaidh sé tamall fada, áfach, sula léireoidh sé torthaí an chothú.
Bhí sé ceart, agus bhí sé i ndáiríre blianta fada frustrachas, turgnamh agus cinneadh sula d'fhéadfadh an ghairdín Fort a bheith cosúil lena chuma reatha.
Tá an chuma atá ar an gcladach féin sa lá atá inniu ann i bhfad chun creidmheas duine amháin  Roderick MacFarlane. Ag gearradh isteach sa cheantar i 1888, chuir sé tús le tógáil an-riachtanach "post nua" le linn am de shrian eacnamaíoch, agus gan cead óna chuid níos airde. Le A.C. Murray mar a forman, thosaigh MacFarlane ar an gcúlchiste iasc, ar an stóras feirme agus ar theach an ateangaire gan ach míonna tar éis a theacht. Ba éard a bhí i gceist leis seo cuid mhór de na hábhair tógála ón bpost roimhe seo a dhíghrádú agus a athúsáid. Tá MacFarlane's cinneadh agus neamhchomhlíonadh iomlán a bhuíochas le Fort St James a bheith ann, a leagan amach reatha, a foirgnimh agus a bhóthar, chomh maith lena fál thart ar míle fada, comhdhéanta de shé chineál, gach ceann oiriúnach dá chuspóir ar leith.
Ionad Fáilte do Chuairteoirí
Oscail na doirse chuig an ionad cuairteoirí agus tosóidh do eachtra sa trádáil feirme le fáilte ó fhoireann. Anseo gheobhaidh tú seomraí folctha, taispeántais agus cur i láthair sa amharclann. Beidh do thaithí sa ionad cuairteoirí ag ullmhú duit le haghaidh do siúlóid amach chuig na cúiseanna stairiúla trí thuiscint a thabhairt ar "teachtaireachtaí náisiúnta" an láithreáin. Is iad seo a leanas:
1. an t-am a bhí ann. An tábhacht straitéiseach atá ag Fort St. James agus na sean-phoist ar Loch Stuart (1806-1952) i dtrádáil na féirín ar shliabh an Aigéin Chiúin agus dá bharr sin a thábhacht i stair Cheanada;
2. Seachadadh. An ról suntasach a bhí ag Fort St. James mar ionad trádála agus tráchtála le Príomh-Náisiún na Sléibhe an Aigéin Chiúin;
3. Tá an t-am ann. An tábhacht straitéiseach atá ag Fort St. James mar lárionad riaracháin na Caledóine Nua (1826-1868);
4. Tá an t-am Bhí ról tábhachtach ag Fort St. James mar nasc iompair agus cumarsáide i dtuaisceart lárnach Columbia na Breataine.
Teach na n-Oifigigh (1884)
I Fort St. James na blianta luatha, na hoifigigh agus fir na trádálaithe feirme a fheiceáil iad féin i talamh iargúlta agus naimhdeach. Scríobh Daniel Harmon, atá i gceannas ar Fort St. James i 1811-13, ina dhiagnóis faoi shaol an phoist agus nocht sé a chuid dearcadh i leith a thimpeallacht:
Níl daoine eile, b'fhéidir, a leanann gnó a fháil ar mhaireachtáil, go bhfuil an oiread sin am saor in aisce, mar a dhéanann muid. Is beag againn atá fostaithe níos mó, agus go leor againn i bhfad níos lú, ná cúigiú cuid dár n-am, i idirbheart gnó na Cuideachta. Tá na ceithre chúigiú cuid eile ar fáil dúinn féin. Mura ndéanaimid, le deis den sórt sin, feabhas ar ár dtuiscintí, ní mór go mbeadh an locht ar ár gcuid féin; mar tá cúpla post, nach bhfuil a chur in iúl go maith le leabhair. Níl na leabhair seo go léir den chineál is fearr, go deimhin; ach i measc go leor acu atá luachmhar. Dá mba mé díbirt de na comhghleacaithe ciúin, go leor uair an chloig gloomy rachaidh thar dom. Fiú leo, mo spiorad ag amanna titim, nuair a smaoiním ar an fad mór ama a bhí caite, ó d'fhág mé an talamh mo nativity, agus mo ghaolta agus cairde, chun cónaí sa tír fholáineach.
Níos mó ná naoi mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, is é ceann de na táscairí ar na hathruithe go leor sa tsochaí poist ná gur roghnaigh A.C. Murray, an t-oifigeach a bhí i gceannas ar Fort St. James, dul ar scor i Fort St. James seachas an ceantar a fhágáil. Sa deireadh, bhí a cheangal leis an bpobal áitiúil níos láidre ná a cheangal leis an áit a tháinig sé. Murab ionann agus fear uasal roimhe sin cosúil le Harmon, measadh sé ar Fort St. James mar a theach.
Is comhaltaí de ghrúpa teanga Athapaskan iad na Carrier agus tá cónaí orthu i lár thuaidh intíre na hColumbia Breataine ar shliocht loch agus abhainní na n-aibhneacha Uachtarach Skeena agus Fraser. Glaonn daoine Carrier orthu féin Dakelh-ne nó Yinka Dene, nó aithníonn siad iad féin ag an bpobal as a dtagann siad leis an bhfo-aistriúchán ten nó whuten (daoine de). Tá trí dhiaclach ag Carrier: central a labhraíonn na Carrier timpeall Loch Stuart agus Loch Trembleur; Babine a labhraíonn na Carrier timpeall Abhainn Bulkley agus Loch Babine; agus southern a labhraíonn na grúpaí Carrier timpeall Quesnel agus i gceantair Loch Anaheim.
Tháinig go leor de na teaghlaigh Carrier ina gcomhpháirtithe trádála leis na daoine nua a bhunaigh poist ina réigiún go luath sna 1800í. Ba iad cuid de na trádálaithe Carrier níos suntasaí den trádáil plúr an 19ú haois agus go luath sa 20ú haois Qua, Simeon Le Prince, Gross Tete, Tayah, agus Joseph Prince. Bhí na comhghuaillíochtaí idir Carrier agus trádálaí feirme déanta trí searmanas trádála, bronnadh bronntanais agus uaireanta póstaí idir mná Dúchasacha agus na trádálaithe feirme. Cé go raibh ionchais na hIompróirí faoin gcaidreamh seo i dtreo dílseacht fhrithpháirteach agus oibleagáid fhrithpháirteach, bhí súil ag na trádálaithe feirme go n-athraíonn naisc go deireadh thiar go córas brabúis a oibríonn go réidh do ghnó na Cuideachta.
Mar sin féin, bhí geilleagar traidisiúnta an iompróra bunaithe ar iascaireacht, seachas ar ghabháil feirme. Agus mar sin bhí sé le frustrachas mór  agus rath teoranta  gur spreag na cuideachtaí trádála feirme an t-iompróir na hathruithe riachtanacha a ghlacadh ina gcúrsa séasúrach, uirlisí agus gníomhaíochtaí chun trádáil a bheith brabúsach uaireanta i feirmeacha a bhunú. Ba é ceann de na constaicí ná, cosúil leis an iascaireacht salaimín, go raibh rochtain ar an mbéabhar agus ar na talún bhéabhair faoi úinéireacht agus bunaithe ar líonra searmanach de photlatching, clans, agus teidil oidhreachta. Is dócha gur aimsigh trádálaithe na féir an réaltacht shóisialta seo a bhí bothánta agus do-thuigthe araon, agus chaith siad iarracht mhór chun na 'contraí' seo a shárú chun lucht saothair 'úsáideach' a bhailiú.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, cé go bhfuil an geilleagar airgid fite fuaite go maith i Fort St James, tá sé suntasach go leanann na seanchórais chun acmhainní a dháileadh idir teaghlaigh agus clans Carrier ag feidhmiú. Go deimhin, tá an méid athraithe le linn na céadta bliain anuas agus seasmhacht agus athléimneacht chultúr traidisiúnta na nGairdineoirí ag Fort St James chomh suntasach céanna.
An Blag a Ardaítear go Laethúil
Tarlaíonn ardú agus ísliú an bhratach dearg de Chuideachta Bhaile Hudson gach lá ag Fort St. James. Glacadh é timpeall 1818 mar shiombail den Chuideachta, a fortí, a longa agus a phearsanra, tá an fhianaise déanta suas den Bhreatain Jack na hEorpa ar réimse dearg leis na litreacha HBC, do Chuideachta Bhaile Hudson.
Sa bhliain 1670, nuair a tugadh Cairt Chumann Bhaile Hudson, ceadaíodh don Chuideachta an "King's Jack", nó an teaglaim de Chrosanna Naomh Andrew agus Naomh George, a eitilt. Go dtí an t-am seo, ní raibh ach an Cabhlach Ríoga in ann bratach an Rí féin a eitilt. Ach thug an cairt do Chompánach na dTréimhseachtóirí ní amháin cearta trádála aonair thar chríoch ollmhór Tíre Rupert, ach thug sé cumhacht rialachais ar son an Rí freisin, agus údarás a bhí aige, más gá, long de dhaoine cogaidh nó amúnis a sheoladh chuig aon cheann de na Plantacions Forts Factories nó Áiteanna Trádála thuasluaite chun slándáil agus cosaint na gcéanna a dhéanamh... nó ar shlí eile chun leanúint nó síocháin nó cogadh a dhéanamh...
Go bunúsach, ba é Cuideachta Bhaile Hudson ionadaí agus arm an Rí i gCeanada. Ó longa HBC, is cosúil gur aistríodh an Bhanra an Aontais go dtí poist na Cuideachta mar Fort St. James.
A Letter Home Cur isteach ar Fort St. James
An bealach chun an áit: Tá an suíomh suite 160 km ó thuaidh ó Phrionsa George, B.C., agus is féidir teacht air ar bhóthar, ar iarnród agus ar aer. Lean an Highway 16 siar ó Prince George, ansin cas ar thuaidh ar Highway 27 díreach tar éis Vanderhoof. Tá Fort St. James 45 nóiméad ó Highway 16.
An chuid is mó a bhaint as do chuairte: Tabhair dhá uair an chloig chun an daingne a iniúchadh, agus ná déan dearmad ar do cheamara! Stop ag an Ionad Fáilte do Chuairteoirí nua-aimseartha, féach ar fhíseán agus siúlóid trí ár taispeántais léirmhínitheacha. Seol ár turas taifead fuaime 45 nóiméad agus téigh ar ais go dtí laethanta na trádála feirme. Faigh amach céard a dhéanann na haistriúcháin a bhíonn ag obair sna foirgnimh agus sa ghairdín. Féach ar dhaoine Carrier ag tógáil canoes, ag cócaireacht chraiceann agus ag ullmhú salmón le haghaidh caitheamh tobac agus triomú ar an láthair. Tabhair cuairt ar ár siopa bronntanais, agus scíth a ligean ag an Old Fort Café le haghaidh lóin le radharc álainn ar an loch. Is féidir leat iascaireacht, snámh, siúlóid, canoeing agus campáil ar bhruach na farraige ar lochanna agus ar abhainní in aice láimhe. Bí páirteach sa Ghost Walk, imeacht speisialta Lá na bPáirceanna ar an tríú Satharn i mí Iúil.


- CDC Information About H3N2 Swine Influenza
Get the most up-to-date information about H3N2 Swine Influenza from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Zika Virus Information for Michigan Residents
Get the most up-to-date information about Zika virus from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Michigan Zoonotic and Vector-borne Disease Surveillance Report: 2014
- Tick Bite and Lyme Disease Prevention in Michigan
- Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite!
Michigan related resources for identifying and preventing bed bug infestations, and how to choose the right pest control options. Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite!
Sites of Interest
- State and Federal Diagnostic Laboratories
- Michigan Veterinary Medical Association
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- United States Animal Health Association (USAHA)
- Southeast Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS)
- Pestworld for Kids
- Merck Veterinary Manual
- Bird Disease Field Manual - U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center
- Office International des Epizooties - animal disease status world-wide
- Who should report conditions and diseases that threaten the health of the public?

- Eolas ó CDC faoi Ghrí Fuar H3N2
Faigh an t-eolas is nuashonraithe faoi Ghrí na Muc H3N2 ó na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair.
- Fhaisnéis maidir le Víreas Zika do Thithisigh Michigan
Faigh an t-eolas is nuashonraithe faoi víreas Zika ó Roinn Sláinte agus Seirbhísí Daonna Michigan agus ó na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair.
- Tuarascáil um Fheagrú ar Ghalair Zoonotic agus Veicteora Michigan: 2014
- Beirt Tick agus Cosc ar Leigheas Lyme i Michigan
- Ná Lig an Bed Bugs Bit!
Tá acmhainní gaolmhara i Michigan le haghaidh ionfhabhtuithe agus cosc a chur ar ionfhabhtuithe bug leaba, agus conas na roghanna ceart rialaithe plága a roghnú. Ná Lig do na Beagáin Leapa Beirt!
Áiteanna Suimiúla
- Saotharlanna Staid agus Saotharlanna Fhionscanta
- Cumann Leighis Eitilte Michigan
- Ionad um Rialú Galar (CDC)
- Cumann Sláinte Ainmhithe na Stát Aontaithe (USAHA)
- Staidéar um Ghalair Fiadhúlra an Chomhpháirtíochta Oirdheisceart (SCWDS)
- Pestworld do Leanaí
- Leabhrán Eitilte Merck
- Leabharlann Feirme na Breoiteachta Éanlaithe - Suirbhé Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe Ionad Sláinte Náisiúnta na Fiadhúlra
- Oifig Idirnáisiúnta na nEipíseochta - staid na ghalair ainmhithe ar fud an domhain
- Cé ba cheart a thuairisciú coinníollacha agus galair a bhagair do shláinte an phobail?


An erupting volcano in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is turning the war-torn African country into an unlikely tourist destination. Tourists have been visiting the Virunga National Park on overnight treks and in increasing numbers to witness the latest lava eruptions, spewing red hot lava 300 meters in the air from the volcano, which have been flowing since November 6.
Mount Nyamulagira is considered to be the most active volcano in the area and for $300 each, around 60 to 70 volcano fans have been traveling an hour from the eastern city of Goma to the start of the trek at the Virunga National Park.
With the aid of the European Union, Virunga National Park has been a driver in boosting tourism to eastern Congo over the past few years. Tourism officials predict that visitor numbers at Virunga National Park will rise to nearly 4,000 this year, up from 1,800 in 2010, while Africa’s oldest national park is expected to raise over $1 million in revenue for the first time in its history, according to a report in the International Business Times.
The Democratic Republic of Congo is home to eight national parks, five of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as being home to many endangered species, making it ripe territory for eco-tourism.
The impoverished central African country also made its debut at the World Travel Market in London in September this year, signaling to the world that it means business when it comes to boosting tourism revenue. In its efforts to promote tourism, the DRC government, in conjunction with the Institut Congo pour la Conservation de la Nature (Congolese Wildlife Authority), has recently launched a tourism visa that can be obtained online through Virunga’s website for $50.
DRC borders Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda at the junction of the Rift Valley Lakes region, but despite the country’s more varied biodiversity, Uganda and Rwanda generate more revenue from the gorilla tourism trade, because of the instability in the area according to analysts EuroMonitor.
Many governments currently warn their citizens against traveling to the Democratic Republic of Congo due to extreme security risks as a result of continued military activity. However, Go Congo, a tourist operator in the area, describes the DRC as a place of adventure.
Go Congo is second to none when it comes to arranging trips in country. The Kinshasa-based operation offers a selection of tailored trips as well as services for individual travellers such as hotel reservations, transfers and guides. Another option is the British-based Undiscovered Destinations.
A one-time stopover for overlanders to and from Rwanda, Goma is a base camp for UN aid agencies trying to deal with the dual catastrophes of the 2002 Mt Nyiragongo volcanic eruption and the ongoing Rwandan refugee crisis. The one reason to visit Goma is as a transit town on the way to Parc National Des Virungas, home of the famous mountain gorillas and the world’s second-oldest national park. You should check up-to-date travel warnings before planning your trip.
- The local currency is the Congolese franc (CDF); it cannot be converted and cannot be taken out of the country. With individual note denominations nearly worthless it is often easier to use US dollars, though you should be careful not to use old dollar bills or small denominations (anything below a US$20 note). Travelers checks and credit cards are rarely accepted here; credit cards are only accepted in one or two upmarket hotels in Kinshasa. Your best bet is to travel with a carefully concealed money belt containing US dollars. You can change money around the port, but it’s better to find a reliable contact (ask around where you are staying).
- Malaria remains rife throughout DRC. Check with your GP before leaving home and take all the necessary precautions.

Tá bolcán ag titim i n-oirthear Phoblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó (DRC) ag athrú an tír Afracach a bhfuil cogadh ag baint léi ina cheann scríbe turasóireachta nach dócha. Tá turasóirí ag tabhairt cuairte ar Pháirc Náisiúnta Virunga ar thráthnóna agus i líon méadaitheach chun na ráflaí lábha is déanaí a fheiceáil, ag spewing lábha dearg te 300 méadar san aer ón bholcán, atá ag sreabhadh ó 6 Samhain.
Meastar gurb é Mount Nyamulagira an bolcán is gníomhaí sa cheantar agus ar $ 300 an ceann, tá thart ar 60 go 70 lucht leanúna bolcán ag taisteal uair an chloig ó chathair thoir Goma go dtí tús an chonair ag Páirc Náisiúnta Virunga.
Le cabhair ón Aontas Eorpach, tá Páirc Náisiúnta Virunga ina thiománaí chun turasóireacht a spreagadh go dtí oirthear Chongó le cúpla bliain anuas. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh líon na gcuairteoirí ag Páirc Náisiúnta Virunga ag ardú go dtí beagnach 4,000 i mbliana, ó 1,800 in 2010, agus táthar ag súil go mbainfidh an pháirc náisiúnta is sine san Afraic níos mó ná $ 1 milliún i bhfáiltiú den chéad uair ina stair, de réir tuarascála in International Business Times.
Tá ocht bpáirc náisiúnta sa Phoblacht Dhaonlathach Chongó, agus tá cúig cheann acu ar shuímh Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO, chomh maith le go bhfuil go leor speiceas atá i mbaol, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ina chríoch aibí d'eicotúrachas.
Rinne an tír bhochta lár-afrikach a chéad uair freisin ag an Margadh Taistil Domhanda i Londain i Meán Fómhair na bliana seo, ag comharthaíocht don domhan go bhfuil sé ciallmhar gnó nuair a thagann sé chun ioncam turasóireachta a threisiú. Ina chuid iarrachtaí chun turasóireacht a chur chun cinn, sheol rialtas an DRC, i gcomhar leis an Institut Congo pour la Conservation de la Nature (Údarás Fiadhúlra na Cóngó), víosa turasóireachta le déanaí is féidir a fháil ar líne trí shuíomh Gréasáin Virunga ar $ 50.
Tá teorainneacha ag an RD Congo le hUganda, Burundi agus Ruanda ag an gcruinniú de réigiún Lochanna Gleann Rift, ach in ainneoin na bithéagsúlachta níos éagsúla sa tír, cruthaíonn Uganda agus Ruanda níos mó ioncaim ó thrádáil turasóireachta gorilla, mar gheall ar an éagobhsaíocht sa cheantar de réir anailísithe EuroMonitor.
Tá go leor rialtais ag rabhadh a gcuid saoránach faoi láthair gan taisteal go Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó mar gheall ar rioscaí slándála iomarcacha mar thoradh ar ghníomhaíocht mhíleata leanúnach. Mar sin féin, déanann Go Congo, oibreoir turasóireachta sa cheantar, cur síos ar an DR Congo mar áit eachtraíochta.
Tá Go Congo ar an dara háit i dtaca le turais a eagrú sa tír. Cuireann an oibríocht atá lonnaithe i Kinshasa rogha de thurais oiriúnaithe chomh maith le seirbhísí do thurasóirí aonair amhail áirithintí óstáin, aistrithe agus treoracha. Rogha eile is ea na Críochanna Neamhfhoilsithe atá lonnaithe sa Bhreatain.
Is camp bunaidh é Goma do ghníomhaireachtaí cabhrach na Náisiún Aontaithe atá ag iarraidh déileáil le tubaistí dúbailte le titim bolcán Mt Nyiragongo 2002 agus leis an ngéarchéim dídeanaithe Ruandánach atá ar siúl. Is é an chúis amháin le cuairt a thabhairt ar Goma ná mar bhaile idirthurais ar an mbealach go Parc National Des Virungas, baile na gorilaí sléibhe cáiliúla agus an dara páirc náisiúnta is sine ar domhan. Ba cheart duit seiceáil a dhéanamh ar na rabhaidh taistil is déanaí sula ndéanann tú plean do thurais.
- Is é an franc Congaise (CDF) an t-airgeadra áitiúil; ní féidir é a thiontú agus ní féidir é a thógáil amach as an tír. Le nótaí aonair atá beagnach gan luach is minic a bhíonn sé níos éasca dolar SAM a úsáid, cé gur chóir duit a bheith cúramach gan seanbhileoga dollar nó ainmníochtaí beaga a úsáid (aon rud atá faoi bhun nóta US $ 20). Ní ghlacann siad le seiceanna taistil ná le cártaí creidmheasa anseo; ní ghlacann siad le cártaí creidmheasa ach in óstán nó dhá óstán ardchaighdeáin i Kinshasa. Is é an geall is fearr atá agat taisteal le crios airgid atá i bhfolach go cúramach ina bhfuil dollar SAM. Is féidir airgead a athrú timpeall an chalafoirt, ach is fearr teagmháil iontaofa a fháil (féach sa bhaile ina bhfuil tú ag fanacht).
- Tá an malartaigh fós forleathan ar fud an DRC. Déan seiceáil le do dhochtúir cónaithe sula n-éireoidh leat as an teach agus déan na réamhchúraimí is gá.


Relays are constructive elements that make contacts and control some energy expenditure. With the relays, it is possible to control a power much higher with very low power consumption. The relays are used to process signals, and can also be used as switches.
A normal relay is an electrical device that works like an electrically operated switch, when the current reaches the relay coil, the open contacts get close, and the closed contacts get open. When no current reaches the relay coil, the contacts return to their normal position, the initial state of rest.
What are Time Relays?
A basic function within the industry is time control, all this process can be carried out by timing relays.
No matter what the application is when a solution to a circuit that requires time control is needed, these tools are usually the most optimal option. Because, timed relays provide simple control, and high reliability and are also quite economical.
Now, when the opening or closing of the contacts of a relay depends on a certain time after activating or deactivating the relay coil, they are called “Timed Relays” or Electrical Timers or Timer Relays.
A timed relay is nothing but a control relay with time delay built-in.
In this article, we study the most used timing relays. We will learn how they work, their timing diagrams, connections, uses, etc.
Principle of Time delay Relay
Time delay relay provides a change of state of the contacts that are controlled by the energizing or de-energizing of the timer.
Once the timer is energized or de-energized, the timer starts counting from zero to the present time. This is called accumulated time.
Once accumulated time and pre-set time are equal the contact of the timer change the state.
Types of Timing Relays
Depending on when the time for the relay contacts to change position begins, we have 2 main types.
Timer Relay with Connection Delay
This is also known as “On Delay” or “ To work with delay”. Whose contacts change position after a time since the timer coil began to activate (energize).
Once the current reaches the timer coil, after a time “t”, the contacts change position, that is, the ones that were open close and the closed contacts open (working state).
They will stay that way as long as the coil is powered.
They will return to their initial state (at rest) when no current reaches the timing relay coil. If the power supply to the coil is cut, at that moment, the contacts return to their resting state automatically.
The time is regulated by using a rotary knob built into the timer itself. The pre-set time can be from as few as milliseconds to hours and even days. But it is usually set in seconds and minutes in industrial control systems.
Timer Relay with Disconnection Delay
Also known as sleep delay or “Off Delay”. In these times, the contacts change position as soon as the current reaches the coil. As soon as the coil is deactivated, the deactivation time “t” starts to lapse, so that they start to return to their initial state (rest).
The “t” represents the time between the moment the coil is disconnected and the moment the contacts change their positions.
As long as the coil is energized, the contacts will be in the working position.
In this diagram, the contacts return to their resting positions “t” seconds after the coil is deactivated.
The diagram below does not specify the time, but the activation is called a trigger, and the contacts or outputs, output.
This type of timer can be used for automatic stairs. When we press and release a button, the lamps will remain ON for the time t. For example, 2 minutes after releasing the button.
Another use may be for star-delta starting control of the motor. When pressing the button and releasing it, the motor starts in “star”, after a certain time, for example, 5 seconds, it enters the “delta” start.
Normally Open Timed Closed (NOTC)
Normally open, (instant open), time delay close (NOTC) upon energizing. It means that when the relay is energized, the contact closes only after a certain time delay.
The contact opens immediately (instant open) upon de-energization of the relay coil.
Normally Closed Timed Open (NCTO)
Normally closed, (instant close), time delay open (NCTO) upon energization. In this type, when the relay is energized, the contact opens only after a time delay.
The contact closes immediately upon the de-energization of the relay coil.
This is the same as the previous relay except that normally closed contacts are used.
Normally Open Timed Open (NOTO)
Normally open, (instant close on energization), time delay open (NOTO) after de-energization.
As soon as the relay is energized, the contact will close and remain closed for some time after power is removed from the coil.
Normally Closed Time Closed (NCTC)
Normally closed, (instant open on energization), time delay close after de-energization (NCTC), this is similar to the previous relay except that the normally closed contacts are used.
Advantages of Time Delay Relays
- Time delay relays are useful in implementing control logic with electronic control systems.
- Time delay relay helps in scheduling the start or stop of machinery.
- Time delay relay helps to set delay time from a few seconds to even hours.
- Energy saving is possible.
Applications of Time Delay Relays
- Automatic Control
- Remote control
- Electronic equipment
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About the author
An astute professional with 25 years of service as an Instrumentation Engineer, started a career in Pulp & Paper. In the course of time, shifted to Power plant, Cellulose unit, Chemical plants (Carbon di Sulphide, Clo2, and Sulphuric Acid), Oil and Gas (Exploration & Production).

Is eilimintí tógálacha iad reléi a dhéanann teagmhálacha agus a rialaíonn roinnt caiteachais fuinnimh. Leis na reiléi, is féidir cumhacht i bhfad níos airde a rialú le tomhaltas cumhachta an-íseal. Úsáidtear na reiléi chun comharthaí a phróiseáil, agus is féidir iad a úsáid mar lascainí freisin.
Is feiste leictreach é rille gnáth a oibríonn cosúil le casadh a oibrítear go leictreach, nuair a shroicheann an sruth an coil rille, dúnann na teagmhálacha oscailte, agus osclaíonn na teagmhálacha dúnta. Nuair nach sroicheann aon sruth an coil relay, téann na teagmhálacha ar ais ina gnáthshuíomh, an staid réime tosaigh.
Cad iad na Rolaí Ama?
Is feidhm bhunúsach sa tionscal é rialú ama, is féidir an próiseas seo go léir a dhéanamh trí reléanna ama.
Is cuma cén feidhmchlár a bhíonn ann nuair a bhíonn gá le réiteach ar chiorcad a éilíonn rialú ama, is gnách gurb iad na huirlisí seo an rogha is fearr. Toisc go soláthraíonn reléi am-am rialú simplí, agus ard-iontaofacht agus tá siad eacnamaíoch go leor freisin.
Anois, nuair a bhíonn oscailt nó dúnadh teagmhálacha relay ag brath ar am áirithe tar éis an coil relay a ghníomhachtú nó a dhíchumasú, tugtar 'Relays Timed' nó 'Timers Leictreacha' nó 'Relays Timer' orthu.
Níl aistrithe ama ach aistrithe rialaithe le moille ama tógtha isteach.
San alt seo, déanaimid staidéar ar na r-aisghabhálaithe ama is mó a úsáidtear. Foghlaimimid conas a oibríonn siad, a gcuid diagramaí ama, naisc, úsáidí, srl.
Prionsabal an Athsheachadta moill ama
Soláthraíonn seoladh moille ama athrú stádas na dteagmhálacha a rialaítear trí chumhachtú nó dí-chumhachtú an amaire.
Nuair a bhíonn an t-amamóir fuinneamh nó de-energetized, tosaíonn an t-amamamóir ag comhaireamh ó nialach go dtí an t-am reatha. Tugtar am carntha air seo.
Nuair a bhíonn am carntha agus am réamhshocraithe comhionann, athraíonn teagmháil an amaire an stát.
Cineálacha Rolaí Timing
Ag brath ar an am a thosaíonn na teagmhálacha relay chun a seasamh a athrú, tá 2 phríomhchineál againn.
Athsheachadadh ama le moilleanna nasc
Tugtar "On Delay" nó "To work with delay" air freisin. A n-athraíonn a dteagmhálacha a seasamh tar éis tamall ó thosaigh an coil amaire ag cur i ngníomh (fuinneamh a thabhairt).
Nuair a shroicheann an sruth an coil amaire, tar éis ama t, athraíonn na teagmhálacha seasamh, is é sin, na cinn a bhí oscailte dúnta agus na teagmhálacha dúnta oscailte (stádas oibre).
Fanfaidh siad mar sin chomh fada agus a bheidh an coil cumhacht.
Beidh siad ag filleadh ar a staid tosaigh (ag scíthe) nuair nach sroicheann aon sruth an coil relay ama. Má tá an soláthar cumhachta don chraobh scoilte curtha ar ceal, ag an nóiméad sin, téann na teagmhálacha ar ais go huathoibríoch chuig a staid choisithe.
Déantar an t-am a rialáil trí ghnótha rothlach a úsáidtear sa tamer féin. Is féidir leis an am réamhshocraithe a bheith idir ach míleatiméadar go uaireanta an chloig agus fiú laethanta. Ach is gnách go socraítear é i soicindí agus i nóiméid i gcórais rialaithe tionsclaíocha.
Athsheachadadh ama le moill ar dhíchumarsáid
Ar a dtugtar moill codlata nó "moill scoite" freisin. Sna hamanna seo, athraíonn na teagmhálacha a seasamh a luaithe a shroicheann an sruth an coil. A luaithe a dhéantar an coil a dhíghníomhachtú, tosaíonn an t-am díghníomhachtaithe t ag dul in éag, ionas go dtosóidh siad ag filleadh ar a riocht tosaigh (spoil).
Léiríonn an t an t-am idir an nóiméad a scoitear an coil agus an nóiméad a athraíonn na teagmhálacha a bpoist.
Chomh fada agus a bheidh an coil fuinniúil, beidh na teagmhálacha i riocht oibre.
Sa léaráid seo, téann na teagmhálacha ar ais chuig a bpoist réasúnta t soicind tar éis an coil a dhíghníomhachtú.
Ní shonraíonn an léaráid thíos an t-am, ach tugtar trigger ar an ngníomhachtú, agus tugtar an toradh ar na teagmhálacha nó ar na aschuir.
Is féidir an cineál amaire seo a úsáid le haghaidh staighre uathoibríoch. Nuair a bhrúimid agus a scaoileann muid cnaipe, fanfaidh na lampaí ar siúl don am t. Mar shampla, 2 nóiméad tar éis an cnaipe a scaoileadh.
D'fhéadfadh úsáid eile a bheith ann chun rialú tosaithe an mhótair a dhéanamh le réalta-delta. Nuair a bhrúitear an cnaipe agus a scaoiltear é, tosaíonn an mótar i star, tar éis ama áirithe, mar shampla, 5 soicind, téann sé isteach sa delta tosaíonn sé.
De ghnáth Oscailte Cláráilte Dúnadh (NOTC)
De ghnáth oscailte, (oscailte láithreach), moill ama dúnta (NOTC) nuair a chuirtear fuinneamh air. Ciallaíonn sé sin nuair a chuirtear fuinneamh ar an relé, ní dhúnann an teagmháil ach tar éis moill ama áirithe.
Osclaítear an teagmháil láithreach (osclaítear láithreach) nuair a dhéantar an coil relay a dhí-ghníomhachtú.
De ghnáth dúnta dúnta oscailte (NCTO)
De ghnáth dúnta, (dúnadh láithreach), moill ama oscailte (NCTO) nuair a chuirtear fuinneamh air. Sa chineál seo, nuair a bhíonn an relé fuinniúil, ní osclaítear an teagmháil ach tar éis moill ama.
Dúnann an teagmháil láithreach nuair a dhéantar an coil relay a dhí-ghníomhachtú.
Tá sé seo mar an gcéanna leis an relé roimhe seo ach amháin go n-úsáidtear teagmhálacha dúnta de ghnáth.
De ghnáth Oscailte Oscailte le Uair (NOTO)
De ghnáth oscailte, (dúnadh láithreach ar chumhachtú), moill ama oscailte (NOTO) tar éis dí-chumhachtú.
A luaithe a chuirtear fuinneamh ar an relé, dúnfar an teagmháil agus fanfaidh sé dúnta ar feadh tamaill tar éis an chumhacht a bhaint as an coil.
Am dúnta de ghnáth dúnta (NCTC)
De ghnáth dúnta, (oscailte láithreach ar chumhachtú), moill ama dúnta tar éis dí-chumhachtú (NCTC), tá sé seo cosúil leis an relé roimhe seo ach amháin go n-úsáidtear na teagmhálacha dúnta de ghnáth.
Buntáistí na n-aisghabhála ama
- Tá reléanna moille ama úsáideach chun loighic rialaithe a chur i bhfeidhm le córais rialaithe leictreonacha.
- Cabhraíonn an relé moille ama le tosú nó stopadh an mheaisín a sceidealú.
- Cabhraíonn an t-aisghabháil ama leis an am moille a shocrú ó chúpla soicind go fiú uaireanta an chloig.
- Is féidir fuinneamh a shábháil.
Iarratais ar Athsheachadáin Moill Ama
- Rialú uathoibríoch
- Rialú ar shiúl
- Trealamh leictreonach
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🔼The name Barkos: Summary
- Son After His Father
- From (1) בר (bar), son, and (2) קוס (qos), to resemble one's father.
- From the noun ברק (baraq), lightning.
🔼The name Barkos in the Bible
🔼Etymology of the name Barkos
The name Barkos is a complete mystery, and it's definitely not Hebrew. Or at least, nothing that can be convincingly tied to any of the Hebrew language that makes up the Bible. Barkos may very well be a foreign name, which was transliterated into Hebrew.
Alfred Jones (Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names) thinks our name comes from an unknown Hebrew verb קוס (qos) that in Arabic may mean to resemble one's father. And the first part, according to Jones, comes from בר (bar), the common Aramaic word for son:
The Aramaic noun בר (bar) is cognate with the Hebrew noun בן (ben) and both mean "one of," i.e. one of a certain house, one of a certain profession, one of a certain country, and so on. These nouns are also the regular words for "son."
And then, perhaps Barkos was originally Barak who lived in Greece, where folks Hellenized his name into Barkos:
The verb ברק (baraq) means to cast forth, predominantly of light and lightning. Noun ברק (baraq) means lightning, or the glittering of weapons. Nouns ברקת (bareqet) and ברקת (bareqat) describe a kind of sparkling or glittering gem.
For a meaning of the name Barkos, Alfred Jones reads Son After His Father. NOBSE Study Bible Name List has found the unexplained (or inexplicable) Parti-Colored (and that means partly in one way and partly in another, according to the Oxford Dictionary). BDB Theological Dictionary resolutely declares "root and meaning unknown".

An t-ainm Barkos: achoimre
- Mac Tar éis a Athair
- Ó (1) בר (bar), mac, agus (2) קוס (qos), a bheith cosúil le athair.
- Ón ainmfhocal ברק (baraq), léim.
An t-ainm Barkos sa Bhíobla
Eitimeolaíocht an ainm Barkos
Is é an t-ainm Barkos rúndiamhair iomlán, agus tá sé cinnte nach bhfuil Eabhrais. Nó ar a laghad, aon rud is féidir a bheith ceangailte go cinnte le haon cheann de na teangacha Eabhrais a dhéanann suas an Bíobla. B'fhéidir go raibh Barkos ina ainm eachtrach, a bhí traslitterated go Heabhrais.
Alfred Jones (Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names) cheapann go dtagann ár n-ainm ó bhriathar Eabhrais anaithnid קוס (qos) a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist i nGaeilge a bheith cosúil le athair duine. Agus tagann an chéad chuid, de réir Jones, ó בר (bar), an focal Aramaic coitianta do mhac:
Tá an ainmfhocal Aramaic בר (bar) comhghleacaithe leis an ainmfhocal Eabhrais בן (ben) agus ciallaíonn an dá cheann "aon cheann de", ie. ceann de theach áirithe, ceann de ghairm áirithe, ceann de thír áirithe, agus mar sin de. Is iad na hainmneacha seo na focail rialta le haghaidh "mac".
Agus ansin, b'fhéidir go raibh Barkos ar dtús Barak a bhí ina chónaí sa Ghréig, áit a raibh daoine Hellenized a ainm go Barkos:
Ciallaíonn an briathar ברק (baraq) a chaitheamh amach, go príomha solas agus léim. Ciallaíonn an t-ainm ברק (baraq) léim, nó glittering na n-arm. Déanann na hainmneacha ברקת (bareqet) agus ברקת (bareqat) cur síos ar chineál seodra geal a shíníonn nó a shíníonn.
Maidir le brí ainm Barkos, léann Alfred Jones Mac Tar éis a Athair. Fuair Liosta Ainmneacha Béarla Staidéar NOBSE an Parti-Colored neamhmhínithe (nó neammhínithe) (agus ciallaíonn sé sin go páirteach ar bhealach amháin agus go páirteach ar bhealach eile, de réir an Oxford Dictionary). Deir BDB Theological Dictionary go cinnte "nach bhfuil a bunús agus a bhrí ar eolas".